---
language:
- en
library_name: sentence-transformers
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- dataset_size:100K<n<1M
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: FacebookAI/xlm-roberta-base
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy
- dot_accuracy
- manhattan_accuracy
- euclidean_accuracy
- max_accuracy
widget:
- source_sentence: a baby smiling
  sentences:
  - The boy is smiling
  - He is playing a song.
  - A man is sleeping.
- source_sentence: an eagle flies
  sentences:
  - The person is amused.
  - There is a land race.
  - A man is sleeping.
- source_sentence: There's a dock
  sentences:
  - a person outside
  - The biker is a human.
  - A man is sleeping.
- source_sentence: A woman sings.
  sentences:
  - The woman is singing.
  - Girls dance together.
  - A man playing ice hockey.
- source_sentence: The boy scowls
  sentences:
  - The boy is outside.
  - The person is inside.
  - two men stand alone
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on FacebookAI/xlm-roberta-base
  results:
  - task:
      type: triplet
      name: Triplet
    dataset:
      name: all nli dev
      type: all-nli-dev
    metrics:
    - type: cosine_accuracy
      value: 0.935
      name: Cosine Accuracy
    - type: dot_accuracy
      value: 0.062
      name: Dot Accuracy
    - type: manhattan_accuracy
      value: 0.929
      name: Manhattan Accuracy
    - type: euclidean_accuracy
      value: 0.928
      name: Euclidean Accuracy
    - type: max_accuracy
      value: 0.935
      name: Max Accuracy
---

# SentenceTransformer based on FacebookAI/xlm-roberta-base

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [FacebookAI/xlm-roberta-base](https://huggingface.co/FacebookAI/xlm-roberta-base) on the [sentence-transformers/all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [FacebookAI/xlm-roberta-base](https://huggingface.co/FacebookAI/xlm-roberta-base) <!-- at revision e73636d4f797dec63c3081bb6ed5c7b0bb3f2089 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Training Dataset:**
    - [sentence-transformers/all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli)
- **Language:** en
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: XLMRobertaModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'The boy scowls',
    'The boy is outside.',
    'The person is inside.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Triplet
* Dataset: `all-nli-dev`
* Evaluated with [<code>TripletEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.TripletEvaluator)

| Metric             | Value     |
|:-------------------|:----------|
| cosine_accuracy    | 0.935     |
| dot_accuracy       | 0.062     |
| manhattan_accuracy | 0.929     |
| euclidean_accuracy | 0.928     |
| **max_accuracy**   | **0.935** |

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### sentence-transformers/all-nli

* Dataset: [sentence-transformers/all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) at [d482672](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli/tree/d482672c8e74ce18da116f430137434ba2e52fab)
* Size: 100,000 training samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code>, <code>positive</code>, and <code>negative</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                           | positive                                                                          | negative                                                                          |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                            | string                                                                            |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 7 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.9 tokens</li><li>max: 52 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 13.62 tokens</li><li>max: 42 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 14.76 tokens</li><li>max: 55 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                                                     | positive                                         | negative                                                   |
  |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.</code>        | <code>A person is outdoors, on a horse.</code>   | <code>A person is at a diner, ordering an omelette.</code> |
  | <code>Children smiling and waving at camera</code>                         | <code>There are children present</code>          | <code>The kids are frowning</code>                         |
  | <code>A boy is jumping on skateboard in the middle of a red bridge.</code> | <code>The boy does a skateboarding trick.</code> | <code>The boy skates down the sidewalk.</code>             |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Dataset

