Who won their third Super Bowl?
What team did the Denver Broncos defeat to win their third Super Bowl?
Where is Levi's Stadium located?
Who won their third Super Bowl?
What was the theme of the 50th anniversary of the Super Bowl?
What did the league emphasize with various gold-themed initiatives?
When was the game played?
What is the AFC?
What did the league emphasize with various gold-themed initiatives?
What is the AFC?
When was the game played?
Who won their third Super Bowl?
Where was the game played?
Where is Levi's Stadium located?
What would the 50th Super Bowl have been called if it had been named with Roman numerals?
What year was Super Bowl 50 played?
What year was Super Bowl 50 played?
Where is Levi's Stadium located?
Where was the game played?
How did the Denver Broncos defeat the Carolina Panthers?
When was the game played?
What year was Super Bowl 50 played?
Who won their third Super Bowl?
What team did the Denver Broncos defeat to win their third Super Bowl?
Who won their third Super Bowl?
What year was Super Bowl 50 played?
Who won their third Super Bowl?
Where is Levi's Stadium located?
What is the name of the American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League for the 2015 season?
Who won their third Super Bowl?
Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player?
How many points did the Broncos score in the AFC Championship Game?
When was the Atlanta Falcons' first Super Bowl appearance?
Who did the Eagles defeat in the NFC Championship Game?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game?
Who did the Eagles defeat in the NFC Championship Game?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game?
How many teams have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl?
Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player?
What was the record of the Carolina Panthers during the regular season?
Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player?
What was the Broncos regular season record?
How many points did the Patriots win in the NFC Championship Game?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game?
Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player?
Who did the Eagles defeat in the NFC Championship Game?
How many wins did the Broncos have in the regular season?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game?
Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game?
Who did the Eagles defeat in the NFC Championship Game?
Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player?
Who did the Eagles defeat in the NFC Championship Game?
When was the Broncos franchise founded?
Who was the Denver linebacker named Super Bowl MVP?
How many sacks did Von Miller have?
Who took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed?
Who was the Super Bowl MVP for the Denver Broncos?
How many solo tackles did Von Miller record?
What was Newton's impact on the game?
How many times did Denver's defense sack Newton?
Who was the Denver linebacker named Super Bowl MVP?
How many turnovers did Denver's defense force Newton into?
How many forced fumbles did Von Miller have?
Who was the Denver linebacker named Super Bowl MVP?
What position did Von Miller play?
How many points did the Broncos take early in the Super Bowl?
How many sacks did Von Miller have?
Who was the Denver linebacker named Super Bowl MVP?
How many points did the Broncos take early in the Super Bowl?
How many times did Denver's defense sack Newton?
How many turnovers did Denver's defense force Newton into?
What turnover did Denver's defense force Newton into?
Who was the Denver linebacker named Super Bowl MVP?
What position did Von Miller play?
How many times did Denver's defense sack Newton?
How many turnovers did Denver's defense force Newton into?
Who was the Denver linebacker named Super Bowl MVP?
How many solo tackles did Von Miller record?
Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.?
How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the Super Bowl?
Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Who were the special guests for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Which halftime show did Beyonce headline?
Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.?
How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the Super Bowl?
Along with Bruno Mars and Coldplay, who performed at the halftime show of the Super Bowl?
Along with Beyoncé, what special guest performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.?
How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the Super Bowl?
Along with Beyoncé, what special guest performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
What was the number one most watched U.S. broadcast ever?
Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.?
How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the Super Bowl?
Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Who were the special guests for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.?
Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Who were the special guests for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Which halftime show did Beyonce headline?
How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the Super Bowl?
Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Who were the special guests for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Along with Beyoncé, what special guest performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show?
Who was the commissioner of the NFL in 2012?
What did Roger Goodell say the NFL wanted to make "spectacular" in 2012?
In what year did Roger Goodell say that the 50th Super Bowl would be "spectacular"?
Who was the commissioner of the NFL in 2012?
When did Roger Goodell say the NFL planned to make the 50th Super Bowl "spectacular"?
Who was the commissioner of the NFL in 2012?
Who was the commissioner of the NFL in 2012?
Who was the commissioner of the NFL in 2012?
How did Goodell describe the 50th Super Bowl?
How did Goodell describe the 50th Super Bowl?
In what year did Roger Goodell say that the 50th Super Bowl would be "spectacular"?
What was the final site the league narrowed the bids to?
Which stadium did the league narrow the bids to?
Along with Miami's Sun Life Stadium and New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, what other site was considered?
What is the name of the stadium in Miami?
What is the name of the stadium in San Francisco?
What is the name of the stadium in San Francisco?
What is the name of the stadium in New Orleans?
What is the name of the stadium in Miami?
What were the three sites the league narrowed the bids to?
How many sites did the league narrow the bids to?
Where is the Mercedes-Benz Superdome located?
What is the name of the stadium in Miami?
Levi's Stadium is located in what city?
What is the name of the stadium in San Francisco?
What is the name of the stadium in Miami?
What is the name of the stadium in New Orleans?
What is the name of the stadium in San Francisco?
When did the league announce the two finalists?
How many times has the South Florida/Miami area hosted the Super Bowl?
What was the most recent Super Bowl held in South Florida?
When was the most recent Super Bowl held in South Florida?
In what year did the San Francisco Bay Area last host a Super Bowl?
What was the name of the stadium that was announced as a finalist?
When did the league announce the two finalists?
Where was Super Bowl XIX held?
When did the Florida legislature refuse to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations?
When was the most recent Super Bowl held in South Florida?
How many finalists did the league announce on October 16, 2012?
What was the most recent Super Bowl held in South Florida?
How many finalists did the league announce on October 16, 2012?
Who refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations?
In what year did the San Francisco Bay Area last host a Super Bowl?
Which city has hosted the most Super Bowls?
When did the league announce the two finalists?
How many times has the South Florida/Miami area hosted the Super Bowl?
Which city has hosted the most Super Bowls?
In what year did the San Francisco Bay Area last host a Super Bowl?
Who refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations?
When did the NFL owners vote to award the game to Levi's Stadium?
Who voted for the game to be played at Levi's Stadium?
When did the $1.2 billion stadium open?
How much did the stadium cost?
Where did Super Bowl XXXVII take place?
In what city did the 2013 NFL spring meetings take place?
When did the NFL owners vote to award the game to Levi's Stadium?
How much did the stadium cost?
What was the last Super Bowl held in California?
Where did Super Bowl XXXVII take place?
In what year did the NFL owners vote to award the game to Levi's Stadium?
When did the $1.2 billion stadium open?
How much did the stadium cost?
When was the last Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area?
What was the last Super Bowl held in California?
When did the NFL owners vote to award the game to Levi's Stadium?
When did the $1.2 billion stadium open?
In what year did Super Bowl XXXVII take place?
In what city did the 2013 NFL spring meetings take place?
When did the NFL owners vote to award the game to Levi's Stadium?
When did the stadium open?
How much did the stadium cost?
When was the last time a Super Bowl was held in California?
Who coached both teams in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50?
How many teams have completed a regular season with only one loss?
How many teams have a 15-1 record?
What team is one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss?
What was the first Super Bowl the Broncos played in?
Who coached both teams in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50?
How many appearances in the Super Bowl did the Denver Broncos make?
How many teams have completed a regular season with only one loss?
What was the last time the Panthers made a Super Bowl appearance?
How many teams have a 15-1 record?
What is the number one seed in the Super Bowl?
What is the number one seed in the Super Bowl?
What was the first Super Bowl the Broncos played in?
What was the last Super Bowl the Panthers played in?
How many teams have a 15-1 record?
How many seeds met in the Super Bowl for the third year in a row?
How many teams have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl?
Who coached both teams in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50?
What longtime running back did the Carolina Panthers waive?
Who did the Panthers lose to a torn ACL in the preseason?
How many teams have won at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to 16 games?
In what year did the NFL expand to 16 games?
What team had their best regular season in franchise history?
How many players were selected to the Pro Bowl?
How many All-Pro selections were made?
Who did the Panthers lose to a torn ACL in the preseason?
In what year did the NFL expand to 16 games?
In what year did the New Orleans Saints and 2011 Green Bay Packers share the record for best start by an NFC team?
In what year did the Green Bay Packers start their season with a 13-0 record?
What injury did wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin suffer?
Who did the Panthers lose to a torn ACL in the preseason?
What longtime running back did the Carolina Panthers waive?
In what year did the NFL expand to 16 games?
How many players were selected to the Pro Bowl?
What team had their best regular season in franchise history?
When did the NFL begin playing 16-game regular season games?
What team had their best regular season in franchise history?
How many players were selected to the Pro Bowl?
How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers have?
How many total touchdowns did Newton record?
How many interceptions did Newton have?
How many punts did Ted Ginn return for 277 yards?
Who was one of Newton's leading receivers?
How many total touchdowns did Newton record?
What was Newton's career-best quarterback rating?
How many passes did Greg Olsen catch?
Greg Olsen and Ted Ginn, Jr. were Newton's leading what?
Who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games?
How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers have?
Who had one of his best seasons?
How many yards did Newton throw?
How many total touchdowns did Newton record?
How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers have?
How many points did the Panthers offense score?
How many yards did Newton throw?
How many total touchdowns did Newton record?
What was Newton's career-best quarterback rating?
How many yards did Ted Ginn, Jr. catch?
How many points did the Panthers defense give up?
How many career sacks did Jared Allen have?
How many tackles did Kuechly have?
How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers defense earn?
Who led the team in sacks?
How many interceptions did the Panthers have?
Who led the team in sacks?
How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers defense earn?
How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers defense earn?
Who led the team with seven interceptions?
How many interceptions did the Panthers have?
Who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts for the Panthers?
Which Panthers linebacker was selected to play in the Pro Bowl?
How many fumbles did Kawann Short force?
Who was hired as the new head coach of the Denver Broncos?
Who was benched after throwing four interceptions?
What team did Peyton Manning play for before the Broncos?
Who did the Broncos lose to in Week 17?
Who is the Broncos' defensive coordinator?
How many divisional championships did John Fox win in his four years as Broncos head coach?
Who was hired as the new head coach of the Denver Broncos?
What team did Peyton Manning play for before the Broncos?
How old was Peyton Manning in 2015?
What heel injury caused Manning to have his worst statistical season since 1998?
Who was hired as the new head coach of the Denver Broncos?
Who had his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998?
What was the cause of Manning's worst statistical season since 1998?
How old was Peyton Manning in 2015?
How many divisional championships did John Fox win in his four years as Broncos head coach?
Who did the Denver Broncos part ways with after losing the divisional round of the playoffs?
Who had his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998?
Who was hired as the new head coach of the Denver Broncos?
Which foot did Manning tear in week 10?
Who is the Broncos' defensive coordinator?
What was Manning's career-low passer rating?
How many interceptions did Manning have?
Who led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns?
Who was the team's leading rusher?
How many touchdowns did Osweiler throw?
What was Manning's career-low passer rating?
How many yards did Manning throw for?
How many touchdowns did Manning throw?
Who led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns?
Demaryius Thomas is a what?
What was Manning's career-low passer rating?
How many interceptions did Manning have?
Who led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns?
How many receptions did Demaryius Thomas have?
What was Manning's career-low passer rating?
How many interceptions did Manning have?
Who caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores?
Who was the team's leading rusher?
What was Ronnie Hillman's average yards per carry?
How many yards did the Broncos' defense allow?
How many sacks did Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson have?
Who led the team in total tackles?
How many fumbles did Von Miller recover?
What position does DeMarcus Ware play?
What position does DeMarcus Ware play?
What position did Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson play?
How many points did the Broncos' defense allow?
Who led the team with 11 sacks?
Who led the team in total tackles?
How many fumbles did Von Miller recover?
Who led the team with 11 sacks?
Who led the team in total tackles?
Who had 512 sacks?
Who did the Panthers beat in the divisional round?
Who did the Panthers beat in the NFC Championship Game?
How many yards did the Panthers gain in the NFC Championship Game?
How many turnovers did the Panthers force in the NFC Championship Game?
How did the Panthers beat the Seahawks in the divisional round?
Who did the Panthers beat in the divisional round?
How did the Panthers beat the Seahawks in the divisional round?
How many yards did the Panthers gain in the NFC Championship Game?
Who did the Panthers beat in the divisional round?
Who did the Panthers beat in the NFC Championship Game?
How many turnovers did the Panthers force in the NFC Championship Game?
Who did the Panthers beat in the divisional round?
What was the final score of the NFC Championship game between the Carolina Panthers and the Arizona Cardinals?
Who did the Panthers beat in the NFC Championship Game?
How many yards did the Panthers gain in the NFC Championship Game?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the divisional round?
How many points did the Broncos score in the final three minutes of the game?
Who did the Seahawks beat in the AFC Championship Game?
What was the final score of the AFC Championship Game?
How long was left on the clock when the Patriots intercepted a pass?
What team defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round?
How did the Denver Broncos defeat the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round?
Who did the Seahawks beat in the AFC Championship Game?
How many seconds were left on the clock when the Patriots intercepted a pass?
Who had problems with interceptions during the season?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the divisional round?
How many points did the Broncos score in the final three minutes of the game?
Who did the Seahawks beat in the AFC Championship Game?
Who did the Broncos defeat in the divisional round?
Who did the Seahawks beat in the AFC Championship Game?
How many seconds were left on the clock when the Patriots intercepted a pass?
Who broke his arm in the NFC Championship Game?
What injury did Thomas Davis suffer?
How many ACL tears did Thomas Davis have in his career?
How long had Thomas Davis been with the Carolina Panthers?
Thomas Davis had already overcome three what in his career?
What part of Thomas Davis' body was broken in the NFC Championship Game?
How long had Thomas Davis been with the Carolina Panthers?
What is the name of the biggest football game in the world?
How many ACL tears did Thomas Davis have in his career?
What injury did Thomas Davis suffer in the NFC Championship Game?
How long had Thomas Davis been with the Carolina Panthers?
Who broke his arm in the NFC Championship Game?
At what age is he the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl?
Who held the previous record?
How old was John Elway when he led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII?
What is John Elway's current position with the Broncos?
What team did John Elway lead to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII?
What team did John Elway lead to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII?
Who held the previous record?
How old was John Elway when he led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII?
Who was the first quarterback to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls?
How many different teams did Peyton Manning lead to multiple Super Bowl wins?
How many different teams did Peyton Manning lead to multiple Super Bowl wins?
Who was the first quarterback to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls?
Who held the previous record?
John Elway led the Broncos to victory in what Super Bowl?
Who was the first quarterback to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls?
At what age is he the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl?
Who held the previous record?
In what year was Manning selected first in the NFL draft?
In what year was Newton selected first in the NFL draft?
What was Newton's age at the time of the Super Bowl?
What is the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks?
Who is the top pick of the 2011 draft for Denver?
Who was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft?
Who was picked first in the 2011 NFL draft?
What was Newton's age at the time of the Super Bowl?
What was the first Super Bowl to feature a player who was the #1 pick in their draft classes?
In what year was Manning selected first in the NFL draft?
In what year was Newton selected first in the NFL draft?
Who is the top pick of the 2011 draft for Denver?
In what year was Newton selected first in the NFL draft?
What was Newton's age at the time of the Super Bowl?
What is the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks?
In what Super Bowl was Rivera a linebacker for the Chicago Bears?
What team did Rivera play for in Super Bowl XX?
What position did Rivera play for the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX?
Who did Kubiak replace at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XIV?
Kubiak replaced Elway at the end of which team's defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV?
What position did Rivera play for the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX?
Who did Kubiak replace at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XIV?
Who was a linebacker for the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX?
In what Super Bowl was Rivera a linebacker for the Chicago Bears?
Who was the Baltimore Ravens kicker in 2015?
What type of turf was used for the new Super Bowl playing surface?
Who is the Atlanta Braves field director?
What team did Justin Tucker play for?
Who was Justin Tucker?
Who was the Baltimore Ravens kicker in 2015?
Who was Justin Tucker?
What type of turf was used in the Super Bowl re-sodded?
Who was the Baltimore Ravens kicker in 2015?
What did the NFL re-sod the field with?
What type of turf was used in the re-sodding of the field?
What did a number of players need to change during the game?
Who was the Baltimore Ravens kicker in 2015?
In what type of stadiums are Super Bowl games usually played?
What team is the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams?
How did the Broncos defeat the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII?
What team did the Broncos defeat in Super Bowl XXXIII?
What color are the Broncos' road jerseys?
In what Super Bowl did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants?
In what Super Bowl did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants?
How did the Broncos defeat the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII?
What team did the Broncos defeat in Super Bowl XXXIII?
What color are the Broncos' road jerseys?
What color jerseys did the Broncos wear?
Who was the only other AFC champion team to wear white as the designated home team in the Super Bowl?
In what Super Bowl did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants?
What was the primary color of the Denver Broncos' jerseys in Super Bowl XXXII?
What color jersey did the Patriots wear in Super Bowls XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII?
What was the Panthers standard home uniform?
What university's practice facility did the Panthers use?
Where did the Broncos practice?
In what city did the Panthers practice?
In what city did the Broncos practice?
Where did the Panthers stay?
Where did the Broncos stay while at Stanford?
Where did the Panthers practice?
Where did the Broncos practice?
Where did the Panthers practice?
Where did the Panthers stay?
Where did the Broncos practice?
Where did the Broncos stay while at Stanford?
In what city did the Panthers practice?
Where did the Panthers stay?
Where did the Broncos practice?
Where did the Broncos stay while at Stanford?
When did the NFL suspend the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals?
When was the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals established?
Who is the NFL's vice president of brand and creative?
When was the standardized logo template introduced?
Whose trophy is featured behind the large numerals in the NFL logo?
In what year did the NFL suspend the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals?
The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for what event?
What was the original name of the Super Bowl?
What color are the large numerals in the new logo?
When did the NFL suspend the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals?
What did the NFL use instead of Roman numerals to name Super Bowl 50?
What was the previous name of the Super Bowl?
What color are the large numerals in the new logo?
When will the use of Roman numerals be reinstated?
What numerals did the NFL use instead of Roman?
The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for what Super Bowl?
What color was the numbering of the 50-yard line painted on fields?
When did all sideline jackets and hats feature gold-trimmed logos?
What is the number of yards on a field?
What color was the numbering of the 50-yard line painted on fields?
What color was the numbering of the 50-yard line painted on fields?
What was the name of the 2015 NFL season's gold-themed promotions and initiatives?
What was given to each high school that had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl?
What part of a field was colored gold?
What color was the numbering of the 50-yard line painted on fields?
Where was the annual NFL Experience held?
Where is the Moscone Center located?
Who is the mayor of San Francisco?
Who lobbied unsuccessfully for the NFL to reimburse San Francisco?
On what date did "Super Bowl City" open?
How many people are expected to attend the Super Bowl?
Who is the mayor of San Francisco?
Where was the annual NFL Experience held?
What is the name of the event that opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero?
Where was the annual NFL Experience held?
What is the name of the event that opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero?
Who is the mayor of San Francisco?
What is the name of the event that opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero?
How many people are expected to attend the Super Bowl?
Who said the homeless would have to leave San Francisco?
How much did Jane Kim want the NFL to reimburse San Francisco?
What event was held at the Moscone Center?
Where is Bellomy Field?
How much money is spent on ancillary events?
How long is the event at the Santa Clara Convention Center?
How much money is spent on ancillary events?
What is one of the ancillary events?
Who might a professional fundraiser need to raise money from?
Where is the beer, wine and food festival held?
Who can help find business sponsors and individual donors?
Who might a professional fundraiser need to raise money from?
How much money is spent on ancillary events?
Who might a professional fundraiser need to raise money from?
What day was the media day moved to?
On what day of the week was the Super Bowl's media day normally held?
Where was the event held?
Where was the event held?
The opening ceremony featured player introductions on a replica of what?
On what day of the week was the Super Bowl's media day normally held?
What day was the media day moved to?
What was the media day re-branded as?
Where was the event held?
Where was the event held?
When was the media day traditionally held?
What was the media day re-branded as?
Where was the 2016 NBA All-Star Game held?
The opening ceremony featured player introductions on a replica of what?
What day was the media day moved to?
What was the media day re-branded as?
Where was the 2016 NBA All-Star Game held?
What was the opening ceremony on a replica of?
When was the event held?
What is the name of the program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl?
How much money has the host committee raised so far?
Along with Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, Intel, Gap, Intel, Gap, Intel, Gap, Intel, Gap, Intel, Gap, and Intel, what company has been a sponsor?
Along with Dignity Health and Chevron, what company is a sponsor of the Games?
Along with Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel and Gap, what company is a major sponsor of the Games?
Who is in charge of the Business Connect program?
How much money has the host committee raised so far?
Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, and Dignity Health are examples of what?
What is the name of the program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl?
What is the name of the program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl?
How much money has the host committee raised so far?
What percentage of money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes?
What is the name of the philanthropic initiative created by the committee?
How much of the money raised by the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee will be dedicated to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area?
What is the name of the philanthropic initiative created by the committee?
What has the Super Bowl Host Committee vowed to be?
How much of the money raised by the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee will be dedicated to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area?
What is the name of the philanthropic initiative created by the committee?
How much of the money raised by the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee will be dedicated to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area?
What is the name of the philanthropic initiative created by the committee?
What is the name of the trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive?
How many karats of gold will the winner of Super Bowl 50 receive?
What is the total weight of the digits?
Who designed the Lombardi Trophy?
Who designed the Lombardi Trophy?
What trophy do all Super Bowl champions receive?
What kind of "50" will the winner of Super Bowl 50 receive?
Who designed the Lombardi Trophy?
What trophy do all Super Bowl champions receive?
Who designed the Lombardi Trophy?
What network aired the game in the United States?
Who was on the broadcast team that called the contest?
Along with Evan Washburn, who was on the sidelines?
How many cameras were in EyeVision?
What resolution were the EyeVision cameras upgraded to for Super Bowl 50?
How many broadcast partners does the NFL have?
Where were Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn?
How wide of a view can EyeVision 360 provide?
What resolution were the EyeVision cameras upgraded to for Super Bowl 50?
Where were Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn?
What network aired the game in the United States?
How many broadcast partners does the NFL have?
What network aired the game in the United States?
Who were the network's lead broadcasters?
Who was on the sidelines of the contest?
What resolution were the EyeVision cameras upgraded to for Super Bowl 50?
Along with microphones, what new feature did CBS introduce during the broadcast?
Who announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the Super Bowl?
Who was the sideline reporter for Monday Night Football?
Along with Raul Allegre, who was on the ESPN Deportes Monday Night Football commentary crew?
When did ESPN Deportes announce they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the Super Bowl?
In what language did ESPN Deportes broadcast the 2015 Super Bowl?
Along with the NFL, what broadcaster did ESPN Deportes agree to broadcast the Super Bowl in Spanish?
Who announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the Super Bowl?
Who was the sideline reporter for Monday Night Football?
Who announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the Super Bowl?
What was the name of the ESPN Deportes Monday Night Football commentary crew?
Who was the sideline reporter for Monday Night Football?
Streaming on smartphones was only available to Verizon Wireless customers via what service?
How was the ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast made available?
Where did CBS provide digital streams of the game?
What console did CBS Sports apps work on?
What version of Windows does CBS Sports apps run on?
Where did CBS provide digital streams of the game?
What console did CBS Sports apps work on?
Streaming on smartphones was only available to which customers?
Streaming on smartphones was only available to Verizon Wireless customers via what?
Who is the exclusive provider of NFL Mobile?
What was the only way to stream on a smartphone?
What did CBS provide via CBSSports.com?
Who is the exclusive provider of NFL Mobile?
How was the ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast made available?
What talk show did CBS broadcast after the Super Bowl?
What show did CBS air a special episode of after local programming?
What talk show did CBS broadcast after the Super Bowl?
What show did CBS air a special episode of after local programming?
What talk show did CBS broadcast after the Super Bowl?
After a break for what did CBS air a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden?
What show did CBS air a special episode of after local programming?
What was the base rate for a 30-second Super Bowl ad?
What was the name of the beer manufacturer that had a multi-year contract with the NFL?
Who was a long time Super Bowl sponsor?
What is the anniversary of the Pokémon video game?
What was the base rate for a 30-second Super Bowl ad?
What was the name of the beer manufacturer that had a multi-year contract with the NFL?
Who was a long time Super Bowl sponsor?
The Pokémon Company and what other company made their Super Bowl debut?
What company promoted the 20th anniversary of the Pokémon video game?
What was the name of the beer manufacturer that had a multi-year contract with the NFL?
Who was a long time Super Bowl sponsor?
What was the name of the beer manufacturer that had a multi-year contract with the NFL?
Who was a long time Super Bowl sponsor?
What was the name of the contest that allowed viewers to create their own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the Super Bowl?
What contest did QuickBooks sponsor?
What company had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks?
How long was the commercial for Death Wish Coffee?
How many competitors did Death Wish Coffee beat out for the free ad spot?
What company had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks?
How many competitors did Death Wish Coffee beat out for the free ad spot?
Who sponsored Death Wish Coffee's free 30-second commercial?
What company had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks?
How many conders did Death Wish Coffee beat out?
Who sponsored Death Wish Coffee's free 30-second commercial?
What company had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks?
What movie did Universal pay for the debut trailer for?
What movie did Lionsgate pay for?
What movie did Paramount pay for?
What was the name of the movie Independence Day?
What movie did Lionsgate pay for?
What movie did Paramount pay for?
What movie did Universal pay for the debut trailer for?
What movie did Disney pay for?
What movie did Fox pay for?
Along with 20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Studios, what studio paid for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl?
What company paid for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl?
Who will carry the game throughout North America?
Who will be the play-by-play announcer?
Who will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage?
Along with Dan Fouts and Kevin Harlan, who will be the color analyst?
Along with Mark Malone, who will be the sideline reporter?
How many announcers will carry the game throughout North America?
Who will be the play-by-play announcer?
Who will carry the game throughout North America?
Who will be the play-by-play announcer?
Who will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage?
Who will be the play-by-play announcer?
Who will be the color analysts?
Who will be the sideline reporters?
What will Jim Gray anchor?
Where will Westwood One broadcast the game?
What is the name of the 103.5 FM radio station in Denver?
Who will play-by-play the game?
What time does WBT broadcast in North Carolina?
Where is WBT-FM based?
Who will be the play-by-play announcer?
Who will play-by-play the game?
Who will provide color commentary?
What radio station will carry the game in North Carolina?
Who will be the play-by-play announcer?
What radio stations will carry the game in Denver?
What is the name of WBT's sister station?
What radio station will broadcast the contest in the United Kingdom?
Along with BBC Radio 5 Live, what radio station will broadcast the contest in the United Kingdom?
Along with Rocky Boiman and Greg Brady, who will commentate on The BBC's British English broadcast?
What broadcaster will carry the contest in the United Kingdom?
Along with Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman, who will commentate on The BBC's British English broadcast?
Who was the MVP of Super Bowls I and II?
Who was the MVP of Super Bowl V?
Who is the current Broncos quarterback?
When did Harvey Martin die?
Who is the current Broncos quarterback?
How many of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players were introduced during the pregame ceremony?
Who is the current Broncos quarterback?
Who was the co-MVP of Super Bowl XII?
How many previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players were introduced?
How many of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players were introduced during the pregame ceremony?
Who was the MVP of Super Bowls I and II?
Who is the current Broncos quarterback?
Who was the co-MVP of Super Bowl XII?
How many times has Lady Gaga won a Grammy?
What did Lady Gaga perform?
What award was Lady Gaga nominated for?
What did Lady Gaga perform?
What is ASL?
Who performed the national anthem?
Who provided the ASL translation for the national anthem?
Who performed the national anthem?
Who provided the ASL translation for the national anthem?
Who performed the national anthem?
How many times has Lady Gaga won a Grammy?
Who provided the ASL translation for the national anthem?
On what date was it confirmed that Coldplay would headline?
What nationality is Coldplay?
What football game did Beyoncé headline?
What single did Beyoncé collaborate with Coldplay on?
What was the name of the game in which Bruno Mars headlined the halftime show?
What British band headlined the 2016 Super Bowl?
What company confirmed that Beyoncé would be appearing at the Super Bowl?
What single did Beyoncé collaborate with Coldplay on?
What British band headlined the 2016 Super Bowl?
Who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show?
What song did Beyoncé collaborate with Coldplay on?
Who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show?
Which team took the opening kickoff?
Who did Manning throw a 22-yard pass to?
Who did Shaq Thompson tackle?
Who made a 34-yard field goal?
Who rushed for a pair of carries?
How many yards did Peyton Manning throw to Owen Daniels?
Who tackled Ronnie Hillman?
Who made a 34-yard field goal?
What was the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing?
Which team took the opening kickoff?
Who did Manning pass to on the first play of the game?
Who rushed for a pair of carries?
Who made a 34-yard field goal?
What was the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing?
Who disagreed with the call?
Which quarterback appeared to complete a pass to Jerricho Cotchery after each team punted?
Who sacked Newton on 3rd and 10?
Who recovered Newton's sacked pass in the end zone?
When was the last fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl?
Who did Cam Newton pass to after each team punted?
Who disagreed with the call?
Who sacked Newton on 3rd and 10?
Who recovered Newton's sacked pass in the end zone?
When was the last fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl?
Who disagreed with the call?
Who sacked Newton on 3rd and 10?
Who recovered Newton's sacked pass in the end zone?
When was the last fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl?
Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown?
Who punted the Panthers' punt?
How many seconds were left in the second quarter?
How many yards did Norwood return for a Super Bowl record?
How many yards was McManus' field goal?
How many yards did Newton complete 4 of 4 passes for?
Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown?
How long was left in the second quarter?
Which Broncos receiver received Brad Nortman's punt?
How many yards was McManus' field goal?
Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown?
What did McManus kick to give Denver a 13-7 lead?
Who tackled Mike Tolbert?
What position did Danny Trevathan play?
Who tipped a Manning pass to himself and then intercepted it?
Who was sacked by DeMarco Ware?
Who sacked Newton with 11 seconds left?
Who lost a fumble while being tackled by Darian Stewart?
Who tipped a Manning pass to himself and then intercepted it?
How many yards did Kony Ealy return the ball?
Who sacked Newton with 11 seconds left?
Who lost a fumble while being tackled by Darian Stewart?
Who recovered the fumble on the Broncos next possession?
Who tipped a Manning pass to himself and then intercepted it?
What did the Panthers do when they couldn't gain any yards with their possession?
Who sacked Newton with 11 seconds left?
Who did Newton pass to on the Panthers' opening drive of the second half?
Who made a 44-yard field goal?
How many yards was the field goal attempt?
Who kicked a 33-yard field goal to give the Broncos a 16-7 lead?
Who intercepted Newton's pass?
Who did Newton pass to on the Panthers' opening drive of the second half?
What did Graham Gano hit on a 44-yard field goal attempt?
Who intercepted Newton's pass?
Who recovered the ball after Ward fumbled it?
Who did Newton pass to on the Panthers' opening drive of the second half?
Where did the Broncos defense stop the drive?
Who made a 44-yard field goal?
Who did Manning pass to after the miss?
Who knocked the ball out of Manning's hand?
How many yards was Gano's field goal?
Who recieved a 16-yard pass from Stewart?
Who ran for 12 yards?
Where did the Broncos drive to in the fourth quarter?
Who knocked the ball out of Manning's hand?
Where did Ealy recover the ball?
What would the next three drives of the game end in?
Who knocked the ball out of Manning's hand?
Where did Ealy recover the ball?
How long was Gano's field goal?
How many drives of the game would end in punts?
How many yards was Carolina's own line of scrimmage?
Who did Miller strip the ball away from?
Which Broncos cornerback was penalized for a holding penalty?
Who scored on a 2-yard touchdown run?
Who did Manning pass to for a 2-point conversion?
Who stripped the ball away from Newton?
Who recovered the ball after several players dived for it?
Who did Miller strip the ball away from?
Which Broncos cornerback was penalized for a holding penalty?
How much time was left before Denver took a 24-10 lead?
How much time was left in regulation?
Who stripped the ball away from Newton?
Who recovered the ball after several players dived for it?
How many plays was Denver's offense kept out of the end zone?
Who scored on a 2-yard touchdown run?
How many solo tackles did Miller have?
How many touchdowns did Manning score?
How many receptions for 10 yards did Anderson have?
Which linebacker had seven total tackles?
How many interceptions did Manning have?
How many interceptions did Manning have?
How many touchdowns did Manning score?
Who was the game's leading rusher?
Who was the team's top receiver?
Which linebacker had seven total tackles?
Who was the team's top receiver?
Who was the game's leading rusher?
How many field goals did McManus make?
How many interceptions did Manning have?
How many receptions for 10 yards did Anderson have?
How many yards did Denver gain?
How many first downs did Denver get?
What team had the previous record of 244 yards in a Super Bowl?
Who is the author of's's's's's's's's's's's's's's's's's's's 
Which quarterback had the lowest passer rating for a Super Bowl?
How many yards did Denver gain?
How many first downs did Denver get?
Who set the previous record for Super Bowl sacks?
What team tied the Super Bowl record for sacks?
How many first downs did Denver get?
How many first downs did Denver get?
Who tied the Super Bowl record for sacks?
Who set the previous record for Super Bowl sacks?
How many teams had a combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8?
What award did Maria Skodowska-Curie win?
When was Casimir Pulaski born?
Who was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize?
Who are Wadysaw Szpilman and Frédéric Chopin?
When did Chopin move to Warsaw?
How many different species of trees are there?
What was remodelled by Franciszek Szanor in the 19th century?
What was formally a royal garden?
Where is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier located?
What park covers the area of 76 ha?
How far is the Vistula river from Warsaw?
What are some of the animals that live in the area?
How many natural reserves are in Warsaw?
How many lakes are in Warsaw?
Why are most lakes emptied before winter?
What was the most diverse city in Poland?
How many people in 1933 spoke Polish as their mother tongue?
What percentage of the Russian population were Jews in 1897?
In addition to the Polish majority, what was a significant minority in Warsaw?
What is most of the modern day population growth based on?
What is the second largest school of technology in East-Central Europe?
How many professors does Warsaw University of Technology employ?
What is the largest medical school in Poland?
When was the University of Warsaw established?
What is the oldest and largest music school in Poland?
When was the University Library founded?
How many items are in the University Library?
What is Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski's profession?
Who designed the University Library garden?
What is the area of the roof garden?
What suffered greatly in Warsaw during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy?
What was the name of the initial plan to rebuild Poland?
What is one reason Warsaw has seen improvements over the past decade?
What have the city's roads, sidewalks, health care facilities and sanitation facilities done?
What city has some of the best medical facilities in East-Europe?
What is the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland?
What is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in Europe?
How many beds are in the clinical section?
What has happened to the infrastructure over the past years?
The Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre are examples of what type of venue?
What type of events does Warsaw host?
Where is the Congress Hall located?
What city hosts many events and festivals?
What type of events does Warsaw host?
Where is the Saxon Garden?
What is another name for Ogród Saski?
When was the Summer Theatre in operation?
What was Warsaw's first literary cabaret?
What was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre"?
What is the name of the festival held on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer's Night?
How many people gather on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer's Night?
On what night do thousands of people gather on the banks of the Vistula for a festival called Wianki?
What did the maidens predict by floating their wreaths of herbs on the water?
What flower is looked for on Midsummer's Eve?
The Museum of Posters has one of the largest collections of what in the world?
How many museums are in Warsaw?
How does the National Museum rank among Warsaw's museums?
What is in the National Museum collection from Adolf Hitler's private collection?
What does the Museum of the Polish Army portray the history of?
Where can a fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland be found?
What museum preserves the memory of the crime?
What type of theatre is the Warsaw Fotoplastikon?
What preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence?
How many rooms does the Warsaw Historical Museum have?
Where is the Centre for Contemporary Art located?
How many projects does the Centre realize each year?
What is the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw?
Who exhibits at the Zachta National Gallery of Art?
When is Warsaw Gallery Weekend held?
Who are their local rivals?
In what year did they win the country's championship?
How many times have they won the cup?
Where is Polonia's home venue?
Why was Polonia relegated in 2013?
What is the mermaid called in Warsaw?
What is Warsaw's symbol?
How long has this imagery been in use?
What year is the oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw?
What was in the claws of the sea monster?
What is not fully known about the origin of the ary figure?
Two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through what?
Where did one of them decide to stay?
By what village did Elizabeth stop to rest on a sandy beach?
What did the greedy merchant do with the mermaid?
Where was Tamara de Lempicka born?
When did Maria Górska marry Tadeusz empicki?
What style did she represent better than anyone else?
What is Nathan Alterman's profession?
Who described Warsaw in many of his novels?
Who ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world in 2012?
In what year did the Economist Intelligence Unit rank Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world?
What characterizes Warsaw's economy?
What is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe?
What is the name of the European Union agency for external border security?
What year was the first historical reference to Warsaw?
What was the capital city of Poland in 1313?
When did King Sigismund III Vasa move his court from Kraków to Warsaw?
Who moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw?
What makes Warsaw the "Phoenix City"?
What type of archdiocese is Warsaw the seat of?
Along with the University of Warsaw, what is a notable institution in Warsaw?
What was Warsaw's Old Town listed as in 1980?
St. John's Cathedral, Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions display a richness of color and what type of detail?
What is a quarter of Warsaw filled with?
What is Warsaw's name in the Polish language?
What does Warszowa mean?
What was Warsz's occupation?
What did Warsz own?
What is Warsaw's official name?
What was the name of the first fortified settlement on the site of today's Warsaw?
Who established the modern-day Warsaw settlement?
In what year did the Prince of Pock establish the modern-day Warsaw?
When did Warsaw become the capital of the Masovian Duchy?
When was the duchy reincorporated into the Polish Crown?
In 1529, Warsaw became the seat of what general?
When did the seat of the General Sejm become permanent?
What did the Warsaw Confederation establish?
Why did Warsaw become the capital of the Commonwealth?
When did King Sigismund III Vasa move his court from Kraków to Warsaw?
How long was Warsaw the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth?
What kingdom annexed Warsaw in 1796?
Who liberated Warsaw?
When was the Congress of Vienna?
When was the Royal University of Warsaw established?
How long was Warsaw occupied by Germany?
What did the Allied Armistice terms require Germany to withdraw from?
Who set up the Second Polish Republic?
When was the Polish-Bolshevik War?
Who was defeated in the Battle of Warsaw?
When did the Second World War begin?
What was the General Government?
How much of Warsaw's population was Jewish?
When did the order come to annihilate the ghetto?
How long did the Ghetto hold out?
Who was pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw?
Why did the Polish government try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans?
When did the Warsaw Uprising begin?
How long did the armed struggle last?
What is the estimated number of Polish civilian deaths?
What campaign was initiated after World War II?
What type of housing was used in the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign?
What type of city is the Palace of Culture and Science?
What was a gift from the Soviet Union?
What was Warsaw's historic Old Town inscribed onto?
Who visited his native country in 1979 and 1983?
What did John Paul II's visits encourage?
How long after becoming pope did John Paul celebrate Mass in Warsaw?
Where did John Paul celebrate Mass in 1979?
What did the Polish citizens see in these words?
How many kilometers from the Carpathian Mountains is Warsaw?
How many miles is Warsaw from Berlin?
The city straddles what river?
How tall is Szczliwice hill?
Where is the lowest point in Warsaw?
How many main geomorphologic formations is Warsaw located on?
What valley has an asymmetrical pattern of different terraces?
What type of plateau is Warsaw located on?
What is the specific axis of Warsaw?
What is the name of the moraine plateau?
What type of plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds?
What is on the highest level of the left side?
The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible what?
There are several levels of what?
What type of forest are these mainly forested areas?
What does Warsaw's mixture of architectural styles reflect?
When was Warsaw razed to the ground?
When did rebuilding begin?
Where is Leopold Kronenberg Palace?
What was the basic design of the mass residential blocks?
What type of architecture is represented in the majestic churches?
When was St. John's Cathedral built?
What style is St. John's Cathedral?
The house of Baryczko merchant family is an example of what type of architecture?
The Royal Castle is an example of what type of architecture?
During what century did building activity occur in numerous noble palaces and churches?
When was St. Kazimierz Church built?
What type of architecture is Czapski Palace?
What type of architecture can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with great inspiration from the Roman period?
When was the Palace on the Water rebuilt?
Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building are examples of what type of architecture?
What happened to the Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building?
What style was the Warsaw Philharmony edifice rebuilt in?
What is the most interesting of the late 19th century architecture?
What are the Saxon Palace and the Brühl Palace?
There are how many places commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw?
What infamous German Gestapo prison is now occupied by a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom?
What impressive 19th-century fortification was built after the defeat of the November Uprising?
Who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising?
What was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II?
What color is the Botanic Garden?
Where is a palm house located that displays plants from all over the world?
Where was the first horse racetrack?
What park is close to the Sejm and John Lennon street?
In what year was a zoological garden established on the park grounds?
The species richness is mainly due to what?
Where is Bielany Forest located?
Bielany Forest is the remaining part of what forest?
What is the name of the big forest area by the southern city border?
How many botanic gardens does Warsaw have?
How many people lived in Warsaw in 1945?
How many people lived in Warsaw in 1945?
When was the Warsaw area enlargement?
How did Poles feel about Varsovians living in the capital?
The city authorities were forced to introduce what limitations after the first remedial measure?
What kind of city is Warsaw?
How many people lived in New York City in 1901?
What percentage of the population of 711,988 were Catholics in 1901?
What percentage of the population of 711,988 were Protestants?
When was the Warsaw Uprising?
What is the basic unit of territorial division in Poland?
What are the units of the second level of the territorial division?
Along with Gdask, Pozna and Lublin, what city is in Poland?
Who has legislative power in Warsaw?
How many members make up the Rada Miasta?
How often are council members elected?
What does the City Council divide itself into?
How long does the council have to override the mayor's veto?
What is the title of the mayor of Warsaw?
Who was the first Warsaw President?
When was Jan Andrzej Menich President?
Who elects the President of Warsaw?
Which district's mayor was designated as President of Warsaw?
What is Warsaw's city center called?
How many companies were registered in New York City in 2006?
What type of market was Warsaw ranked as?
What percentage of Poland's national income does Warsaw produce?
What was the total nominal GDP of the city in 2010?
When was Warsaw's first stock exchange established?
What event ended Warsaw's stock exchange?
When was it re-established?
How many companies are listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange?
What was the PZPR?
When was the FSO Car Factory established?
Along with the Fiat 125p, Syrena, Warszawa and FSO 125p, what vehicle was assembled at the plant?
Who purchased the factory in 1995?
Who bought the factory in 2005?
What car did AvtoZAZ build in the factory?
What is another name for Warsaw?
What is the largest city in Poland?
On what river does Warsaw stand?
What is the population of Warsaw's metropolitan area?
Where does Warsaw rank among the most populous capital cities in the European Union?
What is the largest city in Poland?
What river is it on?
How far is Warsaw from the Baltic Sea?
What is the population of Warsaw's metropolitan area?
Where does Warsaw rank among the most populous capital cities in the European Union?
Where is Normandy located?
When did the Normans give their name to Normandy?
What countries were the Norse pirates from?
Who was the leader of the Norse pirates?
When did the distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerge?
Who led the expedition that led to the Norman conquest of England?
Under whose rule was the Duchy of Normandy forged into a cohesive and formidable principality?
What type of orthodoxy did the Normans become exponents of?
What does Nortmannus mean?
When was Nortmannus recorded in Medieval Latin?
When did the Duchy of Normandy begin?
The Duchy of Normandy was established by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between whom?
The area corresponded to the northern part of Upper Normandy down to what river?
What was the name of Rollo's father?
What religion did the descendants of Rollo's Vikings replace the Norse religion with?
In what part of France did the descendants of Rollo's Vikings create a unique "Norman" culture?
What had Normandy been exporting for more than a generation?
In what year did a Saracen attack occur on Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem?
Whose shrine was visited by Norman pilgrims in 1016?
Where was the shrine of the Archangel Michael located?
Who was the Hauteville leader?
Who was Melfi's elected leader?
Who did the Normans capture Sicily and Malta from?
When was Roger II of Sicily crowned king?
Where is William Iron Arm's citadel located?
What was the title of the "Tabula Rogeriana"?
What does "Kitab Rudjdjar" mean?
What type of bureaucracy are Jews, Muslims, Christians, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox?
Who did the Normans fight in Armenia?
When was Hervé the first Norman mercenary to serve as a Byzantine general?
When did Robert Crispin lead the Normans of Edessa against the Turks?
Who stopped Roussel de Bailleul?
What was the name of the castle?
Who led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley?
Who did some Normans join to aid in the destruction of the Armenian vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron?
Several families of Byzantine Greece were of what origin?
Who drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy?
In what year was Dyrrachium betrayed by the Normans?
How many men did he lead in 300 ships?
Petrela is located on the banks of what river?
Who was Robert's son?
Petrela is located on the banks of what river?
When did a large Norman army invade Dyrrachium?
In 1185, a large Norman army invaded what city?
Dyrrachium was one of the most important naval bases of what body of water?
Who did Emma marry?
Who was Emma's brother?
Where was Duke Richard II from?
Who forced Ethelred from his kingdom?
Who invited Edward the Confessor to return to his father's refuge?
When did Edward the Confessor return from his father's refuge?
Who was appointed archbishop of Canterbury?
In what battle did Duke William II of Normandy kill King Harold II?
Who killed King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings?
In what year did Duke William II of Normandy conquer England?
Who did the Normans replace as the ruling class of England?
What did it evolve into?
When did the Normans invade Ireland?
The Normans settled mostly in the east of what country?
The Normans had a profound effect on what culture?
Who was one of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror?
Who married Edgar's sister Margaret?
When did William invade Scotland?
Who did Malcolm surrender as a hostage?
Who did King David I's elder brother Alexander I marry?
What dynasty built castles in Scotland?
Where was Ralph set up as earl?
Who did Edward the Confessor want Ralph to war with?
Who set up Ralph as earl of Hereford?
What part of England was largely conquered by the Normans?
When did Roger de Tosny travel to the Iberian Peninsula?
Who led the papal army during the War of Barbastro?
When was the Siege of Antioch?
What was Bohemond's nephew's name?
Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of what city?
For how many years was Cyprus under Western European dominance?
What dispersed the fleet?
What was the name of the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée that was found anchored on the south coast of Cyprus?
In what year did Richard leave Messina to reach Acre?
Who took the survivors prisoner?
Who was Richard's rival?
What metal were Isaac's chains made of?
What was the name of one of the princes that arrived in Limassol?
Who married Berengaria of Navarre?
When was Richard's wedding?
What was the name of the grand ceremony in which Richard was crowned King of Cyprus?
When did the Venetians acquire full control of the island?
Who bought Cyprus shortly after the conquest?
The expedition led by Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands off the coast of what continent?
Who took the title of King of the Canary Islands?
Who was the 2nd Count de Niebla?
Who sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzman?
Jersey and Guernsey are located where?
How many customaries was Norman customary law transcribed into?
What idiom did they spread to England and Italy?
What type of arches did the Gothic style have?
In England, the period of Norman architecture precedes what period?
In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of what period?
In what kingdom was Norman-Arab architecture first used?
When did the dukes begin a programme of church reform?
Who began a programme of church reform in the early 11th century?
When were the French Wars of Religion?
What type of art is the Bayeux Tapestry?
What is the most famous work of Norman art?
Who was the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent?
What was common in Norman Italy and drew heavily on the Greek heritage?
In what century was Normandy the site of important developments in the history of classical music?
Who taught the system of denoting notes by letters?
Where did the monks of Saint-Evroul flee to?
Where did the monks of Saint-Evroul establish a monastery?
Who was the patron of the monks who fled to Italy?
What tradition developed at Saint Evroul?
When was Nikola Tesla born?
What was Nikola Tesla's nationality?
When did Nikola Tesla die?
When was Nikola Tesla born?
When did Nikola Tesla die?
What was Nikola Tesla's nationality?
What does AC stand for?
When did Tesla emigrate to the US?
Who did Tesla work for in New York City?
Who licensed Tesla's AC induction motor and transformer?
Where did Tesla work for Thomas Edison?
What was the name of the corporate alternating current/direct current battle?
When did Tesla emigrate to the US?
Who did Tesla work for in New York City?
Where did Tesla work for Thomas Edison?
Who licensed Tesla's AC induction motor and transformer?
Along with the AC induction motor, what did George Westinghouse license from Tesla?
When did Tesla make pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication?
What type of experiments did Tesla conduct in New York and Colorado Springs?
What types of experiments did he conduct in his lab?
Along with New York, where did Tesla conduct his experiments?
When did Tesla make pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication?
What did he build that was one of the first to be exhibited?
What was the name of the ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission?
What year did Tesla die?
What did the General Conference on Weights and Measures name the tesla?
Where did he live most of his life?
What was Tesla's reputation in popular culture?
What earned him a considerable amount of money?
What year did Tesla die?
What did the General Conference on Weights and Measures name the tesla?
In what decade did interest in Tesla resurface?
What was Tesla renowned for?
What modern-day country is Smiljan in?
What was Tesla's father's profession?
What type of memory did Nikola have?
Nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to what?
What was Tesla's father's profession?
Who was Tesla's father?
Who was Tesla's mother?
What did uka Tesla's mother have a talent for?
Nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to what?
How many children did Tesla have?
What language did Tesla study in Smiljan?
When did the Tesla family move to Gospi?
What was his older brother's name?
What were his three sisters?
What happened to Dane when Nikola was five?
Where did the Tesla family move in 1862?
What was Tesla's father's job?
Who was the math teacher at Higher Real Gymnasium?
What language were the classes held in?
What was Tesla able to perform in his head that prompted his teachers to believe he was cheating?
What did Tesla's teachers believe he was doing?
In what year did he graduate?
When did Tesla move to Karlovac?
Why did Tesla move to Karlovac?
Who was the math teacher at Higher Real Gymnasium?
What language were the classes held in?
In what year did he graduate?
What disease did Tesla contract shortly after he arrived?
How long was Tesla bedridden after contracting cholera?
Where did Tesla's father promise to send him if he recovered from his illness?
What did Tesla's father originally want him to do?
Where was Tesla born?
In what year did Tesla return to Smiljan?
What disease did Tesla contract shortly after he arrived?
How long was Tesla bedridden after contracting cholera?
What did Tesla's father originally want him to do?
What did Tesla's father promise to do if he recovered from his illness?
Where did Tesla run to avoid being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army?
Whose book did he think was the best?
Where did he explore in hunter's garb?
In what year did Tesla escape being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army?
In what type of clothing did he explore the mountains?
What did Tesla avoid by running away to Tomingaj?
In what year did Tesla escape being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army?
How did he explore the mountains?
Whose book did he think was the best?
When did Tesla enroll at Austrian Polytechnic?
Where did Tesla enroll in 1875?
When did Tesla's father die?
What did Tesla become addicted to after losing his scholarship?
How many Sundays and holidays did Tesla work on?
Where was the Austrian Polytechnic located?
When did Tesla enroll at Austrian Polytechnic?
When did Tesla's father die?
What did Tesla do with his allowance and tuition money in his third year?
What did Tesla's professors say if he wasn't removed from school?
What did Tesla do in December 1878?
Why did Tesla leave his family?
What was Tesla's job?
What did Nikola Tesla refuse to do?
What did Nikola suffer at the same time?
In what year did Tesla leave Graz?
Why did Tesla leave Graz?
What did Tesla's friends think of him?
What was Tesla's job?
What did Nikola suffer at the same time?
Why was Tesla returned to Gospi?
When was Tesla returned to Gospi?
What was Milutin Tesla's age when he died?
What did some sources say Tesla died of?
What did Tesla do with a large class of students in his old school?
Why was Tesla returned to Gospi?
What year was Tesla returned to Gospi?
What was Tesla's old school?
What is a stroke?
Where did Tesla go to study?
Why couldn't he enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University?
What was Tesla's job at the university?
At what university did he not enroll?
Where did Tesla go to study?
In what year did two of Tesla's uncles help him leave Gospi for Prague?
At what university did he not enroll?
Who helped Tesla leave Gospi for Prague?
Where did Tesla move to in 1881?
What telegraph company did Tesla work for?
What position was given to Tesla after the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional?
What did Tesla claim to have perfected?
What was Tesla's job in the Central Telegraph Office?
When did Tesla move to Budapest?
What company did Tesla work for in Budapest?
What telegraph company did Tesla work for?
What position was given to Tesla after the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional?
When did Tesla begin working for the Continental Edison Company?
Where did Tesla begin working for the Continental Edison Company?
In June 1884, he relocated to what city?
Who hired him to work at his Edison Machine Works?
Where did he work for Thomas Edison?
What company did Tesla work for in France?
Where did Tesla begin working for the Continental Edison Company?
In what year did he relocate to New York City?
Who hired him to work at his Edison Machine Works?
Where was the Edison Machine Works located?
How much money did Edison say was in it for him?
What did Edison offer Tesla in exchange for his resignation?
How long did it take for Tesla to complete the task?
How much money did Edison say was in it for him?
What did Edison tell Tesla he didn't understand?
What did Edison offer Tesla in exchange for his resignation?
Who did Tesla partner with in 1886?
What company did Lane and Vail finance?
What did the company install?
What were the first issued to Tesla in the US?
What were the first patents issued to Tesla in the US?
Who did Tesla partner with in 1886?
When did Tesla partner with Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail?
What company did Lane and Vail finance?
What did the company do that was designed by Tesla?
Who founded Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing?
What did they do to Tesla?
What was Tesla's financial situation when he was forced out of Tesla's company?
What type of work did he do for $2 per day?
What years did Tesla describe as a time of "terrible headaches and bitter tears"?
Why did he lose control of the patents he had generated?
What type of work did he do for $2 per day?
What kind of jobs did he have to work at?
What was Alfred S. Brown's job?
When was the Tesla Electric Company formed?
Who did Tesla and Peck and Brown agree that profits from generated patents would go to?
In what city was Tesla's laboratory located?
In what year did Tesla meet Alfred S. Brown?
What was Alfred S. Brown's job?
Along with Alfred S. Brown, who did Tesla meet in late 1886?
Where was Tesla's laboratory located?
What company did Tesla and Peck and Brown form in 1887?
What did Tesla develop in 1887?
When was the electric motor patented?
What did the self-starting electric motor not need?
What did the self-starting electric motor avoid?
What was the design of the electric motor?
In what year did Tesla develop an induction motor?
Why was alternating current being used?
What did the self-starting electric motor avoid servicing and replacing?
In what year was the first self-starting electric motor patented?
What was Thomas Commerford Martin's job?
Where did Tesla demonstrate his alternating current system?
