{ "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "San Francisco", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "San Francisco", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "San Francisco", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "San Francisco", "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "San Francisco", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Arabic numerals 50.", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "February 7,", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Super Bowl 50 was an American football game", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Arabic numerals 50.", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "American football game", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "24\u201310", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "numerals (under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "game would have been known as \"Super Bowl", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "San Francisco", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "\"Super Bowl", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "February 7, 2016,", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "2015", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "San Francisco", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "24\u201310", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "February 7,", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "2015", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "San Francisco Bay", "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "San Francisco", "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "numerals (under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl", "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "February 7, 2016,", "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Denver", "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "San Francisco Bay", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Denver Broncos", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "Denver Broncos", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "New England Patriots", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "49", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "15", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "the New England Patriots", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "The Broncos", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "Cam Newton", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "the Arizona Cardinals", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "15", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "one of four teams that have made eight", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Cam Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995.", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "four", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "Steelers", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The Broncos", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "15", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The Broncos", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "Broncos", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "The Broncos", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "The Broncos", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "1995", "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "two", "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "tackles", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "sacks", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "two", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Broncos", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "three", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "tackles, 2\u00bd sacks", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "two", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "seven times", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "The Broncos", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "trailed. Newton", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "seven", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "two", "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "Broncos", "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "seven", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "three", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "two", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "sacks, and two forced fumble", "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "Denver linebacker", "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "Denver's defense,", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven times", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "two", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "fumbles", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "seven times", "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "CBS", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "$5", "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "CBS", "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "performers Beyonc\u00e9", "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Coldplay", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Mars,", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Mars,", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "Mars,", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "$5 million", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "Mars,", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "Mars,", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "5 million", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "Mars,", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "Mars,", "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "Bruno", "56d602631c85041400946eda": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56d602631c85041400946edb": "British rock group Coldplay", "56d602631c85041400946edc": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "$5 million", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "British rock group Coldplay", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Mars,", "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "Super Bowl", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger Goodell", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "early 2012", "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "50th", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "\"spectacular\" and that it would be \"", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "New Orleans'", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "New Orleans'", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "San Francisco Bay", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Levi's Stadium.", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "Sun Life Stadium,", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "New Orleans'", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "Sun Life Stadium,", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "Sun Life Stadium,", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "New Orleans'", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Sun Life Stadium,", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "San Francisco", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "May 3, 2013,", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "two", "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "Stanford, California, won by the home team 49ers.", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "October 16, 2012,", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "Stanford", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "May 3, 2013,", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "2010", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "16", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California, won by the home team 49ers. The Miami bid depended on whether the stadium", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "one", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "2013", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "New Orleans),", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "May 3, 2013,", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "San Francisco", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "2010", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "Miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations.", "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "2014", "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "California since Super Bowl XXXVII", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "1985", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "$1.2 billion", "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Francisco", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "San Francisco", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "May 21, 2013,", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "$1.2 billion", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "Bay Area since Super Bowl", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Francisco", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "2013", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "May 21, 2013,", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "$1.2 billion", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "2014", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "Super Bowl", "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "May 21, 2013,", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "1985", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "1985", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "San Francisco", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "2003", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "1985", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "$1.2 billion", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "May 21, 2013,", "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "Denver Broncos", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "six", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "six", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "seeds", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII.", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "eight", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "ten", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "six teams to have acquired a 15", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "six", "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "Super Bowl.", "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one", "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "15", "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "one of only ten", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "four", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "15", "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "Super Bowl", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "Bay Packers.", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Packers.", "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "13", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "Bay Packers.", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "16", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "16", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "the Pro Bowl", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "the league expanded to a 16-game schedule", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "Benjamin to a torn ACL", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "Bay Packers.", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "2011", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "13", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Williams", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978. Carolina started the season 14\u20130,", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "DeAngelo Williams", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "15", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "10", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "seven", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "500", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "35", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Corey Brown", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "99", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "touchdowns", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "Cotchery (39 receptions for 485 yards), rookie Devin Funchess", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "Ginn,", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "Jonathan Stewart, who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games, along with Pro Bowl", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "seven", "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Corey", "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "45 total touchdowns (35", "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "seven", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "10", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "500", "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "seven", "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "six", "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "45", "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "5 sacks in just 9 starts. Behind them, two of the Panthers three starting linebackers", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "5", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "three", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "four", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "tackles and Pro Bowl cornerback Josh Norman,", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "24", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler", "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "three", "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "24", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "24", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "The Panthers", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly. Davis", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "24", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "Gary Kubiak", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "Gary Kubiak", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "by leading the team to a key 27\u201320 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall AFC seed. Under defensive coordinator Wade Phillips,", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "Gary Kubiak", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Gary Kubiak", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "13", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "the Indianapolis Colts", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "Colts", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "11", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "Colts", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Gary Kubiak", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "7", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "17", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "Kubiak, the Broncos", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "parting", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "individual, league and franchise records. With the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense, the Broncos", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Indianapolis Colts", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "183", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Thomas led the team", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "720", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "967 yards, 10", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "76", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "Osweiler", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "low 67.9 pass", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "1,967", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "17", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Osweiler", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "nine", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "51", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "nine", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Osweiler", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "67.9", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "4", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "5", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Derek Wolfe", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "two", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "defense", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Cornerbacks", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "three", "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Chris Harris,", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Chris Harris,", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "two", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "Derek Wolfe", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Trevathan ranked second with 102. Cornerbacks", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "tackles", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "The Panthers", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "half", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "31\u201324", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315,", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "rack", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "487", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "31", "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers", "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324, ave", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "48", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "Seahawks", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "48", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "48", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "three", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "three minutes", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "17", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "16", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "The Broncos", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "20", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "Broncos", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "Broncos", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "20", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "in the NFC Championship", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "a way", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "three", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "arm", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "the NFC Championship Game. Despite this,", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "the Super Bowl. His prediction turned out", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "11", "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "way to play in the Super Bowl.", "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "three", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis,", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "39", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway, who led the Broncos", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "39", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "Elway,", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "General Manager.", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "Executive Vice President of Football Operations", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "John Elway,", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "38", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "Peyton", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "38", "56d704430d65d214001982de": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "John Elway, who led the Broncos", "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "Peyton", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "President of Football", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Peyton", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "38", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "General Manager.", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "#1", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "26", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26).", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "13 years", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "quarterback", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Denver. Manning and Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "quarterback", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26).", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "their draft classes. Manning was the #1", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "#1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "#1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "1998", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "48", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "1", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "the first Super Bowl", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "Chicago Bears", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "head coaches played in the game", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Broncos'", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "Bears", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "head coaches played in the game", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "linebacker", "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "Super Bowl", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "re-sodded", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "re-sodded", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Baltimore", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "major issues since. As is customary for Super Bowl", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "re-sodded", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "high enough quality", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "change", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "re-sodded", "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "Bermuda", "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "a Super Bowl;", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "\"great shape\"", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "re-sodded", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "game", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "0", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "silver", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "white", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319.", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "0", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "0", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "Elway's last game as Denver QB,", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "QB, when they defeated the Atlanta", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "Super Bowl XXXIII,", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "Denver QB,", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII,", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "matching", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "Pittsburgh", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "Stanford", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Stanford", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "Stanford", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "Stanford", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "The Panthers used the San", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "Stanford University", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "Stanford University", "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford", "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "San Jose State practice facility", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "Marriott. The Broncos", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "Stanford University", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "San Jose State practice facility", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Stanford University", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "June 4, 2014,", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "numerals", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative,", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "Super Bowl games", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Jaime Weston,", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "2014", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Super Bowl", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "nu", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "Arabic", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "June 4, 2014,", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "Roman", "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl", "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding", "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "June 4, 2014,", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "silver", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "Arabic numerals", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "jackets", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "2015", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "7", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "\"Golden", "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "colored gold", "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "fields was colored gold", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "gold, and beginning on week 7, all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed", "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "gold", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "Moscone Center", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "San Francisco.", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Jane", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "January", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "5 million", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "San Francisco", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "homeless", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "San Francisco city supervisor", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Jane", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "Francisco during Super Bowl", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "$5 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "$5 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "Moscone Center", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "Santa Clara University,", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "$2 million", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "$2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "$2 million", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "the city council", "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention", "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "Clara University, and a pep rally.", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "Clara Convention Center,", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "Convention Center, a beer, wine and food", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "February 1, 2016", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "February 1, 2016", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "San Jose. Alongside the traditional media", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "San", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "introductions", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "February 1,", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "replica of the Golden Gate", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "1, 2016", "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Golden Gate Bridge.", "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "re-branded", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "February", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Golden Gate Bridge.", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Golden Gate", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "1, 2016", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "The host committee has already raised over $40 million through sponsors including Apple, Google, Yahoo!,", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "over $40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Super Bowl", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "Super Bowl", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!,", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "Google, Yahoo!,", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "$40 million", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "in and around the Super Bowl.", "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Super Bowl program", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "over $40 million", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "50", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "Super Bowl 50", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25 percent", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "\"the most giving Super Bowl ever\",", "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "community investment", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "25 percent", "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "Super Bowl", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "Bowl", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "50", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "karat gold", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Vince Lombardi", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Vince Lombardi", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "the Vince Lombardi", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "of 66", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Vince Lombardi", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Super Bowl", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Vince Lombardi", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "Super Bowl 50, the cameras", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "pylon", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "three", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "36", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "three", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "36", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "along with EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "NFL. The network's", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "three", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "NFL. The network's", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "Tracy Wolfson", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "36", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "\"bullet time\"", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "NBC and Fox,", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "Alvaro Martin", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "Alvaro Martin", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "December 28, 2015,", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "English-language", "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "ESPN", "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "Martin", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "Alvaro Martin", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "call was carried on CBS's", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "tablets, Windows 10,", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "ESPN Deportes", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "Chromecast", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity,", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "ESPN", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "ESPN", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "CBS", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "Chromecast", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "CBS", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "Super Bowl 50,", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "late night", "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "Super Bowl", "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "its late night talk shows", "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "late night", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "$5,000,000", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "CBS", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "Pok\u00e9mon Company", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "$5,000", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "CBS", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "Doritos ads for a chance", "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "game, meaning that for the first time, digital streams", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "CBS", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "CBS", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount. It was also the final year that Doritos,", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "CBS", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "Super Bowl\"", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "free advertisement", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "nine", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "nine", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "United States for the free advertisement.", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "30", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "the free advertisement", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "30", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "Coffee", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Paramount paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles:", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Fox, Lionsgate,", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Fox paid for Deadpool,", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "the Eagle,", "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "the Eagle, Lionsgate", "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "the Eagle, Lionsgate", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "Deadpool,", "56d723560d65d214001983af": "the Eagle,", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Fox,", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures,", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "Fox, Lionsgate,", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "Malone as sideline", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "North America,", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Jim Gray", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Jim Gray", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "One", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Mark Malone as sideline", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Jim Gray", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "the pre-game and halftime coverage.", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Malone as sideline", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "James Lofton", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "the pre-game and halftime coverage.", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "Jim Szoke", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "WBT", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "(99.3 FM),", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "Denver,", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play", "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Logan", "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "Mick Mixon on play-by-play and Eugene Robinson", "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "WBT (1110 AM) will carry the game, with Mick Mixon", "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "KRFX (103.5 FM)", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "KRFX (103.5", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "BBC Radio 5", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "the contest", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "BBC Radio 5", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "The BBC will carry its own British", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "Harvey", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Starr", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII,", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "2001", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "locker room preparing for the game. No plans were announced regarding the recognition of Harvey", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "39", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II)", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "pregame", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "43", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "43", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Harvey", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Harvey Martin,", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Bart Starr", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six-time", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "the national anthem", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Academy Award", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "the national anthem", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "American", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Lady Gaga", "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "national anthem, while Academy Award", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Matlin", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Marlee Matlin", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six-time", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Lady Gaga", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "January 7, 2016,", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "Ronson", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Mars,", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII", "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII", "56d725790d65d214001983da": "Mars,", "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Super Bowl XLVII", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Coldplay.", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "rock group Coldplay.", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Coldplay.", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Coldplay", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "Peyton", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "Andre Caldwell.", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "Thomas Davis", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "Andre Caldwell.", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "Andre Caldwell.", "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "34", "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "Thomas Davis tackled Anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down, forcing Denver to settle for a 3\u20130 lead on a Brandon McManus", "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "Andre Caldwell.", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "Peyton", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "Andre Caldwell.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "Andre Caldwell.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "a 22-yard throw to receiver", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "Malik Jackson", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Jerricho Cotchery,", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXVIII", "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "Super Bowl", "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "referee", "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "1993", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Jerricho Cotchery,", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "the call", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "1993 season", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Jonathan Stewart", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "Jonathan Stewart", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "25", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "4 passes for 51", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "twice", "56d729180d65d21400198426": "4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice", "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Jonathan Stewart", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "33", "56d729180d65d21400198429": "Jonathan Stewart", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "4 of 4 passes for 51", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Jonathan", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "twice", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "back", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Newton was sacked by DeMarcus", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos", "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos", "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "19", "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "45-yard", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "the Panthers", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Corey Brown.", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "Ted Ginn", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "35", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "Gano", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "Corey Brown.", "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Gano", "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "second half when Newton completed a 45-yard", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "Graham", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "Corey Brown.", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "Broncos", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Corey Brown.", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Corey Brown.", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "a 12-yard run by Stewart", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "41", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "the Broncos", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "the Broncos", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "the fourth", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "a 12-yard run by Stewart", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "Devin", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "three drives of the game would end in punt", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "the 50-yard line. A 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "16\u201310", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "50", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "10", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "2", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "the Panthers 4-yard line. Although several players dove into the pile", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "left in regulation", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Fowler", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "the pile", "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Fowler", "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "Bennie Fowler for a 2-point conversion, giving Denver", "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "five yards", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "4:51", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "five", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward,", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "10", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "five", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "five", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "tackles, a fumble recovery, and an interception. McManus", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "74", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "seven", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "five", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "tackles, a fumble recovery, and an interception. McManus", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "tackles (five solo),", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "Luke", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "Charles Johnson", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "tackles and two sacks. Ward", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "74", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "five", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "90", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "seven", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "seven", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Chicago Bears", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Broncos'", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "John", "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "seven", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "seven", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "John", "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "sacks. Jordan Norwood's", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "13", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "11", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "Chicago Bears", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "Bears", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "45", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "Revolutionary War, was born here", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie,", "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie,", "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "(37 mi) from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "76", "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "central area of the park", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "Saxon", "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "sit and relax. At the east end of the park, the Tomb", "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "east end of the park", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "15 kilometres (9 miles", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "Warsaw \u2013 mainly the oxbow lakes, like Czerniak\u00f3w Lake, the lakes in the \u0141azienki or Wilan\u00f3w", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species", "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Demographically,", "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "30 percent of the city's total population. In 1933, out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500", "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34%", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Demographically,", "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "Russian census", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "the second academic school", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the second academic school of technology", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "the second academic school", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "15 December 1999.", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "10,000", "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "plants", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Irena Bajerska,", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "10,000 m2 (107,639.10 sq ft)", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "European Union.", "573399b54776f41900660e65": "improved markedly", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "to solid economic growth", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "Three-Year", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe.", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "(CMHI),", "57339a554776f41900660e76": "all of Poland,", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", "57339a554776f41900660e78": "infrastructure", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Warsaw Summer Jazz", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "Palace of Culture and Science,", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International Stanis\u0142aw Moniuszko Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival,", "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw", "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "Summer Jazz Days,", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "an acting department", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Summer Theatre", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1922\u201326", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "department and a stage directing department", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)", "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "Midsummer\u2019s Night", "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "By the 19th century", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "traces", "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "commemorative", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "expositions", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "National Museum with a collection of works whose origin", "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "the largest collections of art", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "The Warsaw Uprising", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "the Katy\u0144 Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre,", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "60 rooms", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "National Gallery", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "Warsaw Gallery Weekend", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "mid-19th century", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "(PZPN)", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "2013", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "twice", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "north", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "because of their disastrous financial", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "the Latin inscription", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "The mermaid", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "since at least the mid-14th century", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1609", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice.", "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Denmark", "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "Denmark", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "the oceans and seas", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski,", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Tamara", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "lyricist, and pianist, who studied music", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis", "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw.", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "2012", "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "the 32nd most liveable city", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "the European Union agency", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "European Union agency", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1939", "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Warsaw,", "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "1939", "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "Sigismund III", "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "French Empire", "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "the Vistula)", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "archdiocese (left bank of the Vistula) and diocese (right bank), and possesses various universities, most notably the Polish Academy", "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "the Castle Square", "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "Polish", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "all displaying a richness of colour", "57332442d058e614000b5720": "was a mermaid living in the Vistula", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "Warsz\",", "57332442d058e614000b5722": "miasto sto\u0142eczne Warszawa (English: \"The Capital City", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "the city name to a fisherman, Wars,", "57332442d058e614000b5724": "his wife, Sawa.", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Warsaw's", "57332562d058e614000b5731": "Br\u00f3dno", "57332562d058e614000b5732": "12th/13th century", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1526", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "1413", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "Warsaw", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1529", "5733266d4776f41900660714": "the suburbs", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "their own laws", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1529", "57332a734776f41900660726": "until 1796", "57332a734776f41900660727": "South Prussia.", "57332a734776f41900660728": "South Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's", "57332a734776f41900660729": "1806", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1806", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "4 August 1915", "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "Red Army and defeated an idea of the \"export", "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "the Red Army", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "4 August 1915 until November 1918.", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "\"", "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "19 April 1943,", "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "German Invasion of Poland", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "30%", "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "19 April 1943,", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "month", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the Germans before the Red Army", "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "They were transported to PoW camps in Germany,", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "July 1944,", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "63 days", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "PoW camps", "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "\"Bricks for Warsaw\"", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "Palace of Culture", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "centre of political and economic life", "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "World", "573330444776f41900660758": "John Paul II's", "573330444776f41900660759": "the bud", "573330444776f4190066075a": "less than a year", "573330444776f4190066075b": "John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square", "573330444776f4190066075c": "Mass in Victory Square", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "6", "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "190", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "the Vistula River.", "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "1 metres (400.6 ft)", "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "e.g. Warsaw Uprising", "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "The Vistula River", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "moraine plateau", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "the Vistula Valley", "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "The Vistula", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "Aeolian", "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions", "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "geomorphological forms", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "one the flood plain", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "Vistula terraces", "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "design", "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "the 1950s", "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "the 1950s and 1960s", "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "the Second World", "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "communist", "573361404776f4190066093c": "merchant", "573361404776f4190066093d": "1562", "573361404776f4190066093e": "merchant family (1562), building called \"The Negro\"", "573361404776f4190066093f": "Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407\u20131410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house", "573361404776f41900660940": "the so-called Masovian", "573362b94776f41900660974": "1721", "573362b94776f41900660975": "best examples of the neoclassical style are the Palace on the Water (rebuilt 1775\u20131795),", "573362b94776f41900660976": "Czapski", "573362b94776f41900660977": "Palace of the Four Winds (1730s)", "573362b94776f41900660978": "1761\u20131783) and Evangelical Holy Trinity Church (1777\u20131782).", "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "Rosja building)", "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "poorly maintained. Warsaw\u2019s municipal government authorities have decided", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "Palais Garnier in Paris).", "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style", "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "realism style", "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "German Gestapo prison", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "a Mausoleum", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom", "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "an infamous German Gestapo", "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Warsaw. Pawiak, an infamous German Gestapo", "573368044776f41900660a29": "rare", "573368044776f41900660a2a": "southern city border", "573368044776f41900660a2b": "Mokot\u00f3w,", "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Mokot\u00f3w, where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport), Park", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1927", "573368e54776f41900660a53": "to the location", "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Warsaw has also two botanic gardens: by the \u0141azienki", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "the Polish Academy", "573368e54776f41900660a56": "wilderness areas (natural forests", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "300,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "6%", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "1939", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "300,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "permanent residents as well as some persons", "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Catholics,", "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "988", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "988 inhabitants 56.2%", "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "35.7%", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "1909, there were 281,754", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "commune (gmina", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "commune (gmina", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "i.e. tasks and privileges, which are possessed by the units", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "(the President", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "every four years", "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "a bill, the Council", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30 days", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "the council was elected only by the Centrum", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "1990", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej", "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "the district", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "Warsaw's", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "33 000", "573382d24776f41900660c39": "12% of Poland's national income, which in 2008 was 305.1%", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "160%", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "1 %", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "April 1991,", "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "the post-war", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "1991", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "EUR", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "Aveo.", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired)", "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "Matiz", "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Polonez.", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "[var\u02c8\u0282", "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Warsaw", "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "the Vistula River", "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "300 kilometres", "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents, which makes Warsaw", "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Warsaw", "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Vistula River", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "190 mi", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "at 1.740", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9th", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "Denmark,", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "11th centuries", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Normands; Latin: Normanni)", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "William the Conqueror,", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "William the Conqueror,", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Christian", "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "Nordmannus", "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "9th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "10th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "women", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Seine,", "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "Danes, Norwegians, Norse\u2013Gaels, Orkney Vikings,", "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "Norse language with Catholicism", "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "Old Norse", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "1066 Normandy", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "the Normans", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Norman pilgrims", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "Jerusalem called in at the port of Salerno", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "Hauteville and the Drengot family,", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "Drengot", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "Normans", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "1194", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "Sicily,", "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Byzantines,", "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "\"Tabula", "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "feudal", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Seljuk", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1050s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Robert Crispin", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Sassoun and Taron", "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "general Philaretus", "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "a force of \"Franks\"", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "d'Aulps,", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Alexius ceded the command to a high Albanian official named Comiscortes in the service of Byzantium.", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "in 1085", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30,000", "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Bohemond, Robert's son, landed", "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Normans under the command of Bohemond,", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "the river", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "the most important naval bases", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "high Byzantine officials.", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Normans", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Normans", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "1016", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Richard II", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "archbishop of Canterbury", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "1051", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II,", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "England", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "1066", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II", "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Latin", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "Ireland,", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Irish themselves.\" The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "William the Conqueror,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "William the Conqueror,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "William the Conqueror,", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Ramsay, Fraser, Ogilvie, Montgomery,", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Lion.", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales.", "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Normans had come into contact with Wales.", "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Ralph as earl of Hereford", "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Wales", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1064", "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "Normans", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "1096", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "army of Italo-Normans.", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans.", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "boat", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "1191", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.", "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Guy de Lusignan.", "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "peace", "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Norman generals, Richard de Camville and Robert de Thornham,", "56de41504396321400ee2714": "King Sancho VI", "56de41504396321400ee2715": "12 May 1191", "56de41504396321400ee2716": "great pomp and splendor", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1192", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "feudal kingdom", "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Africa.", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Henry III", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III", "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "1200", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Romanesque idiom to England", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "over windows and doorways", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Norman-Arab architecture", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Norman-Arab architecture", "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Sicily.", "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "the early 11th century", "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "The church", "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century", "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "a work of embroidery.", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "the Bayeux", "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "the Bishop of Bayeux", "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal font", "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "Saint-Evroul Abbey were centres of musical production and education. At F\u00e9camp, under two Italian abbots, William of Volpiano and John", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "southern Italy,", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Latin monastery", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "the tradition", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "1856", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "mechanical engineer", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "7 January 1943)", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "Cyrillic:", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "alternating current", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "1884", "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "George Westinghouse,", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "induction", "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "New York", "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "a corporate alternating current/direct current \"War", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "1884", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "current \"War of Currents\"", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "New York", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "George Westinghouse,", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "induction", "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "1893", "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission", "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "electrical discharge tubes", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "early (1893", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage,", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "New York", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "1960", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "finance", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "showmanship,", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "showmanship,", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "General Conference on Weights", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "1960", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "scientist\". His patents", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1960", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "showmanship,", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Croatia).", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "eidetic memory", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "mechanical appliances,", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "Orthodox", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "Serbian Orthodox", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "Orthodox", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "Orthodox", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. \u0110uka had never received a formal education. Nikola credited his eidetic", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "Croatia).", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "three", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "German,", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1861", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "children", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "\"Lower\" or \"Primary\"", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "Dane", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Milka,", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "\"Lower\" or \"Primary\" School in Smiljan where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion.", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "Karlovac,", "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "German,", "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "The classes", "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "a four-year", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1873", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier.", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Sekuli\u0107.:32", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "German,", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "1870", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "cholera", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "illness (his father", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "if he recovered from the illness (his father had originally wanted him", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "birthtown,", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "1873", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "cholera", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine months", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "illness", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "cholera", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "miraculously recover from his earlier", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "physically and mentally. He read many books while in Tomingaj,", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "nature", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "miraculously recover from his earlier", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "Tomingaj,", "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1875", "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "lecture", "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1875", "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "mortified when [his] father made light of [those] hard won honors", "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money,", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "commendation", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "Sundays", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "Sundays", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "twice", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "light", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "a nervous", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "dropped out of school", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "nervous", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "nervous breakdown", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "all relations", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "March 1879,", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "nervous breakdown at around the same time.", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "nervous breakdown", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "dropped out of school", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets. In March 1879, Milutin", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "Real Gymnasium,", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "24 March 1879,", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "Gospi\u0107.", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (although some sources say that he died", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospi\u0107.", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "the age", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "24 March 1879,", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "Real Gymnasium,", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "an unspecified illness", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Prague", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "two of Tesla's uncles", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "illiterate", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "University; he never studied Greek,", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "Prague", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "January 1880,", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "uncles", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "Charles-Ferdinand", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "chief electrician", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "Telephone", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "Telephone", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "chief electrician", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "electrician", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "chief electrician", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "June 1884,", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "France,", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "New York City:57\u201360", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Edison", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "New York", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "New York", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "France,", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "June 1884,", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "New York City:57\u201360", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "64", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "an odd statement from an Edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "18 per week", "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "US$18", "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary; Tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned.", "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "an odd statement from an Edison whose company was stingy", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Benjamin Vail,", "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "light based illumination systems", "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "Light", "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "light based illumination", "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "finance an electric", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "light", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "1886", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "arc light based illumination systems", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "Light", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "Edison's", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "electrical utility than invent new systems", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "electrical repair jobs", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "winter", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "ditch", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "little", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "$2", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Charles F.", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "April 1887", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "Western Union", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "Western Union", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "1886", "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "Western Union", "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck. The two men were experienced in setting up companies", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "Manhattan", "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "Electric", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "a simple self-starting design", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "May 1888,", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "maintenance", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "electric motor", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "May 1888,", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "to have conceived in 1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting design", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "magnetic field", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "1882", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Thomas Commerford", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "his alternating current system", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "1888", "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "related power", "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "physicist Galileo Ferraris,", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Thomas Commerford", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Thomas Commerford", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "a viable AC motor and related power system", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Commerford", "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "1888", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "60,000", "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "George Westinghouse", "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "stock and a royalty", "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "$60,000", "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July 1888,", "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "Manufacturing Company's", "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Pittsburgh", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Westinghouse", "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "current system", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60", "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "street", "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "induction", "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "DC", "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "\"AC\"", "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "an AC delivery", "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "his own company", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "AC", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "1892", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "rival lighting systems", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "Chicago", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "the safety, reliability", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp.:79", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "George Westinghouse", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "Chicago", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "1893", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "electrical", "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams,", "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "the falls", "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Niagara Falls Cataract", "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "Westinghouse system", "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "the Columbian Exposition, a contract for building a two-phase AC generating system", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Richard Dean Adams,", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "1893", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "inca", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "the competing systems", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "mid 1890s", "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "$200,000", "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "$216", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "$216", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "Brown, and Peck).", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "$216", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "216", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "46", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "South Fifth Avenue", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "wirelessly at both locations, demonstrating the potential of wireless power", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "E. Houston Street,", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "July 1891,", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "E. Houston Street,", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "35", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "wirelessly at both locations", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers,", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Electrical Engineers,", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892", "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "Radio", "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1894", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "president of the American", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "too much grief to talk. What can I say?\" Tesla may have inadvertently", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "\"X-Rays\").", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "1894", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "am in too much grief to talk. What can I say?\" Tesla may have inadvertently captured an X-ray", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "March 1895.", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "\"invisible\" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments (later identified as \"Roentgen rays\"", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "\"X-Rays\").", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "radiant", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's December 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "a high energy single terminal", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "March 1896,", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "R\u00f6ntgen's", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "high energy", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896,", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "X-ray imaging,", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "the \"", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "magnetic fields", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "those produced in waves", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "various causes", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "the skin damage to various", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "magnetic fields", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "can occur in force", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "those produced in waves in plasmas. These plasma waves can occur in force-free", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "magnetic fields.", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasmas. These plasma waves can occur in force-free", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "AC system as the \"Tesla Polyphase", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Benjamin Lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor and Westinghouse", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "Egg", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "how to make a copper egg stand on end using a device he constructed known as the Egg of Columbus.", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "July 1934,", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "comparing these particles", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "particles", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "single-electrode", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "National Electric Light Association.", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Franklin", "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "teleau", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "Madison Square", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden.", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1904", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "Marconi", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1903", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1904", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "to nullify a World War", "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "Colorado Springs,", "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "15 June 1899,", "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "five inches", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "atmospheric electricity", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "electricity", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "atmospheric electricity, observing lightning", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "lightning, with discharges", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "100 feet", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "15 miles away in Cripple Creek, Colorado. People walking along the street", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "St. Elmo's", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "St. Elmo's fire around their wings.", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "generator", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "experimenting, Tesla inadvertently faulted a power", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "fault", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "Electrical Experimenter: \"As", "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "North", "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "may be communications", "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "his time", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "December 1900", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "$100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "$100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "Tesla used the money to fund", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "1899", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "January 1900,", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "a debt.", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "January 1900,", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "a debt", "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "experiments", "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "trans-Atlantic wireless", "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "fruitless. Morgan", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "funds", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "by asking for more funds", "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "Over the next five years,", "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "will", "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "England", "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "five years", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "5,000", "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "1906,", "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1910", "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "16,000 rpm blade", "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "half", "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Houston", "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "Allan L. Benson\u2014was published in World Today, in which an artist's illustration appears showing the entire earth cracking", "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "the machine", "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "experiment", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'\" The plan", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "saturating [the schoolroom", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "William H.", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "provisionally approved by then superintendent of New York City", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "Tower was demolished by Boldt", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "demolished", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal.", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "$20,000", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "World War", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "Girardeau,", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "a fluorescent screen", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "radar", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "\u00c9mile Girardeau, who helped develop France's first radar system in the 1930s, noted in 1953 that Tesla's general", "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "X-rays.