{ "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "an American football game to", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "Bowl 50 was an American football game to", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "50 was an American", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California. As this was the 50th Super Bowl, the league emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with", "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "(under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl L\"), so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Super", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Bowl 50", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Super", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "Super", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "Super", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "champion of the National Football League", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season.", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC)", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "Super", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "American", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "League (NFL)", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "an American football game to", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "played", "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "gold-themed initiatives, as well as", "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives", "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "Super Bowl 50 was an American football game", "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Super", "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Super Bowl 50 was", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "was", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "The", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "The", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "The Panthers finished the", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "The Broncos finished the regular season", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "them 20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys,", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "\u2013", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP).", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "regular season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "the", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "1 record, and quarterback", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "15\u20131", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "Bowl appearance", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "and quarterback Cam", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "The Panthers finished the regular season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "1", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "and denied the New England Patriots a chance", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "regular", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "The Panthers finished", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "The Panthers finished the regular season", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995.", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "The Panthers finished", "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Broncos took an early", "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by", "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "early lead in Super Bowl", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "The", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "The", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "Broncos", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "The Broncos", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "Broncos took an", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "Miller", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "took", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "The", "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by", "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "never trailed.", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "him seven times and forced", "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "and", "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "trailed", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "lead in", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "Miller was named Super Bowl MVP,", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was", "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second", "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "CBS", "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "in", "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "CBS", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Bruno Mars, who headlined", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "CBS broadcast Super", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "CBS", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "the", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "broadcast Super", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.,", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "5", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by", "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by", "56d602631c85041400946eda": "charged an average of", "56d602631c85041400946edb": "for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock", "56d602631c85041400946edc": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Coldplay with special guest", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.,", "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that", "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\" and that it would be \"an", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "Goodell", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\" and that it would be", "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\"", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "2012,", "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "early", "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "In", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "early 2012", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "In early 2012,", "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites:", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "narrowed", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "The league", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "eventually", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome,", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "The", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "eventually", "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "Francisco", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "The league eventually narrowed the", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "The", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "league", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites:", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Mercedes-Benz", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "The", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "league eventually", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "XLIV in 2010. The San Francisco Bay Area last hosted in 1985 (Super Bowl XIX), held at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California,", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "The", "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "renovations. However, on May 3, 2013, the Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations, dealing", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "16, 2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": ", 2012, that", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "October 16, 2012, that", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "renovations. However, on May 3, 2013, the Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "Stadium. The", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": ",", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "The", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "were", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "The league announced on October", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "announced", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": ",", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "The league announced", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "The league announced on October 16,", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": ",", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "16", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "stadium underwent", "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The", "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "May 21, 2013,", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "2013, NFL owners", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the", "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "their spring", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "On", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "XXXVII", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "in", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "It is the", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first", "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "Francisco", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "On", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "May", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "May", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings", "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "number", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "both conferences", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "For the third straight season, the number one seeds from both", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "their other appearance", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "For the third straight", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "third", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "season", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "the third straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only", "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The", "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being", "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four teams to", "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "For the third", "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "the", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "back DeAngelo Williams and", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "losing", "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "top", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "to a", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "for the first time in franchise history. Ten players were selected to the", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "game schedule in", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "regular season games since the league expanded to", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "wai", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "running", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "and", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "1978. Carolina started the season 14\u20130, not only setting franchise", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. Carolina started the season 14\u20130,", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "history) along with eight All-Pro selections.", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "Despite waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Despite waiving longtime running back", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "running", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "Despite waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": ", becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "(31", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "scoring", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "scoring (", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "and", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "Panthers offense,", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points),", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60", "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "the NFL in scoring (500 points),", "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "scoring (500 points)", "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "and rushing for 636", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "led the NFL in scoring (500 points),", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for", "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "yards and rushing for 636,", "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4. Newton's leading receivers were", "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one", "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "in scoring (", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "The", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "The Panthers defense", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "in interceptions", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler who was the NFL's active career sack leader with 136,", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "team with a career high seven", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "up just 308 points", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Panthers", "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "with 136, along with defensive end Kony Ealy, who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts. Behind them, two of the Panthers", "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "bowler", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "fumbles and recovering two. Fellow lineman Mario Addison added 6\u00bd sacks. The Panthers line also featured veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11,", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "the NFL's active career sack leader with 136, along with defensive end Kony Ealy, who had", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "up just 308 points,", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "offense, the Broncos finished", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "Although the team had a 7\u20130", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "loss", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Following their", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "all", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "including a mutual parting with", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "their loss in the divisional round of the previous season'", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "in", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "Kubiak, the Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, but struggled", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "their", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes,", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "to", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "most of the remainder of the regular", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "left foot. He set the NFL's all-time record for", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "since the summer, and the simple fact that Manning was getting old, as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season. Although the", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "Following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "'", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes,", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards,", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "contrast", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "for a rating of 86.", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "Manning", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "96", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "contrast, Osweiler", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "touchdowns", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Manning", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": ", the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "-", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Manning finished the year", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three. Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "530", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "in", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "allowed (4,530", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "The Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and fourth in", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and", "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Derek Wolfe and Malik", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three. Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history,", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "' defense ranked first", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "play in the Pro", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "allowed (296)", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": ",", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315,", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "running", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "The", "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime", "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "The Panthers beat", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "the", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "year earlier. The", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "\u2013", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "The Panthers", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "Broncos", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "The Broncos defeated", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "Broncos", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "didn't throw any in their", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318,", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "clock. Despite Manning's problems with interceptions during the season, he didn't throw any in their", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final three", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "seconds left on", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316,", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game,", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "ACL tears", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "major setback when", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "Carolina suffered", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "suffered a", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career,", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "Carolina suffered", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "11", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still", "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "he insisted he would still find a way to", "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "when", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Carolina suffered a major setback when", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "of Football", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "ever to play", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "at", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "became the first", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "quarterback", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams", "56d704430d65d214001982de": "is", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive", "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "Peyton Manning became the", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Manning became the first", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "Peyton", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "was the first Super", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "This", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "Carolina and Von Miller for Denver.", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "was the first", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes.", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "on", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "This", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "quarterback on both teams who", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "the", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "selection of the 1998 NFL draft,", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "a quarterback", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "matchup also pits the", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "was the first Super Bowl to feature a", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "the 1998", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "both head", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "in", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "With Rivera", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "been a", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "With Rivera", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak", "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "defeats in", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Levi's Stadium's", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in \"great shape\" for gameday. However, the turf showed problem throughout the game,", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in \"great shape\" for", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "a Super Bowl;", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "over", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Concerns", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "Levi's", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "quality to host", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to", "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season,", "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "during the inaugural season, the field", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants. Elway stated, \"We've", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "losing", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "jerseys with matching white pants. Elway", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "Elway's last game as Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319. In their only other Super Bowl win in Super Bowl", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "to", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "As", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "NFC", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "As the designated home team in the annual", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "XXII,", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "Bowl was the Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons prior. The Broncos' decision to", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "used the San Jose", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "The", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "at the", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "and stayed at the", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed", "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The", "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "The", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "facility and", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "The Panthers used the", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "with Roman numerals,", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "On June 4, 2014,", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "games with Roman numerals,", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "2014", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "logo", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "On June", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Bowl", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "On June", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "On June 4,", "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using", "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "practice established at", "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "On June 