When did Thomas Commerford Martin arrange for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system?
Why didn't Westinghouse get a patent?
Who was the editor of Electrical World magazine in 1888?
Who was the editor of Electrical World magazine in 1888?
Who did engineers working for Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company report Tesla's AC motor to?
Who presented a paper on a commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor?
What was Galileo Ferraris' profession?
Who reported to George Westinghouse that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system?
In what year did Brown and Peck negotiate a licensing deal with George Westinghouse?
How much did Brown and Peck get for Tesla's designs?
Who did Brown and Peck negotiate a licensing deal with?
What was Tesla hired to be at Westinghouse's Pittsburgh labs?
How much did Brown and Peck get for Tesla's designs?
In what year did Brown and Peck negotiate a licensing deal with George Westinghouse?
How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla to be a consultant at their Pittsburgh labs?
Where is Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's lab located?
In what city did Tesla work?
What did Tesla help create in Pittsburgh?
What type of AC current system did they settle on?
What type of motor did they use?
Why did Tesla work in Pittsburgh?
What did they end up using instead?
Who were the two main players in the "War of Currents"?
What was the competition between Edison and Westinghouse?
What did Edison Machine Works pursue in 1890?
What company did Thomas Edison's company become a part of in 1892?
What side of the "War of Currents" was Tesla on?
Who was on the other side of the "War of Currents"?
When did Westinghouse license Tesla's patent?
Why was Tesla's motor put on hold?
What company did Thomas Edison's company become a part of in 1892?
Who won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition?
Where was the World's Columbian Exposition held?
Who did George Westinghouse beat to light the World's Columbian Exposition?
What did Tesla demonstrate at the Columbian Exposition?
What did Tesla demonstrate at the Columbian Exposition?
Who won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition?
Where was the World's Columbian Exposition held?
When did George Westinghouse win the bid to light the World's Columbian Exposition?
What did Westinghouse demonstrate the safety, reliability, and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the American public?
Who sought Tesla's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls?
Where did Richard Dean Adams head up the Cataract Construction Company?
Who won the contract to build a two-phase AC system at Niagara Falls?
Who won the contract to build the AC distribution system?
What did Tesla say would be the most reliable?
Who sought Tesla's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls?
When did Richard Dean Adams seek Nikola Tesla's opinion on the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company?
What type of system did Tesla advise Adams to use?
Tesla advised Adams that a two-phased system would be what?
In what year was a patent-sharing agreement signed between Westinghouse and Motorola?
How much did Westinghouse Electric pay for the patents?
What was the royalty rate for alternating current patents?
How much had Westinghouse paid in royalties and licenses to Tesla, Brown, and Peck?
Who backed General Electric in the mid 1890s?
How much money had Westinghouse paid out to Tesla, Brown, and Peck?
How much did Westinghouse Electric pay for the patents?
What was Tesla's age when he became a naturalized citizen?
Where was Tesla's laboratory located?
What did he light wirelessly at both locations?
What did Tesla patent in the same year?
In what year did Tesla become a naturalized citizen of the United States?
What did Tesla patent in the same year?
What was Tesla's age when he became a naturalized citizen?
What type of electric lamp did he use to demonstrate the potential of wireless power transmission?
What organization did Tesla serve as vice president of?
What organization did Tesla serve as vice president of?
When did Tesla leave the American Institute of Electrical Engineers?
What position did Tesla hold in the American Institute of Electrical Engineers?
When did Tesla serve as vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers?
Along with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, what was the forerunner of the IEEE?
Why did Tesla investigate radiant energy?
What caused much of Tesla's early research to be lost?
When did Wilhelm Röntgen announce the discovery of x-rays?
What was the only thing captured in the image?
When did Tesla begin investigating radiant energy?
What is another name for "Roentgen rays"?
What happened to Tesla's early research?
What did Tesla capture when he tried to photograph Mark Twain?
Who did Tesla try to photograph with a Geissler tube?
What is another name for radiography?
When did Tesla do his own experiments in X-ray imaging?
What is another name for X-ray and X-ray imaging?
In his research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce what?
What did Tesla's tube work from the output of?
In what year did Tesla do his own experiments in X-ray imaging?
What did Tesla's tube work from the output of?
What did Tesla claim his circuits could generate?
What did Tesla incorrectly believe about X-rays?
What did he believe about the Roentgen rays?
What type of damage did he attribute to various causes?
What did Tesla note the hazards of working with?
Where can plasma waves occur?
What did he believe caused the damage to the skin?
What did Tesla think X-rays were?
Where can plasma waves occur?
How did he attribute the skin damage to various causes?
Who was the Westinghouse engineer who developed an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor?
In what year did Westinghouse begin branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the Tesla Polyphase System?
Who started branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the Tesla Polyphase System?
What is the name of the device Tesla used to demonstrate the principles of rotating magnetic field in an induction motor?
Who demonstrated how to make a copper egg stand on end?
In what year did the New York Herald Tribune publish an article on Tesla?
What did Tesla do when a particle broke off the cathode of a vacuum tube?
What did Tesla say about the sting?
What did Tesla compare his particles to?
Tesla's theories on the transmission by radio waves go back as far as the Franklin Institute and what other organization?
What device was used in the further development of radio?
Where did Tesla give lectures and demonstrations on the possibility of transmission by radio waves?
In what year did Tesla demonstrate a radio-controlled boat?
What did Tesla call his radio-controlled boat?
Where was Tesla's demonstration of a radio-controlled boat held?
What was Tesla's demonstration at Madison Square Garden?
What animal was claimed to be piloting the boat?
When were Tesla's patents granted?
Who made the famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission?
When did Marconi make his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission?
In what year did the Supreme Court of the United States restore the patents of Tesla, Lodge, and Stone?
What court restored the patents of Tesla, Lodge, and Stone?
In what year did Tesla move to Colorado Springs?
Where did Tesla transmit signals from Pikes Peak to?
When did Tesla perform his first experiments?
How long was Tesla's spark?
What type of electricity did Tesla study?
What type of waves did he observe?
What was Tesla's belief about the earth?
What type of discharges did he produce?
How long were the discharges of artificial lightning?
How far away was thunder heard in Cripple Creek, Colorado?
What did light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab do?
What were butterflies electrified?
What did Tesla cause when he faulted a power station generator?
What happened to the dynamos in a power house six miles away?
What caused the dynamos in a power house six miles away to repeatedly burn out?
What did sparks do to the insulation of dynamos?
What did Tesla think the unusual signals from his receiver might be?
Reporters jumped to the conclusion that Tesla was hearing signals from where?
Where was the article "Talking With Planets" published?
What has been hypothesized that Tesla may have done in July 1899?
When was Marconi's European experiment intercepted?
How much did John Jacob Astor IV invest in Tesla?
Why did John Jacob Astor IV invest $100,000?
What did Tesla do with the money?
When did John Jacob Astor IV invest $100,000 in Tesla?
In what year did Tesla leave Colorado Springs?
What happened to Tesla's lab in 1904?
In what year was his lab torn down?
What happened to his lab's contents after it was torn down?
What was the name of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility?
What was Wardenclyffe?
Where is Wardenclyffe located?
Who did Tesla approach to ask for more funds?
What event caused Tesla to lose all of his money?
What was Morgan's reaction to Tesla's breach of contract?
How many letters did Tesla write to Morgan?
Why did Tesla write over 50 letters to Morgan?
What ended Tesla's relationship with Morgan?
How tall was the tower?
How many horsepower was Tesla's turbine?
What was the speed of Tesla's bladeless turbine?
In what year did Tesla demonstrate his turbine?
During 1910-1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at what range of horsepower?
What type of engine powered Tesla's oscillator?
Where did Tesla experiment with mechanical oscillators?
What happened as the speed grew?
Where was the article "Nikola Tesla, Dreamer" published?
What would happen if the process continued?
What did Tesla believe enhanced intelligence?
What did he do to make dull students bright?
Who was the superintendent of New York City schools at the time?
Who was William H. Maxwell?
Where did Tesla look for investors before World War I?
What happened to Tesla's funding?
What happened to Wardenclyffe?
How much did he sell Wardenclyffe for?
What was Tesla's AIEE award?
In what magazine did Tesla postulate that electricity could be used to locate submarines?
What was the signal viewed on?
What modern technology is a superficial resemblance to Tesla's system?
Who helped develop France's first radar system?
Who were the winners of the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics?
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915?
What were the unsubstantiated rumors at the time?
A recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is what?
Why did Edison and Tesla refuse to accept the award?
How many bids did Edison receive in 1915?
Who won the Nobel Prize in 1915?
In what year did Tesla receive one of 38 possible bids?
What was Tesla's last patent?
What is a biplane capable of taking off vertically called?
How much did Tesla think the plane would sell for?
What was the earliest proposal for the use of in rotor aircraft?
How much did Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company pay Tesla?
What did the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company pay for Tesla?
How long did the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company pay for Tesla's rent?
What was Westinghouse worried about?
What did Tesla announce a method of transmitting in 1935?
In 1935, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over what distance?
How much loss did Tesla claim to have in his method of transmitting energy?
What did Tesla announce a method of accurately determining the location of underground?
In what year did Tesla announce a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance?
Why did Tesla leave the Hotel New Yorker?
What did Tesla refuse to consult after the accident?
What happened to three of Tesla's ribs?
When was Tesla able to get up?
When did Tesla leave the Hotel New Yorker?
What did Tesla claim to have invented?
What did Tesla study that led to his claims about a "teleforce" weapon?
Tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based what?
Tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for what purpose?
The press referred to it as a "peace ray" or what?
In what year did Tesla say that the death ray was not an experiment?
Where was Tesla's statement about the death ray made?
What type of pellets are used in the device?
How are the tungsten pellets accelerated?
How much time will pass before I can give it to the world?
What was Tesla's treatise about?
Where is Tesla's treatise kept?
Where is the Nikola Tesla Museum located?
How many millions of volts can particles be charged?
Tesla wanted to end what kind of war with his superweapon?
During the negotiations, Tesla said efforts had been made to do what?
Where was the blueprint for the teleforce weapon?
What had been scrutinized by the spies?
How old was Nikola Tesla when he died?
When did Nikola Tesla die?
Who found Tesla's body?
What sign did Alice Monaghan ignore when she entered Tesla's room?
What was the cause of death?
What did the FBI do to Tesla's belongings?
Who was called in to analyze the Tesla items?
Trump's report concluded that there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands?
Where was Tesla's entire estate transported to?
Who read Louis Adamic's eulogy?
Who wrote the eulogy read by Fiorello La Guardia?
On what date did Tesla's funeral take place?
How many people attended Tesla's funeral?
Where was Tesla's funeral held?
Where was Tesla's estate shipped to in 1952?
Who pressured Tesla to ship his entire estate to Belgrade?
Who was Kosanovi's secretary?
Where was Tesla's estate shipped to in 1952?
Where are Tesla's ashes displayed?
How many patents did Tesla obtain?
How many countries have Tesla's patents been issued in?
Along with the United States, Britain and Canada, where were many of Tesla's patents granted?
Where have Tesla's patents been hidden?
What time did Tesla have dinner at Delmonico's restaurant?
How long did Tesla work every day?
When would Tesla resume his work?
Tesla would telephone his dinner order to who?
How much did Tesla walk each day?
Why did Tesla walk 8 to 10 miles per day?
What did he do to stimulate his brain cells?
What did he say was stimulated by squishing his toes?
What did Tesla say he didn't believe in?
What was Arthur Brisbane's job?
How many fundamental laws did Tesla believe could be reduced to?
What did Tesla feed every day at the park?
How much did Tesla spend to fix her broken wing and leg?
What did Tesla spend over $2,000 to fix?
Where did Tesla walk every day at the end of his life to feed the pigeons?
Where did Tesla bring injured pigeons?
How much did Tesla weigh?
How tall was Tesla?
When did Tesla's weight vary the most?
Where was Tesla a stylish figure?
How many languages did Tesla speak?
In addition to flashes of light, what else would appear before his eyes?
What is the technique Tesla used to visualize an invention before moving to the construction stage called?
What would appear before his eyes?
What type of memory did Tesla have?
How long did Tesla spend at a gaming table?
How long did Tesla work without rest?
Where did Tesla study during his second year?
Who confirmed that Tesla rarely slept?
What was Kenneth Swezey's profession?
What did Tesla say was helpful to his scientific abilities?
Who has been vying for Tesla's affection?
When did Tesla say he felt he made too great a sacrifice by not marrying?
Who was Winston Churchill's loyal secretary?
Who described Elvis as having "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, refinement, generosity, and force?"
What was Tesla prone to do with his work?
What type of person was Tesla?
Who was Julian Hawthorne?
Who was a close friend of Tesla in middle age?
Where did Mark Twain and Tesla spend a lot of time together?
When did Tesla meet George Sylvester Viereck?
Who did Tesla express disgust for?
Who did Tesla fire because of her weight?
Why did Tesla fire a secretary?
What did Tesla tell his subordinate to do on several occasions?
What did Tesla believe could only exist in an experimental vacuum?
What was the name of the all pervasive substance that transmitted electrical energy?
What did Newton believe the ether did?
In what century did he believe in the concept of an all pervasive "ether"?
Whose theory of relativity was he critical of?
What was Tesla's attitude towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy?
Einstein's theory of what did Einstein criticize?
What did Tesla claim to have completed a "dynamic theory of?"
When did Tesla start working on his own physical principle regarding matter and energy?
What type of space did Tesla claim to have solved?
How old was Tesla in 1937?
Tesla became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of what?
What type of workings of nature did Darwin believe humans' pity had interfered with?
What did Darwin believe had interfered with the natural "ruthless workings of nature"?
In what year did he say this?
Who did Tesla say humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees"?
In what year did Tesla comment on the ills of social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality?
What did Tesla say humanity's future would be run by?
Tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of what environment?
What did Tesla say were the great Forces that would lead to the Consummation of the War?
When did Tesla publish "Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War"?
What organization did Tesla believe was not a solution for the times and issues?
What religion was Tesla raised as?
What religion did he oppose?
What religions did he have a profound respect for?
What was the name of Tesla's 1937 article?
What are Trump's religious views?
What did Tesla say he wanted to end in his 1937 article?
What did Tesla write for magazines and journals?
Tesla wrote books and articles for what?
Who edited My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla?
Where are many of Tesla's writings freely available?
When was the article "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy" published?
What book is the article "Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency" published in?
The impact of Tesla's technologies is a recurring theme in several types of what?
How has Tesla's legacy been portrayed?
The impact of Tesla's technologies is a recurring theme in how many types of science fiction?
What magazine featured Tesla on its cover in 1931?
What was Tesla's birthday in 1931?
The cover caption "All the world's his power house" noted his contribution to what?
Along with Albert Einstein, who received a letter of congratulation?
How many congratulatory letters did Einstein receive?
What focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty?
Computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to what?
Computational complexity theory focuses on classifying what according to their inherent difficulty?
When is a problem regarded as difficult?
What does the theory introduce to study these problems?
The theory quantifies the amount of resources needed to solve problems, such as what?
What is used in circuit complexity?
What is one of the roles of computational complexity theory?
What are two closely related fields in theoretical computer science?
Along with computability theory, what is a closely related field in theoretical computer science?
What asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem?
Along with analysis of algorithms, what is a closely related field in theoretical computer science?
What is the input string for a computational problem referred to as?
The input string for a computational problem is not to be confused with what?
What type of utterance can serve as an input for a decision problem?
A computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of what?
A computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances with what for every instance?
How many kilometres is the route that passes through all of Germany's 15 largest cities?
What is an example of a problem where the quantitative answer is of little use?
Complexity theory addresses what type of problems?
What is a string over an alphabet called?
What is the alphabet usually taken to be?
What are the strings called when the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet?
Integers can be represented in what?
Graphs can be encoded directly via what?
What is one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory?
What is the answer to a decision problem?
What is an alternate answer to a decision problem?
What is the answer to a decision problem?
What is the answer to a decision problem?
What is the input?
The set of all connected graphs is associated with what?
What must be decided to obtain a precise definition of the formal language associated with a decision problem?
What is a function problem?
What is expected for every input in a function problem?
What is a computational problem where a single output is expected for every input?
Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and what other problem?
Is the output of a function problem more or less complex than that of a decision problem?
The notion of function problems is richer than the notion of what?
The multiplication of two integers can be expressed as what?
What can be used to measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem?
The running time may depend on what?
How is the time required to solve a problem calculated?
What is the size of the input usually taken to be in?
Complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with what?
What says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm?
What can be expressed as a function of input size?
T(n) is defined as the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n.
What is defined as the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n?
If T(n) is a polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be what?
What is a mathematical model of a general computing machine?
If a problem can be solved by what, there exists a Turing machine that solves the problem?
What is the most commonly used model in complexity theory?
What does the device manipulate on a strip of tape?
What is the most basic Turing machine?
What does a deterministic Turing machine use to determine its future actions?
What is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random bits?
What is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism?
Algorithms that use random bits are called what?
Many types of Turing machines are used to define what?
When resources are bounded, what may be more powerful than others?
What are two types of Turing machines used to define complexity classes?
What is an example of a machine model different from the standard multi-tape Turing machines?
Each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra what?
What may vary in the consumption of alternate models?
What do all these models have in common?
What type of Turing machine is an example of a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once?
Some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of what?
The Turing machine's branching captures many of what?
What is an important resource in analyzing computational problems?
What is the total number of steps the Turing machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer?
What is complexity theory interested in classifying problems based on?
What is the set of problems solvable within time f(n) on a deterministic Turing machine denoted by?
A computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine uses space and what other resource?
Time and space are the most well-known what?
Any complexity measure can be viewed as what?
Complexity measures are generally defined by what?
What are generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms?
What are generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms?
What are the three different ways of measuring complexity?
The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity or any other what?
The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring what?
The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity of different what?
What is an example of a deterministic sorting algorithm?
What is the case when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order?
What is the worst-case when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order?
What is one interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by solving a given problem?
Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under what field?
Along with upper bounds, what is one interested in proving to classify computation time?
What is T(n) the bound on the time complexity of a problem?
Lower bounds make a statement about what?
Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using what?
What does the big O notation hide?
What would one write in big O notation?
This makes the bounds independent of the specific details of what?
What has complicated definitions that do not fit into the framework?
Some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into what?
What do some complexity classes have that do not fit into the framework?
Complexity classes that depend on bounding the computation time above depend on what?
On a multi-tape Turing machine, in what time can the language xx | x is any binary string be solved?
What model requires quadratic time?
What states that the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomial related?
What is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine within polynomial time called?
Many important complexity classes can be defined by bounding what?
Many important complexity classes can be defined by what?
What can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm?
What complexity classes are defined using probabilistic Turing machines?
AC and NC are defined using what type of circuits?
BQP and QMA are defined using what type of Turing machines?
What is an important complexity class of counting problems?
IP and AM are defined using what type of proof system?
For the complexity classes defined in this way, it is desirable to prove that relaxing the requirements on what defines a bigger set of problems?
Where is DTIME(n) contained?
What are time and space hierarchy theorems?
What do hierarchy theorems induce?
What can we do after deducing proper set inclusions?
What form the basis for most separation results of complexity classes?
The time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in what?
The space hierarchy theorem tells us that L is strictly contained in what?
Many complexity classes are defined using the concept of what?
A reduction is a transformation of one problem into what?
What does X do to Y?
What are two examples of reductions based on the method of reduction?
Polynomial-time reductions and log-space reductions are examples of what?
What is the most commonly used reduction?
The problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of what?
How long does the reduction process take?
What must be the same for both inputs of the multiplication algorithm?
The same input can be given to both inputs of what algorithm?
The notion of hard problems depends on what?
Why is a problem X hard for a class of problems C?
An algorithm for X allows us to do what in C?
The set of problems that are hard for NP is called what?
What class of problems contains the most difficult problems in NP?
What class of problems contains the most difficult problems?
What would reducing a known NP-complete problem, 2, to another problem, 1, indicate?
What class of problems contains the most difficult problems?
What class is often seen as a mathematical abstraction?
What is the name of this hypothesis?
The Boolean satisfiability problem belongs to what class?
Along with the Hamiltonian path and the vertex cover problem, what is a complexity class NP problem for which no efficient algorithm is known?
What are special non-deterministic Turing machines?
If the answer is yes, many important problems can be shown to have what?
What is a problem in biology that requires the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems?
How much is the prize for resolving the problem?
Who showed that if P  NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete?
What are such problems called?
What is an example of a problem believed to be NP-intermediate?
What is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic?
What is another name for NP-intermediate?
If graph isomorphism is NP-complete, what collapses to its second level?
If graph isomorphism is NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to what level?
Who created the best algorithm for this problem?
What is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of an integer?
The problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than what number is referred to as a decision problem?
What does the fact that no efficient integer factorization algorithm is known form the basis of?
What is the best known algorithm for integer factorization?
Many known complexity classes are what?
What is an example of a formula?
RP, BPP, PP, BQP, MA, PH, etc. are known complexity classes between which two?
What would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory?
What is the class containing the complement problems of NP problems?
Co-NP is the class containing problems with what kind of yes/no answers?
Is NP equal to co-NP or not?
If the two complexity classes are not equal, what happens?
What is the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space?
Is the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space contained in P or equal to P?
What is not known if NL and NC are distinct or equal classes?
What are two complexity classes between P and L?
What is not known about NL and NC?
What are problems that can be solved in theory but take too long for their solutions to be useful?
What might be unusable in practice?
If NP is not the same as P, what kind of problems are also intractable?
What has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases?
What has been done to solve the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic?
Algorithms can solve what problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time?
Algorithms can solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in how much time?
SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of what problem?
What was done by various researchers before the actual research devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off?
Who created the definition of Turing machines?
What was Alan Turing's definition of computers called?
When did Alan Turing define Turing machines?
What was Turing machines a simplification of?
What paper laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems?
Who wrote the paper "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms"?
When was "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms" published?
On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms defined what types of complexity?
When was "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms" published?
Who wrote a paper on Turing machines with specific bounded resources?
When was Raymond Smullyan's study of rudimentary sets published?
Who wrote a paper on real-time computations in 1962?
Some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems assume some concrete choice of what?
What do some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems assume some concrete choice of input?
Who developed an axiomatic complexity theory in 1967?
What was the result of Blum's axiomatic complexity theory?
What was the name of Richard Karp's 1972 paper?
How many diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems are NP-complete?
What is a course of study called?
What is the science of teaching?
Where must a person who wishes to become a teacher obtain professional qualifications?
Teachers may use what to facilitate student learning?
Where is the role of teacher often formal and ongoing?
A teacher's role may vary among what?
Along with literacy, what skill can teachers teach?
Along with literacy and numeracy, vocational training and life skills, the arts, religion, civics, and community roles are examples of what?
Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, or what?
What is an example of a transient or ongoing role for a teacher?
In some countries, formal education can take place through what?
In some countries, what type of education can take place through home schooling?
What type of role can a family member play in assisting with informal learning?
Anyone with what in the community setting can assist with informal learning?
Gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas are examples of what type of teacher?
What type of texts can gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas teach?
Religious and spiritual teachers may teach religious texts such as what?
Gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas are examples of what?
What is it called when teaching is carried out informally within the family?
Who can carry out formal teaching?
What is another name for CPA?
Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, or in what?
Who can carry out formal teaching?
Teachers help with the organization of what outside of the classroom?
What type of activities do teachers supervise outside of the classroom?
What do teachers supervise outside of the classroom?
Who can accompany students on field trips?
What are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession?
Why are teacher's colleges established?
Who does a teacher's college serve to protect?
What is the profession of a variety of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of?
What do teacher's colleges enforcing?
Who may complain to a teacher's college?
What type of hearings are conducted by teacher's colleges?
What organization is responsible for investigating teacher complaints?
What organization is responsible for investigating teacher complaints?
What organization is responsible for investigating teacher complaints?
In what environment might a teacher facilitate student learning?
A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as what?
Teachers facilitate student learning in a school or what?
What do teachers do in education?
What type of approach is used to achieve the learning objective?
Different ways to teach are often referred to as what?
Teachers often accompany students on what type of trips?
What has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom?
The rise of what technology has shaped the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom?
The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical what?
Who determines standardized curricula?
What type of disability can a teacher interact with?
What age can a teacher interact with?
What type of curricula can a teacher follow?
Teaching using pedagogy involves assessing the educational levels of the students on what?
Where does the real bulk of learning take place?
What is the function of a teacher to do to the timid?
What should a teacher do to the cocky?
What type of person uses the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game?
What is the most significant difference between primary and secondary school teaching?
What does a teacher teach in primary schools?
What kind of teachers are secondary students taught by?
What is the most significant difference between secondary school teaching and primary school teaching?
What role do teachers play as a parent?
What type of approaches exist for primary education?
What is another name for a system that involves placing a group of students together in one class?
How do students derive a strong sense of security?
What is the advantage of a teacher who specializes in one subject?
This is true throughout most of what country?
What has become a new trend among educational institutions?
Co-teaching is defined as how many teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom?
What does co-teaching focus the student on?
How do co-teaching teachers work together?
What type of support does co-teaching provide?
What is the most common form of school discipline?
What was a teacher expected to act as while a child was in school?
What was open to a teacher acting as a substitute parent?
What was corporal punishment considered to be throughout the history of education?
When was a teacher expected to act as a substitute parent?
How common was corporal punishment in the past?
What countries have banned paddling?
In what country is paddling still legal?
Who ruled that paddling did not violate the US Constitution?
What was the purpose of corporal punishment?
How many US states have banned corporal punishment?
What part of the US has the most states that have not banned corporal punishment?
Is it still used to a significant degree or declining?
What is used to administer corporal punishment in American schools?
Where is the punishment usually given now?
What is the most common form of corporal punishment?
Where is corporal punishment still commonplace in schools?
For details of individual countries, what do you need to do?
What is one of the most common punishments in schools?
What is one of the most common punishments in schools?
Where is detention one of the most common punishments?
What do students normally have to do during detention?
What do students write during detention?
A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of what type of teacher?
What is positive reinforcement balanced with?
What defines appropriate and inappropriate behavior?
What are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline?
Teachers are expected to do what to their students?
Who advocates a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline?
Countries in what region combine strict discipline with high standards of education?
What do many problems with modern schooling stem from?
What style of discipline do some teachers advocate?
In what country is classroom discipline and behavior highly problematic?
In what country is classroom discipline and behavior highly problematic?
In what country is classroom discipline and behavior highly problematic?
In what country is classroom discipline and behavior highly problematic?
What is the typical size of a school class?
Maintaining order in a classroom can divert a teacher from what?
Teachers may focus their attention on what type of students?
What type of students do teachers ignore?
Teachers may focus their attention on what type of students?
What does Sudbury model democratic schools claim can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority?
Along with schools, Sudbury model democratic schools claim popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for what?
What is the school atmosphere one of?
What do they claim about the preservation of public order in these schools?
What do Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue a school should have?
What does a teacher show towards the course materials that can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials?
What do teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer to receptive students?
What do these teachers not do?
Do students who have enthusiastic teachers rate them higher or lower than teachers who don't?
Recent research has found a correlation between students' intrinsic motivation to learn and what?
What were students who had a very enthusiastic teacher more likely to do outside of the classroom?
Demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions are examples of what?
What has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn?
Do nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm result in higher or lower levels of intrinsic motivation?
Enthusiastic teachers may lead to students becoming more what in their own learning process?
What is a mechanism that a teacher can use to facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation?
What concept may also apply?
What can contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm?
Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to what?
What kind of relations do enthusiastic teachers have with their students?
What does academic success include?
What must a teacher guide his student in?
What are closely linked to student-teacher relationships?
Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are what?
Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are what?
What do teachers who spend more time with students do better?
Teachers who spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and what?
Along with enthusiasm about teaching and the subject matter, what is one of the most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm?
What should a teacher be about the subject they are teaching?
A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in whom?
An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be what in a student's life?
What is a teacher's job?
What type of misconduct by teachers has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and courts?
What percentage of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education?
In what country did a study by the American Association of University Women report that 9.6% of students claimed to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education?
When did students claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education?
What is the name of the organization that conducted the study?
In what country did a study show a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional?
What professionals were included in the study?
How many young people were in the British study referenced above?
What study posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment?
Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau were all from what country?
Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused what?
Why do some men who enjoy teaching avoid the profession?
Who is the general secretary of the National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers?
What groups have been outraged by this?
What has this led to in some jurisdictions?
Chris Keates said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on what?
What is one occupational hazard that can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health?
Along with a heavy workload, what can cause stress in a classroom?
Teachers are also at risk for what?
What is one occupational hazard that can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health?
What is one occupational hazard that can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health?
What percentage of UK teachers experienced occupational stress?
In what country was a 2000 study conducted that found that 42% of teachers experienced occupational stress?
How does this compare to the average professional?
In what year did a study find that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers?
Teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than what other group of people?
How many ways are there to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching?
What can be used to help reduce occupational stress among teachers?
What is used to relieve occupational stress among teachers?
What can organizational interventions help reduce?
What can be used to help reduce occupational stress among teachers?
Where are most teachers educated?
Governments may require what before teachers can teach in a school?
In many countries, what is earned after completion of high school?
What do many educational institutions require prospective teachers to pass?
What country requires prospective teachers to pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation?
Who is responsible for education in Australia?
How many tiers does education in Australia follow?
What is the term for universities and/or TAFE colleges?
What is tertiary education in Australia?
What is the first level of education in Australia?
What does teaching in Canada require?
What is required to become a qualified teacher in most provinces?
Who funds a private school?
What are most teachers in Germany?
What are special university classes called in Germany?
What is an example of an elementary school?
What do salaries for teachers depend on?
What are higher level secondary schools called?
What is given for teaching through the Irish language in a Gaeltacht area or on an island?
What is the basic pay for a starting teacher?
What is the basic pay for a teacher with 25 years of service?
How much could a principal of a large school earn?
Who are teachers required to be registered with?
What section of the Teaching Council Act 2001 states that a person employed in a recognised teaching post who is not registered with the Teaching Council may not be paid from Oireachtas funds?
When was the Teaching Council Act passed?
Under Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001, a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post who is not registered with the Teaching Council may not be paid from what?
When was vetting introduced for new entrants into the teaching profession?
What has Garda vetting been introduced for?
How often will existing staff be vetted?
Who cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role?
What was the average salary for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers in September 2007?
What factors can cause a teacher's salary to be higher or lower?
How much can pre-school teachers earn each year?
Teachers in state schools must have at least what?
When did salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers range from £20,133 to £41,004?
What do many counties offer to attract people into teaching?
What type of positions do counties offer alternative licensing programs for?
What will happen by geographic area and subject taught?
What are expected as retirements outweigh slow enrollment growth?
Retirements among what profession are expected to lead to excellent job opportunities?
Who must anyone wishing to teach in Scotland be registered with?
Who must be registered with the GTCS to teach in Scotland?
How many Scottish Universities offer Initial Teacher Education (ITE) courses?
What is the GTCS called after successful completion?
When is Provisional Registration raised to Full Registration status?
When did the salary year for unpromoted teachers in Scotland begin?
How much did an unpromoted teacher in Scotland earn for a Probationer?
How much did unpromoted teachers in Scotland earn after 6 years of teaching?
What does it take for a teacher to earn up to £39,942?
What can teachers in Scotland be registered members of?
What part of the United Kingdom has a different approach to education than the rest of the country?
What language does a significant number of students in Wales learn?
When are lessons in the Welsh language compulsory for all pupils?
In 2008/09, what percentage of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction?
Who can receive Welsh medium education?
What can teachers in Wales be registered members of?
Is the average age of teachers in Wales rising or falling?
When did attacks on teachers in Welsh schools reach an all-time high?
What can teachers in Wales be registered members of?
Attacks on teachers in Welsh schools are a growing cause of what?
Who determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools?
How long can a teacher's certification last?
What are public school teachers required to have?
What type of schools do not require that their teachers be certified?
What organization sets the standards for charter school teachers?
What were teachers paid in the past?
What has improved rapidly in recent years?
What makes a teacher earn more than a teacher with a standard bachelor's degree and certificate?
In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, who had the lowest median salary?
Where can teachers sell their lesson plans?
How many forms of spiritual or religious teachers are there in Christianity?
What is another name for Non-Denominational?
Is the Pope of Rome's Confessor always or rarely a bishop?
What are the three major Christian traditions?
What is another name for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints?
Who can fill the role of "spiritual teacher" in the LDS Church?
What type of teacher does the Aaronic priesthood have little in common with?
Who does the LDS Church place a stronger emphasis on to provide spiritual guidance for all of their family?
Who are Priesthood representatives expected to defer to when in his home?
What is the spiritual teacher in Hinduism called?
What is the emphasis on spiritual mentorship in many traditions of Hinduism?
Who do gurus often exercise a great deal of control over?
Where is the emphasis on spiritual mentorship especially high?
What are the teachers of Dharma in Tibet called?
What is a Tulku?
What is a Lama who has determined to be reborn called?
How many times has a Lama determined to be reborn?
How has a Lama determined to be reborn?
What is another name for a teacher of the laws of Islam?
What is another name for a teacher of the laws of Islam?
What is the more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition?
What is the opposite of esoteric in Sufism?
Who is the highest living saint in Sufism?
What was Martin Luther's nationality?
When did Martin Luther die?
What church did Luther reject?
What did Jesus believe could not be purchased with money?
What did Pope Leo X do to Bonaparte for refusing to retract all of his writings?
How is salvation received?
What did Luther believe was the only way to receive God's grace?
His theology challenged the authority and office of who?
What is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God?
What did Paul VI consider all baptized Christians to be?
What did Luther translate into the vernacular?
What version of the German language did it foster the development of?
What is the name of the English translation of the Bible?
His hymns influenced the development of what?
His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing what?
When was Martin Luther born?
Where was Martin Luther born?
What empire was Saxony a part of when Martin Luther was born?
What religion was Jesus baptized as?
What is a lawyer?
Where did Erasmus go to school in 1501?
What did Erasmus describe the University of Erfurt as?
When was he made to wake up every morning?
In addition to spiritual exercises, what else was he made to do every day?
When did he receive his master's degree?
What type of school did Luther attend?
Why did Luther drop out of law school?
What was Luther drawn to?
How did he learn to test everything himself?
What did Luther find philosophy unsatisfying?
What did he tell his father he was terrified of?
On what date did he return to university on horseback?
Where did he go after leaving law school?
What did Luther's friend blame Luther's decision on?
What did Luther's father see as a waste?
What order did Luther dedicate himself to?
What did Luther describe this period of his life as?
What did he make of Christ?
Who was Luther's superior?
What did Jesus teach true repentance involves?
When was Luther ordained to the priesthood?
Who was the first dean of the University of Wittenberg?
In what year did von Staupitz send for Luther to teach theology?
When did he receive a bachelor's degree?
In 1509, in what book did he earn a bachelor's degree?
When was he awarded his Doctor of Theology?
When was he received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg?
What position was he called to?
Where was he received into the senate of the theological faculty?
What degree was Erasmus awarded on 19 October 1512?
When was Johann Tetzel sent to Germany?
What was Johann Tetzel trying to raise money for?
What church sent Johann Tetzel to Germany?
What is the definition of faith that is active in Roman Catholic theology?
What is the definition of faith that is active in Roman Catholic theology?
When did Luther write to his bishop protesting the sale of indulgences?
Who was Luther's bishop?
What was the "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences" known as?
Who wrote that Luther had no intention of confronting the church?
Which of the theses does Hillerbrand think has an undercurrent of challenge?
Who said "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs?"
When does the soul from purgatory spring?
Who objected to the saying "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs?"
Who said "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs?"
Who is the only one who can grant forgiveness, according to Jesus?
What did Jesus say indulgences did not grant?
What did Jesus say indulgences absolved buyers from?
Christians must not slacken in following Christ on account of what?
Whose followers must not slacken in following Christ on account of false assurances?
Whose saying was a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate?
What was Tetzel's saying a reflection of?
What did Tetzel overstate?
Tetzel's teaching on what was in line with Catholic dogma of the time?
What has settled as a pillar of history, but has little foundation in truth?
What has settled as a pillar of history, but has little foundation in truth?
The story is based on comments made by who?
Where was Melanchthon at the time of his comments?
What foundation does the story of the posting on the door have?
When were the 95 Theses printed?
The 95 Theses controversy was one of the first in history to be aided by what?
Who translated the 95 Theses into German?
How long did it take for copies of the theses to spread throughout Germany?
How long did it take for the theses to spread throughout Europe?
When did Luther's writings reach France, England, and Italy?
Who thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak?
What part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive?
When were three of his best-known works published?
What is the name of the third letter in the book of Acts of the Apostles?
What did Luther do with the Psalms, Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians?
What terms did he come to view in new ways as he studied the Bible?
What was he convinced the church was?
What did he believe the church had lost sight of?
What doctrine was the most important for Luther?
Who did Luther believe was responsible for justification?
When was On the Bondage of the Will published?
What did Luther consider faith to be?
Where did he explain his concept of "justification"?
What does the Bible say "the just person" lives by?
What was the first point that became the foundation for the Reformation?
What was the first point that became the foundation for the Reformation?
His railing against what was based on it?
How many points did Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" become the foundation for the Reformation?
Who did not reply to Luther's letter?
To where did he send the theses in 1517?
What did he need the revenue from the indulgences to pay off?
What part of the pie was to go to the building of St Peter's Church in Rome?
When did he send the theses to Rome?
Who was used to reformers and heretics?
What did the pope deploy against Luther?
When did Cardinal Cajetan Luther say he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical Church?
What did Luther believe the Bible prophesied about the papacy?
What did Cajetan want to do if Luther didn't recant?
When did Karl von Miltitz adopt a more conciliatory approach?
What did Luther promise to do if his opponents opposed him?
Who was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum?
What did Luther say did not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture?
What did Eck call Luther?
When did the Pope warn Luther that he risked excommunication?
What did Luther have to do to avoid excommunication?
How long did Luther have to retract 41 sentences from his writings?
Who was a papal nuncio?
When was Luther excommunicated?
Who enforced the ban on the 95 Theses?
When did Luther appear before the Diet of Worms?
What was the general assembly of?
Who presided over the meeting?
Which Elector of Saxony provided Luther with a safe conduct to and from the meeting?
Who was the assistant of the Archbishop of Trier?
Who was Johann Eck's supervisor?
Did he stand by their contents?
When is the next day?
Did Luther confirm or deny that he was the author of the Bible?
What did Luther do at the end of his speech?
What was the traditional salute Luther gave at the end of his speech?
Who called Luther's speech a "world classic of epoch-making oratory?"
What does Michael Mullett consider this speech to be a world classic of?
What did Luther refuse to do?
Who refused to retract his writings?
Why are the words inserted before "May God help me" considered unreliable?
Mullett suggests Luther would tend to select what form of words?
What type of conferences were held to determine Luther's fate?
When was the final draft of the Edict of Worms presented?
Who presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms?
What did the Edict of Worms require Luther to do?
What did it allow anyone to do without legal consequence?
What event was planned?
What castle was Luther escorted to?
What did Luther call Wartburg?
What did Luther translate from Greek into German?
What did he do to Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz?
What did Jesus say every good work designed to attract God's favor is?
How can God's grace be earned?
When did Luther write to Melanchthon?
What did Luther tell Melanchthon to strengthen?
This life is not a place where what resides?
When did Luther widen his target from indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices?
What did he do to the idea that the mass is a sacrifice?
What did he say the mass is instead of a sacrifice?
What did the essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It encourage?
What did Jesus tell monks and nuns they could do without sin?
What did Luther place the foundations of the Reformation on?
In what year did Luther deal largely with prophecy?
Where was the prophecy of the Little Horn found?
What prophecy did Daniel focus on?
What was identified as the power of the Papacy?
Who supported Andreas Karlstadt?
When did Karlstadt embark on a radical programme of reform?
What did the reforms cause?
What were the visionary zealots called?
Who asked Luther to return?
When did Luther return to Wittenberg?
What did the Elector need to do to repair Satan's ravages?
What did Luther do for eight days in Lent?
What were Luther's sermons called?
What did Jesus remind the citizens to do instead of violence to bring about necessary change?
What was the effect of Luther's intervention?
What Wittenberg jurist wrote to the elector after the sixth sermon?
When did Jerome Schurf write to the elector?
What has Dr. Martin's return spread among us?
Who do Jesus' words bring back into the way of the truth?
What did he work with the authorities to restore?
What type of force did Martin Luther signal his reinvention as?
Who did he banish?
What did the radical reformers foment that threatened the new order?
Along with the radical reformers, who threatened the new order?
What was Nicholas Storch's profession?
Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer helped instigate what war?
When was the German Peasants' War?
Would you support an attack on the upper classes?
What class did peasants believe Luther would attack?
What did Luther remind the peasants to obey?
During what tour did he become enraged at the burning of convents, monasteries, and bishops' palaces?
What did he call the nobles to put down the rebels like?
What did he call the violence in Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants?
Who did he call to put down the rebels?
How did Luther justify his opposition to the rebels?
Why did the Romans choose violence over lawful submission to the secular government?
Who appointed all authorities?
What is another name for the doctrine of the divine right of the princes?
What kind of death did the peasants deserve?
Without Luther's what did many rebels lay down their weapons?
Who defeated the Germans at the Battle of Frankenhausen?
When was the Battle of Frankenhausen?
What happened to Müntzer after the Battle of Frankenhausen?
Luther's Reformation flourished under the wing of what?
Who did Martin Luther marry?
How were the nuns smuggled out of the Nimbschen Cistercian convent?
How old was Katharina at the time of their marriage?
At the time of their marriage, how old was Luther?
When did Martin Luther marry Katharina von Bora?
When was the couple engaged?
In what time of the day was the wedding of the couple?
The ceremonial walk to the church and what other event were left out?
On what date were the ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet made up?
Who was one of the witnesses to the engagement?
What did Luther's wedding set on clerical marriage?
What type of marriage did Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on?
Why had he long condemned vows of celibacy?
What is it called when a heretic dies?
What did Melanchthon think of Avicenna's decision to marry?
What was the name of the former monastery Luther and his wife moved into?
Where did Luther and his wife move into?
How many children did Hans and Elizabeth have?
What did Luther say he would not trade for?
How did Katharina earn a living?
What was the Biblical ideal of congregations?
What did Paul VI establish from 1525 to 1529?
What type of worship service did he lay down?
How many catechisms did he write?
What is Luther's thought to the extent that it is a theology of the cross?
What did Luther avoid to avoid confusing or upsetting the people?
Where did he focus on the church?
What did he act as to churches in new territories?
Who was the new elector?
What did Martin Brecht say was the beginning of a questionable and unintended development towards a church government?
When was the German Mass published?
What did he not intend it as a replacement for?
For whom did he intend his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass to be an alternative?
What did Luther omit from the Catholic service?
Why were trappings such as the Mass vestments, altar, and candles made optional?
When did Luther's visitation of the Electorate of Saxony begin?
When did Luther and his colleagues introduce the new order of worship?
In addition to pastoral care, what else was assessed in the territory?
What did Luther say the common people knew nothing about?
Are pastors skilled or incapable of teaching?
What was Luther's method of teaching the basics of Christianity called?
When was the Large Catechism written?
Who was the Large Catechism written for?
Who was to memorize the Small Catechism?
What did Luther include in his catechism?
What is one of Luther's most personal works?
What did he plan to collect?
Other than the Bondage of the Will, what is the only book of mine?
What has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching?
Along with Luther's hymns, what text did he translate?
What did Luther write to help parents teach their children?
What did Luther's Small Catechism help pastors use?
What language did they use to express the Apostles' Creed?
How did Luther depict the Trinity?
Where does salvation originate?
When was Luther's German translation of the New Testament published?
When was the whole Bible published?
What did Luther and his collaborators complete of the Old Testament in 1534?
What word was inserted after the word "faith" in Romans 3:28?
Who would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works?
Where was the variant of German used in Luther's translation?
Luther's translation was intelligible to which two types of Germans?
Who did he want to make the Bible accessible to?
What did he want other people to be able to do with the Bible?
What did he want to remove from the Bible to make it more accessible?
What type of publications were in high demand at the time of Luther's work?
What did Luther's version quickly become?
It made a significant contribution to what?
Who made woodcuts that contained anti-papal imagery?
Who wrote the English Bible?
What did Luther do that made him a prolific hymn-writer?
What is Luther connected to?
What was the tool of choice for this connection?
What instrument did he often use to accompany hymns?
What instrument became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century?
What evoked Luther's hymns?
Why were Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes executed?
What hymn did Luther write after learning of the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes?
Who is the hymn "Ein neues Lied wir heben an" generally known by in English?
What is the first line of Luther's hymn?
When was Luther's creedal hymn "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" written?
What did Luther explain in the Small Catechism?
Where was Luther's explanation of the Apostles' Creed found?
What was Luther's hymn adapted from?
Why did 20th century Lutherans rarely use the hymn?
When was the hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer written?
Where is the explanation of the Lord's Prayer found?
The hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on what?
The extant manuscript shows how many revisions?
Other 16th- and 20th-century versions of the Lord's Prayer have adopted what tune?
When was "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" written?
What was the hymnic version of?
What did Luther want evangelicals to do with the sample Luther sent them?
What was the name of the first Lutheran hymnal?
What did the expanded version of "Aus tiefer Not" express?
What was the main hymn for Advent?
What is the main hymn for Advent based on?
What did "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland" become for Advent?
How many hymns did he write on the Ten Commandments?
What did it become known as?
What topic did Luther ask about in the Small Catechism?
Whose tune was associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace?
What Psalm 67 hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation?
Which composer used the hymn as a subject for his own work?
Where was the introduction of the Lutheran Reformation?
Where were Luther's hymns included?
How many songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch did he supply?
How many songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion did he supply?
How many of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal did he supply?
What was the name of the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter?
Who included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them?
Christ lag in Todes Banden was based on what?
When was Christ lag in Todes Banden written?
When was Bach's second annual cycle?
When was Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit?
What did Luther believe about a Christian's soul after it is separated from the body in death?
What idea did Luther reject for the saints?
What do souls do in a prepared bedchamber?
What did Jesus do about Purgatory?
What book described the saints as currently residing in their graves and in heaven?
Who observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from later Lutheran theologians?
Who was a later Lutheran theologian?
Which later Lutheran theologian disagreed with Luther's teachings on the state of the Christian's soul after death?
When was Lessing born?
Which of Luther's works contains a passage that concludes that "the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit) but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions?"
Who argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther?
When did Francis Blackburne argue that John Jortin misread Luther?
Who pointed out in 1867 that it refers to the soul of a man tired from his daily labour?
What interrupts a man's sleep?
When did Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoke an assembly of German and Swiss theologians?
What was Philip I's title?
What was the purpose of the Marburg Colloquy?
How many points out of 15 was agreement reached on?
What issue was crucial to Luther?
What did theologians differ on the significance of at the Last Supper?
What did Luther insist on the Real Presence of in the consecrated bread and wine?
What did Luther call the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine?
What did Luther's opponents believe God to be?
According to transcripts, the debate sometimes became what?
In what year was the Augsburg Confession signed?
What paved the way for the signing of the Augsburg Confession?
John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach formed what league?
Who did not sign the agreements?
Along with John of Saxony and Philip of Hesse, who was a notable member of the Schmalkaldic League?
Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were what?
What could questions of faith not be illuminated by?
Does Reason contribute to faith?
What could questions of faith not be illuminated by?
What is Luther's concern in separating them?
What did Luther write in 1523?
What did Luther lose hope in?
In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of who?
Along with Zwinglianism and the papacy, what group did Luther attack with venom?
When was Von den Juden und ihren Lügen written?
How did Luther view the Turks?
Why did Luther see the Turks as a scourge?
What did Luther believe the Turks would do?
What did Luther believe was the antichrist?
What type of war was he urging the Germans to fight against the Turks?
What book did Luther read in 1542?
What type of pamphlets did he produce?
What religion did he criticize?
What did Luther see the Muslim faith as?
Why did he oppose banning the publication of the Qur'an?
What did Johannes Agricola claim that God's gospel revealed?
Who claimed that God's gospel revealed God's wrath?
These theses asserted that the law belonged only to whom?
Along with the antinomians, what was Luther's response to these theses?
What book did he write in 1539?
What did Luther call the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart?
What is the second use of the law?
What does Luther say is called the law?
Does refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians eliminate the accusing law?
Claiming that the law should not be preached to Christians would be tantamount to asserting that the church consists only of what?
What does the Ten Commandments teach the Christian?
What does Luther say is an expression of God's eternal will?
What has traditionally been called the "third use of the law"?
What does Luther see Christ's life as?
What does Luther say is an expression of God's eternal will?
The sacrament of what is a beginning of the renewed life of Christians?
What is a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life?
What do the Ten Commandments direct the Christian to do?
What did Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse want to do?
What did Luther become implicated in?
Who did Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse want to marry?
What does Martin Brecht believe history does?
What effect did Luther's affair have on his reputation?
What had the local community done to Jews ninety years earlier?
Who did Luther write about throughout his career?
What did Luther believe Jews were guilty of?
Why did Jesus consider Jews blasphemers and liars?
What did Luther want to do with the Jews?
What was the name of Luther's 60,000-word treatise on the Jews?
When were On the Holy Name and the Lineage of Christ published?
How many years before Christ's death were the two books published?
What did Luther call the Jews?
In Robert Michael's view, Luther's words amounted to what?
Who did Luther speak out against in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia?
What was the name of the priest Josel blamed for the Jews' plight?
What did Martin Luther say to anyone who helped the Jews?
What did Josel ask the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of?
When did riots lead to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states?
Who was the most widely read author of his generation?
What contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany?
What did Hitler's anti-Jewish rhetoric provide an ideal underpinning for?
Who was the most widely read author of his generation?
What did Der Stürmer call On the Jews and their Lies?
When did seven Protestant regional church confederations issue a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge?
Who had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory?
Who argued that Luther's writings were a blueprint?
Who published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht?
Who was the warner of his people against the Jews?
What do some scholars see the Nazis' use of Luther's work as?
What caused Luther to become one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism?
What did Luther's misguided agitation provide material for?
Johannes Wallmann argues that Luther's writings against the Jews were largely ignored in what centuries?
What was his position?
What lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism?
Who wrote that Luther "Germanized the Christian critique of Judaism and establishing anti-Semitism as a key element of German culture and national identity?"
What did Paul Rose say caused a mentality about Jews to enter German thought and discourse?
Who used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews to justify the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists?
What did German Lutheran clergy and theologians use to justify anti-Semitic policies?
What could have contributed to Luther's antisemitic views?
What did Mark U. Edwards say deteriorated during Luther's last years?
What did Edwards say Luther often deliberately used for effect?
What are "Turks"?
What book did Mark U. Edwards write?
How long have Lutheran Church denominations repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews?
What did Strommen find about Lutherans in comparison to other minority groups?
Who was the author of Hitler and Nazism?
When were elections held for the Nazis?
What happened to his health between 1531 and 1546?
What scandal did Luther play a leading role in?
Along with arthritis and an ear infection, what diseases did he begin to suffer from in 1536?
Along with kidney and bladder stones, what caused the rupture of the Emperor's ear drum?
In 1544, he began to feel the effects of what?
What caused him to be harsher in his writings and comments?
What did his poor physical health make him harsher in?
What did his poor physical health make him in his writings and comments?
Who was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude?"
How many times did Luther preach in the Market Church in Halle?
Where was Martin Luther's last sermon delivered?
When was Luther's last sermon preached?
Who was it a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory?
Léon Poliakov said it was a matter of great urgency to expel the obdurate Jews from where?
What did Luther pray for the Muslims?
Where was Luther's final journey?
What did Luther participate in in Mansfeld?
When did Luther travel to Mansfeld twice?
When was a third visit to Mansfeld needed?
Why did Luther travel to Mansfeld?
When were the negotiations concluded?
What did he experience after 8 a.m.?
What is the common prayer of the dying?
What is the common prayer of the dying?
At what time does it start to get dark?
What deprived him of his speech?
At what time did he die?
When did he die?
Where was he buried?
Who held the funeral?
On what piece of paper was Luther's last statement found?
What language was the statement in?
What part of the statement was in German?
What was Luther's size?
What was Luther's image in contrast to?
What was Luther shown to be?
What was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval?
When were printed images of Luther crucial to the spread of Protestantism?
On what date is Luther honoured in both the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and the Episcopal Calendar of Saints?
In what calendar of saints is Luther honoured?
When is he commemorated in the Church of England's Calendar of Saints?
Where is he commemorated on 31 October?
What does the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints do?
What is the abbreviation for Southern California?
How many counties are in Southern California?
Southern California is a major what for the state of California and the United States?
What is the region traditionally described as "eight counties" based on?
Why are Kern and San Luis Obispo counties included in the 10-county definition?
The 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for which megaregion?
How many megaregions are there in the US?
What state is Las Vegas in?
What country borders the megaregion?
The megaregion's area extends south across the Mexican border into what city?
Along what coast is Southern California located?
How many metropolitan areas are in Southern California?
How many people live in Los Angeles?
Southern California includes Ventura, Los Angeles, Inland Empire, Inland Empire, and down to what city?
How many people live in the Greater Los Angeles Area?
Along with the Colorado Desert, what river borders Arizona?
Along with the Colorado River, what desert is to the east of Tucson?
What desert is on the Nevada border?
What border is to the south?
In what state are Los Angeles and San Diego located?
What is the population of Los Angeles?
Along with San Diego, what is the other major city in southern California?
Along with Los Angeles, what is the other major city in southern California?
In what direction from California are Los Angeles and San Diego located?
What is the most populous county in California?
In what country are Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside counties in the top 15 most populous counties?
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in what state?
How many of California's counties are in the top 15 most populous counties in the US?
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in what state?
What district of Los Angeles is associated with the motion picture industry?
Where is the motion picture, television, and music industry centered?
What company owns ABC?
Along with television and motion picture, what industry is centered in Los Angeles?
What company owns Sony Pictures?
Along with surf, what type of culture is popular in Southern California?
What professional skateboarder lives in southern California?
Who is a professional snowboarder?
In terms of famous surf breaks, where is California's second only to?
What is the name of the annual yacht race from Los Angeles to Hawaii?
What desert city is popular for its resort feel?
What do many locals and tourists frequent the southern California coast for?
What part of the California coast is popular with locals and tourists?
What is Palm Springs known for?
What is the latitude of California's north-south midway point?
How many miles south of San Jose is California's north-south midway point?
How many counties are in southern California?
Along with Point Conception, what mountain range forms the northern boundary of southern California?