\":245 There were unsubstantiated", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.\":245", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous\"; a recipient could only decline", "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "keep Tesla from getting the $20,000 prize money.:245", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Edison", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1915", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "$1,000", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept as well as the earliest proposal for the use of turbine", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "(VTOL", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "life", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "Manufacturing", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "$125 per month", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "Manufacturing", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a related new means of communication, and a method of accurately determining", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "a method of accurately determining the location", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "a method of accurately determining the location", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits.", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "1935", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "a street", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "dodge a moving taxicab", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons.", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "fall of 1937, after midnight one night", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "fall of 1937", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "de Graaff generator. The press", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "death ray", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "the Van de Graaff", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "Graaff generator. The press", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "The press variably", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "1937", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "it to the world", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "pass before I can give it to the world.\"", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "magnifying transformer", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "little time", "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "technical", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "United Kingdom,", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "Belgrade.", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "a method of charging particles to millions", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "a method of charging particles", "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "spies", "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "the thieves, or spies, left empty-handed", "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "His room", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "81", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "January 1943,", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "Monaghan", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "\"do not disturb\"", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "Assistant medical examiner", "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "the Tesla items", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "professor at M.I.T.", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "American citizen.", "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "Manhattan Storage and Warehouse", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Louis Adamic live over the WNYC", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Adamic", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "January 1943,", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "12 January, two thousand", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "New York", "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "Belgrade.", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Kosanovi\u0107, Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957, Kosanovi\u0107's", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107, Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957, Kosanovi\u0107's", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "the United States", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "1957", "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "62", "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "around 300", "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "Britain,", "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "Canada,", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later, with dinner from exactly 8:10", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "8", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "10 p.m", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "at Delmonico's", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "10 miles", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "one hundred times for each foot every night", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "10 miles", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "exercise", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "mind", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "Brisbane,", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "one", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "white pigeon", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "$2,000", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "a specific injured white pigeon daily. Tesla spent over $2,000,", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "nurse", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "the park", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "6 feet 2 inches", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "6 feet", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "stylish figure in New York City, meticulous", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "stylish figure in New York City,", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "eight", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "illness. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes,", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "light", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "illness", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "illness", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "table.:43, 301 On one occasion at his laboratory, Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "301", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "Kenneth Swezey,", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "billiards", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "chess and card", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "a sacrifice", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "great", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "polite", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a \"distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty,", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Dorothy Skerrit, wrote: \"his genial smile", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "engineer", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Kenneth Swezey.", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Stanford", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "late 1920s, Tesla also befriended", "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "secretary", "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "secretary", "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "to go home and change", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "electrons existed at all, they were some fourth", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "they could not change", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "a believer in the 19th century concept of an all pervasive \"ether\"", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "Einstein's", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "energy", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "s theory", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "the theory", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "matter", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "81", "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "eugenics", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "pity", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "\"", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "pity", "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "social subservience of women", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "1926", "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "ills", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "the relevant issues of a post-World War", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "the great Forces", "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "(20 December 1914).", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times", "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Orthodox Christian.", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Christian.", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "orthodox", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "article, \"A Machine to End War\", published in 1937,", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "War\",", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "\"A Machine to End War\",", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "edited by Ben Johnston; The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "David Hatcher", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston;", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "Researches", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "1900", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "High Potential And High Frequency,\" published in his book Inventions, Researches", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "science fiction", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "video", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "science", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "75th", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "75th birthday", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "75th", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "75th", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "more than 70", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "complexity theory", "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "complexity theory", "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "algorithm", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "gates", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "the algorithm used. The theory", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "time and storage. Other complexity measures", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "limits", "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "science are analysis of algorithms", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "computability theory", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "testing. The instance is a number (e.g. 15)", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "the given input.", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "\"no\"). Stated another way,", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "theory", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "this problem is a rather concrete", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "15", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "particular problem instances.", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "reason, complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances.", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "the strings are bitstrings", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "adjacency", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "adjacency", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "the strings are bits", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "adjacency", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "a formal language, where the members of the language", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "complexity theory", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "the algorithm", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "a member of the formal language under consideration. If the algorithm", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "the language", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "formal", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "language", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "formal language", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "A function", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "every", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "problem and the integer factor", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "the integer factorization", "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "no", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "the notion of function problems", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "the problem of multiplying", "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory", "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm", "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "in how algorithms scale", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices?", "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "a function", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "T(n)", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "all inputs of size", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "Cobham's", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "If the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "algorithm.", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "mathematician", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "a problem can be solved by an algorithm", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "algorithm", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "a practical computing technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine\u2014anything from an advanced supercomputer", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "an added feature of non-determinism,", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "an added feature of non-determinism", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "non-deterministic Turing", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "probabilistic", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "randomized algorithms", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "complexity", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "deterministic Turing machines,", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "alternating Turing machines. They are all equally powerful in principle, but when resources", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "The time and memory consumption", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "The time and memory consumption", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "power. The time and memory consumption", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "random access machines", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "mathematical", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "how we physically want to compute algorithms", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "its branching exactly captures", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "\"", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "halts", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "a Turing machine operating in time f(n)", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "halts", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "definitions can be made for space requirements", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "Blum", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "definitions can be made for space requirements", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "Blum", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "Blum", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "complexity (or any other complexity measure", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "size", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "complexity", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "average time taken for sorting is O(n log n). The best case", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "the input. The worst-case", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "algorithm", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "The phrase \"all possible algorithms\"", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "not just the algorithms known today, but any algorithm", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity, unless specified otherwise. Analyzing a particular algorithm", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "no algorithm", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "big O notation one", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "in big O notation", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "O(n2).", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "Of course, some complexity", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "complexity", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "complexity class has a definition", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "time above by some concrete", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "computation time above by some concrete", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "Cobham-Edmonds", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "2008, Chapter 1.2).", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model. For instance, the language {xx |", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "the time or space used by the algorithm", "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "complexity", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Boolean circuits; and BQP", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems).", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP and QMA,", "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy theorems", "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "space hierarchy theorem", "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "n2", "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy theorems", "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "constraining the respective resources", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "time hierarchy theorem", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "PSPACE.", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "the time hierarchy theorem", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "complexity classes", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "reduction, such as Cook reductions,", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "space reductions.", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "a problem X can be solved using an algorithm", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "algorithm", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "algorithm", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "multiplying two integers. This means an algorithm", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "algorithm for multiplying", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "hard problems", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "the set of problems that are hard for NP is the set of NP-hard problems.", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "C is harder than X, since an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "harder than X, since an algorithm", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "class of NP-complete problems", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "class of NP-complete problems contains the most difficult problems", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "\u03a01. This is because a polynomial-time", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "problems contains the most difficult problems", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "mathematical abstraction", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "the Cobham\u2013Edmonds", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "the Boolean satisfiability problem,", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "protein structure", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "the answer", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems. The P versus NP problem is one of the Millennium Prize Problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "logarith", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "Ladner", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factor", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "The best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "problem, due to Laszlo Babai", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "second level", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "algorithm", "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "the RSA algorithm.", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "algorithm, does run in polynomial time.", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "the RSA algorithm.", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "k. No efficient integer factorization", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "P = PSPACE.", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "P = PSPACE.", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "complexity", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "\u2286", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "the class", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "two complexity classes are not equal then P is not equal", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "not equal then P is not equal", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "if these two complexity classes", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "complexity", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "many complexity", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "equal classes", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "there are many complexity", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space)", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "the computer does 1012 operations each second, the program", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds", "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "1010 years, which is the same order of magnitude as the age of the universe. Even with a much faster computer, the program", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability", "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes", "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases. Similarly, algorithms", "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "Boolean satisfiability", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "the definition of Turing machines", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Alan Turing", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "machines", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Alan Turing in 1936,", "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "complexity and proved the hierarchy theorem", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\"", "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "1965", "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Stearns", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "solvable by Turing", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "1956", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "solvable by Turing", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "representations", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "keep the discussion abstract enough", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "Richard Karp took this idea", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "up theorem", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "the so-called, speed-up theorem", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "21", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "peda", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "pedagogy, the science of teaching.", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "education", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "Teachers", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "Teachers,", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "numer", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "civics, community roles, or life skills", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "life skills", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "family", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "teacher", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "anyone with knowledge or skills", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "home schooling. Informal learning", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "home schooling", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "lama", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "pastor", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "teachers", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lama", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "accountants (Chartered or CPA).", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "lawyers, engineers", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Formal", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "wider community.", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "accountants (Chartered or CPA).", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "teachers", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "formal", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "formal", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "supervisors", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "many governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "many governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "many governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "professional standing of teachers", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "the standards of practice for the teaching", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "teacher", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "Education, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies.", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "teachers", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "may also require their teachers to be college peoples. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "teacher education programs. In many situations teachers", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "teachers", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "teachers", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "teachers", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "teacher", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "learning", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "curricula as determined by the relevant authority", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "learning", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "learning", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "goals as well as standardized curri", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "The objective is typically a course", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "infants", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "a course of study, lesson plan", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "peda", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "assessing the educational levels of the students", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "students", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "pedagogy of the students", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "peda", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "each class", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "sur", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "alternative", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "strong sense of security", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "teacher", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "specialist to another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from teachers", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "United States", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "new trend amongst educational institutions", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "their full cognitive potential. Co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning.", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "fulfill the needs", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "student on learning by providing a social networking", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "discipline was corporal", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "all the normal forms of parental discipline open", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "child", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "corporal", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "spanking", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "United States", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "the student in order to cause physical pain", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "the United States following a US Supreme Court decision", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas.", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia,", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "the principal's office", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "hallway", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "commonplace", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "commonplace", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "individual countries", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "\"", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "a classroom and do work, write lines", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "work", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "work, write lines", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "attend", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "fair punishment for misbeha", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "fair punishment for misbeha", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "their will upon a class", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "clear boundaries", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "academics, some teachers", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "academics, some teachers", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "a more assertive and confrontational", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "a more assertive", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "Japan,", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "Western countries. In Japan,", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "Japan,", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "Japan,", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "disproportionate resources", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "school class sizes are typically 40", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "teacher", "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "democratically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system", "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "democratically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws", "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "democratically passed by the entire school", "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "a school in which community discipline prevails, and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "good judicial system for enforcing these laws", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "passion", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "passion to receptive students.", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "enthusiastic teachers", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "Teachers", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "gesturing", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "nonverbal expressions", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "students", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "teachers may also lead to students", "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "teachers", "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers", "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "learning", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student", "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher", "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "Their ability to create effective learning environments", "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate a willingness to play", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "will", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "student participation", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "teachers", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "teaching", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "cares", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "may create a spark of excitement in the student as well. An enthusiastic teacher", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "The way a teacher", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "American Association", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "United States", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "teachers", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "workers as well as teachers", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "abuse", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers. \"The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "teachers", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "the United States", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "teacher misconduct", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "to a shortage", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates,", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Chris Keates,", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "rape \"is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about.\" This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "over the age of consent", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "occupational burnout", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "Stress can be caused by organizational change,", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "Teachers", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "face several occupational hazards in their line of work,", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "twice", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "teachers", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "42%", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "anxiety, depression", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "workers", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "There are several ways", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "occupational stress among teachers", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "occupational stress", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "occupational stress", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "university or college", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "all countries teachers", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school. The high school student follows an education", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "university", "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "Australia", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three", "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "(secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education (universities and/or TAFE colleges).", "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "TAFE colleges).", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "three-tier model", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "40,000/year", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "a private school which is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "in Canada", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "schools (Hauptschule),", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "teachers", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "(Grundschule),", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "index", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "secondary schools (Hauptschule),", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "a large school with many years experience and several qualifications (M.A.,", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "mainly on seniority", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "Salaries for primary teachers", "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "Extra pay", "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Oireachtas", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001,", "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "Teaching Council Act", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "staff", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "in any capacity", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role\". Existing staff", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "salaries", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "Salaries", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September 2007,", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers,", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "outweigh", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "slowing enrollment growth; opportunities", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "slowing", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements,", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS).", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "Scotland", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS).", "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "\"Full Registration\" status after a year", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "between \u00a334", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "\u00a320,427 for a Probationer, up to \u00a332,583", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "\u00a332", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "Chartered Teacher Status", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "Deputy Head, and Head teachers earn from \u00a340,290 to \u00a378,642.", "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "Welsh medium education", "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "United Kingdom.", "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "22 per cent", "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22", "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "the United Kingdom.", "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "schools", "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years", "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "between 2005", "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "the average age of teachers in Wales", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "ten years", "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "Teaching certification generally lasts three years,", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "their teachers", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "salaries. However, average teacher salaries", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "salaries", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "low salaries. However, average teacher salaries", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "259", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "Teachers", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "three", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "Protestant/Non-Denominational,", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "\", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "long tradition of \"discernment", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "archetype", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "Aaronic priesthood, generally conferred on young", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "Protestantism,", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "archetype. The role of \"spiritual teacher\"", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "many individuals", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "disciples", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "high, with gurus often exercising", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "gurus", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "West", "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "Lama. A Lama", "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "their Bodhisattva vow", "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Buddhism the teachers of Dharma in Tibet are most commonly called a Lama.", "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "their Bodhisattva vow", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "Qutb", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "mullahs", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "ulemas", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "teachers", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "ulemas", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "German:", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "18 February 1546)", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "Catholic Church.", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "the claim that freedom from God's punishment", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "God's grace through faith in Jesus", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "Christ.", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "divinely revealed knowledge", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "all baptized", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "the development", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "translation of the Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "German language, added several principles to the art", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "the Tyndale Bible. His hymns influenced the development", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "Lindemann) on 10 November 1483", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "Luther) and his wife Margarethe (n\u00e9e Lindemann)", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Eisleben, Saxony,", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Catholic", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "Erfurt,", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "as \"a day of rote", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "four", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "a day of rote", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "1501", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "law represented uncertainty. Luther sought assurances", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "Gabriel Biel.", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "God. Human beings", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "the same university that year", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "the door of the Black Cloister. \"This day you see", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "2 July 1505,", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "university on horseback after a trip home", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "Anna,", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt struck near him. Later telling his father", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "the jailer and hangman of my poor", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "a change", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ.", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "reflection upon his sins", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1508", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "von Staupitz,", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "9 March 1508,", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "9 March 1508,", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "bachelor", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "the senate", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "University of Wittenberg,", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "the University", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "papal commissioner", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "papal commissioner for indulgence", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "Peter's Basilica in Rome.", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "31 October 1517,", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Hans Hillerbrand", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus,", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus,", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "bishop", "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Johann Tetzel", "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "as the coin in the coffer rings", "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Johann Tetzel", "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel that \"As", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "slacken", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "buyers from all punishments and granted them", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "error", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "that indul", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "slacken", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "the matter in regard to indulgence", "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "Tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences,", "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences", "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "Tetzel was by no means representative", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "truth", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Walter Kr\u00e4mer,", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "in Wittenberg", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "truth", "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "1518", "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "the printing press. Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany;", "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "the 95 Theses", "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "two weeks", "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "two months", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "1520", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "France, England,", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Wittenberg", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "1519", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "France,", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "books of Hebrews,", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "\" he wrote, \"", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "God's", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "God,", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "1525", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "Free Will", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "the experience of being justified by faith was \"as though I had been born again.\" His entry into Paradise,", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "1:17)", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "the sale of indulgences", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "railing against the sale of indulgences", "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two points", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "St Peter's", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Rome.", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "one half was to go to the building", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "one half", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "1517", "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther", "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "\"with great care as is proper.\"", "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "October 1518,", "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "papal theologians and envoys against Luther,", "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "papal theologians and envoys against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology.", "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "1519", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture", "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "von Miltitz", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "151", "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "Luther's doctrine in a public", "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "15 June 1520,", "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz,", "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "Wittenberg on 10 December 1520,", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "the Pope warned Luther", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "1520", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "the Rhine.", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "18 April 1521,", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "the Holy Roman", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "the secular authorities", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Frederick III,", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Archbishop of Trier, presented Luther", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Johann Eck,", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "their contents. Luther", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "a table", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "a table and asked him if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents.", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "traditional salute", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "\"world classic of epoch-making oratory.\"", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "evidence", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "Mullett", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "\"Here", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "\"we are free", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter.", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "a notorious heretic.\" It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "anyone to kill Luther", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "Edict of Worms", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "it a crime", "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the Wartburg", "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "Wittenberg", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg,", "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "halting the sale of indulgences", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "a place where justice resides.\"", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "\"", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1 August 1521,", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "the victor over sin, death", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "God's grace", "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "1521", "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "a gift, to be received with thanksgiving", "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "idolat", "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices.", "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "Private Mass,", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "Little Horn of Daniel 7, coming up among the divisions", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "1521", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "2 Thessalonians 2", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith. His main interest", "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "magistracy", "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "1521", "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt,", "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "the magistracy", "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion. Wittenberg", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March 1522.", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "\"Invocavit Sermons\".", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "He wrote to the Elector: \"During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing,", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "my sheepfold, and committed rava", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "\"Invocavit Sermons\".", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "The effect", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Wittenberg jurist Jerome", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "the way of the truth.", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "the way of the truth", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "us! His words,", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "the Reformation.", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "modifying the new church", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "the Reformation.", "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "the Reformation.", "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "Zwickau prophets,", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "stifle radicalism", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "German Peasants' War", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "1524", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "often in Luther's name. There had been revolts", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "Nicholas", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "the devil's work, and called for the nobles to put down the rebels", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Wittenberg,", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "grievances", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "the violence as the devil's work", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities. During a tour of Thuringia,", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "three", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "they were ignoring Christ's counsel to \"Render unto Caesar the things", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "God", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "the foundation for the doctrine", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "secular", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "wing of the secular powers", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "Luther's", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "15 May 1525,", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "the secular powers.", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "the wing", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Martin Luther married Katharina", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "old and Luther was 41 years old.", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "26", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "26", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "April 1523,", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13 June 1525,", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "1525", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "the same day", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "13 June", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Jonas, Johannes Apel,", "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "celibacy", "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "sex", "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "neither wood nor stone); but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death", "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "He had long condemned vows of celibacy", "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "had long condemned vows", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "1531", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "farming the land and taking in board", "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "1531; Paul \u2013 January 1533;", "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "the riches of Croesus.\"", "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "six children", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "the center, the system building tendency of reason", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "their own ministers had proved unwork", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable. According to Bainton: \"Luther's", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "the cross", "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "forgiveness of sins, despite Luther's position that faith alone ensures justification.", "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "the Electorate of Saxony,", "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "forgiveness", "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "the break with Rome.", "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church", "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "1526", "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "He retained the elevation of the host and chalice, while trappings such as the Mass vestments, altar, and candles", "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "Luther", "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "congregational", "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "a \"public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians.\" Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted \"everything", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "1527", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "the Electorate of Saxony,", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "new order of worship", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "people", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "standard of pastoral care", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote,", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "1529", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "Luther", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "Luther", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, \"the way monkeys do it\",", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "the Catechism.\"", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "Small Catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "Luther's hymns", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "Catechism", "56f86966aef2371900626053": "the context of the Decalogue", "56f86966aef2371900626054": "Ten Commandments) and the Lord's", "56f86966aef2371900626055": "personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity, each of which works", "56f86966aef2371900626056": "the Creed to express the character", "56f86966aef2371900626057": "the Lutheran catechical teaching.", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "1534", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "1522", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "the whole Bible", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "3:28", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "the Bible", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "chancel", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "intelli", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "southern Germans.", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "the Bible", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "chancel", "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "a popular and influential Bible", "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "the evolution", "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "German language", "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Lucas Cranach", "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "William Tyndale's", "56f87000aef2371900626071": "Fortress", "56f87000aef2371900626072": "arena. He often accompanied the sung hymns", "56f87000aef2371900626073": "children", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "a national instrument of Germany", "56f87000aef2371900626075": "hymn-writer, authoring hymns", "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "an\" (\"A new song", "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "to the Heedless Winds\"", "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "\"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875", "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes,", "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "the hymn \"Ein neues", "56f87392aef2371900626099": "1525. Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included \"Wir glauben all\" among the catechetical hymns, although 18th-century", "56f87392aef237190062609a": "the catechetical hymns, although 18th-century", "56f87392aef237190062609b": "the cateche", "56f87392aef237190062609c": "the catechetical hymns", "56f87392aef237190062609d": "because of the perceived difficulty of its tune.", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "1538", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Lord's Prayer and as a means", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "the prayer", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions.", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "multiple revisions, demonstrating Luther's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune. Other 16th- and 20th-century", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "1523", "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "to write psalm-hymns for use", "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation", "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "the theme of \"grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation", "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of \"grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation", "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "redemptor gentium", "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Creator Spiritus to \"Komm, Gott Sch\u00f6pfer,", "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "\"Komm, Gott Sch\u00f6pfer, Heiliger Geist\" (\"Come, Holy Spirit,", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "darein\" (\"Oh God, look down from heaven\").", "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle", "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "J. S. Bach,", "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "hymns", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's", "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "Bach, used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work, although its objective baptismal theology", "56f88025aef237190062611e": "geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn,", "56f88025aef237190062611f": "four of eight", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "eight", "56f88025aef2371900626121": "eight", "56f88025aef2371900626122": "the Reformation.", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "vom Himmel sieh darein, BWV", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "seist du, Jesu", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "BWV", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "14", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "1707", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "false doctrine", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "the existence of Purgatory, which involved Christian souls", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "hell, but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "the idea of torments for the saints: \"It is enough for us to know that souls", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "hell, but enter a prepared bed", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Johann Gerhard.", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Franz", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755)", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard.", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "noctem intrat in cubiculum suum) and whose sleep", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "Gottfried Fritschel", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "1765", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "John Jortin", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "sleep is interrupted by dreams", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "1529", "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "Philip I, Landgrave", "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "Lord's Supper\u2014an", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fourteen points out of fifteen", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "Lord's Supper\u2014an", "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "the Last Supper:", "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "(1 Corinthians 11:23\u201326).", "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "human nature. According to transcripts, the debate sometimes became confrontational.", "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "\"Hoc est corpus meum\" (\"This", "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "blood\" (1", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "1530", "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.", "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony,", "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "the formation", "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "Schmalkaldic League", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "false", "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "no way contributes to faith", "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "by reason. He wrote, \"All", "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "antithetical in the sense that questions", "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "\"All the articles of our Christian faith,", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "His 1543", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "anti-Jewish literature", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism,", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "1523", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses,", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "to punish Christians by God,", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God,", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist,", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "punish Christians by God,", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism\"", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism\" or \"the Turk\". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "pamphlets on Islam,", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "\"Mohammedanism\" or \"the", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "\"Mohammedanism\" or \"the Turk\". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "God's", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "Antinomians,", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "Antinomians,", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "antinomian theses", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "God's", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "the law", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "the law", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "\" that is, the law", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart, thus preparing him for Christ's fulfillment of the law", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "\"second use of the law", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "a Christian should follow in his or her vocations", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "third", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "third use of the law", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "Ten Commandments \u2013 when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will, that is, of the natural law", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "the law.\" For Luther, also Christ's", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "teaching of the Ten Commandments,", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "the believers", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "the common, daily vocation", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "became implicated in", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "the worst mistakes Luther made, and, next to the landgrave himself, who was directly responsible for it, history", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "general ruling, and they reluctantly advised the landgrave", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "the subsequent public controversy. In the view of Luther's biographer Martin Brecht,", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "deny the marriage completely", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "some ninety years earlier. He considered the Jews blasphemers", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "Christians", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "Messiah. But Luther believed that all human beings", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "set themselves against God were equally guilty. As early as 1516, he wrote that many people \"are", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "many people", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "the Holy Name and the Lineage", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "60,000", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "commands the killing of idolaters", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Luther's words \"We are at fault in not slaying them\" amounted to a sanction for murder.", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "the Jews was doomed to perdition.\"", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "Josel of Rosheim,", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "hell!", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "1537", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "\"", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Schulz", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Julius Streicher, editor of the Nazi newspaper Der St\u00fcrmer,", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "that anybody who \"", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "November 1938,", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman,", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman,", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "the Jews and their expulsion from German territory.\"", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "cloaking", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "antisemitism", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "Roland Bainton, noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote \"One", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "the 18th and 19th centuries", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews, cloaking it with the authority", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "Third", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "Paul Rose argues that he caused a \"hysterical", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "\"hysterical and demonizing mentality\"", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Christopher J. Probst", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against \"Turks\"", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "the Jews and in diatribes", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "antisemitic", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "the Jews and in diatribes", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "the product of a declining state of mind. Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used \"vulgarity and violence\"", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "1928-1933", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "the journal History Today", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "Richard (Dick) Geary,", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "the 1980s", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "a leading role, all may have contributed. In 1536, he began to suffer from kidney", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "the Philip of Hesse", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "an ear infection", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "bladder stones", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "antagonisms", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "physical health", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "physical health", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "three times", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "Katharina was overheard saying, \"Dear husband, you are too rude,\"", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "1545 and 1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "us", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "desisted", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "15 February 1546,", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "a \"fiery", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "third", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "copper mining trade", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "late 1545", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "late 1545", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "John George, and Gerhard.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "he had believed. His companions, Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius, shouted loudly, \"Reverend", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "chest pains. When he went to his bed,", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "his bed, he prayed, \"", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "17 February 1546.", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "a.m. on 18 February 1546,", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "18 February 1546,", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "the Castle Church in Wittenberg,", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor entered the town, but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave.", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "\"We are beggars,\"", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "Latin,", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "\"We are beggars,\"", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "stout man with a \"double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck.\"", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "images", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "monumental", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "that emphasized", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "1530s", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "31 October.", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "Church of England's Calendar of Saints", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "18 February", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "Saints", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "of Saints. In the Church", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange,", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "10", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "Riverside, San Bernardino,", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "Riverside, San Bernardino,", "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "Mexican border into Tijuana.", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "8", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "the 11 megaregions", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "Mexican border", "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "the 11", "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Riverside-San Bernardino", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "four", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "seven", "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "Riverside and San Bernardino", "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "seven", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "the border with the state of Nevada. To the south is the Mexico\u2013United", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada. To the south is the Mexico\u2013United", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "the south is the Mexico\u2013United", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Mojave Desert", "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "eighth", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "621", "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles", "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles", "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "southern", "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Los Angeles,", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "Los Angeles,", "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States.", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "Riverside are the five", "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "San Bernardino,", "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Hollywood, a district", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Los Angeles", "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Universal,", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "southern California. Hollywood,", "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers.", "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "Shaun White live", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Chris Ward,", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Huntington Beach,", "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "the world", "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Oahu in terms of famous surf breaks.", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "the desert city of Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "for its resort feel and nearby open spaces", "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "southern California coast", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "southern California coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm Springs", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "(northern and southern California), the term \"southern", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "35", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "\"southern California\"", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "San Bernardino", "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "United States,", "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "United States,", "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "the line", "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "California. Following the acquisition of California", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "lower part of Alta California. Following the acquisition of California by the United States,", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "overwhelmingly by nearly 75% of voters", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "Obispo", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "lightly", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "nearly 75%", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "John B. Weller.", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "the Los Angeles Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "Los Angeles, San Bernardino,", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "seven", "5705f36452bb891400689718": "southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view.", "5705f36452bb891400689719": "the central valley", "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "the central valley", "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "the California State Automobile Association", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "the southern California region due to their remoteness from the central valley", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "third", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "use of automobiles and highways", "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino,", "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "Riverside-San Bernardino,", "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "portions) were developed in the 1980s", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "Imperial Valley. Also, population growth was high in the Bakersfield-Kern County,", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "Pendleton.", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "Interstate 15", "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "1980s", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "mild and wet", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "summers", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90-60's", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "90-60's while as winters are 70-50's, usually all of Southern California", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "90-60's", "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "the state and country. The region", "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "a diversity outnumber", "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "deserts", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "The region spans", "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "deserts", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "0, and only about 15\u201320 are greater than magnitude 4", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "20", "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "earthquakes", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "20 billion", "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "San Andreas Fault,", "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "8", "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Elsinore", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "Fault,", "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "Earthquake forecast which models", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "tourist destinations. Each region is further divided into many culturally distinct areas but as a whole combine to create the southern California atmosphere.", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "culturally", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "economic", "570603c475f01819005e7882": "Sacramento", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "the 2000s as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0% in the 2000s", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "high growth", "570603c475f01819005e7886": "United States Census, southern", "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario", "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "one Combined Statistical Area, eight", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Southern Border Region.", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17,786,419", "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles", "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "3.7 million", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "34", "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "Los Angeles", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "proximity to the coast, with the exception of San Bernardino", "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "tourism", "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "The region", "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States.", "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "Southern California's", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "It is dominated and heavily dependent", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "richest agricultural regions", "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "petroleum and aircraft", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "agricultural regions in the U.S.,", "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "petroleum and aircraft", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino,", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino,", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district as well as those lining the Wilshire Boulevard", "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Los Angeles central business", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Glendale and Downtown", "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Los Angeles", "57060df252bb891400689820": "Downtown San Bernardino,", "57060df252bb891400689821": "San Bernardino", "57060df252bb891400689822": "San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are in San Bernardino", "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine,", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "West Irvine,", "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Newport Center districts; as well as the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Mar Heights,", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Northern", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "San", "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport,", "570610b275f01819005e792b": "third", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third", "570610b275f01819005e792d": "Los Angeles International Airport,", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Metrolink,", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino,", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "the Port of Los Angeles,", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "the Port", "570611c475f01819005e793e": "the United States'", "5706139252bb891400689864": "Los Angeles, Long Beach, Northridge, Pomona, San Bernardino,", "5706139252bb891400689865": "public and private institutions", "5706139252bb891400689866": "Tech Coast is a moniker", "5706139252bb891400689867": "12", "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "(Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL", "5706143575f01819005e7951": "(Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers,", "5706143575f01819005e7952": "(Los Angeles Rams, San Diego", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers,", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "Clippers);", "5706149552bb891400689880": "Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689881": "two", "5706149552bb891400689882": "2014", "5706149552bb891400689883": "Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "UCLA", "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac-12", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "The UCLA Bruins", "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "Pac-12 Conference,", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "Pac-12 Conference,", "5706155352bb891400689894": "level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school", "5706155352bb891400689895": "southern California, particularly at the high school level,", "5706155352bb891400689896": "southern California, particularly at the high school", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc.", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "1990", "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky", "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2015", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "70%", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "BSkyB's", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a31.3bn", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "three BSkyB channels were available on this platform: Sky News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "BSkyB", "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "Three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the BBC, ITV, Channel", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "ITV", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "the non-HD variant", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "March 2008,", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard,", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box,", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "NDS,", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "BSkyB", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "NDS, a Cisco Systems company.", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", "57094d489928a8140047150e": "NDS, a Cisco", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "Virgin Media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of Sky channels on cable TV. The failure to renew the existing carriage agreements", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007. Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price for the channels, a claim", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "\"", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "the network on 1", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "July 2013,", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "the term", "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "the term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s right to the \"Sky\" trademark.", "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s right to the \"Sky\" trademark.", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "BSkyB's", "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "BSkyB's", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "mid-1994", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "chief executive officer", "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "400", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB)", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "Sky UK Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers", "57096505ed30961900e84082": "The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini),", "57096505ed30961900e84083": "The Sky Q Silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts, which Sky will introduce later in 2016.", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "a broadband router (Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications.", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "18 November 2015,", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "18 November 2015,", "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "top boxes including mode", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "the Sky Movies and Sky Box", "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "the proprietary OpenTV system, with set-top boxes including modems for a return path.", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "MPEG-2, with the Sky Movies and Sky", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "new all-digital service", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "a new all-digital service,", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "19", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "(now Eutelsat 33C)", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "March 2012,", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "4,222,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "the HD service. In the week", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "Sky+HD was 4,222,000.", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "4,222,000", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "February 2007,", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "February 2007,", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "English Premier League Football),", "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "free-to-air", "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "advertising", "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "other services) needs", "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "dedicated to the Sky service, and cannot be used to decrypt other services) needs to be used.", "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "do not require a monthly subscription", "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "the service, although use of them breaks the user's contract with Sky and invalidates the user's rights", "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "universal", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "the autumn of 1991", "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a3304m", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "the rights. BSkyB joined forces", "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a318m to \u00a334m per year", "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "a fee, ranging from \u00a315\u2013100,000. Third-party", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "free", "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not", "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "over the channel's content", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "from reduced price", "57097051ed30961900e84132": "May 1999.", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Open.... now called Sky Active, BSkyB", "57097051ed30961900e84134": "the Sky Digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and Sky's analogue services. Key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound", "57097051ed30961900e84135": "digib", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "the ONdigital (later", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "30 July 2009", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "HD", "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "future.", "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "ITV HD trial. Virgin Media", "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "ITV HD trial. Virgin Media", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "2.4m", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "2010", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", "57097b50200fba1400368051": "BSkyB's", "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Alec Shelbrooke", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "living alone\"", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "tobacco", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "MP Alec Shelbrooke", "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "Alec Shelbrooke", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "\u00a330m", "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "there is no indication", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m", "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees", "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB. As part", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "diversified: service sectors including financial and property", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne,", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "art galleries and theatres", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "South Wales. However, there was a riot at Buckland Valley", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "South Wales.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "typhoid at Buckland Valley", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "Buckland Valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "anti-Chinese violence", "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "new multi-member proportional representation", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "eight", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "proportional representation", "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the Legislative Council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "Australian Labor Party", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "Australian Labor Party", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "the rural-based National Party", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "Australian Greens are Victoria's main political parties.", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "centre-left Australian Labor Party", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "About 61.1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "775", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Christian. Roman Catholics", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "775", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "775", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Geographically the smallest", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "second-most populous", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne,", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "second-largest city. Geographically the smallest", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1901", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "New South Wales.", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "New South Wales.", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "135th meridian east in 1788", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "3 million tonnes", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "90%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "50%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "more than 3 million tonnes", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "6,000", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1975", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the United Kingdom Parliament", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "Parliament", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "the Victoria Constitution Act", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "warmer", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "(90 \u00b0F)", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "48.8 \u00b0C", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "(90 \u00b0F)", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "February 2009, during the 2009", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "pay tuition fees", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "Roman Catholic Church", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "government-set curriculum standards. In addition, Victoria has four government", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "Roman Catholic Church", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "do not pay tuition fees", "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "Toyota", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "Geelong\u2014will close in October 2016).", "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017.", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017.", "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Holden's", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "2,000 m", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "986 m", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "Barwon River, Thomson River, Snowy", "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "Latrobe River, Yarra River, Maribyrnong", "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps", "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "The Victorian Alps", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "east-west", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "less than 9 \u00b0C", "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "(48 \u00b0F) in winter and below 0 \u00b0C", "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs; V/Line", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "the Victorian Government,", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "a concentrated service", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "Metro Trains", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "12", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "37", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts,", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "(the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house).", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Linda Dessau.", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "1 July 1851,", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "1860", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "gold rushes", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "76,000", "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "over 311", "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "More than 462,000", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "just over 311", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "63", "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "southern", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "2.2 million", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "$109 million", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "thirds of the nation's milk", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "five formerly government-owned lines", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "mountainous areas", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "west", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "five formerly government", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "western half named New Holland,", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff,", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "western half named New Holland,", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1855", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "mining taxes", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "mining", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "mining licence fees) and extend the franchise", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "Victorian", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "parliament", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "parliament", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet,", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "$8.7 billion", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "24%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "outfits", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "$8.7 billion", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "17%", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "sports", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "Supercars", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "the V8 Supercars", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "sports tourism", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "central", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "two million", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "1562", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "French", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "political concessions and edicts", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "the states of the Swiss Confederacy\").", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Huisgenoten (literally housemates),", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Huguenot has unclear origins. Various hypotheses have been promoted. The nickname may have been a combined reference to the Swiss politician Besan\u00e7on", "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "the Swiss politician Besan\u00e7on", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "may", "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "the papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294,", "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1294", "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "Jean de R\u00e9ly, was printed in Paris", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "The availability of the Bible", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "Paris", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Peace terms called for the dismantling", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "the 66 \"villes", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "Huguenots. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622.", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "Montpellier", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "Montpellier", "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Fran\u00e7ois Villion", "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "Jan van Riebeeck", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "(Viljoen).", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1688", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "1624", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest,", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "New Netherland", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "(the French", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "New York and New Jersey);", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "South and Texas,", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Bohun line of French royalty descended from Charlemagne, Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin,", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Huguenots", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "Landgrave", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "Prioleau", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "the French", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "Huguenots", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "the League", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "King of England,", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672.", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "early 18th century", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Huguenots", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "nearly three-quarters eventually were killed or submitted, roughly 500,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "30,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "1629", "57108073b654c5140001f926": "central power. The rebellions were implacably", "57108073b654c5140001f928": "Henry IV,", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "Louis XIII,", "57108073b654c5140001f925": "Protestantism.", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Approximately one million", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "2%", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "C\u00e9vennes", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "northeast France", "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "France", "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "Huguenot immigrants", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "The \"Huguenot Street", "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighborhood of Huguenot was named.", "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "the south shore of Staten Island", "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "New York,", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "Amsterdam", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "100,000", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "100,000", "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Fraissinet-de-Loz\u00e8re.", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "Frisia", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "place in Tours that the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "Huguon, the gate of King Hugo,", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "(d. 1560), who in De l'Estat de France", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "Purgatory", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "1560", "571090abb654c5140001f995": "reviving an earlier use.)", "571090abb654c5140001f996": "The Weavers, a half-timbered house", "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Turnagain Lane, where weavers'", "571090abb654c5140001f998": "indigenous population. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees'", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Turnagain Lane, where weavers'", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "D'Olier Street", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "D'Olier", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Dublin,", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "Cork,", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "1696", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "dissenters", "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "Huguenots from France", "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "the Seven Years' War), a sizeable population of Huguenot descent", "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "Huguenots from France created a brain drain,", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "the Protestants", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "1598", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "Edict reaffirmed Catholicism", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "religion", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism,", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "the Huguenots and costly for France. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "emigration.", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "hundreds of thousands", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "the Huguenots", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "Holland, Prussia,", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "the Guanabara Bay, present-day", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Antarctique.", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "Fort Coligny,", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "French", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "industry in South Africa owes a significant debt to the Huguenots, some of whom had vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers,", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Malan,", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Gous/Gouws", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "the American Revolution", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "the Articles of Confederation", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Jouett,", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "the Articles of Confederation", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "South Carolina;", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "The implication that the style", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire. The implication that the style", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "a \"combination of Mechlin patterns", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "first half of the eighteenth century", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt.", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "their church services", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1700, one-fifth of the city's", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Hamburg, Frankfurt,", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "Denmark,", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "the rugged C\u00e9vennes region", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "the Catholic Church in the region,", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country.", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709.", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "the Spanish encampment at Fort Matanzas.", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Spanish colony at St. Augustine", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "at any permanent European settlement", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Ribault established the small colony of Fort", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "1565", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Laudonni\u00e8re", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "1562", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "1565", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "former lieutenant Ren\u00e9 Goulaine de Laudonni\u00e8re", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "Kentucky,", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "Chesterfield", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "General Assembly passed an act", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "several hundred", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "May 1705,", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1568\u20131609", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "the Spanish Inquisition,", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "Gaspard de Coligny,", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Gaspard de Coligny, married William the Silent,", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "England,", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "after the 1708", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50,000", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andr\u00e9 Lortie),", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "transubstan", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "the Williamite war", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland,", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Williamite war in Ireland,", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Lisburn,", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal.", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Daniel and Osias,[citation", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "community", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "Cond\u00e9s", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "1604", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "Scotland, Denmark,", "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Scotland, Denmark,", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "South Africa, the Dutch East Indies,", "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "the Holy Roman Empire,", "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "where they were accepted and allowed to worship", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "Hugo.", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "Hugo.", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicans", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "long before the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicans", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Gallican", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "the Luberon", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "1536", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "Jacques Lefevre", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "The Gallicans", "57111428b654c5140001faff": "October.", "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "Catholics", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "3,000", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "23\u201324 August,", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "3,000", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "the throne in 1643", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "convert. At first he sent missionaries,", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "convert them. In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes and declaring Protestantism", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "Fontainebleau, revoking", "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "Sunday", "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "on the north shore of Long Island", "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "John Pell, Lord of Pelham", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "from the French Huguenot Church \"Eglise", "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Sunday", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "surnames", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "the Eleutherian gunpowder", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "French first names and surnames", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "for their children well into the nineteenth century", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "immediate French communities,", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Nicolaas", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Netherlands", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary.", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "Huguenot families have kept alive various traditions, such as the celebration and feast of their patron Saint Nicolas, similar to the Dutch", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Pierre Bayle.", "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "great silk mills which they had built.", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "Soho", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Soho Square.", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Battersea market gardens.", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "1550", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "(Frankfurt), in modern-day Saarland; and 1,500 found refuge in Hamburg, Bremen", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Germany", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Huguenots", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Huguenot refugees", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Adolf Galland,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Adolf Galland,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "General and fighter ace Adolf Galland, Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille, and famed U-boat captain Lothar von Arnauld", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Huguenots to settle in his realms,", "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "Steam engines", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Rankine", "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped", "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "steam within a boiler", "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "The ideal thermodynamic", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "an improvement over Savery's", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "1712", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "atmospheric engine", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Thomas Newcomen", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "Wales.", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February 1804,", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "England", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "England", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "north-east England", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "boiler feed water is an injector", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "steam engines have a water pump to recycle", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "boiler", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "boiler", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "pressure boiler feed water is an injector", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "three", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "19th", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "faster", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "cams profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Stephenson,", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "steam escape has little effect on dampening", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "crown increases", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "increases significantly, the lead melts", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "steam escapes, warning the operators", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "little effect on dampening", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "10,000", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "1883", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "steam engine", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "the first century AD;", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "Giovanni Branca in 1629.", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Greek", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1629", "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "steam", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions,", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "steam in to successively larger cylinders", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "turbine", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "triple", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "Steam turbines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "reciprocating piston", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "rotary power", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "steam can be derived from various sources", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "solar", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "steam", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "inspectors. The engine indicator", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1862", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Richard and exhibited at London", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Charles Porter by Charles", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "the pressure in the cylinder", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "a common cross", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "the other two, or in some cases all three crank", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "steam ports communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by valve gear", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "recipro", "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "counterflow cycle", "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "rotary steam engine where steam intakes", "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "port face or in the pivot mounting (trun", "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine", "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "pivot mounting (trunnion", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "one or more holes", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "the fluid of choice due to its favourable", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "Rankine", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "mercury", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "boiler", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "30 \u00b0C.", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "42% for a modern coal-fired power station", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "low turbine", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel)", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer.", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "steamboats", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "pumping stations; and propelling transport appliances such as railway", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "Steam engines", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation. There have at one time or another been steam-powered farm", "571153422419e3140095557d": "Trevithick", "571153422419e3140095557e": "George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton", "571153422419e3140095557f": "Trevithick", "571153422419e31400955580": "pinion Middleton Railway.", "571153422419e31400955581": "pinion", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf", "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British", "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency", "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency", "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", "571154c72419e31400955588": "steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia", "571154c72419e31400955589": "Turbinia), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia", "571154c72419e3140095558a": "steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines", "571154c72419e3140095558b": "steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines", "571155ae2419e31400955591": "condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system", "571155ae2419e31400955592": "all solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "1990s", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.", "571155ae2419e31400955595": "liquid water)", "571156152419e3140095559b": "5 million", "571156152419e3140095559f": "94 pounds", "571156152419e3140095559e": "steam improved this to 65 million", "571156152419e3140095559d": "25 million", "571156152419e3140095559c": "bushel (94 pounds", "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "steam", "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "steam", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "steam", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "Thomas Savery. It used condensing", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "Savery.", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "1698", "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "Thomas Savery. It used condensing", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Oliver Evans", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Richard Trevithick", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1800", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "Trevithick", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "Trevithick", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "steam per kWh.[not", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "27", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "27-30% on high-pressure engines. It is a single-step, 5-cylinder", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "30%", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "the condenser is then", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "boiler via a pump. A dry type cooling tower", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "boiler via a pump. A dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "water flow from oceans, rivers", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "700", "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "steam engine", "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "steam engine", "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "mill", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s", "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "steam engine", "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", "57115e532419e314009555b0": "it was popular in many other countries", "57115e532419e314009555b1": "The adoption of compounding", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b3": "the harsh railway", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "steam", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "the engine cycle", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "giving excessive compression", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "Thomas Newcomen's", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "1698", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "1606", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1698", "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "a drive shaft", "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "lower", "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "a series of stators", "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "alternating with a series of stators", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "Hertz power, 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications the turbines typically run", "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "pollution", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "steam turbine", "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "boilers and condensers", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "plant lower than for internal combustion engines.", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "steam power", "571161092419e314009555d7": "the rotors", "571161092419e314009555d8": "steam", "571161092419e314009555d9": "steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "1763", "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "\"atmospheric\"", "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "half", "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "step occurred when James Watt", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "coal", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "one", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "steam pressure and more power from the engine", "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "Steam engines", "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves", "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "steam pressure. Early valves", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "medal", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal", "571163172419e314009555e7": "condenser", "571163172419e314009555e8": "condenser. Watt", "571163172419e314009555e9": "the separate condenser", "571163172419e314009555ea": "condenser.", "571163172419e314009555eb": "steam.", "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature. Gas turbines, for instance, have turbine", "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "1% to 3%", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "1%", "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500 \u00b0C.", "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "stoker", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "firebox. See: Mechanical stoker", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "stoker", "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "superheater", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "British invention steam", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.[citation", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", "571166352419e314009555f1": "steam turbines", "571166352419e314009555f2": "drives", "571166352419e314009555f3": "steam that drives a turbine", "571166352419e314009555f4": "condensing direct-drive locomotives", "571166352419e314009555f5": "Britain,", "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "isobaric", "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "in the Carnot cycle). The cycle", "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "a pump", "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "isobaric", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "boiler", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "third", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "oxidizing", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "two", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8%", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "Oxygen", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "almost half", "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "Oxygen", "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "20.8%", "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "global downward trend, because of fossil-fuel burning. Oxygen is the most abundant element", "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels", "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "8%", "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxide", "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds", "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "third", "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxy", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "the surface where it is a by-product of smog. At even higher low earth orbit altitudes,", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "water", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "Oxygen", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "carbohydrates, and fats", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "fats", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water, the major", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "biosphere from ultraviolet radiation", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "s volume before extinguishing the subjects", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "a closed container over water", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "1641\u20131679", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "a part of air that he called spiritus", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "late 17th", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "replace one-fourteenth of the air", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "requires only a part of air that he called spiritus", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Joseph Priestley", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "Priestley", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "gas", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "mercuric oxide", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "my breast felt peculiarly", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "mercuric oxide", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1775", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "the second volume", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "dephlogisticated", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Pneumatica, Philo", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "water rising into the neck. Philo", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century BCE", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "classical element fire and thus were able to escape", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "water rising into the neck. Philo", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "classical element fire and thus were able to escape", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "water rising into the neck", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Philo", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "classical element", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "Fire and explosion hazards exist", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "sources", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "donate", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "high", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "proximity", "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "the chemical energy released in combustion. Combustion hazards also apply to compounds", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "oxygen with a high oxidative potential, such as peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dich", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "liquid oxygen", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "oxygen", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "liquid", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "liquid oxygen will act", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "fire", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1\u20443", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "bauxite", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "2", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "magnesium", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "(iron(III) oxide Fe 2O", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "(silica SiO", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "iron", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "part", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "corundu", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "water's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro's law", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "to one another", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen,", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "oxygen", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "Alexander von Humboldt", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "coal", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "gas", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "Air did not play a role in phlogiston", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "iron", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "gaseous combustion products", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "perpendicular to the O-O molecular axis,", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "O-O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "\u03c0* orbitals", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "2", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "oxygen", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1777", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1777", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Antoine Lavoisier,", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Joseph Priestley", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "phlogiston", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "i.e.", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "organic molecules", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "triplet", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "unpaired electrons as found in dioxy", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "triplet", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "increased in weight", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "tin", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "his book Sur la combustion", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "1777", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "nitrogen", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "surface, it is a polluta", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "ultraviolet", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "radiation", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "ultraviolet (UV) radiation.", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "ultraviolet (UV) radiation.", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "Earth is called dioxygen,", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "dioxygen, O 2. It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). O2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "Biological", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "biosphere and responsible for the exother", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "a major part of the Earth's atmosphere", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "William Hampson.", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1895", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "1891", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "German engineer", "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen", "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "water is temperature", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "more)", "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "sea", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "more than at 25 \u00b0C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "abundant", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "third most abundant", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "0.9%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "third most abundant chemical element", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "1% of its mass (some 1015 tonnes", "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "19th", "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "liqui", "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "by Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, Zygmunt Wr\u00f3blewski", "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "carbon dioxide", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29, 1883", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "dust", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Planetary geologists", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "solar nebula. Analysis", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "the Sun,", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "photosynthesis", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "photosynthesis", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "molecular oxygen per se. In nature,", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "oxygen", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "the shells and skeletons of marine organisms", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures,", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "12%", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "disparity", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "oxygen", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "the carbon cycle from satellites", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "carbon cycle", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "carbon cycle", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "Oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "negative exchange energy between neighboring O 2 molecules.", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "the negative exchange energy", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "negative exchange energy", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "the unpa", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "plants", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "about 2.5 billion years ago", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "\u221221", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "(\u2212218.79 \u00b0C, \u2212361.82 \u00b0F).", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "Oxygen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "Oxygen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "blue light)", "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "eutrophication and the decay of these organisms", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "2", "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "higher density of life", "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "oxygen", "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "higher oxygen content", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "iron formations. When such oxygen sinks", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "eon", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "3.5 billion years", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "2.3 billion years ago", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "biosphere, and the lithosphere", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "oxygen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "part of the oxygen gas", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "90%", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "non-cryogenic", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "zeolite", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "90% to 93%", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "2:1. Contrary to popular belief, the 2:1", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "AC is used, the gases", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "the empirical formula of water is H2O", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "the gases", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "\"boost\"", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "a placebo effect is a more likely explanation. Available studies", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "a performance boost from enriched O 2 mixtures", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "higher than normal O 2 exposure", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "athletes", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning,", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "Oxygen", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "Hyperbaric", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "displace carbon monoxide from the heme group", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema,", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema,", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "ability to take up and use gas", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "in medicine. Treatment", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "chemical formula", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "oxide", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO (w\u00fcstite)", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "aluminium and titanium, are oxidized", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "chemical bonds with almost all other elements", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "iron filings", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "loss activates", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "commercial airplanes have an emergency supply", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "climb mountains", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "Liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers,", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenic", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "liquid in specially insulated tankers", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "insulated tankers", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "insulated tankers", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "organic compounds", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "\"R\" is an organic group):", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "organic group): alcohols", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "\"R\" is an organic group):", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "organic group): alcohols", "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "biomolecules, such as squal", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "(PO3\u2212", "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "adenine) and pyrimidines", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins contain oxygen (due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester", "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "hydroxyla", "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "air mixture with an O 2 partial pressure", "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "pulmonary fibrosis", "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "seizures", "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "oxygen", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "oxygen", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "more information", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "O 2 partial pressure in the breathing", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30 kPa (1.4 times", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "normal)", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "the case of spacesuits, the O 2", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "at elevated partial pressures, leading to convuls", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity", "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%\u201350%", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "US$3", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "embargo in March", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "embargo", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "being targeted by the boycott. Arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents.", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "March 1974.", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "18, 1974", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "September 1971,", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "August 15, 1971,", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "out of the Bretton Woods", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "less than two percent per year", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1973\u20131974", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1973", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "two percent", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "October 6, 1973,", "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "more for oil. Let's say ten times", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Arab\u2013Israeli", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "the underlying economic pressure", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "$2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel, including $1.5 billion in outright grants.", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "16, 1973", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "$2.2 billion", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "outright grants.", "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "Islam,", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Wahhabism, throughout the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "dispensed", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "reduced productivity, and lower economic growth", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "the USSR", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "prior to 1973", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "the United States, scholars", "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "inflation", "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "U.S. energy", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "inflationary and deflationary impacts", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "automobiles. Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "usually required five to ten years", "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "the UK", "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "Israel,", "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "Netherlands", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "UK", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "Harold Wilson's", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "UK", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "1973", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Switzerland", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Switzerland", "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "a higher price", "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "oil exploration. Scarcity was addressed by rationing (as in many countries). Motorists faced long lines at gas stations", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "to encourage investment", "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "1973", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E.", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "1973", "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "the same amount of domestic oil", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "55 mph (about 88 km/h)", "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act,", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act,", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "1974", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1974", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "fossil fuels", "572650325951b619008f6faa": "fossil fuels", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "congresses", "57265200708984140094c237": "United States", "57265200708984140094c238": "Saudi Arabia", "57265200708984140094c239": "10 years", "57265200708984140094c23a": "Heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions, which concluded America", "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "Japan", "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\".", "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 7, 1973,", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "November 7, 1973,", "57265526708984140094c2bd": "Iran,", "57265526708984140094c2be": "Mecca by Wahhabi extremists during November 1979 and a Shiite revolt in the oil rich Al-Hasa region of Saudi Arabia", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "Saudi Arabia", "57265526708984140094c2c0": "1979", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "1979", "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "Colt),", "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "Japanese", "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "Galant", "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "Japanese", "572659535951b619008f703f": "1973", "572659535951b619008f7040": "windows", "572659535951b619008f7041": "oil crisis, Honda,", "572659535951b619008f7042": "first", "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "S10/GMC S-15),", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Chevrolet LUV. Mitsubishi", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Ford, Chrysler, and GM,", "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Chevrolet LUV.", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s. The only full-size models that did not recover were lower", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "four", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1979", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "General Motors,", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Chevrolet Chevette", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1974", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1974", "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "GM's", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1979", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "1973", "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "nearly $40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation, oil briefly fell back to pre-1973", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$10", "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA),", "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "national goal of \"landing a man on", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1972", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "John F. Kennedy's", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "two", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "1961", "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "the Apollo\u2013Soyuz", "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "Apollo", "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "goal", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "six", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "\"", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "Apollo 8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "milestones", "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Sun", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "The program", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "early 1960", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "1960", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "General Dynamics/Convair,", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "30", "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "General Dynamics/Convair,", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "American superiority over the Soviet Union", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "little about the technical details of the space program,", "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy", "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "little about the technical details of the space program", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "Yuri Gagarin", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "Kennedy", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "12", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union.", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "April 20,", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Lyndon B. Johnson,", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "approximately one week", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "'s space program", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth's", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "a new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC).", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Cape Canaveral", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida, so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC.", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "IB rockets", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "outgrow", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Merritt Island.", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "76", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "LOC", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "nearly a vacuum.", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "39, a Launch Control Center, and a 130 million", "5725c123271a42140099d131": "Robert Seamans", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "23, 1963", "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Seamans", "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Apollo", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "Air Force", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA,", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "1969", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "United States Air Force, so he got Webb's", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "a voice in the wilderness", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "1961", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "Seamans;", "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR.", "5725c604271a42140099d186": "June 1962.", "5725c604271a42140099d187": "EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR \u2014as well as Houbolt's", "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Joseph Shea,", "5725c604271a42140099d189": "EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Jerome Wiesner,", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "Seamans,", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "the press on July 11,", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July 11, 1962,", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Kennedy's", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "\"No, that's no good\" in front", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "squabble", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "a \"lifeboat\"", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "a failure of the command ship", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "a failure", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "Kennedy's Moon", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "one of several service modules", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "two", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "12", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "Apollo study designs. Its exterior", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "83 feet (3.91", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "12,250 pounds (5", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "12.83", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "an RCS with propellants,", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "liquid", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "flights. On the extended lunar missions,", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "54,000", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "I development.", "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "about twice the thrust required for translunar flight.", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "33,300", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "34 hours. An Extended Lunar Module weighed over 36,200 pounds", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "3 days", "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "MSFC", "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "The June 11, 1962,", "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11, 1962,", "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "boiler", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965", "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite", "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "Pegasus", "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "LOX,", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "600,000", "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "S-IB first stage", "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "1,600,000", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "The S-IC first stage", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "96,800", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "230", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "increased to 230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "three", "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Dr. Harrison", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Gemini or Mercury", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space,", "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "1969, then to the crews", "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "Walter M. Schirra,", "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "1969", "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders during their flight. The NASA Administrator in October, 2008, decided to award", "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "mission\". The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the crews of all missions", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "1966", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "Two", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "4,577 nautical miles", "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "1 km) and splashed", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "206", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "visor", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "visor helmet", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "Pilot (LMP).", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "(CDR) Command", "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Eisele,", "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra,", "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "Scott, with rookie Russell L. \"Rusty\" Schweickart.", "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "rookie", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "devoted to space experiments", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "December 1966,", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "canceled, since the validation", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Seamans. Meanwhile, Grumman", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "a \"tiger team\"", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "1965", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "Samuel Phillips", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "on the first manned flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center.", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "launch countdown", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown", "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "the simulated countdown", "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "pressure", "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "the fire", "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "pad", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO)", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea,", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "NASA", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "Low.", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "NASA", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "oxygen", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "oxygen", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "removal", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "pure oxygen", "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "Saturn V validation;", "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "higher Earth orbit CSM/LM flight; F would be the first lunar mission,", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "258", "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "Service Module engine", "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502)", "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "1968", "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service", "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "George Low decided the next LM", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "Saturn", "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "short the first descent", "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "firing", "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1.", "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "veterans", "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "Christmas Eve,", "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March", "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "Soviet Union", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "Gemini", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July 20, 1969.", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "white television", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "Aldrin", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "24", "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45", "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "Richard F. Gordon,", "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "they returned to Earth.", "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "The Command", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "greater", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "extended missions to allow greater", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "20", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "three days", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "a \"life boat\" to return to Earth.", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "Swigert,", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "April 1970,", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "Michoud Assembly Facility", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "several Saturn IB launches;", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "Michoud Assembly Facility", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1971", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "very early period in the development of the Solar System, that are largely absent on Earth.", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "2 billion years", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "The rocks", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "One important rock found during the Apollo Program", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks,", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "thick atmosphere", "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "$20.4 billion", "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "20.4 billion, or $109 billion in 2010 dollars", "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "$170 billion", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "(SLA)", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "the manned lunar landings", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "(SLA)", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "1973", "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "Telescope Mount,", "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "1973", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "the ground", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "the Apollo 11", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the Moon, began photographing", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "where manned Apollo flights landed.", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "civil rights leader Martin Luther King,", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "one-quarter", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "1968", "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded", "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "stored", "5725f239271a42140099d360": "magnetic teleme", "5725f239271a42140099d361": "Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "the CBS News archive,", "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "white, contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements.", "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "conservative digital enhancements", "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "white,", "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "white, contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements.", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "primary law", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "body of treaties and legislation", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union.", "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "body of treaties and legislation", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect", "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "primary law", "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "direct effect or indirect effect on the laws", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "European Union law is a body of treaties", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "direct effect or indirect effect on the laws", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "the courts of member states", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "the courts of member states", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "applied by the courts of member states", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "the Court of Justice", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "European Union. The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "European Commission can take proceedings against the member state", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "applied by the courts of member states", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Union", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "the courts of member states", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "the courts of member states", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "the courts of member states and the Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "as Directives,", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "Treaty on European Union (TEU)", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "European Central Bank. The European Court of Justice", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "the European Union", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "European Commission", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "the Council", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "French overseas departments. European Union law", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "overseas territories, including Madeira, the Canary Islands", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "Treaties", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "Madeira,", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "establishes that European Union law", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "Justice", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "\"core\" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU)", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "European Union can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity, which is subject to international law.", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "overseas territories, including Madeira,", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "Nice 2001", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "Maastricht Treaty 1992", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s.", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "the Maastricht Treaty", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Denmark", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "atomic energy", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "1972", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1994", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1992", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1985", "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "2004", "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "France", "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "2004 Treaty", "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "not", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "the Netherlands,", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the proposed constitutional treaty", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\"", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "the Council", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "a simple majority", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Jean-Claude Juncker)", "572691545951b619008f76e1": "article 17(2", "572691545951b619008f76e2": "The European Commission", "572691545951b619008f76e3": "a \"written procedure\" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.