4,", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "themed", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "\"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "Various", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "Various gold-themed", "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the \"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos", "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were", "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "and hats featured", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "NFL", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "The", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "the", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "NFL", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "NFL", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "annual NFL", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "the Moscone", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "the", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring games and activities that", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "The", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "The", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "NFL Experience was held", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "The", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "In", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "In addition, there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "addition", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "In", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "$2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food", "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": ", there are $2 million", "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "there are $2", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": ", there are $", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game,", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "event", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "game's media day", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "The game's media day, which was typically", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "s", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "the game, was moved to", "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "'s media day,", "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved", "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "'", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "The game's media day, which was typically", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "Tuesday", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "February 1, 2016 at", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "in", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "businesses in Business Connect,", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl.", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "For", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "already raised over $40 million through sponsors including Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron,", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "and around the Super Bowl. The host committee has already raised over $40 million through", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "the first", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "For the first time,", "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in Business Connect,", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "grants", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "The Super Bowl", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "will", "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises", "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "Committee has vowed", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "dedicate 25 percent", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "large", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "(15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany &", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "Super Bowl 50 will also receive a large, 18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit will weigh 33 lb (15", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy that", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "to the", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "In", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "also", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "to the Vince", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "with Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": ", including pylon cameras and microphones", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "In the", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "In the United States, the game was televised", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "the telecast,", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "contest", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "between", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "the United States, the game was televised", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "the contest, with Tracy Wolfson", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL.", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "Simms", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "\u2014", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "by CBS,", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "Allegre,", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "the", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "On", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster", "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "ESPN Deportes", "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "and", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "2015, ESPN Deportes", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "ESPN Deportes", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "28,", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "CBS", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "CBS provided digital streams of", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": ".com, and the", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "of", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "CBS", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "CBS", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "provided digital", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "CBS", "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "CBS", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com,", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "provided digital streams of the", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "As opposed to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "to broadcasts", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "series, CBS", "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "with a special", "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its", "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000,", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "second advertisement at $5,000,000, a", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": ", the advertisements had not yet sold out", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "time on both the television and", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "set the base rate for a 30", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "$5,000,000, a record high price", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "CBS set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000,", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": ",", "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "CBS set the", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "base rate", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "be the final year in a multi-year contract with Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "CBS", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "purchase a package covering", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "Coffee", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "QuickBooks", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "a", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "\"Small Business Big Game\"", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "paid for Gods of Egypt, Paramount paid for", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "paid for Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal", "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "the debut trailer for Jason Bourne and Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through", "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "during", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "20th", "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Pictures, Universal Studios", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Lionsgate,", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "20th", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "will carry the game", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "color", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "as play", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "will", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "will carry the game throughout North America, with", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Malone as sideline", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "One will", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "One", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Westwood", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "play-by-play announcer, Boomer", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "One", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM)", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "The", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "stations of each station in the", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": ") will carry", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "flagship", "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Szoke on color commentary. WBT will also simulcast", "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "States throughout the game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos and Panthers radio networks will", "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "of", "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "United States throughout the game", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "flagship", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "will carry", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "In", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "the United", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "the United Kingdom,", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "the", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "In honor", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "honor of the 50th", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "of 39 of the 43 previous Super", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "featured the on-field introduction of 39", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "of the 50th", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "In honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II)", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Award winner Marlee", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "Matlin", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Six-time", "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "-", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "national anthem", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Award", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "the", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "rock group Coldplay. On January 7,", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "late November", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "\"multiple acts\" would perform during the", "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "2015, reports surfaced stating that \"", "56d725790d65d214001983da": "In late", "56d725790d65d214001983db": "2015, reports surfaced", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "November", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "In late November", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "late November", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show,", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "and", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "in over the next three plays. First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "the opening kickoff and", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "loss. Then after an incompletion, Thomas Davis tackled Anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down, forcing", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning", "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw", "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "Denver", "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "in", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "Carolina was facing a", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "out strong with Peyton Manning completing an", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "next three plays.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "took the", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "throw to receiver Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line,", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "kickoff", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Mike Carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "team punted", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "After each team punted,", "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "team", "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "each", "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "24", "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "Jerricho Cotchery, but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge. CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey stated", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "-yard pass", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "After each team punted, Panthers", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "After each team punted,", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "a punt from both teams, Carolina got on", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "touchdown run,", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "yards", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "After a punt from", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "14-yard line. Despite Denver's excellent field position, they could not get the ball into the end", "56d729180d65d21400198426": "73-yard scoring", "56d729180d65d21400198427": "9-play, 73-yard scoring drive. Newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u2013", "56d729180d65d21400198429": "After", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "After", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "After a punt from both teams, Carolina got on track with a 9-play, 73-yard scoring drive. Newton completed 4 of", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": ".", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Kony Ealy tipped a Manning", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": ", which linebacker", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end Kony", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Trevathan recovered", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "possession", "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "a fumble while being tackled by safety", "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "next possession fullback Mike", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "yards", "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "line.", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "fullback Mike Tolbert", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Trevathan", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "DeMarcus Ware as time expired in the", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "Carolina's", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "offensive", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "The Panthers", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play. But the Broncos defense halted the drive", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "The Panthers seemed primed to", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive", "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "McManus'", "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "the kickoff, with Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "attempt. After the miss, Manning", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "The Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "to another strong start", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr.", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Panthers", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310. The next three drives of the game would end in", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "There", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "would", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "scoring in", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "no more scoring in the", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "in", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "would be no more", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "There would be", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "4:51 left in regulation, Carolina got the", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": ":", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "left in regulation, Carolina got the", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton,", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "backwards and was recovered by Ward, who returned it five yards to the Panthers 4-yard line. Although several players dove into the pile to", "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-", "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "run and Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler for a 2-point", "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "With 4:51", "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "With 4:51", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": ":51 left", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "dove into the pile to attempt to recover it, Newton did not and his", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "-", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism. Meanwhile, Denver's offense was kept", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "Manning finished the", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "recovery, and an interception. Defensive End Charles Johnson had four total tackles,", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "yards. Anderson", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "the game 13", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "Manning finished the game 13 of", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "Manning", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "18 of 41 passes for 265 yards", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "forced fumbles", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": ",", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards. Anderson was the game's leading rusher", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns. Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "top", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": ", along", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "Manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "Manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "numerous records from individuals and teams.", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Bowl 50", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Manning", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194)", "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "old record of 45 yards set by John Taylor in Super Bowl XXIII.", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively", "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "Bowl", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "than 200 yards in a Super Bowl, and all of them had lost. The Broncos' seven sacks tied a Super Bowl record set", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "Super Bowl", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a Super Bowl low. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "all of them had lost. The Broncos'", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize. Famous musicians include W\u0142adys\u0142aw Szpilman", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "Szpilman and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. Though Chopin was born in the village of \u017belazowa Wola, about 60 km (37 mi)", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "of the most famous people born in Warsaw", "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "first", "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "One of", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "period: maidenhair tree, black walnut, Turkish hazel and Caucasian wingnut trees. With its benches, flower carpets, a pond with", "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "The Saxon Garden, covering the area of 15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100 different species of trees and the", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100 different species of", "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "covering", "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "in", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "with a habitat of animals that includes the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species. There are also several lakes in Warsaw \u2013 mainly", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "in Warsaw \u2013 among others,", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem, with a habitat of animals that includes the", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "There are 13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": ",", "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Demographically, it was the most diverse", "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "diverse city in", "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "34", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant", "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "In addition to the Polish", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "Warsaw", "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "second academic school of technology in", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Fryderyk Chopin University of Music the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": ",", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "of the largest and most beautiful", "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "Another important library \u2013 the University Library, founded", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "15", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "by architects Marek", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "many cities in Central and", "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Like many cities in Central and Eastern Europe, infrastructure in", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "\u2013 though it is worth mentioning that the initial Three-Year", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "Like", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "floor building with", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "East-Central Europe. The city is home to the", "57339a554776f41900660e76": "facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe.", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "Health Institute (CMHI), the highest-reference", "57339a554776f41900660e78": ",", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the Teatr Wielki,", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "particular attention are: the International Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "as", "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "to numerous musical", "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "numerous", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Ogr\u00f3d", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326),", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": ", and in the", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "of thousands of people on the banks of", "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the", "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "thousands of people on", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on", "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "interesting", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "of works", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum", "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "of", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "A fine", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "A fine", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "A", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "A fine tribute", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "a year. Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500 projects a year. Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Ujazd\u00f3w Castle currently houses Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "The 17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "organises exhibitions of modern art by Polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways.", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "Their", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters,", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "Their", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "mermaid (sy", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "mermaid (", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "least", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "(syrenka) is", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "The origin of the legendary figure", "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out", "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "not fully", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Tamara", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Lempicka was", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory.", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Tamara de Lempicka", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer", "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "of the most live", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The", "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural,", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "processing", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from", "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "heroism, the Virtuti", "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "the \"Congress Kingdom\". Only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent Republic of", "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "The first historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year", "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596. After", "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "of", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "seat of a", "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "the seat of a Roman Catholic archdiocese (left bank of the Vistula) and diocese (right bank), and", "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "bank of the Vistula)", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "seat of a Roman Catholic archdiocese", "57332442d058e614000b5720": "and Warszowa), meaning \"belonging to Warsz\",", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "/v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also", "57332442d058e614000b5722": "modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vr\u0161ovci family which had escaped to Poland. The", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Warsaw's name in the", "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Warszowa),", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "in", "57332562d058e614000b5731": "first fortified", "57332562d058e614000b5732": "first fortified settlements", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "The first fortified", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "from 1569. In 1573 the", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "In", "5733266d4776f41900660714": "152", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1529, Warsaw for the first", "57332a734776f41900660726": "remained the", "57332a734776f41900660727": "remained", "57332a734776f41900660728": "remained the capital of the", "57332a734776f41900660729": "until 1796, when it was annexed by the", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "of the", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which", "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "Warsaw", "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1914, which included Warsaw. Germany did so,", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The Allied Armistice terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which", "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1", "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw,", "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population \u2013 several", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the Germans toward", "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "planned", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "entire", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland,", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the", "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "After", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "regime", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "II, under a Communist regime set", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "After World War II,", "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "After World War II, under a Communist regime set", "573330444776f41900660758": "John", "573330444776f41900660759": "visits", "573330444776f4190066075a": "in", "573330444776f4190066075b": "communist fer", "573330444776f4190066075c": "II's", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "Warsaw lies", "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km (325 mi)", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about", "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "122.1 metres (400.6 ft) (\"Grosz\u00f3wka\" estate, district of Weso\u0142a,", "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "(190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523", "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "located on two", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "Escarpment. It is 20 to 25 m (65.6", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine", "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "in the Old Town and Central district and about 10 m (32.8 ft) in the north and south of", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "a few natural", "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula", "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "has only", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "highest", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "few natural and artificial ponds and", "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the", "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "s", "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "'", "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "'s mixture of architectural styles reflects", "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction. After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled PRL.", "573361404776f4190066093c": "majestic", "573361404776f4190066093d": "the burgher", "573361404776f4190066093e": "is represented in the", "573361404776f4190066093f": "is represented in the majestic churches", "573361404776f41900660940": "in the majestic churches but also at", "573362b94776f41900660974": "Building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th", "573362b94776f41900660975": "the best examples of the", "573362b94776f41900660976": "activity", "573362b94776f41900660977": "noble palaces and", "573362b94776f41900660978": "churches during the later decades of the", "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "Exceptional", "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by", "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "periods were not restored", "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "examples of the bourgeois architecture", "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "was a", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "There are also many places commemorating the heroic history", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "are", "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "frontline troops in the", "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw.", "573368044776f41900660a29": "Other green spaces in", "573368044776f41900660a2a": "spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden and", "573368044776f41900660a2b": "still", "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Botanic Garden and the University Library garden. They have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a palm", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "subtropics from all over the world.", "573368e54776f41900660a53": "The", "573368e54776f41900660a54": ")", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "flora of the city may be considered very rich in species. The species richness is mainly", "573368e54776f41900660a56": "of", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "The", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "there are no limitations", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "lived", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013 only 420,000. During the first", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "1939", "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has", "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "were Catholics, 35.7%", "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census,", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later,", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "a", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "Both", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Some bigger cities obtain the entitlements, i.e. tasks and privileges, which are possessed by the units of the second level of", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "years. Like most legislative", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "members", "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "Legislative power in Warsaw", "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "The mayor of Warsaw is called President.", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "was Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "The", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696).", "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "The mayor", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "average). The GDP per capita in Warsaw amounted to PLN 94 000 in 2008 (c. EUR 23", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016", "573382d24776f41900660c39": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "especially its city centre (\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie),", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies.", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "free-market economy. Today,", "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": ",", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintro", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951. A number of", "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "1951. A number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades,", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Espero,", "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "FSO Car Factory was established", "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Nubia, Tacuma, Leganza, Lanos and Matiz there for the European market. In 2005 the factory", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "); see also other names) is the capital and", "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava]", "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in", "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "in", "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European", "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "9th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi),", "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "(Polish: Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava]", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava]", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "a region in France. They were", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "(Norman: Nourmands;", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "Normans", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "The Normans (Norman: Nourmands;", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "comes", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "dynasty", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Norman dynasty", "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "The English name \"Normans\" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz,", "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "English name \"Normans\"", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "of the 10th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more", "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "its populations", "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and", "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "Franks", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "bands", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Mezzogiorno). Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "entered the Mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino,", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "south, from Duke Sergius IV of Naples in 1030. The Hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengot family, of whom Rainulf Drengot received the county", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "Roger", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "Robert", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "these", "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Institutionally, the Normans", "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Institutionally,", "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Pechenegs,", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "of", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "first Norman mercenaries", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos.", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "and Taron", "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up", "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Comnenian", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "city's garrison resisted until February", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "some", "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the", "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium\u2014one", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "state-", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "The Normans", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "The Normans", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "The", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Normans", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "When finally Edward the Confessor returned", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "finally", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England, as Dukes of Normandy, owed homage to the", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at", "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Normans merged with the natives, combining", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "Normans", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "themselves.\" The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as the Pale, and also", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Atheling,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "claimants", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "claimants of the English throne opposing William", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "William", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Having spent time at the court of Henry I of England (married to David's", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Scotland,", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh.", "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Confessor", "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "before the", "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "the Marches came completely under", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "religious", "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "was exercised in religious wars long", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "of", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "the", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "Western", "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "with a", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "a", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "the Lion-hearted", "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "island. Richard left for Acre", "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace", "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "making", "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Lion-Heart married", "56de41504396321400ee2715": "While in", "56de41504396321400ee2716": "While in Limassol,", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "The rapid Anglo-Norman conquest proved more important than it seemed. The island occupied", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "-", "56de49564396321400ee277a": "1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Niebla.", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "the", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew", "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Norman architecture typically", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "encastella", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "In", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes", "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon", "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "monasteries and patronising intellectual", "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": ",", "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "century and French Revolution in the 18th successively", "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "work of Norman art is", "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "It was commissioned by Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were", "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "primarily survives as stonework or metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal fonts. In southern Italy, however, Norman artwork survives plentifully", "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "the", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "Normandy was the", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil,", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "At", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established", "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430;", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "Nikola", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "Nikola Tesla (Serbian", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "Nikola", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "(Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430;", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City.", "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He", "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to", "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "Tesla gained experience", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "Tesla gained", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Tesla", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "patented", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "the United States in", "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "Tesla", "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "pursue his", "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "Tesla", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "went", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs, and made early (1893)", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission, his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project. In his", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "life in", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "showmanship, eventually earning", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "amount", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "with varying degrees", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "showmanship,", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "life in", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "was renowned for his achievements and show", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "in 1960", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "series of New York hotels, through his retirement. Tesla died on 7 January 1943. His work fell into relative obscurity after his death,", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "]", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "[O.S.", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "a formal education. Nikola credited his eidetic", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "Tesla was born on 10 July [O.S.", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "was born on 10", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "June] 1856 into", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "Mandi\u0107), whose father was also an Orthodox", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "[O.S.", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "Mandi\u0107), whose father was also an Orthodox priest,:10 had a talent for", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "Tesla was the", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "where he studied German, arithmetic, and", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "was", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "horse-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861, Tesla attended the \"Lower\" or \"Primary\" School in Smiljan", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Milka, Angelina and Marica.", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "In", "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac,", "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held in German,", "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "able to perform", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "In", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac,", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "he was cheating. He finished a four-year term", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "1870,", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held in German, as it was", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "his birthtown", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "In 1873, Tesla returned", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown,", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan.", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "and was near death multiple times. Tesla's father, in a moment of despair, promised to send him to the best engineering school", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "In", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "had originally wanted him to", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "In", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "1873", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "In 1873, Tesla returned", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Tomingaj,", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "s", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "evaded being", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "away to Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains in hunter's", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "Gra\u010dac. There,", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "the Austro-Hungarian", "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "excepted. He was \"mortified", "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Graz, Austria,", "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "gambling. During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money, later gambling back", "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "Tesla enrolled at Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria, on a Military Frontier scholarship.", "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "Graz, Austria, on", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "1875, Tesla enrolled", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "[his] father made light of [those] hard won honors.