---
license: apache-2.0
---

# MPT-7B (Base)

MPT-7B (Base) is a decoder-style transformer pretrained from scratch on 1T tokens of English text and code.
This model was trained by [MosaicML](https://www.mosaicml.com) and is **open-sourced for commercial use** (_Apache-2.0_).

MPT-7B is part of the family of MosaicPretrainedTransformer (MPT) models, which use a modified transformer architecture optimized for efficient training and inference. 

These architectural changes include performance-optimized layer implementations, changes that provide greater training stability, and the elimination of context length limits by replacing 
positional embeddings with Attention with Linear Biases ([ALiBi](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12409)). 
Thanks to these modifications, MPT models can be trained with high throughput efficiency and highly stable convergence. 
MPT models can also be served efficiently with both standard HuggingFace pipelines and NVIDIA's [FasterTransformer](https://github.com/NVIDIA/FasterTransformer). 

This model uses the MosaicML LLM codebase, which can be found in the [llm-foundry repository](https://github.com/mosaicml/llm-foundry), and was built by MosaicML’s NLP team on the [MosaicML platform](https://www.mosaicml.com/training) for pretraining, finetuning and/or deploying LLMs for inference.

### How is this model different?

* **Licensed for commercial use** (unlike [LLaMA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13971)).
* **Trained on a large amount of data** (1T tokens like [LLaMA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13971) vs. 300B for [Pythia](https://github.com/EleutherAI/pythia), 300B for [OpenLLaMA](https://github.com/openlm-research/open_llama), and 800B for [StableLM](https://github.com/Stability-AI/StableLM)).
* **Prepared to handle extremely long inputs** thanks to [ALiBi](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12409) (we trained on up to 65k inputs and can handle up to 84k vs. 2k-4k for other open source models).
* **Capable of fast training and inference** (via [FlashAttention](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.14135.pdf) and FasterTransformer)
* **Equipped with highly efficient open-source training code** via the [llm-foundry repository](https://github.com/mosaicml/llm-foundry)

### Models finetuned off MPT-7B (Base):

* [MPT-7B-StoryWriter-65k+ [LINK]]{}: a model designed to read and write fictional stories with super long context lengths.
It is built by finetuning MPT-7B with a context length of 65k tokens on a filtered fiction subset of the [books3 dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/the_pile_books3).
At inference time, thanks to [ALiBi](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12409), MPT-7B-StoryWriter-65k+ can extrapolate even beyond 65k tokens.
We demonstrate generations as long as 80k tokens on a single A100-80GB GPU in our blogpost {HERE}.
  * License: _Apache-2.0_ (commercial use permitted)

* [MPT-7B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/mosaicml/mpt-7b-instruct): a model for short-form instruction following.
It is built by finetuning MPT-7B on a [dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sam-mosaic/dolly_hhrlhf) we also release, derived from the [Databricks Dolly-15k](https://huggingface.co/datasets/databricks/databricks-dolly-15k) and the [Anthropic Helpful and Harmless (HH-RLHF)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/hh-rlhf) datasets. 
  * License: _CC-By-SA-3.0_ (commercial use permitted)
  * [Online Demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mosaicml/mpt-7b-instruct)

* [MPT-7B-Chat](TBD): a chatbot-like model for dialogue generation.
It is built by finetuning MPT-7B on the [ShareGPT-Vicuna](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jeffwan/sharegpt_vicuna), [HC3](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hello-SimpleAI/HC3),
 [Alpaca](https://huggingface.co/datasets/tatsu-lab/alpaca), [HH-RLHF](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/hh-rlhf), and [Evol-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/datasets/victor123/evol_instruct_70k) datasets.
  * License: _CC-By-NC-SA-4.0_ (non-commercial use only)
  * [Online Demo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mosaicml/mpt-7b-chat)

## Model Date

May 7, 2023

## Model License

Apache-2.0 (commercial use permitted)

## Documentation

* [Blog post] (LINK)
* [Codebase (mosaicml/llm-foundry repo)](https://github.com/mosaicml/llm-foundry/)
* Questions: contact us via the [MosaicML Community Slack](https://join.slack.com/t/mosaicml-community/shared_invite/zt-w0tiddn9-WGTlRpfjcO9J5jyrMub1dg)


## How to Use

This model is best used with the MosaicML [llm-foundry repository](https://github.com/mosaicml/llm-foundry) for training, finetuning, evaluating, and deploying LLMs for inference.

Note: This model requires that `trust_remote_code=True` be passed to the `from_pretrained` method. 
This is because we use a custom `MPT` model architecture that is not yet part of the Hugging Face `transformers` package.
`MPT` includes options for many training efficiency features such as [FlashAttention](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.14135.pdf), [ALiBi](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12409), [QK LayerNorm](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.04245), and more.

```python
import transformers
model = transformers.AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained('mosaicml/mpt-7b', trust_remote_code=True)
```

To use the optimized [triton implementation](https://github.com/openai/triton) of FlashAttention (`pip install flash_attn`), you can load the model with `attn_impl='triton'` and move the model to `bfloat16`:
```python
config = transformers.AutoConfig.from_pretrained('mosaicml/mpt-7b', trust_remote_code=True)
config.attn_config['attn_impl'] = 'triton'

model = transformers.AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained('mosaicml/mpt-7b', config=config, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, trust_remote_code=True)
model.to(device='cuda:0')
```

The model size is approximately 13 GB total in two shards.

