---
language: en
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- patent-similarity
- sentence-transformers
- feature-extraction
- sentence-similarity
- transformers
datasets:
- patents
license: apache-2.0
---

# paecter

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model. This model is fine-tuned on patent texts, leveraging Google's BERT for Patents as its base.
It can be used to generate 1024 dimensional dense vector for patent texts for downstream tasks like semantic search, prior art search, clustering, and patent landscaping.

<!--- Describe your model here -->

## Usage (Sentence-Transformers)

Using this model becomes easy when you have [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) installed:

```
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can use the model like this:

```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
sentences = ["This is an example sentence", "Each sentence is converted"]

model = SentenceTransformer('mpi-inno-comp/paecter')
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings)
```



## Usage (HuggingFace Transformers)
Without [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net), you can use the model like this: First, you pass your input through the transformer model, then you have to apply the right pooling-operation on-top of the contextualized word embeddings.

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
import torch


#Mean Pooling - Take attention mask into account for correct averaging
def mean_pooling(model_output, attention_mask):
    token_embeddings = model_output[0] #First element of model_output contains all token embeddings
    input_mask_expanded = attention_mask.unsqueeze(-1).expand(token_embeddings.size()).float()
    return torch.sum(token_embeddings * input_mask_expanded, 1) / torch.clamp(input_mask_expanded.sum(1), min=1e-9)


# Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
sentences = ['This is an example sentence', 'Each sentence is converted']

# Load model from HuggingFace Hub
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('mpi-inno-comp/paecter')
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('mpi-inno-comp/paecter')

# Tokenize sentences
encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt', max_length=512)

# Compute token embeddings
with torch.no_grad():
    model_output = model(**encoded_input)

# Perform pooling. In this case, mean pooling.
sentence_embeddings = mean_pooling(model_output, encoded_input['attention_mask'])

print("Sentence embeddings:")
print(sentence_embeddings)
```



## Evaluation Results

<!--- Describe how your model was evaluated -->

Evaluation of this model is available in our paper, [PaECTER: Patent-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformers
](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.19411)


## Training
The model was trained with the parameters:

**DataLoader**:

`torch.utils.data.dataloader.DataLoader` of length 318750 with parameters:
```
{'batch_size': 4, 'sampler': 'torch.utils.data.sampler.RandomSampler', 'batch_sampler': 'torch.utils.data.sampler.BatchSampler'}
```

**Loss**:

`sentence_transformers.losses.CustomTripletLoss.CustomTripletLoss` with parameters:
  ```
  {'distance_metric': 'TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN', 'triplet_margin': 1}
  ```

Parameters of the fit()-Method:
```
{
    "epochs": 1,
    "evaluation_steps": 4000,
    "evaluator": "sentence_transformers.evaluation.TripletEvaluator.TripletEvaluator",
    "max_grad_norm": 1,
    "optimizer_class": "<class 'torch.optim.adamw.AdamW'>",
    "optimizer_params": {
        "lr": 1e-05
    },
    "scheduler": "WarmupLinear",
    "steps_per_epoch": null,
    "warmup_steps": 31875.0,
    "weight_decay": 0.01
}
```


## Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False})
)
```

## Citing & Authors

```
@misc{ghosh2024paecter,
      title={PaECTER: Patent-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformers}, 
      author={Mainak Ghosh and Sebastian Erhardt and Michael E. Rose and Erik Buunk and Dietmar Harhoff},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.19411},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.IR}
}
```