What is the name of the northern area of California?
What country ruled California in the past?
Los Angeles is located in the lower part of what state?
What is the name of the city in the upper part of California?
What was the name of the agreement that arranged the division of California?
What was California's status in the Union as a result of the Compromise of 1850?
What were Californios dissatisfied with?
Southern California's pro-slavery southerners lived in what county?
How many times did Californios and pro-slavery southerners attempt to achieve a separate statehood in the 1850s?
What percentage of voters approved the Territory of Colorado?
Who was the strong advocate for the proposal?
What newspaper defined southern California in 1900?
When did the Los Angeles Times define southern California?
In what year did the Times add Imperial to its county list?
What county was added to the list in 1999?
How many counties did the Los Angeles Times define southern California as having in 1900?
What are the northern, central, and southern California regions?
What is the name of the AAA Auto Club in California?
What is the point of view of the AAA Auto Clubs?
What geographical phrase would split the southern region off at the crest of the transverse range?
Along with the northern, central, and southern regions, what region of California is promoted by regional tourism groups?
Where does it rank among the most populated megalopolis in the US?
What has been left undeveloped in Southern California?
What type of communities is southern California famous for?
Southern California is famous for its use of automobiles and what else?
What type of region is San Diego-Tijuana?
What is the main gap to continued urbanization?
Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection to the San Diego metropolitan area as they do to what other area?
Who considers the San Bernardino and Riverside County areas as a separate metropolitan area?
Along with L.A., what county do many commute to?
When were most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties developed?
What type of climate does Southern California have?
What type of rain does Southern California get?
What is the average summer temperature in Southern California?
Is snow common or rare in the Southwest?
What is the average winter temperature in Southern California?
Islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains span from what ocean?
Southern California has one of the most what types of landscapes?
Along with geologic and natural ecosystems, what type of landscapes does Southern California have?
Along with the Transverse Range, what mountain range is in the Pacific Northwest?
What is a large part of the interior of the region?
How many earthquakes occur in the southern California area each year?
How big are most of them?
What was the magnitude of the 1994 Northridge earthquake?
What did the earthquake cause the most of?
How much property damage was caused by the San Francisco earthquake?
What fault is able to produce a magnitude 8.0 event?
What is the magnitude of the San Andreas Fault?
What is the name of the fault that runs along the San Jacinto River?
Who released a California Earthquake forecast?
What does the California Earthquake forecast model?
Southern California is divided culturally, politically, and what other way?
What kind of recognition does a city with national recognition sometimes have?
Along with cultural and politically, what is Southern California divided into distinct regions?
In what year was the southern California population 22,680,010?
What is southern California known for?
What was California's average growth rate in the 2000s?
What type of economy is in the Bay Area?
What region was emerging in the 2000s?
Southern California consists of eight what?
How many extended metropolitan areas are in the region?
How many people live in the two metropolitan areas?
El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form what region?
How many people live in the Greater Los Angeles Area?
What is the largest city in California?
How many people live in San Diego?
How many cities in southern California have more than 200,000 residents?
What is the average population of a city in southern California?
Along with San Bernardino, what city is not near the coast?
The vast majority of transport runs on what fuel?
Film, television, and music are produced in what city?
The region was a leader in what during 2001-2007?
Is Southern California's economy diverse or monolithic?
How has the region been affected by the housing crash?
Motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries since what decade?
Cattle and citrus were major industries in one of the what agricultural regions in the U.S.?
Along with cattle, what was a major industry in one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.S.?
Along with citrus, what was a major industry in one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.S.?
What industry continues to be a major factor despite military spending cutbacks?
Southern California is home to many major what type of districts?
Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside are examples of what?
Along with Downtown Los Angeles and Downtown San Diego, Downtown Bakersfield and Downtown Riverside, what is another Central business district?
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach are all what type of districts?
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach are all located in what area?
Where is Warner Center located?
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach are all located in what area?
Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town are what type of districts?
Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town are located in San Bernardino and what other city?
What is the name of the business district in Downtown San Bernardino?
What county is a rapidly developing business center?
Where are international corporations headquartered?
What is the name of one of the business centers in Irvine?
Along with Newport Center, Downtown Santa Ana, and Newport Center, what business district is in Orange County?
Is Orange County a rapidly or slowly developing business center?
What is the central business district of San Diego?
Where are most of these districts located?
Some of these districts are located in what region of San Diego?
What is the central business district of San Diego?
What is the second busiest airport in the US by passenger volume?
What is the second-busiest airport in the US?
What is Los Angeles International Airport's ranking by international passenger volume?
What is the busiest single runway airport in the world?
What is the world's busiest general aviation airport?
What is the name of the commuter rail system?
How many lines of the Metrolink system run out of Downtown Los Angeles?
How many lines of the Metrolink system run out of Downtown Los Angeles?
Along with San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego, what county does the other Metrolink line connect?
What is the busiest commercial port in the US?
What is the second busiest container port in the US?
What part of California is home to the Port of Los Angeles?
What moniker has gained use as a descriptor for the region's diversified technology and industrial base?
What type of universities are located on the Tech Coast?
Along with public institutions, what type of institutions make up the Tech Coast?
How many University of California campuses are there?
How many California State University campuses are there?
What league are the Los Angeles Rams and San Diego Chargers a part of?
What league are the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers in?
What league are the Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and San Diego Padres in?
What NHL team is based in Los Angeles?
What is the name of the MLS team in Southern California?
Along with the LA Galaxy, what Major League Soccer team played in Los Angeles from 2005 to 2014?
How many Major League Soccer teams were in Los Angeles from 2005 to 2014?
When did the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA cease to be rivals?
Where did the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA play?
When was a second MLS team scheduled to return?
What type of sports are popular in southern California?
What college has a long rivalry with the USC Trojans?
What is the nickname of USC's basketball team?
What conference do the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans both play in?
What division do the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans both play in?
What is a growing sport in southern California?
What level of schools are adding rugby as an official school sport?
What do more and more schools want to make rugby?
What is the name of the UK's largest digital subscription television company?
What is the name of the UK's largest digital subscription television company?
In what year did BSkyB acquire Sky Italia?
What was the new name of British Sky Broadcasting Group plc?
What was the new name of British Sky Broadcasting Limited?
In what year was Setanta Sports awarded two Premier League packages?
How many packages were awarded to Setanta Sports in May 2006?
What was the name of the company that won the legal battle with the European Commission?
How much did Sky pay for the remaining four assets?
BSkyB was excluded from being a part of what consortium?
What is the name of ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement?
How many BSkyB channels were available prior to October 2005?
Prior to October 2005, what was the name of the third BSkyB channel?
What was Sky Three re-branded as in 2011?
What did BSkyB initially charge additional subscription fees for?
When did Sky launch a new TV advertising campaign targeting women?
What is the cost of Sky+ for customers that don't subscribe to BSkyB's channels?
When did BSkyB discontinue the Sky+ Box?
What box did BSkyB issue as a standard in 2010?
What scrambling system does BSkyB use?
What company owns the VideoGuard system?
What company owns the VideoGuard scrambling system?
Who utilises the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system?
What is the name of the Personal video recorder (PVR) offering?
What did Virgin Media remove from their network?
When did BSkyB and Virgin Media become involved in a dispute over the carriage of Sky channels on cable TV?
What did Virgin Media claim that BSkyB did?
Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB's new deal included HD channels and what other content not previously carried by cable?
Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB's new deal included what type of channels?
When did the English High Court of Justice rule that Microsoft's use of the term "SkyDrive" infringed on Sky's trademark?
In what year did the English High Court of Justice rule that Microsoft's use of the term "SkyDrive" infringed on Sky's trademark?
What did Microsoft announce that SkyDrive would soon become?
What did SkyDrive Pro become in January 2014?
What is SkyDrive?
Who was the chief executive officer at the time of the service's inception?
What company broadcasts the channels in the new package?
When was BSkyB's analogue service shut down?
What platform expanded BSkyB's analogue service?
How many households did BSkyB reach by mid-1994?
What is another name for British Sky Broadcasting?
What type of company is Sky UK Limited?
How many customers does it have?
What was the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by?
What is the name of the broadband router included in the Sky Q range?
The Sky Q Mini set top boxes connect to which set top boxes?
What can all set top boxes in a household do?
When will Sky Q be available?
When will Sky Q be available?
What are BSkyB's standard definition broadcasts in?
What type of soundtracks are available on Sky Movies and Sky Box Office?
What format is Sky+ HD material broadcast in?
Interactive services and 7-day EPG use what proprietary system?
Most HD material on Sky+ uses what standard?
When was Sky Digital launched?
What satellite was used when Sky Digital was launched?
What satellite enabled Sky to launch a new all-digital service?
How many channels could Sky Digital carry?
At what orbital position was the Astra 2A satellite located when Sky Digital was launched?
When did Sky+ HD launch?
How many people had registered to receive the HD service prior to its launch?
Who was the manufacturer of BSkyB's STB?
How many customers had yet to receive the service because of failed deliveries?
On March 31, 2012, Sky announced the total number of homes with Sky+HD was how many?
When did BSkyB announce its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels?
When did Setanta Sports say it would launch?
What type of channel did BSkyB want to replace its free-to-air channels with?
What did NTL re-brand as?
What sport was included in the proposed BSkyB channels?
What is it called when broadcasts are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription?
Some broadcasts are encrypted but do not require what?
What is the name of the receiver used to view encrypted content?
What band of LNB is provided at the end of the dish?
All VideoGuard UK receivers are dedicated to which service?
In what year were talks held for the broadcast rights for the Premier League?
Who were the current rights holders?
How much did ITV increase its offer to keep control of the rights?
BSkyB joined forces with which broadcaster to make a counter bid?
How much did BSkyB pay for Premier League rights?
Who enforces open access on BSkyB?
What is the range of fees for access to BSkyB's EPG?
Does BSkyB have a veto over the presence of channels on their EPG?
Does BSkyB have any control over the content of a channel?
Does BSkyB have any control over the content of a channel?
When was BSkyB's digital service officially launched?
What was the name of BSkyB's digital service when it was launched?
What was BSkyB's interactive service branded Open now called?
BSkyB competed with what terrestrial offering?
How many digiboxes were sold within 30 days?
When was Virgin Media re-branded?
What company re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest started to offer a HDTV capable set top box?
What service did Virgin Media use instead of linear channels?
What was the only HD channel Virgin Media carried from 2006 to 2009?
What HD channel did Virgin Media have an option to carry in the future?
How many homes did BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service reach in 2010?
The BBC said it reached an audience of more than how many people?
When was the target first announced?
What percentage of households in the UK did it reach?
Media commentators debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe did what?
What was Alec Shelbrooke proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on?
What could a "Welfare Cash Card" be used to buy?
What was BSkyB's subscription deemed to be?
What did the Daily Mail report in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking to determine if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone?
Subscription to sports channels would betray what, according to the Daily Mail?
What are the fixed annual carriage fees for the channels?
Is there any indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content previously offered by BSkyB?
Along with BSkyB, what other broadcaster terminated High Court proceedings?
Who previously offered Video On Demand and High Definition content?
What did BSkyB and Virgin Media agree to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to?
Is Victoria's economy highly or poorly diversified?
Where is Victoria's total gross state product ranked in Australia?
Where does Victoria rank in terms of GSP per capita?
What city is known as the "sporting capital of Australia"?
What is the largest stadium in Australia?
In what city is the legacy of Chinese miners particularly strong?
Where were the Lambing Flat riots?
Where was there a riot in 1857?
How many miners were killed by typhoid in 1854?
What were the conditions on the gold fields?
What type of representation system was used in the 2006 Victorian Legislative Council elections?
How many electorates were in Victoria?
How many representatives are in each electorate?
How long is the term of office for the upper house members?
How often are elections for the Victorian Parliament held?
What is the centre-left political party in Victoria?
What is the centre-right political party in Australia?
What is the name of Australia's rural-based political party?
Who won their first lower house seats in 2014?
What is the centre-left Australian political party?
What percentage of Victorians describe themselves as Christian?
What percentage of the Victorian population is Roman Catholic?
What is the state's largest non-Christian religion?
How many members does Buddhism have?
What percentage of Victorians claim no religion?
Where is Victoria located in Australia?
Is Victoria the most or least densely populated state in Australia?
What is Victoria's ranking among Australia's most populous states?
What is Australia's second-largest city?
What is Australia's ranking for largest city?
What are the Aboriginal peoples of Victoria called?
In what year did Great Britain claim the entire Australian continent?
Victoria was included in the wider colony of what?
Where was the first settlement in the area?
When was the first settlement in the area?
How much land is sown for grain in Victoria?
What percentage of the land is sown for wheat?
How much land is sown for grain in Victoria?
What percentage of Australian pears come from Victorian farms?
How many tonnes of tomatoes were produced last year?
When was Victoria's written constitution enacted?
What is the Victoria Constitution Act 1855 based on?
Who can amend the Victorian Constitution?
What type of provisions cannot be amended by the Parliament of Victoria?
What act established the Parliament as the state's law-making body?
The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's what?
What is the average temperature during summer?
What is the average temperature in winter?
What was Victoria's highest temperature since World War II?
When was Victoria's highest temperature since World War II?
What are public schools also known as?
Who runs public schools?
What do students pay in addition to tuition?
Private fee-paying schools include parish schools run by what church?
All schools must comply with government-set standards for what?
What has Victoria historically been the base for the manufacturing plants of?
What was the closure year for Toyota's plant in Victoria?
When was Holden's announcement?
When will Ford's Victorian plants close?
Along with Toyota and Holden, what major car manufacturer has its manufacturing plant in Victoria?
How high do the snow-covered Victorian alpine areas rise?
What is the highest peak in Victoria?
How tall is Mount Bogong?
What type of system is there in Victoria?
What is the state bird?
What is the coldest part of Victoria?
The Alps are part of what mountain system?
Which direction does the Great Dividing Range extend through the centre of Victoria?
What is the average temperature in the highest parts of the range?
What was the state's lowest minimum temperature?
What type of lines do private and public railway operators operate on?
Who runs an electrified passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs?
Who owns V/Line?
What type of services do Pacific National and CFCL Australia operate?
What type of service does Metro Trains Melbourne provide?
How many seats does Victoria have in the Australian House of Representatives?
How many seats does Victoria have in the Australian Senate?
What is the lower house of the Parliament of Victoria?
What is the name of the upper house?
Who is the Governor of Victoria?
When were writs issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council?
When were writs issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council?
What triggered one of the largest es the world has ever seen?
How much did Victoria's population increase in ten years?
How much gold did Victoria produce between 1851 and 1860?
How many public schools are in Victoria?
How many Catholic schools are in Victoria?
How many students were enrolled in public schools?
How many full-time teachers does Victoria have?
What percentage of private students attend Catholic schools?
What is the centre of dairy farming in Australia?
How many dairy cattle does Australia have?
What percentage of Australia's dairy cattle are based in Victoria?
What percentage of Australia's milk is produced in Victoria?
Where are most abalone and rock lobster exported to?
What is the width of the broad gauge used by Victorian lines?
What is the standard gauge of the interstate trunk routes?
What is the width of the narrow gauge lines?
Where were the formerly government-owned lines built?
How many formerly government-owned lines were built in mountain areas?
When was the colony of New South Wales founded?
What was the name of the colony that was founded in 1788?
What was the western half of Australia called?
Where is the administration of the colonial government located?
In what year did the "Eureka Stockade" occur?
Who crushed the rebellion?
What was the name of the armed rebellion against the government of Victoria?
What were the colonial authorities trying to reduce?
What act gave Victoria responsible government?
The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with how many seats in the Legislative Assembly?
Who is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly?
What is a cabinet made up of?
Who is the current Premier of Victoria?
How are Cabinet members chosen?
What was the gross value of Victorian agricultural production in 2003-04?
How much did the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increase between 2003 and 2004?
How many farms occupied 136,000 square kilometres of Victorian land in 2004?
How much land did the 32,463 farms occupy in 2004?
What percentage of the state's total land surface is comprised of water?
Major events play a big part in what in Victoria?
Along with cultural tourism, what type of tourism plays a big part in Victoria's economy?
Most of these events are centred on what city?
Where are the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix held?
What is the name of the music festival held at Bells Beach?
Where were Huguenots concentrated?
How many Huguenots were there in France in 1562?
When were the Wars of Religion fought?
What gave the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy?
What did the Edict of Nantes do?
What was the original meaning of the term "Huguenot"?
Where was John Calvin's adopted home?
What was the name of the Swiss politician who died in 1532?
What was the name of the plot in 1560?
When was the Amboise plot?
What was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France?
When was a French version of the Scriptures prepared?
Who prepared a French version of the Bible in 1294?
When was a two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version of Avicenna's manuscript printed?
Where was the two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version printed?
Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 what?
What was one of the most important of the 66 "villes de sûreté"?
Before what event was Protestant rule dead and the ville de sûreté no more?
In what year did the siege of Paris take place?
When was the Edict of Alès?
Where did individual Huguenots settle?
What is the name of the settlement Maria de la Queillerie established?
Who was the first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope?
What company did the Huguenots sail to?
When did some of the Huguenots arrive in Cape Town?
When did the Huguenots sail to North America?
Who led the Huguenots who sailed to North America in 1624?
What was the name of the congregation established by the Huguenots in 1628?
What is the current name of the parish?
Where did the Huguenots live?
Where did several Huguenot families of Norman and Carolingian nobility and descent immigrate to after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes?
Who did the Cherokee purchase the plantations from?
What town was Elie Prioleau from?
When did the Cherokee petition the British Crown for the right to own land in the Baronies?
Where did many Huguenots settle in the early years?
Who was the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV?
What was the title of Stadtholder William III of Orange?
What coalition did William form to oppose Louis and the French state?
What country did the French attack in 1672?
When did the French attack the Dutch Republic?
What decree abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism in France?
When was the Edict of Fontainebleau issued?
Who issued the Edict of Fontainebleau?
How many Huguenots had fled France by the early 18th century?
What church opposed the Huguenots?
What was the height of the persecution of the Huguenots?
How many people were killed in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
What did the Huguenots have to retaliate against the French Catholics?
Why were the Huguenots killed on St. Bartholomew's Day?
When did the Huguenot rebellions break out?
Where did the Huguenot rebellions occur?
The uprising occurred a decade after the death of who?
Who became more intolerant of Protestantism?
What were the three small civil wars called?
How many Protestants live in modern France?
What percentage of France's population are Protestants?
Where are most of the Huguenots concentrated?
What mountain region still regard themselves as Huguenots to this day?
Where is a diaspora of French located?
What was the name of the town where Huguenot immigrants settled?
Where was the third Huguenot congregation located?
What contains the oldest street in the United States of America?
What is unique about the "Huguenot Street Historic District"?
Where did a small group of Huguenots settle on the south shore of New York Harbor?
Who received the largest group of Huguenot refugees?
How many Huguenot refugees did the Dutch Republic receive?
What was the population of the Dutch Republic at the time of the influx?
What were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants?
When did the Dutch Republic receive the largest group of Huguenot refugees?
Where were the pretendus réformés habitually gathered at night?
What is the gate of King Hugo called?
Popular fancy held that Huguon was haunted by what ghost?
What group gathered in Tours at night for prayer and singing psalms?
When did the ghost of le roi Huguet come back to harm the living?
Where is evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots located?
What was the name of the half-timbered house by the river that was the site of a weaving school?
What was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the City?
Where did the refugees settle?
It has been adapted as what?
Where is the Huguenot District?
In what cities did Huguenots serve as mayors?
Along with Cork, Youghal and Waterford, what city had Huguenot mayors in the 17th and 18th centuries?
Who is D'Olier Street named after?
What year was the French church in Portarlington built?
What did the exodus of Huguenots from France create?
What colony did the French crown refuse to allow non-Catholics to settle in?
Who did the French crown refuse to allow to settle in New France?
The French and Indian War was the North American front of what war?
When did the British defeat New France?
Who issued the Edict of Nantes?
When was the warfare quelled?
Did the Edict grant Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne?
What did the Edict discourage?
What religion did Henry of Navarre abandon in favor of Roman Catholicism?
What did the revocation require?
The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and what else?
How many emigrated to the North American colonies?
What were the Huguenots who became Catholics called?
Along with Britain, where did many of the Protestants flee to?
The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in what countries?
When did French colonisers arrive in Brazil?
What did the French colonisers arrive in Brazil to found?
When was the fort destroyed?
What was the name of the first Protestant confession of faith in the Americas?
What is the main language of many families with French Huguenot ancestry?
What industry in South Africa owes a significant debt to the Huguenots?
What province in South Africa still bears French names?
What do many families have that indicate their French Huguenot ancestry?
Who was descended from Huguenot refugees?
Who signed the Articles of Confederation for South Carolina?
Where does the last active Huguenot congregation in North America worship?
What church does the Huguenot Society of America maintain?
Which state has the largest chapter of the American Psychological Association?
Bedfordshire was one of the main centres of what British industry?
What is the name of the style of lace that demonstrates a Huguenot influence?
What is the only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period?
When did Mechlin lace develop?
What were the names of the two new neighbourhoods created by the Huguenots?
By 1700, what percentage of the city's population was French speaking?
Why did they switch to German?
When was Prussia occupied by Napoleon?
What are some of the congregations that were founded?
Where did Frederick William welcome the Huguenots to help rebuild his country?
What region of France did the Huguenots remain in large numbers in?
What was the name of the group that rioted against the Catholic Church in the early 18th century?
Who did the Camisards riot against?
Between what years did it take French troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards?
What city is Fort Caroline located in today?
Who was the leader of the Norman Huguenots?
What was the name of the small colony established by the Norman Huguenots in 1564?
What nationality was the colony at St. Augustine?
In what year did the French attempt an attack on the Spanish colony at St. Augustine?
What was the name of the outpost Jean Ribault founded?
Where was the outpost of Charlesfort located?
Who established the settlement of St. Augustine?
In what year did Jean Ribault lead an expedition that explored Florida?
What prevented a return voyage?
In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to what colony?
Where did the English Crown promise land grants to the French Huguenots?
What was the abandoned Monacan village called?
How many settlers were there originally?
When did the Virginia General Assembly pass an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown?
When was the Dutch Revolt?
Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against whom?
What was written by Pierre L'Oyseleur condemning the Spanish Inquisition?
Whose "Apologie" condemned the Spanish Inquisition?
What is William the Silent's religious affiliation?
Before and after the 1708 passage of what act did an estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England?
When was the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act passed?
How many Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England before and after the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act?
Who was a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London?
Andrew Lortie was known for articulating their criticism of the Pope and what during Mass?
Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in what war?
Who did Huguenot regiments fight for in the Williamite war?
What cities had significant Huguenot settlements?
Killeshandra contributed to the expansion of what type of cultivation?
Killeshandra contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of what industry?
Who arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken to establish a Huguenot community?
Who did Prince Louis de Condé arrange with to establish a Huguenot community?
What type of works did the Condés establish?
When did some members of this community emigrate to the US?
When did Prince Louis de Condé establish a Huguenot community?
What two Electorates were in the Holy Roman Empire?
What religion were the majority of Huguenot émigrés?
Where were they accepted and allowed to worship freely?
What colony in South Africa did they spread to?
What happened in Quebec?
The "Hugues hypothesis" argues that the name was derived by association with who?
What argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet?
Who suggested that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos?
Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to what?
What do some people disagree with?
Who was one of the predecessors of the Reformed church?
Where was Lefevre a professor?
When did Lefevre publish the whole Bible in French?
Who was a student of Lefevre?
Who was another student at the University of Paris who converted to Protestantism?
When was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Who killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris?
How many Protestants were slaughtered in Toulouse?
In what year was an amnesty granted?
How many Protestants were massacred in Paris?
Who acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert?
What did Louis XIV do when he gained the throne?
How did he start sending missionaries?
What did Napoleon do to Huguenots?
What included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops?
What county is New Rochelle located in?
What was Davenports Neck called?
Who did they purchase the land from?
New Rochelle was named after what former strong-hold in France?
What was the name of the third church that replaced the original?
What did most of the Huguenot congregations in North America eventually do?
What led to the Huguenots assimilation?
Who established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills?
How long did French first names and surnames continue to be used by descendants?
What did E.I. du Pont establish?
Who was one of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands?
Where did he start teaching?
What is the name of Erasmus's multi-volume masterpiece?
It became one of the 100 foundational texts of what?
What is the name of the patron saint of Huguenots?
What was established by Royal Charter in 1550?
When was the French Protestant Church of London established?
Where is it located now?
Huguenot refugees flocked to what area of London?
When was the Old Truman Brewery founded?
In what states did Huguenot refugees find safe haven?
Where did Huguenot refugees find safe haven?
What was the name of the special privileges granted to the Huguenots in Brandenburg-Prussia?
Who was Frederick William?
What did the Huguenots do for Napoleon's army?
Who invited Huguenots to settle in his realms?
What poet was an ethnic Huguenot?
Who was a Luftwaffe general and fighter ace?
Who was the last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic?
What position does Thomas de Maizière hold?
Nuclear power, geothermal energy and what other source of non-combustion heat can be used?
What is the name of the ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process?
What does water transform into when heated?
What is the pressure in a boiler?
What type of engines are steam engines?
What was the first engine that could generate power and transmit it to a machine?
Who invented the atmospheric engine?
When was the atmospheric engine invented?
Papin's piston was an improvement over Savery's what?
Who proposed a piston for Savery's steam pump?
Where was the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive built?
When did the world's first railway journey take place?
Where did the world's first railway journey end?
In what country did the world's first railway journey take place?
Where is Abercynon located in Wales?
The Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have what to recycle or top up the boiler water?
Utility and industrial boilers commonly use what type of pumps?
When did injectors become popular?
Injectors are still used in what applications?
An injector uses a steam jet to supply what?
How many expansion stages do triple expansion engines use?
What are engines with three or four expansion stages called?
In what century was the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing system used?
What type of engines used the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing system?
The 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine was popular with what class of passenger liners?
What was the name of the gear that had separate admission and exhaust valves?
Along with Stephenson and Walschaerts, what motion is simpler than Stephenson?
What is the usual compromise solution?
What may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox?
If the water level drops and the temperature of the firebox crown increases, what happens to the lead?
If the water level drops and the temperature of the firebox crown increases, what happens to the lead?
Who may then do what?
The steam escape has little effect on what?
Who patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion?
What type of motion did James Watt's steam engine produce?
How many patents did James Watt have?
Engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible by what year?
The stationary steam engine was a key component of what revolution?
The history of the steam engine stretches back to what century AD?
Who described the first rudimentary steam engine?
What was the nationality of Hero of Alexandria?
Who described a rudimentary steam turbine device in 1629?
When did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont receive patents?
What type of engine came into widespread use at the end of the 19th century?
What were these stages called?
Where was efficiency important to reduce the weight of coal carried?
Electric motors and what other engine replaced reciprocating steam engines?
Double and triple expansion engines were common in shipping to reduce the weight of what?
What was the final major evolution of the steam engine design?
In what part of the 19th century did steam turbines begin to be used?
How many horsepower are steam turbines more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines?
What percentage of electric power is produced in this way in the United States?
Steam turbines replaced reciprocating engines in what type of generating stations?
What is the most common source of heat required for boiling water and supplying steam?
What is another name for a firebox?
What type of energy can be used as a heat source?
What type of heating element is used in model steam engines?
What is the most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines?
When were early versions of the indicator in use?
Who was the most successful indicator developed for?
Who developed the most successful indicator?
Where was the most successful indicator exhibited?
How far out of phase are the pistons of a two-cylinder compound with the cranks of a two-cylinder simple?
What angle are the individual pistons in a 4-cylinder compound usually balanced at?
How far out of phase are the pistons of a two-cylinder compound with the cranks of a two-cylinder simple?
What is it called when steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke?
How many piston strokes are in a complete engine cycle?
How many rotations of the crank does the complete engine cycle take up?
How many events are there in an engine cycle?
Along with admission, exhaust and compression, what is the fourth event of the engine cycle?
What is the name of the uniflow rotary steam engine?
Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from what cycle?
Along with the cylinder walls, what part of the engine is cooled by exhaust steam?
What type of steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine?
What is another name for a pivot mounting?
These engines are mainly used in toys and what?
Where are these engines mainly used?
What happens to the working fluid in a closed loop system?
What type of system releases exhaust steam directly to the atmosphere?
What is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine?
What is supplied to the boiler in an open loop system?
The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by what?
What is the creep limit of stainless steel?
What material has a creep limit of 565 degrees Celsius?
What is the theoretical Carnot efficiency?
What is the condenser temperature in steam turbines?
What was the driving force behind the Industrial Revolution?
Along with railway locomotives, ships, and road vehicles, what transport appliances were powered by steam engines?
What is an example of an automobile powered by steam?
Steam engines were used to drive machinery in mills, mines, and what other place?
What did their use in agriculture lead to?
What was the name of Trevithick's final locomotive?
Who designed the Salamanca locomotive?
What type of locomotive was the Salamanca?
What railway used the twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca?
For what railway was the Locomotion built?
Who invented a method to lessen the magnitude of heating and cooling?
What nationality was Arthur Woolf?
What can be reduced by staging the expansion in multiple cylinders?
What does derive equal work from lower-pressure steam require a larger of?
What percentage of the world's electric production was by steam turbines in the 19th century?
Steam turbines with reduction gearing were more efficient than what?
What has almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications?
What is the main use for?
What has the widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants resulted in?
What is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine?
Where is the waste heat removed?
When did Rankine steam cycles generate about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world?
Along with solar, coal and nuclear power plants, what type of power plant is dependent on Rankine steam cycles?
What nationality was William John Macquorn Rankine?
What was the historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency?
Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about what?
The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about how many?
How many pounds of coal is in a bushel?
Who first introduced the concept of duty?
What replaced reciprocating piston type steam engines in commercial usage?
What type of steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century?
What type of steam engine replaced reciprocating piston type steam engines?
Electric motors and what type of engine replaced reciprocating piston type steam engines?
Who developed the first steam-powered water pump?
What was Thomas Savery's first steam-powered device?
When was Thomas Savery's water pump developed?
Who improved Savery's construction?
Who described the improvement of Savery's construction?
Who obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802?
Along with Richard Trevithick, who introduced engines using high-pressure steam?
When did Richard Trevithick obtain his high-pressure engine patent?
These engines could be made small enough for what type of application?
What was more ful for a given cylinder size than previous engines?
What company in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam?
Where is Energiprojekt AB located?
How many cylinders does the engine have?
How many pounds of steam is in a kWh?
What is the efficiency of Energiprojekt's steam engine on high-pressure engines?
Where CHP is not used, steam turbines in power stations use what as a cold sink?
A dry type cooling tower is similar to what?
Where is a dry type cooling tower used?
What type of water is evaporative cooling towers?
How many cubic metres of make-up water does a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant use every hour?
What type of governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine?
Who was James Watt's partner?
What type of mill was built by Boulton and Watt?
Engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as what?
What could the governor not do?
After what year was the adoption of compounding almost universal for marine engines?
Compounding was not universally popular in what type of locomotives?
Compounding was not universally popular in railway locomotives because it was perceived as what?
In Britain, compounding was never common and not employed after what year?
The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, marine engines, and what other type of engines?
Speed and momentum are gained by gradually what?
If the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression, what is it called?
What can't be done to avoid choking the cylinder?
The simplest valve gears give events of what length during the engine cycle?
Who obtained the first patent for a steam engine?
What nationality was Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont?
In what year did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtain a patent for a steam engine?
When was Thomas Savery's steam pump patented?
When was Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine used?
What are rotors?
What is alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing?
What are stators?
Where are stators fixed to in a steam turbine?
What is the typical speed in the USA with 60 Hertz power?
The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower or higher than for internal combustion engines?
Internal combustion engines or what have replaced steam in mobile applications?
Most electric power is generated using what type of plant?
What is the name of the movement?
Recent concerns about fuel sources and what have incited a renewed interest in steam?
What is an example of a pistonless rotary engine?
What does a Wankel engine replace in a conventional reciprocating steam engine?
In addition to wear, what caused leaks in the rotors?
In what year did James Watt develop an improved version of Newcomen's engine?
What did James Watt add to Newcomen's engine?
How much more coal did Boulton and Watt's early engines use than John Smeaton's?
What engine did James Watt improve upon?
What did air pressure push into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam?
How many independent mechanisms do steam engines often possess?
What is in the top of a boiler?
What type of safety valve is newer?
What must be broken in order for operators to tamper with the safety valve?
What did a driver want to get from the engine when he fastened the valve down?
What was the acme of the horizontal engine?
When was the Corliss steam engine patented?
How much less steam does variable steam cut off use?
How many valves did the Corliss steam engine have?
What award was given to Corliss?
The steam engine contributed to the development of what type of theory?
Who made measurements on a model steam engine that led to the development of the separate condenser?
The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of what?
Who confirmed Watt's discovery of latent heat?
What did Watt discover?
What is one of the main advantages of the Rankine cycle?
In what state is the working fluid in the Rankine cycle?
How much of the turbine power does the work required by the pump consume?
Gas turbines have turbine entry temperatures approaching what temperature?
What is another name for a pump?
What do condensers do?
What raises the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point?
What is another name for a supply bin?
What mechanism is used to move coal from a supply bin to the firebox?
Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam because what was usually readily available?
Who invented the steam turbine?
What type of warships used the steam turbine?
Along with warships, what type of ships used the steam turbine?
When was the HMS Dreadnought built?
What do nuclear power plants heat to generate electricity?
What does steam drive in a nuclear power plant?
What is the turbine connected to in a nuclear power plant?
What type of transmission do nuclear-powered ships and submarines use?
What country had success with non-condensing direct-drive locomotives?
What is the Rankine cycle sometimes referred to as?
Where is rejection located in the Rankine cycle?
What is an isobaric process?
What is the term for constant temperature processes in the Carnot cycle?
What is the working fluid received from the condenser?
What is the atomic number of oxygen?
Along with hydrogen, what is the second most abundant element in the universe?
At standard temperature and pressure, how many atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen?
How much of the crust's mass is oxygen?
What gas makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere?
What percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is diatomic oxygen gas?
What chemical element has symbol O and atomic number 8?
What is the atomic number of oxygen?
What does monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show?
How abundant is oxygen in the universe?
What is the atomic number of oxygen?
What group on the periodic table is chromium a member of?
What type of compounds does hexafluorine readily form with most elements?
Where does oxygen rank among the most abundant elements in the universe?
At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form what?
What uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water?
Photosynthesis uses the energy of what?
What helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation?
What do many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain?
What is oxygen a part of?
What uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water?
What is oxygen a part of?
What form of oxygen absorbs UVB radiation?
Who proved that air is necessary for combustion?
Who showed that fire requires only a part of air?
What is another name for spiritus?
When did John Mayow die?
Who proved that air is necessary for combustion?
What is another name for spiritus?
When did Robert Boyle prove that air is necessary for combustion?
Along with combustion, in what process is nitroaereus consumed?
Who showed that fire requires only a part of air?
What British clergyman conducted an experiment on August 1, 1774?
What was Joseph Priestley's profession?
What is mercuric oxide?
What did Joseph Priestley focus sunlight on?
What did Joseph Priestley focus sunlight on?
What was Joseph Priestley's name for the gas that was liberated in his experiment?
When did Priestley publish his findings?
Why was Priestley given priority in his discoveries?
What was a mouse more of in the gas?
Who observed that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration?
Who conducted one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air?
When was one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air conducted?
How did Philo come to the conclusion that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into fire?
Who conducted one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air?
Parts of the air in the vessel were converted into what element?
What was the name of Philo's work?
Who observed that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration?
One of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and what was conducted by Philo of Byzantium?
What is needed to trigger combustion?
What is the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion?
Peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, and dichromates are examples of what?
What is the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion?
What is needed to trigger combustion?
Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated what and fuels are brought into close proximity?
What do highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote?
What is the source of most of the energy released in combustion?
Peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlates, and dichromates can donate what to a fire?
What type of gas was used to pressurize the Apollo 1 capsule?
Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit gaseous and liquid will act as a fuel?
What is the normal pressure for a mission?
What does the design and manufacture of O2 systems require?
Concentrated O 2 will allow what to proceed rapidly and energetically?
Steel pipes and what are used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen?
What does the design and manufacture of O2 systems require?
Who was killed in the fire on the Apollo 1 mission?
What is the crustal rock of the Earth composed of?
In what form is oxygen present in the atmosphere?
What part of the Earth is composed of silicates of magnesium and iron?
In what form is oxygen present in the atmosphere?
What is composed of oxides of silicon?
What is composed of silicates of magnesium and iron?
What part of the Earth is composed of silicates of magnesium and iron?
What type of silicate minerals are in the Earth's crust?
John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were what?
John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that the atoms in compounds would normally have what kind of atomic ratios?
Dalton assumed that water's formula was what?
Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of what other element?
What is the correct interpretation of water's composition called?
What were highly combustible materials that leave little residue thought to be made mostly of?
What type of substances corrode?
What did not play a role in phlogiston theory?
One of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that what gained weight in rusting?
What do most common objects appear to do when something burns?
What is the bond reasonably and simply described as?
How many oxygen atoms are in dioxygen?
The double bond is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy, or what?
How are the oxygen atoms in dioxygen bonded to each other?
A covalent double bond results from the filling of what?
When was oxygen discovered?
In what year did Joseph Priestley discover oxygen?
When was his work published?
Who coined the name oxygen?
What theory of combustion and corrosion did Lavoisier's experiments discredit?
An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen is a configuration termed what?
What is the ground state of the O 2 molecule referred to as?
An electron configuration with how many electrons is found in dioxygen?
Triplet oxygen prevents what type of combustion?
The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are what?
In one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and what else were heated in a closed container?
In one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in what when tin and air were heated in a closed container?
In one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in what when tin and air were heated in a closed container?
When was Sur la combustion en general published?
What was the name of the gas that did not support combustion and respiration?
What is Trioxygen usually known as?
What type of oxygen is ozone?
What is ozone damaging to?
What does the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere function as for the planet?
What is the abbreviation for ultraviolet radiation?
What is the common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth?
What is responsible for the exothermic reaction of O2 with any organic molecule?
Is it a minor or major part of the Earth's atmosphere?
Why is O2 used by animals in cellular respiration?
What is O2 used for in animals?
What Scottish chemist was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study?
In what year was James Dewar able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study?
When was the first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen developed?
What was used to demonstrate welding for the first time?
Which element is more soluble in water than nitrogen?
What is the solubility of oxygen in water dependent on?
How much oxygen does a liter of freshwater contain?
What type of water contains about 4.95 milliliters of oxygen per liter?
How much more oxygen dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C?
Is oxygen the most abundant or least abundant chemical element in the Earth's biosphere?
Where does oxygen rank among the most abundant chemical elements in the universe?
What percentage of the Sun's mass is oxygen?
What is oxygen a major component of?
The O 2 surrounding other planets is produced solely by what?
In what century did scientists realize that air could be liquefied?
How did scientists realize that air could be liquefied?
Who used a cascade method to evaporate liquid sulfur dioxide?
How much liquid was produced in each case?
When was oxygen liquified in stable state for the first time?
What isotope ratios are believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula?
What does the Sun have a higher proportion of than the Earth?
What crashed and returned a silicon wafer to Earth?
The measurement implies that what process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth?
What planet has samples of oxygen isotopes?
What is the name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O 2 in which all the electron spins are paired?
What is molecular oxygen more reactive towards than molecular oxygen per se?
When is singlet oxygen formed in nature?
What is produced in the troposphere by light of short wavelength?
What plays a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen?
Who measures the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms?
What did paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine millions of years ago?
What percentage of oxygen-18 is heavier than oxygen-16?
What isotope of oxygen is measured in the shells of marine organisms?
When does snow and rain from that evaporated water tend to be higher in oxygen-16?
At what wavelengths does oxygen's spectrophotometric absorption bands peak?
What has the measurement been proposed as a possible method of monitoring?
What is a satellite platform?
What kind of scale?
What type of scientist has proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies to characterize plant health status?
In the triplet form, O 2 molecules are what?
What is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet?
Spin magnetic moments are caused by spin magnetic moments of what in a molecule?
The spin magnetic moments of unpaired electrons in the molecule impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of what?
A bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of what?
What are reactive oxygen species?
What does the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to do?
Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against what?
What type of organisms are toxic to oxygen?
When did O 2 begin to accumulate in the atmosphere?
At what temperature does oxygen condense?
What is the color of liquid and solid O2?
High-purity liquid O 2 is usually obtained by fractional distillation of what?
What is used as a coolant to produce liquid oxygen?
It is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from what?
Free oxygen occurs in solution in what body of water?
At what temperature does the solubility of O2 increase?
Why do polar oceans support a higher density of life?
What can water polluted with nitrates or phosphates stimulate the growth of?
What do scientists measure to assess water quality?
When did photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolve?
Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during what eon?
What did the free oxygen produced by organisms combine with iron in the oceans to form?
When did free oxygen reach 10% of its present level?
When did free oxygen begin to outgas from the oceans?
What is the unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth the result of?
What cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth?
How many reservoirs does the biogeochemical cycle describe?
What is the main driving factor of the oxygen cycle?
The unusually high concentration of what gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle?
What absorbs nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O 2?
What percentage of the gas produced by the zeolite molecular sieves is O 2?
What does the zeolite molecular sieves absorb?
What type of technologies are used to obtain oxygen gas?
What is passing a stream of clean, dry air through a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves?
What can be electrolyzed to produce oxygen gas?
Electrolysis of water produces molecular what?
What type of electricity must be used?
What is the electrocatalytic O 2 evolution from?
What kind of catalysts can be used in chemical oxygen generators?
What type of use has oxygen had?
What is the supposed effect of oxygen?
Professional athletes wear oxygen masks to get a boost in what?
What is a more likely explanation for the pharmacological effect?
During what type of exercise do studies support a performance boost from enriched O 2 mixtures?
What type of medicine uses special oxygen chambers?
What does increased O2 concentration in the lungs help to displace from the heme group of hemoglobin?
What causes gas gangrene?
What happens to divers who decompress too quickly after a dive?
What is used to treat emphysema?
What part of the body does the treatment ease work load on?
What is used in medicine to help with the uptake of O2 from the air?
Uptake of O2 from the air is the essential purpose of what?
What type of oxygen therapy is used to treat disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use?
Why does oxygen form chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides?
What does oxygen form chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give?
What is wüstite?
Aluminium and titanium are coated with a thin film of what?
What does a thin film of oxide slow?
Passengers traveling in (pressurized) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied in case of what?
What type of oxygen generators are activated by sudden cabin pressure loss?
What type of reaction produces a steady stream of oxygen gas?
What is produced by the exothermic reaction?
Cryogenics, chemical compounds and high pressure oxygen tanks are examples of methods for what?
What is used to transport oxygen in bulk?
In what form is oxygen often transported in bulk?
In what form is oxygen stored and shipped in smaller cylinders?
Where are bulk liquid oxygen storage containers used?
THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl ether, and dioxane are examples of what?
Alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and acid anhydrides are examples of what?
Acetone and phenol are used as what in the synthesis of many different substances?
What are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms?
What is the importance of the classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen?
The element is found in almost all of what?
How many complex biomolecules contain no oxygen?
What organic compound contains the largest amount of oxygen?
Along with fats, fatty acids, amino acids and amino acids, what contains oxygen?
Where does calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite occur?
What can happen to the lungs and central nervous system in deep scuba diving?
Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an O 2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to what?
Exposure to O 2 partial pressures greater than what can lead to convulsions?
What can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21% O 2 at 66m or more of depth?
What can acute oxygen toxicity cause?
Why does breathing pure O2 in space cause no damage?
What is the O 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas in a spacesuit?
How much more than normal is the O 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas in a spacesuit?
Does breathing pure O2 in space cause damage?
How much more is the resulting O 2 partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood than normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure?
When can oxygen gas be toxic?
At what pressure does oxygen toxicity usually begin to occur?
What is the composition of oxygen at standard pressure?
Patients on what type of ventilators have a problem with oxygen masks?
What percentage of O 2 is typically found in gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications?
When did the 1973 oil crisis begin?
What was the global price of oil by the end of the 1973 oil embargo?
In what year was the "second oil shock"?
What was the 1973 oil crisis called?
Who proclaimed an oil embargo?
Why did some European nations and Japan seek to disassociate themselves from United States foreign policy in the Middle East?
What did the US arrange for Israel to do?
When did Kissinger negotiate an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula?
When did Arab oil producers lift the embargo?
When did the United States pull out of the Bretton Woods Accord?
What happened to the value of the dollar after the US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard?
What did the industrialized nations do in anticipation of currency fluctuations?
When did OPEC issue a joint communiqué stating that they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold?
Why did oil producers' real income decrease?
How much did the dollar price of oil rise from 1947 to 1967?
When did OPEC slow to readjust prices to reflect the depreciation?
During what years did price increases return prices and incomes to Bretton Woods levels?
How long had the price remained stable versus other currencies and commodities?
When did Syria and Egypt launch a surprise attack on Israel?
What country was the world's second-largest oil exporter?
How many times more?
What country was the world's second-largest oil exporter?
What released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices?
Why did OPEC raise the price of oil in 1973?
When did OPEC raise the price of oil?
How long did the embargo last?
How much money did Nixon ask Congress to appropriate for emergency aid to Israel?
Why did OPEC raise the price of oil?
How much money did Saudi Arabia spend to spread Wahhabism?
What violent Sunni extremist groups did al-Haramain Foundation distribute funds to?
Where did arms purchases exacerbate political tensions?
What was the cause of the lower oil prices and lower prices for export commodities?
What is Saudi Arabia's fundamentalist interpretation of Islam called?
What has been held responsible for recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth?
The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with what country was of more concern to the US than oil?
Prior to what year was there a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties?
Interest groups and government agencies were no match for who?
What had a negative influence on the US economy?
What industry was affected by price increases?
What consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts?
The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies, even in what rugged terrain?
How long does it usually take to find oil and develop new fields?
Which member of the EEC faced a complete embargo?
The UK and France refused to allow which country to use their airfields?
What country refused to allow the US to use their airfields?
Who did the UK and France embargo arms and supplies to?
Who was the successor to George W. Bush that reversed this policy in 1970?
What country faced an oil crisis of its own?
What was a major factor in the change of government?
When did coal miners and railroad workers strike?
Along with the UK, Italy, Switzerland and Norway, what country banned flying, driving and boating on Sundays?
What country rationed gasoline and heating oil?
What exacerbated the crisis in the US?
Why did the system allow newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price?
What exacerbated the crisis in the US?
How was scarcity addressed?
Who was the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office?
When was William E. Simon appointed Administrator of the Federal Energy Office?
What was the purpose of the Federal Energy Office?
When did the American Automobile Association report that 20% of American gasoline stations had no fuel?
What was the national maximum speed limit in 1974?
What act imposed a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph?
Who signed the National Highway Designation Act?
When did Bill Clinton sign the National Highway Designation Act?
In what year was the Department of Energy created?
What led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels?
What do critics say the US energy policies ignore?
Who has repeatedly backed policies that promise solutions that are politically expedient but whose prospects are doubtful?
What country briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in 1973?
Who ordered a British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions?
How long did intelligence warn the American occupation would need to last?
Who would be alienated by the US occupation?
What country was the most dependent on Arab oil?
What percentage of Saudi Arabia's imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970?
What was the amount of the production cut?
When did Japan issue a statement asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories?
By what date was Japan considered an Arab-friendly state?
What was one sign of insecurity in the region?
Which two countries became increasingly dependent on American security assurances?
Along with Iran, what country became increasingly dependent on American security assurances?
When did the Shah lose control of Iran?
When was the Grand Mosque in Mecca taken over by Wahhabi extremists?
The crisis reduced the demand for what?
What were the Toyota Corona, Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210, the Honda Civic, and Subaru DL?
Four cylinder engines were more fuel efficient than what American engines?
Where did the Toyota Corona come from?
When did Honda, Toyota and Nissan open US assembly plants?
What was the name of the larger car introduced by Toyota and Nissan?
Along with air conditioning, AM-FM radios, power windows and central locking, what other feature did the Datsun 810 have?
Along with Acura and Infiniti, what luxury division did Honda, Toyota and Nissan open in the US?
Along with the Datsun Truck, what was a compact truck introduced?
What did Mitsubishi rebrand its Forte as?
Mazda, Mitsubishi, and Isuzu had joint partnerships with what companies?
What policy did the American makers end?
What forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales?
By the late 1970s, how many passengers could be fit in a four-cylinder engine?
In what year did the average American vehicle move 17.4 miles per gallon?
What is another name for the Mercury Marquis?
What is an example of a low-priced full-size model that did not recover?
By what year had virtually all "full-size" American cars shrunk?
What model year did Chrysler end production of their full-sized luxury sedans?
What compact was a prelude to the DOT "downsize" revision?
When was OPEC's production surpassed by other countries?
During what decade did the world price of oil decrease?
What is Saudi Arabia trying to do by increasing production?
What was the peak price of oil in 1979?
What was the name of the project that put the first Americans into space?
Who carried out the Apollo program?
When was the first manned flight of Apollo?
During whose presidency was he conceived?
How many people were involved in Project Gemini?
When did the Apollo program run?
What was the name of the two-man program that ran concurrently with Apollo from 1962 to 1966?
The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was a joint Earth orbit mission with what country?
What was the name of the space station that supported three manned missions in 1973-74?
In what year did the Apollo 1 crew die in a cabin fire?
When did the Apollo 1 crew die?
What forced the cancellation of three of these events?
How many of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings?
What prevented the Apollo 13 landing?
What was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body?
Which mission marked the sixth Moon landing?
How much did the program return in pounds?
What areas of technology were influenced by Apollo?
How many astronauts could the Mercury capsule hold?
How many astronauts could the Apollo capsule carry?
Who named the program after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun?
What is one possible mission for the International Space Station?
When was the Apollo program conceived?
In what year was the Apollo program announced?
Who led NASA's in-house spacecraft design studies?
How many study contracts were awarded?
Who announced the Apollo program in 1960?
Who was elected president in 1960?
Who did Kennedy promise American superiority over in the fields of space exploration and missile defense?
What was the main reason that Kennedy was put off by the Moon landing?
Who was Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator?
Up until 1960, Kennedy had been speaking out against what?
Who was the first person to fly in space?
Who did America fear being left behind in a technological competition with?
How long after Gagarin's flight was the meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics?
What did Kennedy do about America's response to the Soviets?
On what date did Kennedy send a memo to Johnson asking him to look into the status of America's space program?
Who was the Vice President that Kennedy sent a memo to?
How long after Johnson's statement did he respond?
What did Johnson say about the United States' ability to be a leader?
Who was responsible for managing the Apollo program?
Where did Robert R. Gilruth direct the nation's manned space program?
Where was the site chosen for the conversion?
Who donated the land for the conversion?
Where is the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station located?
Where was the land acquisition for the Launch Operations Center located?
Who was a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team?
Debus was the LOC's first what?
On whose behalf was 'Kennedy' filmed?
At least how many pads were planned?
Gemini and what other spacecraft were received in the Operations and Checkout Building?
The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to what?
How big was the Vertical Assembly Building?
Who did Administrator Webb recruit for a high management job?
When was Mueller appointed as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight?
Who did Mueller replace as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight?
Who is considered for a high management job?
What industry experience did Mueller have?
Where did Mueller find skilled managers?
Who did Mueller recruit to be the OMSF program controller?
How long did Phillips manage Apollo?
What was the condition of loaning Phillips to NASA?
What did many engineers fear would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit?
In what year was direct ascent generally the mission mode in favor at NASA?
Who did Houbolt send a series of memos and reports to?
Who headed the ad-hoc committee that recommended a launch vehicle to be used in the Apollo program?
When was the ad-hoc committee established?
What organization was Joseph Shea a member of?
Who became a champion of LOR?
What does MSFC stand for?
Who was Kennedy's science advisor?
Who did Kennedy hire to chair his own "Space Vehicle Panel"?
Who reached an internal agreement?
When was the official announcement of the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR made public?
Who made the disagreement public during a visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center?
What did Wiesner say in front of the press?
What does LEM stand for?
What company was selected as the LEM contractor by NASA in 1962?
What did the LOR method allow the lander to do in the event of a failure of the command ship?
On what space mission did an oxygen tank explosion leave the command ship without power?
What did the Lunar Module provide to get the crew home safely?
In what year did the MSC study conclude "The LM"?
What shape was Maxime Faget's command module?
What does CSM stand for?
How many men would the Lunar Excursion Module take to the lunar surface?
How many astronauts could the Command Module (CM) carry?
The CM was designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to Earth via what type of landing?
Its exterior was covered with what?
What was carried to slow the descent to splashdown?
What was the approximate weight of the module?
What supported the Command Module?
What was used for long distance communications on the lunar flights?
What happened to the Service Module just before re-entry?
How much did the initial lunar flight version weigh?
What was carried on the extended lunar missions?
Who won the contract to build the CSM?
How much thrust was required for translunar flight?
When was a program definition study conducted?
North American Aviation won the contract to build the second stage of what launch vehicle?
How many astronauts did the Lunar Module land on the Moon?
Was the Ariane 5 designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth?
What was the weight of the initial LM model?
An Extended Lunar Module allowed surface stays of over how many days?
Who started work on plans for large launch vehicles before the Apollo program?
Von Braun was transferred from what military branch to NASA?
When was the decision made to use lunar orbit rendezvous?
What were the first four Saturn I test flights carrying?
Between what years were five boilerplate CSMs launched?
What satellites supported the Apollo program?
What did the Pegasus satellites measure?
What was an upgraded version of the Saturn I?
How much thrust was produced by the second stage of the Saturn IB?
A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as what stage of the Saturn V?
How many pounds could the Saturn IB send into low Earth orbit?
What vehicle was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon?
What was the diameter of the spacecraft?
How many stages did the Saturn V have?
What did the second and third stages burn?
The Apollo astronauts were chosen from veterans of which two Projects?
What was commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans?
Who was the first NASA scientist to fly in space?
What was the name of the last mission that Harrison Schmitt landed on the Moon?
On what mission did Harrison Schmitt land on the Moon?
How many astronauts received the Distinguished Service Medal?
What is the highest honor given by NASA to its astronauts?
When were the medals given to Grissom, White, and Chaffee?
Why were the Apollo 7 crew awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal?
From what mission did the crews receive the medals?
In what year were two Block I CSMs launched from LC-34?
What was the altitude of the AS-201?
How far downrange was AS-202?
These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module.
What type of test flight was AS-206?