This model was trained with the [EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b](https://huggingface.co/EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b) tokenizer.

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b")
```

## Model Description

The architecture is a modification of a standard decoder-only transformer.

The model has been modified from a standard transformer in the following ways:
* It uses [FlashAttention](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.14135.pdf)
* It uses [ALiBi (Attention with Linear Biases)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12409) and does not use positional embeddings
* It does not use biases


| Hyperparameter | Value |
|----------------|-------|
|n_parameters | 6.7B |
|n_layers | 32 |
| n_heads | 32 |
| d_model | 4096 |
| vocab size | 50432 |
| sequence length | 2048 |



## Training Data

### Streaming Datasets

Data was formatted using the MosaicML [StreamingDataset](https://github.com/mosaicml/streaming) library to host our data in object storage and efficiently stream it to our compute cluster during training. 
StreamingDataset obviates the need to download the whole dataset before starting training, and allows instant resumption of training from any point in the dataset.


### Data Mix

The model was trained for 1T tokens (with batch size 1760 and sequence length 2048). It was trained on the following data mix:


| Data Source | Number of Tokens in Source | Proportion | Effective Number of Tokens | Epochs |
|-------------|----------------------------|------------|----------------------------|--------|
| mC4 3.1.0 - English | 417.99 B | 0.33 | 330 B | 0.14 |
| C4 - English - SemDedup 80% | 100.42 B | 0.299 | 299 B | 2.98 |
| RedPajama - CommonCrawl | 878.45 B | 0.1 | 100 B | 0.11 |
| The Stack - Selected Languages | 463.78 B | 0.1 | 100 B | 0.22 |
| RedPajama - Wikipedia | 24.84 B | 0.04 | 40 B | 1.61 |
| The Stack - Markdown | 107.07 B | 0.035 | 35 B | 0.33 |
| S2ORC | 48.85 B | 0.033 | 33 B | 0.68 |
| RedPajama - Books | 26.02 B | 0.03 | 30 B | 1.15 |
| RedPajama - arXiv | 28.10 B | 0.019 | 19 B | 0.04 |
| RedPajama - StackExchange | 20.54 B | 0.014 | 14 B |0.68 |

Samples for each batch were selected from one of the datasets with the probability specified above.
The examples were shuffled within each dataset, and each example was constructed from as many sequences from that dataset as were necessary to fill the 2048 sequence length.

The data was tokenized using the [EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b](https://huggingface.co/EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b) tokenizer. This BPE tokenizer has a number of desirable characteristics, 
most of which are relevant for tokenizing code: 
(1) It was trained on a diverse mix of data that includes code (The Pile) 
(2) It applies consistent space delimitation, unlike the GPT2 tokenizer which tokenizes inconsistently depending on the presence of prefix spaces 
(3) It contains tokens for repeated space characters, which allows superior compression of text with large amounts of repeated space characters. 


The model vocabulary size of 50432 was set to be a multiple of 128 (as in [MEGATRON-LM](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.08053)), model flop utilization (MFU) increased by up to four percentage points.

### Training Configuration

This model was trained on 440 A100-40GBs for about 9.5 days using the [MosaicML Platform](https://www.mosaicml.com/platform). 
The model was trained with sharded data parallelism using [FSDP](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/fsdp.html) and used the [LION](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.06675) optimizer. 

## Limitations and Biases

_The following language is modified from [EleutherAI's GPT-NeoX-20B](https://huggingface.co/EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b)_

MPT-7B (Base) is **not** intended for deployment without finetuning. 
It should not be used for human-facing interactions without further guardrails and user consent.
MPT-7B can produce factually incorrect output, and should not be relied on to produce factually accurate information.
MPT-7B was trained on various public datasets detailed below including [C4](https://huggingface.co/datasets/c4), the colossal, cleaned version of Common Crawl's web crawl corpus.
While great efforts have been taken to clean the pretraining data, it is possible that this model could generate lewd, biased or otherwise offensive outputs.


## Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the work of the researchers who created the [LLaMA series of models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.13971), which was the impetus for our efforts.
We also gratefully acknowledge the hard work of the [Together](https://www.together.xyz) team, which put together the RedPajama dataset.

## Citation

Please cite this model using the following format:

```
@online{MosaicML2023BLOGPOST,
    author    = {MosaicML NLP Team},
    title     = {MosaicML Foundation Series: MPT-7B},
    year      = {2023},
    url       = {https://www.mosaicml.com/blog/TBD},
    note      = {Accessed: 2023-03-28}, % change this date
    urldate   = {2023-03-28} % change this date
}
```