\" After his father's", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "started a Serbian culture club, and even received a letter of", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible,", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "the highest grades possible, passed nine exams (nearly twice as many required), started a Serbian culture club, and even received a letter", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "In", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "In", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "In", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "He spent his spare time playing cards with", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "Maribor (now in Slovenia), where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "In December 1878,", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "River. Tesla went to", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "time", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "with", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "permit. On", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (although some sources say that he died of a stroke). During that", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "under police", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "17 April 1879, Milutin", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "On 24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "In", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "January 1880, two of Tesla's", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "In January 1880, two of Tesla's", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": ".", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where he was to study. Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University; he never", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where he was to study.", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "Gospi\u0107", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company,", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "Office instead. Within a few", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to work under", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "telegraph company", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "under", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "side. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "In", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884, he relocated to", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "In", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "In", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "in", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "1882, Tesla began working for", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "completely redesign", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "Tesla was offered the task", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "redesigning the Edison Company's", "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "offered the task of completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators. In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient", "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "inefficient", "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "salary; Tesla refused the offer and immediately", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Edison's company Tesla partnered with", "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric", "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's", "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and", "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "who agreed to finance an electric", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "leaving", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "to", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "leaving Edison's", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "The", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "of stock. He had to work at various electrical repair jobs and", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "little", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "better to develop an electrical utility than", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems. They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penniless. He even lost control", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "per day. Tesla considered the", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "April 1887 they formed the Tesla Electric Company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go \u2153", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "In", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "In late 1886", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "In", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "met", "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "In late 1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western", "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "late 1886 Tesla", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "Union superintendent,", "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "1886", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "of the", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission. The motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "the", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "One of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "things", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "to turn the motor (a principle Tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "of the", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "publicist)", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "1888", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "friend and publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system,", "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "something for which", "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system,", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "a patent on a similar commutator-", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "alternating current system, including his", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Engineers", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "Westinghouse", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Engineers (now IEEE). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported", "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "In", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "Brown", "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000", "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "1888, Brown", "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "licensing deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's", "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "by each motor. Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700 in", "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Westinghouse for Tesla's", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Tesla", "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "proposed (to match the working frequency of Tesla's motor),", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "Pittsburgh, helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars. He found the time there frustrating", "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other Westinghouse engineers", "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "During", "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "During that year, Tesla worked in Pittsburgh,", "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "system", "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "design to get around the Edison patent. The acquisition of a feasible AC motor gave Westinghouse a key patent", "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "Edison and George Westinghouse that had been simmering since Westinghouse's first AC system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out", "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "\"AC\" side of the so-called \"War of Currents,\" an", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "Works pursuing AC development in 1890 and by 1892 Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "an electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "and", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "both", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "In 1893, George Westinghouse won the", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "1893, George Westinghouse won", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "Westinghouse won the bid to", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout America and Europe,:76", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "key event in the history of AC power,", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "In 1893,", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current, beating out", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "George", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "In 1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's", "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Adams,", "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current. Based on Tesla's advice and Westinghouse's", "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "1893 Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on", "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "1893 Richard", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "many systems being proposed by several US and European companies including two-phase and three-phase AC, high-voltage", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "best", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "J. P. Morgan,", "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "conglomerate General Electric, backed by financier J. P. Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although", "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "The", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "Peck). In 1897, Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to Tesla in stark terms, saying that if things continue the", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 Westinghouse was still cash-strapped", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": ",", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": ",", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "On 30", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "1891", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of the United States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "On", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": ",", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "the United States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York. He lit", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "30 July 1891, at the age of 35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "as a", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Electrical Engineers, the forerunner", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "a vice", "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "of", "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "Tesla served as a vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE, from 1892 to", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "to as radiant energy", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "Starting in 1894,", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "Starting in 1894,", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "referred to as radiant energy of \"invisible\" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "in 1894, Tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of \"invisible\" kinds after", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "1894,", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "Starting in 1894, Tesla began", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "in 1894, Tesla began", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "early research\u2014", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "In", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "own experiments in", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "of X-ray", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "of", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "his", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "term", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "apparatus.", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "Tesla noted the hazards of working with his", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "the hazards", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices.", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "Tesla noted", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent,", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "with his circuit and", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "of", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "of 1893 Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Polyphase System\", noting how they", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "also explained the principles", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field in an induction motor by demonstrating how to", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "out.\" In comparing", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes; a minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "July 1934,", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "article on", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "Tesla's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go back", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "Tesla's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Tesla's", "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": ",", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "of the Commercial Club in", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "he", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat\u2014which", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "his idea to the U.S. military as", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1900,", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "\"system of transmitting electrical energy\" and \"an electrical transmitter.\" When Guglielmo", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1900, Tesla was granted patents for a \"system of transmitting electrical energy\" and", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "In 1900,", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "In 1900,", "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "On", "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "On 17", "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "17 May 1899,", "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "On 17", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "Tesla investigated atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers.", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "Tesla investigated", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "via his receivers. He stated that he observed stationary waves during this time. The great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "halos of St. Elmo's fire around their wings.", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long. Thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in Cripple Creek,", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "He produced artificial lightning,", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long. Thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in Cripple Creek,", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "He", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "Experimenter: \"As", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "Experimenter: \"As an example of what", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "frequency currents set", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "and which caused heavy", "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "his time at", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet. He mentioned them", "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the Red Cross Society where he referred to messages \"from another world\"", "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "During his time at his lab, Tesla", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "During his time at his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "produce a", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "1899", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "Astor IV", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "In 1899,", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": ",", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "7 January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "On 7 January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "On", "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "The", "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "The Colorado experiments had prepared Tesla for the establishment of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "had prepared Tesla", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "funds to build a", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "approached Morgan to ask for more", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "gone", "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "Wardenclyffe. Tesla continued the project for another nine months. The", "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "December 1901, Marconi successfully", "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "In December", "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "December 1901, Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland, terminating Tesla's", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "kilowatts) 16,000", "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "On", "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "50th birthday in", "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm", "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "invented", "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla's", "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "allegedly", "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014", "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "own building and, belatedly", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "wiring the walls of a schoolroom and, \"saturating [the schoolroom", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "theo", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "Tesla theorized", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency. The whole room will thus, Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "Before World War I, Tesla sought overseas investors. After the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "Before World War I,", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "I, Tesla sought overseas investors. After the war", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "Before World War", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "the", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "In the August 1917 edition of the magazine Electrical Experimenter Tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "In", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "the", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "In", "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "news agency", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "November", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "rays.\":245", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": ", a", "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "and Tesla were the original recipients and that neither was given the award because of their animosity toward each other; that each sought to minimize the", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "years", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "In the years after these rumors, neither Tesla", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "after", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "thought", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "In 1928, Tesla received his last patent, U.S.", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "In", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "plane", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "charity, or by one biographer (Marc Seifer),", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "Westinghouse Electric", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's life. Accounts on how this came about vary. Several sources", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "form of a \"", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "In", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance,", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "In 1935,", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "in an annual birthday celebration interview,", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "of", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "custom). Tesla didn't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid, only asking to be taken to", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "make his regular com", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "In the fall", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "the fall of 1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Later in", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "Later in life, Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "\"telef", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "Later", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "\"", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "Only a little time", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "the", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.