[citation needed] Since Ireland", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland", "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Jean-Claude Juncker)", "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Cresson", "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law.", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Commissioners", "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "Commissioners", "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "Cresson where the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner giving her dentist", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "Cresson", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "the European Court of Justice", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "Tobacco", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "the Council of the European Union have powers", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "every five years", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "ten times", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "European Union", "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "Parliaments,", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1999", "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "every five years", "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "political party", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "a \"European Council\" (a distinct", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Donald Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. The Council", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "the Council members (not votes)", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "238(3) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent", "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "there are 352 votes", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the Council, which is composed of different ministers", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "there must be a qualified majority", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "74 per cent, or 260", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "article 15", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "they decide, other member state", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment. Where the different", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "must vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment.", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "all MEPs", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "\"Conciliation Committee\"", "572695285951b619008f774b": "The EU as a whole can only act within its power set out in the Treaties. TEU articles 4", "572695285951b619008f774c": "a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", "572695285951b619008f774d": "article 294", "572695285951b619008f774e": "the Commission", "572658435951b619008f7025": "The judicial branch", "572658435951b619008f7026": "the Treaty", "572658435951b619008f7027": "three", "572658435951b619008f7028": "EU law is applied by member state courts (the English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof,", "572658435951b619008f7029": "the highest judicial offices\" (or for the General Court, the \"ability", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "Today the Court", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "the Court of Justice", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "the Court of Justice of the European Union", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "the highest judicial offices\" (or for the General Court, the \"ability", "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "\"", "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "that because the nationalisation law", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "267. The Italian Constitutional Court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962,", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "act", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1962", "5726975c708984140094cb21": "Costa v ENEL,", "572699db5951b619008f7799": "\"", "572699db5951b619008f779a": "it enacted", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "national law where this agreed in the Treaties,", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "whether it wishes to expressly legislate against EU law.", "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "The remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages, but courts", "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law", "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "article 30 prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities charging tariffs,", "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "Administratie", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement", "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "their own law, in order to prevent confusion. For instance, in Commission v Italy", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "(i.e. between non-state parties). This view was instantly controversial,", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "three", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "three", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "the early 1990s", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "the obligations", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "her employer, British Gas plc, which made women", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal. Ms K\u00fcc\u00fckdeveci worked for 10 years,", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "or company", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "25", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "national statute. But, fifth, if a member state", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "the directive\". Textbooks (though not the Court itself)", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "indirect", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "Article 5", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "the European Court of Justice", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "Article 5", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "since the 1960s", "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "post facto laws, i.", "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "legal implications foreseeable, specially when applied to financial obligations", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "principles of European Union law by the European Court", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "in the constitutions of member states", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "principles of European Union law.", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European Union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the European Union and its institutions.", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "the European Council", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1950", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "12 December 2007,", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "the European Union of 7", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "same legal value as the Treaties.\" Therefore,", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "the Convention now co-exist under European Union", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law.", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1997", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "40", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11 of the then 12", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "Maastricht", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "the 1992 Maastricht", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1989", "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "elderly, poverty, migrant workers, education", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1994", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands,", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1951", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "coal", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "1951", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "Article 101(2)", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "down", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Article 101(3)", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2)", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "since the Treaty of Rome 1957.", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "trade", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "market", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "a customs union", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "Treaty", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "Treaty", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Schmidberger", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "34", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France,", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "Danish", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "\"chocolate\". It had to be \"chocolate substitute\".", "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "Picon", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "alters a product's content", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "hinder", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Picon", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "the basic \"worker\" rights in TFEU", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "\"social\" Europe.", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "the economic nature of the project", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "Staatssecretaris van Justitie, a German man claimed the right to residence in the Netherlands,", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "indirect", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "Li\u00e8ge", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "The general justifications for limiting free movement in TFEU", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Schumacker", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "article 45", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "1 to 4", "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "move. The Court has required that higher education,", "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "Citizenship", "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Austria", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "a \"fundamental\" status of member state nationals by the Court", "5726c002708984140094d073": "censured by the Milan Bar", "5726c002708984140094d074": "\"established\"", "5726c002708984140094d075": "Consiglio dell\u2019Ordine degli Avvocati", "5726c002708984140094d076": "article 49 has both \"vertical\" and \"horizontal\" direct effect. In Reyners", "5726c002708984140094d077": "49 says states are exempt from infringing others' freedom of establishment when they exercise \"official authority\", but this did an advocate's", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2007", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "2006", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October 2007,", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "October 2007,", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "German health clinic) to provide services.", "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "the ban, did count as a justified restriction on freedom", "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "legal advice. The Court of Justice held that the freedom", "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "secondary education", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "the worst standards of accountability of boards, and low corporate taxes as a result. Similarly in \u00dcberseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u20ac27,000", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u20ac27,000", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "the company failed and went insolvent. The Court of Justice held that Denmark's minimum capital law", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "bt", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "For\u00eat amazonienne;", "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "2,700,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "5,500,000 square kilometres (2,", "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "2,700,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "13%", "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud),", "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "For\u00eat amazonienne;", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "Colombia", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "2,700", "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "forest", "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "2,700", "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "7,000,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi)", "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru", "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "2,700,000 sq mi", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "tropics", "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "the tropics", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "34 million years", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "the tropics", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "the tropics", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "34", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "34 million", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "5725c071271a42140099d128": "the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "the Amazonas", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "10 million years", "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "the west water", "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "During the mid-Eocene,", "57283d173acd2414000df790": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df793": "mid-Eocene,", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "the Pacific across the Amazonas", "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the Atlantic, while to the west", "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "the Amazonas Basin.", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "a large basin", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "sediment deposits from Amazon basin", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "by the available data.", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits", "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "over the last 21,000", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "reduced", "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "biased away from the center of the Amazon basin,", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "tropical", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "the north, south, and east than is seen today", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "182 million", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "1,600 miles", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "182 million", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "Ocean (some dust", "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%)", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "43 million tons", "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "2,600 km", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "Sea, past 75 degrees west longitude.", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA's", "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600 miles", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "43 million tons of dust are windblown", "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "dense coastal settlements, such as that at Maraj\u00f3,", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "52", "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "rainforest through hunting", "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "a Counterfeit Paradise.", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "1 million", "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "a population density", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist", "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at Maraj\u00f3,", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements,", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "2 inhabitants per square kilometre", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "1 million", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "1540", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "at least 11,000 years", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "between AD 0\u20131250,", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Orellana", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "1540", "5729edd56aef051400155114": "Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery", "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Francisco de Orellana", "5729edd56aef051400155116": "between AD 0\u20131250, furthering claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations. Ondemar Dias", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "agriculture and sil", "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "previously hostile environment", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "Xingu", "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "large plazas", "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas.", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "Michael Heckenberger", "5729ef266aef051400155120": "large plazas.", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "2.5 million", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "294 birds", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "1,294", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "294 birds, 427", "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "294", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378", "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "294 birds, 427", "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "more than 1,100", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "more than 1,100", "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "The average plant", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "16,000", "5729f2646aef051400155132": "1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790", "5729f2646aef051400155133": "47 tonnes per hectare. To date, an estimated 438,000 species", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "many", "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "caiman", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "the Amazon region.", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "the river, electric eels can produce an", "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "alkaloid toxins", "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "dart frogs secret", "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "Deforestation", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "crop cultivation and the slash", "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "Farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation", "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "their fields and the crops", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "short period", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "587,000 square kilometres (160,000", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "227", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land", "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "91%", "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "increase", "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "increased settlement and deforestation", "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "343", "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "increase to the present day.", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "18%", "572a020f6aef051400155198": "1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "the order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "10% of the world", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "1 \u00d7 1011", "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "climate", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "in the basin by 2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "the 21st century", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "addition to deforestation", "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "ethno-biology", "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "Urarina continue to struggle", "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "ethno-biology and community", "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "primates", "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "to struggle", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "indigenous tribes of the basin", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "Google", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "their territories", "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "indigenous tribes", "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "to protect their tribal lands", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "biomass", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "In 2006 Tatiana", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "forest", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005", "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research", "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research", "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "\"", "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "National Institute of Amazonian Research", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "(1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "1,900,000", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "2005", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "(1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "deep, while those in cnidarians", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "internal cavity", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "one cell deep. Some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature", "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "deep, while those in cnidarians", "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "by means of cilia. Adults of various species range from a few", "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia. Adults of various species", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "two cells deep, while those in cnidarians", "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ten times", "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "Only 100\u2013150 species", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "ten", "5725c337271a42140099d163": "Only 100\u2013150 species", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "the coastal beroids", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten times", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "armed with groups of large, stiffened", "5725c337271a42140099d167": "microscopic", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten times", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "The textbook examples are cydippids", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "ranging", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "microscopic larvae and rotifers", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "two", "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch.", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism", "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "single animal can produce both eggs", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "external, although platyctenids", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "at different times", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "the bottom", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch.", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "they reach near-adult size", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "species look like miniature cydi", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "The exceptions are the beroids,", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "predation", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "small zooplanktonic", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "mitigate the problem, as Beroe", "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "small zooplanktonic", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "fish larvae", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "fish larvae", "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "phytoplankton", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "phytoplankton", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis", "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "uncommon and difficult to find", "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "515 million years ago", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "present, based on molecular phylogenetics", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "515 million years", "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids", "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "phylogenetics", "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "after the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "lagerst\u00e4tten as far back as the early Cambrian,", "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "nervous systems", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges,", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes", "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "both ctenophores and cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "an animal phylum", "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "sensory organs", "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "sponges", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "jellyfish, sea anemones", "572647d0708984140094c14b": "sponges", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "sponges", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "sponges", "572647d0708984140094c14e": "mesoglea", "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "the length of their bodies", "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "colonial animals that use cilia (\"hairs", "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia (\"hairs", "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "\"ctenophora\" means \"", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "phylum", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "cydi", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "the gastrodermis", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "four branches terminate in anal pores. The inner surface of the cavity", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "\"throat\"", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "four branches terminate in anal pores. The inner surface of the cavity", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates\")", "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "thousands of unusually long cilia, up to 2 millimeters (0", "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "bears", "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "\"comb plates\") run", "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density", "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "brackish", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "move from brackish to full-strength seawater, the rosettes may pump", "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "move from brackish to full-strength seawater, the rose", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "animal's \"mood\", in other words the overall state of the nervous", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "on all the balancers", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "a solid particle", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "\"balancers\"", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "spinning", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "sheath into which it can be withdrawn", "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "wider", "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "a sheath", "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\"", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "at the narrow end,", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "coiled", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "feed mainly on jellyfish", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "40 to 60", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense. The tentilla of Euplokamis", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight rows of combs", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "The \"combs\" beat in a metachronal", "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "rhythm", "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "a metachrona", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "a pair of lobes", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "projections edged with cilia that produce water", "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "comb rows of cydippids", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "coordinated by nerves", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "the cilia, yet combs on the same row beat in the same Mexican wave style as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids. This may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "macrocilia", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "as Nuda,", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "macrocilia\" at the oral end", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that \"zip\" the mouth", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "\"lips\" in some species of Beroe, is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that \"zip\"", "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "Velamen parallelum,", "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "the oral edge", "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "surface. Cestids", "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "along the oral edge, which stream", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "The Cestida", "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "ctenophore into the current.", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "colored, live on rocks, algae", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "surface. They cling", "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "Platyctenida", "572683075951b619008f7513": "the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs and sperm are released", "572683075951b619008f7514": "they function as both males", "572683075951b619008f7515": "pores in the epidermis", "572683075951b619008f7516": "Almost all species are hermaphrodites,", "572683075951b619008f7517": "Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females", "572684365951b619008f753f": "direct, in other words", "572684365951b619008f7540": "develop the body", "572684365951b619008f7541": "In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths.", "572684365951b619008f7542": "eggs", "572684365951b619008f7543": "the flat, bottom-dwelling plat", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "vexi", "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "coastal or mid-ocean waters", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "Eurhamphaea", "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "coastal or mid-ocean waters", "5726887e708984140094c917": "mollusc and fish larvae", "5726887e708984140094c918": "sea", "5726887e708984140094c919": "different types of prey", "5726887e708984140094c91a": "larvae", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "s long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the Red Sea. The larvae", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "possible predators, although the combs", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "organic matter to salt and water", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "jellyfish", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "blooms in the Red Sea. The larvae", "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas", "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "gave the entire ecosystem a short-term", "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures", "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "the other hand, in the late 1980s", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea),", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "in the Burgess Shale", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "Devonian (Emsian)", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "the crown group, from the early Devonian", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "8 typical of living species", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "515 million years", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Chengjiang", "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "De-Gan Shu,", "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "China's Chengjiang", "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia", "57269016708984140094ca41": "Cnidaria, Placozoa", "57269016708984140094ca42": "early evolution of animals and the origin", "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "single common ancestor that was itself a cydi", "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "Richard Harbison's", "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "2001", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "beroids", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "San Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) northwest of Los Angeles,", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 220 miles", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "Fresno", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "San Francisco.", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "fifth-largest city in California, the largest", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. By 1931 the Fresno", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "47", "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "Pacific Railroad established a station", "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "7%", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Chinatown", "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Little Armenia,", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Fairgrounds", "5725d183271a42140099d241": "ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy,", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "(earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "revol", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "Fresno.", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "creator resigned, BankAmericard", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\"", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\"", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "Aken", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Lupe Mayorga,", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "two", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "San Joaquin River", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Rotary", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Shinzen", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "1880s", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the Fresno Water Tower,", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "San Joaquin Valley's", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Mall, the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in Fresno. While the Fulton Mall corridor", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "Fulton Street", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "Renoir piece", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "Chestnut", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Clovis", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "1950s through the 1970s", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "The neighborhood", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "Clovis", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "Olive and Wishon", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "tower, which is actually in another nearby area)", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "Tower Theatre,", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "one-half", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "late 1960s and 1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "high school", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "Roger Rocka's", "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "metal", "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "Olive Avenue, and all within a few hundred feet", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "the Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Olive Avenue,", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "Tower", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "Spanish Colonial Revival", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "north and east", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "many of which have been restored in recent decades", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "circa 1910, on 190 acres", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation,", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "190", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "the Pacific Improvement Corporation,", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "\"Southwest", "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "southwest", "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "southwest of the 99 freeway", "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway),", "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "Asian-American (principally Hmong", "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "rural road", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "Kerman, California.", "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Kearney Boulevard,", "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "African-American", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "1960s and 1990s", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "revitalize the neighborhood", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "low-income", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "inner-city\" neighborhood", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "very little", "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "Joaquin River between Highway 41", "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "95", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "500", "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "1968", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads. Sierra Sky", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads.", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "residential", "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "lows", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "August,", "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "5 inches", "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "northwest", "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "July", "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "January 6, 1913.", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "1905", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "no freeze", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "between in the 1983/1984", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "(8.3%) African", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "12.6%", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "494", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "984 (22.6%", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "494,665. The population density was 4,404.5", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "30,547", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "35,064 households (22.1%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "12", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "12,344 (7", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "12,344 (7", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "4,097", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "4,097", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "50.2% White, 8.4%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "652 people", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km\u00b2).", "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "very first Fresno", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "VHF", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "Stockton,", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay", "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "San Francisco Bay", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "Atascadero", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "south", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley.", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "west via Mendota, and from the east", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "U.S.", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "west", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "raising population and traffic", "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Santa Fe Railway", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "railyards", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Santa Fe Railway", "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "numerous packet switching networks in Europe", "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program", "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "a fault", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "routing method for telecommunication messages", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Donald Davies", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "a method", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "a method", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "as characters, packets, or messages", "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "a method", "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "having a constant bit rate", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "as characters", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate", "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "shared physical medium", "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "shared physical medium (such as radio", "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "a shared physical medium", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "shared physical medium", "5726356938643c19005ad300": "shared physical medium (such as radio", "5726356938643c19005ad301": "shared physical medium (such as radio", "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages", "5726249538643c19005ad080": "US Air Force into survivable communications networks,", "5726249538643c19005ad081": "general architecture", "5726249538643c19005ad082": "262", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962,", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "Air Force into survivable communications", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "US Air Force into survivable communications networks,", "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work.", "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies", "5726378238643c19005ad314": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", "5726378238643c19005ad315": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", "5726385e271a42140099d797": "a dedicated path to help", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol, although intermediate network", "5726385e271a42140099d799": "virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol", "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "a destination address, source address, and port", "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "a setup phase", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "a connection identifier", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "id in a table. The packet", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "a setup phase in each involved node", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "a standardized interface into and out of packet networks", "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "X.25 UNI protocol is part of the X.25", "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "X.25 does it at the network layer", "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "The X.25 UNI protocol is part of the X.25 protocol", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "Before the introduction of X.25 in 1973,", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "In the datagram system, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol. In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "HLN became operational", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "AppleTalk", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "a centralized router", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "a plug-n-play system", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "Louis Pouzin.", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin.", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "ARPANET architecture.", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "open standards with published specifications", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "one of the first peer-to-peer network", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "one of the first peer-to-peer network architecture", "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "a time-sharing", "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "a high-level", "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around.", "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network.", "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "X.25 host attachments,", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts as a means of making ARPANET technology public.", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "(BBN) provided the financing.", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "as a means of making ARPANET technology", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "Bolt, Beranack and Newman (BBN)", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "ARPA IPTO", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "build their own dedicated networks", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "(mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "dedicated networks. The private networks", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks", "572643de5951261400b5195a": "121", "572643de5951261400b5195b": "Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "a dial-up terminal", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network.[citation", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network.[citation", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Telepad", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC", "5726462b708984140094c117": "a computer network", "5726462b708984140094c118": "to extend networking benefits", "5726462b708984140094c119": "the path to development", "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium", "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "LambdaRail", "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "United States computer networking consortium", "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "LambdaRail", "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "LambdaRail (NLR)", "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "supercom", "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "supercomputing centers, through further public funding", "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "supercomputing", "572648d1708984140094c15d": "12c (622", "572648d1708984140094c15e": "provide high-speed", "572648d1708984140094c15f": "National Science Foundation", "572648d1708984140094c160": "48", "572648d1708984140094c161": "the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications", "57264684708984140094c123": "the arid plains", "57264684708984140094c124": "occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.", "57264684708984140094c125": "30\u201360%", "57264684708984140094c126": "14th century", "57264684708984140094c127": "30\u201360%", "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China.", "572647935951b619008f6eca": "1347", "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "enzootic", "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.", "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "three", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "Genoese traders", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "Jani", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "south of Europe, whence it spread north.", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "Jani Beg was suffering", "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "northwest", "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "Italy,", "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "(modern Bergen)", "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "Norway", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "1349", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "permanent change", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "autumn 1347", "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt,", "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "Europe, the disease entered the region", "57264a74708984140094c18b": "vocat", "57264a74708984140094c18c": "Pontanus: \"Vulgo & ab effectu", "57264a74708984140094c18d": "J.I.", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "1908", "57264a74708984140094c18f": "epidemic", "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "stagnated during the Middle Ages.", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the heavens", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "\"great pestilence in the air\"", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "the fleas", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "southern China", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "fleas whose midgut", "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "involve the bites of fleas", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "historian Francis", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "1908", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "\"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\".", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "the bubonic plague", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "95 percent", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "80 percent", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "1998", "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed", "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction", "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia", "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "a paper by a multinational team", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "clades", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "Marseille around November 1347", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "spread through the country in three epidemics", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349,", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "plague victims", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "East Smithfield burial site in England,", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "Smithfield burial", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "October 2011", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott", "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "the first major work to challenge the bubon", "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "rural areas", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "David Herlihy", "5726516a708984140094c223": "epidemiological", "5726516a708984140094c224": "the year 1377. Estimates of plague victims", "5726516a708984140094c225": "over 100%", "5726516a708984140094c226": "England,", "5726516a708984140094c227": "1377", "57265285708984140094c25b": "temperatures", "57265285708984140094c25c": "by 5 to 15 years, differs from modern bubonic plague\u2014which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare", "57265285708984140094c25d": "lack of accounts of the death", "57265285708984140094c25e": "cold in northern Europe for the survival", "57265285708984140094c25f": "15 years", "5726534d708984140094c26d": "the medieval waterfront", "5726534d708984140094c26e": "Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction", "5726534d708984140094c26f": "pneumonic", "5726534d708984140094c270": "the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of \"", "5726534d708984140094c271": "25 bodies", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "about 40%", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "40%", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "170,000", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "Hamburg", "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "1664\u201367. Subsequent outbreaks,", "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "\"France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628\u201331.\"", "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "1438\u201339; 1456", "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "plague", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "1563, 1589", "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "as 2 million", "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "83, 1389", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563,", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "people died of the plague in Paris.", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "between 1361 and 1528.", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629\u20131631,", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks", "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "1.7 million", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "1.25 million", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "1.25 million", "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "v. Russia and allies) killed about 100,000 in Sweden, and 300,000 in Prussia.", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "1656", "5726577f708984140094c301": "between 1500 and 1850", "5726577f708984140094c302": "1691", "5726577f708984140094c303": "one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850.", "5726577f708984140094c304": "seven", "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "rock, and magma", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "metamorphic rock due to heat", "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "rock, and magma", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava),", "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "a metamorphic rock due to heat", "57265d08708984140094c397": "motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", "57265d08708984140094c398": "te", "57265d08708984140094c399": "motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic", "57265d08708984140094c39a": "upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere", "57265d08708984140094c39b": "the 1960s", "57265f605951b619008f70db": "San Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift,", "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "Mid-ocean ridges,", "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "hydrothermal vents and volcanoes", "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes.", "57265f605951b619008f70df": "Earth over geologic time.", "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "reverse to image", "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities", "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "liquid", "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "doctor", "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "seism", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "The second, third, and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks.", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "The Pleistocene (P)", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "the geologic time scale", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "the most recent era", "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "The principle", "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault", "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "in these situations may help determine whether the fault", "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "fault", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "a formation, then the inclusion", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "matrix", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "rock", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "A similar situation with igneous", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "a result, xenolit", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "Charles Darwin's", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "William Smith", "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "principles of succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "William Smith", "57266c015951b619008f7237": "20th century", "57266c015951b619008f7238": "geologists", "57266c015951b619008f7239": "converting the old relative ages into new absolute", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences", "57266c015951b619008f723b": "absolute ages", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "geoch", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "uranium-thorium dating. These methods are used for a variety of applications. Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "thorium", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate", "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "shallower rock. Because deeper rock", "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "folds", "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "horizontal compression", "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "horizontal compression", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "shallow crust", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "a meter", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "rocks", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "lower", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "faulting", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "Belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter.", "572673f5708984140094c69b": "Faulting", "572673f5708984140094c69c": "large numbers in areas", "572673f5708984140094c69d": "igneous intrusions", "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Faulting", "572673f5708984140094c69f": "new rock units", "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "lower", "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States", "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "volcanic", "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "basaltic", "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "basaltic", "572677e7708984140094c723": "many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers", "572677e7708984140094c724": "bioge", "572677e7708984140094c725": "many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers", "572677e7708984140094c726": "geophysical", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "where the minerals", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "chemical compositions and variation", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties with a conoscopic lens. In the electron microprobe,", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe", "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "subduction and magma chamber evolution.", "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "subduction and magma chamber evolution.", "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "magma", "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "analog and numerical experiments", "57267d52708984140094c7da": "large and small settings", "57267d52708984140094c7db": "numerical experiments of rock", "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "the mountain range", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "structural geology", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "in which mountains", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "erosion and uplift in the mountain belt. This helps to show the relationship between erosion", "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "the mountain belt", "57268066708984140094c821": "Geophysical data and well logs", "57268066708984140094c822": "Geophysical data and well logs", "57268066708984140094c823": "Geophysical data and well logs", "57268066708984140094c824": "geophysical surveys", "57268066708984140094c825": "strat", "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "the drill", "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "rock units formed. Geochronologists", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "date the core and to understand the depositional", "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "Geochronologists", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "hypothes", "572683f95951b619008f7526": "the origin of the science", "572683f95951b619008f7527": "Persian geologists,", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "geologists", "572683f95951b619008f7529": "sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature", "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James Hutton", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "the bottom", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "1795", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "Earth to the Royal Society", "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "William Smith's", "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "1809", "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "1807", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "was constructed using a different classification of rocks", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "William Smith's geological map of England", "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states", "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "the doctrine of uniformitarianism", "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Charles Darwin,", "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism,", "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Charles Darwin,", "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "8.5 mi", "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "13.7", "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "the River", "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "North East and Tyneside", "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "North East and Tyneside", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "Robert Curthose,", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "Roman settlement Pons", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "coal", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "16th", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "digital technology", "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Wall", "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River", "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "2,000", "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "s", "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "the bridge", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Scotland.", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "by Henry IV", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "6 m)", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "William the Lion was imprisoned in", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "three times", "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "monopoly in the coal trade", "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel", "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "a cartel", "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "Newcastle burgesses", "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "a cartel", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "knit community of keelmen", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "one-third of the population. Specifically within the year", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "1636", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "163", "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "knit", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "the Tyne, Cromwell's", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "Newburn.", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "the Scots,", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "Triumphans\" (\"Triumphing by a brave defence\")", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "King bestowed the motto \"Fortiter Defendit Triumphans\" (\"Triumphing by a brave defence\") upon the town.", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "diocese, with St.", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "Mosley Street in the city,", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "Stephenson's", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "industrial structures", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "Mosley Street", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28\u201330 Close.", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "\"House of Tides\",", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "street layout. Narrow alleys", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "riverside to higher parts", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "\"", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "the British picturesque category. Osborne Road", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture,", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "in the 1960s", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "freemen of the city", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "The Hoppings", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "late Nelson Mandela", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings", "57267076708984140094c601": "the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council", "57267076708984140094c602": "The Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides", "57267076708984140094c603": "Newcastle Quayside", "57267076708984140094c604": "have linked together under the banner \"NewcastleGateshead\", to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East.", "57267076708984140094c605": "the temporary Bambuco Bridge in 2008 for ten days;", "572671165951b619008f72b7": "Newcastle is the Grainger", "572671165951b619008f72b8": "29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.", "572671165951b619008f72b9": "four", "572671165951b619008f72ba": "four", "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "a fire in 1901 and replaced by lattice", "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "2000", "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "one", "572671e55951b619008f72da": "a painting", "572671e55951b619008f72db": "Laing Art Gallery", "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "oceanic", "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "rain", "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "mild", "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "January 1982.", "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "Scandinavia,", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "1817", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "Eldon", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "the retail centre expenditure league", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "2007", "5726769c708984140094c711": "Grey's", "5726769c708984140094c712": "Europe, the MetroCentre,", "5726769c708984140094c713": "Europe, the MetroCentre,", "5726769c708984140094c714": "the edge of Newcastle.", "5726769c708984140094c715": "centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "Tyneside", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "flat while the other led into the ground", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "new development in the Ouseburn valley", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "Tyneside", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "industrial centres on Tyneside", "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "8%", "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "greater than Manchester", "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets", "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "6%", "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "8%", "572679c35951b619008f73db": "442", "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "North Tyneside (population circa 201,000), South Tyneside", "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "conurbation (population circa 880,000). The metropolitan county of Tyne", "572679c35951b619008f73de": "Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of North Tyneside", "572679c35951b619008f73df": "the Tyneside", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "37.8", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "Little and Robson. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "statistics", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "Johnstone, Kerr,", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "1%", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "Geordie,", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "Geordie,", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "dialects", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "hoos", "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "vocabulary", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as \"Canny\" (a versatile word", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "(\"yes\") and \"nowt\" (IPA://na\u028at/,", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "(\"yes\") and \"nowt\" (IPA://na\u028at/,", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "yes\") and \"nowt", "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "Danish", "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "the Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex,", "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "the University College", "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "4 decibels", "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "pedestrian access.", "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "the health", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "Pink Triangle' - is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "the city centre", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "12-screen", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "12-screen Empire multiplex cinema.", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "Gate\" has opened in the city centre,", "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "The city has a proud history", "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Stephen Kemble", "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "Kemble family", "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "1806", "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "Street,", "5726800add62a815002e8750": "Theatre hosts smaller touring productions,", "5726800add62a815002e8751": "the Theatre", "5726800add62a815002e8752": "Theatre. NewcastleGateshead", "5726800add62a815002e8753": "national and international productions", "5726800add62a815002e8754": "the Northern Stage company. Other theatres", "572680865951b619008f74e7": "Green. Operating since 1793 and founded as a \u2018conversation club,\u2019 its lecture theatre", "572680865951b619008f74e8": "150,000", "572680865951b619008f74e9": "LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825", "572680865951b619008f74ea": "independent library outside London,", "572680865951b619008f74eb": "Phil') is the largest independent library", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "The Newcastle Beer Festival,", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "April. In May, Newcastle and Gateshead", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "organized by CAMRA,", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "biennial", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "Cyclone, a cycling festival,", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "during the early 1880s", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "Hoppings,", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "environmental", "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "community environmental festival", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "an East Asian cultural festival", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "SAMA Festival,", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "the Design Event festival\u2014an", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "the Design Event festival\u2014an", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead", "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside", "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "1971", "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "strong Tyneside", "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "Geordie", "5726847f708984140094c8af": "AC/DC.", "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "the Tyneside", "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "the Old Town Hall,", "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "three", "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "the Tyneside Cinema", "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "the Tyneside", "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "Newcastle,", "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's", "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's", "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "2009", "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "Newburn Hall Motor Museum.", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "1960s", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "thriller Stormy Monday,", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "action", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "Sean Bean.", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "Sean Bean.", "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "The city's", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "University. The Eagles", "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "Gosforth Park.", "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "the Tyne Bridge", "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "the Newcastle Eagles", "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "20 minutes", "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "6 miles", "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "five million passengers per year", "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "10 million", "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "6 miles", "572689385951b619008f761b": "entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches", "572689385951b619008f761c": "six", "572689385951b619008f761d": "Stephenson. The station", "572689385951b619008f761e": "Robert Stephenson.", "572689385951b619008f761f": "Stephenson.", "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "half", "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "three", "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Doncaster, Newark North Gate and Peterborough", "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's", "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "Glasgow, Aberdeen and Inverness. CrossCountry trains serve destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "Marconi", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "37 million", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "light rail transit", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "the underground Metro system.", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "37 million", "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "North Tyneside, to the Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead,", "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "North Shields).", "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "'Metro: All Change.' The programme", "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "South Tyneside and Sunderland.", "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "South Tyneside and Sunderland. Several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail", "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "(Gateshead", "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "renumbered,", "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "the area include the A1 (Gateshead", "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "the east coast between Tynemouth", "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "the area include the A1 (Gateshead", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "two", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "two", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "Ponteland.", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "the city: Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station.", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "Eldon Square Bus Station, providing the majority of services south of the river in Gateshead,", "57269120708984140094ca59": "1998", "57269120708984140094ca5a": "joining up routes", "57269120708984140094ca5b": "first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council", "57269120708984140094ca5c": "national networks", "57269120708984140094ca5d": "developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier", "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords", "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "2007", "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "cause \u2013 and their service to Bergen and Stavanger,", "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "late 2008", "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "eleven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School,", "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "general further education college in the North East and is a beacon status college;", "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "Catholic", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "two", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "New University'", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "Newcastle upon Tyne.", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "the Year award", "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide", "572699b55951b619008f778f": "three", "572699b55951b619008f7790": "1850", "572699b55951b619008f7791": "Anglican St. Nicholas, with its elegant lantern", "572699b55951b619008f7792": "the city centre is the Church", "572699b55951b619008f7793": "St Thomas the Martyr which is the only parish", "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham.", "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times.", "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "the Priory church", "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "the Priory church", "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times.", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "BBC Radio Newcastle.", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "North East and Cumbria", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "ITV Tyne Tees", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "to studio 5 at the City Road complex", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "BBC North East and Cumbria is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital", "57269d745951b619008f77d7": "Royal Victoria Infirmary.", "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "Royal Victoria", "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "since", "57269d745951b619008f77da": "Children's Hospital", "57269d745951b619008f77db": "Gateshead since 1951, broadcasting on Hospedia and online. The city also has a Radio Lollipop station", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "1923", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "Westminster,", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "Sir Charles Parsons,", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Bell", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Hume,", "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "former pupils of Rutherford Grammar School,", "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator", "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "the city. John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian smallpipes, the most characteristic musical instrument in", "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "Nobel Prize winning physicist Peter", "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "Peter Higgs,", "5726710b708984140094c61d": "the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea,", "5726710b708984140094c61e": "over 4.5 million", "5726710b708984140094c61f": "2001", "5726710b708984140094c620": "the V&A),", "572680ac708984140094c83d": "the Royal Borough of Kensington", "572680ac708984140094c83e": "2001", "572680ac708984140094c83f": "Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in an area that has become known as \"Albertopolis\"", "572680ac708984140094c840": "Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea,", "572680ac708984140094c841": "2001", "57268294708984140094c877": "12.5", "57268294708984140094c878": "12.5 acres (51,000", "57268294708984140094c879": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years", "57268294708984140094c87a": "metalwork, while the Islamic collection", "57268294708984140094c87b": "The East", "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "Gottfried Semper,", "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "Gottfried Semper,", "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "Somerset House.", "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "the nucleus", "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "Gottfried Semper,", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "the School of Design that had been founded in 1837", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "George Wallis (1811\u20131891), the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection,", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "1837", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "1837", "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "1948", "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "nearly a million", "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "British", "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "industry\". The success", "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "1946", "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "the first museum in Britain", "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "Gryphon, who explored the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation", "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "Roy Strong and was subsequently emulated by some other British", "572691d7708984140094ca70": "Gryphon, who explored the lineage of mediaeval", "57269656708984140094cafd": "The V&A", "57269656708984140094cafe": "five", "57269656708984140094caff": "the most expensive gallery", "57269656708984140094cb00": "new \u00a343 million gallery", "57269656708984140094cb01": "2015", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "the \"", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "the \"Brompton", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "Captain Francis", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "1862", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "1858-9 to house the eponymous collections (later transferred to the Tate Gallery)", "57269c06708984140094cba1": "The last work by Fowke", "57269c06708984140094cba2": "Industrial Arts", "57269c06708984140094cba3": "Lord Leighton:", "57269c06708984140094cba4": "the Museum Caf\u00e9", "57269c06708984140094cba5": "Owen", "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "glass, there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place.", "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Sir Edward Poynter, the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling,", "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "William Morris, and displays Elizabethan influences.", "57269d68708984140094cbda": "Edward Burne-Jones.", "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "William Morris,", "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "the Royal Engineers.", "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "balustrades", "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA Drawings and Archives Collections);", "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "the Henry Cole Wing", "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "2008", "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "terracott", "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "Godfrey Sykes, although sgraffito", "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "Godfrey Sykes,", "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "final embell", "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Moody, a final embellishment", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "mulli", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "220 m", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "shallow", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Prince Albert", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "four", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Prince Albert", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "white", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "twin entrances", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "part of the museum were redesigned, opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering Continental art 1600\u20131800 (late Renaissance,", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "neo-Classical). In 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the Henry Cole wing", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "the lower ground", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "Henry", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "neo-Classical).", "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "the sculpture gallery", "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery", "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "the sculpture gallery", "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "Metaphor.", "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "Gareth Hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture, Softroom,", "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden,", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "the north, east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "garden", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "formal; there is an elliptical water feature", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "Sweetgum tree; the southern, eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "the first permanent gallery", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "600,000", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "the RIBA Drawings and Archives", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "700,000", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "The RIBA's", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "Sir Christopher Wren,", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "four", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "Christopher Wren,", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Robert Cockerell,", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "the Great", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "the chateau of Montal.", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "1523", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600 from Bishopsgate with elaborately carved wood work and leaded windows, a rare survivor", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "Paul Pindar's", "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "400", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "1909", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "the finest in the world", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "Afghanistan.", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "2006", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "nearly 60,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "nearly 60,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "nearly 60,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "1991", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "The Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art,", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "more than 70,000", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "China, Japan and Korea.", "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "the majority of art", "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": "1991", "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "16,000 