What was designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity?
What was replaced with a clear "fishbowl" type?
What did the lunar surface EVA suit include?
The Block II crew positions were titled Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and what?
Who was the Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs?
What type of astronaut was Deke Slayton?
In what year was the first Apollo crew selected?
Who was the first Apollo crew pilot?
Wally Schira, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced as the prime crew for what?
What happened to the AS-205 mission in 1966?
When was the AS-205/208 mission planned for?
What was the Saturn IB redesignated as?
Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham were reassigned as what?
Who led the "tiger team" to investigate North American's problems?
What was the name of the team that investigated North American's problems?
When was the Lunar Module supposed to be ready for manned flight?
Who was the Manned Space Flight Administrator in 1965?
In what chamber at the Kennedy Space Center did the Russians test their spacecraft?
Who decided to name their flight Apollo 1?
What would a "plugs-out" test simulate on LC-34?
Where did they train and conduct tests of their spacecraft?
What caused the crew to delay sealing the hatch?
When did the plugs-out test begin?
What was the cause of the fire in the cabin?
What happened to the astronauts before the hatch could be opened?
What type of atmosphere caused the fire to spread quickly?
Who oversees the accident review board?
The review board concluded that what existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control?
Who replaced Joseph Francis Shea?
When did NASA convene an accident review board?
What was used instead of pure oxygen?
What was removed to remedy the causes of the fire?
What did the Block II design call for replacing the plug-type hatch cover with?
What happened to the manned Block I program?
What type of space suits would crew members wear?
What did Mueller approve in September 1967?
What had to be accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing?
What was used instead of numbers?
What was the code for Apollo 4?
What part of the Command Module can survive a trans-lunar reentry?
When was Apollo 6 launched?
What test did NASA cancel?
What was the name of the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit?
Where was Apollo 5 launched from?
Who wanted a second unmanned test?
What happened to the LM engines after they were fully test-fired and restarted?
What is it called when the ascent engine is fired in abort mode?
What was the original plan to launch the Apollo 8 mission on two Saturn IBs?
What was the name of the spacecraft that sent animals around the moon?
On what day did William Anders transmit television pictures of the lunar surface?
What did ASPO Manager George Low suggest that Apollo 8 do instead of orbiting Earth?
What type of cosmonauts did the Soviet Union hope to send back to the Moon?
What type of crew did Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin belong to?
When was the Apollo 11 G mission accomplished?
What did the spacecraft continuously send back to Earth?
Who was on the Apollo 11 crew for the G mission?
When did the astronauts return safely?
Where did Pete Conrad and Alan L. Bean land in 1969?
What was the name of the unmanned lunar probe that landed on the Ocean of Storms?
What did they do with the parts they removed from the Surveyor?
The first lunar surface color television camera was damaged when it was accidentally pointed into what?
What would be carried on these missions?
What was revised for the extended missions?
How many more planned landing sites did NASA publicize?
How long would the CMP stay on the Moon?
NASA plans to increase what of the CSM and LM for the last five missions?
What caused the crew to use the LM as a "life boat" to return to Earth?
After the first two landings, who crewed the remaining missions?
What happened to Apollo in 1970?
What liquid exploded on the way to the Service Module?
When did Apollo 13 launch Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise?
What was eliminated by using an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory?
What happened to NASA's budget after the successful landing?
What did the two unused Saturn Vs become at the John F. Kennedy Space Center?
In what year was the decision made to cancel missions 18 and 19?
How old are the rocks collected from the Moon compared to rocks found on Earth?
How old are samples from the highlands crust?
What is the name of the geochemical component discovered?
What is the name of the important rock found during the Apollo Program?
Many samples appear to be pitted with what?
Almost all of the rocks show evidence of what?
What is impact melt?
What was the Apollo program estimated to cost in 2005 dollars?
How many Saturn V rockets were purchased?
What was the estimated cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973?
What is another name for the Apollo Extension Series?
What was the name of the larger orbital workshop that was built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage?
The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for which planet?
When was Skylab launched?
Where was Skylab constructed?
When did Skylab's last crew leave?
What was the Skylab equipped with?
What was the name of the NASA robot that photographed the lunar surface?
Which of the U.S. flags was blown over during lift-off and return to the Command Module?
What is the degree to which the U.S. flags still retain their original colors?
Which spacecraft sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth?
The crew of Apollo 8 read from the creation story in what book?
How much of the world's population saw the Christmas Eve transmission?
The mission and Christmas provided what to 1968?
What camera recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV?
What was the compatibility of the Apollo TV camera with broadcast TV?
What prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration?
What did NASA record over the magnetic tapes?
Who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera?
Who compiled the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11?
How was the video processed?
The images were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive, and what made at Johnson Space Center?
Who did Nafzger assign the surviving original lunar broadcast data to for restoration?
The restored video remains in what color?
What are the three sources of European Union law?
What is European Union law?
What are the main sources of primary law?
What are two secondary sources that are based on the Treaties?
Who composes the legislature of the European Union?
What is European Union law?
Regulations and Directives have what effect on the laws of European Union member states?
What are the three sources of European Union law?
Who composes the legislature of the European Union?
What are the three sources of European Union law?
What are the main sources of primary law?
Who composes the legislature of the European Union?
How many sources of European Union law are there?
Who applies European Union law?
Who applies European Union law?
Under what treaty can the European Commission take proceedings against a member state?
What is the highest court able to interpret European Union law?
Along with general principles of European Union law, what is another source of supplemental sources of European Union law?
Who applies European Union law?
Under what treaty can the European Commission take proceedings against a member state?
What is the highest court able to interpret European Union law?
Along with general principles of European Union law, what is another source of supplemental sources of European Union law?
Who applies European Union law?
Who applies European Union law?
What is the highest court able to interpret European Union law?
What are some sources of European Union law?
What are the EU's primary constitutional sources?
Who has the initiative to propose legislation?
Who elects the European Parliament?
What is the supreme judicial body that interprets EU law?
What is composed of the Prime Ministers or executive Presidents of the member states?
What is one of the core treaties of the EU?
What is an example of a region that the TEU excludes from the jurisdiction of European Union law?
Can the Court of Justice of the European Union rule on the validity of the Treaties?
When can individuals rely on primary law in the Court of Justice of the European Union?
When do treaties apply?
What are the "core" treaties of the EU?
What are two examples of territories where a member state is responsible for external relations?
When do treaties come into force?
What can the Court of Justice of the European Union do?
When did the principal Treaties that form the European Union begin?
Which treaties established more formal institutions for the European Union?
When did Spain and Portugal join the EU?
When did the UK, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway sign accession treaties?
Which country signed a treaty in 1985 giving it special status?
What were the first principal Treaties that form the European Union?
When was the Maastricht Treaty signed?
When was the Single European Act signed?
In what year did the UK, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway sign accession treaties?
When did Spain and Portugal join the EU?
When was there an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union?
What two referendums resulted in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe not coming into force?
What was the substance of the treaty to the proposed constitutional treaty?
What type of treaty was it?
What did the treaty do to existing treaties?
What happened after the Nice Treaty?
What was the goal of reforming the constitution of the European Union?
Why did the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never come into force?
What was the name of the treaty that was enacted?
What is the main executive body of the European Union?
Who should promote the general interest of the Union?
Who sets the agenda for the EU's work?
How many commissioners are there in the EU?
Who is the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy?
Which article of the Treaty on European Union states that Commissioners should be completely independent?
Who sets the agenda for the EU's work?
What is the most common way to adopt a treaty?
Which country refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007?
Who is required to be completely independent according to Article 17(3) of the Treaty on European Union?
What commission was censured by Parliament in 1999?
What did the European Court of Justice hold about a Commissioner giving her dentist a job for which he was clearly unqualified?
Who found that few Commissioners had 'even the slightest sense of responsibility'?
Who appoints its board?
Do the President of the Council and a Commissioner have voting rights at ECB meetings?
When was the Santer Commission censured?
Which case resulted in the European Court of Justice holding that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did not break any law?
Who found that few Commissioners had 'even the slightest sense of responsibility'?
What was the name of the European Anti-fraud Office?
In what year was John Dalli investigated?
Who has powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process?
Why are equality and democracy deficient?
How often are European Parliament elections held?
What majority is needed to censure the entire Commission?
No member can actually or pass legislation without who?
Who has a monopoly on initiating legislation?
Who has powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process?
When were the first direct elections held?
How often are European Parliament elections held?
What is the largest political party in the European Parliament?
What is the Council composed of?
Who is the current President of the European Parliament?
How is voting weighted to member state size?
How many votes are there in total?
How many votes are there in the EU?
What is the name of the second main legislative body?
How often does it meet?
How many votes are there in total?
What does TEU article 16(4) and TFEU article 238(3) define this to mean?
What must the Parliament vote by to block or suggest changes?
What must the Council vote by to approve changes?
Is it easier or harder to change EU law?
What articles state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred?
Which court in the EU believes it has the final say?
What defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies to most EU acts?
What does this mean?
What articles state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred?
Where the different institutions cannot agree at any stage, what is convened?
Which branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law?
What is the main judicial body?
How many judges are there in the European Union?
Where is most EU law applied?
What is the CJEU's duty?
How has the judicial branch played an important role in the development of EU law?
What is the main judicial body?
What tribunal deals with EU staff issues?
How many years is a president elected for?
What is the CJEU's duty?
If a provision of national law conflicts with EU law, what has primacy?
Why did the Italian Constitutional Court rule Costa didn't have a claim?
Simmenthal SpA claimed that a public health inspection fee under an Italian law of 1970 was contrary to two Regulations from what years?
Who has had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems?
When was the first major case of Costa v ENEL?
What is the name of the highest court in the EU?
All member states recognise that what takes primacy over national law?
What does the Court of Justice not have final say on?
When was the European Communities Act enacted?
What does this suggest the legitimacy of the EU rests on?
What is the view of the German Constitutional Court from the Solange I and Solange II decisions?
What binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law?
In what year were citizens or corporations said to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties?
What actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review?
What concerns the European Union's governance structure?
In what case was it held that the provisions of the Treaties are directly effective if they are clear and unambiguous?
What article did Van Gend en Loos claim prevented Dutch Customs from charging tariffs?
What is Van Gend en Loos?
EU Regulations are the same as what in this sense?
What does not generally give citizens standing to sue other citizens?
The Working Time Directive requires that every worker has at least how many paid holidays each year?
Most member states require more than what in national law?
When did three Advocate Generals argue that Directives should create rights and duties for all citizens?
What happens if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met?
What can a citizen or company invoke a Directive in a dispute with another citizen or company?
How long did Kücükdeveci work for Swedex?
Who was Foster entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against?
What did British Gas plc make women retire at age 60 and men at 65?
Who has a duty to interpret domestic law?
What does article 11 of the First Company Law Directive require?
What did the Italian government do in Francovich v Italy?
How much was Francovich allowed to claim from the Italian government?
Who developed the principles of European Union law?
What are accepted general principles of European Union Law?
How long has proportionality been recognised by the European Court of Justice?
Where is the principle of proportionality recognized in the EC Treaty?
What must be adopted when there is a choice between several appropriate measures?
How long has the concept of legal certainty been recognised by the European Court of Justice?
It is an important general principle of what?
The adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have what?
Where does the doctrine of legitimate expectation have its roots?
Where does the European Court of Justice draw inspiration?
The European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with what?
How many of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights?
Who was the only concern at the time of the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights?
When was the European Convention on Human Rights established?
What court was established to prevent member states from violating human rights?
When did the European Council set up a body tasked with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights?
When was the Lisbon Treaty adopted?
The 2007 Lisbon Treaty recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in what document?
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of what?
Who enforces the Charter?
The Social Chapter is a chapter of what treaty?
When was the Social Chapter added to the Treaty of Amsterdam?
When was the basis for the Social Chapter developed?
How many general principles does the Social Charter declare?
How many pieces of legislation were based on the Social Charter?
How many member states adopted the Social Charter?
Which country refused to sign the Social Charter?
What was the Social Charter included as in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty?
When was the Social Charter included as the "Social Chapter" of the Maastricht Treaty?
What led to the UK formally subscribing to the Agreement on Social Policy?
In what year was the UK Labour Party elected to government?
What required workforce consultation in businesses?
When was the Parental Leave Directive adopted?
What did the 1994 Works Council Directive require?
What countries signed the ECSC agreement?
When was the ECSC agreement signed?
Article 65 of the agreement banned what?
What article made provisions for concentrations, or mergers?
When were competition rules included in the Treaty of Rome?
What article of the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements?
What does Article 102 prohibit?
Which articles provide that member state's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed?
What article prohibits price discrimination and exclusive dealing?
When was the concept of a social market economy introduced into EU law?
Free movement and trade were central to European development since what year?
Breaking down barriers to trade is meant to reduce what?
What type of area had a tendency to give way to a customs union?
Who has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being?
How is free movement of goods within the European Union achieved?
Who was discriminated against?
What can states be responsible for?
In what case were French farmer vigilantes sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries?
What did Austria fail to ban?
What was the minimum alcohol content of all spirits and liqueurs?
Where did Rewe-Zennore AG want to import Cassis de Dijon?
When was the case Commission v Italy?
All Italian chocolate was made from what?
In Commission v Italy, what did the Court of Justice rule infringed article 34?
Which two importers claimed that their prosecution under a French competition law was unlawful?
What was the aim of the law?
In what case did the Court of Justice review Swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12?
What is the name of the directive that harmonises restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising?
What do the Treaties seek to do?
Who originally focused upon free movement of workers?
Free movement was increasingly based on what?
In what case did a German man claim the right to reside in the Netherlands?
How long was Mr Steymann entitled to stay?
What are the main provisions of the Free Movement of Workers Regulation?
Who claimed he should be able to transfer from R.F.C. de Liège to USL Dunkerque?
In Groener v Minister for Education, the Court of Justice accepted that a requirement to speak what language to teach in a Dublin design college could be justified?
In what case did the Court of Justice rule that a Dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to Belgium?
How many hours a week did the Dutch woman in Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen work in Germany?
What has been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice?
What has increased as a result of Citizenship of the EU?
In what case did the Court rule that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students?
The Court has required that what should be more access?
What protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49?
How would the requirements to be registered in Milan before being able to practice be allowed?
In what case did the Court of Justice rule that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he lacked Belgian nationality was unjustified?
What article in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union protects the freedom of establishment?
In what case did the Court of Justice rule that a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction?
In what year was a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire?
What is a crime in Spain?
When did the Court of Justice rule that the Commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be?
When was the competence for the Union to do this contested?
Who does the freedom to provide services under TFEU article 56 apply to?
Why was a Dutch lawyer told he couldn't continue advising a client in Belgium?
The Court of Justice reasoned that what was controlled in all member states?
What did the Dutch health authorities consider unnecessary?
What newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK?
What is the minimum amount of capital required to start a company in the UK?
What was the minimum amount of capital required to start a company in Denmark?
What could be justifications for restrictions on freedom of establishment?
In what case did the Court of Justice rule that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany?
What is the Amazon rainforest also known as in English?
How much of the basin is covered by the rainforest?
How many nations are in the Amazon region?
How many countries have "Amazonas" in their names?
How much of the planet's remaining rainforest is in the Amazon
What is the Amazon rainforest called in Dutch?
What is the name of the broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin?
Which country has the majority of the rainforest?
How much of the planet's remaining rainforest is in the Amazon?
How many species of trees are in the Amazon?
What type of forest is the Amazon rainforest?
How many square miles is the Amazon basin?
This region includes territory belonging to how many nations?
Which country has the majority of the rainforest?
How many species of trees are in the Amazon?
What caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
Have climate fluctuations allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics?
What was the size of the rainforest during the Oligocene?
What happened to the rainforest during the last glacial maximum?
What happened to the rainforest during the glacial periods?
What may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread across the continent?
How far south did the rainforest extend from 66-34 Mya?
What has allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics?
During what period did the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band?
What happened during the Middle Miocene?
What event caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
When did the rainforest extend as far south as 45°?
During what period did the Ice Age expand again?
When did it retrace to a mostly inland formation?
How long have climate fluctuations allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics?
What split the drainage basin of the Amazon during the mid-Eocene?
What direction did water flow on the eastern side of the Amazonas Basin?
What is the name of the large basin that enclosed a lake?
When did the accumulating water break through the Purus Arch?
What did the water do when it broke through the Purus Arch?
When is it believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch?
Water on the eastern side flowed toward what?
What direction did water flow to the west across the Amazonas Basin?
Where did water flow to the west toward the Pacific?
What is the name of the lake created by the Andes Mountains?
During what period is it believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch?
What arch split the drainage basin of the Amazon during the mid-Eocene?
Water on the eastern side flowed toward what?
What direction did water flow to the west across the Amazonas Basin?
What is the name of the large basin that enclosed a lake?
What does LGM stand for?
What did sediment deposits from the Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate?
What do some scientists believe happened to the rainforest?
How difficult has this debate been to resolve?
Are both explanations supported by the available data?
How many years ago was the Last Glacial Maximum?
What has caused significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation?
Analyses of what from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin was lower during the LGM?
What is the likely cause of the lower rainfall in the Amazon basin during the LGM?
How many years ago was the Last Glacial Maximum?
Analyses of what from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin was lower during the LGM?
What was reduced in the Amazon basin during the LGM?
Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by what?
Why has this debate proved difficult to resolve?
What satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon?
How much dust is windblown out of the Sahara each year?
How far is the average amount of dust transported by wind over the Atlantic Ocean?
27.7 million tons of dust fall over what basin?
How much dust remains in the air?
What satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon?
How much dust is windblown out of the Sahara each year?
How much dust falls over the Amazon basin?
How much dust remains in the air?
How much dust is windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea?
What satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon?
Who is the name of the organization that has a satellite in space?
How much dust is windblown out of the Sahara each year?
How far is the average amount of dust transported by wind over the Atlantic Ocean?
How much dust falls over the Amazon basin?
What was the name of Betty Meggers' book?
What is the maximum density that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting?
What was it thought was impossible to sustain a large population through?
What type of findings have suggested that the region was densely populated?
How many people lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500?
Why was it thought that the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated?
Who wrote Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise?
What is the maximum density that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting?
What was the name of Betty Meggers' book?
Who wrote Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise?
What was the name of Betty Meggers' book?
What is the maximum density that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting?
How many people lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500?
What was the population in the early 1980s?
Who was the first European to travel the length of the Amazon River?
When did Orellana say a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon?
Smallpox is an example of what?
Since what decade have numerous geoglyphs been discovered on deforested land?
What are the dates of the geoglyphs found on deforested land?
Who was the first European to travel the length of the Amazon River?
When did Francisco de Orellana travel the length of the Amazon River?
What are the dates of the geoglyphs found on deforested land?
Who discovered the geoglyphs?
How long has man been shaping the Amazon rainforest?
What is Terra preta?
How is Terra preta distributed in the Amazon forest?
What did the development of fertile soil allow in the previously hostile environment?
In what tribe were the remains of large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest found?
Who found the remains of the Xingu tribe settlements?
What is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest?
What did the development of fertile soil allow in the previously hostile environment?
In what tribe were the remains of large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest found?
Who found the remains of the Xingu tribe settlements?
What were some of the evidence?
How many insect species are in the region?
How many bird species live in the Amazon?
How many plant species have been scientifically classified in the region?
How many fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams?
How many invertebrate species have been described in Brazil?
How many insect species are in the region?
How many species of birds and mammals are in the region?
How many plant species have been scientifically classified in the region?
How many reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region?
How many bird species live in the Amazon?
What is the size of a quarter square kilometer?
How many tree species are found in a quarter square kilometer of Ecuadorian rainforest?
A study in 1999 found one square kilometer of Amazon rainforest can contain about how many tonnes of living plants?
What is the average plant biomass?
How many species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region?
What is the biodiversity of plant species?
How many tree species are found in a quarter square kilometer of Ecuadorian rainforest?
A study in 1999 found one square kilometer of Amazon rainforest can contain about how many tonnes of living plants?
What is the average plant biomass per hectare?
How many species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region?
What can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill?
What is one of the largest predatory creatures?
What type of fish is known to bite and injure humans?
What do poison dart frogs secrete through their flesh?
What type of bat can spread the rabies virus?
What is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest areas called?
When was access to the forest's interior highly restricted?
What farming method was used in the 1960s?
Why were the colonists unable to manage their fields and crops?
Are areas cleared of forest visible from outer space?
How many square kilometers of forest was lost in the Amazon between 1991 and 2000?
How many square kilometers of forest was lost in the Amazon between 1991 and 2000?
What did most of the lost forest become?
What is Brazil's position as a global producer of soybeans?
What percentage of deforested land in the Amazon has been used for livestock pasture?
The needs of who have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon?
What did the first two highways lead to?
How many square miles of land was deforested from 2000 to 2005?
What happened to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014?
How much higher was the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005?
What are environmentalists concerned about?
What is the cause of loss of biodiversity?
What could accelerate global warming?
Amazonian forests account for what percentage of the carbon stores in ecosystems?
How much carbon is stored in Amazonian forests?
One computer model of future climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions shows that the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of what?
What is one computer model of future climate change caused by?
By what year could the Amazon rainforest be unsustainable?
The result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened through what century?
What two things could threaten the rainforest in the 21st century?
What continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide?
Along with ethno-biology, what conservation efforts have gained attention?
What destroys indigenous territories?
Which indigenous people continue to struggle for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories?
The relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of what peoples has gained increased attention?
What technology is being used by Amazon tribes to protect their tribal lands?
What tribe uses Google Earth to map out ancestral lands?
Where does the Trio Tribe live?
Why do the Trio Tribe map out their ancestral lands?
Why are the indigenous tribes of the Amazon using remote sensing?
What is crucial to accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions?
The classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial to map what?
Who organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories?
When did Tatiana Kuplich organize the trees of the Amazon into four categories?
What did the researcher use to accurately place the different portions of the Amazon into one of four classifications?
In what year did parts of the Amazon experience the worst drought in one hundred years?
What is the name of the organization that argues that the rainforest is at a "tipping point"?
What is pushing the rainforest towards a tipping point?
The report concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into what?
Whose results showed that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought?
In what year did the Amazon experience another severe drought?
How many square miles of rainforest is the affected region?
How many epicenters did the 2010 drought have?
What was the most severe drought in the Amazon rainforest in 2005?
In a typical year, how much carbon dioxide does the Amazon absorb?
What are ctenophora commonly known as?
Where do ctenophora live?
How big are adult cnidarians?
What is ctenophora?
What are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia?
What do ctenophores and cnidarians rely on for digestion and respiration?
What is the maximum size of an adult?
What are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia?
What are ctenophora commonly known as?
What is the maximum size of an adult?
What do ctenophores and cnidarians rely on for digestion and respiration?
What Greek words are used to describe ctenophora?
Where do ctenophora live?
How much can ctenophores eat in a day?
How many species have been validated?
How many species have not been fully described and named?
How many species have been validated?
What are cydippids' retractable tentacles fringed with?
How much can ctenophores eat in a day?
What do cydippids have a pair of?
What are the mouths of coastal beroids armed with?
How much can ctenophores eat in a day?
What are cydippids' retractable tentacles fringed with?
What are the mouths of coastal beroids armed with?
What are the sticky cells that capture prey on cydippids called?
How many species have been validated?
What is it called when a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm?
What do most planktonic young look like?
Are juveniles capable of reproduction before reaching adult size?
What is a hermaphrodite?
What does a simultaneous hermaphrodite do?
What type of hermaphrodites have eggs and sperm that mature at different times?
What type of eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch?
What combination enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate?
What is a hermaphrodite?
What is a simultaneous hermaphrodite?
What happens in a sequential hermaphrodite?
What type of eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch?
Whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles?
Where was Mnemiopsis accidentally introduced?
What ctenophore was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea?
What two factors aggravated the situation of the Mnemiopsis?
What does Beroe prey on?
What ctenophore was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea?
What did Mnemiopsis eat that caused fish stocks to collapse?
Where do ctenophores occur in high numbers?
Where do ctenophores occur in high numbers?
What is phytoplankton?
What ctenophore was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea?
What is Mnemiopsis blamed for in the Black Sea?
What helped mitigate the problem?
How long ago did the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event occur?
Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the "cydippids" are not what?
How long ago was the early Cambrian?
What are fossils thought to represent ctenophores missing?
How long ago was the early Cambrian?
What event occurred 66 million years ago?
Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the "cydippids" are not what?
What are fossils thought to represent ctenophores missing?
Jellyfish, sea anemones, etc. are about as complex as what?
How are ctenophores distinguished from all other animals?
Ctenophores are less complex than what other animal phylum?
What form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges?
What are sticky and adhere to prey in ctenophores?
Jellyfish, sea anemones, etc. are about as complex as what?
What are sticky and adhere to prey in ctenophores?
What are sticky and adhere to prey in ctenophores?
What two types of sponges have cells bound by inter-cell connections?
Ctenophores are less complex than what other animal phylum?
What is the middle layer of jelly-like material in ctenophores called?
What are ctenophores and cnidarians traditionally labelled?
What animals have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material?
Along with cnidarians and ctenophores, what other animal has two main layers of cells?
What do ctenophores use as their main method of locomotion?
What do ctenophores use hairs for?
What are comb-like bands of cilia called?
What does ctenophora mean?
Along with Beroe and Mnemiopsis, what is the other coastal genera?
What type of species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study?
What do coastal species need to be tough enough for?
What are the three coastal genera?
The inner surface of the cavity is lined with what?
What do photocytes produce?
What is another name for a throat?
What does the internal cavity form?
What are the most active parts of the animal?
What are the comb rows used for swimming called?
What are "combs" also called?
What is the extra compact filament suspected to have?
Where do ctenophores usually swim?
How long are the cilia in the combs?
Experiments have shown that some species rely on what to adapt to water of different densities?
The ciliary rosettes in the body cavity pump less dense brackish water into what?
What do the ciliary rosettes pump into the mesoglea to do?
What can the rosettes do to reduce the volume of the mesoglea?
What is the largest single sensory feature?
Where is the aboral organ located?
How is the statocyst protected?
What is the main component of a balance sensor?
What is a statocyst?
What is another name for Pleurobrachia?
From opposite sides of the body extends what?
What shape do Cydippid ctenophores have?
What are the tentacles housed in?
Where is the mouth on Pleurobrachia?
What are the side branches of cydippid ctenophores called?
What are colloblasts?
How do the tentilla of Euplokamis differ from those of other cydippids?
How many types of movement do Euplokamis' tentilla have?
What are Euplokamis' three types of movement used for?
How many rows of combs run from near the mouth to the opposite end?
Where do the rows of combs run?
How are the rows of combs spaced?
What runs from each balancer in the statocyst?
What are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth?
What are auricles?
How many auricles do many species of lobates have?
What do the water currents in lobates do?
What do lobates feed on?
How do members of the lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis escape danger?
What happens when Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis clap their lobes?
What are the movements of lobates' combs coordinated by?
What are lobates' movements coordinated by?
What are the Beroida also known as?
What is another name for Nuda?
What does the pair of strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall do?
What do the strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall do?
What part of the Beroida's body bears "macrocilia"?
What are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals called?
What is one of the largest ctenophores?
What does Cestida mean?
How do Cestids swim?
What can move much faster in a "darting motion"?
What is on the aboral surface of most Platyctenida?
What do they do by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot"?
What do most platyctenid species lack?
Where do Platyctenids live?
How are eggs and sperm released?
How do platyctenids fertilize?
Self-fertilization has occasionally been seen in species of what genus?
Where are the gonads located?
In most species, how is fertilization done?
What do juveniles of the genus Beroe lack?
Where do platyctenid juveniles live?
When do platyctenids attain the adult form?
How do juvenile platyctenids behave?
In what genus do juveniles lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths?
What happens when some species are disturbed?
When do some species produce secretions that luminesce at the same wavelengths as their bodies?
What are the secretions of Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera?
Do juveniles or adults luminesce more?
Are all ctenophores predators?
Members of the genus Haeckelia prey on what?
How do Haeckelia prey on jellyfish?
What does Bolinopsis feed on?
What is the name of the two-tentacled "cydippid" that feeds exclusively on salps?
Why were ctenophores regarded as dead ends in marine food chains?
Oncorhynchus keta is an investigation of what fish?
What is it often difficult to identify the remains of in the guts of possible predators?
In what body of water have herbivorous fish been observed feeding on gelatinous zooplankton?
Some jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of what?
What was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov?
How was the Western Atlantic ctenophore accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov?
How were Mnemiopsis populations brought under control?
When was the Western Atlantic ctenophore introduced?
What effect did the cooling of the climate have on the Mnemiopsis?
Why are ctenophores extremely rare as fossils?
The Ediacaran Eoandromeda could represent what?
What period was the Burgess Shale found in?
How many additional species were found in the Burgess Shale?
Did all three species have tentacles?
How long ago was Stromatoveris fossilized?
What is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period?
What is the name of the sessile frond-like fossil from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte?
What is Stromatoveris similar to?
Vendobionta was from what period?
Several recent studies have supported ctenophores as the sister lineage to what?
What is an example of a major animal lineage?
What modern ctenophores do not have cydippid-like larvae?
What did Richard Harbison conclude about the cydippids in 1985?
When was the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event?
Who concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic?
What is the county seat of Fresno County?
How far is it northwest of Los Angeles?
What does the name Fresno mean in Spanish?
What is featured on the city's flag?
What is the abbreviation for Fresno?
In what year did the Central Pacific Railroad establish a station near Easterby's?
Why did Millerton residents move to the new community?
When did Fresno become an incorporated city?
How many streetcars did the Fresno Traction Company operate in 1931?
What grew the town of Fresno Station?
What percentage of Fresno's population was Asian in 1940?
Along with Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy and Little Italy, what was one of Fresno's ethnic neighborhoods before World War II?
Where was the Pinedale Assembly Center located?
What was the Pinedale Assembly Center?
What was the Fresno Fairgrounds used for?
What was the name of the new product Bank of America launched in 1958?
What was the name of the new product Bank of America launched in 1958?
What did the BankAmericard allow cardholders to do?
In what year was BankAmericard spun off?
What is the name of the company that BankAmericard was spun off into?
Who wrote the song "Walking Into Fresno"?
Who recorded the song "Walking Into Fresno"?
Where did Aken grow up?
Where did Aken make his first TV appearance?
Who adopted Aken?
How many large public parks does Fresno have?
Where is the Fresno Chaffee Zoo?
What is the largest of the Fresno region's park system?
What is the name of the Japanese garden in Woodward Park?
What is the largest of the Fresno region's park system?
When did Downtown Fresno flourish?
What was the original name of the Fresno Carnegie Public Library?
What is the current name of the Grand 1401?
What hotel burned down in Fresno?
When was Fulton Street converted into a pedestrian mall?
What was the area containing the densest collection of historic buildings in Fresno renamed?
Who is the only public art piece in the world that one can walk up and touch?
Where will the public art pieces be placed?
What will the public art pieces feature?
Where is Sunnyside located?
What are two of the city's major thoroughfares?
During what time period was the area developed?
What neighborhood is on Fresno's far southeast side?
Who designed the Sunnyside Country Club's golf course?
What is included on the National List of Historic Places?
When was the theater built?
The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark, what is it?
What was the original name of the Fresno Normal School?
How far is Fresno City College from the Tower District?
When did the Tower Theatre re-open?
What type of movies were shown at the Tower Theatre?
When did Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players open?
Where is Audra McDonald from?
What roles did Audra McDonald play while she was a high school student?
Along with nightclubs, restaurants and nightclubs, what type of entertainment is available in the neighborhood?
How close are the independent shops and bookstores to each other?
What has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses?
What has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses?
What has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses?
What is the area known for?
Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler designed what type of houses?
What does the residential architecture of the Tower District do with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl?
When have many of the homes in the area been restored?
What is the name of the road that is home to many large, stately homes?
Who mapped the Alta Vista Tract?
In what year did developers Billings & Meyering acquire the tract?
How many homes were in the tract?
Who provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County Hospital?
What is another name for the "West Side" of Fresno?
Where does the neighborhood lie in relation to the 99 freeway?
The neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of Fresno's what community?
What are the principal Asian-American populations?
What is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Fresno?
Who is Kearney Boulevard named after?
What is Kearney Boulevard lined with?
Between what two streets is Kearney Boulevard?
What section of Fresno was given the name by the Fresno City Council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood's image?
What was the "Dogg Pound"?
When were public housing developments built in the neighborhood?
On which corner of the neighborhood was a modern shopping center constructed?
What two companies have large processing facilities in the neighborhood?
On what side of Fresno is the Fresno Chandler Executive Airport located?
How much retail activity does the neighborhood have?
Who founded Woodward Park?
How many acres is the park?
How many people can the multi-use amphitheatre seat?
How many miles long will the Lewis S. Eaton trail system be when complete?
When is the park open?
When was Sierra Sky Park Airport formed?
Who created the nation's first planned aviation community?
What is the name of the airport community?
Along with personal aircraft, what is allowed to share roads at Sierra Sky Park Airport?
Where is Sierra Sky Park located?
What are the summers like in Fresno?
Which month is the warmest?
What is the average annual precipitation?
Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from what direction?
When is there an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics?
What is the official record high temperature for Fresno?
When was the record low temperature for Fresno?
In what year did the most rain fall in one month?
What was the heaviest snowfall at the airport?
What was the most rainfall in 24 hours on November 18, 1885?
What was Fresno's population in 2010?
What percentage of Fresno's population is white?
How many Native Americans are there?
What percentage of the population were non-Hispanic Whites in 2010?
What was the population density per square mile?
How many households had children under the age of 18 living in them?
What percentage of households had a female householder with no husband present?
How many same-sex married couples or partnerships were there?
What was the average family size?
What was the average household size?
How many people lived in New York City in 2000?
How many housing units were there?
What percentage of the city is Black or African American?
Hmong make up how much of the racial makeup of the city?
What was the population density?
Why did the FCC decide Fresno would only have UHF stations?
What was the name of the first Fresno television station?
When did KMJ-TV debut?
What is KMJ now known as?
What is the name of the CBS affiliate in Fresno?
What is the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley?
What is the name of State Route 168?
Which highway comes into Fresno from Atascadero?
From which direction does State Route 180 come?
What is the largest city not directly linked to an interstate highway?
When was the Interstate Highway System created?
What was State Route before Interstate 5 was built?
Why has much discussion been made to upgrade it to interstate standards?
Who provides passenger rail service?
Where is the Santa Fe Railroad Depot located?
Which two railroads have Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines?
What railroad operates the former Southern Pacific branchlines?
In what city is the Santa Fe Railroad Depot located?
What did Paul Baran develop in the late 1950s?
What was the goal of Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching?
What was different about the concept of pre-allocation of network bandwidth?
Who is credited with coining the modern name packet switching?
What did Paul Baran develop in the late 1950s?
What was the goal of Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching?
Who is credited with coining the modern name packet switching?
What is a method that pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session?
What is circuit switching characterized by?
How is packet switching characterized?
What is a method that pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session?
What is circuit switching?
What is circuit switching characterized by?
How is packet switching characterized?
How can packet mode communication be implemented?
How are packets normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes?
What happens in the case of a shared physical medium?
How can packet mode communication be implemented?
How are packets normally forwarded?
What happens in the case of a shared physical medium?
What concept did Baran develop?
What did Baran use the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching to create?
What are the three key ideas of the work?
What is one of the key ideas of the work?
What did Report P-2626 describe?
How are messages delivered?
What concept did Baran develop?
What are the three key ideas of the work?
What did Donald Davies do in 1965?
What did he call it?
What did Packet Switching propose to do?
What did Roger Scantlebury suggest Lawrence Roberts use the Operating System Principles for?
Who developed the same message routing methodology as Baran?
What did he call it?
What did Roger Scantlebury do when he met Lawrence Roberts?
In connectionless mode, what is included in each packet?
How are the packets routed?
How are packets labeled?
What happens at the destination?
What is different for different packets?
What does routing a packet require the node to do?
What do the packets include?
What does connection-oriented transmission require?
What do X.25 and Frame Relay provide?
What has happened to X.25 and Frame Relay?
What has happened to X.25 and Frame Relay?
What is a typical configuration?
When did ARPANET and SITA HLN become operational?
What are the two fundamental differences between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core?
What is a virtual call system?
What is an example of a datagram protocol?
What was AppleTalk?
What features did AppleTalk include?
What did the AppleTalk system do?
What type of system was it?
What was the name of the French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin?
What was the first network to do?
What was the first network to make hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data?
Concepts of this network influenced what?
What is DECnet?
What was the original purpose of DECnet?
What was the original design of OSI-compliant networking protocol?
What was different about DECnet Phase II?
What was the data network based on the voice-phone network designed to connect?
What was GE's computer time-sharing service?
What was Sinback's job?
What did Kemney decide
Why was the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad formed?
When was an interactive host to host connection made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University?
What was added to the network over the next several years?
What was Telenet?
Who founded ARPANET?
What did Larry Roberts want to do with ARPANET?
What were the changes made to the ARPANET technology?
What happened to Telenet after it went public?
What was Tymnet?
What did Tymnet use X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to do?
What are users typically connected via?
What did the private network business allow?
How were private networks connected to the public network?
What were the two types of X.25 networks?
Who developed DATAPAC?
How can a user or host call a host on a foreign network?
What was AUSTPAC?
What was AUSTPAC used for?
How can a permanent X.25 node be connected to the network?
What was Datanet 1?
Did Datanet 1 refer to the network and the connected users via leased lines?
What did Datanet 1 refer to?
What was the cause of the confusion?
What does CSNET stand for?
What was the purpose of ARPANET?
What role did it play in the development of the global internet?
What is Internet2?
Who built the first Internet2 Network?
What was the name of the first Internet2 Network?
What did Internet2 announce in 2006?
What did Internet2 do with Abilene?
What does NSFNET stand for?
What did the NSFNET promote?
What happened to the National Supercomputing Centers?
What does vBNS stand for?
What was the purpose of the Very high-speed Backbone Network Service?
What was the name of the company that operated the network?
By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with what?
What did vBNS do
Where is the Black Death thought to have originated?
Where did Oriental rat fleas live?
How much of Europe's population was the Black Death estimated to have killed?
When did the world population as a whole recover to pre-plague levels?
How long did the plague recur in Europe?
What does enzootic mean?
When were Nestorian graves found?
Along with India, where else could the plague have spread from?
When did the famine begin?
How many Chinese and other Asians died during the 15 years before the plague reached Constantinople?
Who brought the plague to Europe?
Who led the Mongol army during the siege?
What did the army catapult over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants?
Where did the Genoese traders take the plague by ship?
What conditions contributed to the severity of the Black Death?
Where did the disease spread from Italy?
Where did it spread to in 1351?
Where was the plague less common?
From 1348 to 1350, the plague spread east through what two countries?
When was it introduced in Norway?
What was the result of the pandemic in the Middle East?
When did the plague reach Alexandria?
How did the plague reach Alexandria?
What happened to the residents of the city?
Who claimed that the Latin name atra mors first appeared in modern times in 1631?
What is the Latin name for the Black Death?
Who wrote a book on Danish history in 1631?
When was the Black Death first called?
Along with Germany, where did the name spread to?
What did the medical faculty blame for the "great pestilence in the air"?
Who did the medical faculty in Paris send a report to?
What is the most widely accepted theory about the plague?
What is another name for the Miasma theory?
What bacteria is blamed for the outbreak of the Black Death?
Where did teams of scientists visit to investigate the cause of the 19th century plague?
Who was one of the scientists who investigated the 19th century plague?
What was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond?
What was the bubonic plague mechanism dependent on?
Who wrote about the 'Great Pestilence'?
What did Francis Aidan Gasquet think the 'Great Pestilence' was?
In what year was the second edition of the Epidemiology of the Bubonic plague for the Black Death published?
What did he implicate in the process of adopting the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death?
What was the name of the plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE?
What is the mortality rate of the modern bubonic plague?
What is the range of fever during the bubonic plague?
What percentage of those who contract the bubonic plague die within eight days?
What is the mortality rate of pneumonic plague?
What is a symptom of disseminated intravascular coagulation?
When did PLoS Pathogens publish a paper on the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death?
What did the multi-national team do?
How did they assess the presence of DNA/RNA?
Where did they find Y. pestis?
What does the evidence show about Y. pestis?
What is a clade?
What two strains of Y. pestis were found to be ancestral to these clades?
What do these clades suggest about the spread of the plague?
How did the first variant of the plague enter Europe?
When did the first variant of the plague reach England?
What has happened to the results of the Haensch study?
What burial site in England contained genetic evidence from Black Death victims?
What is the possibility of a place that no longer exists?
When was the genome of Y. pestis sequenced?
Who challenged the plague theory in 1970?
What did J. F. D. Shrewsbury note about the 14th-century pandemic?
What did Shrewsbury conclude about contemporary accounts of the plague?
What did Graham Twigg produce in 1984?
Who challenged the theory of the Black Death?
Researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from what period?
Why are researchers hampered?
How much did estimates of the population at the start of the plague vary?
Estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from whom?
When was no census taken in England?
What do sceptics of the bubonic plague theory argue about the rat population?
Transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of what significance?
Why are fleas unable to survive in northern Europe?
Did the Black Death spread faster or slower than modern bubonic plague?
How long did it take for major outbreaks of the Black Death to occur in the same areas?
Twigg suggested that the cause was what?
What did Norman Cantor think the outbreak was caused by?
Along with bubonic plague, what diseases are believed to have contributed to the spread of the pandemic?
What is a septicemic infection?
How many bodies were exhumed from Clerkenwell in 2014?
What is the most widely accepted estimate for the death rate for the Middle East during this time?
How much of Paris's population died?
What does the finding of well-preserved individuals buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves suggest?
What percentage of the population dies in crowded cities?
What areas were less susceptible to contagion?
When did the plague return to Europe and the Mediterranean?
According to Biraben, where was the plague present in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671?
How many people did France lose to the plague?
What did historians do in England in the absence of census figures?
When did the Black Death end?
What percentage of the population was affected by the plague in 1471?
When did the Great Plague of London end?
How many people died of the plague in Paris in 1466?
Where did the Black Death spread to 25 times between 1350 and 1490?
What is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War?
What was the name of the last plague outbreak?
How many times did plague occur in Venice?
How many victims did the plague claim in the first half of the 17th century?
How many people were killed by the plague in 1656?
What effect did the plague of 1649 have on the population of Seville?
What was the Great Northern War?
Where did Europe's last major epidemic occur?
When was plague present in the Islamic world?
How many people did Algiers lose in 1620-21?
How long was plague a major event in Ottoman society?
How much of Baghdad's population has been wiped out by the plague?
From what does an igneous rock crystallize?
Heat and pressure change the mineral content of the rock to give it a characteristic fabric?
What is formed when all three types of rocks are re-melted?
What are the three major types of rock?
What causes a rock to change into a metamorphic rock?
What was the most important discovery made in the 1960s?
What does the Earth's lithosphere include?
What is the name of the upper mantle?
The oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of what?
When was seafloor spreading discovered?
What are mid-ocean ridges explained as?
Arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as what?
What resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes?
Plate tectonics provided a mechanism for whose theory of continental drift?
The theory of plate tectonics combines all of the observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over what?
Seismologists can use the arrival times of what to image the interior of the Earth?
What is on top of the lithosphere?
What is below the crust and lithosphere?
Seismologists have been able to create detailed images of what inside the earth?
What is below the mantle?
What does the second scale show?
What is a very short period with short epochs?
What is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right?
What does Q stand for?
What pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut?
If a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, what must the formations that were not cut be?
What can help determine if a fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault?
If a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of them, then the formations that were cut are what?
What is a similar situation with igneous rocks when found?
These foreign bodies are picked up as what?
What is another term for inclusions?
What states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them?
What material from an older formation is often ripped up and included in a newer layer of sedimentary rocks?
What principle is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks?
Who laid out the principles of succession?
What is the principle of fossilization?
What exists at the same time period throughout the world?
Who wrote the theory of evolution?
When was it possible to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes?
What did geologists use to date sections of rock before fossils?
Isotopic dates made it possible to assign what to rock units?
Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to what?
With isotopic dates, what could absolute dates be applied to?
What can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust?
What is the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice?
What is measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature?
What can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units?
Under what type of compression do rock units shorten and become thicker?
Where can brittle deformation occur?
What is it called when the material in the center of a fold buckles upwards?
What is it called when the material in the center of the fold buckles downwards?
If the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards, what are they called?
What causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner?
What are stretched rocks that can pinch into lenses called?
Where can the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon be seen over a length of less than a meter?
Rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often what?
How is this accomplished?
Planar igneous intrusions are called what?
Where do dikes form in large numbers?
Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of what?
What maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment?
What is often associated with volcanism and igneous activity?
What do the Hawaiian Islands consist almost entirely of?
What is the oldest known rock in the world?
The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continent and the Grand Canyon contain almost-undeformed stacks of what?
The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since what time?
Where is the Acasta gneiss found?
What is petrology?
What is stratigraphy?
What is structural geology?
Along with rivers, landscapes, and glaciers, what do geologists study?
What do petrologists do in the field?
What properties of minerals can be identified with a conoscopic lens?
Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into what?
Where else do petrologists identify rock samples?
What type of microscope is used in optical mineralogy analysis?
What type of experiments can petrologists perform to understand mineral phases?
What can petrologists use to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear?
Along with igneous processes, what type of processes can be studied by petrologists?
Who uses microscopic analysis of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks?
What do structural geologists use to observe the fabric within rocks?
What do geologists do with the measurements of geological structures?
What kind of experiments do they perform?
What are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries?
What are some of the most well-known experiments in structural geology?
What are horizontal layers pulled along a lower surface into a back stop?
What happens to the angles of the orogenic wedge in the analog experiments?
What are often more sophisticated than analog models?
Who analyzes samples of stratigraphic sections returned from the field?
Stratigraphers analyze data from what?
Geophysical data and what else can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface?
What do stratigraphers use to combine geophysical data and well logs?
What can stratigraphers locate areas for?
Why do geochronologists date rocks?
Who analyzes rock samples from outcrop and drills cores for fossils?
Who looks for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores?
Who dates rocks in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition?
What country is Garrison of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to?
Who was one of the earliest Persian geologists?
Who formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation?
Who proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains?
What was Shen Kuo's hypothesis for the process of land formation based on?
Who is often viewed as the first modern geologist?
What was the title of his 1785 paper?
In what year did Hutton publish a two-volume version of his ideas?
What did Darwin's theory say about the age of the earth?
Who produced the first geological map of the United States?
When was the first geological map of the United States produced?
When did Maclure begin a geological survey of the United States?
What was the name of the memoir that was submitted to the American Philosophical Society?
The results of his unaided labours were submitted to what organization?
What was the name of Sir Charles Lyell's first book?
What was the name of the doctrine promoted by Darwin's book?
What was the name of the doctrine promoted by Darwin's book?
What is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter?
Who was influenced by this book?
How far is Newcastle from Edinburgh?
How far is Newcastle from the North Sea?
Newcastle is a member of what network of European cities?
Newcastle was part of what county until 1400?
What is the regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area?
Who was William the Conqueror's eldest son?
In the 14th century, the city became an important centre for what trade?
What kind of mining area did the city become?
When did the port develop?
What is the name of the world's most popular half marathon?
What was the name of the first recorded settlement in Newcastle?
Pons Aelius was a Roman fort and bridge across what river?
What was the estimated population of Pons Aelius?
What wall is still visible in parts of Newcastle?
What tribes did Hadrian's Wall prevent from invading?
What country was Newcastle the northern fortress of?
Who granted the city a new charter in 1589?
How high was the stone wall around the town built in the 13th century?
Who was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174?
How many times was Newcastle successfully defended against the Scots?
What did a royal act restrict all shipments of from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside?
What was the name of the cartel of Newcastle burgesses?
What does the phrase "a pointless pursuit" mean?
What was Timothy Dexter's reputation?
Why did merchants persuade him to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle?
Along with the keelmen, who lived in the Sandgate area?
What were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the colliers?
How many people in Newcastle died of the plague in the 1630s?
What percentage of the population of Newcastle died from the epidemic?
What type of loss did the epidemic cause in Newcastle?
Who did the North declare for during the English Civil War?
Who were Cromwell's allies?
How was the city stormed?
What does Fortiter Defendit Triumphans mean?
Who was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646-47?
This revolution resulted in what of the city?
What was the name of the largest pottery company in the world?
Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by what?
Shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to what in the 19th century?
What was Charles Parsons' invention?
In large parts, Newcastle still retains what type of street layout?
What can only be traversed on foot?
What connects the riverside to higher parts of the city centre?
Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain what type of buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries?
What is the "House of Tides"?
What is the name of the neoclassical center?
What did Stuart Maconie call Newcastle?
What street does Nikolaus Pevsner call one of the finest streets in England?
When was Grainger Town demolished?
What did the demolition of Grainger Town make way for?
What is the name of the green space north of Newcastle's city centre?
What do the freemen of the city have the right to do with cattle on the park?
What is the largest travelling funfair in Europe?
When is the Hoppings funfair held?
Who has the right to graze cattle on it?
What has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments?
Who commissioned the Gateshead Millennium Bridge?
Who designed the Sage Gateshead music center?
Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together as what?
How many days was the Bambuco Bridge temporary?
What is the historic heart of Newcastle?
When was Richard Grainger a builder and developer?
How tall are most of the buildings in New York City?
How many of Grainger Town's buildings are listed?
The Grainger Market replaced what market originally built in 1808?
When was Newcastle's first indoor market opened?
How many guests attended the grand dinner?
What does the Laing Art Gallery have of the grand dinner?
What is the name of the organization that runs the English Heritage website?
What type of climate is Newcastle?
What effect does the Gulf Stream have on Newcastle's climate?
What type of weather shadow does Edinburgh have?
When was the lowest temperature recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre?
What is Newcastle's climate similar to?
In what year was Newcastle ranked ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK?
What is the largest shopping complex in the UK?
What store is often cited as the world's first department store?
How was revenue reported in the Bainbridge's official ledgers?
In what year was the new bus station opened?
What is Grainger Street known for?
Gosforth and Byker are what type of shopping areas?
What is the largest store in the UK?
What is the name of the largest indoor shopping center in Europe?
Where is the MetroCentre located?
What was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly?
What were Tyneside flats built as?
Where has a new development recreated them?
Cany Ash and Robert Sakula are what?
Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of what?
What was the percentage of detached homes in the 2010 Census?
What was the percentage of converted or shared houses in 2011?
Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Tuning Wells are examples of what type of markets?
In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few what?
What is one of the few historic densely occupied markets in the local authorities?
In what year did the UK Government release census information for Newcastle?
What type of borough is Newcastle?
Newcastle is home to a large population of what type of people?
Along with Newcastle and Northumbria, what universities are in the local area?
Jesmond and Heaton have what predominant population?
What is the average age of people living in Newcastle?
Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish what?
Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Little and Robson are examples of what surname?
How many Bolivians live in Newcastle?
What percentage of Newcastle's population is Bolivian?
What is the dialect of Newcastle known as?
Who conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule?
What does the Geordie dialect retain of the old language?
What is pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang" in the Anglo-Saxon language?
What does burn mean?
Where do the Geordie words barn and hjem originate?
Where are some words used in the Geordie dialect used?
What language do the words "bonny" and "howay" appear to be used in?
How many words appear to be exclusively used in Newcastle and the surrounding area?
What language is "hoy" derived from?
What was published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London?
In a 2007 report, Newcastle was named as what kind of city in the UK?
What is the average decibel level in Newcastle?
The report claimed that these noise levels would have what kind of long-term impact on the health of the city's residents?
What location in Newcastle was criticized for not allowing pedestrian access?
What street is known as the 'Diamond Strip'?
What type of complex is "The Gate"?
How many screens does the Empire multiplex have?
What is the name of Newcastle's gay scene?
What types of establishments are in the Pink Triangle?
The city has a proud history of what?
Who managed the original Theatre Royal?
How many seasons did Stephen Kemble guide the theatre through?
In what year did the Theatre Royal open?
It was demolished to make way for which street?
The city still contains many what?
What is the name of the largest theatre in London?
What company has performed at the Royal Albert Hall for over 25 years?
What type of talent does the Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre feature?
What was NewcastleGateshead voted as in 2006?
What is the largest independent library outside of London?
How many CDs does Apple's music library contain?
Who designed the building that houses Lit and Phil?
What was the first public building to be lit by electric light?
Who gave the first lecture to be lit by electric light?
What event is organized by CAMRA?
When is the Evolution Festival held?
How often is the AV Festival of international electronic art held?
What is the name of the festival of food and drink held at NewcastleGateshead?
How many weeks does NewcastleGateshead run each year?
What is the largest travelling fair in Europe?
When does The Hoppings take place?
What movement did the event originate from?
What is the Northern Rock Cyclone?
What is held in Leazes Park?
What is an annual two-day multicultural event held on the late August bank holiday weekend?
Where will the 2009 event be held?
What is the name of the annual design festival?
What type of cultural festival is the SAMA Festival?
Where is the International Arts Fair held?
What genre is Lindisfarne?
When was Fog on the Tyne released?
What band is considered to be the originators of black metal?
What was the name of the first folk metal band?
What band did Andy Taylor lead?
When was the Pilgrim Street building refurbished?
Where was the cinema relocated to after the refurbishment?
How many cinemas does the site currently house?
What is the name of the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full operation?
What part of the building contains the Tyneside Bar?
What is the name of the science museum in Newcastle?
What does the Discovery Museum highlight?
What is Tyneside's heritage?
When did the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merge with the Great North Museum?
What museum is dedicated to children's books?
What is the earliest known movie featuring exterior scenes filmed in New York City?
What 1971 film was shot in and around Newcastle?
What genre was 'Stormy Monday'?
Who directed Stormy Monday?
Along with Melanie Griffith and Sean Bean, who starred in Stormy Monday?
Where does Newcastle have a horse racing course?
What basketball team plays in Newcastle?
What is the name of the city's speedway team?
Where are the Newcastle Diamonds based?
What is the name of the famous road race from Newcastle to Blaydon?
How far is Newcastle International Airport from the city center?
What is the name of the system that connects Newcastle to the rest of the city?
How long does a journey into Newcastle city center take?
How many passengers does the airport handle per year?
How many destinations are available worldwide as of 2007?
What type of architecture was enhanced?
How many Grade One listed railway stations are in the UK?
What is the name of the architect who enhanced the 19th century public portico?
Who collaborated with John Dobson to build the station's facade?
What is the name of the mainline station to the east of the city centre?