#### sentence-transformers/all-nli

* Dataset: [sentence-transformers/all-nli](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli) at [d482672](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/all-nli/tree/d482672c8e74ce18da116f430137434ba2e52fab)
* Size: 1,000 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code>, <code>positive</code>, and <code>negative</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                            | positive                                                                          | negative                                                                          |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                            | string                                                                            |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 20.31 tokens</li><li>max: 83 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.71 tokens</li><li>max: 35 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 11.39 tokens</li><li>max: 32 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                                                                                                                                                         | positive                                                    | negative                                                |
  |:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.</code>                                                                                                             | <code>Two woman are holding packages.</code>                | <code>The men are fighting outside a deli.</code>       |
  | <code>Two young children in blue jerseys, one with the number 9 and one with the number 2 are standing on wooden steps in a bathroom and washing their hands in a sink.</code> | <code>Two kids in numbered jerseys wash their hands.</code> | <code>Two kids in jackets walk to school.</code>        |
  | <code>A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event held in the city of Angeles</code>                                                                    | <code>A man selling donuts to a customer.</code>            | <code>A woman drinks her coffee in a small cafe.</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `fp16`: True
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch | Step | Training Loss | loss   | all-nli-dev_max_accuracy |
|:-----:|:----:|:-------------:|:------:|:------------------------:|
| 0     | 0    | -             | -      | 0.587                    |
| 0.016 | 100  | 3.4547        | 2.2853 | 0.801                    |
| 0.032 | 200  | 1.6761        | 1.3493 | 0.856                    |
| 0.048 | 300  | 1.5528        | 1.4181 | 0.83                     |
| 0.064 | 400  | 1.0069        | 1.3277 | 0.835                    |
| 0.08  | 500  | 1.0611        | 1.4610 | 0.847                    |
| 0.096 | 600  | 1.1424        | 1.7394 | 0.805                    |
| 0.112 | 700  | 1.3545        | 1.4179 | 0.83                     |
| 0.128 | 800  | 1.3587        | 1.6350 | 0.84                     |
| 0.144 | 900  | 1.237         | 1.6794 | 0.801                    |
| 0.16  | 1000 | 1.2029        | 1.6733 | 0.811                    |
| 0.176 | 1100 | 1.2748        | 1.6360 | 0.818                    |
| 0.192 | 1200 | 1.1433        | 1.7952 | 0.806                    |
| 0.208 | 1300 | 1.0113        | 1.4315 | 0.817                    |
| 0.224 | 1400 | 0.8216        | 1.6300 | 0.776                    |
| 0.24  | 1500 | 1.3451        | 1.1566 | 0.856                    |
| 0.256 | 1600 | 0.8745        | 1.2075 | 0.838                    |
| 0.272 | 1700 | 0.9945        | 1.3296 | 0.831                    |
| 0.288 | 1800 | 0.9827        | 1.3052 | 0.844                    |
| 0.304 | 1900 | 0.974         | 1.1643 | 0.85                     |
| 0.32  | 2000 | 0.7555        | 1.2738 | 0.869                    |
| 0.336 | 2100 | 0.7176        | 1.3749 | 0.832                    |
| 0.352 | 2200 | 0.834         | 1.0712 | 0.879                    |
| 0.368 | 2300 | 1.0819        | 1.2763 | 0.849                    |
| 0.384 | 2400 | 0.9515        | 1.1384 | 0.848                    |
| 0.4   | 2500 | 0.7828        | 1.0879 | 0.861                    |
| 0.416 | 2600 | 0.7268        | 0.9835 | 0.868                    |
| 0.432 | 2700 | 0.9228        | 1.1840 | 0.851                    |
| 0.448 | 2800 | 1.0017        | 1.1968 | 0.853                    |
| 0.464 | 2900 | 0.9138        | 0.9931 | 0.869                    |
| 0.48  | 3000 | 0.8498        | 0.9926 | 0.876                    |
| 0.496 | 3100 | 0.9682        | 1.0004 | 0.866                    |
| 0.512 | 3200 | 0.7227        | 0.8490 | 0.883                    |
| 0.528 | 3300 | 0.7134        | 0.8215 | 0.884                    |
| 0.544 | 3400 | 0.6645        | 0.8889 | 0.877                    |
| 0.56  | 3500 | 0.7073        | 0.8374 | 0.888                    |
| 0.576 | 3600 | 0.6679        | 0.7780 | 0.911                    |
| 0.592 | 3700 | 0.6609        | 0.8129 | 0.896                    |
| 0.608 | 3800 | 0.687         | 0.7216 | 0.913                    |
| 0.624 | 3900 | 0.5725        | 0.7618 | 0.92                     |
| 0.64  | 4000 | 0.87          | 0.7070 | 0.909                    |
| 0.656 | 4100 | 1.0892        | 0.7424 | 0.901                    |
| 0.672 | 4200 | 1.048         | 0.6750 | 0.909                    |
| 0.688 | 4300 | 0.8571        | 0.6474 | 0.903                    |
| 0.704 | 4400 | 0.7945        | 0.6095 | 0.911                    |
| 0.72  | 4500 | 0.6717        | 0.5664 | 0.93                     |
| 0.736 | 4600 | 0.8161        | 0.5479 | 0.919                    |
| 0.752 | 4700 | 0.7917        | 0.6420 | 0.911                    |
| 0.768 | 4800 | 0.7711        | 0.5856 | 0.916                    |
| 0.784 | 4900 | 0.6441        | 0.5775 | 0.916                    |
| 0.8   | 5000 | 0.7766        | 0.5785 | 0.922                    |
| 0.816 | 5100 | 0.6009        | 0.5680 | 0.921                    |
| 0.832 | 5200 | 0.6711        | 0.5487 | 0.921                    |
| 0.848 | 5300 | 0.618         | 0.5450 | 0.926                    |
| 0.864 | 5400 | 0.6702        | 0.5498 | 0.926                    |
| 0.88  | 5500 | 0.7039        | 0.5192 | 0.927                    |
| 0.896 | 5600 | 0.6114        | 0.5045 | 0.932                    |
| 0.912 | 5700 | 0.7761        | 0.5033 | 0.934                    |
| 0.928 | 5800 | 0.6248        | 0.5013 | 0.932                    |
| 0.944 | 5900 | 0.8359        | 0.4976 | 0.93                     |
| 0.96  | 6000 | 0.8764        | 0.4976 | 0.936                    |
| 0.976 | 6100 | 0.763         | 0.4845 | 0.935                    |
| 0.992 | 6200 | 0.0001        | 0.4844 | 0.935                    |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.9.10
- Sentence Transformers: 3.0.0
- Transformers: 4.41.2
- PyTorch: 2.3.0+cu121
- Accelerate: 0.26.1
- Datasets: 2.16.1
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply}, 
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```

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