objects from China, dating from the 4th millennium BC", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "Hiroshige,", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "1986", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "Imari, Netsuke, woodblock prints including the work of Ando", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "December 1986.", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "Imari, Netsuke, woodblock prints including the work of Ando Hiroshige,", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "gleaming boxes", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "Indonesia", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "bronze sculptures", "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "stone, terracott", "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "stone", "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "the great treasures in the library", "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "Pindar, Sophocles", "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "14,000 books", "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "1876", "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "1869", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "Missal from the Royal Abbey", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Eadwine", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "the library", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "Pocket Book", "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter.", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "The National Art Library", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "material at the National Art", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "the 1980s to the 1990s", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "a computer system", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "National Art Library", "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "2007", "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "digitization", "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "Albert", "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "15,000", "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "the collection", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Laguerre, Antonio Verrio, Sir James Thornhill, William Kent,", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "Grinling", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Grinling Gibbons, Daniel Marot, Louis Laguerre, Antonio Verrio,", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Thomas Beckford", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "Grinling Gibbons,", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the first time since the reformation", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "age", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "Eleanor", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "the Industrial Revolution", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "19th", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "David and Verrocchio's", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "Michelangelo's", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "Donatello's David and Verrocchio's", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "full-scale", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "M\u00f6llendorff", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "1731", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "the Meissen Vulture", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "Bernard Palissy", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Spain.", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "jugs", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "Palissy", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "Palissy", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "over 6000", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "4000", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "the finest in the world", "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "Art Nouveau", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Comfort Tiffany and \u00c9mile Gall\u00e9, the Art Deco style", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "1994", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "1994", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "Medieval & Renaissance galleries. The important 13th-century glass beaker", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "Medieval", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "10,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "over 10,000 British and 2,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "John Piper,", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "Lord Frederic Leighton, Sir Samuel Luke", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "Thomas Rowlandson,", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "14,000", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "the Talbot", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "1913", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "Harrods following its display at the nearby department", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "Balenciaga, Yves Saint Laurent, Guy Laroche, Irene", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes. Other famous designers", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "Zandra Rhodes, Hardy Amies,", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "Valentino Garavani, Norman Norell, Norman Hartnell, Zandra Rhodes, Hardy Amies, Mary", "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "French Renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865, and includes several cassone. The John Jones Collection of French 18th-century", "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "between 1859 and 1865", "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects", "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "1865", "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "\u00a3250,000", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "mahogany", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Adolf Loos", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "1861", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "Germany,", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Ernest Gimson, Edward William Godwin, Charles Voysey,", "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "over 6000", "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "the finest and most comprehensive collections", "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "1951", "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "154", "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "Ramshaw,", "5726ee28708984140094d656": "Anglican", "5726ee28708984140094d657": "1800", "5726ee28708984140094d658": "1817", "5726ee28708984140094d659": "Paul de Lamerie", "5726ee28708984140094d655": "over 10,000", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "Becket Casket dated c1180", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "Gloucester Candlestick,", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "Thomas Becket, made from gilt", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "1527", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "Gloucester Candlestick,", "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "5,100", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "Chris Smith asking Parliament", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "the museum.", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "35", "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "2010", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "seven", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "seven", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "seven", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "Sistine", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "Raphael", "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "1857", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "233", "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "'A National Gallery of British Art',", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "Carracci,", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "the museum with the intention of forming a 'A National Gallery", "5726f755708984140094d737": "the galleries", "5726f755708984140094d738": "Gaspard", "5726f755708984140094d739": "Clouet, Gaspard", "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Fran\u00e7ois de Troy, Jean-Baptiste Pater", "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "John Thomson's", "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "1876", "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "more than 600", "5726f90b708984140094d760": "fancy-dress ball held at Devonshire House in 1897 to celebrate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee.", "5726f90b708984140094d761": "Ethiopian", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "ivory", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "400", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "the collection that cover the period", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "Spanish medieval statues and carvings,", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "Andrea della Robbia,", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Andrea Riccio, Antonio Rossellino, Andrea del Verrocchio,", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "the museum include: Bartolomeo Bon, Bartolomeo", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "Monti. An unusual sculpture is the ancient Roman statue of Narcissus", "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "Medieval, Renaissance,", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "more than 20", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "Rodin", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "1902", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "Girardon, Michel Clodion,", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "Jean-Antoine Houdon,", "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Cibber, Grinling", "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "John Gibson, Edward Hodges Baily, Lord Leighton, Alfred Stevens, Thomas Brock,", "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Edward Hodges Baily,", "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Lord Leighton, Alfred Stevens, Thomas Brock, Alfred Gilbert, George Frampton,", "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "so works by Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein", "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "1950", "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "it was decided to extend the chronology", "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "British patrons from the continental sculptors, such as Canova's Theseus", "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "continental sculptors, such as Canova's Theseus", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "53,000", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "European tapestries and English medieval church", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "1st century AD", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "western", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "embroidery", "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "Mortlake", "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "16th", "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "Florence.", "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "Argonauts' dating from the 1750s.", "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "St Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry.", "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "late 14th-century", "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "Marion Dorn. From the same period there is a rug designed by Serge Chermayeff.", "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "'The Forest' tapestry of 1887),", "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "'The Forest' tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets,", "57270817708984140094d8c7": "posters", "57270817708984140094d8c8": "2009", "57270817708984140094d8c9": "theatre", "57270817708984140094d8ca": "national collection of material about live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's day,", "57270817708984140094d8cb": "day, covering drama, dance, musical theatre, circus, music", "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "assessments", "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "providing advice on the handling of items", "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "reinte", "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "reintegration to strengthen fragile objects, reveal original surface decoration", "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "preservation", "57267b755951b619008f7433": "the Disney\u2013ABC Television Group,", "57267b755951b619008f7434": "1957", "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Manhattan,", "57267b755951b619008f7436": "Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media", "57267b755951b619008f7437": "American commercial broadcast television", "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "1948", "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "sports channel ESPN, the network's", "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "12, 1943", "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "cable sports channel", "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "ESPN, the network's", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "eight", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "U.S.-based ABC affiliate,", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "eight", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "American station's", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "domestic programming rights", "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "(RCA),", "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "NBC Blue and NBC Red. The NBC Blue", "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "National Broadcasting", "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "National Broadcasting", "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "NBC Red. The NBC Blue", "572681ab708984140094c85d": "the Federal Communications", "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1938", "572681ab708984140094c85f": "1934", "572681ab708984140094c860": "establishing new stations", "572681ab708984140094c861": "NBC and CBS.", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "San Francisco and WENR-TV in Chicago), 60 affiliates, four operations facilities (in New York City,", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "the Blue Network being referred to on-air as either \"Blue\" or \"Blue Network\".", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets.", "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "RCA president David Sarnoff.", "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "$7.5 million", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "WMCA,", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "30, 1951", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "president and CEO of ABC until December 1949,", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "June 30, 1951.", "57268739708984140094c8ed": "ABC made a name for itself", "57268739708984140094c8ee": "Busters", "57268739708984140094c8ef": "ABC", "57268739708984140094c8f0": "Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters", "57268739708984140094c8f1": "Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy,", "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "$155 million", "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "ABC is broadcast in the United States, although the network's", "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "September 8, 2007,", "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "$155 million in June 2000).", "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "United States,", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1970s", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "ABC Films selling programs to networks not owned by ABC. The arrival of satellite television ended the need for ABC", "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "syndication", "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "all of its interests in international networks, mainly in Japan", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "coronation of Queen Elizabeth II", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "Japan", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "ABC's", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "due to respective issues", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "due to respective issues", "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "Peanuts television", "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "Peanuts television", "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "1965", "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "the television rights to most of the Peanuts television specials, having acquired the broadcast rights", "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "ABC", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "2006", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Clark,", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "1974", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "2006", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "Eve", "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "the Procter & Gamble-produced soap", "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "1970", "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "$10,000/$20,000 Pyramid,", "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "The $10,000/$20,000 Pyramid, Family", "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "1968", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "encore", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "2006", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "2006", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "Saturday", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "encores of primetime reality series", "5726e860708984140094d579": "Frank Marx,", "5726e860708984140094d57a": "VHF frequencies (corresponding to channels 2", "5726e860708984140094d57b": "1947", "5726e860708984140094d57c": "Los Angeles, Chicago,", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "over its third", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "over its third", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "the DuMont", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "St. Louis) had only one,", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "United Paramount Theatres (UPT)", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "Paramount Theatres (UPT)", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "five", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "the Prudential Insurance Company", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "the Prudential Insurance Company", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson, the president of UPT", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "William S. Paley;", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "1951", "5726ed12708984140094d645": "February 9, 1953,", "5726ed12708984140094d646": "1952", "5726ed12708984140094d647": "American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc. and headquartered in the Paramount Building", "5726ed12708984140094d648": "Chicago", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "1948", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "May 5, 1949.", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "San Francisco,", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "Studios,", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "September 30, 1960,", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "The 1960s", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "Hanna and Joseph Barbera", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "September 30, 1960,", "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "Sunday", "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "Goldenson said ABC could not counter the offer, because the network did not have the technical and financial resources to carry the program", "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "1988", "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "1988", "572734af708984140094dae3": "yellow", "572734af708984140094dae4": "dots", "572734af708984140094dae5": "yellow", "572734af708984140094dae6": "Troika", "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "NBC chimes,", "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "1998", "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "an audio", "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "CBS'", "572736625951b619008f86d1": "Ten", "572736625951b619008f86d2": "1983", "572736625951b619008f86d3": "1983", "572736625951b619008f86d4": "-screen", "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "1977", "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "white", "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "white, blue", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "promos", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "enclosed in a single black circle.", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "Horatio,", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "the 1963", "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Communications, and International Communications.", "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "Between May and September 2005,", "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "six", "57273954708984140094db05": "2006", "57273954708984140094db06": "of ABC Sports. On December 7, 2005, ABC Sports", "57273954708984140094db07": "Anne Sweeney being named president of ABC parent Disney\u2013ABC Television Group, and ESPN president George Bodenheimer", "57273954708984140094db08": "Disney", "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "2002", "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "Michael Eisner", "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "spinoffs", "57273a0d708984140094db10": "Soapnet and ABC prime time with ABC Family.", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "Warner Cable", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "KTRK", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "Los Angeles, KTRK in Houston and WTVD in Raleigh-Durham). The network", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "31, 1999", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "2000", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "WB in September 2000, beginning to wane", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "stal", "57273c195951b619008f8721": "August 1999,", "57273c195951b619008f8722": "Regis Philbin,", "57273c195951b619008f8723": "Philbin,", "57273c195951b619008f8724": "Philbin,", "57273d19708984140094db3d": "4, 1996", "57273d19708984140094db3e": "the four newspapers", "57273d19708984140094db3f": "the four newspapers", "57273d19708984140094db40": "Thomas S. Murphy", "57273d19708984140094db41": "Saturday morning block. In 1998, ABC premiered the Aaron Sorkin-created sitcom Sports Night, centering", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "66", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "third", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "the battlefield was Wall Street\".", "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "1959", "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "West 66th Street, one block away from Central Park.", "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "Westinghouse.", "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert Kintner", "57273f9d708984140094db52": "ABC and UPT.", "57273f9d708984140094db53": "ABC-DuMont", "57273f9d708984140094db54": "$5 million", "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "acquaintances", "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "acquaintances", "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "the radio program", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Maverick.", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "\"", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "Wyoming Kid); Sugarfoot", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "the most iconic of ABC's relationships", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "4.5", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "$500,000", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "1954", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "the Disneyland", "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "KXYZ)", "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "Shaw,", "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "seven", "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "seven", "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "1971", "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "1960s and early 1970s", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "September 1969,", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "$400,000\u2013$450,000", "572743fb708984140094db93": "early 1970s", "572743fb708984140094db94": "NBC in the ratings to become the first place network.", "572743fb708984140094db95": "behavioral and demographic data to better determine what types", "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "league's marquee game. According to Goldenson,", "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "1970", "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "Sunday", "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "16%", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1972", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "1972", "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "the existing Worldvision Enterprises,", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "heart attack", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "April 1970,", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "Henry Plitt", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "Operating Officer of ABC a few months after Goldenson", "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "1976", "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "Looney", "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "operas; however, Eisner's", "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "Looney Tunes-Merrie Melodies library,", "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Fred Silverman", "572748745951b619008f87b2": "Fred Silverman", "572748745951b619008f87b3": "Good Day!.", "572748745951b619008f87b4": "show's success was not straightforward. One of its affiliates, WCVB-TV premiered morning show Good Day!.", "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "president of NBC's entertainment", "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "Hutch, Charlie's Angels, The Bionic Woman, Fantasy Island and Battlestar", "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "NBC's entertainment", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Haley", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "Haley", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "nine", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "1976\u201377", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "Alex Haley", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Roone", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "warehouse", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "place is nicknamed \"7 Lincoln", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "1979", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "1979", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "Arledge created the newsmagazine", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "MCA", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "Barbara Walters).", "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "news channel", "57274cac708984140094dbde": "ABC Cable", "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "WXYZ-TV (to replace WJBK,", "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "WXYZ and WEWS, and switch four other stations, including two whose Fox affiliations were displaced by the New World deal, with the network).", "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "the network", "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "a minor success for the network", "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Dirty Sexy Money, Pushing Daisies, Eli Stone and Samantha", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group announced a partnership", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group announced a partnership", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "iTunes.", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "Citadel. On December 22, Disney\u2013ABC Television Group announced a partnership with Apple Inc. to make individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs", "57274f07708984140094dbed": "2010. That year, the sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004.", "57274f07708984140094dbee": "2009", "57274f07708984140094dbef": "lowest", "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season", "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "1970", "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "Touchstone Television, a Disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed ABC Studios", "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "Touchstone", "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Touchstone Television, a Disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed ABC Studios in 2007.", "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "international", "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "Funniest Home Videos, General Hospital, and ABC News productions), although Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television", "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Selznick library,", "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "Selznick library,", "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "television stations encompassing 49 states, the District of Columbia,", "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "49 states, the District of Columbia, four", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "235", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "26%", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "1946", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "the Federal Communications Commission, with the letters \"ABC\" enclosed in a circular shield surmounted by the bald eagle.", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": "1957", "57275573708984140094dc45": "2010", "57275573708984140094dc46": "16:9", "57275573708984140094dc47": "Shiny New Year", "57275573708984140094dc48": "Supernanny,", "57275650708984140094dc5f": "a primary feed ABC affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment", "57275650708984140094dc60": "1080i HD, while 11", "57275650708984140094dc61": "16", "57275650708984140094dc62": "1080i HD, while 11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i", "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "second season", "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "second season", "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "spilled", "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "forensic investigation drama", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "reviving the shows, failure to pay licensing fees and issues over ABC's use of certain characters from One Live to Live on General", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "the 18\u201349 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows (including freshmen", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "in turn canceled after only seven months. The 2011\u201312", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "suing one", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "show", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "2013\u201314", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "Last Man Standing and Shark Tank) and Suburgatory.", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "Fox", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "NBC,", "57275a505951b619008f889f": "Sundays in the spring", "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "comedy lineup", "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "13", "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "sleeper", "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Robert Iger.", "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Robert Iger.", "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "Blue,", "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "Thomas Murphy", "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "ten", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "below the limit", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "French animation studio DIC", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "DIC Entertainment;", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "television production", "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "Goldenson", "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "During the 1960s,", "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "ABC to consolidate its presence in the market.", "57275e125951b619008f88da": "Canadian Radio-Television Commission", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "the executive producer", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "NBC and CBS,", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "Edgar Scherick", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Sports Programs,", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "the ABC television network", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "the responses to their partner's", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "As ABC began to outgrow its facilities at 7 West 66th Street,", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "54th Street (now occupied by The Financial Times's New York", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "90%", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "cable channel operated as a joint venture with the Hearst Corporation", "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "by the continued successes of Happy", "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "U.S.). Several flagship series debuted on the network", "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "ABC's executive committee", "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "ABC's executive committee", "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "transponder, ending its sharing agreement with Nickelodeon to become a 24-hour service. Meanwhile, ABC withdrew from the theme park", "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "Nabisco. That year, ABC and Hearst reached an agreement", "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Daniel B. Burke", "572763a8708984140094dcda": "CEO.", "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "$465 million", "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "place", "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "Ellen, which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star Ellen DeGeneres", "572764855951b619008f8951": "Good", "572764855951b619008f8952": "The Chew", "572764855951b619008f8953": "along with one-hour weekend editions)", "572764855951b619008f8954": "one-hour weekend editions); nightly", "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "South Bend,", "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "(WLQP-LP)", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "WPVI", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "South Bend,", "57276690708984140094dd01": "East,", "57276690708984140094dd02": "the ABC Television Center,", "57276690708984140094dd03": "Touchstone Television beginning in 1985, before Touchstone", "57276690708984140094dd04": "ABC", "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "42nd", "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "ABC", "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "42nd Street", "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "anchor of World", "572768d9708984140094dd13": "ABC's programming", "572768d9708984140094dd14": "ABC's programming through the streaming service", "572768d9708984140094dd15": "July 6, 2009", "572768d9708984140094dd16": "27%", "572769e85951b619008f8985": "on January 7, 2014", "572769e85951b619008f8986": "eight", "572769e85951b619008f8987": "an ISP account via an authenticated user", "572769e85951b619008f8988": "January 7, 2014", "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "ESPN", "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "four", "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "four variants shading the respective color used with the circle design's native black coloring", "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "Paul Rand's", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "$117 million", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "74", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "programs", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate, the only available commercial allocation", "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "economic collapse). According to Goldenson, this meant that an hour of ABC programming", "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "usually via off-hours clearances", "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "Ohio,", "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "1960s", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "detective", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "Desilu Productions pitched its detective series The Untouchables", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "Desilu Productions pitched", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "April 1959.", "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "Hanna-Barbera,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "$15.5 million", "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "soap opera General Hospital,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "the soap opera General Hospital,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "Sunday nights", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "the journalistic", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "Justice,", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "United States", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "27, 1966", "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "$3 million", "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "$3.5 billion", "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "E. W. Scripps Company (although Capital Cities/ABC", "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "Berkshire", "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "One). The remaining $500", "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "February 1986, Thomas S. Murphy, who had been serving as CEO of Capital Cities since 1964,", "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "WTVD/Raleigh)", "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "(WPVI-TV/Philadelphia, KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno", "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno", "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting, and president of ABC Owned Stations and ABC Video Enterprises; John B. Sias", "57277585708984140094de2b": "Vice. To counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus", "57277585708984140094de2c": "NBC, ABC decided to refocus", "57277585708984140094de2d": "Vice. To counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus", "57277585708984140094de2e": "Love Boat ended its run in 1986. After nearly a decade of ratings trouble,", "57277585708984140094de2f": "Vice. To counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "the block were produced by Miller-Boyett", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "\"Thank Goodness It's Funny\").", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "later, Miller-Milkis-Boyett", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Miller-Milkis, and later, Miller-Milkis-Boyett Productions),", "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "two", "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "$1", "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "Palomar Pictures International and Selmur Pictures. In July 1968, ABC continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector", "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "1972", "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "Redwood City,", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "locally produced variety show Bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the Philadelphia market on WFIL-TV;", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "10% and 18%", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "WFIL-TV; Treiz", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "NBC and CBS. In 1957, ABC Entertainment president Ollie Treiz", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "president Ollie Treiz", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "detective shows did the same in the fall of 1959. To captivate the network's", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "counterprogramming", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "Zorro) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by NBC and CBS in the fall of 1957, and its detective", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "Zorro)", "57277af2708984140094dec3": "brand used by the streaming services", "57277af2708984140094dec4": "(the first such offering by a U.S. broadcast network).", "57277af2708984140094dec5": "ABC.com", "57277af2708984140094dec6": "New York City", "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "KNXV, Las Vegas affiliate KTNV-TV", "57277bfc708984140094deda": "Cleveland, Phoenix, Detroit and Denver),", "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "KTNV-TV", "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "two", "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "Four\"", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "continuity", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "continuity", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "the visual representation", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "the visual representation", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "Miami affiliate WPLG \u2013 which like WTSP, broadcast on VHF channel", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "signal", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "Miami affiliate WPLG \u2013 which like WTSP,", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "City despite being located within 55 miles (89 km) of one another, while WWSB", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "the Qara Khitai, Caucasus,", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "nomadic tribes", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "Western Xia and Jin dynasties.", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia.", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire,", "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "Mongol Empire", "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "1227", "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "the Mongol Empire", "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "Mongol Empire", "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia.", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "Onon", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "Onon", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Del\u00fc\u00fcn", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Begter and Belgutei.", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Tem\u00fclen, as well as two half-brothers", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "Hachiun,", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Tem\u00fcge, and one sister named Tem\u00fclen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei.", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Begter and Belgutei.", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Khasar", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "Temujin's", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "Temujin's older half-brother, began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother", "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild", "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "Genghis Khan),", "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "widespread after his escape", "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "general of Genghis Khan),", "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "Genghis Khan),", "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "Genghis Khan),", "5726a784708984140094ccff": "none of the tribal", "5726a784708984140094cd00": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726a784708984140094cd01": "thie", "5726a784708984140094cd02": "politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances.", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "Keraite", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "Keraite", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Jochi (1185\u20131226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi,", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "Jamukha,", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "1185", "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "six", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "the consorts of Genghis Khan.", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "1241", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "Genghis Khan.", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "six", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "ascent to power by offering himself", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "Jurchen", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Keraite warriors", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "20,000", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "B\u00f6rte was captured by the Merkits.", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "khan", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "s ambitions", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "1187", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "world for Tem\u00fcjin,", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Blue Sky had set aside the world", "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils.", "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "spoils. As he defeated rival tribes, he did not drive", "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "abandon the rest. Instead, he took the conquered tribe", "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Tem\u00fcjin's", "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "a prelude to war. Toghrul", "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Tem\u00fcjin,", "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "son of Tem\u00fcjin,", "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "Tem\u00fcjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols),", "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "1206", "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha", "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "Jamukha,", "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "1201", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "' generals alive", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "to have boiled his opponents' generals alive", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.", "5726b879708984140094cf01": "Mongol tribes)", "5726b879708984140094cf02": "ally), his son Jochi,", "5726b879708984140094cf03": "spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies", "5726b879708984140094cf04": "He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies", "5726b879708984140094cf05": "spy network and Yam", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "1206", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "subdue the Merkits,", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "Merkits,", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "\"Genghis Khan\".", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, \u00d6gedei,", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "1233, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols under the reign", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "Ming-Tan, to the Mongol", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "1234", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Jin army was waiting on the other side", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Between 1232", "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "the Naiman confederation that Tem\u00fcjin", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "two tumen (20,000", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "Khitai", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "the Liao dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai", "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea", "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "west of Kashgar.", "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "to inciting internal revolt", "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire),", "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "south.", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "Muhammad. Genghis Khan", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "Genghis", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "the caravan that came from Mongolia,", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "100,000", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "Silk", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "the Tien Shan mountains", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "three", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "Samarkand. The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "the first division", "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "decisive in Khwarezmia's", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "the Mongols,", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "silver", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "surrender. Genghis Khan ordered Subutai and Jebe to hunt him down, giving them", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "Genghis", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire,", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "men, while Genghis", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "pyramids", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "they were killed and pyramid", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "shields.", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis", "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "Mongols, though a unit", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "the city to the ground. Genghis", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "Mongol", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "1220", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "Armenia", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "the main army on a raid through Afghanistan", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "Genghis Khan", "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "Genghis Khan", "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "the abundant green pastures", "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "Samarkand. The famous cavalry", "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "1240", "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Mongolia", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "1226", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "autumn", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "omen", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "the Yellow River,", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "Ganzhou, and Suzhou", "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance", "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Genghis Khan,", "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "arrows", "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "summer", "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "to be executed", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "the Khwarezmid", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Jochi", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "The succession of Genghis", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "the Mongols,", "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "Mongol culture,", "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "temper and rash behavior", "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "temper and rash behavior", "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "\u00d6gedei was seen by Genghis Khan", "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "1226", "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Khorasan.", "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "Khorasan.", "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "Khorasan. Juzjani", "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "because of the injury. He was already old and tired from his journeys.", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "boot", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "One chronicle", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "Western Xia in battle, while Marco Polo", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried.", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "River", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": "Kentii mountain range). According to legend,", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "Dian,", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "new temple was erected there to house them. In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "1968", "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "(Mongolian: Edsen", "57273581708984140094daeb": "October 6, 2004,", "57273581708984140094daec": "long-lost burial site. Folklore", "57273581708984140094daed": "stampede", "57273581708984140094daee": "horses", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "Yassa, created by Genghis Khan.", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "Yassa, created by Genghis", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "Muhammad", "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "religious tolerance", "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "Khan, Ong Khan,", "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "religion", "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Buddhist", "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "T\u00f6regene", "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "under the Great", "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "T\u00f6regene", "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "legal equality of all individuals, including women.", "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan.", "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "Khitan rulers,", "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "Mongol", "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "Genghis Khan.", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Genghis Khan", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "the Caucasus and Kievan", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "Muqali,", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Khagan on their own initiative. While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "his generals, such as Muqali,", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "aid", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "siege warfare", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "larger group and defended position", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "the Western Xia", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "the Sea", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "\u00d6gedei", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "1279", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "tolerant of religions and explained his policies", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "Turkey,", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "his rule, was tolerant of religions and explained his policies", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "increased communication and trade", "5727404b708984140094db59": "the perception of his brutality. Mongolians", "5727404b708984140094db5a": "there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality. Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians", "5727404b708984140094db5b": "uncommon", "5727404b708984140094db5c": "historical records", "5727404b708984140094db5d": "Mongolia\", to themselves as \"Genghis Khan's children\",", "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "Genghis Khan's", "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "Genghis", "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "Mongolian t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "named Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament", "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "Chinggis Khaan", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "the justice", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "Mongol", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "a time", "57275250708984140094dc25": "China.", "57275250708984140094dc26": "around 5 million", "57275250708984140094dc27": "Kublai Khan", "57275250708984140094dc28": "Kublai", "57275250708984140094dc29": "his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest", "572753af708984140094dc2f": "the Iranian Plateau,", "572753af708984140094dc30": "almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal", "572753af708984140094dc31": "15 million", "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "southern Khuzestan", "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "Vladimir among others caused mass murders,", "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "Rashid-al-Din Hamadani,", "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "1237", "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "Hamadani,", "572756715951b619008f8877": "Mughal Emperors directly patronized the legacies of Genghis", "572756715951b619008f8878": "Khwarizim", "572756715951b619008f8879": "Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "\u6b63", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "Mongols.", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": "\"right\", \"just\"", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "Turkic word tenggis, meaning \"ocean\",", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "oceanic", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": "Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz, Chinese: \u6210\u5409\u601d\u6c57;", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "\u94c1\u6728\u771f; traditional Chinese: \u9435\u6728\u771e; pinyin: Ti\u011bm\u00f9zh\u0113n.", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Chingis", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz,", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages", "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharmakos imply sorce", "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "Greek roots from pharmakos", "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "to) often operated through a retail shop", "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "sold", "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy,", "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors,", "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "their patients through the quality", "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "in which they practice. Since pharmacists", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "owning", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "owning the pharmacy in which they practice.", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "pharmacists", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "pharmacists", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision", "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "Golden Age. The title coined the term materia", "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "medica", "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "Pedanius Dioscorides", "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "Pedanius", "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "Dioscorides", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "even pharmacist assistants\u2014were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "(701)", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "re-stated in the Y\u014dr\u014d Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "701", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "Imperial court", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "a large variety of drugs and remedies", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "(Abulcasis)", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "(Abulcasis)", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "Muhammad ibn Zakar\u012bya", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "Latin", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "a museum, dates back to the 15th century, keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries", "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "the Town Hall", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "in Ll\u00edvia,", "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "a museum, dates back to the 15th century", "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1317", "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions", "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions", "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating", "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "technicians while the pharmacist", "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "neurology/epilepsy management,", "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "herbal medicine, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "in the community setting. Most hospital", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "technicians compound sterile products", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "(TPN),", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "total parenteral nutrition (TPN),", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "including total parenteral nutrition", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "pharmacists often collaborate with physicians", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "inside hospitals and clinics.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "inside hospitals and clinics.", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "its efficacy", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "a drug therapy plan", "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness", "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "Pharmacist", "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "In 2011", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "pharmacist clinicians", "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH)", "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "independent business owners, though in the United States", "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings.", "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "dispensing of drugs. Consultant", "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "about the year 2000", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "(also known as online pharmacies", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "The primary difference is the method", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "their physicians if they are home", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "in fact, many of them", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindication", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "dispensing substand", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "pharmacies", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "a doctor or to obtain medications", "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues", "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid. Often, individual", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "individual state laws", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription, brokered by an Internet", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "hydrocodone", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "a prescription", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "to reduce consumer costs", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "United States,", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "Canada", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "no known case of any U.S.", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations", "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "medication management system development", "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "Pharmacists", "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "informatics", "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "a practice area", "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "rheuma", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "rheuma", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "rheuma", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "fastest growing sector", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "(AMA)", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "only pharmacists", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "American Medical Association", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "10 percent of American physicians practices", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "regulated separately", "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "Austria", "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "in Austria", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "4 kilometers away", "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "the checks and balances system", "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise,", "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "many conditions", "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "more medications", "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "directly conflicts", "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "the clinical services that pharmacists", "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "an individual. The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs", "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "and decreased costs to the health care system.", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "the health care", "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks in Ontario).", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition, consultant pharmacists,", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks in Ontario).", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "some countries; for instance, pharmacists", "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "English-speaking countries are the mortar", "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "the mortar and pestle", "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain,", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium,", "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India, the increasingly rare Gaper in the Netherlands,", "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "immune system", "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "a system of many biological structures and processes", "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents", "5726e65e708984140094d540": "an organism that protects against disease.", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "immune system", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "a system of many biological structures and processes", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents", "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "many species, the immune system", "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "the immune system can be classified into subsystems", "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "neuroimmune", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity. In humans, the blood\u2013brain", "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "cerebrospinal fluid barrier", "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "innate immune system", "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "the immune system can be classified into subsystems", "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system", "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria", "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins,", "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity", "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "neutralization by the immune system", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "rudimentary immune system", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "Pathogens can rapidly", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "phagocytosis", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "autoimmune diseases", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency", "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "Immunodeficiency", "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "'s thyroiditis", "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency", "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "Thucydides", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "other observations of acquired immunity", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "Robert Koch's", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "Robert Koch's", "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Robert Koch's", "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "the disease", "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau", "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "1891", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "The immune system", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens", "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria", "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks", "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.", "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "The immune system", "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "One class of non-self molecules", "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules", "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "innate and adaptive immunity", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "innate and adaptive immunity", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "those recognized as foreign molecules", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen. The innate immune system is the dominant system", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "innate immune system", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "the dominant system", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "toxins", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "waxy", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "eject pathogens and other irritants", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "The waxy cuticle", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "eject pathogens", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "respiratory and gas", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "phospholipas", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "lysozyme and phospholipas", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "tears", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "phospholipas", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche,", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "unpas", "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "bowel diseases, urinary tract", "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "bacterial gastroenteritis, inflammatory", "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness. However, since most antibiotics", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens", "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "the dilation", "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "white blood cells; chemokines that promote chemotaxis", "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation, and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "the dilation", "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "innate immunity performed by cells", "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "burst that releases free radicals", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "The pathogen is killed by the activity of digestive enzymes or following a respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the phagolysosome.", "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "cellular innate immunity performed by cells", "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "host defense", "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "within tissues", "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "adaptive immune system", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "60%", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens", "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "the site of inflammation in a process", "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation", "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "eosinophils", "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "basophils, and natural killer cells", "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells)", "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "phagocytes", "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "the bodily tissues", "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "the innate and adaptive immune systems", "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems, as they present antigens to T cells,", "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "activation in order to kill cells that are \"missing self.\" For many years it was unclear how NK cells", "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "activation", "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "activation", "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "immunological memory", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "The ability to mount", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "specific pathogens", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "T cells recognize a \"non-self\"", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "third, minor subtype are the \u03b3\u03b4 T cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "third", "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "B", "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR)", "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR)", "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8. The T cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the MHC I receptors bear", "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8.", "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "MHC:antigen complex than observed for killer T cells,", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the T cell's surface, such as CD40 ligand (also called CD154),", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "activation", "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "activation", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "the T cell's", "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "invariant", "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "invariant TCRs, such as CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells", "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "CD4+", "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "invariant TCRs,", "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype. On the other hand, the various subsets", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "B cell and processed by proteolysis", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "A B cell identifies pathogens", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "B", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate,", "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "to replicate", "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory.", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a", "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "passive immunity is usually short", "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "milk", "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "baby", "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "medicine", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "immune system", "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "puberty.", "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "autoimmune diseases", "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "as well, most notably prolactin", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "conditions", "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "increase", "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "conditions", "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "vitamin D levels.", "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "less cholecalciferol via UVB", "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "hormone", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "MHC class I", "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "fewer MHC class", "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "lack phagocy", "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "plant cells respond to molecules", "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "apoptosis", "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "a particular infectious agent. RNA", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "phagocytic cells", "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "non-self, and attacks", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "autoim", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "bone marrow) is to present young lymphocytes", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "autoim", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity,", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "50 years", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "early age", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunode", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "genetic mutation", "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "immune system", "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity", "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "deliberate induction of an immune response", "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity", "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "a type II", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "hollow tube", "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "they may insert a hollow tube into the host", "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "secretion", "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne,", "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "\" activation", "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "the self/nonself", "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "\"two-signal\"", "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "undes", "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "immune response by killing dividing cells", "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "immunosuppressive", "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "the most powerful of these drugs", "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "catecholamines", "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "sleep times due to the presence of melatonin. Inflammation", "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "sleep time. First, inflammation", "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "stress", "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "the steroid", "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "vitamin D, calcitriol, but the T-cell expresses the gene CYP27B1,", "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "vitamin D,", "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "vitamin D.", "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "vitamin D.", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "The complement system and phagocytic cells", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "peptides", "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals", "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "Pattern recognition receptors", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "pathogenic antigens in a similar way", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "in an ancestor of the jawed", "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "a similar way", "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "in jawed", "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems", "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "vertebrates", "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "restriction modification system", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "the restriction modification system", "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "humors", "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "humoral", "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "von Behring, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism\u2019s \u201chumors\u201d", "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "battle between \"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity", "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "The end", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "killer T cells.", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "the immune system", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "tumor antigens", "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "IgE, which triggers degranulation", "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "four", "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I \u2013 IV)", "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "I \u2013 IV)", "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "IgM antibodies)", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "cystic fibrosis. Other bacteria generate surface proteins", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "pathogens", "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "biofilms are present in many successful infections, e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia", "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia", "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "aureus", "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "the envelope", "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope", "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "non-self\" structures.", "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "sugar", "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "papilloma", "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "high levels in tumor cells. One example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that, when expressed at high levels, transforms certain skin cells", "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "viruses", "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes", "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival, that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules", "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "larger", "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "peptide", "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "co-administered with an immunogenic", "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "immunogenicity", "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "useful in designing therapeutic antibodies, assessing likely virulence of mutations", "572a12386aef051400155234": "milieu is also thought to support the formation", "572a12386aef051400155235": "interleukin-12, TNF-alpha", "572a12386aef051400155236": "IFN-gamma. These cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells", "572a12386aef051400155237": "gamma.", "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "proteases", "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "by disrupting", "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "microbe", "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "which in turn activates other complement proteases", "57271c235951b619008f860b": "the 2004 Orange Revolution", "57271c235951b619008f860c": "the 2004 Orange Revolution", "57271c235951b619008f860d": "British Empire),", "57271c235951b619008f860e": "2003", "57271c235951b619008f860f": "South Africa", "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "Orange", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "diso", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "Civil Rights", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "Civil Rights Movement,", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "nonviolent resistance", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "Antigone, in which Antigone,", "57271f125951b619008f8636": "former King of Thebes, Oedipus,", "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Thebes,", "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus,", "57271f125951b619008f8639": "giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "King of Thebes, Oedipus,", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Sophocles'", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "a stirring speech", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "Antigone, one of the daughters", "5727213c708984140094da35": "Henry David Thoreau", "5727213c708984140094da36": "Thoreau", "5727213c708984140094da38": "Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", "5727213c708984140094da39": "to vast audiences", "5727213c708984140094da37": "Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "poet", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "Disobedience,", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "Peterloo", "572726c9708984140094da7b": "ambiguity and in modern times", "572726c9708984140094da7e": "debase", "572726c9708984140094da7c": "muggers, arsonists, draft evaders", "572726c9708984140094da7d": "muggers, arsonists", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "muggers, arsonists", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "President Agnew", "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "muggers", "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "debased. Marshall Cohen", "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "arson", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": "Wonderland,", "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "Wonderland,", "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "have.