---
library_name: sklearn
tags:
- sklearn
- skops
- tabular-classification
model_format: skops
model_file: clf.skops
widget:
- structuredData:
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---

# Model description

LightGBM classifier of tree/non-tree pixels from aerial imagery trained on Zurich's Orthofoto Sommer 2014/15 using detectree.

## Intended uses & limitations

Segment tree/non-tree pixels from aerial imagery

## Training Procedure

[More Information Needed]

### Hyperparameters

<details>
<summary> Click to expand </summary>

| Hyperparameter    | Value   |
|-------------------|---------|
| boosting_type     | gbdt    |
| class_weight      |         |
| colsample_bytree  | 1.0     |
| importance_type   | split   |
| learning_rate     | 0.1     |
| max_depth         | -1      |
| min_child_samples | 20      |
| min_child_weight  | 0.001   |
| min_split_gain    | 0.0     |
| n_estimators      | 200     |
| n_jobs            |         |
| num_leaves        | 31      |
| objective         |         |
| random_state      |         |
| reg_alpha         | 0.0     |
| reg_lambda        | 0.0     |
| subsample         | 1.0     |
| subsample_for_bin | 200000  |
| subsample_freq    | 0       |

</details>

### Model Plot

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}#sk-container-id-15 {color: var(--sklearn-color-text);
}#sk-container-id-15 pre {padding: 0;
}#sk-container-id-15 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed var(--sklearn-color-line);margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }`but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }`so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override thedefault hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org.See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;
}div.sk-parallel-item,
div.sk-serial,
div.sk-item {/* draw centered vertical line to link estimators */background-image: linear-gradient(var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background), var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background));background-size: 2px 100%;background-repeat: no-repeat;background-position: center center;
}/* Parallel-specific style estimator block */#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: "";width: 100%;border-bottom: 2px solid var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background);flex-grow: 1;
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);position: relative;
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;
}/* Serial-specific style estimator block */#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);padding-right: 1em;padding-left: 1em;
}/* Toggleable style: style used for estimator/Pipeline/ColumnTransformer box that is
clickable and can be expanded/collapsed.
- Pipeline and ColumnTransformer use this feature and define the default style
- Estimators will overwrite some part of the style using the `sk-estimator` class
*//* Pipeline and ColumnTransformer style (default) */#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-toggleable {/* Default theme specific background. It is overwritten whether we have aspecific estimator or a Pipeline/ColumnTransformer */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);
}/* Toggleable label */
#sk-container-id-15 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.5em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;
}#sk-container-id-15 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {/* Arrow on the left of the label */content: "▸";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: var(--sklearn-color-icon);
}#sk-container-id-15 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: var(--sklearn-color-text);
}/* Toggleable content - dropdown */#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;/* unfitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-toggleable__content.fitted {/* fitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;border-radius: 0.25em;color: var(--sklearn-color-text);/* unfitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-toggleable__content.fitted pre {/* unfitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);
}#sk-container-id-15 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {/* Expand drop-down */max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;
}#sk-container-id-15 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: "▾";
}/* Pipeline/ColumnTransformer-specific style */#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {color: var(--sklearn-color-text);background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-label.fitted input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);
}/* Estimator-specific style *//* Colorize estimator box */
#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {/* unfitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-estimator.fitted input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {/* fitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-label label.sk-toggleable__label,
#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-label label {/* The background is the default theme color */color: var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background);
}/* On hover, darken the color of the background */
#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {color: var(--sklearn-color-text);background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);
}/* Label box, darken color on hover, fitted */
#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-label.fitted:hover label.sk-toggleable__label.fitted {color: var(--sklearn-color-text);background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);
}/* Estimator label */#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;
}/* Estimator-specific */
#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;border: 1px dotted var(--sklearn-color-border-box);border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;/* unfitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-estimator.fitted {/* fitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);
}/* on hover */
#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-estimator:hover {/* unfitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);
}#sk-container-id-15 div.sk-estimator.fitted:hover {/* fitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);
}/* Specification for estimator info (e.g. "i" and "?") *//* Common style for "i" and "?" */.sk-estimator-doc-link,
a:link.sk-estimator-doc-link,
a:visited.sk-estimator-doc-link {float: right;font-size: smaller;line-height: 1em;font-family: monospace;background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);border-radius: 1em;height: 1em;width: 1em;text-decoration: none !important;margin-left: 1ex;/* unfitted */border: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1) 1pt solid;color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1);
}.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted,
a:link.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted,
a:visited.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted {/* fitted */border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1) 1pt solid;color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1);
}/* On hover */
div.sk-estimator:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,
.sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,
div.sk-label-container:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,
.sk-estimator-doc-link:hover {/* unfitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);color: var(--sklearn-color-background);text-decoration: none;
}div.sk-estimator.fitted:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,
.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,
div.sk-label-container:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,
.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover {/* fitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);color: var(--sklearn-color-background);text-decoration: none;
}/* Span, style for the box shown on hovering the info icon */
.sk-estimator-doc-link span {display: none;z-index: 9999;position: relative;font-weight: normal;right: .2ex;padding: .5ex;margin: .5ex;width: min-content;min-width: 20ex;max-width: 50ex;color: var(--sklearn-color-text);box-shadow: 2pt 2pt 4pt #999;/* unfitted */background: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);border: .5pt solid var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);
}.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted span {/* fitted */background: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);
}.sk-estimator-doc-link:hover span {display: block;
}/* "?"-specific style due to the `<a>` HTML tag */#sk-container-id-15 a.estimator_doc_link {float: right;font-size: 1rem;line-height: 1em;font-family: monospace;background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);border-radius: 1rem;height: 1rem;width: 1rem;text-decoration: none;/* unfitted */color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1);border: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1) 1pt solid;
}#sk-container-id-15 a.estimator_doc_link.fitted {/* fitted */border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1) 1pt solid;color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1);
}/* On hover */
#sk-container-id-15 a.estimator_doc_link:hover {/* unfitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);color: var(--sklearn-color-background);text-decoration: none;
}#sk-container-id-15 a.estimator_doc_link.fitted:hover {/* fitted */background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);
}
</style><div id="sk-container-id-15" class="sk-top-container" style="overflow: auto;"><div class="sk-text-repr-fallback"><pre>LGBMClassifier(n_estimators=200)</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class="sk-container" hidden><div class="sk-item"><div class="sk-estimator fitted sk-toggleable"><input class="sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually" id="sk-estimator-id-15" type="checkbox" checked><label for="sk-estimator-id-15" class="sk-toggleable__label fitted sk-toggleable__label-arrow fitted">&nbsp;LGBMClassifier<span class="sk-estimator-doc-link fitted">i<span>Fitted</span></span></label><div class="sk-toggleable__content fitted"><pre>LGBMClassifier(n_estimators=200)</pre></div> </div></div></div></div>

## Evaluation Results

Metrics calculated on a validation set of 1% of the test tiles

| Metric    |    Value |
|-----------|----------|
| accuracy  | 0.87635  |
| precision | 0.785237 |
| recall    | 0.756414 |
| f1        | 0.770556 |

## Dataset description

https://www.geolion.zh.ch/geodatensatz/2831

## Preprocessing description

Images are resampled to 50 cm resolution. Train/test split based on image descriptors with 1% of tiles selected for training.

# How to Get Started with the Model

[More Information Needed]

# Model Card Authors

Martí Bosch

# Model Card Contact

marti.bosch@epfl.ch

# Citation

https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.02172

# Example predictions

<details>
<summary> Click to expand </summary>

![Example predictions](plot.png)

</details>