---
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- nicholasKluge/instruct-aira-dataset
language:
- en
metrics:
- accuracy
library_name: transformers
tags:
- alignment
- instruction tuned
- text generation
- conversation
- assistant
pipeline_tag: text-generation
widget:
- text: "<|startofinstruction|>What is your name?<|endofinstruction|>"
  example_title: Greetings
- text: "<|startofinstruction|>Can you explain what is Machine Learning?<|endofinstruction|>"
  example_title: Machine Learning
- text: "<|startofinstruction|>Do you know anything about virtue ethics?<|endofinstruction|>"
  example_title: Ethics
- text: "<|startofinstruction|>How can I make my girlfriend happy?<|endofinstruction|>"
  example_title: Advise
inference:
  parameters:
    repetition_penalty: 1.2
    temperature: 0.2
    top_k: 30
    top_p: 0.3
    max_length: 200
    length_penalty: 0.3
    early_stopping: true
co2_eq_emissions:
  emissions: 0.77
  source: CodeCarbon
  training_type: fine-tuning
  geographical_location: United States of America
  hardware_used: NVIDIA A100-SXM4-40GB
---
# Aira-2-774M

`Aira-2` is the second version of the Aira instruction-tuned series. `Aira-2-774M` is an instruction-tuned GPT-style model based on [GPT-2](https://huggingface.co/gpt2-large). The model was trained with a dataset composed of prompts and completions generated synthetically by prompting already-tuned models (ChatGPT, Llama, Open-Assistant, etc).

Check our gradio-demo in [Spaces](https://huggingface.co/spaces/nicholasKluge/Aira-Demo).

## Details

- **Size:** 774,032,640 parameters
- **Dataset:** [Instruct-Aira Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nicholasKluge/instruct-aira-dataset)
- **Language:** English
- **Number of Epochs:** 3
- **Batch size:** 8
- **Optimizer:** `torch.optim.AdamW` (warmup_steps = 1e2, learning_rate = 5e-4, epsilon = 1e-8)
- **GPU:** 1 NVIDIA A100-SXM4-40GB
- **Emissions:** 0.77 KgCO2 (Singapore)
- **Total Energy Consumption:** 1.58 kWh

This repository has the [notebook](AIRA_FineTuning.ipynb) used to train this model.

## Usage

Three special tokens are used to mark the user side of the interaction and the model's response:

`<|startofinstruction|>`What is a language model?`<|endofinstruction|>`A language model is a probability distribution over a vocabulary.`<|endofcompletion|>`

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import torch

device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('nicholasKluge/Aira-2-774M')
aira = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained('nicholasKluge/Aira-2-774M')

aira.eval()
aira.to(device)

question =  input("Enter your question: ")

inputs = tokenizer(tokenizer.bos_token + question + tokenizer.sep_token, return_tensors="pt").to(device)

responses = aira.generate(**inputs,
	bos_token_id=tokenizer.bos_token_id,
	pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
	eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
	do_sample=True,
	top_k=50,
	max_length=500,
	top_p=0.95,
	temperature=0.7,
	num_return_sequences=2)

print(f"Question: 👤 {question}\n")

for i, response in  enumerate(responses):
	print(f'Response {i+1}: 🤖 {tokenizer.decode(response, skip_special_tokens=True).replace(question, "")}')
```

The model will output something like:

```markdown
>>>Question: 👤 What is the capital of Brazil?

>>>Response 1: 🤖 The capital of Brazil is Brasília.
>>>Response 2: 🤖 The capital of Brazil is Brasília.
```

## Limitations

🤥 Generative models can perpetuate the generation of pseudo-informative content, that is, false information that may appear truthful.

🤬 In certain types of tasks, generative models can produce harmful and discriminatory content inspired by historical stereotypes.

## Evaluation

| Model (GPT-2)                                                   | Average   | [ARC](https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05457) | [TruthfulQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07958) | [ToxiGen](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.09509) |   |   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|-----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---|---|
| [Aira-2-124M](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-124M) | **38.07** | **24.57**                               | **41.02**                                      | **48.62**                                   |   |   |
| GPT-2                                                           | 35.37     | 21.84                                   | 40.67                                          | 43.62                                       |   |   |
| [Aira-2-355M](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-355M) | **39.68** | **27.56**                               | 38.53                                          | **53.19**                                   |   |   |
| GPT-2-medium                                                    | 36.43     | 27.05                                   | **40.76**                                      | 41.49                                       |   |   |
| [Aira-2-774M](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-774M) | **42.26** | **28.75**                               | **41.33**                                      | **56.70**                                   |   |   |
| GPT-2-large                                                     | 35.16     | 25.94                                   | 38.71                                          | 40.85                                       |   |   |
| [Aira-2-1B5](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-1B5)   | **42.22** | 28.92                                   | **41.16**                                      | **56.60**                                   |   |   |
| GPT-2-xl                                                        | 36.84     | **30.29**                               | 38.54                                          | 41.70                                       |   |   |

* Evaluations were performed using the [Language Model Evaluation Harness](https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness) (by [EleutherAI](https://www.eleuther.ai/)). The notebook used to make these evaluations is available in the [this repo](lm_evaluation_harness.ipynb).

## Cite as 🤗

```latex

@misc{nicholas22aira,
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6989727},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-774M},
  author = {Nicholas Kluge Corrêa},
  title = {Aira},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  journal = {HuggingFace repository},
}

```

## License

The `Aira-2-774M` is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for more details.