\" He encourages a distinction between lawful protest", "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "extremely difficult, if not impossible", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "Alice in Wonderland,", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "extremely difficult", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "semantical problems and grammatical nice", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "semantical", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "grammatical", "57280f974b864d1900164370": "citizen", "57280f974b864d1900164371": "a decision of that country", "57280f974b864d1900164372": "a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country", "57280f974b864d1900164373": "in her or his capacity", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "a decision of that country", "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "refuse to enforce a decision of that country", "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "civil", "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "Civil disobedience", "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "disobedience", "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "More than this, since only individuals act,", "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment,", "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "the majority but it may also express", "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "if government is \u201cthe voice of the people", "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "Thoreau\u2019s", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "the collective. The individual is the final judge of right and wrong. More than this,", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "the form of a postman", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment, when a confused taxman", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "admits that government", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood. Before Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment,", "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "governmental entities. Brownlee", "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "the legal system", "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "disobedience", "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "law", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "Brownlee", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "to be taken\". The same principle, she argues, applies to breaches", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "universities", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken\". The same principle, she argues, applies to breaches", "572818f54b864d190016446c": "disobedience rather than simply covert law", "572818f54b864d190016446d": "It is usually recognized that lawbreaking,", "572818f54b864d190016446e": "direct order of Pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it. (Exodus 1:", "572818f54b864d190016446f": "civil disobedience rather than simply covert law", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "German citizens when Hitler's secret police", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "law", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert law", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "law", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "law", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert", "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "disobedients' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance", "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "civil disobedience", "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "constitutional defects", "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "disobedients", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "disobedients' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance", "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "civil", "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "disobedience", "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "non-violent. Black's Law", "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "Austrian government. Thoreau also wrote of civil", "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "disobedience", "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "Austrian", "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler,", "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "social customs, religious beliefs", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "civil disobedience", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "alter or abolish", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "to a section", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "Non-revolutionary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "Ferenc De\u00e1k directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian", "572822233acd2414000df555": "during the Roman Empire[citation", "572822233acd2414000df556": "days, weeks and months after it happened. The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher", "572822233acd2414000df557": "Thoreau,", "572822233acd2414000df558": "Roman", "572822233acd2414000df559": "during the Roman Empire[citation", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "after the end", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists. This is a form of jail", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "solitary civil disobedience", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "Thoreau,", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "diso", "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick) while openly breaking the law. Julia Butterfly", "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "Bedau", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "738", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "nuisance", "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "diso", "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "civil disobedience", "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "acts", "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "nuisance", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "the bystander", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "v. Pacifica", "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "defiance toward the government and unwillingness", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "the criminalized behavior", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "\"Filthy", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "civil", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, \"Wise", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "New Hampshire city councilors", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience", "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "it", "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB", "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles", "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "coercion in order to get their issue onto the table.\" The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "Some forms of civil", "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "diso", "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "refusals to pay taxes", "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "large domes covering two satellite dishes.", "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "it more difficult for a system", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "community, that a suspect's talking", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "his neighbor, for whom he has respect, as a neighbor and well-disposed man, or as a mania", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "a consent", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "arise also in civil", "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "lack of understanding of the legal ramifications", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "government", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "to obey the laws that a government", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "government still don't believe", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "to bind all to obey the laws that a government", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "whether or not to plead guilty", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "whether or not to plead guilty", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "the right thing by violating this particular law", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "increase the possibility of changing the unjust law. It has also been argued that either choice", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "plead guilty. There is much debate", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "Tonopah, Nevada, and arraigned", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "the Camp", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "Peace,", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "\"line\"", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "arranged announced time", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "To accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules' is to switch", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "reminding their countrymen of injustice. But that is different than the notion that they must go to jail", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "the notion that they must go to jail", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience, to demean the seriousness of the protest", "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "civil", "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "pleading", "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "civil disobedients", "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "misdemeanor count", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "pleading", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "allocution", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on U.S. Navy", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "because, according to the U.S. Court of Appeals", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on U.S. Navy", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "a speech", "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "defendants plead not guilty, \"", "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "\"", "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "if defendants plead not guilty", "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "law", "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "acquittal but make for more boring proceedings and reduced press", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "a law", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "It has also been argued that breaking the law", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution, or by denying having committed the crime", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "civil disobedience. Likewise, a protestor", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "a protestor who attempts to escape punishment", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "The necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "the Vietnam War;", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "illegal", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "civil", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "the basis of their challenging the legality", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "no right not to be punished. It is a matter", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "deserts\", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment. Brownlee argues, \"Bringing", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "the objector", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "\"In deciding whether or not to impose punishment,", "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "the process", "57273a465951b619008f8700": "domestic product", "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine percent", "57273a465951b619008f8702": "infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser,", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "the process of constructing a building", "57273cca708984140094db33": "public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc. The largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects.", "57273cca708984140094db34": "the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises", "57273cca708984140094db35": "budgeting, construction", "57273cca708984140094db36": "project, effective planning", "57273cca708984140094db37": "largest construction projects", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "non-residential (commercial/institutional)", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "heavy engineering. It includes large public works, dams,", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "(commercial/institutional). Infrastructure", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "the size of design and construction", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "a trade magazine for the construction", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "the largest", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "the differences of companies in this sector", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system", "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "construction projects typically include various common elements, such as design", "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "legal considerations, many projects of varying sizes", "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the property acts as laborer", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "the entire project. Although building construction projects typically include various common elements, such as design,", "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience", "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive", "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespe", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "expensive to build) and the availability of skilled trades", "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "dramatically based on site", "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "one continuous build, using large 3D printers.", "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "2 metres (6 ft", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "large 3D printers.", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "20 hours, with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities, in one continuous build, using large 3D printers.", "572745c6708984140094db9a": "(i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system,", "572745c6708984140094db99": "A formal design team", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers,", "572745c6708984140094db9c": "Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers,", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "a design team including Architect, civil engineers,", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "an \"architecture\" or \"construction management", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "separate companies", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as \"one-stop", "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "a \"design build\" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification", "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "the owner to integrate the services", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies", "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "having sufficient funds at a specific time,", "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "preventable financial problems. Underbids", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "when builders ask for too little money", "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "notoriously prevalent in the construction field. Financial planning for the project", "5727502f708984140094dc07": "banker", "5727502f708984140094dc08": "banker", "5727502f708984140094dc09": "Accountants", "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "accountants", "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "process. Cost engineers", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "a matter of custom", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "a matter of custom", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "the owner", "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "bottlenecks, the delay", "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange", "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "construction means that a delay costs money", "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "collapse", "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "legal obligations, each of which all parties", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs)", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "construction project", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "new forms of procurement", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "project", "572753335951b619008f8853": "the architect or engineer", "572753335951b619008f8854": "the main", "572753335951b619008f8855": "the architect or engineer acts as the project", "572753335951b619008f8856": "the architect or engineer", "572753335951b619008f8857": "the most common method of construction procurement", "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The owner", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "owner", "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "The owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often, it is not just one contractor, but a consortium", "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "D&B contractors", "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract, where the project", "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "the foundation can be dug, contractors", "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres", "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "the construction of a building,", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "the utilities themselves", "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages", "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "$960 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "$960 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "432,000 specialty); the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees", "572755b7708984140094dc50": "about 667,000 firms employing 1 million", "572755b7708984140094dc51": "680", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "$100,000", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "\u00a326,719", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "the UK.", "572756fe708984140094dc71": "inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction", "572756fe708984140094dc72": "fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders", "572756fe708984140094dc73": "inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry.", "572756fe708984140094dc74": "as harnesses", "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "scholarships", "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "right", "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "mandatory taxation through public (government) funding; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper", "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have (e.g. sport scholarship", "57274712708984140094dbad": "$45,000 at several New England preparatory schools.", "57274712708984140094dbae": "secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities", "57274712708984140094dbaf": "Canada,", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "North America", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "(upper sixth). This category includes university-preparatory schools or \"prep", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "higher salaries", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding schools", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "the best teachers", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman Catholic", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "academic subjects to impress their particular faith", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "academic subjects to impress their particular faith", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "infrastructure", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "uniforms", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "expensive", "57274971708984140094dbbb": "St Ursula's", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Anglican", "57274971708984140094dbbd": "St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown,", "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Gregory's College, Campbelltown,", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "GDR).", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "Article 7, Paragraph 4", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "7.8%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "1%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "1%", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, compared to most other Western European countries.", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "low tuition fees", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "least the same wages as teachers at public schools,", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "German dual education system.", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "students tuition fees", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "rarely, religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools. Most of these schools are vocational schools.", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "German dual education", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "So, in a strict sense, a private school", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "an unaided school", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "30", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "government", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "private schooling", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "India.", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "system point out that this leads to corruption", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get Recognition (a form of license)", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "corruption", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "phr\u00edobh\u00e1ideach)", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "the Junior Certificate", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "\u20ac25,000", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "school fees, which tend to be relatively low in Ireland", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "rise up to \u20ac25,000 per year. The fee-paying schools", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Chinese", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "Chinese", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "the school", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "60", "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "subject, Nepali and/or the state's", "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "\"Public School\"", "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "in their own city", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "English,", "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "children to such schools, which might be in their own city or far off, like boarding schools. The medium of education is English,", "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "88", "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "3.7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "3.7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "Catholic", "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "teachers", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Presbyterian, such as Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "New Zealand", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "Catholic schismatic group,", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Cambridge,", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "College and St Cuthbert's", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "5% of primary enrollment, 32%", "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "32% of secondary enrollment and about 80%", "5727500f708984140094dbff": "7.5% of primary enrollment, 32%", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "August 1992.", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "Philippines,", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "deserving high school graduates", "572750df5951b619008f8830": "vocational and technical courses. The Private Education Student", "572750df5951b619008f8831": "assistance", "5727515f708984140094dc11": "private church", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "ever since. After the abolition of apartheid,", "5727515f708984140094dc14": "laws governing private education", "5727515f708984140094dc15": "early nineteenth century", "57275409708984140094dc35": "South Africa (including both independent schools and public schools)", "57275409708984140094dc36": "for white children.. These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups", "57275409708984140094dc37": "higher school", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "10%", "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "2008. Sweden is internationally", "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "voucher model", "572756265951b619008f886d": "aged up to 13", "572756265951b619008f886e": "\u00a327", "572756265951b619008f886f": "13 per cent", "572756265951b619008f8870": "9 per cent", "572756265951b619008f8871": "\u00a327,000", "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "the landmark court case Brown", "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "the 1970s", "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "(see List of private schools in Mississippi).", "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "African-American students (see List of private schools", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "Blaine", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "the First Amendment or individual state Blaine", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "Blaine", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "independent control of their student admissions and course", "572759665951b619008f8883": "427", "572759665951b619008f8884": "1972", "572759665951b619008f8885": "1972", "572759665951b619008f8886": "U.S.", "572759665951b619008f8887": "McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976); Wisconsin v. Yoder,", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "$40,000", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "hundreds of millions of dollars", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives.", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "$40,000", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "the Harvard Corporation", "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "19th century", "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "John Harvard (its first benefactor),", "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "reform", "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "Harvard", "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "the world", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "eight", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "over 18 million volumes", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "18", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "18 million", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "Harvard", "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "3 miles", "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "University", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "eleven", "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium,", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "1636", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "\"the college at New Towne\".", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "1638", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "1638", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1638", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "Cambridge\u2014\u200b\u200bbut", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "(A 1643", "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "illiterate ministry to the churches", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "1803", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Congregationalist ministers,", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "1803", "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Dugald Stewart,", "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "\"participation in the Divine Nature\" and the possibility of understanding \"intellectual existences\".", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "arch", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "William Ellery Channing", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "God", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "James Bryant", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "well as the college level", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "1953", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "about four", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "1977", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "male", "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "3 miles (5 km", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "three", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "Boston,", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "3 miles", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "downtown", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "ha) campus", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "south of the Cambridge", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "approximately fifty percent", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "enhanced transit infrastructure", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "21st and longest-serving president (1869\u20131909)", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "14,000", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "1875", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "1869\u20131909", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$4.093 million", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "necessitating budget cuts. Later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure, a reduction of nearly 50%", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "loss to be in the range", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "necessitating budget cuts. Later reports", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "$4.093 million", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "late 1980s", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "$230 million", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "3%", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "2007", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "to selective universities", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2019", "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "eight", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "four", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "\"", "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "four-course rate", "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "four half-courses per term and must maintain a four", "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "graduating in the top", "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "laude, and the next 30%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "$80,000", "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "from institutional funds, $35 million", "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "more than 10%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "$340 million came from institutional funds, $35 million", "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "10%", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "largest in the world", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "Harvard University Library System", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "three", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "three", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art.", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "ancient, Asian,", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "2009", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "2009", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "8th", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "two", "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game, although the Harvard\u2013Yale Regatta predates the football", "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "every two years", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "1920", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "1903", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "1906", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Harvard", "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center,", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "the school's varsity", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "five", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "squash", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "National Championships", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Harvard", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "2003", "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin", "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Theodore Roosevelt,", "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Toledo; Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou;", "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Murtaza Bhutto and Sanam Bhutto; Bangladesh Minister of Finance", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon,", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson;", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "William S.", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings;", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "Hoffmann,", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Baroness Shirley Williams", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Helen Vendler,", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010.", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "382", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "largest", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "the county", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "2014", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "St. Johns River,", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "about 25 miles", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "in the river", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "the continental United States. Under British rule,", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "the river", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "Navy", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "two", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "United States", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "North Florida", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve,", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "The area of the modern city", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "the beginning of the historical era", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "Mocama,", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Philip II", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France.", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "Huguenot explorer Jean", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "the Saturiwa. Philip II", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "stone column near present-day", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "Augustine to Georgia.", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "territory", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government,", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "9, 1832", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "the nearby Fort", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "Confederate forces.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "Battle of Olustee resulting in a Confederate victory. Union forces", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "city was blockade", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "1862", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "Grover Cleveland", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "St. Augustine", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "city's tourism", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "tourism", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "the Florida Old Confederate", "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "the flames could be seen in Savannah,", "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "2,000", "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "Jennings declare martial law", "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "glow from the flames could be seen in Savannah,", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "Norman Studios.", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "cheap", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "site", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "Norman Studios,", "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "middle class \"", "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "8% in 1970 to 55.1%", "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "non-Hispanic white, declined from 75.8%", "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "city hall, civic auditorium, public", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War", "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "funding education", "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "outside the city", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "funding education, sanitation", "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "county. Voters outside the city", "57281d494b864d19001644be": "through the traditional old boy network.", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "11", "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "public high schools lost their accreditation.", "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "Daniel and Claude Yates,", "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "blueprint", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "Hans Tanzler", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "the Consolidated City", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "the new border of the \"Bold New City", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "posed with actress Lee Meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the \"Bold New City of the South\"", "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2) is water. Jacksonville surrounds the town of Baldwin. Nassau", "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "Atlantic Ocean lies to the east, along with the Jacksonville Beaches. The St. Johns River divides the city. The Trout River,", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "the town of Baldwin. Nassau County", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km", "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "the west, and Clay and St. Johns County", "572821274b864d1900164510": "the tallest precast, post", "572821274b864d1900164511": "Riverplace", "572821274b864d1900164512": "617 ft", "572821274b864d1900164513": "37-story Wells", "572821274b864d1900164514": "the 28 floor Riverplace Tower", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "humid", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "from May through September, while the driest months", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "mild weather during winters and hot and humid", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "common.", "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "92 \u00b0F", "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "indices are common", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "high humidity", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "July", "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "east coast", "572824f13acd2414000df590": "more than a dozen", "572824f13acd2414000df591": "The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds", "572824f13acd2414000df592": "Jacksonville", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "2004", "572826634b864d19001645be": "United States Navy.", "572826634b864d19001645bf": "25,033", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "largest Filipino American community, with 25,033", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "United States", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "15.2%", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "18", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "males", "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "18", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "about 3.5 billion people. According to a Los Angeles Times analysis of the report, the wealthiest 1% owns 46%", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "10 million", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "40%", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "global population combined. Oxfam's claims", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined. Oxfam's", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "about 3.5 billion people. According to a Los Angeles Times analysis of the report, the wealthiest 1%", "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "people in the world", "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "1%", "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "1%", "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "the World Institute for Development Economics", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "60", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "of all Americans combined.\"", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "a \"substantial head start\". In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, \"over", "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "the Institute for Policy Studies,", "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "the top 400 richest Americans", "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "to the Institute for Policy", "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "60", "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "the Institute for Policy", "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "Neoclassical economics", "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions", "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities", "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "differences", "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "lower", "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "highly-paid professions", "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "lower", "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities", "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "economics", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "capitalist class", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "capitalist class", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "rising levels", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "class amidst rising levels", "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "capitalist class", "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "increasing unemployment (the \"reserve army of labour", "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "capitalist class", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "capitalist class", "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "capitalist class", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "good", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers", "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "by the market. Wages work", "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "the supply of the skilled worker. \"On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society,", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "demand", "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "businessman", "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "wages", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "society", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "shortage", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "Competition", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "jobs such as dish", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "workers drives", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "expendable nature of the worker", "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills,", "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "wages", "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "require highly developed skills, rare", "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "wages", "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "by achievement-oriented motivation", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "entrepreneurship", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "entrepreneurship", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "entrepreneurship", "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter (\"push\" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship", "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "it", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "opportunity. Necessity-based", "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "entrepreneurship", "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship", "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "foster technological progress", "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "tax progressivity", "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "the level of the top tax", "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "the level of inequality within a society", "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system,", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "the level of the top tax rate", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "the change in tax regime. Additionally, steeper tax progressivity", "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "effects of such taxation.", "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "the level of inequality within a society", "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area", "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "growth", "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "education raises incomes and promotes growth", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "lower aggregate savings", "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "education leads", "5729e1101d04691400779641": "creation of inequality", "5729e1101d04691400779642": "unleash", "5729e1101d04691400779643": "creation of inequality", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "access to education. Education, especially in an area", "5729e1101d04691400779645": "education raises incomes and promotes growth", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "$105 billion", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school,", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "one more year of school", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "the 2008", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "2008", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "the wealth gap", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "from the 2008-2009", "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education.", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "1910", "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality", "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "workers", "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality", "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "compression", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap.", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "mass high school education movement", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "poor and unequal educational outcomes,", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "Ben Zipperer", "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "little", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "European liberalism, where unions", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "U.S.-style labor-market", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "decline of union", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "Anglo-American", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "dramatically improves labor", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility", "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Washington", "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "low", "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "low levels of inequality", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "by other industrialized", "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist", "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University", "5729e4291d04691400779653": "-hand with weak labor movements", "5729e4291d04691400779654": "pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa", "5729e4291d04691400779655": "inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "inequality", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "inequality", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "liberalization", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "of the Stolper\u2013Samuelson theorem", "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "Krugman", "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "Lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations, and that wealthier", "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "skilled workers", "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "significant", "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "inequality", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "53%", "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "marriage or pregnancy", "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "labor market. Several factors other than discrimination", "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "men", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "women and men", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "women", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "women", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell,", "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "due to marriage or pregnancy", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "low levels", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Kuznets, countries with low levels", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "Economist Simon Kuznets", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "lower levels of inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "back to lower levels of inequality.", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "it acquires", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "equal distributions of wealth. As a country develops, it acquires", "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "after the 1970s", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s.", "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies", "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies", "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "Kuznets' curve predicts", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging", "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "High school movement from 1910", "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "the manufacturing sector to the service sector.[citation needed] This implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect", "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "theory.[citation needed] It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "larger", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "wealth concentrates", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "wealth concentrates", "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "wealth concentrates", "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "Thomas Piketty", "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "theory", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation", "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "persistence of inequality within society", "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "etc", "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "wealth and income", "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies", "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies", "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "inequality", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "from resources devoted on high-end", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "-.907). A similar relationship exists among US states", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised", "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013", "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "Nobel prize winner", "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "self-esteem promoting social dislocation", "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "liquidity", "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "unrest", "572a06866aef0514001551be": "(Mississippi", "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "incarceration", "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "teenage births", "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "23", "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "social goods", "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "living standards \u2013 full stomachs", "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "down among middle income countries", "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years", "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden", "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "warmth from fuel", "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "income inequality", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "nine", "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "Kate Pickett", "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "an index of \"Health and Social Problems\"", "572a0a391d046914007796df": "about half of all", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "correlated with inequality", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "fifty", "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "inequality", "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "about half", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "luxury", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "distributive", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "necessities like food, water, and healthcare; while, an additional dollar", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "inequality", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "good", "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "income inequality,\" and consumption is more important than income. According to Johnson, Smeeding, and Tory, consumption inequality", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "Conservative", "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001", "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality, and the CBO's", "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality,", "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "financial 'fault lines", "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "lower and middle income earners", "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go \"from bubble to bubble\" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.", "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go \"from bubble to bubble\" fueled by unsustainable", "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "homes", "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "income share of the top 20 percent (the rich) increases, then GDP growth", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "over the medium", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "over the medium", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "IMF", "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "promoting social dislocation, unrest", "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "promoting social dislocation", "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "David Castells-Quintana", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "promoting social dislocation", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "redist", "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "\"The view that income inequality harms growth", "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it", "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "mattered most,", "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "to growth", "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "\"The view that income inequality", "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993", "572a11663f37b31900478694": "capital", "572a11663f37b31900478695": "lower levels of growth", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "Zeira showed that inequality", "572a11663f37b31900478697": "credit", "572a12381d0469140077972d": "no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data", "572a12381d0469140077972e": "relation between income inequality and rates of growth", "572a12381d0469140077972c": "fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth", "572a12381d0469140077972b": "Harvard", "572a12381d0469140077972f": "1999", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "inequality", "572a13841d0469140077973c": "Piketty", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Thomas Piketty", "572a13841d0469140077973e": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states", "572a13841d0469140077973f": "world since the 1970s", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "the 1950s to 2011", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "risen with increased income", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "economic development", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "a few years", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality.", "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "economic growth", "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "inequality", "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "inequality", "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "growth", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "growth", "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "property", "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "over 200 steps", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "unre", "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "14", "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "various associations and other arrangements. Reasons", "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "valor", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "caused in part by income inequality", "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "Janna", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "property", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "lower", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "the costs", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "costs", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "as the costs", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "lower", "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level (1/3", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "inequality", "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "lower", "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "property", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "rectify this situation, socialists", "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes", "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "Nozick argued that government redistributes", "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "distribution", "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "increased innovations under capitalism; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy Rawls's theory of justice.", "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members. Rawls does not discuss the full implications", "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "income inequality", "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "economic growth and income", "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "to an end rather than the end itself. Its goal is to \u201cwid[en] people\u2019s", "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "through increasing functionings", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "the human development approach", "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "that people aren\u2019t denied their functioning", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "reduce the gap without additional aid. To prevent such inequality,", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "To prevent such inequality,", "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "economic inequality increases, and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap", "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "economic inequality increases, and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "the Doctor", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "a British science-fiction", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "(2006\u20132011) and The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007\u20132011),", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "Christopher Eccleston", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "Jane Adventures (2007\u20132011), both created by Russell", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "Christopher Eccleston", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "Jane Adventures (2007\u20132011), both created by Russell T Davies;", "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Twelve", "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Matt Smith's", "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "the role after Matt Smith's exit in the 2013 Christmas", "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "the role after Matt Smith's", "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "the character of the Doctor", "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "a \"chamel", "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "Lord", "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "the adventures of the primary character", "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "\"The Doctor\". He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS \u2013 \"Time and Relative Dimension in Space\"", "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS \u2013 \"Time", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "as his versatile sonic screwdriver", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "mortally damaged,", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "23 November 1963.", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "BBC TV", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "the only script", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "25 minutes", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "26", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "Jonathan Powell,", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "BBC 1. Although (as series co-star Sophie Aldred", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "of BBC 1. Although (as series", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "Jonathan Powell,", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "Philip Segal, a British", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "BBC hoped to find an independent production company", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "1 million", "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "the UK", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "Moffat replaced Davies", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "2018", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "2017", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "David Tennant were made. In 2010, Steven Moffat replaced Davies", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "Moffat replaced Davies as head writer and executive producer. In January 2016, Moffat", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "1963", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "(for example, Battlestar Galactica", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "1963", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "The Next Generation", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "which have either been reboots (for example, Battlestar Galactica", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "November 1963,", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "ten minutes", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "President John F. Kennedy", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "a series of power blackout", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "the assassination, as well as a series of power blackout", "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "frightening parts of a television programme", "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "Sofa\".", "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "sofa\" entered British", "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "the time.", "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "the sofa", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "or accidental\") Doctor", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "3%", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "Dr Who, sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare,", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "Philip Howard maintained that, \"to compare the violence of Dr Who, sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare,", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "BBC audience research", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "Anthony Coburn,", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "public's consciousness", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "to the show in the public's consciousness; BBC scriptwriter", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who.", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "1998", "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "seven", "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "December 1989.", "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "12", "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "s", "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "BBC", "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2010", "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "60 minutes", "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "era, each episode,", "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "the early \"classic\" era", "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "2010", "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "EastEnders set.", "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "eight minutes", "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "Five", "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "Five Doctors and the 1996", "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "2011", "572803493acd2414000df229": "William Hartnell", "572803493acd2414000df22a": "six", "572803493acd2414000df22b": "253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the BBC's archives (most notably seasons 3, 4,", "572803493acd2414000df22c": "Between about 1964 and 1973,", "572803493acd2414000df22d": "Between about 1964 and 1973,", "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "acquired them by various means.", "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast, or by private individuals", "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "Short clips from every story", "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "private individuals who acquired them by various means. Early colour videotape recordings", "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "all of the lost episodes exist", "572805363acd2414000df26d": "CD-ROM,", "572805363acd2414000df26e": "Theta-Sigma,", "572805363acd2414000df26f": "1968", "572805363acd2414000df270": "CD-ROM,", "572805363acd2414000df271": "Theta-Sigma,", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "\"regeneration\"", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "Hartnell's", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "\"regeneration\"", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting", "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "12", "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "13", "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations.", "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "Lord can only regenerate 12", "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "1996", "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "John Hurt guest-starred as a hitherto", "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "50th anniversary special \"The Day", "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "John", "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "\"The Night of the Doctor\"", "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "Doctor known as the War", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "William Hartnell", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "Children in Need short \"Time Crash\" alongside David Tennant, and most recently in 2013's 50th anniversary special episode, \"The Day", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "William Hartnell", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "William Hartnell", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "50th anniversary special episode, \"The Day", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "The Sirens", "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "Paul McGann", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "Sylvester McCoy", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "1999", "57280e323acd2414000df349": "Doctor similarly calls himself \"the Eleventh\" in \"The Lodger\". In the 2013 episode \"The Time of the Doctor,\"", "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "Doctor.", "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "enquires", "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "Fifth", "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "1976", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "Dr. Constantine states that,", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "Constantine", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "2008", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "father and a grandfather. Now I am neither.\" The Doctor remarks in response, \"Yeah, I know the feeling.\" In \"Smith", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "\"Smith and Jones\"", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "Ian Chesterton", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "Russell). These characters were intended to act as audience surrogates,", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "Russell).", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "only story from the original series in which the Doctor", "572811434b864d190016438c": "(Billie Piper),", "572811434b864d190016438d": "Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) with Mickey Smith", "572811434b864d190016438e": "Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams", "572811434b864d190016438f": "(Catherine Tate)", "572811434b864d1900164390": "Donna Noble (Catherine Tate)", "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "Specials. Davies'", "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "2005", "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "Time Lords", "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "the Time Lords (Rassilon)", "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "one step at a time: the Autons", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The actual creatures resemble octopi", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "non-Dalek beings. They even attack the Time Lords", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "-energy weapon", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "octopi", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "\"The Witch's Familiar\"", "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley", "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Moriarty", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "\"Professor Moriarty", "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Derek Jacobi", "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "\"Missy\" (short for Mistress, the feminine equivalent of \"Master\").", "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "2007", "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "\"Utopia\".", "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "assumed by John Simm", "572816213acd2414000df429": "Dick Mills.", "572816213acd2414000df42a": "Derbyshire", "572816213acd2414000df42b": "commercial", "572816213acd2414000df42c": "1979", "572816213acd2414000df42d": "the BBC Radiophonic Workshop,", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Lord in season 23 (1986). Keff", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "Peter Howell", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "Doctor Who in 1996. For the return of the series in 2005, Murray", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "John Debney created a new arrangement of Ron Grainer's", "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "Ron Grainer's", "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station", "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "Christmas", "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "Christmas special \"The Snowmen\",", "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "a further revision", "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "Christmas special \"The Snowmen\",", "572819864b864d190016447e": "Mu", "572819864b864d190016447f": "Jon Pertwee,", "572819864b864d1900164480": "the Third", "572819864b864d1900164481": "Gary Glitter", "572819864b864d1900164482": "Mu Mu (later known as The KLF) released the single \"Doctorin'", "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "Pertwee/Tom Baker periods, ending with The Horns of Nimon (1979). He also made a cameo appearance in The Talons of Weng-Chiang", "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "Jon Pertwee/Tom", "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "Jon Pertwee/Tom", "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "Jon Pertwee/Tom", "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "Weng-Chiang (as a Music hall", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode \"Music of the Spheres\", written by Russell T Davies", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "Christmas Day 2006.", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "2). The soundtrack for Series 5", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "Christmas Carol\",", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "specials (The Next Doctor", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "special: \"A Christmas", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "December 2011 the soundtrack for Series 6 was released,", "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "the Eighth Doctor", "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "Ninth Doctor", "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "Doctor's run. The logo", "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "reused", "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "reused", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "The programme's popularity has waxed", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "BBC Three. The programme's", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "1964\u20131965", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "1964\u20131965)", "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "BBC", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "BBC Board", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "high ratings), it has consistently had high viewership levels", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "Board of Control,", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "poor at the time and was, according to the BBC Board", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "the time and was, according to the BBC Board of Control,", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "the United States.[citation", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "United States.[citation", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "Canada,", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "four", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "1988", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "ABC", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors in 1983.", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "ABC2. The ABC also provided partial funding for the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors in 1983. Repeats", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "having been exclusively first run by the Australian Broadcasting", "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "modern series have also been shown on subscription television channels BBC UKTV,", "572825714b864d1900164590": "1979", "572825714b864d1900164591": "as an educational channel. Its airing of The Talons of Weng-Chiang", "572825714b864d1900164592": "TVO", "572825714b864d1900164593": "TVO's status as an educational channel. Its airing of The Talons of Weng-Chiang", "572825714b864d1900164594": "educational channel. Its airing of The Talons of Weng-Chiang", "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston", "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador),", "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "a viewer contest", "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "26 December 2005,", "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "Billie Piper", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "the United Kingdom, Australia,", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "BBC Video on DVD,", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "DVD. The 2005", "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee", "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Jon Pertwee", "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee", "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "Doctor", "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee", "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "John Barrowman", "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "2005", "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "2005", "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "T Davies,", "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "Mori who reprised her role as Toshiko Sato first seen in \"Aliens of London\".", "57282f204b864d190016468a": "Jane Smith,", "57282f204b864d190016468b": "24 September 2007.", "57282f204b864d190016468c": "2011", "57282f204b864d190016468d": "2011", "57282f204b864d190016468e": "in 2009 featured a crossover appearance", "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "the soap opera EastEnders,", "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "all of the surviving actors", "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "all of the surviving actors", "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich", "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich effect", "572831512ca10214002da04a": "Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.", "572831512ca10214002da04b": "four segments", "572831512ca10214002da04c": "Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.", "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent,", "572831512ca10214002da04e": "Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.", "572833662ca10214002da086": "EastEnders,", "572833662ca10214002da087": "(\"The Neutral Zone\") and Leverage. In the Channel 4 series Queer as Folk (created by later Doctor Who executive producer Russell T. Davies),", "572833662ca10214002da088": "EastEnders,", "572833662ca10214002da089": "Russell T. Davies),", "572833662ca10214002da08a": "Russell T. Davies),", "572834524b864d1900164716": "Chase", "572834524b864d1900164717": "21-minute", "572834524b864d1900164718": "The first commercially available audiobook was an abridged", "572834524b864d1900164719": "1966", "572834524b864d190016471a": "Pescatons", "572835854b864d190016472e": "Paul McGann's", "572835854b864d190016472f": "Paul McGann's", "572835854b864d1900164730": "Paul McGann's", "572835854b864d1900164731": "2013", "572835854b864d1900164732": "1999", "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "1965", "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "mid-sixties", "572836732ca10214002da0de": "mid-sixties", "572836732ca10214002da0df": "Panini,", "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "Doctor Who books have been published from the mid-sixties", "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the early 1960s,", "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "game books, webcast", "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "BBC takes no position", "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "BBC takes no position", "572838323acd2414000df737": "Best Supporting Actress nomination for her work as Missy.", "572838323acd2414000df738": "(2005\u20132010) awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer. In 2011,", "572838323acd2414000df739": "2005", "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Matt Smith", "572838323acd2414000df73b": "British Academy Television Award", "57283a392ca10214002da118": "iTunes", "57283a392ca10214002da119": "the known television universe", "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "BBC Radiophonic", "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "2013", "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "iTunes", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "EastEnders", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "EastEnders", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "the corporation", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "the corporation", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "EastEnders", "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "Vincent van Gogh.", "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "4", "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "25", "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "2010", "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "\"Vincent and the Doctor\" was shortlisted", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "Best Actress. Doctor Who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "six times", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "six times", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "Matt Smith", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "Matt Smith", "57283e652ca10214002da166": "BBC Dead Ringers", "57283e652ca10214002da167": "BBC Dead Ringers", "57283e652ca10214002da168": "soap sponge at it)", "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates", "57283e652ca10214002da169": "hurls", "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "private", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "1890", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "four", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "around 15,000", "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "four", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "economics", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "Stagg", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university and include both the Obama", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "school of sociology, the law and economics", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "2020", "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "Baptist Education Society", "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "William Rainey", "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "1892", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1892", "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson", "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "the Ryerson", "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "trustees and donor of the Ryerson", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "$100,000", "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "C. Walker of the Walker", "572843304b864d1900164848": "Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer", "572843304b864d1900164849": "1896", "572843304b864d190016484a": "Des Moines College,", "572843304b864d190016484b": "Kalamazoo College, Butler University,", "572843304b864d190016484c": "1896", "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "Robert Maynard Hutchins,", "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "Center) finished construction and enrolled its first", "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "his term, the University of Chicago", "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "24-year", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "1933", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "early 1950s", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime", "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "early 1950s", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "Shimer were enabled to transfer", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "became a major sponsor of a controversial", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "1962", "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures.\"", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "1967", "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "two", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "'s policy in \"", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "2008", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "the Chicago", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "$300 million", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "medical campus of the University of Chicago Medical Center.", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "Booth", "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "Gothic styles, patterned on the colleges of the University of Oxford. (Mitchell Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "six", "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Oxford.", "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Gothic styles,", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic styles,", "57284d484b864d1900164900": "1940s", "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Saarinen", "57284d484b864d1900164902": "the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the largest building on campus,", "57284d484b864d1900164903": "Gerald Ratner Athletics Center (2003), the Max Palevsky Residential Commons (2001), South Campus Residence Hall", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "1955", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "Hong Kong", "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "downtown Streeterville", "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "2015", "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Chicago", "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2015", "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "board of trustees", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "50", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "fourteen", "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Zimmer.", "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "Robert Zimmer.", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "University of Chicago", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "four", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "four", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "28", "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "50", "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "The college's", "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "USA, \"Among the academic cream of American universities \u2013 Harvard,", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "at Chicago were limited to 17", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "Uni in the USA, \"Among the academic", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "cream", "572855973acd2414000df925": "University of Chicago Laboratory", "572855973acd2414000df926": "the University of Chicago", "572855973acd2414000df927": "12", "572855973acd2414000df928": "a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Humanities, which administers interdisciplinary workshops", "572855973acd2414000df929": "University", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "one of the largest collections of print volumes", "572856beff5b5019007da191": "one of the largest collections of print volumes", "572856beff5b5019007da192": "The John Crerar Library", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "2013", "572856beff5b5019007da194": "one of the largest collections of print volumes", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "12", "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "12", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "the Center for Middle Eastern Studies.", "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "Chicago", "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago", "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "academic movements. In economics,", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "life", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "Chicago Pile-1", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "1953", "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "2000", "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "1996", "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "1959", "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "1959", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "five", "572863363acd2414000df985": "four", "572863363acd2414000df986": "four graduate divisions, 5,984", "572863363acd2414000df987": "four graduate divisions, 5,984", "572863363acd2414000df988": "four graduate divisions, 5,984", "572863363acd2414000df989": "15,244 students overall. In the 2012 Spring Quarter, international students", "572864542ca10214002da2de": "the Men's Basketball tournament.", "572864542ca10214002da2df": "Sweet Sixteen. In 1935, Chicago Maroons", "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "University of Chicago", "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "Chicago", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "its home games", "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "over 400", "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "the University of Chicago College", "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "Scavenger", "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "Chicago", "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "the University of Chicago", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "UN, in addition to academic teams, sports club, arts groups, and more are funded by The University of Chicago Student Government.", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "The University of Chicago Student Government. Student Government", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "two", "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "$2 million", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "ten", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "the National Panhellenic", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "8", "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "January,", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "1963", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, in", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "the Festival", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "the University of Chicago has held the University", "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "the first management accounting textbook James O. McKinsey, Arley D. Cathey,", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "Joe Mansueto, Chicago Cubs owner and chairman Thomas S.", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "Nadella, Oracle Corporation", "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man", "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "Nadella, Oracle Corporation", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Alinsky, Obama", "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "modern community", "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Clinton David Axelrod,", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "field of government and politics", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "modern community organizing Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod,", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth,", "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Comparative Literature Richard Rorty,", "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "Saul Bellow, political", "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow,", "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Saul Bellow,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "Philip Glass,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Sarah Koenig,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "Pulitzer", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "Alex Seropian,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Mike Nichols,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "Carl Sagan,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "Ernest Everett Just and Lynn Margulis,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "the Hamming Code,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "Just and Lynn Margulis,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "Ernest Everett Just and Lynn Margulis,", "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "the Nobel Memorial", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret", "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Ronald Reagan", "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "American", "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "National Security Council", "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis,", "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "David Graeber", "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "the twentieth century", "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton, the creator of the first nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi,", "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Robert A. Millikan,", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Walter Alvarez, Murray", "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Enrico Fermi, \"the father of the hydrogen bomb\" Edward Teller,", "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper,", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists", "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "Henry Breasted, mathematician", "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Egyptologist", "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Neil Shubin", "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "Barack Obama's", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty,", "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "Mongolian Borjigin clan.", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "the empire or ruling dynasty", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "Kublai Khan,", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "Kublai Khan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "1271", "572860e03acd2414000df977": "Taizu.[b]", "572860e03acd2414000df978": "Ming dynasty. The dynasty", "572860e03acd2414000df979": "Ming dynasty. The dynasty", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "the khan", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "1271", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "establishing the Yuan", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "(d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n", "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty", "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "establishing the Yuan dynasty.", "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "1251", "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "\u00d6gedei Khan,", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "1251", "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals,", "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Og\u00f6dei", "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Khitan defected to the Mongols", "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Han Chinese and Khitan", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "10,000", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "three", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Shi Gang married a Kerait", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Jin dynasty.", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "(\u53f2\u79c9\u76f4, Shih", "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Bingzhi", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "high ranking Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty", "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "the cooperation", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "1256", "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "the three western khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "B\u00f6ke,", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "Kublai", "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "in the south. Kublai secured the northeast border", "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai", "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "the northeast border", "572867d72ca10214002da300": "1262", "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "the local administrative structure", "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative", "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank. Kublai's", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "three", "572869b84b864d19001649af": "monopolies", "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "new city", "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "Khublai", "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "1272", "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "new era of Chinese history.", "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Mandate of Heaven", "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "commercial, scientific, and cultural growth", "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "commodities, and culture", "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "southern China", "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "court", "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Kublai Khan.", "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused,", "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "1234", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "1234", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "two Duke Yanshengs,", "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "the rich Yangzi River basin.", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "1276", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest", "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "1279", "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "prince Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n (later King Tr\u1ea7n", "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288). The Chinese region of Fujian", "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "Annam,", "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "after 1279", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "Qing-era", "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "Tem\u00fcr Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Tem\u00fcr Khan", "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "1253", "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "the former ruling Duan dynasty", "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "1253", "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "Kublai,", "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "law", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "emperor, Buyantu Khan", "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "the Department", "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "after the reign", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "\"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"),", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "Confucian reforms. They placed Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "\"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"),", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "five", "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "Kusala", "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "Kusala", "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "four days", "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "emperor (Emperor Wenzong)", "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Tem\u00fcr was recalled to Khanbaliq", "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "\u7d93\u4e16\u5927\u5178). Tugh Tem\u00fcr", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "\u7d93\u4e16\u5927\u5178). Tugh Tem\u00fcr", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "\u7ae0", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values.", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "Chinese cultural values. His most concrete", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "1349.", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Tem\u00fcr (Emperor Huizong),", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "nine", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "1345", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "Ningzong)", "572872822ca10214002da374": "Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest.", "572872822ca10214002da375": "too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China", "572872822ca10214002da376": "the Mongols", "572872822ca10214002da377": "Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army", "572872822ca10214002da378": "dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening", "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "late 1340s", "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "the late 1340s onwards, people", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene", "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "Zhu Yuanzhang in the south. He had tried to regain Khanbaliq,", "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "1354", "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "the written vernacular. The political unity of China", "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East Asia.", "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East", "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "European contacts produced a fair", "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Roman Catholicism", "572879574b864d1900164a15": "Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature,", "572879574b864d1900164a16": "Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism)", "572879574b864d1900164a17": "scientific", "572879574b864d1900164a18": "Roman Catholicism", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "the capital of the Great Khan,", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299. Some argue over the accuracy of Marco Polo's", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "the women in capital of the Great Khan. Some suggest that Marco Polo", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "the Venetian Marco Polo,", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "the year", "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's", "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop,", "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "the empire", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "Yuan undertook extensive public works.", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "Mongol Empire. Mongols", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "historiography", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be \"the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be \"the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power,", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "traditional", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "first decade of Kublai's reign. This government", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "as well as Khitan", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Bingzhong", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "top", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "The Chinese-style", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "the Ministry of Justice,", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "as the real military authority in Yuan times", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "Semuren,", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "the insign", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "1269", "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "Tibetan, and Chinese", "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "a few other Yuan", "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "the 'Phags-pa", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "pa script, a unified script for spelling", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "1290", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "1290", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "qu", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "qu. One of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "the Yuan dynasty there were many famous painters. In the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the Yuan dynasty era.", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "poetry", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "poetry", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "the founder of the Yuan dynasty,", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "Buddhism,", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Buddhism", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "the Yuan dynasty,", "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Mongolian", "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "1249", "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "1249\u20131314", "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314)", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "Zhu Shijie", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "1249\u20131314", "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "spherical trigonometry. Gou", "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "Muslim influences in the Shoushi", "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Arabic numerals", "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "or Calendar", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "1281", "572881022ca10214002da416": "physicians", "572881022ca10214002da417": "the Imperial Academy of Medicine", "572881022ca10214002da418": "high income and medical ethics", "572881022ca10214002da419": "the Imperial Academy of Medicine", "572881022ca10214002da41a": "it ensured a high income and medical ethics", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "\"Four", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "Several medical advances were made in the Yuan", "572881704b864d1900164a52": "Great Schools\"", "572881704b864d1900164a53": "All four schools", "572881704b864d1900164a54": "1277", "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "humoral system", "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "Nestorian", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui", "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian", "572882242ca10214002da420": "Local schools and government agencies were funded to support", "572882242ca10214002da421": "\u00d6gedei's", "572882242ca10214002da422": "12th century", "572882242ca10214002da423": "\u00d6gedei's", "572882242ca10214002da424": "1273", "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "Il-khanate court", "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "1275", "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "Il-khanate government issued paper", "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "1294", "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "the western end of the empire", "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "the educated", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government", "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "the mainstream", "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "the traditional Chinese elite", "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Han Chinese and Khitans", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "The Mongol appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Qara-Khitay (Khitan),", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "Hui Muslims claim", "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "circumcision", "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "semu", "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "\"thanks\"", "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim", "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "Frederick W. Mote", "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "so a person's standing", "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "the position", "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "the position of people within the four-class system", "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "Northern", "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "Northern", "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "higher", "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher", "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "the Mongols,", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "the Mongol Emperor Kublai", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "Karluks", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks", "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas", "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "the most important region of the dynasty", "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "rule over the whole of modern-day Tibet", "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Qinghai", "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq", "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "north-west, Ethiopia", "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "Nairobi.", "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "Nairobi. Kenya's", "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Tanzania", "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "309 km2 (224,445", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "humid tropical climate", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "temperate and forested hilly areas", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "the border with Somalia and Ethiopia", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "Tsavo National Park, the Maasai", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "1895", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "Great Lakes", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "December 1963.", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "1895", "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Kamba", "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "\"", "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "volcanic", "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "the mountain's name became widely accepted, pars", "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "word Kenya", "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Kenia and Kegnia", "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "1882", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "birds", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "reptiles and birds", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "between June and September", "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "Two million", "5728fa576aef051400154920": "2.5 million years ago", "5728fa576aef051400154921": "20 million years ago", "5728fa576aef051400154922": "sapiens", "5728fa576aef051400154923": "20 million years ago", "5728fa576aef051400154924": "Homo erectus", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "voyager Duarte Barbosa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "voyager Duarte Barbosa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "Melinde", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "Kenyan", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "Swahili", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "1414", "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "August 1914,", "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "Lettow-Vorbeck took command of the German military forces,", "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "British", "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "the land, capturing British supplies,", "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia)", "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "highlands", "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "introduced a hut", "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour", "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "over a million", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "April 1954,", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "British Army and King's African Rifles.", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "October 1956", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "4,686", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "command structure. Operation Anvil opened on 24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council. The operation", "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "October 1963,", "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "Kenyans", "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "October 1963,", "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "October 1963,", "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "National Union (KANU)", "572909406aef0514001549dc": "Daniel arap Moi", "572909406aef0514001549dd": "the mlolongo (queuing) system", "572909406aef0514001549de": "arap Moi", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "a multi-party system", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "the affairs", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "president Daniel arap Moi's", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "Kenya", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "Executive power is exercised by the government.", "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "Anti-Corruption Commission", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries. In 2012, the nation", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "Kenya", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "independent Ethics", "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "party", "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "Movement-Kenya", "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "elections", "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "count the votes, Kibaki", "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "the Truth,", "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "Justice and Reconciliation Commission", "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "the election riots, the government", "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "executive director of TAABCO", "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "February 2008,", "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "two deputy Prime Ministers. After debates, it was passed by Parliament, the coalition", "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "the deal, the president would appoint cabinet", "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws", "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "until the end of the current Parliament", "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "the steps of Nairobi's Harambee", "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "Kenyan", "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "March 2008, aimed at salvaging", "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "February 2008,", "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony", "572913626aef051400154a30": "wide", "572913626aef051400154a31": "August 2010", "572913626aef051400154a32": "A constitutional change", "572913626aef051400154a33": "August 2010,", "572913626aef051400154a34": "euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park,", "572914441d04691400779025": "December 2014,", "572914441d04691400779026": "it infringed on democratic freedoms.", "572914441d04691400779027": "President Uhuru", "572914441d04691400779028": "it infringed on democratic freedoms. The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany", "572914441d04691400779029": "President Uhuru", "572914f46aef051400154a46": "the summer, Kenyatta visited China", "572914f46aef051400154a47": "Russia", "572914f46aef051400154a48": "Jinping after a stop in Russia and not having visited the United States", "572914f46aef051400154a49": "July 2015", "572915621d0469140077902f": "Mandera", "572915621d04691400779030": "peacekeeping", "572915621d04691400779031": "serious", "572915e43f37b31900478005": "prudence of certain decisions of procurement", "572915e43f37b31900478006": "allegations", "572915e43f37b31900478007": "Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption", "572915e43f37b31900478008": "prudence of certain decisions of procurement", "572916f16aef051400154a56": "0.519, ranked 145", "572916f16aef051400154a57": "Kenya", "572916f16aef051400154a58": "less than 3%", "572916f16aef051400154a59": "3%", "572917743f37b3190047800d": "tremendous growth", "572917743f37b3190047800f": "tremendous growth", "572917743f37b31900478010": "Industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector,", "572917743f37b3190047800e": "22%", "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "$699 million", "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "pick-up in the country's economic growth. Tourism is now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earning", "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "expansive East and West Tsavo National Park 20,808", "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "flowers", "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "Kenya's", "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "18%", "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "corn", "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "corn", "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture,", "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers", "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "to increase local producer prices", "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock", "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them", "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "drought", "57291b461d04691400779049": "north and east", "57291b461d0469140077904a": "pyre", "57291b461d0469140077904b": "north and east. Coconuts, pineapples, cashew nuts, cotton, sugarcane, sisal,", "57291b461d0469140077904c": "53%", "57291b461d0469140077904d": "the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Livestock predominates", "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Kenya", "57291beb1d04691400779054": "14%", "57291beb1d04691400779055": "milling", "57291beb1d04691400779056": "milling", "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "removal of duty on capital equipment", "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "Kenya's", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "the Turkwel Gorge", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "the name of Kenya Power Company,", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "1997", "57291f153f37b31900478043": "east Africa's", "57291f153f37b31900478044": "around 10 billion barrels", "57291f153f37b31900478045": "no strategic reserves and relies solely on oil marketers' 21-day", "57291f153f37b31900478046": "10 billion", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "$2.5 billion", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "\"", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "billion\" in 2012. Kenyatta was \"[a]ccompanied", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "Uganda,", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "business people [and hoped to] ... gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan", "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "the Action Plan and ensure climate change is treated as an economy-wide", "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "omitting climate as a key", "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "the Action Plan", "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "The 200-page Action Plan, developed with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, sets out", "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "the renewed Medium Term Plan", "572920d73f37b31900478055": "Malindi, Mombasa,", "572920d73f37b31900478056": "30%", "572920d73f37b31900478057": "9\u201318. The Ministry of Gender and Child Affairs employed 400", "572920d73f37b31900478058": "Mombasa,", "572921646aef051400154a78": "English", "572921646aef051400154a79": "The two official languages,", "572921646aef051400154a7a": "Bantu languages, such as Swahili and Kikuyu. It has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of American English.", "572921646aef051400154a7b": "Kenyan", "572922206aef051400154a8a": "Christian", "572922206aef051400154a8b": "Protestant and 23.5% as Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite. The Presbyterian Church", "572922206aef051400154a8c": "3 million", "572922206aef051400154a8d": "Kenyans are Orthodox Christians. Notably, Kenya has the highest number of Quakers", "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "around 300,000", "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "50%", "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "(Muslim", "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%", "572924b53f37b31900478067": "the actual number of these workers", "572924b53f37b31900478068": "private clinics", "572924b53f37b31900478069": "43 million", "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "43 million", "572925491d046914007790c3": "Kenyans", "572925491d046914007790c4": "15 million", "572925491d046914007790c5": "poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame", "572925491d046914007790c6": "diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers", "572925491d046914007790c7": "15\u201324) and pregnant women. Kenya had an estimated 15 million", "572925a81d046914007790cd": "Ominde Commission", "572925a81d046914007790ce": "1985", "572925a81d046914007790cf": "Ominde", "572925a81d046914007790d0": "introduce changes", "572925a81d046914007790d1": "identity and unity", "572926086aef051400154ac2": "education in Kenya", "572926086aef051400154ac3": "university education). The table under Present-day education", "572926086aef051400154ac4": "the reforming of the entire education system", "572926086aef051400154ac5": "in 1992", "572926653f37b31900478079": "January 1985.", "572926653f37b3190047807a": "enrolment", "572926653f37b3190047807b": "the government footing all tuition fees", "572926653f37b3190047807c": "1985", "572926653f37b3190047807d": "As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", "572926d23f37b31900478083": "six years and lasts 12", "572926d23f37b31900478084": "carpentry, motor vehicle", "572926d23f37b31900478085": "bachelor's degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies", "572926d23f37b31900478086": "higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training, or join the university", "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "85%", "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "three to five", "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "the education", "5729276c1d046914007790da": "an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade).", "5729276c1d046914007790db": "an integral component of the education system", "572927d06aef051400154ade": "Nairobi County operates four libraries within their network, which included the McMillan Memorial Library located at the central business district of Nairobi.", "572927d06aef051400154adf": "A public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective", "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "their regions. Nairobi County operates four libraries within their network, which included the McMillan Memorial", "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "their network, which included the McMillan Memorial Library located at the central business district", "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "sports, among them cricket", "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union", "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "the marathon. Kenyan", "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "Ethiopia has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's", "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "800", "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "2008 Olympics.", "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "2008 Olympics.", "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "because of economic or financial factors. Some elite", "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's", "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "soccer", "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "Nairobi", "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "2006", "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "captain is Rakep Patel. They participated in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011. Kenya is represented by Lucas Onyango", "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "2007", "57292994af94a219006aa131": "drivers in the world", "57292994af94a219006aa132": "the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally, such as Bj\u00f6rn Waldeg\u00e5rd,", "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Waldeg\u00e5rd,", "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three", "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "cha mchana) and supper", "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "milk, meat, fish or any other stew is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch", "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "Kenyans generally have three meals", "57293b843f37b31900478133": "the United Nations,", "57293b843f37b31900478134": "the WMO and UNEP.", "57293b843f37b31900478135": "Climate Change", "57293b843f37b31900478136": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental", "57293b843f37b31900478137": "the WMO and UNEP.", "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "K.", "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Korean", "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri", "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Lee is the chair", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "February 2015.", "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives", "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "seven", "57293c246aef051400154bba": "Intergovernmental", "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "350 government", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "WMO,", "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "the WMO,", "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "The IPCC receives funding", "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "the World Meteorological Organization (WMO),", "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "further research is required.", "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "improved since the previous report and also notes areas", "57293d116aef051400154bca": "it monitor climate related", "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "information about climate change", "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs. Lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters. Contributing", "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting", "57293e221d046914007791d5": "the enhanced greenhouse effect", "57293e221d046914007791d6": "the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming", "57293e221d046914007791d7": "0.6 \u00b0C", "57293e221d046914007791d8": "they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "half", "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "1990", "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "1.4 and 5.8 \u00b0C above 1990 levels by 2100\".", "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK).", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "Geosciences", "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "90%", "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Lindzen", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "that the WGI Summary for Policymakers", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "the SPM understates the uncertainty", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "climate", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "the same procedures", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "2011", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "2011", "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "the same procedures", "572940246aef051400154bec": "National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme,", "572940246aef051400154bed": "it also supports other activities, such as the Data", "572940246aef051400154bee": "the assessment", "572940246aef051400154bef": "UNFCCC. This involves publishing default emission factors, which are factors used to derive emissions estimates", "572940973f37b319004781a5": "summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures", "572940973f37b319004781a6": "the WWF report,", "572940973f37b319004781a7": "the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.", "572940973f37b319004781a8": "2035", "572941273f37b319004781ad": "it seem like climate", "572941273f37b319004781ae": "the impact. That is worrying.", "572941273f37b319004781af": "unfounded and also marginal to the assessment\"", "572941273f37b319004781b0": "it happened\". Martin Parry, a climate", "572941273f37b319004781b1": "\"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment\"", "57294209af94a219006aa201": "2.21 of the IPCC report.", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "Raymond S.", "57294209af94a219006aa203": "Warm", "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick", "57294279af94a219006aa209": "between 1000 and 1900", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Karl\u00e9n", "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "United States", "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "July 2000.", "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "Karl\u00e9n", "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Joe Barton,", "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee", "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "23 June 2005,", "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Ed Whitfield,", "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Joe Barton,", "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "1999", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "1999", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "three", "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report", "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "three", "572945b11d0469140077922f": "2001", "572945b11d04691400779230": "by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level", "572945b11d04691400779231": "the last IPCC report in 2001.", "572945b11d04691400779232": "the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations.", "572949306aef051400154c68": "the researchers' analysis", "572949306aef051400154c69": "the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\".", "572949306aef051400154c6a": "the 9\u201388 cm", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "1990 levels. These values are much greater than the 9\u201388 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\".", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "Michael Oppenheimer,", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "author of the Fifth Assessment", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "global warming", "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "Ozone depletion", "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "Kyoto", "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "Sheldon Ungar's", "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "bridging metaphor", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "the Kyoto Protocol,", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "Sheldon Ungar's", "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report", "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "science", "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "an area of science", "572951f16aef051400154cce": "five", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "Fourth", "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated \"", "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "the selection of lead authors and contributors, to dumping", "572953013f37b3190047824d": "energy from sunlight", "572953013f37b3190047824e": "energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules", "572953013f37b3190047824f": "carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle.", "572953013f37b31900478250": "photosynthesis", "572953013f37b31900478251": "1 in algae up to 100", "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "pinch", "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor\u2014a", "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color", "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "an early eu", "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor\u2014a", "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "biologist", "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "Russian", "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis\u2014when", "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "1883", "572956c86aef051400154d1e": "Konstantin Mereschkowski", "572957361d046914007792cf": "chlorophyll a.", "572957361d046914007792d0": "prokaryotes", "572957361d046914007792d2": "the ancestors of chloroplasts", "572957361d046914007792d3": "chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae", "572957361d046914007792d1": "thicker", "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "living", "572957ad1d046914007792da": "around a billion years ago", "572957ad1d046914007792db": "escape the phagocytic vacuole it", "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "escape the phagocy", "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "negative cell wall,", "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "one that contains the land plants", "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "three", "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "one that contains the land plants", "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "primary chloroplasts belong to one", "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "chloroplast lineages", "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "a chloroplast", "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "chloroplast. The glaucophyte", "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "unstacked", "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "glaucophyte", "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "primary chloroplast lineage", "57295a116aef051400154d44": "an adaptation to help red algae", "57295a116aef051400154d45": "Rhodoplasts", "57295a116aef051400154d46": "intermembrane space and phycobilin", "57295a116aef051400154d47": "intermembrane space and phycobilin", "57295a116aef051400154d48": "a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments", "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "chloroplasts", "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "for use in chloroplas", "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "green", "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "accessory pigments that override", "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "chloroplasts", "572961f61d04691400779359": "chlorop", "572961f61d0469140077935a": "cyanobacterium", "572961f61d0469140077935b": "nonphoto", "572961f61d0469140077935c": "cyanobacterium", "572961f61d0469140077935d": "a chloroplast-containing alga but failed", "572962953f37b319004782f5": "phagosomal", "572962953f37b319004782f6": "green alga", "572962953f37b319004782f7": "secondary", "572962953f37b319004782f8": "a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups", "572962953f37b319004782f9": "Euglenophyte chloroplasts", "572963221d04691400779385": "chloroplast. Cryptophyte", "572963221d04691400779386": "rough endoplas", "572963221d04691400779387": "chloroplast", "572963221d04691400779388": "algal derived chloroplast", "572963221d04691400779389": "alga's cytoplasm. Inside cryptophyte chloroplasts", "572963876aef051400154dd2": "Cryptosporidium", "572963876aef051400154dd3": "chromalveolates", "572963876aef051400154dd4": "chromalveolates", "572963876aef051400154dd5": "chloroplast called an apicoplast, which they inherited from their ancestors. Other apicomplexans like Cryptosporidium", "572963876aef051400154dd6": "chloroplast", "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "photosynthesis", "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "nonphotosynt", "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar, and apicoplasts are no different\u2014they synthes", "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "photosynthesis", "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "four", "572965566aef051400154e00": "thylakoids. Starch", "572965566aef051400154e01": "dinophyte chlor", "572965566aef051400154e02": "occasionally two),", "572965566aef051400154e03": "triplet-stacked thylakoids. Starch", "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes", "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "a haptophyte endosymbiont. Karlodinium", "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "six", "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "dino", "572966626aef051400154e13": "Dinophysis", "572966626aef051400154e14": "Dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts", "572966626aef051400154e12": "chloroplasts", "572966626aef051400154e15": "an endosymbio", "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte", "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "starch is found in granules in the dinophyte", "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "three", "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "starch is found in granules in the dinophyte", "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "dino", "572967e31d046914007793b1": "dinophytes", "572967e31d046914007793b2": "Lepidodinium", "572967e31d046914007793b3": "dinophytes", "572967e31d046914007793b4": "prasinophyte). Lepidodinium", "572967e31d046914007793b5": "Lepidodinium viride", "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "in the early stages of endosymbiosis", "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "DNA to the nucleus of their host. About 0.3\u20130.8% of the nuclear DNA", "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "150,000", "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "850 protein encoding genes\u2014far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000", "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "150,000", "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "algae, and other algal", "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "Chloroplasts", "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "1962", "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "1986", "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "Chloroplasts", "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "inverted", "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyce\u00e6)", "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "inverted repeats (making them direct repeats", "572969f51d046914007793dd": "(D-loop). As the D-loop moves through the circular DNA, it adopts", "572969f51d046914007793de": "two", "572969f51d046914007793e0": "DNA replicates", "572969f51d046914007793df": "DNA replicates", "572969f51d046914007793e1": "up", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "strand", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory today; however, a second theory", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "recombination. It further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched, linear,", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "indicate that replication forks were most likely present", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "most likely nearest the start site", "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "homologous recombination", "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "circular and most likely replicates", "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "the same time, homologous recombination does not expand the multiple A --> G gradients", "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "the same time, homologous recombination does not expand the multiple A --> G gradients", "57296b151d046914007793f1": "diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor (probably the ancestor of all chromal", "57296b151d046914007793f2": "if a chloroplast", "57296b151d046914007793f3": "diatoms", "57296b151d046914007793f4": "too) had a green algal derived chloroplas", "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "extracellular space. In those cases, chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory", "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "A few", "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "the chloroplast. Many became exaptations,", "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "half of the protein products of transferred genes", "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong", "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "place", "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "they have to keep just enough shape", "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast.", "57296cb21d04691400779403": "slightly twisted bands at the cell edges", "57296cb21d04691400779404": "half", "57296cb21d04691400779405": "slightly twisted bands at the cell edges (e", "57296cb21d04691400779406": "Zygnema, or may follow the shape of half the cell in order Desmidiales. In some algae,", "57296cb21d04691400779407": "star-shaped in Zygnema,", "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "cyanobacterium\u2014which is not true\u2014both chloroplast", "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes", "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "infolding", "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "direction of chloroplast H+ ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation", "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "the direction of chloroplast H+", "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "mitochondrial double membrane", "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "ion", "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "to run proton pumps", "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic retic", "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "surface area", "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists", "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962,", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "membrano", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "vesicles", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "C3", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "fluid of the chloroplast. Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "stromal fluid of the chloroplast", "57296eb01d04691400779435": "chloroplast-unique features. Small subunit ribosomal RNAs", "57296eb01d04691400779436": "two-thirds", "57296eb01d04691400779437": "17 nm", "57296eb01d04691400779438": "shine-dalgarno sequence", "57296eb01d04691400779439": "considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplas", "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "lipid", "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "lipids and proteins about 45\u201360 nanometers", "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "greater size variation", "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "about 45\u201360 nanometers", "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "a greater size variation", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "old or stressed chloroplasts", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "once", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "once thought to be free-floating in the stroma", "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "around the pyrenoids", "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "around the pyrenoids when CO2", "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "higher plants. Pyrenoids", "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "the pyrenoids", "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "the pyrenoids when CO2 is scarce.", "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal", "57296fd71d04691400779440": "circular granal thylakoids", "57296fd71d04691400779441": "two to a hundred", "57296fd71d04691400779442": "two to a hundred", "57296fd71d04691400779443": "granal thylakoids", "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "electrons. Molecules", "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "electrons", "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll", "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "light-harvesting", "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "the thylakoid membranes", "572970916aef051400154eba": "two", "572970916aef051400154ebb": "increasing stability", "572970916aef051400154ebc": "increasing stability and surface area for light", "572970916aef051400154ebe": "circular", "572970916aef051400154ebd": "300\u2013600", "57297103af94a219006aa423": "thirty", "57297103af94a219006aa424": "dissipate excess energy", "57297103af94a219006aa425": "They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors", "57297103af94a219006aa426": "group of yellow\u2013orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic", "57297103af94a219006aa427": "dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override", "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red.", "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "cy", "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "large protein complexes about 40 nanometers", "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "third group of pigments", "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40", "572971af6aef051400154ede": "high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar", "572971af6aef051400154edf": "a problem\u2014it has trouble", "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "high oxygen", "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end result of ATP energy", "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "rubisco. Rubisco", "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "Calvin cycle", "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow, a light-driven method of synthesizing ATP to power the Calvin cycle", "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "compound, which is why the process is called C4 photosynthesis.", "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "oxygen", "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "oxygen", "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts", "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "All green parts of a plant", "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "plant cells", "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "in collenchyma tissue. A plant", "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts", "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "from the epidermis", "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells", "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "half", "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "30", "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "Palisade mesophyll", "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "closely", "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants", "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "why land plants", "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones", "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "regulated stimulus-response systems", "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "two", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "The reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "any pathogens within the cell. Lower levels of reactive oxygen species", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "directly kill any pathogens", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence. Chloroplasts", "57297427af94a219006aa453": "Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors.", "57297427af94a219006aa454": "After detecting stress", "57297427af94a219006aa455": "reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules, so they probably don't leave the chloroplast,", "57297427af94a219006aa456": "acid, jasmonic acid", "572974923f37b3190047840b": "Photosynthesis", "572974923f37b3190047840c": "photosynthesis", "572974923f37b3190047840d": "chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis", "572974923f37b3190047840e": "(ATP) and nicotinamide", "572974923f37b3190047840f": "adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide", "572975073f37b31900478415": "hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space", "572975073f37b31900478416": "stroma", "572975073f37b31900478417": "reactions", "572975073f37b31900478418": "the photosystems", "572975073f37b31900478419": "energy. The two photosystems", "572975511d046914007794a7": "depleted electrons", "572975511d046914007794a8": "photophosphorylation", "572975511d046914007794a9": "new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes", "572975511d046914007794aa": "new electrons", "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "G3P sugar", "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "the enzyme Rubisco", "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "one out of every six produced leaves the cycle", "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "three", "572976183f37b31900478431": "chloroplast", "572976183f37b31900478432": "to low photosynthesis", "572976183f37b31900478433": "the plant", "572976183f37b31900478434": "these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana", "572976183f37b31900478435": "monomers", "572976791d046914007794af": "increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, or CCMs. These include Crassulacean acid metabolism,", "572976791d046914007794b0": "when the oxygen concentration", "572976791d046914007794b1": "increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms,", "572976791d046914007794b2": "up to half", "572976791d046914007794b3": "the efficiency", "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "crossing membranes", "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "all of a plant cell's amino acids", "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "to get to where it is needed.", "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "unclear", "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "Chloroplasts", "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "starch-storing amyloplasts", "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "in an adult plant's", "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "plant's apical", "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "the required", "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "the required light", "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "If angiosperm", "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "form a lattice of tubes", "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "chlorophyll, and has inner membrane inva", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "absolute states\u2014intermediate forms", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "other plastids", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "many interconversions", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a", "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "the Z-ring,", "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "the proteins", "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "chloroplast, MinE inhibits", "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "the chloroplast", "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "Min system", "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "plastid-dividing ring", "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "two", "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments", "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "two", "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "It", "572978e66aef051400154f76": "under poor quality green light", "572978e66aef051400154f78": "white light", "572978e66aef051400154f79": "stimulate these chloroplasts to divide and reduce the population", "572978e66aef051400154f77": "white light", "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "biologically contained, thus posing significantly lower environmental risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture.", "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability", "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "pollen", "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability", "57296d571d04691400779413": "divisors", "57296d571d04691400779414": "g., 3, 1 \u00b7 3, 1 \u00b7 1 \u00b7 3, etc. are all valid factorizations", "57296d571d04691400779415": "composite number. For example, 5", "57296d571d04691400779416": "greater", "57296d571d04691400779417": "divis", "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "primality", "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "large numbers. These include the Miller\u2013Rabin", "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "AKS primality", "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "AKS primality", "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "22,338,618", "572970c11d04691400779463": "300", "572970c11d04691400779464": "Euclid", "572970c11d04691400779465": "simple", "572970c11d04691400779466": "prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability", "572970c11d04691400779467": "300 BC.", "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "the development", "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2)", "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors", "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "key crypt", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "open, such as Goldbach's", "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "4. No even number greater than 2", "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "greater", "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "right illustrates that 12", "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "12 = 3 \u00b7 4", "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "distinct", "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1", "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "his famous correspondence with Leonhard", "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "as its first prime. Henri Lebesgue", "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "1 to be a prime. For example, Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of primes up to 10,006,721,", "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "Goldbach", "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "Euclid's fundamental theorem", "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "prime: a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1", "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "A large body of mathematical work", "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "as the relationship of the number to its corresponding value", "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "3 \u00b7 5 and 1", "572978f91d046914007794d3": "papyrus", "572978f91d046914007794d4": "the Ancient Greeks.", "572978f91d046914007794d5": "Mersenne prime. The Sieve of Eratosthenes, attributed to Eratosthenes,", "572978f91d046914007794d6": "Eratosthenes,", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "simple method to compute primes, although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way", "57297a276aef051400154f88": "After the Greeks, little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century. In", "57297a276aef051400154f89": "1). However, the very next Fermat number 232", "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "little theorem (later", "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "numbers", "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "(they are called Fermat numbers) and he verified this up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1).", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "primality of 37", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "if a complete list of primes up to is known\u2014then trial", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "the square", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "three", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "If the result of any", "57297d421d046914007794e5": "two", "57297d421d046914007794e6": "composite. Probabilistic", "57297d421d046914007794e7": "composite. Probabilistic", "57297d421d046914007794e8": "a way", "57297d421d046914007794e9": "random", "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "Carmichael numbers. Carmichael", "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "no way", "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "simple", "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "primality, then", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "primality, then", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "Mersenne", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "Sophie Germain primes (primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime), primorial primes, Fermat", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "Mersenne", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "p prime), primori", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "p prime), primorial primes, Fermat", "572982e66aef051400154f92": "computing", "572982e66aef051400154f93": "2009", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "primes not known to have any particular form (that is, no simple formula", "572982e66aef051400154f95": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", "572982e76aef051400154f96": "project", "572985011d04691400779501": "any natural number n. Here represents the floor function,", "572985011d04691400779502": "prime number p with n < p < 2n \u2212 2", "572985011d04691400779503": "2", "572985011d04691400779504": "2, for any natural number", "572985011d04691400779505": "2", "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "s theorem", "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "q = 9: the numbers are \"wrapped around\"", "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "can have infinitely many primes", "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "there are infinitely many prime numbers. What is more, the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run\u2014the", "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "s theorem on arithmetic progression", "572989846aef051400154fc0": "\u03b6", "572989846aef051400154fc1": "there were only finitely", "572989846aef051400154fc2": "the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory", "572989846aef051400154fc3": "zeta", "572989846aef051400154fc4": "e., exceeds any given number), so there must be infinitely many primes", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes", "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "no significant irregularities without good reason", "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "a physical viewpoint, it roughly states", "57298ef11d04691400779530": "The connection", "57298ef11d04691400779531": "unproven Riemann", "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "Riemann", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "1912", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "two", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "Goldbach's", "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "Riemann", "572991943f37b319004784a1": "twin primes", "572991943f37b319004784a2": "there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture). Polignac's", "572991943f37b319004784a3": "primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2. Legendre's", "572991943f37b319004784a4": "twin prime conjecture)", "572991943f37b319004784a5": "twin", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "public key cryptography", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "shattered in the 1970s", "57299326af94a219006aa517": "1970s", "57299326af94a219006aa518": "prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms", "57299326af94a219006aa519": "canonical example of pure mathematics,", "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "recurring", "572995d46aef051400154fe9": ">", "572995d46aef051400154fea": "has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem says that an integer p >", "572995d46aef051400154feb": "has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem says that an integer p >", "572995d46aef051400154fec": "s theorem", "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes", "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "the discrete logarithm is thought", "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "two", "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "modular exponent", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "modular", "572998673f37b319004784d5": "non-prime number intervals,", "572998673f37b319004784d6": "emergences", "572998673f37b319004784d7": "small, this advantage appears to have been enough", "572998673f37b319004784d8": "higher", "572998673f37b319004784d9": "12 years, then predators appearing every 2, 3, 4, 6, or 12 years would be sure to meet them. Over a 200-year", "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "mathematics", "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "a prime knot", "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "Any knot", "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots. Any knot", "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "smallest", "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units. In the ring Z", "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "a product of two ring elements that are not units", "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "a product of two ring elements that are not units", "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "An element p of R is called prime element", "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "An element", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "in the bigger ring Z[i], 2 factors into the product of the two Gaussian primes (1 + i) and (1", "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "i], 2", "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "(i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k", "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "[i], that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i", "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "factorization", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "0), (2), (3)", "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "ideal generated", "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "algebra", "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "the ideals (0", "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "arithmetic general", "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "the solvability", "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "both geometry and number theory. For example, factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field, a basic problem", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity,", "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "a basic problem of algebraic number theory, bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry. Such ramification", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "the importance of primes to number", "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "p-adic norm |\u2212|p yields the field", "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "local) fields. This local-global principle again underlines the importance of primes", "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "p-adic numbers. These are essentially all possible ways to complete Q, by Ostrowski's theorem.", "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Messiaen", "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "rythmiques\". According to Messiaen this way", "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "prime numbers to create amet", "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "Messiaen this way of composing was \"inspired by the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal", "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "primes", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "in the Netherlands. The biggest city", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "the river Rhine", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "the river", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "(after the Danube),", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "the North Sea in the Netherlands.", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "(after the Danube),", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "the Germanic vocalism Rin-,", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "The spelling with Rh-", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "\u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin Rhenus.[note", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "1st century", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "the Rhine in modern languages", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "the name of the Rhine", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "the name of the Rhine", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "(Rh\u0113nos), Latin Rhenus.[note", "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "all derived from the Gaulish", "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "(Rheinkilometer), a scale", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "1939", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "The river length is significantly shortened from the river's", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "The river length is significantly shortened from the river's", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "the Rhine\",", "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "the Rhine\", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "(1036.20 km). The river", "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "the East.", "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal).", "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley", "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley", "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "the West and Liechtenstein", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal).", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal).", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "Graub\u00fcnden,", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "the Rhine.", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "Rhine\")", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "the singular is pronounced \"Isel\"", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the singular is pronounced \"Isel\"", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "the West by the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\")", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "The delta", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "(\"Donkey\").", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "a modern canal", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "a nature", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "small islands", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "(\"Old Rhine\")", "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "the mountains", "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "the constant flooding and strong sedimentation", "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach, in order", "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized", "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "lighter suspended load comes from higher", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "the mountains", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "the mountains", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "darker color than the Rhine;", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "three", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "three bodies of water: the Obersee (\"upper lake\"),", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "Austrian state of Vorarlberg,", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Austrian state of Vorarlberg,", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "three bodies", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "three", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "south following the Swiss-Austrian border.", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "south following the Swiss-Austrian border.", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "in Germany, Switzerland", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "Austrian state of Vorarlberg,", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "the island of Lindau.", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "the Rheinrinne", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "the lake, off the island", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "the Rhine", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "the island of Lindau.", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "north", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "the highest point of the Rhine basin.", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "1,000 m3/s (35,000", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "Basel-Stadt, until it turns north at the so-called Rhine knee at Basel, leaving Switzerland.", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "the river Aare.", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "the highest point of the Rhine basin.", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the highest point of the Rhine basin.", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "more than a fifth", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "the cantons of Z\u00fcrich and Basel-Stadt,", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "the so-called Rhine knee at Basel, leaving Switzerland.", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "to 40 km", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "the Upper Rhine Valley", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "about 300 km long and up to 40 km", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide.", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "40 km", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "about 300 km long and up to 40 km", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "\"Rhine knee\";", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin.", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "about 300 km", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "the Mainz Basin.", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "19th", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "increased and the ground water level fell", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace.", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "Plobsheim", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "traffic. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "The Upper Rhine region", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "the 19th Century.", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace.", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water,", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "the Rhine via the Moselle. As it approaches", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "1,300 ft)", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands. Most of Luxembourg", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "France", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "the Moselle,", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "France", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "11,000", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "the Middle Rhine", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "\"the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002)", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "The gorge", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "the Middle Rhine", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "in the region", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "\"the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40 castles and fortresses", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "Bingen", "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg,", "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "port and functions as a hub to the sea", "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "Antwerp", "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "Switzerland,", "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river,", "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "heavy industry", "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "the Rhine up into Switzerland,", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Rotterdam,", "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "Rhine.", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "The Rhine Gorge", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "the Rhine romanticism.", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "the steep slopes, the Middle Rhine Valley", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "Near Sankt Goarshausen,", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "Sankt Goarshausen,", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "the Middle Rhine Valley", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "Sankt Goarshausen,", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "Near Sankt Goarshausen,", "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "agglomerations Cologne,", "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "port in Europe (Duisport).", "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "Duisburg", "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "Lippe. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine", "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "30 km", "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "the Uerdingen line, the line", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "30 km", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "The Beneden Merwede branches off, near Hardinxveld-Giessendam", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "estuaries, into the North Sea.", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Two thirds", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "the North", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the Hollands", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "the Nieuwe Waterweg,", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the North Sea. The Oude Maas branches off,", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "The other third", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay),", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "Sea.", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "the Nederrijn", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "The other third", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "Maas and to the North Sea.", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "The other third", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay),", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "the IJsselmeer (a former bay),", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "first Leidse Rijn (\"Rhine of Leiden\") and then, Oude Rijn (\"Old Rhine\").", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "first Leidse Rijn (\"Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Rijn,", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "the Rhine is called Kromme", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "first Leidse", "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "the river", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "the river delta", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "Merwede\"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "two", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "Kanaal,", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "(\"the Rip\") and Nieuwe Waterweg (\"New Waterway\").", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "Maas\", then Amer", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "1904", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "Maas to the North Sea", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "1421 to 1904", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "reasons", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "Rhine", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "Linge,", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "Vecht, etc.) and smaller rivers", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "second half of the 20th Century", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "high tide", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "Brakel", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "tide acts far inland. At the Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "the Eurasian and African tectonic plates,", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "Jurassic Period,", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps,", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "Jurassic Period,", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "Orogeny", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "the Miocene, a river system", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "the Miocene, a river system", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "the Eocene onwards,", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "Lower Rhine", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "By the early Pleistocene period, the Rhine had captured most of its current Alpine watershed from the Rh\u00f4ne, including the Aar.", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "the early Pleistocene period,", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "Meuse, to its watershed.", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "major Ice Ages", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "11,600", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "600,000 years", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "the northern part of the present North Sea", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "the northern part", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP).", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases,", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The English", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "(~11,600 BP).", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower", "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "the space", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "Rhine's", "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "22,000\u201314", "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "space", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra, with Ice Age", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "22,000 years ago", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "cover, ocean water", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "thaw", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "22,000 years ago", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "22,000 years ago", "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500", "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea; in the last 7000 years, the coast line", "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7500 yr ago", "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "the same location. In the southern North Sea, due to ongoing tectonic subsidence, the sea", "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "roughly at the same location", "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "11,700 years ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "11,700 years ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley.", "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "Netherlands,", "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "11\u201313th century AD.", "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries", "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "salt and fuel", "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "11\u201313th century", "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "80", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "the help of weirs in the Nederrijn river.", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "the help of weirs in the Nederrijn river.", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "This discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709,", "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "1709", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "three", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "the historical period in the 1st century BC", "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "the Rhine", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "1st century BC,", "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "Herodotus", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "14 until after AD", "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "The upper Rhine and upper Danube", "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "14 until after AD", "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "southern part was different. The upper", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "the fertile plain", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as follows: for the army of Germania Inferior,", "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "the other side of the empire", "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "(\"town of the Ubii\"),", "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "a state or threat of war", "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "two legions at oppidum Ubiorum (\"town of the Ubii\"),", "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the Migration period,", "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "the Nibelungenlied", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "a dragon on the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) (\"dragons", "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "(Siebengebirge)", "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "(Siebengebirge)", "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "1469", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "By the 6th century,", "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "the Rhine,", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "Western Francia, but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire,", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "between Middle and Western Francia, but in the 10th century,", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "the Peace of Westphalia,", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "a wave of nationalism in Germany.", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "Napoleon Bonaparte,", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "1806", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "in 1806 and lasted until 1814", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "1935", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "1930", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "Adolf Hitler's", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "army forbidden to enter. The Treaty of Versailles", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "1935", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "Germany,", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "at Remagen. Seven Days", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944.", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "The Rhine", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "the River Rhine was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War.", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "820 miles", "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "authoritative Brockhaus Enzyklop\u00e4die,", "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "it became generally accepted and found its way", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "1,232 kilometres (766", "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1932", "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "May 1999.", "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "the Scotland Act 1998,", "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "Parliament", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Parliament", "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "both seated at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity.", "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three", "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule", "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "1973", "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "set up the Kilbrandon Commission", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "Scottish National Party (SNP)", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "oil\" campaign", "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1978", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "The combined effect", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "1974", "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "1 March 1979 that represented at least 40%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "40%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "the total electorate threshold", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "40%", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "its blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "Parliament.", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "1989", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "a Scottish Assembly was initiated as a pressure group,", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "new building", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "gabion", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Scottish", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "Scottish Parliament building", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Minister. Crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the Garden Lobby, complete the unique architecture. Queen Elizabeth II", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "the former Strathclyde", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber", "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "George IV", "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "George IV", "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings", "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "the main hall was used as the Parliament's", "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "George IV Bridge was used for the MSP's", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott).", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott).", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "standing orders", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "elects", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "the Scottish Parliament.", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "the Parliament.", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "staff, property and resources", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "five", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "the Standing Orders of the Parliament", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "sit opposite members at the front", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "front", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "129", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "the beginning of each sitting in the chamber", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "the Parliament", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "the meetings of Parliament,", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "panned from Scottish rivers", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "the first words of the Scotland Act,", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "January to late June and from early September", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "am to 6 pm. Chamber debates and committee", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Parliament", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "9:15 am to 6 pm. Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public. Entry is free,", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "limited space", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection,", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "four minutes", "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "representations", "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "speaker addresses", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "or party leaders", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "Deputy Presiding Officer)", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "may call each other directly by name", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "Scottish Parliament", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "constituency or cabinet position, and hand clapping is allowed. Speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in English, but members may use Scots, Gaelic,", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "the console, identifies them and allows them to vote. As a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds.", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "Time\" is heralded", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "\"There will be a division\" and members vote", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "by means of electronic consoles on their desks", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases,", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "entrust some MSPs, known as whips,", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "the independence of Members of the Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "s policies", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "their parties outright. Thus, as with many Parliaments, the independence", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "after all other participants.", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to \"winds", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "45 minutes. Members", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "time. As well as the proposer,", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "any other item which would otherwise not be accorded", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "revising chamber", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "The role of committees", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "scrutinise legislation. Committee", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "chamber. The principal role of committees in the Scottish Parliament", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "The principal role of committees", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "Public Appointments; and Delegated", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "balance of parties", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "Scottish Parliament", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "the beginning of each parliamentary session", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "one", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "parliamentary", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "Culture; Health", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "Parliament", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "Airdrie-Bathgate", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "legislation", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The Scotland Act 2012", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "United Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland. However, under the terms of the Scotland", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "Parliament. Such \"devolved matters\" include education, health, agriculture", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Scottish Parliament", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland. However, under the terms of the Scotland", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "unconnected", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "economic development", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "as setting speed limits and control of air guns", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "5", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "common markets for UK goods", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "National Lottery, protection of borders,", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "gas, nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy, employment, foreign policy and relations", "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "gas, nuclear energy", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "a bill", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "an outside proposer", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "Parliament.", "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "in the relevant committee or committees", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum", "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "Parliament.", "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "its accompanying documents", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "general", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "two", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "the bill, designed to thwart further progress and take up", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "thwart further progress and take up parliamentary", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "After a general", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "Scottish Government", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "they begin with a phrase that reads: \"The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "4-week", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "the Scottish Government or UK", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "a conventional enacting formula. Instead they begin with a phrase that reads: \"The", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "Scottish Ministers", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "First Minister", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "the largest party is returned as First Minister, and head", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "each parliamentary", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "the Scottish Government.", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "Thursday in May every four years (1999,", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "the Scotland Act 1998, ordinary general", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "proclamation. Extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election,", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "four", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "legislative programme for the forthcoming year. After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "a statement to the chamber", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year.", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction. Opposition leaders ask a general question of the First Minister and then supplementary", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "Thursday", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "sitting, First Minister's", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "a Thursday between 11:40", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "12", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "55,000", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "2005", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "129", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "a smaller area in the Central Lowlands, where the bulk of Scotland's population live,", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "MSP.", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "the number of list votes", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "one plus the number of seats", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "constituency seats). The party", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "constituency seats). The party", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "in the second vote", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "armed forces", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "1975", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "over the age", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "Scottish Parliament", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "Disqualification Act", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority.", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives.", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "16", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "16", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "a referendum", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "the Lothian", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "a net loss of five seats", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "McLetchie", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "McLetchie,", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "\"", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West Lothian", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "House of Commons", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "English", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "Ireland", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "one end is a strategy of Islamization", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution", "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "end is a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution", "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "conservatism, literalism, and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.\"", "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "the other \"reformist\" pole Islamists", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "Vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "Jamaat-e-Islami", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "half of the 20th century", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "movement", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "the Muslim Brotherhood", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "pan-Islamism", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "its focus on Islamisation", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "apolitical is an error", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Esposito", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "a political role for Islam but also because its supporters", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam,", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism,", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism,", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism,", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "1970", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970\", and it is quietist/non-political Islam,", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "time\u2014more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition, which Islamists", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "1970s", "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "their prestige, \"experience", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "Western and pro-Western", "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "their prestige, \"experience", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah);", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "struggle against leftists", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "Islamists", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "1990s", "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "movement\" was said to have been \"imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed.\" This \"gentlemen's", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "s sake,\" that democracy", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "Wahhabism or Salafism.", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "Wahhabism", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "Allah's", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "Wahhabism", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "Muslim Brotherhood,", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": "sports facilities", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "fa", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood, \"are well known for providing shelters,", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "the All India Muslim League.", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "the Muslim League.", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "Johar", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "1934", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "the role of Islam as a religion", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "fears", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "northwestern India. This address later inspired the Pakistan movement.", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "December 1930,", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "29 December 1930,", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "his Allahabad Address on 29 December", "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Abul", "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "the Jamaat-e-Islami party", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "1941", "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "Abul", "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "Jamaat-e-Islami", "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "Jamaat-e-Islami", "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "Islamists", "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "Abul", "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "Jamaat-e-Islami", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "the top of society", "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Sharia,", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "an educational process or da'wah.", "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "Muslim society", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "Islamic revolution, by \"revolution\" he meant not the violence", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Shariah", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "Hassan", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "political/religious organization. Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\"", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "political/religious organization. Under the motto", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "repression", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "Mahmud Fami Naqrashi", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "president Gamal Abdul Nasser,", "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "75", "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "many years", "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "Mohamed Morsi,", "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi,", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "Six-Day", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "Six-Day", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "Qutb", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "with economic stagnation", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism", "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Sharia law was essential to Islam,", "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Mohammad Iqbal,", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "Western interests, and that the acts such as \"plundering\" of Muslim lands", "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Mohammad Iqbal,", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "Shariati,", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "Shia", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Shia", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "Shia", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "2006", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "(SCIRI)", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "the Soviet Union", "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims", "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "to go themselves to fight for their faith.", "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the Afghan Civil War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahideen)", "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "35,000", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "groups that received its aid", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Saddam, secularist and Ba'athist", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait. Prior to 1990 Saudi Arabia", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "Saddam, secularist and Ba'athist", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "Saddam Hussein's", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "attacks", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "Egypt, a bloody civil war in Algeria and Osama bin Laden's terror attacks climaxing", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "Algeria", "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "Egypt,", "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "a campaign of attacks on government officials", "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "al-Hudaybi,", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "1966", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "the Brotherhood,", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "imprisonment", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "the 1970s", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "al-Salaam", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "al-Salaam", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were \"", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "Anwar Sadat", "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European", "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "1990s", "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "a parliamentary speaker", "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police.", "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "Palestine", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "Muslim Brotherhood", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "Islamic state in Palestine. It was soon competing with and then overtaking the PLO", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "Brotherhood's", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "Palestine took a \"quiescent\" stance towards Israel,", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "the PLO", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "542", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "martyr", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "2006", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "loss of life", "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "economic base with money", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "cadre", "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "economic base with money", "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "Saudi Arabia.", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "1985", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "poorly in national elections", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "post-al-Nimeiry", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "Turabi", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "mass imprisonment", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "FLN government, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following Sharia law, economic liberalization", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "1991", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "Afghanistan,", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Muslim", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "legal system following Sharia law, economic liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "mujahdeen", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "Islamist elements of mujahdeen", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "1980s", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "political and tribal warlords", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "80%", "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "neofundamental", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "village customs\" under the label of Sharia", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "Pakistan.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Pakistan.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "the Deobandi", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977,", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "Islamism,", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "Jamaat-e-Islami became the \"regime's ideological and political arm\". In Pakistan this Islamization", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "or implementation of Islamic law,", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "July 1977,", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate,", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "the Levant\"", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "over territory occupied by ten million", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "Afghanistan.", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "Afghanistan.", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "March 2003", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "1999", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "to consult and \"", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "1999", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey,", "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "as Muhammad Qutb.", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "HT sees Islam's", "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "Islamists such as Muhammad Qutb. HT", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "public", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "through \"ideological struggle", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "in both countries. But many HT members", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "terrorists", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "900,000", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "the 2007 Channel", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "a strong Islamist outlook. Their presence,", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "the 2007", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "2001", "57303048947a6a140053d255": "Department.", "57303048947a6a140053d256": "George W. Bush", "57303048947a6a140053d257": "U.S. Information Agency,", "57303048947a6a140053d258": "violent Islamism,", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia and Africa", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "imperium", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia and Africa", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "the control that one group", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "diplomacy or military force.\" Imperialism", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\".", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "control or full-fledged colonial rule\".", "57306797396df919000960ee": "enforcing land officials into large debts", "57306797396df919000960ef": "imperialism", "57306797396df919000960f0": "forcefully.", "57306797396df919000960f2": "out this confusion about the definition of imperialism", "57306797396df919000960f1": "centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers", "573081c2069b531400832133": "sea and trade routes", "573081c2069b531400832134": "European seaborne empires\". European expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems", "573081c2069b531400832135": "\"The word \u2018empire\u2019", "573081c2069b531400832136": "empire", "573081c2069b531400832137": "the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products. European empires in Asia and Africa", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "each have their own distinct definition", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "a degree of geographic separation between the colony", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "financial reasons,", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "people.", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "the development for settlement or commercial intentions.", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "colonialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "imperial nation begins a conquest", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "the process of a country taking physical control of another", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "imperialism", "5730876a396df9190009617a": "defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds.", "5730876a396df9190009617c": "state", "5730876a396df9190009617b": "its purpose, for example throughout Latin America \"whiteness\" is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento", "5730876a396df9190009617d": "Great Britain", "5730876a396df9190009617e": "building based on seemingly rational grounds", "573088da069b53140083216b": "Royal Geographical Society of London", "573088da069b53140083216c": "Germany", "573088da069b53140083216d": "back with tales of their discoveries. These societies also served as a space for travellers", "573088da069b53140083216e": "Germany", "573088da069b53140083216f": "the discipline", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "geographer Ellen Churchill Semple argued that even though human beings", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "s construction", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "its dominance over", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "tropical", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "orientalism", "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "Roman law", "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "during the last generation", "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "Australia", "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "generalizable to the policies", "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "stems from Roman law", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "as an ideological justification of early Western imperialism, as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "a negative vision of itself, as its inferior", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "the East,", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "visual works of early European studies", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "the West and \"them\" the East,", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "Bassett", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "to fill in blank spaces", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "\"information to fill in blank spaces", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "space to denote unknown or unexplored territory. This provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain \"information to fill in blank spaces", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "French and British", "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "the European colonial era,", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "the Persian Empire,", "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era, for example the Ethiopian Empire,", "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "the Incan Empire.", "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "dozens. Sub-Saharan Africa", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "opulent", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "the internet and unauthoris", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "soap opera Dallas during the Cold War changed the expectations of Romanians;", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "North Korea.", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama", "57309446396df919000961b8": "around 1700,", "57309446396df919000961b9": "to gain political power.[citation needed] Although imperialist practices", "57309446396df919000961ba": "thousands of years", "57309446396df919000961bb": "the middle of the 20th century", "57309446396df919000961bc": "\"Age of Imperialism\"", "57309564069b5314008321a5": "1980", "57309564069b5314008321a6": "20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919\u20131980)", "57309564069b5314008321a7": "government", "57309564069b5314008321a8": "the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to areas", "57309564069b5314008321a9": "Ronald Robinson", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "expansion", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "mid-18th century", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "economic growth by collecting resources", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "economic and administrative", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "the 1880s, the machine", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "improved firearms. By the 1880s,", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "the machine", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "made deadly explosives", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "European armies an advantage over their opponents,", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "the British", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "the late 1870s", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "philanthropy", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest,", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "rise of the military-political complex in the United States from the 1950s.", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "1940", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "1883\u20131950", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "A. Hobson (1858\u20131940),", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "combined work informed the study of imperialism and it's impact on Europe,", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "orientalism", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "justify", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "environmental determinism", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "Africa),", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "justifying colonial control as a civilizing", "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "scholars", "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "European empire", "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "social structure", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "exotic culture", "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "climatic zones. These scholars", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "1767", "5730a40f396df91900096235": "1767", "5730a40f396df91900096236": "East India Company", "5730a40f396df91900096237": "bankruptcy", "5730a40f396df91900096238": "India Company", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "1830", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1850", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "Catholicism.", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "South-East Asia,", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "1850", "5730a951069b531400832213": "Britain, France", "5730a951069b531400832214": "Jules Ferry", "5730a951069b531400832215": "citizenship rights", "5730a951069b531400832216": "the leading exponent of colonialism", "5730a951069b531400832217": "on the distant horizon. Contrasting from Britain, France", "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "French leader at the time,", "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "Charles de Gaulle", "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "in Africa", "5730aa52069b531400832220": "Charles de Gaulle", "5730aa52069b531400832221": "1960", "5730ab63396df91900096260": "northern Europe,", "5730ab63396df91900096263": "the first German Empire.", "5730ab63396df91900096261": "1000 CE,", "5730ab63396df91900096262": "800 CE,", "5730ab63396df91900096264": "Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and \"Germany\"", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "the First Empire, the Spanish throne,", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "late 19th century", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "1862", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "long-time Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "a nation", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "sudden and short-lived move.", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "1883", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "He was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders,", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "Friedrichsruh. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly,", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "invaded central China", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "1894", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Japan", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea", "5730b255396df919000962b0": "Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "1921", "5730b255396df919000962b2": "Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished", "5730b255396df919000962b3": "korenizatsii", "5730b255396df919000962b4": "the Soviet Union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919\u201320 in the old Tsarist Empire", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "Stalin established 'socialism", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Nikita Khrushchev", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Joseph Stalin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "Joseph Stalin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "common to both multinational empires", "5730b541396df919000962c2": "mercantilism", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "20th century", "5730b541396df919000962c5": "American colonies in 1776. Britain", "5730b541396df919000962c4": "1815", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "1776", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "Africa", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "Social Darwinism and theories of race", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General Kitchner, Lord Milner, and the writer Rudyard", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "\"", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "\"make the world safe for democracy\"", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "its own", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "Philippines", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "of hegemony and imperium of historical empires. In 1898, Americans", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "President Wilson", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "1917", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "President Wilson", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "a result of his role in the inquiry, Isiah Bowman", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "world' which was to be characterized by geographical order. As a result of his role in the inquiry,", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "external imperialism.", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "external", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "15 million", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million Africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of America's", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "1299", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "Suleiman", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "1299", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "North Africa,", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "1299 to 1923", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "Istanbul", "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "Ottoman Empire was at the center", "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "European powers,", "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "Turkey", "5730982f396df919000961e2": "United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination.", "5730982f396df919000961e3": "The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination.", "5730982f396df919000961e4": "1968", "5730982f396df919000961e5": "John and Charles Wesley", "5730982f396df919000961e6": "the union of the Methodist Church", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "the Southern Baptist Convention,", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "12 million", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "the largest mainline Protestant denomination,", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "6%", "57309921396df919000961f6": "mid-18th century", "57309921396df919000961f7": "the Oxford University", "57309921396df919000961f8": "\"the Methodists\", being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "1735", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "John Wesley", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "Anglican", "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "the Church of England.", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "the Church of England, the American Revolution", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "1784", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "the Lovely Lane", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "England,", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "the Mother Church of American Methodism.", "57309adb396df919000961fc": "congregation", "57309adb396df919000961fd": "the oldest Methodist church", "57309adb396df919000961fe": "1769", "57309adb396df919000961ff": "in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia,", "57309adb396df91900096200": "1769", "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "Allen and Absalom Jones", "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "the Mother Bethel", "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "1920s", "57309d31396df91900096210": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096211": "the power of bishops", "57309d31396df91900096212": "1830", "57309d31396df91900096213": "because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops", "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "April 23, 1968,", "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "United Methodist Church was created when the Evangelical United Brethren", "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "United Brethren Church (represented by Bishop Reuben H. Mueller) and The Methodist Church (represented by Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke)", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "God is preached and the Sacraments", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "the Word of God", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used frequently in services of worship. The Book of Discipline", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "ancient opinion from the Church of Alexandria, which held that bishops and presbyters constituted one order and therefore, bishops", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "Methodist activities there. In defense", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "his action to ordain, Wesley", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "1968", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "Charles Wesley (Anglicans),", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "United Methodist Church", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "William Otterbein", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. This grace is the present work of God to turn us", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "us, is given to all people. It is that power", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "us to love", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "God's", "5730aeba069b531400832241": "one transforming moment, such as an altar", "5730aeba069b531400832242": "forgiven", "5730aeba069b531400832243": "love God", "5730aeba069b531400832244": "The justifying grace cancels our guilt", "5730aeba069b531400832245": "\"accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior,\"", "5730afed069b53140083225f": "God by leading a Spirit-filled", "5730afed069b531400832260": "man can lose all inclination to evil", "5730afed069b531400832261": "a man would ever reach a state in this life", "5730afed069b531400832262": "us", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "sacred tradition, reason", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "Anglo-Catholic", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "United Methodist Church", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "the Holy Bible", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "2008", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "The denomination", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "the denomination is pro-choice and also \"", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "cautions that \"", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "Methodist Church", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "United Methodist Women.", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at their General Conference,", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "2012", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "a petition that passed through the legislative subcommittee and committee", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "one time, Methodist ministers", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "2012", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "the United Methodist Church uses unfermented grape juice", "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "social vengeance as a reason", "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7.", "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "social vengeance as a reason", "5730b54c069b531400832290": "Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital", "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "sex", "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "1999", "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "1999", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "position by voting", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "United Methodist Church \"implore[s]", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "UMC.", "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "2005", "5730b776069b5314008322be": "1987", "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "UMC Judicial Council, in 2008, ruled that conferences can determine their own policy related to transgender pastors,", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service.", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that \"as", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "the United Methodist Church", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "military", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "United Methodist Church", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "brutal suppression of human rights", "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "United Methodist Church", "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "commercialization, abuse", "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "girls and women", "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "to the creation of embryos for the sake of research", "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "sake of research", "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "It supports research", "5730c059069b531400832305": "England.\" When the Methodists", "5730c059069b531400832306": "Sunday", "5730c059069b531400832307": "piety", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "United Methodist Church in Africa.", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "Ash Wednesday, Maundy", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "special services", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "\"St. James UMC\").", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "James UMC\"). Methodists", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "Saint Matthew, Lutheran theologian and martyr to the Nazis", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "the church", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "United Methodist Church", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "U.S. jurisdictions of the church. The 2016 General Conference will be in Portland, Oregon. Bishops, Councils, Committees,", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "highest", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "every four years", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "four", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "every four years", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "to the General Conference", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "the chief administrators of the church", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "the General Conference", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "the Mission Council (usually consisting of church bishops).", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "the George W. Bush Presidential Library. The decision generated controversy in light of Bush's support of the Iraq War which the church", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36 acres (150,000", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "One of the most high profile decisions in recent years", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "in Dallas, Texas,", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "nine", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "General Conference.", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "eight-year term", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "nine", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "The ratio of laity to clergy", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "United Methodist Church operates in a connectional organization", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "Church or a synod", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "exclusive power to set pastors", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "three", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "three", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "trustees", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "church council", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "sixty", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "sixty", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "great emphasis on the importance of education", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "John Wesley,", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "American Revolution", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "Church of England, because of the crisis", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "Church of England", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "the Districts of the Annual Conference. Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference,", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "several District Superintendents", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "the Districts of the Annual Conference.", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "the epis", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "the sacraments", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "a term", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "a term of 2\u20133 years as provisional Elders", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "3", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "world. Deacons assist elders", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "Baptism,", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "1996", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "1996 General Conference", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "\"provisional elder\" or \"", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "pastor has the authority of a pastor only within the context and during the time of the appointment and shall not extend beyond it. Local pastors", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "bishop may appoint a \"local pastor\" to serve the pastoral appointment. Local Pastors", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "five", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "bishop may appoint a \"local pastor\" to serve the pastoral appointment. Local Pastors", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "United Methodist Church", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "Baptized Members", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "United Methodist Church", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Methodist-Christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "offer membership", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "Methodist-Christian theological tradition", "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "their ultimate faith", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "who serve in their own churches", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "as local church", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "every three years", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "three", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "it voted to seek observer", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "Evangelicals", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "theological and confessional", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "1985", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "May 2012,", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "1985", "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "34,000", "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "34,000", "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "Oklahoma,", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "up at least 30% of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40% of the delegates", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "overseas", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%. During the conference,", "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "the World Methodist Council", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "an interdenominational group composed of various churches in the tradition of John Wesley to promote the Gospel throughout the world.", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "July 18, 2006,", "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "1754\u20131763", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "as Native American allies.", "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "2 million", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "2 million", "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia", "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers,", "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.", "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756", "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "poor management, internal divisions", "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces,", "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "1756", "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "In 1755,", "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "France. France", "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "1760", "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "Canada.", "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "France.", "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "Anglo-French conflict. France", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "1740", "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "the Seven Years' War,", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "Seven Years' War.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "Seven Years'", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "1760", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America,", "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "about 75,000", "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "\u00cele Royale", "5733d5704776f41900661310": "along the St. Lawrence River valley,", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "about 1.5 million", "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia", "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "in the north, to Georgia", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "Algonquian-speaking", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "as Iroquoian-speaking", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "the Ohio", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingo.", "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "the \"other side\" of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements, as most tribes", "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758.", "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Iroquoian-speaking", "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "woodland combat experience)", "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "3,000 troupes", "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "New France", "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "the northern shore of Lake Ontario,", "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "or fur-traders, C\u00e9loron", "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "the northern shore", "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "warning", "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio", "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "warning. Disappointed,", "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "\"Old Briton\" ignored the warning. Disappointed, C\u00e9loron returned to Montreal in November 1749.", "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "either side", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "European colonial captives", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "through raiding parties that included Indian allies, had taken place for decades, leading to a brisk trade in European colonial captives", "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "late 17th century", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "Pennsylvania,", "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown", "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "Iroquois", "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "the Ohio", "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "Aix-la-Chapelle.", "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "Aix-la-Chapelle.", "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "Grand Banks off Newfoundland.", "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "it reached no decision. Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "Charles le Moyne de Longueuil.", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "three", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "1752", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "ritual", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians.", "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "(near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania)", "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania)", "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Erie, Pennsylvania) on Lake Erie's south shore. He had a road built to the headwaters", "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania), designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "the \"Covenant Chain\",", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "the \"Covenant Chain\",", "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "the other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker of their tribal council,", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "colonel of the Iroquois. Later he was commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia. They met at Albany, New York with Governor Clinton", "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist,", "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company", "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company,", "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "1753", "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "French withdrawal from the Ohio", "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "the Ohio Country.", "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "obey it.\" He told Washington that France's", "5733f1784776f41900661575": "16", "5733f1784776f41900661576": "1754", "5733f1784776f41900661577": "Pecaudy de Contrec\u0153ur", "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "larger force to assist Trent in his work.", "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "British, Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne", "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "to assist Trent in his work.", "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "to send an army", "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "February 1755, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.", "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "They chose Major General Edward Braddock", "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "the command of Baron Dieskau", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "unfolding. The plan that the delegates", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding. The plan", "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding. The plan", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "unfolding. The plan", "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "The remaining 500 British troops, led by George Washington, retreated to Virginia. Two future opponents", "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "1,000", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "1,000", "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining 500 British troops, led by George Washington, retreated to Virginia. Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War,", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley's", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "French were massing", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "Rome, New York).", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "Shirley and Johnson.", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Henry,", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "Dieskau", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "William Henry. The battle ended inconclusively,", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Indian support was reluctant to attack.", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat. Dieskau", "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians,", "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "ongoing frontier raids (against Dartmouth and Lunenburg among others).", "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "\u00cele Saint-Jean), the only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757.", "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "William Johnson and New York's", "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "New York's", "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Lake Ontario", "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "1756", "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "James Abercrombie", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "James Abercrombie", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "1756", "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "French forces in the Ohio valley", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "reinforcements", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "45,000 pounds", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "supply chain", "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed a strategic feint", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "the Oswego", "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Oswego garrison,", "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "the Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed", "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "a massacre", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "to attack", "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "at Fort William Henry.", "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.", "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "capitulated with an agreement", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "children, and slaves", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "raid against the position", "57340111d058e614000b677d": "many of them to stay away from trading in 1758. While many parties to the conflict blamed others (the Indians blamed the French for bringing \"bad medicine\"", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "the British blockade", "57340111d058e614000b677f": "St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg,", "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "Louisbourg", "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces.", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "The British failures in North America, combined with other failures", "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops, supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France. Two", "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600", "573403394776f419006616de": "3,600", "573403394776f419006616df": "western forts and furs destined for Europe. Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.", "573403394776f419006616e0": "the French called Carillon", "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "the mainland, Prussia, and the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos", "57340549d058e614000b67de": "poor French results in most theaters of the Seven Years' War in 1758,", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.", "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "the lives of both commanders)", "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "the arrival of French", "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "the Restigouche", "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "James Wolfe defeated Montcalm", "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "General Amherst. Amherst granted Vaudreuil's", "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed", "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "General Amherst. Amherst granted Vaudreuil's", "573408ef4776f41900661757": "10 February 1763,", "573408ef4776f41900661758": "10 February 1763,", "573408ef4776f41900661759": "easier to defend than the furs", "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "to regain Cuba, also gained Louisiana, including New Orleans,", "57340a094776f4190066177d": "80,000", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755", "57340a094776f4190066177f": "Falkland Islands;", "57340a094776f41900661780": "\"Cadien\", then to \"Cajun\".)", "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "the First Nations.", "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "newly conquered territory, and to some extent continues to govern relations between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations.", "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "west of the Appalachian Mountains", "57340d124776f419006617c3": "The Ohio", "57340d124776f419006617c0": "The Ohio", "57340d124776f419006617c1": "1769)", "57340d124776f419006617c2": "French power in North America", "57340d124776f419006617bf": "the Louisiana territory", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "the nature of natural motion. A fundamental error was the belief that a force", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "nature", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "Sir Isaac Newton", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "three hundred years", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "Sir Isaac Newton", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "bosons", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "quantum mechanics", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "bosons", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "that motionless", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "four", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "in their natural place", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "the elements earth and water", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "early in the 17th century.", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "Aristotelian", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "a force, for example friction.", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "Galileo Galilei,", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "Aristotelian theory", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "Newton", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "the Aristotelian", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "Newton's", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "the first law", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "the vehicle is moving. This is true even though another person who", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable. Inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "pass", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "a constant", "573749741c4567190057445d": "the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity", "573749741c4567190057445e": "the length of a year", "573749741c4567190057445f": "Albert Einstein", "573749741c45671900574460": "Newton's", "573749741c45671900574461": "no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings", "573750f51c45671900574467": "kinematics", "573750f61c45671900574468": "lacking a coherent", "573750f61c45671900574469": "the relative units", "573750f61c4567190057446a": "deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass. General relativity", "573750f61c4567190057446b": "mass, but lacking a coherent theory", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "equal in magnitude", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "the action-reaction law", "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "unidirectional", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "a force \u2212F on the first body. F and \u2212F are equal in magnitude", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "mass of the system", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "mass", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "19-1", "573766251c45671900574471": "temperature", "573766251c45671900574472": "experimentation", "573766251c45671900574473": "experimentation", "573766251c45671900574474": "Through experimentation,", "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "the same direction. In this simple one-dimensional", "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "a different set of mathematical rules", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "the crucial properties that forces", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "the angle between their lines", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "three-dimensional with the third", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "three", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "the other. Choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "the third component being at right", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "the applied force", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "the applied force", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "the applied force", "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "limit determined by the characteristics", "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "Archimedes' principle for buoyancy;", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the \"spring reaction force\", which equals the object's weight", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "spring", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "millennia to define standard weights", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "equilibrium", "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Aristotle's", "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "constant velocity", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "contradicted by observations and", "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct. For example, if a mariner", "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "mast", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "non-zero velocity, it continues to move with a non-zero velocity", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "it is clear that there is no net force", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "Aristotle", "57377aac1c45671900574479": "quantized\", i", "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Schr\u00f6dinger", "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation", "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "physics", "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "the physics", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "fermions and bosons", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "e. for antiparallel spins the position variables", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "i.e. they exclude each other from their places", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "there is one \"cave", "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "g.", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "vertex", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "the Feynman", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "modern particle physics, forces", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "four", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "Pauli", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "The electromagnetic force", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "fundamental interactions. For example, friction", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "James Clerk Maxwell", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th century", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "electromagnetism", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "the force responsible for objects falling", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "Isaac Newton. Before Newton,", "573784fa1c45671900574484": "Isaac Newton.", "573784fa1c45671900574485": "9.81 meters", "573784fa1c45671900574486": "the center", "573784fa1c45671900574487": "free-fall was constant and independent of the mass", "573786b51c4567190057448d": "Earth to the gravitational acceleration:", "573786b51c4567190057448e": "inverse square law", "573786b51c4567190057448f": "the acceleration", "573786b51c45671900574490": "Newton determined that the acceleration", "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "his law of gravity had to be universal. Succinctly stated, Newton's Law of Gravitation", "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry Cavendish", "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "1798", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "Henry Cavendish", "5737898f1c45671900574495": "(GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's", "5737898f1c45671900574496": "general relativity", "5737898f1c45671900574497": "the first time that Newton's Theory", "5737898f1c45671900574498": "Einstein", "5737898f1c45671900574499": "Mercury's", "57378b141c4567190057449f": "the extra ct dimension is added) is almost a straight line,", "57378b141c456719005744a0": "the ground moves in a parabola, as it is in a uniform gravitational field. Its space-time", "57378b141c456719005744a1": "the order of few light-years). The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as \"gravitational force\".", "57378b141c456719005744a2": "the curvature of space", "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "the time rate", "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field). Fully stated, this is the law:", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force", "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "Lorentz's Law", "57378e311c456719005744af": "James Clerk Maxwell", "57378e311c456719005744b0": "20 scalar", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "4", "57378e311c456719005744b2": "4", "57378e311c456719005744b3": "Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard", "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "ultraviolet catastrophe", "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory", "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force", "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "photoelectric", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "the work of leading theoretical physicists", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "stiffness and rigidity", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "a structural force", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges", "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "stiffness and rigidity", "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "a structural force", "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles", "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "atomic nuclei", "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "rho mesons", "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "a residual of the force is observed between hadrons", "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "indirectly, transmitted", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "the heavy W and Z bosons.", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "strong force. Still, it", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect", "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "1013 times", "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "excess of approximately 1015", "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "electrons", "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "electrons", "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "fermionic nature of electrons", "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "forces", "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "reaction", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force", "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "the load", "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "any force", "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "ideal pulleys", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "three-dimensional objects. However, in real life,", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "contract", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "in real life", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "formalism", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "formalism", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "formalism", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism", "5737a4511c456719005744df": "the rotation equivalent of force", "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "Newton's First Law", "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "the same way that angle", "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "perpendicular to the path", "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "slowing it down or speeding it up, and the radial (centripetal)", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "radial direction outwards", "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "radial direction outwards", "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "perpendicular to the path, and one that is tangent", "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "contour map of the elevation", "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "the elevation", "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system,", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "energy", "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "conservative force acts on the system", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "numerous electrostatic potentials", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "average of microstates", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "Nonconservative forces other than friction", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "heat. According to the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "heat. According to the Second law", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "heat. According to the Second law", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "heat", "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m\u00b7s\u22122 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf", "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "1000", "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "1000", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.", "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "1000" }