---
license: agpl-3.0
library_name: ultralytics
tags:
- satellite imagery
- marine traffic
- sentinel-2
- yolov8
model-index:
- name: mayrajeo/marine-vessel-detection-yolov8
  results:
  - task:
      type: object-detection
    metrics:
    - type: precision
      value: 0.801
      name: mAP@0.5(box)
---

# Model Card for YOLOv8 models for detecting marine vessels from RGB Sentinel-2 images

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## Model Details

### Model Description

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- **Developed by:** Janne Mäyrä
- **Model type:** Object Detection
- **Finetuned from model:** YOLOv8 pretrained models

### Model Sources 

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- **Paper:** Under progress
- **Demo:** [https://huggingface.co/spaces/mayrajeo/marine-vessel-detection](https://huggingface.co/spaces/mayrajeo/marine-vessel-detection)

## Uses

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### Direct Use

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Models are trained to process 320x320 pixel patches of Sentinel-2 RGB images with 10m resolution and detect marine vessels. The models will detect targets from outside of the water areas, but those detections can be eliminated by using external datasets. 

### Out-of-Scope Use

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These models are not suitable for other purposes than for detecting potential marine vessels from satellite imagery.

### Recommendations

<!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->

Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model. More information needed for further recommendations.

## How to Get Started with the Model

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## Training Details

### Training Data

<!-- This should link to a Data Card, perhaps with a short stub of information on what the training data is all about as well as documentation related to data pre-processing or additional filtering. -->

The model is trained using the following Sentinel-2 mosaics and manually annotated marine vessel data. Archipelago sea 2 and Kvarken were used as test data. Other three locations were sliced into 320x320 pixel patches. These patches were then spatially split into five equal sized folds so that each fold contained data from all timesteps and locations, and all patch locations that contained an annotated vessel in any timestep were included in the folds. In total, this dataset contained 3264 320x320 pixel image patches, of which 1974 contained annotated vessels and 1290 were background patches.  

Training and validation data:

|Location|Date|Number of annotations|Annotated patches|Background patches|
|-----|----|-------|------|------|
|Archipelago sea 1|2022-06-19|519|271|269| 
|Archipelago sea 1|2022-07-21|1518|387|153|
|Archipelago sea 1|2022-08-13|1368|402|138|
|Gulf of Finland|2022-06-06|275|138|241|
|Gulf of Finland|2022-06-26|1190|269|110|
|Gulf of Finland|2022-07-21|971|260|119|
|Bothnian Bay|2022-06-27|122|81|88|
|Bothnian Bay|2022-07-12|162|98|71|
|Bothnian Bay|2022-08-28|98|68|101|


#### Training Hyperparameters

Training configs can be found from each model directory, in the file `args.yaml`.

## Evaluation

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### Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

#### Testing Data

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Test data consists of six Sentinel-2 mosaics: 

|Location|Date|Number of annotations|
|--------|----|---------------------|
|Archipelago sea 2|2021-07-14|433|
|Archipelago sea 2|2022-06-24|413|
|Archipelago sea 2|2022-08-13|391|
|Kvarken|2022-06-17|79|
|Kvarken|2022-07-12|167|
|Kvarken|2022-08-26|81|

#### Factors

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Before evaluating, the predictions for the test set are cleaned using the following steps:

1. All prediction whose centroid points are not located on water are discarded. The water mask used contains layers `jarvi` (Lakes), `meri` (Sea) and `virtavesialue` (Rivers as polygon geometry) from the Topographical database by the National Land Survey of Finland. Unfortunately this also discards all points not within the Finnish borders.
2. All predictions whose centroid points are located on water rock areas are discarded. The mask is the layer `vesikivikko` (Water rock areas) from the Topographical database.
3. All predictions that contain an above water rock within the bounding box are discarded. The mask contains classes `38511`, `38512`, `38513` from the layer `vesikivi` in the Topographical database.
4. All predictions that contain a lighthouse or a sector light within the bounding box are discarded. Lighthouses and sector lights come from Väylävirasto data, `ty_njr` class ids are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8
5. All predictions that are wind turbines, found in Topographical database layer `tuulivoimalat`
6. All predictions that are obviously too large are discarded. The prediction is defined to be "too large" if either of its edges is longer than 750 meters.

#### Metrics

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Precision and Recall with IoU-threshold of 0.5, mAP50 and mAP.

### Results

5-fold cross-validation results: 

| Model   |   Precision, max |   Precision, mean |   Precision, min |   Recall, max |   Recall, mean |   Recall, min |   mAP, max |   mAP, mean |   mAP, min |   mAP50, max |   mAP50, mean |   mAP50, min |
|:--------|-----------------------:|------------------------:|-----------------------:|--------------------:|---------------------:|--------------------:|-----------------:|------------------:|-----------------:|-------------------:|--------------------:|-------------------:|
| yolov8n |                0.85001 |                0.840136 |                0.82782 |             0.82951 |             0.804012 |             0.78738 |          0.38816 |          0.380828 |          0.37637 |            0.84525 |            0.833424 |            0.81883 |
| yolov8s |                0.86717 |                0.854216 |                0.84347 |             0.84939 |             0.84065  |             0.83222 |          0.41098 |          0.406258 |          0.40374 |            0.86933 |            0.861404 |            0.84934 |
| yolov8m |                0.86108 |                0.853192 |                0.84191 |             0.87385 |             0.846722 |             0.83    |          0.41739 |          0.410742 |          0.40496 |            0.87772 |            0.862594 |            0.84602 |
| yolov8l |                0.86911 |                0.863254 |                0.85604 |             0.86468 |             0.841572 |             0.82725 |          0.41694 |          0.411712 |          0.40505 |            0.88288 |            0.867134 |            0.85743 |
| yolov8x |                0.86411 |                0.856008 |                0.85045 |             0.86086 |             0.845044 |             0.83029 |          0.42065 |          0.411532 |          0.40231 |            0.87069 |            0.863538 |            0.85316 |

Models with best performance for test set for each model architecture:

| Model | Fold | Precision | Recall | mAP50 | mAP |
|:------|------|-----------|--------|-------|-----|
|yolov8n|     1|     0.7639|0.833611|  0.766|0.290|
|yolov8s|     4|   0.776751|0.845133|  0.784|0.304|
|yolov8m|     4|   0.790741|0.857435|  0.801|0.324|
|yolov8l|     1|   0.772199|0.851569|  0.797|0.326|
|yolov8x|     1|   0.780507|0.838783|  0.788|0.319|

### Compute Infrastructure

#### Hardware

NVIDIA V100 GPU with 32GB of memory, hosted on computing nodes of Puhti supercomputer by CSC - IT Center for Science, Finland.

#### Software

Models were trained as Slurm batch jobs in Puhti.

## Citation [optional]

<!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the model, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. -->

**BibTeX:**

TBA

**APA:**

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## Model Card Contact

TBA