What is the frequency of Virgin Trains East Coast trains to London King's Cross?
How many hours does it take to travel from Durham to London King's Cross?
Where do all Virgin Trains East Coast trains call at?
What trains serve destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands and the South West?
What company provides local and regional rail services?
What is the name of the system of suburban and underground railways that covers much of Tyne and Wear?
How many phases did the London Underground system have?
What type of tunnels were constructed through Newcastle city centre?
What was built across the Tyne between Newcastle and Gateshead?
How many passengers does the network carry each year?
What is the name of the program that has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations?
The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to what?
What else is being overhauled?
What is one of the long term plans?
Several of the proposed routes would require what?
What is the name of the major road in the area?
Which road becomes the A68?
What is the A167 called?
What was renumbered after completion of the Western Bypass?
What was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed?
How many bus companies provide services in the city?
How many major bus stations are in the city?
What is the name of the bus company that operates in the city?
What is Nexus?
What bus company operates from Eldon Square Bus Station?
When did Newcastle develop its cycling strategy?
What does the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include?
What type of living does cycling promote?
What kind of streets are contraflows implemented on?
What does the authority want to link the local networks to?
Who runs a service from Newcastle International Ferry Terminal to IJmuiden?
When did the DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg cease?
Why did the DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg cease?
When was the DFDS ferry service to Bergen and Stavanger terminated?
What cruise line has included Newcastle as a departure port?
How many LEA-funded schools are in Newcastle?
How many independent schools with sixth forms are in Newcastle?
What is the largest co-ed independent school?
What is the largest general further education college in the North East?
What religion is St. Mary's Comprehensive School?
How many universities does Newcastle have?
Along with Northumbria University, what is the name of the other university in Newcastle?
What award did the University win in 2000?
What was the UK-wide process in which Northumbria University became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle?
What is the name of the other university in Newcastle?
How many cathedrals does Newcastle have?
When was the lantern tower at the Anglican St. Nicholas built?
What type of cathedral is located in Fenham?
What is the name of the only parish church in the Church of England without a parish?
All three cathedrals began their lives as what?
What is the oldest church in the town?
When was the main porch added?
What was the last addition to the church?
It is surrounded by the last of what to retain its original character?
What received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle?
Where was ITV Tyne Tees based?
In 2005, where did the museum move to?
What part of the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube?
Why is the BBC North East and Cumbria building known as the Pink Palace?
What is the name of the local radio station?
What was the name of the first community radio station in the area?
What is the name of the radio station run by students from both of Newcastle's universities?
How long has Radio Tyneside been broadcasting?
What radio station is based at the Great North Children's Hospital?
Where is Newcastle Student Radio broadcast from?
When did Charles Avison die?
What is Basil Hume's title?
Who was the father of modern steam railways?
What did Sir Joseph Swan invent?
What country did Abhisit Vejjajiva serve as Prime Minister?
Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch were both former pupils of what school?
What is Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer's profession?
What award did Peter Higgs win?
What is the most characteristic musical instrument in the region?
Where did musicians Eric Burdon, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan Hull, Cheryl Cole and Neil Tennant live?
Where is the V&A located?
What is the size of the permanent collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum?
When was the Royal Institute founded?
What is the name of the company that was founded in 1852?
Where is the V&A located?
In what year was the Royal Institute founded?
What were the Royal Institute's founders named after?
Who sponsors the museum?
Since what year has entrance to the British Museum been free?
How many acres does the V&A cover?
How many galleries are in the V&A?
How many years of art does the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection span?
From what cultures does the collection span 5,000 years?
The museum owns the world's largest collection of what?
The V&A has its origins in what?
Who was the first director of the V&A?
What was the V&A originally known as?
Where was the V&A moved to in September of 1852?
Who produced a design for the museum in 1855?
Who was the official opening by?
When was the official opening of the Royal Albert Hall?
Who was the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection?
What was introduced in the following year?
When did the Royal College of Art achieve full independence?
When was the Britain Can Make It exhibition held?
How many people visited the Britain Can Make It exhibition?
The success of the exhibition led to the planning of what?
What did the success of the exhibition lead to the planning of?
By what year had most of the collections been returned to the museum?
What did the V&A present in 1973?
What band presented a concert/lecture at the V&A?
Who was responsible for bringing young people to museums?
Gryphon explored the lineage of what type of music?
The V&A is in discussion with which university about opening a new gallery?
How much was the most expensive gallery project ever undertaken in Scotland estimated to cost in 2015?
Where will the V&A Dundee be located?
What is the focus of the V&A Dundee?
How long does it take for the airport to open?
What was the land occupied by?
What was the name of the first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum?
Who was the cathedral's architect?
What building houses the offices and board room?
What does the Secretariat Wing house?
Which galleries were designed by Owen Jones?
What style was adopted for this part of the museum?
Who designed the bronze doors on the north facade of the British Museum?
Who was depicted on the astronomy panel of the north facade of the British Museum?
Which artist painted on the north facade of the British Museum?
Who created The Green Dining Room?
Who created the stained glass windows in the Chapel?
Who designed the Centre Refreshment Room?
Who designed and sculpted the marble fireplace in the Centre Refreshment Room?
Who designed the Grill Room?
Who was the next Royal Engineers architect to work at the museum?
What is another name for the science schools?
What type of stone is the staircase at the Empire State Building made from?
What is housed in the V&A?
When did the Sackler Centre for arts education open?
What was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by F. W. Moody?
Who designed the wrought iron gates in 1885?
Where are the Cast Courts located?
What was the final part of the museum designed by Scott?
Who designed the mosaic panels in the parapet?
Who designed the facade of the British Museum?
What materials were used to build the facade of the British Museum?
How long is the main façade of the British Museum?
The tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by what?
What is interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum?
Who sculpted Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance?
How many levels of galleries surround the façades?
Who sculpted Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance?
What material is used in the entrance hall and flanking staircases?
Who appears above the frame around the arches and entrance?
Where was the first storage space for books created?
What was the name of the wing that was acquired from the Royal College of Science in 1974?
What was constructed on the site of the former boiler house to link it to the rest of the museum?
Who designed the iron gates at the Royal College of Art?
The new entrance building was built on the site of the former boiler house, the intended site of what?
What gallery was redesigned in the 1990s?
What was restored as part of the 2006 renovation?
What is the name of the major redesign of the British Galleries?
The tunnel to the subway leading to what tube station was redesigned in 2004?
Who designed the new Cafe?
Who redesigned the central garden?
What was the name of the central garden redesigned by Kim Wilkie?
What shape is the water feature?
What can the elliptical water feature be used for?
What type of tree is planted in the two corners by the north façade?
When did the V&A open the first permanent gallery in the UK covering the history of architecture?
Along with the V&A, what organization opened the first permanent gallery in the UK covering the history of architecture?
How many drawings are in the collection?
What has been transferred to the museum with the opening of the new gallery?
How many photographs are in the world's most comprehensive architectural resource?
Who is the largest artist represented in the RIBA's holdings?
Who is one of the British architects whose drawings are in the collection?
How many drawings by Andrea Palladio are in the RIBA collection?
Who is one of the British architects whose drawings are in the collection?
Who is one of the British architects whose drawings are in the collection?
Where is Sir Paul Pindar's house located?
The facade of Sir Paul Pindar's house is a rare survivor of what?
When is the facade of Sir Paul Pindar's house dated?
What chateau has a dormer window dated 1523-35?
The main architecture gallery has pillars from which building?
How many items from the Islamic world does the V&A hold?
When did the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art open?
What is the highlight of the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art?
The displays in this gallery cover objects from what country?
When was the Salting Bequest?
How many objects are in the Museum's collection of South and South-East Asian art?
How many textiles are in the Museum's collection?
How many paintings are in the Museum's collection of South and South-East Asian art?
When did the Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art open?
Who opened the Indian art gallery in 1991?
How many works of art are in the Far Eastern collections?
What countries are represented in the Far Eastern collections?
What is the name of the Chinese art gallery that opened in 1991?
When did the T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art open?
The majority of art works on display date from which dynasties?
What gallery of Japanese art opened in 1986?
When did the Toshiba gallery of Japanese art open?
In what century was Amida Nyorai sculpted?
The majority of exhibits date from what time period?
What material was Suzuki Chokichi's incense burner?
When was Tibetan art created?
Along with Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Burma, what country has art in the collection?
Betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks are examples of what?
What are Korean boxes inlaid with?
Along with gold, silver, bronze, stone, terracotta and terracotta, what type of material is used in art from Sri Lanka?
The Codex Forster contains some of what great artist's works?
What are the names of the three manuscripts in the Codex?
How many books did Reverend Alexander Dyce leave to the museum in 1869?
In what year did Reverend Alexander Dyce leave over 14,000 books to the museum?
When were the books bequeathed to the museum?
In addition to Beatrix Potter and Charles Dickens, what famous author has papers in the library?
Along with Charles Dickens, what famous writer has papers in the library?
Illuminated manuscripts in the library date from what centuries?
What is the Armagnac manuscript about?
Who illuminated the 1524 Charter?
What is another name for the National Art Library?
What was the name of the computer system used from the 1980s to the 1990s?
What does EAD stand for?
Most items in the Victoria and Albert Museum's collection don't show up in the computer system unless they were what?
What is the name of the feature on the Victoria and Albert Museum web-site?
In what year did a digitization project begin in the department?
What was the name of the project to digitize Andy Warhol's collection?
Who did the Factory Project reference?
How many images were taken during the first year of the Factory Project?
What is the second step of the Factory Project?
Who commissions work produced by European artists?
From where are porcelain, cloth and wallpaper imported?
Who is one designer and artist whose work is displayed in the galleries?
Who was a major influence on the Gothic Revival?
Imports from Asia include what?
What led to the production of tea paraphernalia?
What was the emphasis on in the Georgian age?
Who led the backlash against industrialization?
What produced entrepreneurs like Josiah Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton and Eleanor Coade?
What movement resulted from the backlash against industrialization?
What is one of these dominated by a full-scale replica of?
How was the replica of Trajan's Column made?
What is the name of Michelangelo's famous sculpture?
What are the plaster casts of in the Cast Courts?
How is the Verrocchio David replica displayed?
When was the Meissen Vulture created?
Who designed the Möllendorff Dinner Service?
When was the Möllendorff Dinner Service designed?
When was the Salting Bequest made?
The Salting Bequest enriched the museum's stock of what?
What famous potters are represented in the collection?
In what two countries was Delftware produced?
What are the largest objects in the collection?
When were the largest ceramic stoves in the collection made?
Where were the largest ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries made?
How many years of glass making does the glass collection cover?
How many items are in the glass collection?
Where does the earliest glassware on display come from?
Who represents the Art Deco style in glass?
Who created Art Nouveau glass?
When was the main gallery redesigned?
Who created the glass balustrades on the staircase and mezzanine?
When did the gallery covering contemporary glass open?
Who designed the chandelier in the rotunda at the Museum's main entrance?
What century was the Luck of Edenhall made?
How many British works are in the collection?
How many old master works are in the collection?
Who is one of the artists represented in the collection?
Antonio Verrio is a work by whom?
David Wilkie, Samuel Palmer, Lord Frederic Henry Landseer, Sir Samuel Luke Fildes and Aurey Beard are among the artists included in the collection.
How many outfits are in the costume collection?
Costume sketches, design notebooks, and other works on paper are typically held by what department?
Why is the collection dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions?
When did the V&A receive the Talbot Hughes collection?
Who gave the V&A the Talbot Hughes collection?
When did the Museum acquire the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes?
In 2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 costumes from whom?
How many Vivienne Westwood costumes did the Museum acquire in 2002?
Whose collection of Vivienne Westwood costumes did the Museum acquire in 2002?
The museum continues to acquire examples of what type of fashion to add to its collection?
The Soulages collection includes objects from what two periods?
When was the Soulages collection acquired?
What was the John Jones Collection?
When was the John Jones Collection left to the museum?
What was the value of the John Jones Collection?
What year are the inlaid doors from Antwerp City Hall dated?
Who is responsible for the inlaid doors in Antwerp City Hall?
When was the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet made?
Where is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet from?
Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, and what other modernists are represented in the collection?
How many items are in the jewellery collection?
From what era does the collection of jewellery at the British Museum date back to?
When was Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend's collection of 154 gems bequeathed?
How many gems did Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend leave?
Who funded the opening of the jewellery gallery?
What are the two divisions of the collection?
When is the earliest known piece of English silver with a dated hallmark?
How many areas are in the main silver gallery?
Who designed the Hereford Screen?
How many objects made from silver or gold are in the collection?
When is the Gloucester Candlestick dated?
What is the Gloucester Candlestick made from?
Whose relics were contained in the Becket Casket?
When is the Becket Casket dated?
What metal was the Becket Casket made from?
How many names were included in the online petition?
Who said that the museum intended to preserve and care for the collection and keep it available to the public?
What museum was a possible candidate for loans of material to ensure that the instruments remained publicly viewable?
How many instruments did the Horniman borrow from the V&A?
In what year did the Musical Instruments gallery close?
How many British oil paintings are in the collection?
How many European oil paintings are in the collection?
How many British watercolours are in the collection?
Who are the Raphael Cartoons?
Who painted the Spanish tempera on wood?
In what year did John Sheepshanks donate 233 paintings to the British Museum?
How many paintings did John Sheepshanks donate in 1857?
What did John Sheepshanks hope to do with the art he donated?
What is the name of the 1821 full size oil sketch for?
What nationality were most of the paintings donated by John Sheepshanks?
Where are the paintings that were part of the Jones bequest displayed?
Who did François Boucher paint a portrait of in 1758?
What is an example of a French painting in the collection?
What is the name of the portrait by François Clouet?
Who took the photographs of Animal Locomotion?
When was Eadweard Muybridge's Animal Locomotion collection created?
How many plates are in Eadweard Muybridge's Animal Locomotion collection?
Sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture images of what?
Whose artifacts are in the museum?
What type of sculpture is held at the V&A?
How many objects are in the collection?
Approximately 22,000 objects in the collection cover what period?
What uses of sculpture are represented?
Who owns Canova's The Three Graces?
What is Bernini's most famous work?
What is the largest item from Italy?
Who designed the Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara Florence?
When is the Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara Florence dated?
How many of Rodin's works are in the British Museum's collection?
What was Rodin's work given to the museum by in 1914?
When were Rodin's works given to the museum?
In what war did Britain support France?
What statue was purchased in 1902 by public subscription?
Who is one of the British sculptors whose work is in the collection?
Who is one of the British sculptors whose work is in the collection?
Who is one of the British sculptors whose work is in the collection?
Nicholas Stone, Caius Gabriel Cibber, and Grinling Gibbons are examples of what?
Who opened the sculpture galleries in 2006?
When did the Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries extend the chronology of the works on display?
How are the galleries overlooking the garden arranged?
What two artists were loaned to the Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries by Tate Britain?
What museum loaned works to the Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries?
How many examples of textiles are in the collection?
What continents are represented in the collection?
How long has the collection of textiles at the British Museum been around?
What is the largest collection of textiles in the world?
In addition to countries of origin and date of production, how are they classified?
What is the oldest known surviving European tapestry?
What century are the Devonshire Hunting Tapestries from?
Where were the Devonshire Hunting Tapestries woven?
What do the Devonshire Hunting Tapestries depict?
What was the leading English tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century and early 18th century?
When was the Sicilian Tristan Quilt made?
Who designed the tapestries in the collection?
When was 'The Forest' tapestry created?
Who designed rugs and fabrics for the art deco period?
Who designed the rug from the same period?
The V&A Theatre & Performance galleries was formerly known as what?
When did the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries open?
What is the UK's biggest national collection of?
Who is the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK since?
What are the collections at the V&A used for?
Who is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections?
What are two examples of controlling the museum environment?
What type of conservation includes cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects?
Conservation covers all the collections held by the V&A and what other museum?
What type of conservation includes performing surveys, assessments and providing advice on the handling of items?
What company owns Disney Media Networks?
Since what year has ABC been stylized in its logo?
In what city is NBC's headquarters located?
Where is NBC's headquarters located?
What division of The Walt Disney Company owns ABC?
When did ABC launch?
What was ABC originally launched as?
In what year did Turner expand to television?
Capital Cities Communications bought an 80% interest in what cable sports channel in the 1980s?
What company did ESPN merge with in the 1980s?
How many affiliated television stations are there?
Who owns the radio stations that ABC News provides content for?
How many owned-and-operated television stations does the network have?
Who imposes simultaneous substitution regulations?
Who owns the radio stations that ABC News provides content for?
What does RCA stand for?
What were the names of the two radio networks owned by RCA?
What markets did NBC Red serve?
What type of programming was the NBC Blue Network intended to test?
Along with NBC Red, what was the name of the other radio network owned by RCA?
What company filed a complaint with the FCC in 1934?
When did the FCC begin a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks?
When did the FCC publish its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs?
What was the principal radio network in the US at the time?
The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or what other network?
Who was given the mandate to sell NBC Blue?
What network did RCA convert into an independent subsidiary?
What investment firm was later acquired by the Swiss Bank Corporation?
Who was the president of RCA?
How much did Dillon, Read & Co. offer to purchase the network?
What candy is Noble the owner of?
When was the transaction authorized?
Who did Noble acquire the rights to the "American Broadcasting Company" name from?
What position did Woods hold at ABC until 1949?
When did Woods leave ABC?
What did ABC use to pre-record its programming?
Who conducted symphony performances on ABC?
What network became an aggressive competitor to NBC and CBS?
Who was one of the big names that ABC was able to attract with the Magnetophon?
What tradition did NBC Blue continue?
How much did Disney pay for its 33% stake in Eurosport?
What was the name of the free-to-air channel ABC launched in 2004?
When did Disney announce that it would discontinue ABC1?
What was ABC's attempt to develop discontinued?
What country is ABC broadcast in?
In what year was rerun activity completed with program syndication?
The arrival of what ended the need for ABC to hold interests in other countries?
What countries did ABC sell its interests in in the 1970s?
What did many governments want to strengthen ABC?
What was ABC's first international activity?
Where did Goldenson invest in broadcasting properties in the mid-1960s?
What Japanese network did Goldenson acquire a 5% stake in in 1951?
CBS and NBC were unable to cover the coronation live due to technical problems and what else?
CBS and NBC were unable to cover the coronation live due to what?
ABC owns the television rights to most of what series?
What awards are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis?
When did CBS start airing Peanuts specials?
ABC currently holds the broadcast rights to what award show?
Along with Charlie Brown and A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving, what is one of the other Peanuts specials broadcast by ABC?
Since what year has Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve been aired on New Year's Eve?
Who replaced Dick Clark as host of New Year's Rockin' Eve?
When did ABC first air the Miss America pageant?
Where was Clark's traditional countdown from?
What cable channel assumed the television rights to the Miss America pageant in 2006?
What is the longest running entertainment program on ABC?
Since what year has ABC broadcast Good Morning America?
What soap was produced by Procter & Gamble?
What are two talk shows on ABC's daytime schedule?
When did ABC's soap opera General Hospital begin airing?
What is an example of an event that ABC broadcasts that is not carried by ESPN?
When did ESPN take over responsibilities for ABC's sports division?
When is sports programming available on Saturday afternoons?
ABC airs what league's games on Sundays?
ABC airs highlight compilation programs for what two major events in the summer?
Who was ABC's vice-president of engineering at the time?
What channels did Marx think would be requisitioned from broadcasting use and reallocated for the U.S. Army?
In what year did ABC submit five applications for television station licenses?
What channel did the applications request to broadcast on?
Before the freeze ended in 1952, how many television stations were there in the United States?
How many rivals did CBS and NBC have?
Who was ABC's third rival in 1949?
What two networks were ABC's competitors in 1949?
Who forced United Paramount Theatres to become an independent entity?
United Paramount Theatres separated itself from what company?
How many full-time affiliates did ABC have?
In 1951, a rumor mentioned that the network would be sold to what company?
Who provided Noble with the $5 million he needed to keep ABC from going bankrupt?
Who was the president of UPT in 1951?
Who was the founder of CBS?
When was the tentative agreement approved?
When did the FCC's Sixth Report and Order announce the end of its freeze on new station license applications?
When did the FCC approve UPT's purchase of ABC?
What was the new name of the merged company?
Where was the headquarters of American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc. located?
When did WJZ-TV go on air?
When did the FCC implement a freeze on new station applications?
On what mountain would ABC build a transmitter?
What was the name of the studio ABC planned to convert 20 acres of land into?
When did ABC premiere The Flintstones?
In what decade was ABC's gradual transition to color?
Who created The Flintstones?
In what decade was ABC's gradual transition to color?
In what year did Walt Disney Productions purchase ABC's shares in the Disneyland theme park?
Who approached Walt Disney to produce color broadcasts of his anthology series?
When was Walt Disney Presents contract due to expire?
When did ABC resume its relationship with Disney?
What was the focus of ABC's web-based promotional campaign in 2000?
Who did the network hire to design and produce its 2001-02 identity?
What color was used for the logo in 2001-02?
What is another name for ABC's circle logo?
Who designed ABC's minimalist graphical identity in 1998?
In what year was ABC stopped with its 1998-2002 four-note jingles?
What was the theme tune based on?
The old four-note theme tune is still used by what ABC show?
When did the ABC logo first appear as a bug?
When did the ABC logo begin appearing throughout programs?
In what year did ID sequences have the logo appear in a gold CGI design on a blue background?
What was the slogan for the 40th anniversary of the network?
When was the first ABC card to have a three-dimensional appearance?
What color was the background of the 1977 ID sequence?
What color were the letters on the 1977 ID sequence?
Who redesigned the ABC logo in 1962?
The letters are strongly reminiscent of what typeface designed by Herbert Bayer in the 1920s?
Who designed the Bauhaus typeface?
The new logo debuted on-air for ABC's promos at the start of what season?
What did Disney-ABC consider selling in 2005?
When did ABC announce the restructuring of the group into six divisions?
How many divisions did ABC break up into?
In what year did ABC's average viewership decline by ten ratings points?
Along with Desperate Housewives, Lost and Dancing with the Stars, what was an unexpected success for ABC during the 2004-05 season?
Who was named president of ABC parent Disney-ABC Television Group?
ABC Sports and ESPN signed an eight-year broadcast rights agreement with what organization?
When did Networks affiliates approve a two-year affiliate agreement?
Who is Disney's Chairman/CEO?
What was the name of ABC's first reality show?
What was the name of the spinoff of The Bachelor?
Who removed ABC owned and operated stations from their systems?
Who did Time Warner Cable have a carriage dispute with?
Who did Time Warner Cable have a carriage dispute with?
When did Time Warner Cable restore the stations?
In what decade did The Practice, NYPD Blue, and The Wonderful World of Disney return to ABC?
Where did Sabrina, the Teenage Witch move in 2000?
Where did TGIF lose Family Matters and Step by Step?
When did ABC premiere Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Who hosted Millionaire on ABC?
Who relaunched Millionaire as a syndicated program?
Who was the original host of Millionaire?
When did The Walt Disney Company announce an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC?
What did Disney rename its new subsidiary after the sale of Capital Cities/ABC?
Who did Disney sell the Capital Cities newspapers to?
Who took Thomas S. Murphy's place as president and CEO?
What sitcom was created by Aaron Sorkin?
When did color become the dominant format for broadcast television networks?
What was ABC's position in the Nielsen ratings?
What book did Goldenson write in 1991?
When did ABC's New York City flagship stations change their callsigns?
Where did ABC's New York City flagship stations move to in 1953?
Where was WJZ reassigned to in 1959?
Who did Noble appoint to be ABC's president in 1950?
What network did Goldenson want to merge with UPT?
What name would have been given to ABC as a result of the merger?
How much money would DuMont have received as a result of the merger?
UPT was a subsidiary of what company?
What was one of ABC's flagship productions?
What was the longest-running prime time comedy in U.S. television history?
What was the name of the television adaptation of the 1947 film Wyoming Kid?
What was a remake of the 1954 film The Boy from Oklahoma?
Who was the most iconic of ABC's relationships with Hollywood producers?
What is the name of the Warner Bros. television series that showcases adaptations of its films?
What was the name of Walt Disney's brother?
How much did Walt Disney want ABC to invest?
When did ABC agree to finance Disneyland?
What was the name of the project Walt Disney and his brother Roy wanted ABC to finance?
Who spearheaded the special programming project for ABC FM stations?
Who was the president of ABC Radio in 1968?
What concept replaced nearly all of the programming provided by ABC's FM stations?
How many owned and operated FM stations did ABC operate?
In what year did ABC launch Movie of the Week?
What was the name of Steven Spielberg's 1971 film?
When was Steven Spielberg's film Duel released?
What was the average budget for a Movie of the Week film?
When did ABC transition to color?
What network began to pass CBS and NBC in the ratings to become the first place network?
What did NBC begin to use to determine what types of sponsors to sell advertising slots to?
What was the name of the program that ABC debuted in 1970?
When did Sunday Night Football take over as the NFL's marquee game?
Who took over as the NFL's marquee game in 2006?
What is the average audience share of Monday Night Football?
When did the FCC pass the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules?
In what year was it decided to split ABC Films into two separate companies?
What company produced and distributed syndication programming for ABC?
What did the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act ban?
When did the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act take effect?
Who bought ABC Great States in 1974?
Who was named President and Chief Operating Officer of ABC in 1972?
When did Michael Eisner join ABC?
What series did Eisner help bring about ideas for?
What was Eisner's main credit at ABC?
What company did Eisner leave ABC to become president of?
Who convinced Fred Silverman to become president of ABC Entertainment?
Who did Fred Pierce convince to become president of ABC Entertainment?
What ABC detective series premiered in 1974?
When did Good Morning America debut?
What position did Silverman hold after leaving ABC?
What was the name of the spin-off series that followed Happy Days?
What was the name of the 1970s television trend featuring attractive women?
Who wrote 'Roots'?
Who produced 'The Love Boat'?
How long did 'The Love Boat' last?
The success of Roots, Happy Days and The Love Boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in what season?
What was the first soap opera to feature an openly gay main character?
Who was named president of ABC News in 1977?
In addition to being president of ABC News, what other company was Roone Arledge president of?
What is the name of the building that was built in the place of an abandoned warehouse?
When were the two buildings completed?
When was 20/20 created?
Who was the first anchor of 20/20?
Who was Hugh Downs paired with on Today?
Who did ABC sell its recording division to in 1979?
What was the name of ABC's 24-hour news channel?
What was the name of the 24-hour news channel ABC launched in July 2004?
What was the name of the Flint, Michigan affiliate purchased by ABC in 1994?
Along with WJRT-TV, what Toledo station did ABC purchase in 1994?
Dirty Sexy Money, Pushing Daisies, Eli Stone and Samantha Who?
What was one of the network's strike-replacement programs?
Who started the rumors that Disney would be selling ABC stations?
Disney-ABC Television Group merged ABC Studios with what other division?
What was the name of the new division created when Disney-ABC Television Group merged ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios?
What did Citadel Communications rebrand ABC Radio as?
Where can individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs be purchased?
In what year did the network start having problems with ratings?
What year was Lost's debut?
When was Ugly Betty moved to?
On what day was Ugly Betty originally scheduled to air?
When did the FCC impose its fin-syn rules?
What was ABC's syndication distributor?
What was the name of the production company ABC created in response to the fin-syn rules?
Who bought Worldvision's Ruby-Spears and Hanna-Barbera libraries?
Who handles domestic television distribution?
What was Disney-ABC Domestic Television formerly known as?
What was Disney-ABC International Television formerly known as?
The Cinerama Productions/Palomar theatrical library is part of what library?
What are the names of the first two affiliates of ABC?
How many owned-and-operated stations does ABC have?
How many additional television stations does ABC have affiliation agreements with?
What is the network's national reach?
When was ABC's first logo introduced?
What was the ABC-UPT merger logo based on?
In what year did ABC begin color broadcasts?
In what year was Supernanny cancelled?
What was the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3 standard definition?
All of ABC's programming has been presented in what since January 2012?
What was the first children's block on any U.S. broadcast network to feature programs available in HD?
What is the native resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties?
Most of Hearst Television's 16 ABC-affiliated stations transmit their programming in what format?
How many of Hearst Television's affiliates transmit ABC programming in 480i standard definition?
What is the native resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties?
What was the only ABC drama to be renewed for a second season in 2010-11?
What was the name of the late-season premiere that earned a second season?
Which network did ABC outperform by a larger margin than the previous year?
What was the name of the only drama to be renewed for a second season?
Which soap operas were canceled by ABC in 2011?
Who bought the rights to All My Children and One Life to Live?
What streaming service revived All My Children and One Life to Live?
What talk show replaced One Life to Live?
What demographic did ABC drop to fourth place in in 2011-12?
When did NBC last place in the 18-49 demographic?
What network did NBC finish second to in total viewership?
Along with The Goldbergs and Resurrection, what ABC show was renewed for the 2013-14 season?
Along with Suburgatory, what show was cancelled in the 2013-14 season?
What were the two family sitcoms that anchored the revamped Wednesday comedy lineup?
What reality format was Shark Tank based on?
When did Shark Tank become a midseason sleeper hit?
Who starred in Last Man Standing?
Who departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994?
Who took over as president of Capital Cities/ABC after Daniel Burke left?
What was the name of the gritty police procedural from Steven Bochco?
Who created Doogie Howser, M.D.?
How many seasons did NYPD Blue last?
When did the FCC repeal the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules?
What French animation studio did Capital Cities/ABC purchase?
Who did Capital Cities/ABC sign an agreement with to carry its owned and operated television stations?
What was ABC's total viewership share in American households?
What radio station did ABC purchase in 1960?
When did WLS launch a new lineup of ABC Radio programming?
Who was trying to establish a television station in Toronto in 1960?
What station did Leonard Goldenson acquire a 25% interest in?
What was the name of the anthology series ABC debuted on April 29, 1961?
Who created Wide World of Sports?
Who produced Wide World of Sports?
What was the name of the company that created Wide World of Sports?
What was American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres renamed as in 1965?
What was a pioneer series in its genre?
What was the name of the game that featured newly married couples guessing each other's responses to questions?
Where was ABC's new headquarters located?
By 1980, what percentage of all prime-time television viewership in the U.S. was ABC?
What was an opulent drama from Aaron Spelling that became a hit when it premiered as a midseason series in 1981?
What was the name of the Happy Days spinoff?
What was the name of the cable channel ABC launched in 1981?
Who did ABC sell KXYZ to in 1983?
What company owned shares in ESPN?
What was the name of the competing arts channel that was merged with ARTS?
What was the name of the single cable channel created by the merger of ARTS and The Entertainment Channel?
Who did Thomas S. Murphy delegate his position as president to in 1990?
In 1990, Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel B. Burke while remaining what at ABC?
Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of how much?
What is the longest running prime time entertainment program in NBC history?
What sitcom starred Tim Allen?
What soap opera is featured on Eastern/Pacific?
What talk shows are featured on Eastern/Pacific?
When is Good Morning America shown on ABC?
Who hosts Live!?
What are the only states where ABC does not have a locally licensed affiliate?
What is the name of the low-power station in Birmingham, Alabama?
What station is affiliated with ABC in South Bend, Indiana?
What is the name of the low-power station in Lima, Ohio?
What was the name of the production company that produced ABC series?
What was Touchstone reorganized as in 2007?
What is the name of the ABC production facility in Hollywood, California?
What is the name of the ABC production facility in New York City?
Good Morning America and Nightline are broadcast from what facility?
What shows are broadcast from the Times Square Studios?
What was the block of West End Avenue renamed in 2006?
Peter Jennings was also an anchor of what ABC program?
What is the name of ABC's traditional VOD service?
What streaming service is owned by The Walt Disney Company?
When did Hulu begin offering full length episodes of ABC's programming?
What stake did Disney acquire in Hulu as part of an agreement reached in April 2009?
When are the most recent episodes of ABC's shows usually available?
How many days after the initial broadcast is the most recent episode of an ABC program available for streaming on Hulu and WATCH ABC?
What does ABC on Demand disallow?
When were restrictions implemented by Disney-ABC Television Group?
What design agency overhauled ABC's identity?
How many variants of the ABC logo are used in advertising?
What typeface was inspired by the logotype?
What network uses a red version of the ABC logo?
How many primary affiliates did ABC have that year?
How many primary affiliates did CBS have?
What act mandated the inclusion of UHF tuning?
The All-Channel Receiver Act mandated the inclusion of what?
Where was WKST-TV located?
According to Goldenson, how much lower viewership did ABC programming have compared to its competitors?
What station in Wheeling, West Virginia began airing ABC programming on a digital subchannel?
When did some very small markets have to wait to support an ABC affiliate?
What was the new name of the Disneyland anthology series?
Who pitched The Untouchables to CBS?
Why did CBS reject Desilu's The Untouchables?
When did The Untouchables debut on ABC?
What was the name of ABC's film program that debuted a year behind its competitors?
What was ABC's total revenue in 1953?
Who produced The Jetsons?
What was the name of the Hanna-Barbera animated series that followed The Flintstones?
When did ABC debut the soap opera General Hospital?
What company did Goldenson propose a merger with?
Who was the head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice?
Who was Donald F. Turner the head of?
When was the merger canceled?
What company was Thomas S. Murphy the chief executive officer of?
How much did Capital Cities pay for ABC?
Who loaned the remaining $500 million?
Who did ABC sell WXYZ-TV to?
How many television stations were broadcasters allowed to own in 1985?
When did the merger between ABC and Capital Cities receive federal approval?
What was the combined company called after the merger?
What was Frederick Pierce's title?
Who became vice president of ABC Broadcasting?
Who became president of ABC News and ABC Sports?
What ABC show ended its run in 1983?
What ABC show ended its run in 1984?
Which network regained the ratings lead in 1984?
What ABC show ended its run in 1986?
What did ABC focus on to counteract NBC?
What was the name of ABC's family-friendly comedies block that debuted in 1989?
What does TGIF stand for?
Who produced many of the series featured during the run of the block?
What company owned Miller-Boyett Productions?
How many radio stations could a broadcasting company own?
What was the name of the first film produced by ABC Pictures?
Who directed the first film produced by ABC Pictures?
When was ABC Motion Pictures dissolved?
Where was ABC Marine World located?
What type of programming did the public expect from ABC?
How much did ABC's advertising revenues increase between 1953 and 1958?
What was the network's national reach?
Who was the president of ABC Entertainment in 1957?
Who was the host of American Bandstand?
What was ABC's philosophy against its competitors?
Along with westerns, what ABC series defeated variety shows on NBC and CBS?
Who criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows?
What type of shows did ABC's western series defeat in the fall of 1959?
What was the name of ABC's streaming service launched in May 2013?
What were the first stations to offer streams of their programming on the service?
Who is the owner of the ABC affiliates in Boston, Kansas City, Milwaukee, and West Palm Beach?
What service originated the "WATCH" brand used by Disney's television networks?
What is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total?
What is the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size?
Who is the largest operator of ABC stations in terms of overall market reach?
How many ABC affiliates does Sinclair Broadcast Group own or provide services to?
How many ABC stations does The E. W. Scripps Company own?
What was the name of the new imaging campaign for the 2007-08 season?
Who developed ABC's on-air design?
What division of ABC was represented by red ribbons?
Blue ribbons were used for what division?
What are the names of the two affiliates in Tampa, Florida?
What are the names of the affiliates in Kansas City, Missouri?
What are the names of the affiliates in Grand Rapids?
What was Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994?
What empire did Genghis Khan found?
How did he come to power?
Where were the most massacres of civilians?
What did the Mongol Empire occupy by the end of his life?
Which dynasties were raided or invaded?
Who was Genghis Khan's successor?
When did Xiaoping die?
Who did he defeat?
Who split Genghis Khan's empire into khanates?
Where was he buried?
Where was Temüjin born?
What was his father's occupation?
When was Temüjin probably born?
Who was Temüjin named after?
What was Temüjin's sister's name?
What were the names of Temüjin's three brothers?
Who was his future wife?
What tribe was Börte a member of?
Who was the head of the new household?
Who was Temujin's older half-brother?
What was the name of the woman who lived in poverty with her children?
Who killed Begter?
When did Temujin's resentment erupt?
Who held him prisoner in 1177?
How did the Tayichi'ud enslave Temüjin?
Whose father later became a general of Genghis Khan?
Who were two of Genghis Khan's future generals?
Where did Temüjin hide?
What was often used to solidify temporary alliances?
Who taught Temüjin about the unstable political climate of Mongolia?
Who interfered with the political climate of Mongolia?
What did Hoelun teach Temüjin about the political climate of Mongolia?
What tribe did Temüjin marry Börte from?
Who kidnapped Börte?
Who helped Temüjin?
What was the name of the son that Elizabeth gave birth to?
When was Jochi born?
How many more sons did Börte have?
What was the name of one of Börte's sons?
When did Chagatai die?
What was the name of one of Börte's sons?
How many daughters did Genghis Khan have?
What is an anda?
Who was Khan of the Keraites?
What group was Toghrul a khan of?
How many Keraite warriors did Toghrul send to Temüjin?
Who did Toghrul suggest Temüjin involve?
What did Jamukha support?
Who declared that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin?
When was Temüjin elected khan of the Mongols?
In what battle was Temüjin beaten?
Where was Toghrul exiled?
What did Temüjin use as an incentive for obedience and following his rule of law?
What did Temüjin promise to civilians and soldiers in the Yassa code?
What would he have his mother adopt?
What did he do with the conquered tribe?
Who was the eldest son of Temüjin?
Who did Toghrul ally with?
Who did Toghrul ally with?
What tribe was destroyed by this defeat?
Who was the next direct threat to Temüjin?
When was Jamukha elected as Gür Khan?
What was the title of Gür Khan?
Who was Jelme's younger brother?
When was Jamukha turned over to Temüjin?
What did Temüjin offer to Jamukha?
Why did Temüjin kill the men who betrayed Jamukha?
What did Jamukha ask for?
How does one die without spilling blood?
Who taught him siege warfare?
Along with Wang Khan and Wang Khan, who was one of Tsar's early allies?
Who was the most important shaman?
Along with his extensive spy network, what was an example of how he was interested in understanding the motivations of his rivals?
Along with Jamukha, who was Tutankhamun's father's ally?
By what year had Temüjin managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, and other smaller tribes under his rule?
What was the name of the council of Mongol chiefs?
What title was not conferred on Genghis until after his death?
Who was Genghis' son?
What is a Khuruldai?
In 1211, Genghis Khan planned to conquer what dynasty?
Who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass?
When did Genghis capture Zhongdu?
Where did Emperor Xuanzong move his capital to?
Who was Genghis' third son?
Who was the Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated?
What was the khanate of Qara Khitai originally established as remnants of?
How many troops did Genghis send against Kuchlug?
Who was "The Arrow"?
What was Jebe's nickname?
What were the Mongols forced to resort to?
Where was Kuchlug's army defeated?
By 1218, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as what lake?
What is another name for Khwarezmia?
What was Khwarezmia?
Who ruled the Khwarazmian dynasty in the early 13th century?
Who was the governor of Otrar?
Who was beheaded by the Shah?
How many soldiers did Genghis Khan organize?
What route did Genghis Khan use to trade with Khwarezmia?
What mountains did Genghis Khan's army cross?
How many groups was Genghis Khan's army divided into?
What part of Khwarzemia did the second division march to?
Along with Genghis Khan, who commanded the third division?
The second division formed a pincer attack on what city?
What was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats?
What town did the Mongols seize?
What did Genghis Khan pour into Inalchuq's ears and eyes?
What did the Shah do instead of surrendering?
Who did Genghis Khan give 20,000 men to hunt him down?
What was the capital of the Khwarezmid Empire?
Where was the capital moved to after Samarkand fell?
What did Genghis Khan divert through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace?
What did the Mongols use as body shields?
What did Genghis do to his surrender terms?
What was raised as a symbol of victory?
What did the city leaders do to allow the Mongols in?
Who held the city's citadel for another twelve days?
Who was sent back to Mongolia?
What did Genghis Khan declare himself to be?
Who was drafted into the army?
When was the Khwarezmian Empire defeated?
Who suggested that the Mongol army be split into two?
Where did the Mongols overwintered?
Where was the Battle of 1223?
Who led the Kievan Rus troops?
Who was Genghis Khan's grandson?
Who led the Mongols' return to Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus'?
Who led the famous cavalry expedition?
In what year did both divisions return to Mongolia?
Where did Jebe die?
When did Genghis Khan attack the Tanguts?
When did he take Xiliang-fu?
Who did one of the Tangut generals challenge to a battle near Helan Mountains?
What river did Genghis cross to defeat the Tangut relief army?
What did Genghis Khan see?
In 1227, Genghis Khan's army destroyed which Tangut capital?
Who led charges against the invaders outside the city gate?
What did Ma Jianlong die from?
Where did Genghis Khan go after conquering Deshun?
What did Genghis Khan order the entire imperial family to do?
What was Genghis' oldest son's name?
Who voiced the most strongly the issue of Jochi's paternity?
When did Genghis Khan invade the Khwarezmid Empire?
Who was appointed successor?
Who were Genghis Khan's sons?
What was the name of one of Genghis Khan's sons?
Who was Genghis Khan's youngest son?
Who did Genghis Khan give the throne to?
When did Jochi die?
Where did Jochi remain after the Khan sent for his sons?
Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of what?
Who would I make an alliance with if I killed my father?
Why is the story of Genghis Khan ordering Genghis Khan's son poisoned questionable?
What was the capital of Western Xia in 1227?
Along with battle, in what activity did Xiaoping sustain wounds?
What type of wound did Marco Polo claim he received?
What was Yinchuan the capital of?
Some Mongol authors have doubted the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him.
How did Genghis Khan want to be buried?
Where was Alexander's birthplace?
Along with the Burkhan Khaldun mountain, near what river is he thought to be buried?
What is Khan's memorial?
What is the mongolian name for Lord's Enclosure?
What was the name of the Buddhist monastery in Yan'an?
Where was Ta'er Shi?
When were Genghis Khan's bier and relics returned to the Lord's Enclosure?
Who destroyed almost everything of value during the Cultural Revolution?
When was Genghis Khan's palace uncovered?
Folklore says what was diverted over Atilla's grave to make it impossible to find?
A river was diverted over Atilla's grave to make it impossible to find?
Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many what?
Who created the Yassa code?
What code governed the Mongol Empire?
The Mongol Empire adopted an approach grounded in what?
Who was the exception?
What is one of the Khans of the Mongol Empire?
What was available to religious figures?
Who was Genghis Khan's mentor?
What did the Mongols consider religion to be?
What religions were the Mongol tribes?
Who was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when the next male Khagan was being chosen?
Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as what?
What is an example of a sedentary people?
What would a civil state under the Great Yassa have established?
What Khitan prince did Genghis Khan invite?
Why couldn't he find administrators among his people?
Who did Chu'Tsai work for?
Who was Chu'Tsai a descendant of?
Who did Genghis Khan put absolute trust in?
Where was the capital of the Mongol Empire?
Who was one of Genghis Khan's generals?
Who pursued the Great Raid into the Caucasus and Kievan Rus?
What did Genghis Khan expect from his generals?
What did the Mongols divert to cut off resources for cities and towns?
Who did the Mongols use as siege engines and engineers?
What was a standard tactic of the Mongol military?
How did the Mongols take enemy prisoners?
The Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to what sea?
The Mongol Empire stretched from what sea to the Sea of Japan?
Who succeeded Genghis?
When did the Mongol war with the Song dynasty end?
What did Genghis Khan bring under one cohesive political environment?
In what country is Genghis Khan considered a great military leader?
What was Genghis Khan's attitude towards religion?
What happened to communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia?
When did the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity have a powerful revival?
What role does he play for the Mongolians?
What do Mongolians refer to themselves as?
There is a chasm in the perception of what?
What do Mongolians believe about the historical records written by non-Mongols?
What is the Mongolian word for?
Whose name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, and buildings in Mongolia?
What is the name of Ulaanbaatar's main international airport?
Why have there been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image?
Where is Chinggis Khaan International Airport located?
What is the name of the first written Mongolian law?
What illegal acts were punishable by the Ikh Zasag law?
Who is the President of Mongolia?
What script did he introduce?
Where is there a monument and buildings about Genghis Khan?
What is the population of the Mongols in Inner Mongolia?
Who established the Yuan dynasty?
What dynasty did Kublai Khan establish?
Who established the Yuan dynasty?
In what country is Genghis Khan particularly infamous?
How much of the Iranian Plateau population did the Mongols kill?
How many people were killed on the Iranian Plateau?
What was the name of Ghazan Khan's descendant?
Who halted Hulagu Khan's forces?
Who was Hulagu Khan's descendant?
When did Batu Khan invade Kievan Rus?
What cities were spared destruction by the Mongols?
Who were proud descendants of Genghis Khan?
Which Mughal emperor was a descendant of Genghis Khan?
Along with Bukhara and Damascus, what city was targeted by the Mongols?
What is the Mongolian and Turkic word for ocean?
Along with the ocean, what body of water was called tenggis by the Mongols?
What does Zhèng mean?
What Chinese word means "right", "just", or "true"?
What is the Mongolian pronunciation of "Chinggis"?
What is the Mongolian spelling of Genghis Khan?
What is the Turkic spelling of Genghis Khan?
What is the pinyin for Temüjin?
How is Genghis Khan spelled in English?
What is the pinyin for Genghis Khan?
Where is the word pharmacy derived from?
What did the retail shop sell in addition to medicines?
What do the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply?
What would the term apothecary be seen as in English today?
What other herbs did the pharmas use?
What are pharmacists?
What do pharmacists ensure for their patients through quality use of medicines?
What do pharmacists play an important role in?
What is it called when a pharmacist owns the pharmacy in which they practice?
What do pharmacists have?
Who supervises and manages a pharmacy technician in the UK?
What does a pharmacy technician have to register as a professional on?
What does the GPhC do?
What is a Pharmacy Technician considered in the UK?
What is the role of a PhT in the UK?
What is Pedanius Dioscorides famous for?
What was used as a basis for many medieval texts?
What term was coined by the title?
Who was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants in Ancient Greece?
Who built upon De Materia Medica during the Islamic Golden Age?
What was the reputation of pharmacists in Japan?
Where was the place of pharmacists in society defined?
Where were ranked positions established?
What status were pharmacists assigned in this highly stable hierarchy?
In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above or below the two personal physicians of the Emperor?
What Middle Eastern advances led to the development of pharmacology?
Who promoted the medical uses of chemical compounds?
Who pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation?
Whose contributions are pioneering?
What did he make a distinction between?
In what year did pharmacies open in Dubrovnik?
Where was the oldest perfumery set up?
What does the Church of Santa Maria Novella now house?
What does the Esteve Pharmacy keep?
In what year was the oldest perfumery set up?
In most countries, the dispensary is subject to what?
Where did pharmacists once stay?
What are pharmacy technicians now more dependent upon?
What are pharmacy technicians now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role?
What are some of the requirements of pharmacy legislation?
How do pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school?
What do clinical pharmacists specialize in?
What is one of the reasons for the complexity of medications?
Who gains more education and training after pharmacy school?
Where can hospital pharmacies be found?
What are most hospital medications?
What have several hospital pharmacies decided to outsource?
What makes it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible?
What is different about a hospital pharmacy than a community pharmacy?
What do pharmacists do for patients?
Where did the clinical pharmacy movement begin?
Who do clinical pharmacists often collaborate with to improve pharmaceutical care?
What do they often participate in?
Where do clinical pharmacists care for patients?
What is the clinical pharmacist's role?
What does the review process often involve?
What are some of the things that are evaluated during a drug therapy review?
What must a pharmacist monitor for when designing and initiating a drug therapy plan?
What are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the U.S. federal health care system?
In what two states are pharmacists given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority?
When did the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approve ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification?
What is the official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care specialty certification exam?
What are some of the federal health care systems?
What is the focus of a consultant's pharmacy practice?
Where do most consultant pharmacists work?
What are the three largest pharmacy management companies in the US?
Why may this trend be reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients?
What do some community pharmacies do?
Since what year have a growing number of Internet pharmacies been established worldwide?
Many of these pharmacies are operated by what?
What are internet pharmacies also known as?
Why do some customers prefer to avoid going to a community drugstore?
What is the primary difference?
Why do many customers order drugs from such pharmacies?
Who feels that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability to use a medication?
There have been reports of such pharmacies doing what?
What are some Internet pharmacies that do not require a prescription?
What do most Internet pharmacies do?
What is of particular concern with Internet pharmacies?
What is required for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid in the United States?
What is of particular concern with Internet pharmacies?
What is required for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid in the United States?
What is the filling pharmacy's responsibility?
What defines a valid patient-doctor relationship?
What is an example of a controlled substance youth can obtain via the internet without a prescription?
Why did the United States want to legalize the importation of medications from Canada and other countries?
In the United States, what country has there been a push to legalize importation of medications from?
Who is FDA enforcement generally targeted at?
Is there a known case of U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription?
What has the United States been pushing to do in order to reduce consumer costs?
What is pharmacy informatics a combination of?
Where else can pharmacy informaticists work?
What are the needs of pharmacy informatics?
What are pharmacists in this area trained to participate in?
Is pharmacy informatics growing or slowing down?
What type of pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, and clinically managed?
How many of the 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 were specialty drugs?
What are some chronic and complex disease states that specialty pharmacies supply medications for?
What do specialty pharmacies carry?
What other services do specialty pharmacies provide?
How are pharmacists regulated in the United States?
Who is allowed to supply pharmaceuticals to the public?
Whose Code of Ethics allows physicians to dispense drugs within their office?
What percentage of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own?
What can pharmacists not do?
What other country has a similar law for general physicians?
Where are dispensing physicians allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines?
What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy?
How far away is the nearest pharmacy in Austria?
What is the reason for majority rule?
Why would a physician exaggerate the seriousness of a condition?
This system reflects much similarity to what?
What does a physician do to try to sell more medications?
What is the patient's interest?
What are pharmacists expected to do in the coming decades?
Are pharmacists expected to be compensated for their patient care skills?
What does Medication Therapy Management include?
What do these services include?
What is the result of a reconciliation of medication and patient education?
What provinces have limited prescribing rights for pharmacists?
Who pays pharmacists in Australia?
What is the government paying for?
What has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy in the United States?
What degree is now required before entering practice?
What are the two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries?
What was used until the early 20th century?
Where is the Bowl of Hygieia often used?
Where is a red stylized letter A found?
Where is the green Greek cross common?
What is the immune system?
What must an immune system detect to function properly?
What are two subsystems of the immune system?
The blood-brain barrier separates the peripheral immune system from what?
What does the immune system consist of?
What does the term "pathogens" refer to?
What are two subsystems of the immune system?
The immune system protects against what?
What are agents called that the immune system must detect?
The blood-brain barrier separates the peripheral immune system from what system?
What separates the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system?
What are agents called that the immune system must detect?
What are two subsystems of the immune system?
What are two subsystems of the immune system?
The blood-brain barrier separates the peripheral immune system from what system?
How do pathogens avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system?
What is a rudimentary immune system made up of?
Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient what?
What does acquired immunity do?
Enzymes in bacteria protect against what type of infection?
What are antimicrobial peptides called?
What is the process of acquired immunity the basis of?
What creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen?
Disorders of the immune system can result in what?
When does immunodeficiency occur?
What happens when the immune system is less active than normal?
In humans, immunodeficiency can be the result of what?
What is a common autoimmune disease?
What is it called when the immune system is less active than normal?
What results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms?
What is the study of all aspects of the immune system called?
What is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency?
When was the earliest known reference to immunity?
What type of venom did Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis experiment with?
Who exploited acquired immunity?
Who discovered the yellow fever virus?
Who was the first to realize the importance of the concept?
What was confirmed as the cause of infectious disease?
What was the first virus to be confirmed as a human pathogen?
When was the earliest known reference to immunity?
What is the improved response retained after the pathogen has been eliminated?
What provides an immediate, but non-specific response if a pathogen breaches these barriers?
What is the second layer of protection that vertebrates possess?
What is found in all plants and animals?
What is the second layer of protection that vertebrates possess?
What is the improved response retained after the pathogen has been eliminated?
What prevents pathogens from entering an organism?
Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the immune system's ability to distinguish between what types of molecules?
Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.
Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and what?
What are molecules that bind to specific immune receptors called?
What do antigens bind to?
What recognizes components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms?
Microorganisms or toxins that enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of what system?
Pattern recognition receptors recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of what?
Innate immune defenses are what?
Insects have what as their first line of defense against infection?
What is the first line of defense against infection?
What mechanically eject pathogens and other irritants from the respiratory tract?
What is secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract to trap and entangle microorganisms?
Along with urine, what flushes and mechanically expels pathogens?
What is an example of an antimicrobial peptide?
What enzymes are found in saliva, tears, and breast milk?
What does semen contain to kill pathogens?
What serves as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens?
When do vaginal secretions become slightly acidic?
What serves as biological barriers within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts?
What do most antibiotics not affect?
Pure cultures of what bacteria are normally found in unpasteurized yogurt?
What can commensal flora change in their environment?
What is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection?
What are the symptoms of inflammation caused by?
What are released by injured or infected cells?
What eicosanoids produce fever and dilation of blood vessels?
What cytokines are responsible for communication between white blood cells?
What are cells called that engulf pathogens or particles?
What can phagocytes be called to specific locations by?
What is the intracellular vesicle that a pathogen becomes trapped in called?
What is formed when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome?
Phagocytosis evolved as a means of what?
What are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens?
Along with macrophages, what type of phagocytes travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens?
What percentage of total circulating leukocytes are neutrophils?
What is the process called when neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation?
What is an example of a regulatory factor produced by Macrophages?
What are the second arm of the innate immune system?
What is the second arm of the innate immune system?
Innate cells are important mediators in the activation of what system?
What are phagocytes?
What are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment called?
What are dendritic cells named for their resemblance to?
What is one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system?
What is one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system?
What is the condition in which NK cells recognize compromised host cells called?
What is a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes?
What is the term for cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker?
What put the brakes on NK cells?
In what group did the adaptive immune system evolve?
The adaptive immune response requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called what?
Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific what?
What are the two major subtypes of T cells?
What has a role in modulating immune response?
Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to what?
Helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to what?
What is the name of the subtype that recognizes intact antigens that are not bound to MHC receptors?
What is a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses?
What is the co-receptor on the T cell called?
What binds to an antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor of another cell?
What toxin induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis?
What cytotox forms pores in the target cell's plasma membrane?
The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's what?
How many receptors must be bound by an MHC:antigen in order to activate the helper cell?
Killer T cells can be activated by engagement of what?
What does activation of a resting helper T cell cause it to release?
What is another name for CD154?
