---
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- feature-extraction
- sentence-similarity
- transformers

---

# ST-NLI-ca_paraphrase-multilingual-mpnet-base

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model: It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768 dimensional dense vector space and can be used for tasks like clustering or semantic search.

It has been developed through further training of a multilingual fine-tuned model, [paraphrase-multilingual-mpnet-base-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-mpnet-base-v2) using NLI data. Specifically, it was trained on two Catalan NLI datasets: [TE-ca](https://huggingface.co/datasets/projecte-aina/teca) and the professional translation of XNLI into Catalan. The training employed the Multiple Negatives Ranking Loss with Hard Negatives, which leverages triplets composed of a premise, an entailed hypothesis, and a contradiction. It is important to note that, given this format, neutral hypotheses from the NLI datasets were not used for training. Additionally, as a form of data augmentation, the model's training set was expanded by duplicating the triplets, wherein the order of the premise and entailed hypothesis was reversed, resulting in a total of 18,928 triplets.

## Usage (Sentence-Transformers)

Using this model becomes easy when you have [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) installed:

```
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can use the model like this:

```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer, util
sentences = ["This is an example sentence", "Each sentence is converted"]

model = SentenceTransformer('{MODEL_NAME}')
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings)
```

For instance, to sort a list of sentences by their similarity to a reference sentence, the following code can be used:

```python
reference_sent = "Avui és un bon dia."
sentences = [
    "M'agrada el dia que fa.",
    "Tothom té un mal dia.",
    "És dijous.",
    "Fa un dia realment dolent",
]

reference_sent_embedding = model.encode(reference_sent)
similarity_scores = {}
for sentence in sentences:
    sent_embedding = model.encode(sentence)
    cosine_similarity = util.pytorch_cos_sim(reference_sent_embedding, sent_embedding)
    similarity_scores[float(cosine_similarity.data[0][0])] = sentence

print(f"Sentences in order of similarity to '{reference_sent}' (from max to min):")
for i, (cosine_similarity,sent) in enumerate(dict(sorted(similarity_scores.items(), reverse=True)).items()):
    print(f"{i}) '{sent}': {cosine_similarity}")
```


## Usage (HuggingFace Transformers)
Without [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net), you can use the model like this: First, you pass your input through the transformer model, then you have to apply the right pooling-operation on-top of the contextualized word embeddings.

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
import torch


#Mean Pooling - Take attention mask into account for correct averaging
def mean_pooling(model_output, attention_mask):
    token_embeddings = model_output[0] #First element of model_output contains all token embeddings
    input_mask_expanded = attention_mask.unsqueeze(-1).expand(token_embeddings.size()).float()
    return torch.sum(token_embeddings * input_mask_expanded, 1) / torch.clamp(input_mask_expanded.sum(1), min=1e-9)


# Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
sentences = ['This is an example sentence', 'Each sentence is converted']

# Load model from HuggingFace Hub
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('{MODEL_NAME}')
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('{MODEL_NAME}')

# Tokenize sentences
encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')

# Compute token embeddings
with torch.no_grad():
    model_output = model(**encoded_input)

# Perform pooling. In this case, mean pooling.
sentence_embeddings = mean_pooling(model_output, encoded_input['attention_mask'])

print("Sentence embeddings:")
print(sentence_embeddings)
```



## Evaluation Results

We evaluated the model on the test set of the Catalan Semantic Text Similarity ([STS-ca](https://huggingface.co/datasets/projecte-aina/sts-ca)), and on two paraphrase identification tasks in Catalan: [Parafraseja](https://huggingface.co/datasets/projecte-aina/Parafraseja) and the professional translation of PAWS into Catalan.

| STS-ca (Pearson) | Parafraseja (acc) | PAWS-ca (acc) |
|------------------|-------------------|---------------|
| 0.65             | 0.72              | 0.65          |


## Training
The model was trained with the parameters:

**DataLoader**:

`sentence_transformers.datasets.NoDuplicatesDataLoader.NoDuplicatesDataLoader` of length 147 with parameters:
```
{'batch_size': 128}
```

**Loss**:

`sentence_transformers.losses.MultipleNegativesRankingLoss.MultipleNegativesRankingLoss` with parameters:
  ```
  {'scale': 20.0, 'similarity_fct': 'cos_sim'}
  ```

Parameters of the fit()-Method:
```
{
    "epochs": 1,
    "evaluation_steps": 14,
    "evaluator": "sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator",
    "max_grad_norm": 1,
    "optimizer_class": "<class 'torch.optim.adamw.AdamW'>",
    "optimizer_params": {
        "lr": 2e-05
    },
    "scheduler": "WarmupLinear",
    "steps_per_epoch": null,
    "warmup_steps": 15,
    "weight_decay": 0.01
}
```


## Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 128, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: XLMRobertaModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False})
)
```

## Citing & Authors

For further information, send an email to aina@bsc.es