\"", "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": ",", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "treatise", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "non-dispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Tesla tried to interest the US War Department, the United Kingdom, the", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "During the same year, Tesla wrote a", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "treatise is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. It describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to", "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "negotiations were being conducted, Tesla", "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "During the period", "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": ", but", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "later found by maid Alice Monaghan after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "the New", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "\"do not disturb\" sign that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier. Assistant", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "7 January 1943, at the age of 86, Tesla died alone", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": ",", "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "Two days later, the FBI ordered the Alien Property", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "Tesla's", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "the", "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "(OAP) seal. John G. Trump, a professor", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "On 10 January 1943, New York", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "La Guardia read a eulogy written by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic live over the WNYC radio while violin pieces \"Ave Maria\"", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "On 10 January 1943, New York", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "(today's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava) in New York City.", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "radio while violin pieces \"Ave Maria\" and \"Tamo daleko\" were played in the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended", "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "N.T.", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "following pressure from Tesla's nephew,", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "1952,", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "In 1952,", "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "Tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions. Some", "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "Tesla in 26 countries that have been accounted for. Many of Tesla's patents were in", "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "patents", "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "patents were in the United States, Britain,", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "from", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Tesla would telephone his dinner order to", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "Delmonico's", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "every", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "Tesla", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": ",", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "exercise, Tesla walked between 8", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "exercise, Tesla walked between 8 to 10", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "an", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "murder you,\" he said, \"In a second you would know it. Now,", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "Tesla said that he", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health. He said that he", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "life, Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "Near", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "Near", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "Near", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "2", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "elegant, stylish figure in New York City, meticulous in", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "kg),", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "Tesla was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888 to", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "memorizing complete", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": ",", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "Tesla read many works, memorizing complete books, and supposedly possessed a", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "a photographic memory.:33 He was", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "Graz,", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "one morning when Tesla called him at 3 a.m.: \"I was sleeping in my room like one dead", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "During", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "billiards, chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion at", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "marrying, I", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "never married; he said his", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "Tesla never married; he said his chastity was very helpful to his", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "as", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "work. However, when he did engage", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "to seclude himself", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Tesla was asocial and prone", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "and prone to seclu", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "good", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Tesla was a good", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "Marion Crawford, Robert Underwood Johnson, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey.", "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "Tesla", "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "fired a secretary because of her weight.:110 He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate", "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "Tesla could", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "harsh", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "Tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "Tesla", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "pre-atomic understanding of physics in his writings; he disagreed with", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "of", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "was", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "towards theories about the", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "Tesla was", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "in", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "claimed", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "Tesla", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "claimed to", "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "nature,\" rather than from conceptions of a \"master race\" or inherent superiority of one person over another. His advocacy of it was, however,", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "eugenics. His opinion stemmed from the belief that humans' \"pity\" had interfered with the natural \"ruthless workings of nature,\" rather than from", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "over another.", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "Tesla, like many", "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "In 1926, Tesla commented", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "subservience", "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "ills of", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "War I environment in a printed article, \"Science and Discovery", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "about", "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "Tesla made", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "relevant issues of a post-World War I environment in a printed article, \"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to", "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian. Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a \"believer in", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "was raised an Orthodox Christian. Later in", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "raised an Orthodox Christian.", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "However, his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": ", his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "However, his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to End War\",", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals. Among his books are My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, compiled and", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "number", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "journals. Among", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "freely available on the web, including the article \"The Problem of", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "of Tesla's writings are freely available on the", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "Problem of Increasing Human Energy,\" published in The Century Magazine in 1900, and the article \"Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency,\"", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "has", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "in books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games. The impact of", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "'", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "'", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "On", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "On Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption \"All", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "s 75th", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "Computational complexity theory is", "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is", "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "Computational complexity theory is", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "A problem", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "such", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "problem", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "regarded as", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "A problem is regarded as inherently", "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem, whereas the latter asks", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "Closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is", "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "A key distinction between analysis", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "A", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "A computational", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "is a rather concrete utterance, which can serve as the input for a decision problem. For example, consider the problem of primality", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "collection of", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance. The input string for a computational problem", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance, consider the", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "highlight", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "route", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet (i.e.,", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "When", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "bitstrings. As in a real-world", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "When considering computational problems, a problem instance", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "When", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "Decision", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "problems are", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "Decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory. A decision problem", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "or", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "this problem returns", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "An example", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "An", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "input is an arbitrary graph. The", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "computational", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": ") is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "function problem is a computational problem where a single output (of a total function) is expected for every", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more", "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "for every", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "problems is much richer than the notion of decision problems. However, this is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems.", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems. For example, the multiplication", "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "more time", "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "To measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish", "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "To", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "the", "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "depend on the instance. In particular, larger instances will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "the", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "be", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": ".", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "n", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine\u2014anything", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "machine", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "A Turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine. It is a theoretical", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "on a strip of tape. Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "deter", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set of rules to", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "deterministic Turing", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism, which allows", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "types", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "Turing machines are used", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "models different from the standard multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for example random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "converted to", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "Many", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example,", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "the mathematical models we", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "However, some computational problems", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "f(n), if the time required by M on each input of length n is at most f(n).", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "outputs the answer (\"yes\" or \"no\"). A Turing machine M is said to operate within", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "means to solve a problem using", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "For a precise definition of what it means to solve", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "for", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "Analogous definitions can be made for space", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "definitions", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "space", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "-known complexity resources, any", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "The best, worst and average case", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size.", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": ", worst and average", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure)", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order, and the algorithm takes time O(n2) for this case.", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "the algorithm takes time O(n2) for", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "For", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "To", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "classify the computation time (or similar resources, such", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "a statement about all possible algorithms", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "classify the computation time (or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "is usually taken to be its worst", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the bounds independent of the specific details", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "Upper and lower bounds are usually", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "Upper and", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the bounds", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "has", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "Of course, some complexity", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "bounding the", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "thesis states that \"the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related\" (Goldreich", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "f(n) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "For instance, the language {xx | x is any binary string} can be solved in linear", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "time above by some concrete function f(n) often yields complexity classes", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "by", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "defined by bounding", "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "Turing", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Interactive", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "Other important complexity classes include BPP, ZPP and RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines; AC", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines; AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "using quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes like IP", "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "the complexity classes defined", "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "classes defined in this way, it is desirable", "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2),", "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "For the complexity classes defined in", "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "space hierarchy theorems form the basis for most separation results of complexity classes. For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that P", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "The", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "separation results of complexity classes. For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "Many complexity classes", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "complexity classes", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "Many complexity", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "complexity", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "classes are defined using the concept", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "can be done by giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": ", since squaring can be reduced", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "This means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer. Indeed, this can be done", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem of", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "concept of", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "mo", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "complexity", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "a", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "hardest problem", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "If", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "a problem X is", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "complexity", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently,", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "is", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "The question of whether P equals NP is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution. If", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "The question of", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "The question of whether P", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "It", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "It was", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks has run time 2O(\u221a(n log(n))) for graphs with", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "the", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "isomorphism", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "The graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic.", "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "is", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm is known, and this fact", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "factorization is the general number field sieve, which takes time O(e(64/9)1/3(n.log", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision problem, it is the problem of deciding", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "unequal, but this has not been proved. For instance P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but it is possible that P = PSPACE. If", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "a major breakthrough in complexity theory.", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "known", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": ", but", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "Along the", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "containing", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "problems", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "lines, co", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes between the two,", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "Similarly, it is not known if L", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again,", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "Similarly, it", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "that can be solved in theory (e.g., given large but finite", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "theory (e", "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "Problems that", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "intractability means in practice is open to debate. Saying that", "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "What intractability means in practice is open to debate. Saying that a problem", "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "P does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are. For example, the decision", "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "hard or even that most of", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "quadratic time and SAT solvers routinely handle large instances", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "numerous", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "actual", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "laid", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among these was the", "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "As Fortnow", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and", "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "the beginning of systematic studies in", "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "which", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\"", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "Earlier papers studying problems solvable", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "papers", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Myhill's", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "though some proof", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "In 1967, Manuel", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "1967, Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "1967, Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result, the so-called, speed-up", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result, the so-called, speed-up theorem.", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching.", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "teaching. Teachers, like other professionals, may have to continue their education after they qualify, a process known as continuing professional development. Teachers may use a", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics,", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "A teacher's role may", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "In some countries,", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "countries,", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "In some countries, formal education", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "In some countries,", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "countries", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "teachers, such as gurus, mullahs,", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "spiritual teachers, such as gurus,", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "such", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": ", may", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": ",", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": ", within the family, which", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Teaching may be carried out informally,", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "or in the wider community.", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "may", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "teaching. Outside of the", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "duties may extend beyond formal teaching", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips,", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "update the", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "to", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "ins", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "The functions