What do gamma delta T cells share characteristics with?
What do gamma delta T cells possess?
What are gamma delta T cells?
 T cells rearrange TCR genes to produce what?
What type of human cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes?
What type of cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen?
What is the process by which the complex is processed by the B cell?
The combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases what?
What do some of the offspring of activated B cells and T cells become?
What is the term for a process that occurs during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with a pathogen?
What are the two types of immunological memory?
What do memory cells remember throughout the lifetime of an animal?
Newborn infants have no prior exposure to what?
What type of antibody is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta?
What contains antibodies that are transferred to the gut of the infant?
What is it called when the fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies?
Hormones can act as what?
What types of immune responses are female sex hormones known to stimulate?
What is an example of an autoimmune disease that strikes women preferentially?
What do male sex hormones seem to be?
What protein has been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms?
These disruptions can lead to an increase in what chronic conditions?
Active immunizations may have a diminished effect when suffering from what?
What is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals?
The decline in immune function is also related to decreasing levels of what vitamin in the elderly?
What is regulated by the immune system?
What do they produce less of via UVB radiation?
What is the main response of the immune system to tumors?
What are tumor antigens presented on?
Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to what?
What is generated against tumor cells?
What do plants lack?
What are PAMPs?
Cells at the site of infection undergo rapid what to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant?
What is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent?
What can block virus replication?
Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly what?
What does the immune system fail to distinguish?
Where are specialized cells located?
What do many T cells and antibodies react with?
What occurs when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive?
The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in which two groups of people?
When do immune responses begin to decline?
What are common causes of poor immune function in developed countries?
What is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries?
How can active immunity be generated artificially?
What is another name for vaccination?
What is introduced to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against a pathogen?
What does the deliberate induction of an immune response exploit?
What do bacteria often secrete to overcome physical barriers?
What type of system is used to insert a hollow tube into a host cell?
These proteins are often used to do what?
The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to do what?
Who formulated the clonal selection theory of immunity?
What are examples of "nonself" entities?
The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding what?
Whose suggestion inspired Frank Burnet in the mid-1950s?
What is the most powerful of these drugs?
Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with what?
What are two examples of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs?
What is an example of an immunosuppressive drug?
What are two examples of effector cells that peak during wake periods?
What are two examples of anti-inflammatory molecules?
Inflammation can occur during sleep due to the presence of what hormone?
The presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract what?
When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends what?
What is the active form of vitamin D?
What type of relationship do T-cells have with vitamin D?
What is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin D into the steroid hormone version?
What are other immune system cells that express CYP27B1?
What are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens?
What are antimicrobial peptides called?
Invertebrates use the complement system and what other system?
Ribonucleases and what pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes?
What classical molecules of the adaptive immune system exist only in jawed vertebrates?
What primitive jawless vertebrates have a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule?
What are the large array of molecules that these animals possess called?
What evolved in an ancestor of jawed vertebrates?
Invertebrates do not generate what type of cells?
What is the unique defense mechanism bacteria use to protect themselves from pathogens?
What are viral pathogens called?
Prokaryotes possess acquired immunity through a system that uses what?
What theories of immunity fought at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century?
Who represented the cellular theory of immunity?
According to the cellular theory of immunity, what cells were responsible for immune responses?
Who held the humoral theory of immunity?
What did the humoral theory of immunity state that the active immune agents were?
Some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become what?
What do tumor cells have a reduced number of on their surface?
What suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes?
What does TGF- suppress?
What is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues called?
How many classes are hypersensitive reactions divided into?
What is the first class of hypersensitive reactions?
What triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen?
What happens when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient's own cells?
What is the evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system called?
What is an example of a food poisoning bacterium?
What is the name of the eukaryotic parasite that causes malaria?
What bacteria lives inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement?
What is the surface protein of Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the term for this type of variation?
What virus mutates rapidly?
What parasite uses a similar strategy?
What do the frequent changes in the Ebola virus cause to change?
What is this called?
What virus causes cervical cancer?
What enzyme transforms certain skin cells into tumors called melanomas?
What are skin tumors called when tyrosinase is expressed at high levels?
What is a cause of melanomas?
What is the maximum dose of a drug that can provoke a neutralizing immune response?
Early techniques relied on the observation that which amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions?
What is the study of large sets of proteins involved in the immune response called?
A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloging of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by what?
What is the emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity called?
What hormones do sudden drops in blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine induce?
Leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin support the interactions between T-cells and what?
Which cytokine balance is supported by the hormones produced at this time?
This milieu is thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of what type of immune responses?
What do complement proteins bind to on the surface of microbes?
Deposition of complement can kill cells by doing what?
What is the speed of the response a result of?
What amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback?
What is one way people have rebelled against unfair laws?
What did the South African Civil Rights Movement fight against?
What movement brought independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union?
In what country did the Orange Revolution take place in 2004?
In what country did the 2003 Rose Revolution take place?
Who brought about one of its earliest massive implementations?
Who did the Egyptians oppose in the 1919 Revolution?
What type of movement was Gandhi's in India?
What do people rebel against?
What nonviolent resistance movement used violence?
What is one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience?
Who was Oedipus' father?
Who is the current King of Thebes?
Who was Antigone's father?
What is Antigone trying to stop Creon from doing?
What is one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience?
Who wrote the play Antigone?
Who is trying to stop Antigone from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial?
What is Antigone trying to stop Creon from doing?
What does she tell him in her speech?
Who wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy?
What type of protest is it?
What was Gandhi's version of Civil Disobedience called?
What did Gandhi want for India?
Who wrote the essay Civil Disobedience?
Who wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy?
Percy Shelley's political poem The Mask of Anarchy begins with images of what?
What is the principle of nonviolent protest?
What was Gandhi's version of Civil Disobedience called?
Who wrote the Satyagraha doctrine?
What does Agnew use the term "code-word" to describe?
Who noted that it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official?
What has the term "civil disobedience" always suffered from?
What has the term "civil disobedience" become in modern times?
What has the term "civil disobedience" become in modern times?
Who noted that it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official?
What does Agnew see the term "code-word" as?
For whom has "code-word" become a code-word?
What has the term "civil disobedience" always suffered from?
Who wrote that "the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible?"
LeGrande says the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not what?
What does he encourage a distinction between?
The student of civil disobedience quickly finds himself surrounded by a maze of what type of problems and grammatical niceties?
Like Alice in Wonderland, what type of terminology has no more or less meaning than the individual orator intends it to have?
Who wrote that "the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible?"
What does the student of civil disobedience quickly find himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties?
The student of civil disobedience quickly finds himself surrounded by a maze of what?
What is another term for lawful protest demonstration?
What is a non-violent form of civil disobedience?
What is it called when two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict?
What is civil disobedience usually defined as pertaining to?
What is civil disobedience usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to?
Why would a head of government refuse to enforce a decision of a country's highest court not be civil disobedience?
What is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws?
What is civil disobedience usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to?
What would not be considered civil disobedience if the head of government of a country did what?
Who would refuse to enforce a decision of a country's highest court?
What is the difference between a public official and a private citizen?
What is a constitutional impasse?
Whose political philosophy argues for conscience vs. collective?
What happened to Thoreau?
Is the majority always right or wrong?
What did Thoreau advise the taxman to do when he refused to pay?
Thoreau admits that government may express nothing more than the will of who?
Who is the final judge of right and wrong?
Who can act unjustly?
Whose political philosophy argues for conscience vs. collective?
What did Thoreau advise the taxman to do when he refused to pay?
Is the majority always right or wrong?
Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against whom?
Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of what non-governmental agencies can be justified?
Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to non-governmental agencies can be justified if it reflects a larger challenge to what?
The same principle, she argues, applies to breaches of law in protest against whom?
Who argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies can be justified if it reflects a larger challenge to the legal system?
What does Brownlee say disobedience in opposition to decisions of non-governmental agencies can be justified if it reflects?
Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against whom?
Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private what can be justified if it reflects a larger challenge to the legal system?
If lawbreaking is not publicly announced, what is it considered to be?
What is another form of disobedience Stephen Eilmann suggests?
What did Hitler's secret police want to know about German citizens?
What is the name of the book of Exodus?
Who misrepresented how they did it?
What must be done in order for lawbreaking to be considered civil disobedience?
What does Stephen Eilmann argue is necessary to disobey?
What might a lawyer assist in if he wanted to help a client secure her or his natural rights?
What did the Fully Informed Jury Association say to think of when Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew in their house?
Where can civil disobedience be traced back to?
What does Black's Law Dictionary include in its definition of civil disobedience?
What dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience?
What is much more destructive than civil disobedience?
What does civil disobedients' refraining from violence help preserve society's?
What does Black's Law Dictionary not include in its definition of civil disobedience?
What must civil disobedience be?
What is much more destructive than civil disobedience?
Rebellion is argued to be more what?
What is the benefit of civil disobedients refraining from violence?
What is an active attempt to overthrow a government?
What people under Ferenc Deák directed civil disobedience against the Austrian government?
Who was the leader of the Hungarians?
Whose acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience?
What can revolutionary civil disobedience change?
What is non-revolutionary civil disobedience?
Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds of what?
What is the goal of non-revolutionary civil disobedience?
What is an active attempt to overthrow a government?
Who is the name of the person who wrote 'The Secret Life of a Slave'?
When were the earliest recorded incidents of civil disobedience?
How did unarmed Jews prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem?
How was Thoreau's arrest covered by the media?
What did the tax collector who arrested Thoreau do?
When was Thoreau's essay published?
When were the earliest recorded incidents of civil disobedience?
Why did unarmed Jews gather in the streets?
What do activists who commit civil disobedience collectively do until certain demands are met?
What is solitary civil disobedience a form of?
When was Thoreau's essay published?
What type of acts have civil disobedients chosen?
Bedau notes that symbolic protests may serve what purpose?
Who brought medicine to Iraq without the permission of the U.S. Government?
How long did Julia Butterfly Hill live in Luna?
What did Julia Butterfly Hill do with Luna?
What have civil disobedients chosen a variety of?
What is trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation?
Bedau notes that the harmlessness of what kind of illegal protests may serve a propaganda purpose?
What do the owners of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries achieve?
Who lived in a California Redwood tree for 738 days?
What was Joseph Haas arrested for?
What did Joseph Haas say in an email?
In cases where pure speech is pure speech, what can civil disobedience consist of engaging in the forbidden speech?
What case resulted from WBAI's broadcasting of Filthy Words?
In what year was the case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation decided?
In cases where the criminalized behavior is what, civil disobedience can consist of engaging in the forbidden speech?
What is the track "Filthy Words" from a George Carlin comedy album?
What is a classic way of expressing defiance toward the government?
What was Joseph Haas arrested for?
Some forms of civil disobedience make it more difficult for what?
How did the Plowshares organization temporarily close GCSB Waihopai?
How did the Plowshares organization temporarily close GCSB Waihopai?
Brownlee notes that civil disobedients may find it necessary to employ what to get their issue onto the table?
In this way, they might be considered what?
What is one form of civil disobedience?
Brownlee notes that civil disobedients are constrained in their use of what?
What is the conscientious aim of civil disobedients?
How did the Plowshares organization temporarily close GCSB Waihopai?
What are civil disobedience cases similar to?
What may a suspect need to decide about his property?
What can serve no useful purpose?
Why have some civil disobedients found it hard to resist responding to investigators' questions?
What do some civil disobedients seek to do?
What do some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to do?
What do some civil disobedients believe in?
Other civil disobedients still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government or don't believe in what?
What is another term for civil disobedients who don't believe in the legitimacy of any government?
Anarchists don't believe in the legitimacy of any government, so they won't accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does what?
What is an important decision for civil disobedients?
What do some believe a civil disobedient must do?
Why am I guilty as charged?
What message does pleading not guilty send?
What is the phrase "I plead for the beauty that surrounds us" known as?
Where did the Committee for Non-Violent Action sponsor a protest in 1957?
What did the protesters do when they knew they would be arrested?
What happened when they stepped across the line?
What did Francis Heisler advise the arrested persons to plead instead of guilty or not-guilty?
What were the arrested persons given?
Why do protesters go to jail?
Why do protesters go to jail?
What is the key point?
What is to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience?
What does the prosecution sometimes propose to civil disobedients?
What did the Camden 28 defendants receive in exchange for pleading guilty?
What do activists use in mass arrest situations to secure the same plea bargain for everyone?
Some activists have opted to enter what type of plea?
Who pleaded guilty and said "I am here to...
What do some civil disobedience defendants choose to make in allocution?
Some civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech or what other speech?
What is a sign of a person trying to avoid responsibility for their actions?
What was the likelihood of her illegal actions being repeated?
What did some of the protesters complain about?
What is the primary goal of a defendant if they plead not guilty?
What should a defendant do if they plead not guilty?
What should defendants use the proceedings to do?
During what war did the Chicago Eight use a political defense?
What do civil disobedients seek in the United States?
What type of disobedience is neither conscientious nor socially beneficial?
What is general disobedience considered to be?
What is not civil disobedience?
What is it generally viewed as when a protestor tries to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution?
What is one way a protester can escape punishment?
What type of civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not itself the object of protest?
What type of civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not itself the object of protest?
During what war did courts typically refuse to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality of the war?
What defense did Carter Wentworth have?
Why have prosecutors escaped prosecution for handing out leaflets in courthouses?
Along with deterrence, what is a major goal of criminal punishment?
What is the most important consideration in deciding whether or not to impose punishment?
Who decides on utilitarian grounds?
Brownlee argues that bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law's engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person because it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not what?
What is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure called?
Construction typically takes place on location for a known client, in contrast to what?
What percentage of the gross domestic product of developed countries is made up of construction?
What is the first step in construction?
Construction typically takes place on location for whom?
Who normally manages the job?
Who supervises the work of an architect?
What is essential for the successful execution of a project?
What are the largest construction projects referred to as?
Who must consider zoning requirements?
What are the three sectors of construction?
What are the two main types of building construction?
What are some other names for infrastructure?
What is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering?
Refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants are all part of what industry?
What is Engineering News-Record?
What is the abbreviation for Engineering News-Record?
In what year did ENR compile data in nine market segments?
What data did the Top 400 use to rank heavy contractors?
What are the three subsectors of the construction industry?
What are two other categories of firms?
Which two classification systems have a system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction?
What are construction managers?
What is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings?
What are the majority of building construction jobs?
Who often acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project?
What are some undesirable end results of building construction projects?
What do those with experience in the field do to ensure a positive outcome?
What must residential construction practices, technologies, and resources conform to?
What generally dictates the construction materials used?
What can residential construction generate?
What can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale, and the availability of skilled tradespeople?
New techniques of building construction are being researched because of advances in what?
How long does it take to build a small commercial building?
Are working versions of 3D-printing building technology already printing?
How much building material are working versions of 3D-printing building technology printing per hour?
What is the purpose of a formal design team?
Construction usually involves the translation of what?
The design team is most commonly employed by who?
Who provides drawings and a bill of quantities?
Who does the owner typically award a contract to?
The modern trend in design is toward integration of what?
In the past, what were architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors more likely to be?
What can a firm offer for a construction project from beginning to end?
What is the term for a contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction?
What are some project structures that can assist the owner in this integration?
What types of professionals can be integrated into a project?
What are many companies placing more emphasis on?
What can construction projects suffer from?
When do underbids happen?
When do cash flow problems exist?
What is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field?
Who are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project?
Who is highly likely to be present even in relatively small projects?
Who studies the expected monetary flow over the life of the project?
Why have cost overruns occurred with government projects?
Who applies expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation?
What must the project adhere to?
Who doesn't benefit from a project that doesn't adhere to codes?
What is malum in se?
What are malum prohibitum considerations?
Who may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where a building will be built?
What is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations?
What is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties called?
What does the time element in construction mean?
What must the contracts be designed to ensure?
What leads to confusion and collapse?
What is a growing number of new forms of procurement?
What does PPP stand for?
What are PPPs also known as?
What is the focus on to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry?
Who acts as the project coordinator?
In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as what?
There are direct contractual links between whom?
There are contractual links between the architect's client and who else?
When does the procedure end?
Who produces a list of requirements for a project?
Who has different ideas about how to accomplish these goals?
Who produces a list of requirements for a project?
What is often the case when more than one contractor is working together?
What happens as they build phase 1?
Who is typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked before the foundation can be dug?
What could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations?
What could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations?
Who inspects a building during construction?
Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed, what can be issued?
What was the industry's annual revenue in the United States in 2014?
How much of the industry's revenue is private?
How many firms employed 1 million contractors in 2005?
How many employees does the average contractor have?
How many women were employed in the construction industry in 2011?
What is the average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East?
What is the average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the UK?
Where have construction workers made more than $100,000 a year?
What is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world?
What is one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers?
What are some of the major causes of death in the construction industry?
What can reduce the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry?
What is another name for private schools?
What type of scholarship might a student receive at a private school?
What do private schools charge their students?
What do private schools retain the right to do?
How much do some New England preparatory schools charge?
What are some schools called that charge no tuition?
Along with the United Kingdom and Canada, what country is a member of the Commonwealth?
Where does private education cover the gamut from pre-school to tertiary level institutions?
What is the year 12 known as?
What is the name of year 13?
What is another term for university-preparatory schools?
Along with location and financial endowment, what is another factor that affects tuition at private secondary schools?
Who does high tuition pay higher salaries for?
Parochial schools are often used to denote what type of schools?
What religious group is represented in the K-12 private education sector?
What type of education is taught in some of these schools?
What is a tool not readily available to government schools?
What is a compulsory uniform for private schools in Australia?
Are private schools in Australia always more or less expensive than their public counterparts?
Along with the Uniting Church and the Anglican Church, what is an example of a long-established religious foundation?
What type of school is St Joseph's College?
Where is St Aloysius' College located?
Who attends Loreto Normanhurst?
What article in the Grundgesetz gives the right to create private schools?
This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from what type of event in the future?
What was the percentage of pupils in such schools in Germany in 2008?
What percentage of students attend private high schools?
What was the percentage of pupils in such schools in the former GDR?
What forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents?
What are ordinary primary or secondary schools called?
What are the tuition fees at most Ersatzschulen?
What are secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools run by private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups?
Most of these schools are what type of schools?
How are Ergänzungsschulen funded?
What type of groups run Ergänzungsschulen?
What are private schools called in India?
Along with CISCE and NENBSE, what is a prominent examination board in multiple states?
How many different Examination Boards conduct examinations for school leaving certificates?
Along with the state governments, what government has the power to govern schools?
What type of organizations can run schools in India?
Only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in what country?
What evaluates learning levels in rural India?
What does the Annual Status of Education Report do?
What is the medium of education in private schools?
What is the Irish term for private schools?
Why are private schools unusual in Ireland?
What is the average annual fee for most schools?
What is an example of a religious order?
What is the average annual fee for boarding schools?
When did Malaysia gain independence?
What ethnicity was outraged by the compromise that the schools would become "National Type" schools?
What language are Chinese secondary schools required to change to?
What school system did the government make all schools in Malaysia a part of?
How many schools converted to National Type schools?
What are the schools that accept government funds called?
How are private 'un-aided' schools funded?
Where is the Galaxy Public School located?
What is the medium of education in Nepal?
Along with English, what language is taught as a compulsory subject?
How many private schools are in New Zealand?
How many students attend private schools in New Zealand?
What percentage of New Zealand's student population attends private schools?
What was the name of the private school system that integrated in 1984?
Along with Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch, what is one of New Zealand's largest cities?
What denomination is King's College and Diocesan School for Girls?
Where is Scots College located?
Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's College are examples of what type of private school?
Where is Christ's College and St Margaret's College located?
What is the name of the Catholic schismatic group in Wanganui?
What percentage of primary enrollment does the private sector account for in the Philippines?
What percentage of secondary education is provided by the private sector?
What percentage of tertiary education is provided by the private sector?
When was the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools issued?
Along with English and mathematics, what subjects were replaced by private schools in third and fourth years?
What scheme of the government provides financial assistance for tuition and other school fees of students turned away from public high schools?
What is geared to students enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non-degree programmes?
What is made available to underprivileged high school graduates who wish to pursue college/technical education in private colleges and universities?
What act recognizes two categories of schools: public and independent?
When was the South African Schools Act passed?
The South African Schools Act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools: public and what?
What type of schools are included in the "independent" category?
In what century were some of the oldest schools in South Africa established?
What does the term "Model C" continue to be used to describe?
Do these schools produce better or worse academic results than government schools?
Do model C schools set higher or lower fees than other public schools?
What percentage of Swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008?
How many students attend Kunskapsskolan?
How many employees does Kunskapsskolan have?
What is another name for Kunskapsskolan?
What type of school model is Sweden known for?
Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils up to what age to enter public schools?
What are some of these schools also known as?
What percentage of children in the UK are attending fee-paying schools at GSCE level?
Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils up to what age to enter public schools?
What is the average annual fee for day pupils?
What landmark court case resulted in a wave of private Christian academies?
Since the 1970s, what have many of these schools shut down?
Where did white students migrate to the academies?
What race of students migrated to the academies?
What race of students became more concentrated in public schools?
Along with student tuition, scholarship/voucher funds and donations, how is funding for private schools provided?
Government funding for religious schools is subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden according to the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause of what Amendment?
What is an example of an individual state amendment to the First Amendment?
What type of status does a non-religious private school have?
In what state did compulsory education begin?
When did compulsory education begin in Massachusetts?
When was Wisconsin v. Yoder?
What was the case number of Pierce v. Society of Sisters?
What was the name of the case in 427 U.S. 160?
What was the average annual tuition for day schools in New York City in 2012?
As of 2012, how much was the average annual tuition for boarding schools in the United States?
What is an example of a leading school with an endowment of hundreds of millions of dollars?
The Groton School had substantial endowments supplemented by what drives?
Who was Harvard's first benefactor?
When did the undergraduate college become coeducational?
Who led Columbia University through the Great Depression and World War II?
Harvard was a founding member of what in 1900?
Who was President of the United States after the American Civil War?
What is the world's largest academic and private library system?
How many libraries does the Harvard Library have?
How many volumes does the Harvard Library have?
How many presidents are alumni of Harvard?
How many Nobel laureates have been affiliated as students, faculty, or staff?
Where are the campuses of Harvard located?
How much is Harvard's financial endowment?
Where is Harvard Stadium located?
How many academic units are there at Harvard?
Where is the main campus of Harvard University located?
When was Harvard formed?
Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of what colony?
In what year did the college become home for North America's first known printing press?
When was Harvard College renamed?
When was the charter for the Harvard Corporation granted?
Who did the College train in the early years?
What model did the University of Cambridge follow?
Is the University affiliated with any particular denomination?
When did Joseph Willard die?
Who was appointed to the presidency of Harvard two years after Henry Ware?
When was Henry Ware elected to the chair of Harvard?
Whose natural history lectures were acclaimed in 1846?
Along with observation, what did Agassiz's perspective on science combine?
Which two Scottish philosophers influenced Common Sense Realism?
Who eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum?
What was Eliot's religious affiliation?
Who were these convictions derived from?
Who reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions?
What did Conant's programs aim to do?
When was the Report published?
How many men attended Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe?
In what year did Harvard and Radcliffe merge?
What happened after the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions?
How far is Harvard's main campus from downtown Boston?
How many houses do undergraduates live in?
Near what river are the nine residential Houses south of Harvard Yard?
Where are the other three residences located?
Where is the Harvard Business School located?
What is the name of the pedestrian bridge over the Charles River?
Where are the Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Harvard School of Public Health located?
How much more land does the university own in Allston than in Cambridge?
What are the proposals to connect the Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus?
What are some of the benefits of the expansion?
How many professors, lecturers, and instructors work at Harvard?
How many undergraduates does Harvard's 2,400 professors instruct?
How many graduate students do Harvard's 2,400 professors instruct?
In what year did the student body vote to associate red with Harvard?
When did Charles William Eliot buy red bandanas for his crew?
What was the market worth in 2011?
How much loss did the company suffer in 2008-09?
What was one of the most visible results of Harvard's attempt to re-balance its budget?
What was the Pell Grant reserve at Harvard in 2012?
What was the total financial aid reserve of Harvard University as of 2012?
When was the divestment from South Africa movement?
Who gave a speech during the divestment from South Africa movement?
How much did the university reduce its South African holdings?
How many applicants did Harvard College accept for the class of 2019?
When did Harvard College end its early admissions program?
Why did Harvard end its early admissions program in 2007?
In what year was the Early Action program reintroduced?
What were entering students required to complete outside of their concentration?
Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in how many general education categories?
What have some students criticized Harvard for?
When do Harvard's academic programs operate on a semester calendar?
What is the minimum rate to be considered full-time?
What are students graduating in the top 4–5% of the class awarded?
What percentage of students received Latin honors in 2005?
What was the annual tuition for the 2012-13 school year?
What was the total cost of attendance for the 2012-13 school year?
What do families with incomes below $60,000 pay for their children's education?
How much money did Harvard offer in grants in 2009?
What percentage of Harvard's undergraduate aid is provided by grants?
Where is the Harvard University Library System centered?
What are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates?
Where is America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases stored?
How many volumes are in the Harvard University Library System?
How many museums are in the Harvard Art Museums?
What does the Fogg Museum of Art cover?
What museum specializes in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere?
Since what year has it consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities?
When were the first World Reputation Rankings published?
Where did The Princeton Review rank Harvard as a "dream college"?
How many intercollegiate sports does the Harvard Crimson compete in?
What university does Harvard have an intense athletic rivalry with?
When does the rivalry between Harvard and Yale teams come to an end?
The annual football meeting between Harvard and Yale dates back to what year?
In what year did Harvard Stadium open?
In what year would Camp support revolutionary new rules?
What is Walter Camp's profession?
What is the name of the multi-purpose arena that is home to the Harvard basketball teams?
What is the primary recreation facility of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill?
How many weight rooms are in the facility?
How old is the Harvard-Yale Regatta?
On what river is the festival held?
What is the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team's rivalry?
In what year did Harvard win the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships?
Who is the U.N. Secretary?
Who is the President of Colombia?
Who is the President of Costa Rica?
Who is the Prime Minister of Israel?
Who is a comedian, television show host, and writer?
Who was a conductor?
Who is a cellist?
Who was a civil rights leader?
Who is the Fields Medalist mathematician?
Which two legal scholars are on Harvard's faculty?
Who is Harvard's Shakespeare scholar?
What is the largest city in Florida?
What was the population of Jacksonville in 2010?
What is Jacksonville's ranking among the most populous cities in the US?
What county is Jacksonville the county seat of?
In what year did Jacksonville consolidate with Duval County?
What river is Jacksonville located on?
How far is Jacksonville from Miami?
What was one of the earliest European settlements in the continental United States?
The area was originally inhabited by what people?
Who was the town named after?
What is the rank of Jacksonville's seaport?
What type of tourism is important to Jacksonville?
How many US Navy bases are in Jacksonville?
What are other names for Jacksonville residents?
How many years has Jacksonville been inhabited?
Who discovered the pottery on Black Hammock Island?
Where is Black Hammock Island located?
What era began in the 16th century?
What may be the earliest recorded name for Jacksonville?
Who charted the St. Johns River in 1562?
Who did Ribault claim the land for?
Who did Philip II order to attack the French at Fort Caroline?
What did the Spanish rename the fort?
What was the name of the first European settlement?
After what war did Spain cede Florida to the British?
What did the British do to connect St. Augustine to Georgia?
What did the names Cow Ford and Cowford reflect?
What country ceded Florida to the British?
When was the charter approved?
What side was Jacksonville a key supply point for during the American Civil War?
What resulted in the first Confederate victory in Florida?
In what battle did Union forces confront a Confederate army?
What caused the city to be disrupted after the war?
What was the name of the battle that took place in 1864?
During what era were Jacksonville and St. Augustine popular winter resorts for the rich and famous?
Which president attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition?
What caused major damage to the city's tourism in the late 19th century?
What attracted visitors to other areas?
Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by what other means?
What was engulfed in flames at a nearby mattress factory?
How many buildings were destroyed in the storm?
What did Governor Jennings do?
What was the largest urban fire in the southeastern United States?
What type of filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville in the 1910s?
What type of film studios were established in Jacksonville?
What is Jacksonville's nickname?
What city became a major film production center?
What led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs?
What was the percentage of non-Hispanic whites in 2010?
What did the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class call it?
Who was responsible for the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects?
After what war did Jacksonville suffer from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl?
What led to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits?
Where did residents have difficulty obtaining municipal services?
In 1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin what?
Who rejected annexation plans?
How were many of the city's officials elected in the 1960s?
How many officials were indicted?
What group was led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates?
What happened to Duval County's public high schools in 1964?
What was the result of the 1967 referendum?
Who was the mayor at the time?
What was the new name of the city?
What was the name of the plan that was promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future?
What did the Better Jacksonville Plan authorize?
According to the United States Census Bureau, what is the total area of Jacksonville?
What river divides the city?
What tributary of the St. Johns River is located entirely within Jacksonville?
What percentage of Jacksonville's total area is water?
Jacksonville surrounds what town?
What is the tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville?
What was the Bank of America Tower originally called?
How tall is the Empire State Building?
How many floors is the Riverplace Tower?
What makes the Wells Fargo Center the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline?
What type of climate does Jacksonville have?
When are the warmest months?
What is the winter weather like in Jacksonville?
Because of Jacksonville's coastal location and what other factor, does the city see very little cold weather?
What was the highest temperature recorded?
What erupts during a typical summer afternoon?
What is combined with rapid heating of the land relative to the water to cause heat waves?
In what month does the mean temperature reach 82 degrees Fahrenheit?
What was the strongest storm to hit Jacksonville in 1964?
What was the wind speed when the eye crossed St. Augustine?
What storm hit Jacksonville on May 28, 2012?
What scale does the eye cross St. Augustine on?
From what year did Jacksonville suffer damage?
What is the largest ethnic group in Jacksonville?
How many people lived in New York City in 2010?
How does Jacksonville's Arab population rank in the United States?
What is Jacksonville's largest American community?
What percentage of households were made up of individuals?
What percentage of households had children under the age of 18 living with them?
For every 100 females, how many males were there?
For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?
What percentage of global assets did the richest 1% own in 2000?
According to Oxfam, how many people are in the bottom 50% of the world's population?
What is the average wealth of the top percentile?
Why have Oxfam's claims been questioned?
What is a diversion?
What percentage of global assets did the richest 1% own in 2000?
What do the three richest people in the world possess more of than the lowest 48 nations combined?
How much did the combined wealth of the "10 million dollar millionaires" grow to in 2008?
How much of the population is owned by the bottom half of the wealthiest 1%?
Why are there more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China?
How many richest Americans are there?
What newspaper reported that the richest 1 percent owned more wealth than the bottom 90 percent?
What may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start"?
According to the Institute of Policy Studies, over 60 percent of the Forbes richest 400 Americans "grew up in substantial privilege"
According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans have more what than half of all Americans combined?
According to the New York Times, who owns more wealth than the bottom 90 percent?
What may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start"?
According to the Institute for Policy Studies, what percentage of the Forbes richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege?
Who said that 60 percent of the richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege?
What views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land?
Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from what?
What is the cause of differences in value added?
In a market economy, inequality is a reflection of what?
In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by what?
Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from what?
What is the reason for differences in labor income distribution?
What are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor?
What are the economic actors?
In a market economy, inequality is a reflection of what?
Why do capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor?
What happens when the organic composition of capital increases?
What happens when less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs?
What is happening to the capitalist class as a result of mechanization and automation?
In Marxian analysis, capital equipment is substituted for what?
Why do capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor?
In Marxian analysis, what do capitalist firms increasingly substitute for labor inputs?
The substitution of capital equipment for labor raises what for each worker?
What are the wages of the working class due to mechanization and automation?
In a purely capitalist mode of production, what will not be controlled by professional and labor organizations?
What law determines the price of skill?
Employers who offer a below market wage will find what?
What will their competitors do to take advantage of the situation?
Markets can lead to outcomes that are widely viewed as what?
Who controls wages?
Wages work in the same way as what for any other good?
In a purely capitalist mode of production, what will not be controlled by professional and labor organizations?
What can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers?
Markets can lead to outcomes that are widely viewed as what?
What tends to drive down wages?
What is the reason for a low wage for a job that few need?
A job where there are few able or willing workers but a large need for the positions will result in what for that job?
Members may receive higher wages through what?
Who can limit the supply of workers?
A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time will result in what for that job?
Why is the wage so low?
Why does competition among workers drive down wages?
A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time has what kind of supply?
What type of competition will drive up wages?
Higher economic inequality tends to increase what at the individual level?
What type of entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs?
What is the motivation behind necessity-based entrepreneurship?
What is another term for achievement-oriented motivations?
What type of entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations?
What tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level?
Most of it is based on what rather than opportunity?
What type of entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs?
What type of motivation drives opportunity-based entrepreneurship?
What kind of impact does entrepreneurialism have on economic growth?
What is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases?
In a progressive tax system, what will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society?
Tax progressivity applied to what can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board?
The rate at which income is taxed and the progressivity of what is another cause?
What does a progressive tax increase as the taxable base amount increases?
In a progressive tax system, what will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society?
What can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board?
What is the difference between the Gini index before and after taxation?
Variation in individuals' what is an important factor in the creation of inequality?
What do those who can't afford an education choose not to pursue?
What do those who can't afford an education generally receive?
Who does education help unleash the productive potential of?
A lack of education leads to lower aggregate what?
Variation in individuals' what is an important factor in the creation of inequality?
Education creates what for those with a high demand for workers?
What are the wages of those who can't afford an education?
What does a lack of education lead to?
Variation in individuals' access to what is an important factor in the creation of inequality?
What did S&P recommend to partially remedy the wealth gap?
What is the estimated economic growth if the average US worker had completed one more year of school?
What did the widening gap between the wealthiest and the rest of the population make the US more prone to?
Which rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery?
When did economists with Standard & Poor's rating agency conclude that the widening disparity between the wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation slowed the recovery from the 2008-2009 recession?
In what years did the U.S. experience a recession?
What did S&P recommend to partially remedy the wealth gap?
What is the estimated economic growth if the average US worker had completed one more year of school?
What did the widening gap between the wealthiest and the rest of the population make the US more prone to?
When was the mass high school education movement?
Did the mass high school education movement cause an increase or decrease in skilled workers?
What did the increase in skilled workers cause in the price of skilled labor?
What can result in low economic growth?
What did the decrease in wages cause?
When was the mass high school education movement?
What did the increase in skilled workers lead to?
What was the purpose of high school?
What is important for the growth of the economy?
What can result in low economic growth?
What has remained strong in continental Europe?
What other countries have a lower level of economic mobility than the U.S.?
How much evidence supports the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes?
An analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American liberal policies was compared to what?
John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) point to the decline of union membership as one of the causes of what?
The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of what?
John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer are members of what organization?
How much evidence supports the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes?
Does the U.S. economy afford a higher or lower level of economic mobility than all continental European countries?
Which country has a high rate of unionization?
What goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements?
What has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization?
What did Jake Rosenfield think played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than the decline of organized labor?
What is Jake Rosenfield's profession?
Where is Jake Rosenfield from?
What has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization?
What goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice versa?
High inequality goes hand-in-hand with what?
What might low-skilled workers in rich countries see as a result of trade?
What may low-skilled workers in poor countries see as a result of trade with rich countries?
What is a cause of inequality in America?
Robert Lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by what?
Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a domestic scale to what scale?
Who may see increased wages when rich countries trade with poor countries?
What has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the U.S., according to Paul Krugman?
What is the effect of trade on inequality in America?
Robert Lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by what?
What is the income gap in Botswana?
What is the income gap in Bahrain?
Are women more willing to travel or relocate?
In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of who?
In many countries, there is a pay gap in favor of males in favor of what?
In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of whom?
Who is more likely to consider factors other than pay when looking for work?
Who wrote Knowledge and Decisions?
A U.S. Census's report stated that once other factors are accounted for there is still what in earnings between women and men?
What is an example of a redistribution mechanism?
According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have what distributions of wealth?
What does a country acquire as it develops?
Social welfare programs are an example of what?
What is Simon Kuznets profession?
What did Kuznets believe were the result of stages of development?
What does a country acquire as it develops?
What happens to the owners of capital as a country develops?
What do more developed countries move back to?
During what years did income inequality fall in the United States?
When did income inequality begin to rise?
The move from the manufacturing sector to what sector does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory?
The move from what sector to the service sector is an example of a Kuznets' cycle?
Who saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve?
What is the relationship between level of income and inequality now known as?
Recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be what?
What will happen given time?
What does the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector mean for Kuznets' cycles?
What is a process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities?
According to this theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to do what?
What does Piketty argue is the fundamental force for divergence?
What generates higher returns?
Where does newly created wealth concentrate?
According to this theory, who are the beneficiaries of the new wealth?
What can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society?
Who wrote Capital in the Twenty-First Century?
What does Piketty argue larger fortunes generate?
What forces should serve as a brake on concentrations of wealth and income?
What is Joseph Stiglitz's profession?
What kind of skills will the market bid up compensation for?
What does Stiglitz believe is a better explanation for growing inequality?
What non-market force is Joseph Stiglitz referring to?
What causes higher rates of health and social problems?
What causes a lower level of economic growth?
What is lower in more unequal countries?
What causes higher rates of health and social problems?
Is life expectancy higher or lower in more unequal countries?
In what year did Shiller win the Nobel prize?
What did Shiller say was the most important problem?
What effect does persistent unemployment have on economic growth?
What creates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions?
What kind of growth is harmed by increasing inequality?
What nationality are Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett?
What are the rates of health and social problems in countries and states with higher inequality?
What is the rate of social goods in countries and states with higher inequality?
How many developed countries were used in the study?
Countries and states with higher levels of what have higher rates of health and social problems?
For most of human history higher material living standards led to what?
Where does this pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still hold?
What increases rapidly as per capita income increases?
Who has a higher GDP per capita than New Zealanders?
How was income distributed in Japan?
In recent years what has strongly correlated with health in developed countries?
Who created an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors?
How many factors were used to create an index of "Health and Social Problems"?
Where did authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett find health and social problems more common?
The UNICEF index of child well-being in rich countries correlates with what?
Crime rate has been shown to be correlated with what in society?
Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on what?
Over how many studies have shown that violence is more common in societies where income differences are larger?
What is half of all variation in homicide rates accounted for by?
How much of a difference is there in homicide rates between the U.S. and Canada?
What is the utilitarian principle?
A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home is an example of reduced what?
What will an additional dollar spent by a poor person provide to that person?
What does reduced "distributive efficiency" do to the marginal utility of wealth?
A society with more equality will have what?
Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because what should be the measure of inequality?
What is Will Wilkinson's political affiliation?
In what year was consumption inequality lower than in 1986?
Who wrote "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"?
What is Thomas B. Edsall's profession?
What is Raghuram Rajan's profession?
Raghuram Rajan argues that what has created deep financial 'fault lines'?
What is the most recent example of a financial crisis?
Political pressure has developed to extend what to the lower and middle income earners to compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power?
Political pressure has developed to extend what to the lower and middle income earners to compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power?
What is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells?
Along with high levels of education, what do high levels of inequality prevent?
If the income share of the top 20 percent increases, what happens to GDP growth?
An increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent is associated with what?
Who matters the most for growth?
Who are David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela?
According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms what?
High unemployment has a negative effect on what?
Why can unemployment harm growth?
Policies aimed at controlling unemployment aim to reduce what?
What did Joseph Stiglitz present in 2009?
How does global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth?
What is Joseph Stiglitz's profession?
What is the main reason for this shift?
What has become the secret to growth now that human capital is scarcer than machines?
When did Galor and Zeira show that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development?
What effect did Galor and Zeira find on human capital formation and economic development?
What did Perotti study in 1996?
What is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment?
What do unequal societies tend to be?
What does high levels of inequality do to growth in poor countries?
According to Barro, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but what about richer countries?
Research by Robert Barro found that there is little overall relation between income inequality and rates of what?
Where did Robert Barro study?
When did a study of Swedish counties find a positive impact of inequality on growth?
Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming what?
Does inequality increase or decrease with economic development?
Who argued that wars and "violent economic and political shocks" reduced inequality?
What is Thomas Piketty's profession?
What did Piketty claim reduced inequality?
When did some theories establish possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development?
According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy were thought to offset what?
A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has what?
How long does it take for effects to manifest as changes in economic growth?
Longer growth spells are associated with what?
What must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth?
The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction can depend on what?
What is one of the goals of the Millennium Development Goals?
What organization is Ban Ki-Moon the Secretary General of?
What is economic growth not sufficient for progress on?
What is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system?
How is much unregistered property held?
Excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building is a reason for what type of ownership?
How many steps can it take to build on government land?
In some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on what?
What do some researchers argue is caused in part by income inequality?
What type of housing decreased between 1984 and 1991?
Why did the number of quality rental units decrease?
Why did rental prices increase in East New York?
What policy made it difficult for low income residents to keep pace?
Who shares the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care?
What are those on lower incomes less equipped to manage?
What describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts?
How do middle income earners achieve aspirational consumption?
The result leads to greater inequality and potential for what?
The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is what?
What is the result of the increase in environmental degradation?
The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in more of what?
If population levels drop to a sustainable level, how can human inequality be addressed?
What do socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to?
What is the result of private ownership of the means of production?
The vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of what?
How do socialists argue that the means of production should be owned?
Socialists argue that means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be what?
Who argued that government redistributes wealth by force?
In what form did Robert Nozick argue that government redistributes wealth by force?
Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by what?
Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of what?
When are inequalities in the distribution of wealth justified according to John Rawls?
The capabilities approach looks at income inequality and poverty as form of what?
Economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than what?
What is the goal of Well-Being?
How does it aim to widen people's choices and the level of their achieved well-being?
What is agency?
What happens when a person's capabilities are lowered?
Can an old, ill man earn as much as a healthy young man?
What may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home?
Why might people not go to work?
What does this approach believe people can work towards?
Who produces Doctor Who?
Since what year has Doctor Who been produced by the BBC?
What is the name of the sentient time-travelling space ship in which Doctor Who explores the universe?
What was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired?
What genre is Doctor Who?
When did the show originally run?
Who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival?
What was the name of the 1981 Doctor Who spin-off?
Who produced Doctor Who in-house?
Who played the title role in the first series of the 21st century?
How many actors have played the Doctor?
Who played the role of the Doctor after Matt Smith left?
What was the name of the 2013 Christmas special?
When does the character of the Doctor take on a new personality?
The Doctor takes on a new body and what else?
What planet is The Doctor from?
What was the name of the stolen time machine in which Doctor Who fled Gallifrey?
What is the name of the time machine in the TARDIS?
What does the TARDIS have?
Why is the Doctor's TARDIS a blue British Police box?
How often does the Doctor travel alone?
Along with the Daleks and Cybermen, who is a renegade Time Lord?
As a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to do what when his body is mortally damaged?
What species are his companions usually?
What does the Doctor have the ability to regenerate as?
When did Doctor Who first appear on BBC TV?
What was the name of the second Doctor Who serial?
Why was the script rejected?
Who wrote 'The Mutants'?
How long would each episode be?
How many seasons was 'Serials' produced for?
Who was the controller of BBC 1 in 1989?
What documentary did Sophie Aldred appear in?
The BBC repeatedly affirmed that what would happen to the series after it was cancelled?
On what channel was 'Serials' broadcast?
What did the BBC hope to find an independent production company to do?
Who was the British expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States?
Who was a co-production between Universal Pictures, the BBC and BBC Worldwide?
How many viewers were there in the UK?
Where did Philip Segal work for Columbia Pictures?
What episode of Doctor Who was released on 26 March 2005?
In what year did the episode "Rose" air?
In what year was no full series of 'The Crown' filmed?
Who replaced Moffat in 2018?
Every year since 2005, there have been what kind of specials?
When was the original series of Doctor Who aired?
Which version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963-1989 series?
When was the telefilm version of Doctor Who released?
What are two examples of rebooted series?
What Star Trek relaunch was similar to Mission Impossible?
When did the BBC rebroadcast the first episode of the series?
How long did it take for the first episode of '60 Minutes' to be broadcast?
How long did it take for the first episode of '60 Minutes' to be transmitted?
What has been claimed that the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of?
What other reason did the BBC think viewers had missed the first episode of the series?
What phrase entered British pop culture?
Who named their exhibition "Behind the Sofa"?
What was the name of the Museum of the Moving Image's 1991 exhibition celebrating Doctor Who?
What is the nickname given to The Walking Dead?
What website voted for 'Scary Movie 3' as the scariest TV show of all time in 2011?
What was the most violent of the BBC's dramas in 1972?
What percentage of the audience thought the show was unsuitable for family viewing?
Who said that comparing the violence of Dr Who with other television shows was like comparing Monopoly with the property market in London?
What game was compared to the London property market?
What newspaper published the survey?
What has become firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness?
What was the TARDIS's original color?
What did Anthony Coburn see the police box as?
Who filed an objection to the trade mark claim?
When did the Patent Office rule in favour of the BBC?
How many seasons did Doctor Who originally run for on BBC One?
When did Doctor Who end?
How many episodes did The Daleks' Master Plan have?
What was the name of the rogue Time Lord in season 8 of Doctor Who?
What was the name of the loosely connected storyline in season 20 of Doctor Who?
In what year did the format of 'The Simpsons' change?
How long are the episodes on overseas commercial channels?
On what day was an extended episode broadcast?
What episode from 2008 exceeded an hour in length?
When was "The Eleventh Hour" released?
How many Doctor Who episodes have been televised since 1963?
What is the most common length of Doctor Who episodes?
How many Christmas specials have been aired?
How long is the longest Christmas special?
When were four additional specials ranging from 60 to 75 minutes aired?
Who were the first two Doctors?
Between 1964 and what year were large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries destroyed, wiped, or suffered from poor storage?
Which seasons of Doctor Who are missing from the BBC's archives?
In what year did the BBC stop wiping tapes and destroying spare film copies?
When were large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries destroyed?
Some episodes have been returned to the BBC from the archives of other countries who did what?
Who made early colour videotape recordings?
What is the name of the short story from which Marco Polo was filmed?
What type of film were excerpts filmed from the television screen onto?
Who made audio versions of the Lost episodes?
Who releases official reconstructions?
Who did the BBC work with to re-create The Invasion?
In what year was 'The Invasion' originally filmed?
Who animated the missing episodes of The Reign of Terror?
When was 'The Invasion' DVD released?
What concept was introduced to allow the recasting of a main character?
When was the term "regeneration" first conceived of?
What was the first prompted by?
What was Hartnell's Doctor's regeneration described as?
What did the Second Doctor undergo when he was regenerated?
How many times can a Time Lord regenerate?
How many incarnations can a Time Lord have?
What episode depicted the Doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations?
What serials established that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times?
When was the TV film 'Time Lord' released?
Who guest starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the Doctor in 2013?
What was the name of the 50th anniversary special?
Who played the Valeyard in The Trial of a Time Lord?
What was the name of the serial in which Michael Jayston portrayed the Valeyard?
Who is shown to have been retroactively inserted into the show's fictional chronology?
What role did John Hurt play in the episode "The Day of the Doctor"?
What movie starred William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton?
Along with Troughton and Pertwee, who starred in 1983's The Five Doctors?
Where does the First Doctor encounter himself?
What was the name of the 50th anniversary special episode of Doctor Who?
Who appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure The Sirens of Time?
What was the name of the audio drama released to celebrate the 40th anniversary?
Who starred in the audio drama The Four Doctors in 2010?
Along with Peter Davison, who appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure The Sirens of Time?
In what year was Zagreus released?
In what episode did the Eleventh Doctor clarify he was the product of the twelfth regeneration?
In what 1976 episode was it hinted that the First Doctor may not have been the first incarnation?
In what episode did the Fifth Doctor confirm that he was in his fifth incarnation?
In what 2010 film did the Eleventh Doctor call himself the Eleventh?
When was Mawdryn Undead?
What was the name of the first serial?
Who is the Doctor's granddaughter?
When did the Ninth Doctor think he was the last surviving Time Lord?
What happened to the Ninth Doctor's home planet?
In what movie was he asked if he had a brother?
What is the companion figure in Doctor Who?
What is the only story in the original series in which the Doctor travels alone?
Who was one of the Doctor's first companions?
What was Barbara Wright's profession?
What was the name of Mary Tamm's and Lalla Ward's companion?
What is the gender of the companion that the Doctor usually travels with?
Who were the secondary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctor?
Which Doctor was the first to travel with a married couple?
Who will be the Doctor's newest traveling companion?
Who played Donna Noble?
Who was the executive producer of Doctor Who in 2005?
In what series did Russell T Davies introduce the Autons and Daleks?
What was introduced in series 2 of Doctor Who?
In what series did the Macra and the Master appear?
What character was revived in the 50th Anniversary Special?
What race first appeared in the show's second serial in 1963?
What planet are the Daleks from?
What is their chief role in the series plot?
Who mutated the Daleks?
What is the main weakness of a Dalek?
Who is the Doctor's archenemy?
What is The Master's title?
Who played The Master in the 1996 television movie of Doctor Who?
What was the name of the character that first appeared in 1971?
Who was the first actor to portray the Time Lord?
Who provided the character's re-introduction in the 2007 episode "Utopia"?
In what episode did Derek Jacobi re-introduce the character?
In what year was it revealed that the Master had become a female incarnation?
What was the female incarnation of the Master called?
Who plays this incarnation?
Who composed the original theme?
What organization did Delia Derbyshire work for?
What type of techniques were used to build up the various parts?
The Derbyshire arrangement served as the theme tune up to the end of what season?
What did Grainer ask himself after hearing the finished product?
Who recorded a different arrangement for season 18?
Who replaced Peter Howell's arrangement for The Trial of a Time Lord?
Which Doctor's era did Keff McCulloch provide the new arrangement for?
Who provided a new arrangement for the return of the series in 2005?
What Christmas episode featured a modified closing credits arrangement?
What was the name of the 2007 Christmas special episode?
In 2011, the theme tune charted at number 228 of what radio station?
In what year did Gold return to The Walking Dead?
What was the number of the theme tune on Classic FM's Hall of Fame in 2011?
Who composed the theme for the 2007 Christmas special episode?
Who recorded a version of the Doctor Who theme with spoken lyrics?
Who released a disco version of the Doctor Who theme in 1978?
Where did the disco version of Who Is the Doctor reach in the UK charts?
What was the name of the single released by The Timelords?
What was the name of the single released by The Timelords?
Who was the most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years?
What was Simpson's first Doctor Who score?
When did Simpson write music for many adventures for Doctor Who?
What was Simpson's final Doctor Who score?
What movie did he appear in as a conductor?
Who performed the incidental music for the 2005 revival of Doctor Who?
Who performed the incidental music for the 2005 revival of Doctor Who?
When was the Doctor Who Prom held?
What mini-episode was starred by David Tennant?
Who composed all the incidental music for the 2005 revived series?
How many soundtracks have been released since 2005?
The first featured tracks were from which series?
What did the fourth Doctor special contain?
What was the name of the 2010 Christmas special?
When was the soundtrack for Series 5 released?
What was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" during the Eleventh Doctor's run?
What had the "DW" TARDIS insignia removed?
What is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past Doctors?
What logo was used for the Third Doctor's final season?
During which Doctor's run was the logo used for the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor"?
What event inspired the first episode of Doctor Who?
Where did Doctor Who first appear?
When did Tom Baker draw audiences of over 12 million?
When was the "Dalekmania" period?
Where are Doctor Who episodes now repeated?
When did viewership peak at 16 million?
What was seen as poor in the late 1980s?
What was the most popular show at the time?
What was the popularity of Coronation Street at the time?
When was the third notable period of high ratings?
What station aired The Five Doctors two days before it aired on BBC One?
In what country did Silver Nemesis air?
Where did the film premiere?
How many days before the BBC One showing did the film premiere in Canada?
When did the 20th anniversary special of The Five Doctors debut?
Who broadcasts The Simpsons in Australia?
How much funding did the ABC provide for the 20th anniversary special of The Five Doctors?
After SF's closure, on what television channel were reruns of 'Star Trek' shown?
What did ABC do in 2003 for the show's 40th anniversary?
The ABC broadcasts the modern series first run on what channel?
When did TVOntario pick up Doctor Who?
What was the first Doctor Who series aired by TVOntario?
The series moved to what channel in 2009?
What was the name of the story that was cancelled because of accusations that it was racist?
Who introduced TVO episodes and tried to place them in an educational context?
Who recorded special video introductions for each episode for the Canadian broadcast?
What was played over the closing credits of the Canadian broadcast?
Billie Piper recorded a special video introduction for what episode of Doctor Who?
When did CBC begin airing series two?
On what holiday was the CFL double header?
Where can you buy BBC Video DVDs?
How many original series serials have been released on Laserdisc?
What was the name of the episode of Doctor Who released on VCD?
What 1970 story is available on Blu-ray?
What years are available on Blu-ray?
Who played the role of Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday?
What was the name of the play in which Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker played the Doctor?
What was the name of Terry Nation's stage play without the Doctor?
What roles did Trevor Martin play in the 1970s?
Who played the Doctor while Pertwee was ill?
What was the name of the 13-part spin-off series produced by Russell T Davies?
When did the series debut on BBC Three?
When did a second series of Torchwood air?
What was the name of the third series?
What was the name of the fourth series of Torchwood?
Who starred in The Sarah Jane Adventures?
When did the full series of The Sarah Jane Adventures begin?
In what year did David Tennant make a crossover appearance as the Tenth Doctor?
In what year did Matt Smith play the Eleventh Doctor?
Why was a final, three-story fifth series not completed?
What was the name of the charity special produced for Children in Need in 1993?
Who was Dimensions in Time produced for?
What soap opera did 'The Crown' cross over with?
What did the 3D system use to make use of the Pulfrich effect?
What effect was used in the 3D system?
What was the name of the 1999 Doctor Who special?
How many segments were there in the parody?
Who plays the Doctor?
Along with Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Richard E. Grant, who played the Doctor's subsequent incarnations?
What was Steven Moffat's role in the show?
What is another name for Star Trek: The Next Generation?
What Family Guy episodes have references to Doctor Who?
What was the name of the Channel 4 series created by Russell T. Davies?
Who is portrayed as a Doctor Who collector and enthusiast?
What young adult fantasy novels have references to Doctor Who appeared in?
What was the name of the earliest Doctor Who-related audio release?
How long was the earliest Doctor Who audio release?
What was the name of the first Doctor Who LP?
In what year was the first Doctor Who audiobook released?
What was the name of the first radio drama?
What Doctors were in the earliest series of Doctor Who?
What was the name of the 2013 series produced as part of the series' 50th Anniversary celebrations?
Who releases Doctor Who audios on CD?
Since what year have Big Finish Productions released Doctor Who audios on CD?
When did Tom Baker's Fourth Doctor begin appearing for Big Finish?
In what year was an extensive line of original fiction launched?
When were the first Doctor Who books published?
How long has a Doctor Who Magazine been published?
Who publishes the Doctor Who Adventures magazine?
Who has published a new range of novels since the relaunch of the programme in 2005?
When was the Doctor Who character created?
Who created the Doctor Who character?
Who has expressed distaste for the idea of canonic stories?
Who continues to produce television episodes?
When did 'The Crown' win the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series?
During Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer, when did 'The Crown' win five consecutive National Television Awards?
When did Matt Smith become the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award?
Who was the first female Doctor Who nominee?
What award did Michelle Gomez win in 2016?
Where is Star Trek: The Next Generation listed as the longest running science fiction television show in the world?
Who received an Institutional Peabody Award in 2013?
What type of music was pioneered by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop?
In what year did Doctor Who win an Institutional Peabody Award?
What is the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama?
What season of 'The Simpsons' won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best Writing in a Children's Serial?
What was voted the "Best Popular Drama"?
Where did Doctor Who rank on the 2000 Greatest British Television Programs of the 20th century?
What magazine conducted a survey in 2005?
How many awards did EastEnders and Casualty win?
What is the highest-profile and most prestigious British television award for which the series has ever been nominated?
How many BAFTA TV Awards did 'The Crown' win?
How many BAFTA Cymru Awards did 'The Crown' win?
In what year was Doctor Who voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by Channel 4?
What award was "Vincent and the Doctor" shortlisted for?
How many times has it won the Short Form of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation?
How many awards has Doctor Who been nominated for?
How many awards has Doctor Who won?
Who won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television Awards?
What was the winning episode of 2010?
Who hurled a soap sponge at a Dalek?
Who impersonates the Fourth Doctor in the BBC Dead Ringers series?
What does Milligan hurl at the Dalek?
What has been lampooned on Saturday Night Live?
Jon Culshaw impersonates the Fourth Doctor in what series?
What type of university is the University of Chicago?
When was the University established?
How many professional schools does the university have?
How many academic research divisions are there at Washington University?
How many students are currently enrolled in the University's College?
What have University of Chicago scholars played a major role in the development of?
Who helped develop the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction?
Where did Chicago's physics department develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction?
What is the name of the largest university press in the US?
What is the estimated completion date of the Barack Obama Presidential Center?
Who founded the University of Chicago?
Who donated to the University of Chicago?
Who was the first president of the University of Chicago?
When did William Rainey Harper become president of the University of Chicago?
When were the first classes held at the University of Chicago?
Who donated land to The University of Chicago?
Who provided the funds for the Cobb Lecture Hall?
What was the name of the first building on the University of Chicago?
Marshall Field matched Silas B. Cobb's pledge of how much?
Who was the trustee, treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons?
What was the University of Chicago affiliated with in the 1890s?
In what year did the University of Illinois affiliate with Shimer College?
What does a student have to do to earn a degree at the University of Chicago?
What happened to the program by 1910?
When did the program pass into history?
Who was the fifth president of Washington University?
What is the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum called?
Why did Hutchins eliminate varsity football?
How long was Robert Maynard Hutchins president?
When did Robert Maynard Hutchins take office?
In what decade did student applications decline?
Why did student applications decline in the 1950s?
When were students enrolled at Shimer College able to transfer to the University of Chicago?
In what neighborhood did crime and poverty increase in the 1950s?
What was the purpose of the early entrant program?
When did students occupy President George Beadle's office?
Why did students occupy President Beadle's office?
In what year was the Kalven Report issued?
What is the report?
What is the focus of the report?
When did the university begin a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects?
What did the University of Chicago announce in 2008?
How much will the Chicago Theological Institute cost?
The Institute will occupy the buildings of what?
Who donated $300 million to the Booth School of Business?
What are the first buildings of the University of Chicago campus known as?
How many quadrangles are in the Main Quadrangles?
Who designed the buildings of the Main Quadrangles?
What is Mitchell Tower modeled after?
Hutchinson Hall is modeled after what church?
When did the Gothic style on campus begin to give way to modern styles?
Who designed the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle?
What was the purpose of the building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe?
What is the name of the school that Edward Durrell Stone designed?
When was the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center completed?
What cities does the Booth School of Business have campuses in?
The Center in Paris is located on the left bank of what river?
In what year did the University of Chicago open a center in Beijing?
The University of Chicago opened a center in Beijing near which university's campus?
In what year did the Hong Kong center open?
Who governs the University of Chicago?
How many members are on the Board of Trustees?
How many Vice Presidents are directly below the President?
Who is the Chairman of the Board of Trustees?
As of August 2009, who is the President of Washington University?
Who is the university accredited by?
How many divisions of graduate research does the University of Chicago have?
How many professional schools are part of the University of Chicago?
How many majors does the College of University of Chicago offer?
How many minors does the College of University of Chicago offer?
How many divisions make up the college's academics?
What is the name of the fifth division?
What is the name of the university's core curriculum?
How many students were in Core classes in 2012-2013?
According to Uni in the USA, what type of learning experience does UChicago provide?
Who said Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience?
What is the name of the private day school for K-12 students?
What is the name of the residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems?
How many public charter schools does the Urban Education Institute operate?
How many charter schools does the Urban Education Institute operate?
Where is the Hyde Park Day School located?
How many libraries are in the University of Chicago Library system?
How many volumes does the University of Chicago Library system contain?
Which library contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States?
When was the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library built?
How many volumes does the John Crerar Library contain?
How many research institutes does the university operate?
How many research centers does the university operate?
What is a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university?
What particle physics laboratory does CUNY have a stake in?
Where is the Apache Point Observatory located?
What role has the University of Chicago played in economics?
What was the name of the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction?
What was the name of the chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth?
When was REM sleep discovered?
When was the first doctorate in music composition offered?
When did the school start offering a master's degree in the humanities with a creative writing track?
In what year was the Cinema & Media studies program added?
In what year was theater & performance studies added?
How many undergraduates enroll in creative and performing arts classes each year?
How many students attended the University of Chicago in the fall of 2014?
How many students did the University of Chicago enroll in its four graduate divisions in the fall of 2014?
How many students attended the University of Chicago's professional schools in the fall of 2014?
How many students did the University of Chicago enroll in the fall quarter of 2014?
What type of students comprised almost 19% of the overall study body in the 2012 Spring Quarter?
The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of what?
What division do the Maroons compete in?
What conference was Michigan a founding member of?
Who was the first winner of the Heisman Trophy?
Who dropped football in 1939?
How many Recognized Student Organizations does the University of Chicago have?
What does RSO stand for?
What extracurricular group has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships?
What is the nation's longest continuously running student film society?
What is the name of the nation's second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe?
Who is Student Government made up of?
Who leads the Student Government?
How many Vice Presidents are on the Executive Committee?
What is the size of the company's annual budget?
How many fraternities are there at the University of Chicago?
How many sororities are there at the University of Chicago?
What is the name of the co-ed community service fraternity at the University of Chicago?
What is the name of the co-ed community service fraternity at the University of Chicago?
How many fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council?
When is the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt held?
Since what year has the University of Chicago held the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt?
What does FOTA stand for?
What is the name of the university's winter festival?
What is the name of the annual summer concert and carnival held at Washington University?
Who is the CEO of Microsoft?
Who is the third richest man in America?
Who is the third richest man in America?
Who was the former Governor of New Jersey?
Who wrote the first management accounting textbook?
Who was the founder of modern community organizing?
Who was Bill Clinton's top political advisor?
Who is an alumnus of the University of Virginia?
Who is the Governor of the Bank of Japan?
Who was a Prohibition agent?
Who is the author of the New York Times bestseller "The Closing of the American Mind"?
What famous satirist graduated from Stanford University?
Who is the author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall?
Who is the author of ''The Good War"?
Who won a Pulitzer Prize?
Who is a minimalist composer?
Who is the Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series?
What video game series was developed by Alex Seropian?
Which actor graduated from Columbia University?
Which comedian graduated from Columbia University?
What famous astronomer graduated from Harvard?
Who was a NASA astronaut?
What is the name of the popular environmentalist?
Who developed lithium-ion batteries?
Who developed the uranium-lead dating method?
Who was a major advisor to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher?
Who was a Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory?
Who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences?
Who is known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour?
Who discovered the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine?
What chess grandmaster graduated from Columbia University?
Who is the White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council?
Who was the speed of light calculator?
Who discovered the Compton Effect?
Who created the first nuclear reactor?
Who is considered to be the father of the hydrogen bomb?
Who is the second female Nobel laureate?
Who was an Egyptologist in the past?
What mathematician has taught at Columbia?
Who is a past faculty member of the University of California, Berkeley?
Who developed the actinide concept?
Which two cancer researchers have been on the faculty of the University of Michigan?
Who is the current governor of India's central bank?
Hank Paulson is a former CEO of what financial institution?
Who is a notable Shakespeare scholar?
Who are two renowned political scientists?
Which two paleontologists are on the faculty of Columbia University?
What is the pinyin for the Yuan dynasty?
What was the official name of the Yuan dynasty?
Who established the Yuan dynasty?
Who established the Yuan dynasty?
When did Kublai Khan officially proclaim the Mongol dynasty?
The Yuan dynasty is considered a successor to what empire?
What dynasty preceded the Ming dynasty?
Which dynasty preceded the Yuan dynasty?
Who was Kublai Khan's grandfather?
When did Kublai Khan impose the name Great Yuan?
Where is the section titled "Great is Qián, the Primal" located?
What is the Mongolian name for Dai n Ulus?
What does Yeke Mongghul Ulus mean?
What was the nominal title of Yuan emperors?
What tribes did Genghis Khan unite?
When did Genghis Khan become Great Khan?
Who was Genghis' third son?
When did Möngke Khan become Great Khan?
Who did gedei offer a job to?
Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against whom?
Who defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army?
Which two Han Chinese leaders defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army?
How many troops did each Tumen have?
How many Tumens did Khitan Xiao Zhala command?
What was Shi Tianze's ethnicity?
In what dynasty did Shi Tianze live?
What was an example of interethnic marriage?
Who was Shih Ping-chih's father?
What dynasty was attacked by Zhang Rou and Chagaan?
Who commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty?
Where did Möngke Khan begin a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty?
When did he die?
Who challenged Kublai's claim to the throne?
What Chinese era name did he adopt?
What is the name of Ogedei?
Where did the Song dynasty remain an obstacle?
Who did Kublai install as the ruler of Korea?
What part of the border did Kublai secure?
When did Li Tan instigate a revolt against Mongol rule?
What was Kublai's government a compromise between?
What did he leave unchanged?
Who occupied the lowest rank in Yuan society?
How many classes did Kublai divide Yuan society into?
What traditional monopolies did he keep?
Where was the Mongol capital?
Where did Kublai move the Mongol capital to in 1264?
When did Kublai move the Mongol capital from Karakorum to Khanbaliq?
Kublai constructed a new city near the former Jurchen capital, now modern Beijing, in 1266.
What rituals did Khublai follow?
What types of growth did Kublai Khan promote?
What is Pax Mongolica?
Where did Kublai start expanding the Grand Canal?
Where did Kublai expand the Grand Canal?
Who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China?
Who did the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou flee with?
When was the Jin dynasty established?
When did the Jin dynasty end?
Who did the Jin dynasty appoint as Duke Yansheng's brother?
How many descendants of Confucius are in Quzhou?
Where did Kublai strengthen his government?
When did Kublai besiege Xiangyang?
What river did Kublai want to capture?
What was the wealthiest city in China in 1276?
What happened to the last Song emperor?
When did Kublai's government face financial difficulties?
Why did Kublai's second invasion of Japan fail?
Who ruled the Tran dynasty?
At what battle did the Tran dynasty defeat the Mongols?
When was the Battle of Bch ng?
When was Dali conquered?
Who did Kublai name the Crown Prince?
When did Zhenjin die?
What was another name for Temür Khan?
When did Temür Khan rule?
Who was the fourth Yuan emperor?
What was the first Yuan emperor to do after the reign of Kublai?
Who mentored Zhou Enlai?
What department did Xiaoping liquidate?
When were traditional imperial examinations reintroduced for prospective officials?
Who was Ayurbarwada's son and successor?
When did Emperor Gegeen Khan rule?
Who helped him continue his father's reforms?
What does Da Yuan Tong Zhi mean?
How many princes were involved in the coup?
Where did Yesün Temür die?
What was the civil war between Tugh Temür and Ragibagh called?
How long did it take Kusala to die?
Who recalled Tugh Temür to Khanbaliq?
Who was recalled to Khanbaliq after Yesün Temür died?
What is Tugh Temür known for?
What was the name of the academy founded by Confucius in the spring of 1329?
When was the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature established?
What was the name of the vast institutional compendium?
What did Tugh Temür do
When did Tugh Temür die?
What was Rinchinbal's title?
How old was Toghun Temür when he succeeded to the throne?
How many successors did Kublai Khan have?
Which dynasties' official histories were finished in 1345?
What were the final years of the Yuan dynasty marked by?
Why did Kublai Khan's successors lose influence on other Mongol lands?
Uninterested in administration, they were separated from whom?
What happened without interference from the weakening Yuan armies?
What were the Communists uninterested in?
When did people in the countryside suffer from frequent natural disasters?
What started and grew into a nationwide uprising?
Why did Temür dismiss Toghtogha?
Who did Toghtogha's army crush?
When was the Mng dynasty?
What promoted trade between East and West?
What produced a fair amount of cultural exchange?
What was the name of the Yuan dynasty's ally in Persia?
What crops were introduced during the Yuan dynasty?
What type of musical instruments were introduced to Chinese performing arts?
What religions enjoyed a period of toleration?
What religion was persecuted by the Yuan government?
What type of governmental practices and examinations were reinstated by the Yuan court?
Advances were realized in what fields?
Who was the most famous traveler of the period?
Where was the capital of the Great Khan?
What is Il milione also known as in English?
What is the name of the account of Marco Polo's travels?
How did Marco Polo acquire much of his knowledge?
Who helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar?
How accurate was the Yuan's calendar compared to the modern Gregorian calendar?
What was ordered to provide against possible famines?
What city was rebuilt with new palace grounds?
What was a major food crop introduced to China by the West?
Who ruled all of China during the Yuan dynasty?
What do Mongols worship?
The Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between which dynasty and the Ming dynasty?
The Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and which other dynasty?
What did some Chinese people consider the Yuan dynasty to be?
What cultures did Kublai Khan's bureaucracy reflect?
What dynasties did the Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy come from?
Who gave strong influence to Kublai's early court?
What type of division of authority did the Chinese government adopt?
What is the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority?
Where did the real military authority in Yuan times reside?
When were the Six Ministries introduced?
Who had separate courts of justice?
What was insignificance compared with native Chinese dynasties?
When was the 'Phags-pa script invented?
What three languages is the 'Phags-pa script used for?
What did most of the Emperors know about Chinese?
Who reigned under whose mother was a Tangut concubine?
What was the name of Tugh Temur?
By what year were commoners selling their children into slavery?
In what year did Kublai forbid the sale of Mongols abroad?
What did the average Mongol garrison family earn?
What are some of the arts that were developed during the Mongol era?
What three art forms came together during this time?
What dynasty was linked to the Yuan dynasty?
What was the main development in Yuan poetry?
What type of variety show incorporates poetry from classical and newer forms?
What type of khanates did the Yuan dynasty not follow?
What religion did Kublai Khan prefer?
What was established as the de facto state religion?
What is the name of the top-level department and government agency?
What sect of Tibetan Buddhism did Kublai Khan only respect?
When was Zhu Shijie born?
When did Zhu Shijie die?
Zhu Shijie used a rectangular array of coefficients, which is equivalent to modern what?
Mathematicians during the Yuan era made advances in what?
When was the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns written?
What did Guo Shoujing do?
What formula did Gou use for his astronomical calculations?
What was the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty?
What is another name for the Shoushi Li?
When was the Calendar for Fixing the Seasons disseminated?
What were otachi?
What did the Mongols distinguish otachi doctors by?
What did the Mongols distinguish herbal remedies from?
What institution was created by Kublai?
Why were Confucian scholars attracted to the medical profession?
How many schools were based on the same intellectual foundation?
How did the Yuan get the Four Great Schools?
What did the Mongols do to the Chinese?
What Chinese medical techniques were transmitted to the Middle East and the rest of the empire?
When did Wei Yilin die?
What was Western medicine sometimes labeled as by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court?
Who founded the Office of Western Medicine?
When was the Office of Western Medicine founded?
Why did Chinese physicians oppose Western medicine?
What is the name of the philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine?
How was Chinese printing technology transferred to the Mongols?
Who wrote some of the Yuan documents?
When was earthenware movable type invented?
Who was gedei's wife?
When was the Imperial Library Directorate created?
What is the paper money of the Yuan called?
What were Chao made from?
When did the Yuan government switch to bronze plates?
What did the Yuan government use to print paper money?
When did the Il-khanate government issue paper money?
What type of Mongolian government did Kublai Khan create?
Kublai Khan's political system was a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and what other system?
What were the Mongols and the Semuren?
What type of coloration did the Yuan regime have?
Where did Persians reach the highest-post in the government?
Who did the Mongols import to serve as administrators in China?
Who did the Mongols send to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara?
Where were the Han Chinese moved to by the Mongols?
What did the Han Chinese work as?
What was the Mongol appointed Governor of Samarqand?
What did the Yuan Emperors do to Muslims?
What Jewish practice was restricted by the Yuan Emperors?
Who was the founder of the Ming empire?
What did the Chinese surname "barracks" mean to some Muslim communities?
Who revolted against the Yuan dynasty?
Who wrote that the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading?
What did Mote say the position of people within the four-class system entailed?
What type of Chinese were there?
Who lived in poverty and was ill treated?
Which group of Chinese were ranked higher?
Which group of Chinese fought to the last before giving up?
Why were the Southern Chinese ranked lower than the Northern Chinese?
How did the Mongols rank them?
Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for who?
Who surrendered to the Mongols first?
Who did Kublai Khan say the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than?
Who objected when the Mongols placed the Uighurs over the Koreans?
How did the Uighurs surrender to the Mongols?
What was considered the most important region of the dynasty?
Who governed the Central Region?
Where was the Central Secretariat located?
What is the modern city of Khanbaliq?
What is another name for the Central Secretariat?
Where is Kenya located?
What does EAC stand for?
What is Kenya's largest city?
What country borders Ethiopia to the south?
What was the population of Kenya in July 2014?
What type of climate does Kenya have?
What is the climate like in the savannah grasslands?
What mountain has snow on its peaks?
The north-eastern regions along the border with what countries are arid and semi-arid?
What is Kenya known for?
The African Great Lakes region has been inhabited by humans since what period?
When did the Bantu expansion reach the area from West-Central Africa?
What populations together make up 97% of the nation's residents?
When did European exploration of the interior begin?
When did Kenya gain independence?
What is the Republic of Kenya named after?
What words mean "God's resting place" in all three languages?
What do the words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa mean?
What did Krapf record the name as?
What do some people think of the notation?
Who drew the 1882 map that indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia?
In what year was Mt. Kenya first shown as Mt. Kenia?
What are the game animals of Africa called?
What are the "Big Five" game animals of Africa?
Where can you find the "Big Five" game animals of Africa?
When does the annual animal migration occur?
How far do wildebeest migrate from Serengeti to Masai Mara?
How long ago did primates roam the Kenyan area?
When did Homo habilis and Homo erectus live in Kenya?
Who discovered the Turkana Boy?
How old was the Turkana Boy?
Who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at Olorgesailie and Hyrax Hill?
Who built Mombasa into a major port city?
What city did the Swahili build into a major port city?
Who claimed that Mombasa was a place of great traffic?
Where has played host to many merchants and explorers?
What city is on the Kenyan coast?
Since when has Kigali remained an important Swahili settlement?
When did World War I begin?
Who agreed to a truce at the outbreak of World War I?
Who took command of the German military forces?
What was von Lettow's strategy?
Where did he surrender?
Where were over a million members of the Kikuyu people?
How did the Kikuyu people live?
What did the settlers do to protect their interests?
How many white settlers lived in Kenya in the 1950s?
When was General China captured?
What did the capture of Warhi Itote lead to?
When did Operation Anvil begin?
How many Mau Mau had the Home Guard killed by the end of the emergency?
What was the most important plan?
When did the first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council take place?
Who formed a government?
When did the Protectorate of Kenya end?
In what year did the Protectorate of Kenya end?
What was the name of Kenya's republic?
What was the mlolongo system?
What did the climax of a very undemocratic regime lead to?
Who won re-election in 1992 and 1997?
What type of republic is Kenya?
What is the President's role in a multi-party system?
Who exercises executive power?
Legislative power is vested in who?
Who is independent of the executive and legislature?
How does Kenya rank on the Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index?
What does the CPI attempt to do?
Where did the nation place in the CPI in 2012?
What is an example of a significant development from the Kenyan government?
What party did President Kibaki run under?
Who was the main opposition party?
What happened as the ECK continued to count the votes?
Who is Raila's rival?
What has the government and civil society started since the election riots?
Who initiated community dialogues?
What church in Kenya started peace meetings?
What was started by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya?
When did Kibaki and Odinga sign an agreement on the formation of a coalition government?
What was Odinga's position in the coalition government?
Under the deal, who would the president appoint cabinet ministers from?
Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps?
When would the coalition hold on to the deal?
What will the new office of the PM do?
Who did the world watch at the signing ceremony?
Where did the world watch the signing ceremony?
When did PNU and ODM begin working on the fine details of the power-sharing agreement?
What would happen in a grand coalition?
What would a constitutional change do?
When was a referendum held to vote on the proposed constitution?
What does the new constitution do?
When was the constitution promulgated?
What did the new constitution herald?
When did President Uhuru Kenyatta sign the Security Laws Amendment Bill?
Why did supporters of the Security Laws Amendment Bill say it was necessary?
Who criticized the security bill?
What did the opposition argue about the security bill?
What governments issued a press statement cautioning about the law's potential impact?
Why did Obama choose not to visit Kenya in 2013?
Who chose not to visit Kenya during his mid-2013 African trip?
What country did Kenyatta visit in the summer?
When did Obama visit Kenya?
Where are the armed forces regularly deployed?
What happened after the elections?
What have there been serious allegations of?
What Kenyan institution has been tainted by corruption allegations?
Why has corruption been less public view?
What happened in 2010?
What has been publicly questioned?
What is Kenya's Human Development Index?
What country has the most advanced economy in east and central Africa?
What did 17.7% of Kenyans live on in 2005?
What is Kenya usually classified as?
What has boosted the growth of the service sector?
What is an important catalyst for economic growth?
What is the smallest sector of the economy?
What percentage of the labour force does the agricultural sector employ?
What percentage of GDP does Kenya's services sector contribute?
What is Kenya's services sector dominated by?
What has the tourism sector shown in most years since independence?
What are tourists attracted to in Swaziland?
What countries attract the most tourists to Swaziland?
What percentage of GDP did agriculture account for in 2005?
What are the principal cash crops?
What is the second largest contributor to Kenya's GDP?
The production of major staples such as corn is subject to what sharp fluctuations?
What is the name of the consortium that helped farmers grow pigeon peas instead of maize?
Are pigeon peas drought resistant?
How did Successive projects encourage the commercialisation of legumes?
What was the effect of linking producers to wholesalers?
What is the commercialisation of the pigeon pea doing for some farmers?
Where are tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat grown?
What crops are grown in the fertile highlands?
Where does livestock predominate?
What percentage of the population lives below the poverty line?
What was the name of the initiative by the Red Cross?
What country is the most industrially developed in the African Great Lakes region?
What percentage of Kenya's GDP does manufacturing account for?
What are the three largest urban centres in Kenya?
What does the Jua Kali informal sector engage in?
What has given a boost to manufacturing?
When did AGOA take effect?
Where does the majority of Kenya's electricity come from?
What two dams supply the majority of Kenya's electricity?
When was the state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company established?
Where are the oil deposits in Kenya?
What is Tullow Oil's estimate of Kenya's oil reserves?
What is being done to determine if there are more reserves?
Petroleum accounts for what percentage of the national import bill?
How much did China invest in Kenya in 2013?
What did Liu Guangyuan say about China's investment in Kenya?
What did Kenyatta hope to gain from his trip to China?
What company shipped its first major consignment of minerals to China?
What has China been causing?
What is the name of Kenya's economic development program?
What is Vision 2030?
What did the United States launch in 2013?
Why did it launch a National Climate Change Action Plan?
What did the Secretary of the Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 say?
Where are most working children active?
In 2006, UNICEF estimated what percentage of girls were subject to prostitution?
How old are most prostitutes in Kenya?
What are the causes of child labour?
What is a characteristic of Kenya's ethnic groups?
What are the two official languages of Swaziland?
Where is English widely spoken?
Where is British English primarily used?
What is the majority of Kenyans?
What religion do 47.7% of Kenyans identify with?
How many members does the Presbyterian Church of East Africa have?
Where is the only Jewish synagogue in the country?
What percentage of the population is nonreligious?
What percentage of the Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region?
Western areas of the Coast Region are mostly what?
How many Hindus live in Kenya?
Who treats 80% of the population who visits dispensaries, health centres and private clinics?
Complicated cases are referred to who?
How many nurses were registered in Kenya in 2011?
According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, how many doctors were registered in 2011?
What directly correlates with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution?
How many Kenyans live below the poverty level?
What are the biggest burden, major child-killers?
What is largely to blame for preventable diseases?
How many malaria cases did Kenya have in 2006?
Who introduced Kenya's first system of education?
When did Kenya gain independence?
What was the name of the authority formed after Kenya's independence?
What was the focus of the commission?
What system was adopted between 1964 and 1985?
What was the Presidential Working Party on the Second University commissioned to do?
The committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to what?
The committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to what?
When did the last batch of students graduate from Kenyan Universities?
When was the current 8-4-4 system launched?
What subjects did the new structure put more emphasis on?
Why did the government place more emphasis on vocational subjects?
When did the Government of Kenya announce the introduction of free primary education?
How much did primary school enrolment increase?
At what age does basic formal education begin?
How many years are in primary school?
What can a person do after primary school to learn a trade?
What are the options for high school graduates?
What is the literacy rate of the country?
What is the age range for Preschool?
What is the role of Preschool in the school system?
Who does the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education determine?
What is the name of the national examination at the end of Form Four?
What does KNLS stand for?
What is the KNLS mandated to do?
What is a public library seen as?
Why is a public library seen as a peoples university?
What are some of the sports Kenya is active in?
What is the country known for?
Who continues to dominate the world of distance running?
Who has reduced Kenya's supremacy in the world of distance running?
How many gold medals did Kenya win in the 2008 Olympics?
What was Kenya's position in the 2008 Olympics?
What did Pamela Jelimo win?
What has caused controversy in Kenyan athletics circles?
Most defections occur because of what?
What sport has Kenya been a dominant force in?
What is the most successful team sport?
In what year did they reach the semi-finals of the tournament?
What is the name of the team's current captain?
When was the suspension lifted?
What is the name of the toughest rally in the world?
What is the Safari Rally considered to be?
Who are some of the best rally drivers in the world?
How many meals do Kenyans typically eat?
What is the name of the teas served between 10 o'clock and 4 p.m.?
What is breakfast usually?
What is generally eaten for lunch or supper in Swaziland?
Under whose auspices is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?
Who first established the IPCC?
What is the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC?
What is the main international treaty on climate change?
What resolution endorsed the World Meteorological Organization?
Who is the chair of the IPCC?
What nationality is Hoesung Lee?
Who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri?
Who was the previous chair?
When did Rajendra K. Pachauri resign?
Who makes up the IPCC Panel?
How many government officials attended the meeting in 2003?
Who attended the 2003 meeting?
What percentage of participants were from governmental organizations?
When was the IPCC Trust Fund established?
Who established the IPCC Trust Fund?
What does UNEP stand for?
What is the organisation required to comply with?
What organization provides housing for the IPCC secretariat?
What does the IPCC do?
What do lead authors of IPCC reports assess?
What is the "grey literature"?
What are some examples of non-peer-reviewed sources?
How many "coordinating lead authors" does a typical chapter have?
How many "lead authors" does a typical chapter have?
How many "contributing authors" does a typical chapter have?
Who is responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors?
Who do the coordinating lead authors report to?
The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says emissions resulting from human activities are doing what?
What is a result of climate change?
They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for how much of the enhanced greenhouse effect?
Under what scenario is global mean temperature predicted to increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st century]?
How much has global mean surface air temperature increased over the last 100 years?
When did 16 national science academies issue a joint statement on climate change?
How many science academies issued a statement on climate change in 2001?
The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of what?
How certain are scientists that temperatures will continue to rise?
How much is the average global surface temperature projected to increase by by 2100?
Which IPCC author has made a number of criticisms of the TAR?
What is one of Lindzen's criticisms of the WGI Summary for Policymakers?
Who was a co-chair of TAR WGI?
What position did John Houghton hold?
Any changes to the SPM must be supported by what?
What is the preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports?
In what year were the Special Reports on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation and the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters finalized?
In what year were the Special Reports on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation and the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters finalized?
Who requested the Special Reports?
What other activities does the IPCC support?
What does publishing default emission factors involve publishing?
What are the default emission factors based on?
The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by which bodies?
The IPCC has since acknowledged that what was incorrect?
What did the IPCC express regret for?
Where did the IPCC get the date of 2035?
What is the name of the ICSI report that the WWF misquoted?
What position did Robert Watson hold?
What did Robert Watson think the mistakes made by the IPCC were going in the direction of?
What position did Martin Parry hold?
What did Martin Parry say began with a single unfortunate error?
What did Martin Parry say about the other alleged mistakes?
When was the hockey stick graph created?
Who wrote the paper that is referred to as the hockey stick graph?
What has the graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" been referred to as?
What reconstructions supported the MBH99 finding?
These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between what years?
In May 2000, who disputed this finding?
Where did the Science and Environmental Policy Project hold a press event?
When did Wibjörn Karlén and Singer argue against the graph?
What committee held the hearing on 18 July 2000?
Who is the chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce?
Who was the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations?
When did Rep. Joe Barton write letters demanding full records on climate research?
Who is the chairman of the House Science Committee?
Who is the chairman of the House Science Committee?
In what year was the Third Assessment Report published?
When was the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report published?
How many of the 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer?
What is the name of the problem that affects certain tree ring data?
How many reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer?
When was the IPCC's major report on climate published?
What did a study published on 1 February 2007 suggest?
What was the actual temperature rise over the six years studied?
What was the actual sea level rise in comparison to the IPCC's 2001 projection?
What is an example of a study that suggests IPCC has understated dangers and risks?
These values are much greater than the values projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001?
What is the range of heights above 1990 levels?
When was the IPCC's Third Assessment Report published?
What was Michael Oppenheimer's position in the IPCC?
In what magazine did Oppenheimer discuss limitations of the IPCC consensus approach?
What does Oppenheimer want instead of the large scale approach?
What is the Ozone depletion global regulation based on?
What issue did the Kyoto Protocol fail to address?
Who still follow different, if not opposing goals?
Who wrote 'Secretary of the Treasury'?
What remains an unsolved problem in case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol?
The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based on successfully reducing what?
Who ordered the Stern Review?
The IPCC operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from who?
What cannot be included between the deadline and publication of an IPCC report?
What organization does not carry out its own research?
How many scientists wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC?
In what journal did five climate scientists write in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report?
What is one of the new organizational options suggested by the IPCC?
What is one way the panel could avoid political interference?
What is the main role of chloroplasts?
What does chlorophyll capture from sunlight?
What does chlorophyll capture from sunlight?
What is the process used to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide called?
What is the number of chloroplasts per cell in algae?
How do chloroplasts reproduce?
What influences apes' behavior?
What do chloroplasts have in common with mitochondria?
What is the ancestor of chloroplasts?
How are chloroplasts made?
Where are chloroplasts found?
What nationality was Konstantin Mereschkowski?
What was Konstantin Mereschkowski's profession?
When was the origin of chloroplasts first suggested?
Who observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria?
What are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts?
What type of algae are blue-green algae?
What does gram-negative bacteria mean?
What type of cell wall does Cyanobacteria contain?
What are prokaryotes sometimes called?
What type of cell did the cyanobacterium enter?
When did a free-living cyanobacterium enter an early eukaryotic cell?
What surrounds all chloroplasts?
What type of membrane was probably lost?
What happened to the cyanobacterium after it was assimilated?
What does 'plastid' mean in this context?
How many chloroplast lineages are there?
What is another name for the rhodophyte lineage?
What is another name for the chloroplastidan lineage?
What is the name of the lineage that contains land plants?
What type of algae is Cyanophora?
What is Cyanophora?
What is another name for muroplasts?
What do thylakoids surround?
What shape is the carboxysome in glaucophyte chloroplasts?
What do rhodoplasts have for photosynthetic pigments?
What are phycobilin pigments organized into on the thylakoid membranes?
What is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color?
What does the red phycoerytherin pigment help red algae do?
What do rhodoplasts synthesize?
What have glaucophytes and red algal chloroplasts lost?
Why are some forms of Hmatococcus pluvialis not green?
What have chloroplasts lost between their double membrane?
Some plants have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer, but they've been repurposed for use in what?
What do algae without phycobilisomes contain instead of phycobilisomes?
How many membranes do primary chloroplasts have from their cyanobacterial ancestor?
What do secondary chloroplasts have?
What is the secondary endosynbiotic event?
What are the other two membranes in the chloroplast?
What was left after the engulfed alga was broken down?
What do Euglenophytes contain?
What type of protists are Euglenophytes?
How are pyrenoid and thylakoids arranged in Euglenophyte chloroplasts?
What is stored in the form of paramylon?
What is thought to have been lost from Euglenophyte chloroplasts?
What is another name for Cryptophytes?
What do cryptophytes contain?
What do Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes?
Where is ordinary starch stored?
How many pyrenoid and thylakoids are inside cryptophyte chloroplasts?
What is another name for helicosproidia?
Apicomplexans are another group of what?
What is Plasmodium?
What do many apicomplexans keep?
Where do apicomplexans store their energy?
What do apicoplasts synthesize?
What is the apicoplast an attractive target for drugs to cure?
What is the most important apicoplast function?
Apicoplasts contain no what?
How many membranes bounded the mitochondria?
What is not found in any other group of chloroplasts?
What is the most common dinophyte chloroplast?
How many thylakoids are in a pyrenoid?
What has the peridinin chloroplast lost?
What lineage lost their original red algal derived chloroplast?
What lineage lost their original red algal derived chloroplast?
How many membranes does the haptophyte chloroplast have?
What would tertiary endosymbiosis create?
Dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from what?
What has the chloroplast been stripped of?
What do members of the genus Dinophysis have?
What is left after the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes?
What is a diatom?
What type of chloroplast does Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have?
How many membranes are chloroplasts bounded by?
What is the red algal derived chloroplast inside a diatom endosymbiont?
Where is the diatom endosymbiont's starch found?
The chloroplast has no nucleomorph because all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to where?
What is the name of the dinophyte that lost its original peridinin chloroplast?
What did Lepidodinium viride lose?
What did Lepidodinium viride replace their original peridinin chloroplast with?
What did Lepidodinium viride replace their original peridinin chloroplast with?
Where do most chloroplasts originate from?
What happened to Paulinella chromatophora?
How many base pairs long is Chromatophore DNA?
How many protein encoding genes does Chromatophore DNA contain?
How many base pairs does the Synechococcus genome contain?
What are two common abbreviations for chloroplast DNA?
What is another name for the plastome?
When was the existence of chloroplast DNA first proved?
When was the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco sequenced?
Who sequenced the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco?
What is highly conserved among land plants?
Some chloroplast DNAs have lost or flipped the inverted repeats, making them what?
What is it possible that the inverted repeats help do?
How have scientists attempted to observe chloroplast replication?
How many main models have been proposed for the mechanism of cpDNA replication?
What does the D-loop adopt as it moves through the circular DNA?
What is a theta intermediary form also known as?
How does the D-loop complete replication?
In cpDNA, there are several gradients of what?
When does DNA become susceptible to deamination events?
A second theory suggests that most cpDNA is actually what?
A second theory suggests that most cpDNA replicates through what?
Where is the rest of the genetic material kept?
What is one competing model for cpDNA replication similar to?
What is one competing model for cpDNA replication asserting that most cpDNA is?
If the branched and complex structures seen in cpDNA experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated DNA or broken circles, what shape are they?
How does cpDNA most likely replicate?
What is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages?
What do the genes donated to the former host's nucleus provide evidence for?
What do diatoms now have?
The presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor had what?
Most chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome became what?
How many of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast?
What new functions did exaptations take on?
To reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross what?
On what is a chloroplast polypeptide synthesized?
Where is a chloroplast polypeptide synthesized?
What does phosphorylation do?
What is the benefit of phosphorylation for a polypeptide?
What shape are chloroplasts in land plants?
How big are chloroplasts in land plants?
How thick are chloroplasts in land plants?
Oedogonium has a single chloroplast that can be shaped like what?
What shape is Chlamydomonas's chloroplast?
The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by what is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria?
What is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is?
Are both chloroplast membranes homologous or different to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes?
The chloroplast double membrane is often compared to what?
What is the inner mitochondria membrane used for?
The inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to do what?
What is the only chloroplast structure that can be considered analogous to it?
What regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials?
What is very rare in chloroplasts?
What is another name for a stromule?
Why do they exist?
When were stromules first observed?
Where is it often found?
Where else has it been found?
What consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles?
What is the purpose of a chloroplast's surface area?
The small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between what?
What do chloroplasts use their own ribosomes for?
How much smaller are chloroplast ribosomes than cytoplasmic ribosomes?
Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes, what is the difference?
What do small subunit ribosomal RNAs in Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts lack?
What is shine-dalgarno sequence recognition?
What is another name for plastoglobuli?
What are plastoglobuli?
What are plastoglobuli made of?
How large are plastoglobuli?
What are they surrounded by?
What are plastoglobuli now thought to be permanently attached to?
A plastoglobulus can exchange its contents with what network?
How do most plastoglobuli occur in chloroplasts?
When do plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains?
What contain structures called pyrenoids?
What shape are pyrenoids?
Are pyrenoids reflective or refractive?
Pyrenoids are a site of accumulation of what in plants?
Can pyrenoids be produced "de novo"?
In what model do grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids?
In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of what?
How many thylakoids can a granum contain?
What is the most common number of thylakoids in a granum?
What are frets or lamellar thylakoids?
What do the complexes absorb?
What do the complexes absorb?
What do I use light energy for?
What do molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to do?
ATP synthase is similar to what?
How many types of thylakoids are there?
How are granal thylakoids arranged?
What are stromal thylakoids?
What shape are granal thylakoids?
How big are granal thylakoids?
How many photosynthetic carotenoids are there?
What do the bright colors of the leaves of some land plants do?
What happens during the fall when the leaves of some land plants change color?
What is -carotene?
What is a common xanthophyll?
What are phycobilins?
What color are algal pigments?
Phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes what algae red?
What do phycobilins often organize into?
How large are phycobilisomes?
What do chloroplasts use to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules?
What problem does rubisco have?
What happens when rubisco has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen?
What cycle uses rubisco?
What type of energy is wasted?
What are chloroplasts specialized for in mesophyll cells?
What do chloroplasts lack?
What do chloroplasts use to make ATP and NADPH?
What do they store CO2 in?
What is the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts?
What parts of a plant contain chloroplasts?
What makes the photosynthetic parts of a plant green?
What type of plant cells contain chloroplasts?
Where else can chloroplasts be found?
What is a chlorenchyma cell?
Where are chloroplasts found in cacti?
Where are chloroplasts found in most plants?
How many chloroplasts do stomatal guard cells contain?
One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain how many chloroplasts?
Where are chloroplasts found in a leaf?
In what conditions will they spread out in a sheet to maximize the surface area to absorb light?
When do plants seek shelter?
This reduces exposure and protects them from what?
Why did land plants evolve to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones?
What has been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move?
How many main immune responses do plants have?
What is the hypersensitive response?
What is systemic acquired resistance?
How do chloroplasts stimulate both responses?
What do chloroplasts produce when they damage their photosynthetic system?
What molecules do chloroplasts produce after detecting stress in a cell?
When do chloroplasts begin producing molecules?
What do reactive oxygen species do instead of leaving the chloroplast?
What is retrograde signaling?
What is the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy called?
What is the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy called?
What does photosynthesis produce?
What is used in photosynthesis?
What is made using light energy?
What do chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+ gradient to do?
Where do the molecules between the photosystems pump hydrogen ions?
How many hydrogen ions are in the thylakoid system?
What does ATP synthase do with the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions?
What does ATP synthase convert adenosine diphosphate into?
Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by what?
What is it called when electrons are recycled?
Where is Cyclic photophosphorylation common?
Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in C4 plants, which need what?
What cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco?
What happens to the six-carbon molecules?
What do unstable six-carbon molecules break down into?
How many G3P molecules leave the cycle?
What can be done to make starch?
Under what conditions can starch grains grow very large?
What happens to grana and thylakoids when starch grains grow large?
What can cause starch buildup in the chloroplasts?
What might starch grains be a side effect of?
What can Rubisco accidentally do?
When can photorespiration occur?
What does this process reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis?
How much carbon can a car waste?
Why are chloroplasts in C4 plants notable?
Where do chloroplasts make most of a plant cell's amino acids?
What sulfur-containing amino acids are not made by chloroplasts?
Why is Cysteine synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria?
What is unclear about the chloroplast's ability to make precursors to methionine?
What is a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid?
All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from what?
Where are proplastids commonly found?
What is more common in root tip meristems?
What happens if angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation?
What is an etioplast?
What is a prolamellar body?
What do etioplasts have stocked?
What type of plants do not require light to form chloroplasts?
What are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and fruit?
What are chromoplasts?
What are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and fruit?
What are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and fruit?
What can turn back into proplastids if a plant cell reverts to a meristematic state?
The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into what?
What do FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments?
What do the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 form within the chloroplast's stroma?
Where does the Z-ring form?
What system manages the placement of the Z-ring?
What do PD rings stand for?
How many plastid-dividing rings form?
How large are the filaments in a chloroplast?
How far apart are the filaments arranged in rows?
What does Cyanidioschyzon merola have?
What is a requirement for chloroplast division?
What type of light do chloroplasts need to complete division?
Spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain how many chloroplasts?
Under what type of light can chloroplasts grow and progress through constriction stages?
Why can't transgenes be disseminated by pollen?
What are the benefits of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained?
What is the failed containment rate of transplastomic plants?
What type of plant has a failed containment rate of 3 in 1,000,000?
A prime number has no positive divisors other than 1 and what other positive divisor?
What is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number called?
What establishes the central role of primes in number theory?
Any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as what?
Why does the uniqueness in this theorem require excluding 1 as a prime?
What is the property of being prime called?
What is a simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n?
What test is fast but has a small probability of error?
Which test always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical?
What is the largest known prime number?
How many primes are there?
Who demonstrated that there are infinitely many primes?
What is the distribution of primes?
What is the first result in that direction?
When was the prime number theorem proven?
What conjecture states that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes?
What conjecture states that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2?
What is another term for analytic aspects of numbers?
Primes are used in what type of cryptography?
Prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains, mainly algebra, such as prime elements and what?
The image at the right illustrates that 1 is not prime.
What are the three divisors of n?
What term refers to any prime number greater than 2?
When written in the usual decimal system, all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1, 3, 7, or what other number?
What are multiples of 2?
What number did most early Greeks not consider to be a number?
Who listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler?
Who disagreed with Christian Goldbach's listing of 1 as the first prime?
Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of primes up to what number?
By the early 20th century, mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number, but rather forms what?
What would not hold as stated when calling 1 a prime?
Why would the sieve of Eratosthenes not work correctly?
The relationship of the number to its corresponding value of what function does the number 1 lack?
What function does the number 1 lack?
What would a modified version of the sieve of Eratosthenes produce as output?
What papyrus has fraction expansions for primes and composites?
The earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from who?
What contains important theorems about primes?
What is the name of the famous Greek philosopher?
The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple method to do what?
When did Pierre de Fermat state Fermat's little theorem?
Along with Leibniz, who proved Fermat's little theorem?
What form of numbers did Fermat conjecture were prime?
What prime form did Marin Mersenne study?
How far did Fermat verify his conjecture?
What is the most basic method of checking the primality of an integer n?
How can this routine be implemented more efficiently?
This routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that is greater than or equal to what number?
How many divisions are necessary to check the primality of 37?
This routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and what?
Modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into how many main classes?
What is one class of modern primality tests?
Modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into probabilistic and what other class?
Modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into probabilistic and what other class?
What is the probability that our number is composite if we repeat the test n times and pass every time?
What is a simple example of a probabilistic test?
What is Fermat's little theorem?
What are some numbers that satisfy the Fermat identity even though they are not prime?
Along with Miller-Rabin and Solovay-Strassen, what is an extension of the Fermat primality test?
Along with Miller-Rabin and Baillie-PSW, what extension of the Fermat primality test is guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number?
What is the form of Sophie Germain primes?
What are Mersenne primes?
What test is particularly fast for numbers of this form?
What are primes where p + 1 or p  1 is of a particular shape called?
What primes are prime numbers of the form 2p + 1 with p prime?
Some of these primes have been found using what?
When was the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project awarded a prize?
How much did the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project win?
Who offers $150,000 and $250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits?
Some of the largest primes not known to have any particular form have been found by taking a piece of semi-random binary data, converting it to a number n, multiplying it by 256k, and searching for possible primes within what interval?
What is the largest integer not greater than the number in question?
Who proved Bertrand's postulate?
Bertrand's postulate states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2, for what?
What is Bertrand's postulate?
What formula generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once?
Can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime?
What asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes?
What is the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9?
The rows starting with a = 3, 6, or 9 contain how many prime numbers?
In all other rows (a = 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8) there are how many prime numbers?
What function is closely related to prime numbers?
What would (1) have if there were only finitely many primes?
Does the term "exceeds any given number" mean that there must be infinitely many primes?
The harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 +... diverges means what?
What is the Basel problem?
When did the unproven Riemann hypothesis date from?
The unproven Riemann hypothesis states that except for what do all zeros of the -function have real part equal to 1/2?
From a physical viewpoint, what is the irregularity in the distribution of primes?
What distribution of primes holds for shorter intervals of length about the square root of x?
What distribution of primes holds for shorter intervals of length about the square root of x?
What asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes?
All four of Landau's problems from what year are still unsolved?
As of February 2011[update], this conjecture has been verified for what numbers?
What says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes?
What says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime?
What is the name of the conjecture that there are infinitely many twin primes?
What is the twin prime conjecture?
What states that for every positive integer n, there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n?
There are infinitely many primes of what form?
What says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2?
What was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics?
Who was a British mathematician?
In what decade was it announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms?
Prime numbers are used for pseudorandom number generators and what else?
Prime numbers are used for hash tables and what else?
What is 1/p if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5?
If p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period is what?
Wilson's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial is divisible by p.
An integer n > 4 is composite if and only if?
Is p a prime factor of q?
What public-key cryptography algorithm is based on large prime numbers?
Along with RSA, what public-key cryptography algorithm is based on large prime numbers?
What is the most common prime number for RSA?
The Diffie-Hellman key exchange relies on efficient algorithms for what?
What is the typical prime number for Diffie-Hellman?
The evolutionary strategy used by what genus Magicicada make use of prime numbers?
Where do these insects spend most of their lives?
After how many years do they emerge from their burrows?
What is the logic for the prime number intervals between emergences?
Over a 200-year period, predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be what?
What does "prime" mean in an appropriate sense?
What is the prime field in a field containing both 0 and 1?
How can any knot be uniquely expressed?
What is the second meaning of the word prime?
In knot theory, a prime knot is indecomposable in what sense?
Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of what?
What is one concept that applies to elements of any commutative ring R?
Prime elements and what other concept apply to elements of any commutative ring R?
What makes an element p of R a prime element?
An element is irreducible if it is not a unit and what else?
What holds in unique factorization domains?
What is an example of a domain?
What is the form of the complex numbers in Z[i]?
What are a and b in the Gaussian integers?
Rational primes of what form are Gaussian primes?
Where is the notion of number replaced with that of ideal?
What generalizes prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal?
Prime ideals are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, and what other area?
What generalizes to the Lasker-Noether theorem?
The Lasker-Noether theorem expresses every ideal in what?
What are the points of algebro-geometric objects?
Factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field bears some resemblance with what?
Prime ideals in what can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity?
Prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving what?
When a number is multiplied by p, what happens to the norm?
Certain arithmetic questions related to Q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth to what?
Completing Q with respect to what yields the field of real numbers?
What underlines the importance of primes to number theory?
Who used prime numbers to create ametrical music through "natural phenomena"?
What is the name of the 1935 work that uses motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms?
What is the name of the series of works composed between 1949 and 1950?
Where do prime numbers 41, 43, 47, and 53 appear?
What was Messiaen's way of composing inspired by?
Where does the Rhine begin?
The Rhine empties into what body of water in the Netherlands?
What is the biggest city on the river Rhine?
What is the longest river in Central and Western Europe?
How long is the Danube?
Where is the Rhine located?
Where does the Rhine end?
How long is the Danube?
What is the name of the Rhine derived from?
What was formerly also spelled Rhin?
Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as what?
When was the name of the Rhine adapted in Roman-era geography?
What is the name of the Rhine derived from?
What was formerly also spelled Rhin?
What is the Dutch spelling of the Rhine?
Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as what?
What was the Dutch name of the Rhine formerly spelled?
What is the conventional measurement of the length of the Rhine called?
When was the Rhine-kilometer scale introduced?
What is the starting point of the Rhine-kilometer scale?
Where does the Rheinkilometer scale end?
What projects shortened the river's natural course in the 19th and 20th centuries?
What is the conventional measurement of the length of the Rhine called?
When was the Rhine-kilometer scale introduced?
What is the starting point of the Rhine-kilometer scale?
What projects shortened the river's natural course in the 19th and 20th centuries?
Where does the Rheinkilometer scale end?
The river makes a distinctive turn to which direction near Chur?
How long is the section that descends from 599 m to 396 m?
What is the name of the glacial alpine valley?
Near what town is a natural dam?
The Alpine Rhine forms the border between Liechtenstein and what country to the east?
Near what town does the river make a distinctive turn to the north?
How long is the section that descends from 599 m to 396 m?
What is the height of the section that descends to 396 meters?
What is the name of the glacial alpine valley?
The Alpine Rhine forms the border between Liechtenstein and Austria to the west and what country to the east?
The mouth of the Rhine into what lake forms an inland delta?
What river delimits the delta in the west?
What delimits the delta in the East?
In the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced what?
What is the local pronunciation of Esel?
The mouth of the Rhine into what lake forms an inland delta?
What delimits the delta in the East?
What river delimits the delta in the west?
What did the natural Rhine form by precipitating sediments?
In the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced what?
Where was the upper canal near?
Where is the lower canal located?
A regulation of the Rhine was called for to counteract the constant flooding and what else in the western Rhine Delta?
Where does the Dornbirner Ach flow into the lake?
What will the continuous input of sediment into the lake do to the lake?
Where is the lower canal located?
A regulation of the Rhine was called for to counteract what?
Where was the upper canal near?
What river had to be diverted?
What is expected to silt up the lake?
How many bodies of water are in Lake Constance?
What does Untersee mean?
What does Seerhein mean?
The Rhine flows into it from the south following what border?
What does Obersee mean?
How many bodies of water are in Lake Constance?
Along with Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where is the lake located?
The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near what?
Where is it located?
Along with Bavaria and Vorarlberg, in what German state does the Riviera lie?
Why does the Rhine water abruptly fall into the depths at the Rheinbrech?
Where is a small fraction of the flow diverted off the island of Mainau?
Where does the Rhine water abruptly fall into the depths?
Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along what length of the lake?
The flow reappears on the surface at the northern shore of the lake, off the island of what?
Where does the Rhine water abruptly fall into the depths?
The flow reappears on the surface at the northern shore of the lake, off the island of what?
Where is a small fraction of the flow diverted off the island of Mainau?
What does Rheinrinne mean?
Depending on what is the Rhine water flow visible along the entire length of the lake?
Which direction does the Rhine generally flow as the Hochrhein?
What is the Rhine's major tributary?
What is the average water discharge from the Rhine?
What is the highest point in the Rhine basin?
Along with Zürich, Stadt and Schaffhausen, where does the Rhine form the German-Swiss border?
Which direction does the Rhine generally flow as the Hochrhein?
What is the Rhine's major tributary?
What is the average water discharge from the Rhine?
What is the highest point in the Rhine basin?
The Rhine forms the border between what country and Switzerland?
What is the first major city in the course of the Rhine?
What is the name of the major bend in the course of the Rhine?
What is the legal boundary between High and Upper Rhine?
How long is the Upper Rhine Plain?
How wide is the Upper Rhine Plain?
What is the first major city in the course of the Rhine?
What is the name of the major bend in the course of the Rhine?
The direction of the Rhine changes from West to what direction at the "Rhine knee"?
Where does the High Rhine end?
What is the legal boundary between High and Upper Rhine?
When was the Rhine straightening program?
What happened to the rate of flow?
What happened to the ground water level?
What is the name of the canal dug on the French side of the river?
What is the Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim?
What region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century?
When was the Rhine straightening program?
What happened to the rate of flow?
What happened to the ground water level?
What is the name of the canal dug on the French side of the river?
The Rhine is the longest river in what country?
What is the average discharge of the Moselle?
What is the longest river in Germany?
What tributary of the Rhine contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s?
What is the average width of the Rhine?
The Rhine is the longest river in what country?
The Rhine is the longest river in what country?
What tributary of the Rhine contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s?
What country drains to the Rhine via the Moselle?
What is the Rhine's annual mean discharge?
What river flows through the Rhine Gorge?
What formation was created by erosion?
How was the Rhine Gorge formed?
What is the name of the UNESCO World Heritage Site?
What river flows through the Rhine Gorge?
What formation was created by erosion?
Along with vineyards, what is the gorge known for?
What is the name of the UNESCO World Heritage Site?
What can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland?
Along with Cologne and Düsseldorf, what city is along the Lower Rhine?
What river joins the Rhine in Duisburg?
What does the Ruhr provide?
Many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into what country?
Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of what?
Where are the bulk of the factories located?
Many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into what country?
Along with Cologne and Düsseldorf, what city is along the Lower Rhine?
What river joins the Rhine in Duisburg?
Along with viniculture, what is one of the dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area?
The Rhine Gorge is located between Koblenz and what other town?
Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around what famous rock?
What is considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism?
Along with viniculture, what is one of the dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area?
What is the Rhine Gorge listed as?
The Rhine Gorge is located between Koblenz and what other town?
Near Sankt Goarshausen, the Rhine flows around what famous rock?
Near what city does the Rhine flow around the famous rock Lorelei?
Which city has the largest river port in Europe?
What is the name of the canal that runs parallel to the Lippe?
The Wesel-Datteln Canal runs parallel to which river?
What is the longest suspension bridge in Germany?
How wide is the Emmerich Rhine Bridge?
What river flows through North Rhine-Westphalia?
What is the largest conurbation in Germany?
What is the largest river port in Europe?
What is the longest suspension bridge in Germany?
How wide is the Emmerich Rhine Bridge?
The Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede merge with what river?
What Dutch name no longer coincides with the main flow of water?
How much of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west?
Where does the water flow volume of the Rhine flow?
Through what river does two thirds of the Rhine flow?
The Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede merge with what river?
Which branch of the Nieuwe Maas forms Het Scheur?
What canal does the other third of the water flow through?
Along with the IJssel, where does the water that flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal redistribute?
What does the Nederrijn become at Wijk bij Duurstede?
Which river does the river rejoin?
What canal does the other third of the water flow through?
Along with the IJssel, where does the water that flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal redistribute?
How much water flow of the Rhine does the IJssel branch carry?
What does the Nederrijn become at Wijk bij Duurstede?
Where does the Nederrijn change its name and become the Lek?
What name is used for smaller streams farther to the north?
What are these streams used for?
What is the old north branch of the Rhine called?
What does Kromme Rijn mean?
What does Oude Rijn mean?
What is the most important natural region of the Netherlands?
Where does the Rhine-Meuse Delta begin?
What is the shorter term for the Rhine Delta?
What is the name of Pannerdens Kanaal?
How many main flows does this create?
What does the Rhine split into at Millingen aan de Rijn?
What does Oude Maas mean?
What does Het Scheur mean?
Before what flood did the Meuse flow south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas?
When was the St. Elizabeth's flood?
Before the St. Elizabeth's flood, the Meuse flowed just south of what line?
When did the Meuse and Waal merge?
What type of estuary are Waal and Lek in?
Many rivers have been closed and now serve as what for the numerous polders?
What changed the Delta in the second half of the 20th century?
Many rivers have been closed and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders?
The construction of Delta Works changed the Delta in the second half of what century?
What type of delta is the Rhine-Meuse?
The Rhine-Meuse Delta is shaped by what?
What could strong tidal currents do?
The most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and what other location?
The present Mediterranean Sea descends from what sea?
When did the two plates reverse direction and begin to compress the Tethys floor?
What individual features were generated by microplates being caught in the squeeze?
In what era was the opening of the Tethys Ocean?
Who pushed up the Pyrenees?
From the Eocene onwards, the Alpine orogeny caused a rift system to develop in what direction?
What is the main element of the rift?
When did a river system develop in the Upper Rhine Graben?
Along with the Rhone, what river drained the northern flanks of the Alps?
Through what did the Rhine extend its watershed southward?
During what period did the Rhine capture streams down to the Vosges Mountains?
By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down to what mountains?
What geological period began 2.5 million years ago?
How many major Ice Ages have occurred since 600,000 years ago?
How much did sea level drop during the Ice Ages?
In the Early Pleistocene, the Rhine followed a course to what direction?
The river mouth was located offshore of what city in France during glacial times?
What was the last glacial run from?
When did the end of the Pleistocene occur?
What part of Europe saw two very cold phases?
How much lower was sea level in the 16th century than it is today?
Along with the Atlantic Ocean, through what body of water did the Rhine flow?
What must have been the source of the Rhine's current course during the last Ice Age?
Ice Age flora and fauna covered what part of Europe?
When did ice-sheets cover Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps?
What covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps?
What is the name of the wind-blown dust that settled in and around the Rhine Valley?
When did northwest Europe begin to warm up?
What did frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers begin to do as northwest Europe warmed up?
Much of the discharge was routed to what river?
When did rapid warming and changes of vegetation begin?
When was Europe fully forested?
Since when has a situation with tides and currents, very similar to present existed?
What had dropped so far that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea?
In what time period was the coast line roughly at the same location?
What is the cause of the sea level rising in the southern North Sea?
What is the rate of sea level rising in the southern North Sea?
When did the Holocene begin?
When did the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta begin?
What valley did the Rhine occupy at the beginning of the Holocene?
In what country did sea level continue to rise?
Since when is human impact seen in the delta?
What caused the end of peat formation in the delta?
What has increased as a result of increasing land clearance?
When did embankment of major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries take place?
How many avulsions have occurred over the past 6000 years?
Where do the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to?
The branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea through what estuary?
The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters what lake?
What is the IJsselmeer now?
How many branches does the Rhine have?
When did the Rhine enter the historical period?
It formed the boundary between Gaul and what other country?
When was the Upper Rhine part of the late Hallstatt culture?
Who wrote the Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil?
When did Augustus die?
Along with the Rhine, what river did Rome accept as her Germanic frontier?
The northern section of the frontier remained the Roman boundary until what?
Where did Roman subjects from Alsace-Lorraine drift across the river?
Which slopes of the Black Forest were the most fertile?
How many legions did the Romans keep along the Rhine?
For what army were two legions at Vetera assigned?
What was the name of the town of the Ubii?
The actual number of legions present at any base depended on whether a state or what existed?
What does oppidum Ubiorum mean?
When did the kingdoms of Francia, Burgundy, and Alemannia form?
What did the Germanic tribes establish in the 5th century?
What does Drachenfels mean?
Who is the hero of the Nibelungenlied?
Who threw Kriemhild's golden treasure into the Rhine?
When was the Rhine within the borders of Francia?
When was it fully within the Holy Roman Empire?
Along with Swabia, Franconia and Franconia, through what region did the river flow in the 10th century?
Who sold the Alsace to Burgundy?
When was the Alsace sold to Burgundy?
When did the Upper Rhine form a contentious border between France and Germany?
What was a long-term goal of French foreign policy on the Rhine?
Along with Louis XIV, what leader tried to annex lands west of the Rhine?
When was the Confederation of the Rhine established?
When did the Rhine crisis occur?
When was the Rhineland subject to the Treaty of Versailles?
Until what year was the zone occupied by the allies?
Who was forbidden from entering the demilitarised zone?
The Treaty of Versailles is often cited as helping what?
When did the German army re-occupy the Rhineland?
Where was the Rhine bridge located?
What was a major obstacle to the invasion of Germany by the Western Allies?
When was Operation Market Garden?
What bridge was captured by the U.S.?
What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's invasion plan?
What was the length of the Rhine before 1932?
What German encyclopedia stated the length as 1,320 kilometres?
Why did the encyclopedia state the length as 1,320 km?
In 1932 the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as how many kilometers?
When was the error discovered?
When did the Scottish electorate vote for devolution?
What was the name of the act that convened the current Parliament?
What does the Act delineate the legislative competence of the Parliament?
Who is the Act reserved to?
The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to who?
What remained an important element of Scottish national identity?
How many years was Scotland governed by the Parliament of Great Britain?
Why were suggestions for a devolved Parliament shelved?
When did nationalism rise in Scotland?
What did Kilbrandon recommend?
The discovery of oil in what sea resulted in rising support for Scottish independence?
What was the slogan of the Scottish National Party's campaign?
When did Wilson commit his government to some form of devolved legislature?
What did the Scottish National Party argue about the oil revenues?
When were final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly passed by the United Kingdom Parliament?
Where would an elected assembly be set up under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978?
What percentage of the Scottish electorate had to vote for an elected assembly to be set up in Edinburgh?
What percentage of the vote was in favor of a Scottish Assembly?
What happened to the 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly?
What percentage of the eligible voting population did not vote?
What did people want in Scotland in the 1980s and 1990s?
Who controlled the government of the United Kingdom?
When was the Scottish Constitutional Convention held?
What did the Convention publish in 1995?
What is the official home of the Scottish Parliament?
Who designed the Scottish Parliament building?
What nationality was Enric Miralles?
What shape are some of the buildings in the complex?
Who opened the new building on October 9, 2004?
This building was vacated twice to allow for what?
Where was the Parliament's temporary home while it was being constructed?
Where were official photographs and television interviews held?
Where was the Parliament relocated in May 2002?
Where was the Parliament temporarily relocated in May 2000?
Who rented buildings for the Parliament?
The former administrative building of what organization was used for the MSP's offices?
What happened to the building after the move to Holyrood in 2004?
Where were the former Midlothian County Buildings facing?
What hall was used as the Parliament's principal committee room?
How many MSPs serve as Presiding Officer?
Who is the current speaker of the Scottish Parliament?
What is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament?
How many MSPs are there in the Scottish Parliament?
Who operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks?
Who is responsible for ensuring that the Scottish Parliament functions effectively?
What group does the Presiding Officer convene?
How many seats must a political party have in order to be included in the Bureau?
Who represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad?
What is the seating arrangement in the Scottish Parliament?
Why is the Scottish Parliament's debating chamber arranged in a hemicycle?
How many seats are in the debating chamber?
How many seats are occupied by the Scottish Law Officers?
What can the Law Officers not do because they are not elected MSPs?
Where is the gold in the parliamentary mace panned from?
What metal is the parliamentary mace made from?
Who presented the mace to the Scottish Parliament?
What words are inscribed on the parliamentary mace?
How is the mace displayed?
In what month does Parliament recess for two weeks?
Where do plenary meetings usually take place?
Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to whom?
Is entry to the museum free or chargeable?
What is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates called?
On what day is Time for Reflection held?
How long does a speaker address members during Time for Reflection?
Who determines invitations to address Parliament?
Speakers are chosen to represent the balance of what according to the Scottish census?
Faith groups can make representations to the Presiding Officer to do what?
Who decides who speaks in chamber debates?
What does the Presiding Officer decide?
What does the Presiding Officer try to balance when selecting members to speak?
Who usually opens debates?
Along with Scots and English, what other language may a member of the chamber use?
At what time do MSPs usually decide on motions and amendments?
What is heralded by the sounding of the division bell?
What do MSPs who are not in the chamber do when the division bell sounds?
How do members vote if there is dissent?
In how many seconds is the outcome of each division known?
Political parties instruct members which way to vote?
Who normally instructs members how to vote?
Parties entrust some MSPs with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line?
What type of issues is this typically done on?
What can happen to errant members?
When is a "Members Debate" held?
What is the position of the MSP proposing the motion?
How long does the Members Debate last?
Who normally contributes to the debate?
What happens to the debate when the relevant minister speaks after all other participants?
Where is most of the work of the Scottish Parliament done?
Is the role of committees stronger or weaker in the Scottish Parliament?
Is there a revising chamber in the Scottish Parliament?
What is the role of committees in the Scottish Parliament?
Where can committees meet?
How many MSPs are in committees?
What does the membership of committees reflect?
What is set out in different ways for different committees?
What type of committees are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders?
In what Session of the Scottish Parliament are the Mandatory Committees located?
When are Subject Committees established?
Each committee corresponds with how many departments of the Scottish Government?
What are Economy, Energy and Tourism, Education and Culture, Health and Sport, Local Government and Regeneration, Rural Affairs, Climate Change, Welfare Reform, and Infrastructure and Capital Investment?
What is the current session of the subject committees?
What is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government?
What do private bills usually relate to?
Who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or the Scottish Government?
What type of committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network?
What governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament?
Who gave royal assent to the Scotland Act 1998?
The Scotland Act 2012 extends what?
Who constitutes the supreme legislature of Scotland?
The Scotland Act 1998 governs the functions and role of what body?
The specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in which Schedule to the Scotland Act?
All matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to whom?
What happens to all matters that are not specifically reserved?
How much can the Scottish Parliament alter income tax in Scotland?
What act conferred further fiscal devolution?
What is the term for matters outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament?
Who is unable to legislate on issues that are dealt with at Westminster?
Where are ministerial functions usually held?
Where do Ministerial functions usually lie?
What can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways?
Who can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill?
A member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as what?
Who can submit a private bill to Parliament?
How do bills pass through Parliament?
What is another term for Stage 1 of a bill?
Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum, and a Financial Memorandum are examples of what?
What do the statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill indicate?
Where does Stage 1 usually take place?
If the whole Parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill, it proceeds to what stage?
What is the final stage of the bill?
How many parts does this stage consist of?
What is the final stage of the bill?
What kind of amendments can opposition members table to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary time?
When do members vote on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill?
To whom does the Presiding Officer submit the bill for royal assent?
After the bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for what?
How long does it take for the Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?
Who can the Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government refer a bill to for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the Parliament?
On what date was the Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament passed?
What makes up the Scottish Government?
Who can put their name forward to be First Minister?
Parliament elects what from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term?
Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from whom?
Who makes the formal appointment or dismissal of ministers?
On what day of the week are ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament held?
When are ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament held?
Who can change the date of the poll?
What happens if an extraordinary general election is held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election?
How many days after a General Election must the Parliament nominate a member to be First Minister?
How does the Scottish Parliament scrutinise the Government?
Who is invited to question statements delivered by the First Minister or members of the cabinet?
The First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber at the beginning of each parliamentary year setting out the Government's what?
What do the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on after the statement has been delivered?
What time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber?
On what day does General Question Time take place?
Who can members of the public direct questions to during General Question Time?
What do members have the opportunity to question the First Minister on?
How many general questions are available to opposition leaders?
How many MSPs are elected to represent constituencies?
In what year was there a reduction in the number of Scottish MPs?
How many members do voters choose to represent their constituency?
Why are the island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles comprise a smaller number of electors?
What is the average number of electors in a Scottish Parliament constituency?
How are the total number of seats in the Parliament allocated to parties?
The total number of seats in the Parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using what method?
The party with the highest what is awarded the seat?
What are the seats the party won in the region called?
How many times is this process repeated until all available list seats are allocated?
What is required of an MSP?
When was the British Nationality Act passed?
What age must a member of the Commonwealth of Nations be?
Who are disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliament as elected MSPs?
What act states that an individual may not sit in the Scottish Parliament if he or she is judged to be insane?
What is the first time in the Scottish Parliament that a majority SNP government has been produced?
Who did the SNP take 16 seats from?
How many votes did Iain Gray get to retain East Lothian?
How many seats did the SNP take from the Liberal Democrats?
What did the SNP overall majority mean was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on?
Who was disappointed by the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands?
What was the seat of former party leader David McLetchie?
How many seats did the Conservatives lose?
Who claimed that their support had held firm despite the loss of five seats?
Who vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum?
What is a procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament?
What are English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland Westminster MPs unable to vote on?
What is the phenomenon known as?
Who won the 2015 UK election?
Along with Wales and Northern Ireland, what country can Scottish MPs vote on domestic legislation in the UK House of Commons?
What is another name for Political Islam?
Where does Islamism try to implement Islamic values?
Islamism favors what kind of reorganization of government and society?
Islamist movements oscillate between how many poles?
What is a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by?
What type of process does the Tunisian Ennahda Movement work within?
Where is Hamas located?
What do Islamist groups want to do?
Al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad reject what?
What type of basis?
What is Graham E. Fuller's description of the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition"?
What did Olivier Roy say underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century?
What did the Salafi movement focus on?
Following the Arab Spring, Roy described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with what in much of the Arab Muslim world?
Why do Islamists need democratic elections?
Islamism posits what kind of role for Islam?
Ism is a controversial concept because it posits a political role for what?
Who believes their views merely reflect Islam?
Hayri Abaza argues that the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support what?
What do progressive moderates seek to separate?
What are those who want to live by Islam's principles in legal, social, political, economic, and economic spheres of life?
Who created the concept of 'political Islam'?
What is apolitical Islam?
When was the heyday of secular Arab nationalism?
What type of Islam is quietist?
What were Islamist groups later seen as?
When did Western governments support Islamists?
What impact did the non-Afghan veterans of the war have?
Who did the US spend billions of dollars to aid?
What were Islamists considered bulwarks against?
What impact did the non-Afghan veterans of the war have?
Who released Islamists from prison?
What did Sadat make with Israel?
What did Sadat receive in exchange for releasing Islamists?
When did the gentlemen's agreement between Sadat and Islamists break down?
What happened to Sadat?
What type of interpretation of Islam was promoted by the Saudi-based Wahhabism?
What should Muslims do to infidels for their religion?
Democracy is responsible for all the horrible what of the 20th century?
What did the Quran say Muslims should always oppose?
Where was Wahhabism based?
What type of movement is the Muslim Brotherhood?
What are some examples of a government's commitment to social justice?
What type of assistance does the Muslim Brotherhood provide to students from out of town?
Incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments' commitment to social justice is limited to what?
Why does the Muslim Brotherhood facilitate inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies?
What subjects did Iqbal study in England and Germany?
What organization did Iqbal join while studying in England and Germany?
Who was Gandhi a critic of?
When did he return to Lahore?
What was the title of Iqbal's 1934 book?
What did Iqbal fear would weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam?
Iqbal feared that India's Hindu-majority population would do what to Muslim heritage, culture, and political influence?
What did he call for the shedding of?
In what year was Sir Muhammad Iqbal elected president of the Muslim League?
What movement was inspired by this address?
Who was an important early twentieth century figure in the Islamic revival in India?
What profession did Avicenna choose after being trained as a lawyer?
When was the Jamaat-e-Islami founded?
How did Maududi have more impact?
Where did Maududi's books place Islam?
Who was an important early twentieth century figure in the Islamic revival in India?
What profession did Avicenna choose after being trained as a lawyer?
How did Maududi have more impact?
Where did Maududi's books place Islam?
Maududi believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without what?
What did Maududi believe Islam required the establishment of?
What is tawhid?
What type of change did Maududi mean by "revolution"?
What is da'wah?
When was the Muslim Brotherhood founded?
Where was the Muslim Brotherhood founded?
Who founded the Muslim Brotherhood?
What did the group say was their constitution?
What type of influence did Al Banna want to eliminate from the Muslim world?
What did some elements of the Brotherhood engage in against the government?
When was Al-Banna assassinated?
Who was assassinated three months earlier?
When was the Brotherhood banned in Egypt?
Who was the president of Egypt in 1948?
What has the Muslim Brotherhood become in the Islamic world?
What percentage of seats did Islamist parties win in the 2011-2012 election?
What was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections?
What was the only opposition group in Egypt able to do during elections?
Who was the first democratically elected president of Egypt?
How did Israeli troops defeat the Arab troops during the Six-Day War?
What did the defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War constitute in the Arab Muslim world?
What stagnation was blamed on the secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes?
What happened to secular, socialist and nationalist politics?
What type of movements were inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb?
What type of father was Mohammad Iqbal?
Who was an ideologue of the Iranian Revolution?
Where are Khomeini's beliefs perceived to be placed?
Who did Ali believe was essential to the restoration of Sharia law?
What was the plundering of Muslim lands part of?
What religion is Iran?
What type of groups has the Islamic Republic created in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon?
What kind of sanctions have the US placed on Iran?
When did the Iranian government enjoy a resurgence in popularity?
Who called for Israel to vanish?
Who deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan in 1979?
What was the Soviet Union trying to suppress in Afghanistan?
What did the conflict galvanize thousands of Muslims around the world to do?
What was the military effectiveness of the "Afghan Arabs"?
How many Muslim volunteers came from around the world to fight in Afghanistan?
What did the Gulf War do?
Whose rule did the US want to end?
What type of movement was the Gulf War?
Where did US and allied non-Muslim military personnel go to end Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait?
Islamists accuse the Saudi regime of being a puppet of what?
Who did the attacks resonate with?
Who did Saudi Arabia try to repress?
Where were American troops stationed after Saddam's defeat?
What country had a bloody civil war?
Who was responsible for the 9/11 attacks?
Whose ideas became more radical during his imprisonment?
When was Qutb executed?
What organization was led by Hasan al-Hudaybi?
What movements were inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s?
When did the Brotherhood renounce violence as a means of achieving its goals?
Who was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat?
When was Sadat assassinated?
What did the extremist group believe the leaders of Muslim states were?
What did the extremists believe the leaders of Muslim states had introduced?
Who wrote a pamphlet outlining the group's views?
What did al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya employ in their struggle for Islamic order?
What is another Egyptian group that used violence in their struggle for Islamic order?
When did Jamaa Islamiya renounce violence?
Was the overthrow of the government successful or unsuccessful?
What have the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra attempted to assassinate?
What stance did the Muslim Brotherhood take towards Israel prior to the First Palestine Intifada?
What was the name of the group formed by the Muslim Brotherhood?
What did the 1988 Hamas charter call for?
What do the youth of the intifada antipathy for activities of the secular middle class?
In what country did the Muslim Brotherhood take a "quiescent" stance towards Israel?
What group continues to be a major player in Palestine?
How many people were killed in 140 suicide bombings between 2000 and 2007?
What did Hamas win in the January 2006 legislative election?
From 2000 to what year did it kill 542 people in 140 suicide bombings?
What has Hamas been praised for?
What type of regime did Hassan al-Turabi lead?
Who was the leader of the Islamist regime in Sudan?
What group gained influence when General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members to serve in his government?
What did Turabi use to build his economic base?
Where did he place students to recruit loyalists?
When was al-Nimeiry overthrown?
How was al-Nimeiry's party able to overthrow the government?
What law did Turabi enforce?
Who did the NIF regime harbor for a time before 9/11?
The NIF regime worked to unify Islamist opposition to what in the 1991 Gulf War?
What did women do to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men?
In what year was the Islamic Coalition of Tunisia founded?
Where was the FIS based?
What is another name for the Islamic Salvation Front?
Why was voting canceled in 1991?
What did the mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union not lead to?
What type of civil war caused Afghanistan to be one of the poorest countries on earth?
When did the Islamic State of Afghanistan form?
What did the civil war between political and tribal warlords make Afghanistan?
How much of Afghanistan did the Taliban take over in 1996?
Who was spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees?
What country supported the Deobandi movement?
What is another term for Islamic fundamentalist?
What label did the Taliban use to spread conservative tribal village customs to an entire country?
Who was a guest of al-Qaeda?
When did General Zia-ul-Haq overthrow Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's regime?
What had Ali Bhutto announced banning within six months?
What became Zia-ul-Haq's "official state ideology"?
What did Zia-ul-Haq use Islamization to legitimize?
When was Zia-ul-Haq killed?
What type of group is the Islamic State?
Who is the majority of The Islamic State's members?
As of March 2015, how many people lived in Iraq and Syria?
What type of international recognition does the Republic of Moldova lack?
What did the group proclaim in 2014?
When did the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda?
In what year did Western forces invade Iraq?
Why was the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad expelled from al-Qaeda?
When did the Syrian Civil War begin?
What has the group been designated as by the United Nations?
What is different about the view of Muslim history taken by the Muslim Brotherhood?
When did the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate occur?
When was the Ottoman Caliphate abolished?
What type of system is believed to have ended?
What is this believed to have done to the true Islamic system?
What type of jihad does HT not engage in?
What does HT use to take power?
Who will "facilitate" a "change of the government"?
In what country did the Islamic State attempt a coup in 1974?
Many HT members have gone on to join what?
How many Muslims live in Greater London?
What type of outlook does this country have?
When was Undercover Mosque aired?
What is the term given to the British policy of allowing them free rein?
What was Abu Hamza al-Masri charged with?
How long has the U.S. government been trying to counter violent Islamism?
What department conducted public diplomacy programmes in the U.S.?
Who called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of "political warfare"?
What position did Robert Gates hold?
What was the U.S. Information Agency charged with during the Cold War?
What language does the word "imperium" originate from?
What is one way that imperialism can be used to extend a country's power?
Along with the West, what country has been referred to as an example of imperialism?
What has the internet allowed for the rapid spread of?
Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power and what through diplomacy or military force?
What is physical control or full-fledged colonial rule?
What is another term for stereotypes based on racial, religious, or other stereotypes?
What is informal imperialism less of than formal imperialism?
What type of imperialism implies less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance?
What is another name for "informal" imperialism?
The definition of imperialism was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers, or simply, what?
What expands the controlled area?
What type of imperialism implies less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance?
What is the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded?
How are developed and developing nations portrayed?
Who suggested that imperialism was the highest form of capitalism?
What was built mostly by expansion overland, but economic and cultural influences spread at least as much by sea?
Most books on imperialism confine themselves to what type of empires?
The term imperialism is often conflated with what other term?
What does colonialism lack that makes it not automatically imply imperialism?
What type of reasons is imperialism developed for?
Along with the Russian, what contiguous land empire is generally excluded from discussions of colonialism?
Imperialism and colonialism have been used to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon whom?
What dictates the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control?
What does colonialism refer to?
How does imperialism create an empire?
What is the core meaning of Colonialism?
What do the indigenous populations inherit from the conquering peoples?
What is a controversial aspect of imperialism?
What is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds?
What is Hobson's justification?
Along with Social Darwinism, what formed a rational justification for imperialism?
What is still prized today in Latin America?
What country is Friedrich Ratzel from?
What country is Halford Mackinder from?
What type of geographers supported imperialism?
Along with the Royal Geographical Society of London, what other societies had great influence?
The Royal Geographical Society of London was able to do what to travelers?
What theory suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance?
In what zone were human beings able to become fully human?
Tropicality can be paralleled with Edward Said's what?
What type of people do environmental determinism suggest tropical environments create?
According to Siad, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as what?
What concept did British imperialism often use?
When did the British colonize Australia?
The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of what empire?
Who were the inhabitants of Australia considered unused by?
What does Terra nullius mean?
What did Edward Said say the West developed of the East?
Early European studies of the Orient positioned the East as what?
How did the West view the East?
What refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the East?
Early European studies of the Orient positioned the West as rational and backward in opposition to what?
What did Bassett focus his analysis on?
What did imperial and colonial powers use this information to fill in?
What did Cartesian use blank space to denote?
What did he use to highlight the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory?
Along with British power, what country's power did maps help legitimize?
During what era did the Americas have large empires such as the Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire?
Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of who during the Mongol Empire?
How many historically recognized Muslim empires are there?
Oyo Empire, Asante Union, Luba Empire, Lunda Empire, and Mutapa Empire are examples of what empire?
Where is the Ethiopian Empire located?
What is it called when a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles?
What is the term for a country's influence in social and cultural circles?
What soap opera depicted opulent American lifestyles?
The depiction of opulent American lifestyles in Dallas changed the expectations of what culture?
What do authoritarian regimes use to combat soft power?
When did the Age of Imperialism begin?
What was the process of influencing, annexing, and influencing called during the Age of Imperialism?
How many years have imperialist practices existed?
The Age of Imperialism generally refers to the activities of European powers from the early 18th century through when?
What is the name of the policy in China?
When was John Gallagher born?
When did Ronald Robinson die?
What is the profession of John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson?
What grew significantly because of the resources made available by imperialism?
Who became rich and prosperous because of imperialism?
What was Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism focused on?
When did the British colonize India?
Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on collecting resources from where?
The British exploited the political weakness of what state?
Along with advancements in what area did Europe continue to advance in military technology?
What did European chemists make that could be used in combat?
What had become an effective battlefield weapon by the 1880s?
What were armies in less-developed countries fighting with?
What was the nationality of the chemists who made deadly explosives?
On what experience are theories regarding imperialism often based in anglophone academic works?
When was the term "Imperialism" first used in English?
Along with idealism, what did some view imperialism as a policy of?
Why did Lenin say Imperialism arose?
Along with capitalism, imperialism, and what other group has long been debated?
When did the rise of the military-political complex begin in the US?
When were non-Marxist writers at their most prolific?
Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure what disease of imperialism?
Hobson theorized that state intervention through what could boost broader consumption?
What concept served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples?
What was believed to determine a person's behaviours?
People living in tropical environments were seen as what?
Where was the last wave of European colonialism?
What are the two forms of orientalism?
Who suggested that the world could be split into climatic zones?
Where did these scholars believe a temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and moral human being?
What did the people of these climates need from the European empire?
What is a view of a people based on their geographical location called?
Geographic scholars under what empires believe the world could be split into climatic zones?
Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as when?
When was the British East India Company established?
Who chartered the British East India Company?
What did political activity cause of the East India Company in 1767?
What other empire had trading posts in India?
When did France take control of Algeria?
When did France begin to rebuild its worldwide empire?
Along with French civilization and language, what religion did the new empire spread?
France concentrated on North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia and Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific.
When did Republicans become supportive of empire?
What did Jules Ferry say the higher races had a duty to do?
What was always on the distant horizon of full citizenship rights?
How many settlers did France send to its colonies?
What did France bring to the world?
What was the only notable exception to France sending small numbers of settlers to its colonies?
Where did Charles de Gaulle and the Free French use as bases during World War II?
What began to challenge the Empire after 1945?
In what country did France fight a war in the 1950s?
Where did France win the war?
By what year had nearly all of France's colonies gained independence?
Where were the Germanic tribes originally from?
By 1000 CE, who was left out of the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe?
When did Germanic tribes expand throughout northern and western Europe?
When did the Holy Roman Empire form?
What area did "Germany" refer to?
Germany's participation in Western imperialism was negligible until when?
When was Otto von Bismarck born?
When did Prussia unite the other states into the second German Empire?
Whose defeat caused the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?
Prussia and the German states preferred to manipulate what system through the Concert of Europe?
Along with Africa, where did Germany build a colonial empire in 1883-1884?
Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of what?
When did the establishment of the German colonial empire begin?
Where did the German colonial empire begin?
Who were Friedrichsruh's neighbors?
What did Japan do as a result of the Russo-Japanese War?
When was the First Sino-Japanese War?
What country did Japan invade?
What did Japan conquer from China in 1931?
The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of what country supported post-World War II communist movements?
After what year did it stop being implemented?
Who asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory?
Where did the Soviet Union install socialist regimes after World War II?
Who had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as the empire by 1921?
Trotsky believed the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of what?
Who famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism?
Who argued that the Soviet Union had become an imperialist power?
Who started a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda?
What did Joseph Stalin establish for the Soviet Union after Lenin's death?
What was the First British Empire based on?
In what year did Britain lose the American colonies?
By the 1840s, Britain had adopted a highly successful policy of what?
When did Britain gain control of trade and finance in Latin America?
In what year did Britain defeat Napoleonic France?
What was the largest empire the world has ever seen?
What did Social Darwinism and theories of race form an ideological underpinning during this time?
What was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury?
Along with Asia, what region saw a resurgence in the late 19th century?
What is an example of a US policy against Imperialism?
What was Theodore Roosevelt's policy in Central America?
What happened in the Philippines one year after the occupation?
Along with Cuba, what country did the Anti-Imperialist League oppose?
What did Smedley Butler call American foreign policy?
Who was a key figure in the plans for American Empire?
In what year was he appointed to President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry?
The inquiry was the idea of President Wilson and who else?
What was the point of this inquiry to build a premise that would allow for?
What was Isiah Bowman's role in the inquiry?
What have some described as a form of imperialism or colonialism?
What is the internal form of empire called?
How many Africans were involved in the slave trade?
What did Edward Said say the US was using aggressive means of attack towards?
The Ottoman Empire lasted from 1299 to what year?
Who was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries?
How many provinces did the empire have at the beginning of the 17th century?
The Ottoman Empire controlled much of Southeast Asia, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.
When was the Ottoman empire at its most powerful?
What city was the capital of the Ottoman Empire?
Who did the Ottoman empire ally with in the early 20th century?
What event led to the dissolution of the Ottoman empire?
What new state emerged in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland?
What is the name of the mainline Protestant Methodist denomination?
What denomination is the United Methodist Church?
When was the United Methodist Church founded?
Who founded the UMC?
What is the church's theological orientation?
What is the largest denomination within the Methodist movement?
How many people are members of the United Methodist Church?
What type of denomination is the UMC?
What percentage of the U.S population self-identify with the United Methodist Church?
When did the movement that would become The United Methodist Church begin?
Where did the movement that would become The United Methodist Church begin?
Why were they mocked?
In what year did John and Charles Wesley go to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians?
Where did John and Charles Wesley go to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians?
Who did John and Charles Wesley go to America to teach the gospel to?
What did the Anglican church emphasize?
What event separated the Methodists from the Anglican Church?
In what year did Thomas Coke become superintendent of the Methodist Society?
Who did Wesley appoint as superintendent of the Methodist Society?
Where was the conference held?
Where was the conference held?
What is the oldest Methodist church in the United States?
What is the oldest Methodist church in the United States?
When was the congregation founded?
What type of building was purchased in 1769?
When was the Methodist Episcopal Church founded?
Who were the first African Americans ordained by the Methodist Church?
What church licensed the slaves in 1784?
When were they licensed by St. George's Church?
When did the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church?
Why did the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church?
When did the Methodist Episcopal Church split into two conferences?
Why did the Methodist Episcopal Church split in 1844?
When was the United Methodist Church created?
Where did the Evangelical United Brethren Church and the Methodist Church join hands?
Who represented the Methodist Church at the founding of the United Methodist Church?
What church does the United Methodist Church consider itself to be a part of?
What recognizes the importance of the Chalcedonian Creed of the Council of Chalcedon?
What does the concept of the "visible and invisible Church" mean?
Why was John Wesley compelled to ordain two of his lay preachers as presbyters?
Who assisted Wesley in this action?
Who did Wesley appoint as presbyters?
When was the United Methodist Church formed?
Who were the founders of the United Methodist Church?
Who led the team that systemized denominational doctrine?
Who led the team that systemized denominational doctrine?
What is the grace that "goes before" us?
What is the grace that "goes before" us?
What is Prevenient Grace?
What is the grace that "goes before" us?
What is the name of the grace offered by God to all people?
What is it called when we are received by God despite our sin?
What is another name for justifying grace?
What is another name for justifying grace?
What is the name of the movie?
What is Sanctifying Grace?
What is the grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection?
What is Sanctifying Grace?
Sanctifying Grace sustains believers in the journey toward what?
What stands at a unique crossroads between evangelical and sacramental?
What does the United Methodist Church believe in?
What denomination is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations?
According to what book is United Methodist theology at once catholic, evangelical, and reformed?
In what year did the General Conference support the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice?
Is the denomination pro-choice or anti-choice?
What was the denomination a founding member of?
What are the names of the two official bodies of the United Methodist Church that are part of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice's governing coalition?
The Church emphasizes the need to be in supportive ministry with whom?
The church holds that they are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of whom?
What does TUMAS stand for?
In what year was there an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership in the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice?
Who is the president of the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality?
What movement has the Methodist Church historically supported?
When did The United Methodist Church's General Board of Church and Society call on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent?
What was the name of John Wesley's famous sermon?
What does the United Methodist Church use in the sacrament of Holy Communion?
What does the United Methodist Church condemn?
When did Jesus abolish the death penalty?
Where does the United Methodist Church believe that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis?
What body of the United Methodist Church calls for bishops to oppose the death penalty?
What does the United Methodist Church prohibit the celebration of?
When was Rev. Jimmy Creech defrocked?
When was same-sex marriage legalized nationwide?
Who voted in favor of a proposal that calls for a localized option?
Many organizations, conferences, and congregations have recently called for broader acceptance of what community within the UMC?
Many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of what?
When was Rose Mary Denman defrocked?
When were clergy credentials removed from Irene Elizabeth Stroud?
What conference approved the appointment of an openly partnered lesbian to the provisional diaconate?
What does the United Methodist Church oppose?
The church states that neither the way of inaction nor what is always righteous before God?
What type of war does the Church oppose?
What does the United Methodist Church believe war is incompatible with?
What does the Church reject war as?
What does the United Methodist Church endorse?
Who states that "Research shows it [pornography] is not an innocent activity?"
What does the United Methodist Church believe pornography is about?
Persons who are addicted to pornography have altered perceptions of what?
The UMC supports federal funding for research on embryos created for what?
Umbilical cords and adult stem cells can be used to research what?
The UMC supports federal funding for what on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased?
What was the revised version of The Book of Common Prayer called?
When did John Wesley provide a revised version of The Book of Common Prayer?
What book was the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America a revised version of?
Where is The United Methodist Church located?
Many of these liturgies are derived from the Anglican tradition's what?
These services involve the laying on of hands and what?
What may be named after a biblical figure?
Who founded the Salvation Army?
Who founded Methodism?
What church is organized into conferences?
What is the highest level of the church?
Legislative changes are recorded in what?
What is the highest level of the church?
How often does the General Conference meet?
How many jurisdictions are there in the United States?
How many central conferences are there outside of the United States?
What is the main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences?
What are the chief administrators of the church?
What do Bishops serve?
What is the name of the group consisting of church bishops?
What is the Mission Council usually made up of?
How many acres did the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction lease for the George W. Bush Presidential Library?
Who did the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction approve a 99-year lease for?
Where did the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction lease land for the George W. Bush Presidential Library?
How many members are in the church?
What is the name of the highest court in the denomination?
How long is the term of office for the Council of Bishops?
How often does the Council meet?
Where does the Council meet?
What is the basic unit of organization within the UMC?
The term Annual Conference is often used to refer to what two things?
Clergy are members of what?
What is the name of the guidebook for local churches and pastors?
At least how many members must be on a church's board of trustees?
How many members can a board of trustees have in a UM church?
What is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church?
What is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church?
How many colleges and universities are affiliated with the United Methodist Church?
How many schools and institutions does the church operate overseas?
What organization are most members of?
Who ordained the first Methodist clergy?
What do they generally serve as in local congregations?
What are elders in full connection a member of?
Each deacon in full connection is a member of what?
Who advises the bishop on clergy appointments?
How often is an appointment made?
When are appointments not officially fixed?
Who is called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop?
Where can they be appointed?
How long do Elders serve as provisional Elders?
Elders may be assigned as what?
How long do deacons serve as provisional deacons?
Who is called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop?
Who is called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop?
What can deacons be granted if they are appointed as the pastor in a local church?
When was the ordination order of transitional deacon abolished?
Who serves a two-three year term in a full-time appointment after being commissioned?
When was the ordination order of transitional deacon abolished?
What is the official title of a local pastor?
Who holds membership in the annual conference but not in the local church?
How long is the course of study at an approved United Methodist seminary or course of study school?
What type of membership would allow a clergy member to retire as a clergy member?
Who are those who have been baptized as an infant but have not professed their own faith?
How do Baptized Members become Professing Members?
How can an individual become a Professing Member?
What is a sacrament in the UMC?
Where do students learn about the Methodist-Christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith?
What book of the United Methodist Church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people?
What do students learn in confirmation and membership preparation classes?
What are local church lay servants and certified lay servants?
What must a person do to be recognized as a local church lay servant?
How often must they report and reapply?
How often must they complete advanced courses?
What is one tradition within the Christian Church?
What did the church vote to seek in the National Association of Evangelicals and in the World Evangelical Fellowship?
What do some feel that false ecumenism might result in?
When was the Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union formed?
When did the United Methodist Church enter full communion with the African Methodist Episcopal Church?
When did the United Methodist Church begin exploring a possible merger with three historically African-American Methodist denominations?
How many members did the UMC have at the time of its formation?
How many congregations did the UMC have at the time of its formation?
How many members were in 34,000 congregations in 2005?
How many congregations were there in 2005?
Which state has the largest number of members?
By the opening of the 2008 General Conference, what was the estimated total UMC membership?
How many UMC members lived in the U.S. in 2008?
By the opening of the 2008 General Conference, how many UMC members were estimated to be overseas?
What group does the UMC belong to?
What is the name of the interdenominational group composed of various churches in the tradition of John Wesley?
When was the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification adopted?
When was the French and Indian War?
Who fought in the war?
What was the population of the French North American colonies at the start of the war?
What was the population of the British North American colonies at the start of the war?
Where was the war fought?
What was the beginning of the Civil War?
When did the dispute erupt into violence?
When did six colonial governors meet with General Edward Braddock?
What happened to Braddock?
Why did British operations in 1755, 1756, and 1757 fail?
What did the British capture in 1755?
What did the British order after they captured Fort Beauséjour?
Who increased British military resources in the colonies?
Was France willing to risk large convoys to help the British?
Where did France concentrate its forces?
Where were the British defeated?
What did France give to Great Britain?
What did Britain give to Spain in exchange for Florida?
What was the result of France's reduced colonial presence north of the Caribbean?
When was King George's War?
What does the traditional name of the war obscure?
What was the Seven Years' War?
Other than the Great War for the Empire, what are some other names for the war?
When did the "Seven Years" refer to events in Europe?
How long did the fighting on North America last?
When was Montreal captured?
What battle took place in 1754?
What was the population of the French?
Where was the French population concentrated?
What did French fur traders and trappers do?
How much did the British outnumber the French?
Where were the British settlers located on the eastern coast of the continent?
Where were the population centers?
Who dominated large areas between the French and the British?
Who were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War?
The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of what?
What were the tribes under Iroquois rule limited to?
What tribes spoke Siouan?
Where were the Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago, and Potawatomi located?
Who supported the British in the Anglo-Cherokee War?
How many French regular army troops were in North America at the start of the war?
At the start of the war, how many British troops were stationed in North America?
What did most British colonies do to deal with native threats?
How many miles did the expedition cover?
What was the size of Céloron's expedition force?
What did Céloron do when he encountered British merchants or fur-traders?
What did the Native Americans say to Céloron when he arrived at Logstown?
The confluence of the Ohio and Miami rivers was just south of what village?
What did Céloron do to Old Briton?
How did Céloron respond to the warning?
What did Céloron say about the Natives of the area?
What did each side say about the situation in the Ohio Country?
What did William Shirley state?
In what year did the British government give land to the Ohio Company of Virginia?
Who did the British government give land to in 1749?
Who opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown?
What treaty was signed in 1752?
Where did the Indians agree to build a "strong house"?
What is the North American theater of the War of the Austrian Succession known as?
When did the War of the Austrian Succession end?
What issues were turned over to a commission to resolve?
How many frontiers were claimed by both sides?
Who was the Governor-General of New France in 1752?
How many men was Langlade given?
What was Céloron's objective?
How many people were killed when the French attacked Pickawillany?
Who was given command of Troupes de la Marine and Indians?
Where was Fort Presque Isle constructed?
Where was the second fort built?
What were his orders?
Who was the chief of the Mingo?
What was Johnson's position?
What was Johnson's nickname among the Iroquois?
What position was Johnson made in 1746?
Who insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion?
What company did Governor Dinwiddie invest in?
Who warned the French to leave Virginia territory?
Who did Washington pick up along the way?
On what date did Washington reach Fort Le Boeuf?
Who succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces?
What was in the letter that Washington presented to Saint-Pierre?
What did Saint-Pierre say about Washington's summons?
What did Washington think of France's claim to Ohio Country?
When did Contrecur lead 500 men south from Fort Venango?
When did Dinwiddie begin construction of a small stockaded fort?
What did he build?
How did Washington surprise the Canadians?
What happened to Joseph Coulon de Jumonville?
Why did Tanaghrisson want the support of the British?
The Duke of Newcastle sent an army expedition to do what?
When did word of the British military's plans leak to France?
How many regiments did King Louis XV send to New France?
What were the British trying to do with their fleet?
What was the name of the early political response to the opening of hostilities?
What was the goal of the congress?
Why was the plan never ratified by the colonial legislatures?
What became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence?
How many troops did Braddock lead?
What was the result of the expedition?
How many British soldiers were killed?
Who were the two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War?
Whose efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties?
Why was Shirley unable to fortify Oswego?
What did Shirley plan to do when he was made aware of the French attack on Fort Oswego?
What did Shirley leave at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams?
Who noticed that Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's?
Why did Vaudreuil send Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric?
How did the battle end?
The Battle of Lake George was fought between Fort Edward and what other fort?
Where did the French withdraw to?
Who captured Fort Beauséjour?
What did Lawrence order to cut vital supplies to Louisbourg?
Where were the only clashes of any size?
Who assumed command of British forces in North America?
In what city did Washington hold a meeting in 1755?
In addition to attacking Fort Frontenac, what other locations was he trying to capture?
Where did he propose an expedition to attack Quebec?
Who was Lord Loudoun's second in command?
Who led the French reinforcements that arrived in New France in May 1756?
When did England declare war on France?
Where were the forts Shirley erected located?
In what battle did French forces destroy Fort Bull?
How much gunpowder was destroyed in the Battle of Fort Bull?
What did they do to the British?
Who refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them?
Where did Montcalm move his headquarters to?
What garrison did Vaudreuil harass?
What did Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagree about?
What was the attack on Quebec?
Why did he leave a large force at Fort William Henry?
Who was the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies?
What did Loudoun do when he heard of the massacre at Fort William Henry?
Who harassed Fort William Henry?
What frozen body of water was attacked in February?
What did some of Montcalm's Indian allies do?
Why were Vaudreuil and Montcalm minimally resupplied in 1758?
What was the harvest like in 1757?
What did Montcalm focus his resources on?
What led to the fall from power of Newcastle?
Who developed the plan for the 1758 campaign?
What did Pitt's plan call for?
Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg were two of the expeditions that were successful
How many Frenchmen were involved in the Battle of Carillon?
How large was Abercrombie's force?
How did Abercrombie save Fort Frontenac?
What happened to Abercrombie?
What did France's new foreign minister decide to focus on?
Why did the invasion of New France fail?
Where did the French Navy fail?
Who defeated Montcalm at Quebec?
What did the victory at Fort Niagara accomplish?
In what battle did the British lose outside Quebec City?
In what naval battle were the British able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships?
Who negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst?
What did Amherst grant French residents who chose to remain in the colony?
Who did Vaudreuil negotiate a capitulation with?
When did the war in North America end?
What was the name of the treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe?
What did the British offer France the option of surrendering?
Why did the British view the Caribbean islands' sugar cane as more valuable than the furs from the continent?
How many people lived in French Canada and Acadia?
When did the deportation of Acadians begin?
Where did the British resettle many Acadians?
Where did some Acadians go to France?
Who issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
Where was the reservation of lands located?
Where did most of the Yamasee go?
Why was the Ohio Country vulnerable to illegal settlement?
When was the Spanish takeover of Louisiana territory completed?
What two tribes were historically enemies of the British?
What did the elimination of French power in North America mean for many native populations?
Philosophers in antiquity used the concept of what in the study of stationary and moving objects?
What did Aristotle and Archimedes retain in understanding force?
Along with Galileo Galilei, who corrected most previous misunderstandings about motion and force?
How long did it take for Isaac Newton's laws of motion to be improved?
Who developed a theory of relativity in the early 20th century?
What describes forces between particles smaller than atoms?
What are exchanged particles called?
What is the strongest of the electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational interactions?
In order of decreasing strength, what is the weakest interaction?
High energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of what?
Who provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force?
Aristotle's philosophical discussion of the concept of a force is an integral part of what?
How many elements did Aristotle believe the terrestrial sphere contained?
Where did Aristotle believe that motionless objects on Earth were in their natural place?
Forced motion is also known as what?
When was Galileo Galilei's work completed?
Who was influenced by the idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus?
What did Galileo Galilei believe objects in forced motion carried an innate force of?
Who was influenced by the idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus?
What is an example of a force that would cause an object to lose velocity?
Whose First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force?
What did Galileo think constant velocity was associated with?
Whose First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force?
Which law states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force?
What are the laws of physics in every inertial frame of reference?
What does not change while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity?
What type of path does the ball follow?
While traveling in a moving vehicle at constant velocity, the laws of physics do not change from being what?
What applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest?
What concept can be generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion?
What is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and a year?
Who explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames?
What do astronauts experience when in free-fall orbit around the Earth?
What was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity?
What asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass?
Accelerations can be defined through what type of measurements?
What offers an equivalence between space-time and mass?
What offers an equivalence between space-time and mass?
What are the relative units of force and mass?
What law is the result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects?
What law is the result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects?
A force that acts on only one body is called what?
F and F are equal in what?
The action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause what part of the system to accelerate?
In what type of system of particles are there no internal forces that are unbalanced?
The action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of what to accelerate?
Forces perceived as pushes or pulls provide what for describing forces?
Forces are quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to what?
Laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by what?
How is it determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics?
Forces are classified as what?
Forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction, what are they?
What is one way to avoid problems with vectors?
If both of these pieces of information are not known for each force, the situation is what?
What is one way to avoid problems with vectors?
In what condition were forces first quantitatively investigated?
Forces are additive vector quantities that have what?
What is another name for the resultant force?
What must be specified if forces are acting on an extended body?
The addition of two vectors represented by sides of what gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram?
Forces can be resolved into what at right angles to each other?
A horizontal force pointing northeast can be split into how many forces?
Summing component forces using vector addition yields what?
For what type of components are the components of the vector sum uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors?
Orthogonal force vectors can be what?
What is generated between an object and a frictional surface?
What is generated between an object and a frictional surface?
What force is opposed by static friction?
What is opposed by static friction when pushing against an object on a frictional surface?
A static equilibrium between two what is the most usual way of measuring forces?
An object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by what?
What force acts on an object suspended on a vertical spring scale?
What force acts on an object suspended on a vertical spring scale?
Who expounded the Three Laws of Motion?
Who first described dynamic equilibrium?
What did Galileo realize did not exist?
Who first described dynamic equilibrium?
Where would a falling cannonball land in an Aristotelian universe?
In an Aristotelian universe, the falling cannonball would land behind what part of a moving ship?
What occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction?
What force opposes the applied force?
A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with what?
Who misinterpreted the motion as being caused by force?
What equation describes physics in quantum mechanics instead of Newtonian equations?
Quantum mechanics uses Schrödinger equations instead of what type of equations?
The potentials V(x,y,z) or fields are treated similar to what?
What are the results of a measurement called when they appear in discrete portions?
What notion keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics?
What is the discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called?
What principle relates the space and spin variables?
What is the discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called?
For what type of spins must the position variables be symmetric?
For what type of spins must the spatial variables be antisymmetric?
What are forces and the acceleration of particles explained as in modern particle physics?
In modern particle physics, what is explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons?
Force is a redundant concept arising from what?
What type of diagrams are used to describe interactions?
In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as what kind of line?
All forces in the universe are based on how many fundamental interactions?
Which nuclear forces act only at very short distances?
What force acts between electric charges?
The gravitational force acts between what?
What principle does not permit atoms to pass through each other?
Who unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics?
In what century did quantum mechanics lead to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces are manifestations of matter?
The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of what?
What kind of models are physicists trying to develop?
Who identified gravity as a universal force?
Who was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects?
What is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth?
Where is this measurement taken from?
What force on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass?
Newton realized that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at what distances?
Newton determined that the acceleration of what around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law?
Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to what of the attracting body?
The formula that relates the mass and what to the gravitational acceleration is based on the combination of mass and what?
What is the name of the constant that was unknown in Newton's lifetime?
Who was able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance?
When was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance?
Who discovered the value of the Universal Gravitation Constant?
Newton's Law of Gravitation did not fully explain the orbit of what planet?
What planet did some astrophysicists predict would explain the discrepancies?
What did Albert Einstein formulate that could account for the discrepancy in Mercury's orbit?
Who formulated the theory of general relativity?
Who formulated the theory of general relativity?
What is the theory that best explains gravity?
What is the straight line path in space-time seen as a curved line in space called?
What is the time derivative of the changing momentum of an object called?
In what kind of sense can the curvature of space-time be observed?
Lorentz's Law combines the definition of what with the time rate of change of electric charge?
The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of what force?
What describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field?
This force can be written as a sum of the magnetic force and what other force?
Who unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations?
When was the origin of electric and magnetic fields fully explained?
How many scalar equations did Maxwell create?
How many vector equations were reformulated by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs?
Who unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations?
What theory was difficult to reconcile with the photoelectric effect and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe?
What did leading theoretical physicists use to develop a new theory of electromagnetism?
What describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave-particles known as photons?
Quantum electrodynamics describes electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave-particles known as what?
What describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave-particles known as photons?
What is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to?
What principle results in the characteristics of electrons?
When electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher what state?
How is this effect manifested macroscopically?
What is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to?
What principle results in the characteristics of electrons?
When electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher what state?
How is this effect manifested macroscopically?
The strong force only acts directly upon what?
What is observed between hadrons?
The force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei is known as what force?
How is the strong force transmitted?
What is the phenomenon called?
What force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons?
What is the most familiar effect of radioactivity?
What is the most familiar effect of beta decay?
How many times weaker is a field force than a strong force?
At what temperature are electromagnetic forces and the weak force indistinguishable?
What force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact?
What force acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects?
What is Pauli repulsion due to?
What force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact?
Tension forces can be modeled using what?
What allows ideal strings to switch physical direction?
Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in what?
What is the result of tandem effects?
What does a set-up that connects the same string multiple times to the same object use?
Newton's laws were first developed to describe how forces affect what?
Newton's laws were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than what?
In real life, matter has what kind of structure?
Forces that act on one part of an object might affect what parts of an object?
In real life, matter has what?
What accounts for forces that cause all strains?
What are associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area?
What are associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area?
What includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area?
In the same way that angle is the rotation equivalent for position, what is torque?
What is an example of unbalanced torque?
What can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body?
Where is the unbalanced centripetal force always directed?
How do such forces act to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object?
What type of force is always directed toward the center of the curving path?
In which direction is the unit vector pointing outwards from the center?
Which force accelerates an object by slowing it down or speeding it up?
A conservative force that acts on a closed system allows energy to convert between potential forms and what other form?
A conservative force that acts on a closed system allows energy to convert only between kinetic and what other form?
What is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system?
The force is related directly to what between two different locations in space?
What is the direction and amount of a flow of water considered to be?
For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model what as being due to gradient of potentials?
For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to what?
What is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between atoms?
Tension, compression, and drag are examples of what type of forces?
The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with what?
The connection between microscopic conservative forces and macroscopic what forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics?
The connection between microscopic conservative forces and macroscopic what forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics?
Which law of thermodynamics states that nonconservative forces result in energy transformations within closed systems?
The connection between microscopic conservative forces and macroscopic what forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics?
What is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass?
What is another name for the kilogram-force?
What is the unit of mass that accelerates at 1 m/s2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf?
What arcane unit of force is equivalent to 1000 lbf?
What arcane unit of force is equivalent to 1000 N?