of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs.", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "of", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "functions of", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "education", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "In education, teachers facilitate student learning, often in", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "school or academy or perhaps in another environment", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills. Different ways to teach", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "The objective is typically accomplished", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "is", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "through", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "a", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "The objective", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "The objective is typically", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "pedagogy", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "using", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "Teaching", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "the week and will teach them the whole", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "Perhaps", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "Perhaps the most significant", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "Perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "Perhaps the most", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "most of", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "is", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "This is", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "to as a \"platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "has also become a new trend amongst", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "Co-teaching", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "providing a social networking support that allows them to reach", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "become", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "discipline", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "of school discipline was corporal", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "Throughout", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "Throughout", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "Throughout", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of the most common forms of school discipline", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "countries, and some others", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "In past times,", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "or", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "pain) was one of the most common", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "used", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South)", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "US", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "in the principal's office", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining)", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "Official", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "Currently detention is one", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "Currently detention is one", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "Currently", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "detention is", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "countries. It requires", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "example of", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "their", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "upon", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "classroom they would be", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "style", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "academics, some", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "in", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "It's not", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "Where school class sizes are typically 40", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "classroom", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "attainment", "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "dictatorial", "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "claim", "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "popularly", "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "Sudbury", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "popularly", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "students. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "do not teach by", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "Since teachers can affect how", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "that exhibit", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": ", and curious about learning the subject", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "There are various mechanisms by which", "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "There are various", "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates", "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student", "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "kind of relationship they", "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "motivation and attitudes towards school are closely", "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "at creating beneficial relations with their", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "are friendly", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "more", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "way", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "are teaching", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "The way", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching,", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "The way", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "Misconduct", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "by", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "religious", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "a", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "in", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "and consisted of \"a random ... probability sample of 2,869", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "especially", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "Union of Women Teachers,", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Keates, the general secretary of National Association", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "consent", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "the", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "face several occupational hazards in their line of work", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress,", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "face", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "face several occupational hazards in their line", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "double", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "that 42% of UK teachers", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "stress, twice the figure for the", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "2000", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "study", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "There", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "are several ways to mit", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules,", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "There", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "There are many similarities and differences among teachers around", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "and differences among teachers around the world", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school.", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "and differences among teachers around the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "are", "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "and territories", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "primary education (primary", "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "in", "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "is primarily", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "in Australia is", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "requires a post", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "in Canada requires a", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "differences between the teachers for elementary schools (Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools (Realschule)", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "mainly civil servants recruited", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "called Lehramtstudien", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Germany, teachers", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "recruited", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "to \u20ac53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service. A principal of a large", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "for primary teachers in", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": ",", "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": ".e. holding the position of principal,", "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Teachers are required to be registered", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Teachers are", "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "are required to be registered with the Teaching Council; under Section 30", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "under Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001, a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "been", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "2006 Garda", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "From 2006 Garda vetting has", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "From", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a320,133", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from \u00a320,133", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "experience and extra responsibilities", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "\u00a32", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "Many counties", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching,", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "offer alternative", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "(ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, \"Provisional", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "Scotland", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "anyone", "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "(GTCS).", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "\u00a332,583", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "For the salary", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "unpromoted teachers in Scotland earned from \u00a320,427 for a Probationer,", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "year beginning", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "For the salary year beginning", "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "respects", "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "Wales differs in", "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "schools, colleges and", "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the", "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "certain respects", "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "Teachers in", "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "Teachers in Wales can be", "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that", "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "state", "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "long as ten years.", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": ", each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "In the past,", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "health insurance) compared to other occupations. Merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers,", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "had the lowest median salary earning $39,259. High school teachers had the highest median salary earning $41,855.", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": ",", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years.", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "forms of", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "are", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "adults and children", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "In", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family, ideally in consultation with his wife, even if the", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "In The Church", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "converts, and has little", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "not a member of the LDS", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "as a", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": ",", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "in", "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "of Dharma in Tibet are", "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "the teachers", "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tibet are most commonly", "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "sid", "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "Tibetan Buddhism the teachers of", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "There", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "teachers at madrassas", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism, the position", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "There are many concepts of teachers in Islam, ranging from mullahs", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "Islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "(/\u02c8lu\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/ or /\u02c8lu\u02d0\u00f0\u0259r/;", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": ":", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "Martin Luther (/\u02c8lu\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "taught that", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": ".", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "taught", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with these, and all of Luther's wider teachings, are called", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "subsequently eternal life", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "His translation of the", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "which had a", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "art of translation, and influenced the", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "to", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "s mother as a hard-working woman of \"trading-class", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "part", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Hans", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Ludher,", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "Martin Luther", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "In", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "He was made to wake at four every", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "1501, at the age", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was made to wake at", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "represented", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter,", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "In accordance with his father's wishes,", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "a trip home. During a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt struck near him. Later telling his father he was terrified", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "returning", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "July", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": ",", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": ",", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "Luther", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Luther dedicated himself", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "the", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1507,", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "of", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "150", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "150", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": ",", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having been called to the position of Doctor in Bible.", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "1512,", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": ",", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "19", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "on 21", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516, Johann", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "friar", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "In 1516, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences,", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "Rome. Roman Catholic theology stated that faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man; justification rather depends only", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly \"searching, rather than doctrinaire.\" Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "to his bishop", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "On", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "On 31 October", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "the tone of the writing is accordingly \"searching, rather than doctrinaire.\" Hillerbrand", "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "soon as", "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Luther objected", "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory", "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "He insisted that,", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "alone", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "He insisted", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "He", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate.", "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in", "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "indulgences for", "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "oft-quoted saying of Tetzel", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the posting on the door, even though it has", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "According to scholars Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "According", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "According", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "According to scholars Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz", "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "It was not until January 1518 that friends of", "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "It was not until January", "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the", "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into", "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "not until January 1518", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "writings", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France,", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "England,", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "s writings circulated widely, reaching", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "Galatians.", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "to", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms,", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "expressed", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "on", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "Luther came", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "as entirely the work of God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "s rediscovery", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "heresy", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses. He had the theses checked for", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "as well, because one half was to go to the building of St Peter's Church in Rome\".", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric. As Luther later noted, \"the pope had", "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "First, the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom", "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "Pope", "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "historistical interpretation of Bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the Antichrist. The prophecies concerning the Antichrist", "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "Pope", "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "was used to reformers and", "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "a relative of the Elector, and promised", "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "January 1519,", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of", "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "nuncio Karl von", "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "excommunication unless he recante", "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "On 15 June", "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "On", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "the Pope warned Luther with", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "the", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521,", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms.", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "The", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "behalf", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "on", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "with", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "At", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "of", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "At", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "Luther refused to", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "as saying: \"Here I stand. I can do no other\". Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable,", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "refused to recant his", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "refused to recant his writings. He is sometimes also quoted as", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "draft of the Edict of Worms on 25", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": ", private", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: \"We", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "the next five days, private conferences were", "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to", "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "s disappearance during his", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen.", "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "Luther's", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "be stronger, and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world.", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "most", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "In this work, one of his most emphatic", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": ", one", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "work, one of his most", "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In", "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "In", "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "In the summer of 1521,", "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry", "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "152", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "23\u201325. The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "broadened", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "23", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": ",", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "was the Little Horn of Daniel 7, coming up among the divisions", "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments", "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "magistracy. After secretly visiting", "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a", "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas", "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "pronouncements", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "on", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "1522. He wrote to the", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "Satan has entered", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "wrote to the Elector: \"During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "what", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "to the elector: \"Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: \"Oh, what joy has Dr.", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "The effect of Luther's intervention was", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "Luther next set about", "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "new", "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "Luther next set about", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "victory", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "stifle radicalism further afield. Preachers such as Zwickau", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "Despite", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "his victory in Wittenberg, Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield.", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "Storch and Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524\u201325,", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "sy", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Luther sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "sympathi", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "he became enraged at the widespread burning of", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "sympathised with", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds. First, in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government, they were ignoring", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "Luther justified", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "the violent actions of rebelling", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "lawful submission to the secular", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "justified his opposition", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525, followed by M\u00fcntzer's execution, brought the revolutionary", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "Without Luther's backing for the", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "betrayed. Their defeat", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "s", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "Luther's backing for the uprising,", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "occupied with", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels. \"Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts,\" he wrote", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "out in herring barrels. \"Suddenly,", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "Luther", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "On 13 June 1525, the couple was engaged with Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses.", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same day, the couple", "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "Jonas, but Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage. He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds, but", "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": ",", "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "and former religious had already married, including Andreas", "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "insensible to my flesh or sex (for I am neither", "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "married, including Andreas Karlstadt", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "money was often short", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "former", "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "\" a", "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "monastery", "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery, \"The Black Cloister,\" a wedding present from the new elector John", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "in organising a new church. His Biblical", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "By 1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers had", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "unworkable. According to", "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "Agricola challenged this compromise, and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works. The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent", "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "of Saxony, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model. He worked closely", "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "break with Rome. For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this partnership \"was the beginning of a questionable and originally", "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "To", "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome. For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this", "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "allowing freedom of ceremony. Some reformers, including followers of Huldrych", "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "the \"simple people", "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "considered Luther's service too papistic;", "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "alternative", "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "to demands for a German", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "Luther and", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "are well-nigh unski", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "and", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "\"Merciful God, what misery I have", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "Luther", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "congregations. In", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "synopsis,", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "Luther devised the catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works.", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "the", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "works. \"Regarding the plan to collect", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "catechism is one of Luther's", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "works. \"Regarding the plan to collect my writings", "56f86966aef2371900626053": "He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit.", "56f86966aef2371900626054": "Luther's Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach", "56f86966aef2371900626055": "Catechism proved especially", "56f86966aef2371900626056": "'", "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Luther's", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "New Testament in 1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "translation of", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "Luther had published his German", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "published", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "1534", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "s translation used the", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "we are", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "Luther's", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "'", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "Luther's", "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "Published", "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "s", "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation.", "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Published", "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "for German-language publications,", "56f87000aef2371900626071": "-writer, authoring hymns such", "56f87000aef2371900626072": "prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as", "56f87000aef2371900626073": "her", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "(\"From Heaven Above to Earth I Come\"), based", "56f87000aef2371900626075": "a prolific", "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started", "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran", "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "were frequently ev", "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "Ibstone", "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "'s hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his", "56f87392aef2371900626099": "'s 152", "56f87392aef237190062609a": "\"Wir glauben all an einen", "56f87392aef237190062609b": "all an einen Gott\" (\"We All Believe in One True God\") is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring", "56f87392aef237190062609c": "'", "56f87392aef237190062609d": "Luther's 1524", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer, \"Vater unser im Himmelreich\",", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer,", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer, \"Vater", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "Lord's Prayer, \"Vater unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to Luther's explanation of the prayer in the Small", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "(\"From depths of woe I cry to you\") in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a", "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "Luther", "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "first Lutheran hymnal. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza", "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "Luther wrote \"Aus tiefer", "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "Luther", "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein\" (\"Oh God, look down from heaven\"). \"Nun komm, der", "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Luther wrote \"Ach", "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein\"", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "You, Jesus Christ\") became the main hymn for Christmas. He wrote for", "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "come, Savior of the gentiles), based on Veni redemptor gentium, became the main hymn (Hauptlied)", "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "154", "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "'s 154", "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "s 154", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "Luther's 1541 hymn \"Christ", "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "substance", "56f88025aef237190062611e": "Luther's hymns were included in early Lutheran", "56f88025aef237190062611f": "of", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "the Reformation.", "56f88025aef2371900626121": "Luther's hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals", "56f88025aef2371900626122": "were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation. He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "Christ, BWV", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, as early as possibly", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4,", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "music. Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them,", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "passages, such as the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints:", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon, throughout his life", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bedcha", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "John", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bed", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "The Lutheran", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Luther's", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755)", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "'", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "which", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "'", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "), but wakes", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "visions\". Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "In October 1529,", "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "1529, Philip I, Landgrave", "56f88c37aef2371900626178": ",", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "In October 1529,", "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius,", "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon,", "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "Bucer,", "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "confrontational. Citing Jesus' words \"The flesh", "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "in my blood\" (1 Corinthians 11:23\u201326).", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following", "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic", "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "Augsburg", "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg", "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony,", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "enlightened, but rather furthers and advances it\", bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute. Contemporary Lutheran scholarship,", "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "empty", "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": ", that it has internal coher", "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in", "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "Jesus Christ was", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy.", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "by proving that the Old", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses,", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "At the time of", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "of the", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "Suleiman the", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "antichrist, whom Luther", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "154", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism\"", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "In 1542,", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "In 1542,", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "Turk\".", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "1537, Johannes Agricola (1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "Luther suspected that", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "(1494\u20131566)", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "such", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "Early in 1537, Johannes", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "s death", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "creation. Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians \u2013 thereby, as it were, removing", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "his", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "the law offered in the gospel. Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "antinomians, Luther reviews and reaffirms, on the one hand, what has been called the \"second use", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "the", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "of", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "For Luther, also Christ's life, when understood as an example, is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments,", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "condemning", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "when understood as an example, is", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "The", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "Luther, Melanchthon, and Bucer, citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs. The", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "December 1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "Luther's advice public. Luther told him to \"tell a good, strong lie\" and deny the marriage completely, which Philip did during", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "the witnesses. However, Philip was unable to keep the marriage secret, and he threatened to make Luther's", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "earlier. He considered the Jews blasphemers", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "divinity of Jesus, whereas Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah.", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "the Jews throughout his career, though only a few of his works dealt with", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "works dealt with them directly. Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life, but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "life, but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "and", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "Luther's other major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "and referred to them with violent, vile language. Citing Deuteronomy 13, wherein Moses commands the killing of idolaters", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "Luther's other major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Luther's", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "s anti", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim,", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on \"that priest whose name was Martin Luther\u2014may", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Luther spoke out against the", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "whose name was Martin Luther\u2014may his body and soul", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "the most widely read author of his generation", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "read author of his generation, and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet. According to the prevailing view among historians, his anti-Jewish", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Luther was the", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "within Germany he acquired the status", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "measures against the Jews and their", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "yellow badge, \"since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory.\"", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "Protestant", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "1941, seven Protestant", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "work as opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht points out that \"There is a world of difference between", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "19th centuries, and that", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "Nazis. Some scholars see Luther's", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "about Luther's influence is whether it is anachronistic", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "than", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "standard", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "is, opposed to Judaism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": ",", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Other", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": ", such", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "Some", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "Mark", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "book Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "such as Mark", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933,", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "Since the", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless,", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "suffering", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "been suffering from ill health for years, including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus,", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": ", tinnitus, and a cataract", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "fellow reformers, and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident, in which Luther had played a leading role,", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "Luther had", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "to be rude.\" In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor physical", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "responded, \"They are teaching me to be rude.\" In 1545 and 1546 Luther", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "poor physical health made him short", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "poor physical", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians.\"", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "at Eisleben,", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "sermon was delivered at Eisleben,", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "sermon", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "sermon was delivered at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "Luther's", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "'", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "of his concern for", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "The negotiations", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "father, are you ready to die trusting in your Lord", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8 a.m., he experienced chest pains. When he went to his", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1 a.m.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "1546. After", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "An apoplectic stroke deprived", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "apoplectic stroke deprived him", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "February 1546,", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "at", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "An apoplectic", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "paper", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "piece of paper was later", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "In the 1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism.", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "the", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "the ascetic life of the", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "-", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck.\" He was shown to be physically imposing,", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "Luther", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "Luther is honoured on 18 February with", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "is honoured on 18", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "Luther is", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "honoured on 18 February with a", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "region is traditionally described as \"eight counties", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "California,", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": ",", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "on", "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "8- and", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "The", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "The 8- and 10-county", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "The 8- and 10-county definitions are not used", "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "8", "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Riverside, San", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "the", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "includes", "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "metropolitan", "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "along the Pacific coast from Ventura,", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "of Nevada. To the south is", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "is the Colorado Desert", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Arizona,", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the east", "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south and with a population of 1,307,402", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second", "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of", "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "are", "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the", "5705e99452bb891400689688": "are the", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "counties", "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "Its counties", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "of Los Angeles,", "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San", "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "The", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on", "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on the Los Angeles in southern", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "The motion", "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "The", "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "Southern California is also home to", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Southern California is", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture.", "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "here. Professional skateboarder Tony Hawk, professional surfers Rob Machado, Tim Curran, Bobby Martinez, Pat O'Connell, Dane Reynolds,", "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Body Glove are all headquartered here. Professional skateboarder", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "Many", "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "Many locals and tourists", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "Many locals and", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "point lies at exactly 37\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose; however,", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "the county lines at", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "\"Southern California\"", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "what constitutes southern California vary. Geographically, California's north-south", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "however, this does not coincide with popular use of the term. When the state is divided into two areas (northern and southern California),", "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "there is", "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "definition", "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "definition for the northern boundary of southern", "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "definition", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "there is", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "Subsequently, Californios", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "(dissatisfied", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "Subsequently, Californios", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": ",", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego,", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the seven", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "of Los Angeles,", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "Bernardino,", "5705f36452bb891400689718": "most", "5705f36452bb891400689719": "The", "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "region off at the crest of that transverse range, but in that definition, the desert portions of north Los Angeles County and", "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "is most commonly divided and promoted by", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "central, and southern California regions. The two AAA Auto Clubs of the state, the California State", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "consists of", "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "consists", "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of", "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "south on Interstate 5,", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire. To the east, the United States Census Bureau", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "south on", "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "south on Interstate 5, the main gap to continued urbanization is Camp", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "California", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "a", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "are a bit warm or mild and wet. Serious rain can occur unusually.", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "sunny days. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet.", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "rain and many sunny days. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet. Serious rain can occur unusually. In", "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering", "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country. The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches,", "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "Southern", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "California consists of one of the more varied collections of", "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "Each year, the southern", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": ",", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "the southern", "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "year, the southern California area has", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": ".", "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "able to produce a magnitude 6.", "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "faults are able to produce a magnitude", "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "6.7+ earthquake", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "faults", "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "able", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "is divided", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": ", politically,", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "Southern", "570603c475f01819005e7882": "As", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "of", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, southern California's", "570603c475f01819005e7886": "Despite", "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one", "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "of", "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California,", "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "million", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "people", "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "of southern California's most developed cities lie along", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "(at 3.7 million people) and San", "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "Southern", "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Southern", "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "is diverse", "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "of", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States.", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": ", motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have", "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "the 1920s, motion", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "cutbacks have had an impact, aerospace continues to be a", "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "the richest agricultural regions in the U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs. Although military", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "Since the 1920s, motion pictures,", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles,", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Southern", "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield,", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "business districts of Downtown Burbank, Downtown", "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Area are the", "57060cc352bb891400689811": "the", "57060df252bb891400689820": "Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are", "57060df252bb891400689821": "The San Bernardino-Riverside", "57060df252bb891400689822": "Bernardino and Downtown Riverside.", "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "a rapidly developing business", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "of", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center", "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley,", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "central business district of San Diego,", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and", "570610b275f01819005e792a": "airport in the", "570610b275f01819005e792b": "is home to", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume", "570610b275f01819005e792d": "Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic)", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "the seven lines of the commuter", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "of the seven lines of the commuter", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "of the seven lines", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "seven lines of the commuter rail", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "home to the", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Southern California is also home to the Port of Los Angeles, the United States' busiest commercial port; the adjacent Port of", "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Southern", "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast is a moniker that has gained use as a", "5706139252bb891400689865": "of California campuses (Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, Santa Barbara,", "5706139252bb891400689866": "The", "5706139252bb891400689867": "College,", "5706139252bb891400689868": "Channel", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los", "5706143575f01819005e7951": "sports teams in Southern California include teams", "5706143575f01819005e7952": "sports teams in Southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers,", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "Professional", "5706149552bb891400689880": "Angeles \u2014", "5706149552bb891400689881": "LA Galaxy and Chivas USA", "5706149552bb891400689882": "to 2014, there were two Major League Soccer", "5706149552bb891400689883": "2005", "5706149552bb891400689884": "and were local rivals.", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "Division", "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "NCAA", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "and there is", "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "southern", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "California. The UCLA Bruins", "5706155352bb891400689894": "growing sport in southern California,", "5706155352bb891400689895": "is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the", "5706155352bb891400689896": "Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014, its holding company British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc. The United Kingdom operations also changed", "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "Formed in November", "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Television", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007\u201308 season.", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "end from the 2007\u201308 season. In May 2006, the", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007\u201308 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "from being", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "BSkyB had", "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium, thereby making them a competitor by default, BSkyB was able", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "BSkyB had been", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "default,", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "customers", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels.", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "BSkyB initially charged additional subscription", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "for using a", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "BSkyB utilises the VideoGuard pay-TV", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "a", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "BSkyB utilises", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", "57094d489928a8140047150e": "company. There are tight controls over", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "2007, BSkyB", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "carriage of Sky channels", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "TV. The failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with NTL and", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "In", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "2007, BSkyB and Virgin Media became involved in a dispute over", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "Microsoft\u2019s use of the term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "In July 2013,", "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "July 2013,", "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "In July 2013, the English High Court of Justice found that Microsoft\u2019s use", "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "Sky\u2019s right to the \"Sky\" trademark. On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement, in which Microsoft", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "on the", "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "on", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "BSkyB reach 3.5 million", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "service started on 1 September 1993 based on the", "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "service", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "UK", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "UK Limited (formerly", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB) is a British", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007.", "57096505ed30961900e84082": "set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, Power-line and Bluetooth connectivity and a", "57096505ed30961900e84083": "The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and", "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "for recent films, although these are", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "standard. Interactive services and 7-day", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "although these are only accessible with a Sky+ box. Sky+ HD", "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "'", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "MPEG-2, with the Sky Movies and Sky Box", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "Digital was launched in 1998 the new service", "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "1 (now Eutelsat 33C) at 28.5\u00b0E), enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service, Sky,", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "Sky Digital was launched in 1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "as", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "BSkyB launched its HDTV", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "people had registered to receive the HD service. In the week", "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "registered to receive the", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "BSkyB was having supply issues with its set top box (STB) from manufacturer Thomson. On Thursday", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "BSkyB", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "BSkyB", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "February 2007,", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed", "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "BSkyB portfolio including sport", "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "channels would offer a range of content from the", "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted, some", "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted,", "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "is", "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "is a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600", "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "GHz) which is fitted at the end of the", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "the", "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "autumn of", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "In the autumn of", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "the autumn of 1991, talks", "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from \u00a318m to \u00a334m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB", "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "over the presence of channels on their EPG,", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get", "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "licence from Ofcom. Any", "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "BSkyB", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for", "57097051ed30961900e84132": "terrestrial offering and cable services. Within 30 days,", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "s digital service was", "57097051ed30961900e84134": "service", "57097051ed30961900e84135": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then.", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "from", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin", "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "(re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box,", "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "re", "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "a", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "s direct", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "figure could be reached", "57097b50200fba1400368051": "said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented", "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "The Daily", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "Daily", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "government's benefits agency was checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a \"Welfare", "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "\u2013 as", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "annual carriage fees of \u00a33", "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m for the", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "with both", "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB. As part of", "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment. Victoria's total gross state product (GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "largest", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "health, education, wholesale, retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "The economy of", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "and", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "for", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "Immigrants arrived from", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China. Many Chinese miners worked", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "from Ireland and China.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "for gold,", "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "In November 2006, the Victorian Legislative Council elections were held under a new multi-member", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "members\u2014four years. Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the Legislative Council", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "was reduced", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the", "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "November", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "The centre-left", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "centre-left Australian Labor", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "centre", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": ",", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "Victorians", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "45,150 Jews. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion. Around 20%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Victoria", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "state", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "(abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "abbreviated", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "(abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "to European settlement,", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": ", the area", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Victoria was included in the", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "Prior to", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "than 26", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "s west.", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "More than", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "wheat", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "Parliament", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "matters coming under state responsibility.", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "establishes", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "enacted in 1975, but based", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "'", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "Mallee", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "hot", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "The", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "see", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "publicly or", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": ",", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "publicly", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "known as", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "the Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied. Private fee-paying schools include parish", "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "of the major car brands Ford,", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "been", "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "mean that Australia", "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Historically, Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "Victoria contains many topographically,", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "geologically", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "Victoria contains many topographically,", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "snow-covered Victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986", "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "contains", "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps", "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of \u221211.7 \u00b0C (10.9", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "mountain", "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west", "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Rail transport", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "V/Line", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "government", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive,", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts,", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "Politically, Victoria has 37 seats", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Premier. The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "the Australian", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": ",", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria from New South Wales was established proclaiming a new Colony", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "1851, writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "election", "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "writs", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "As of", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "public schools, 489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800", "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "of August 2010,", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800 in private schools. Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "2010, Victoria had", "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60% of Australia's 3 million dairy", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "the mainstay of", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "It is home", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "several smaller", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "system", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However,", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": ", as well as a number of branch lines", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "are also", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "area", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "was an", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\").", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "In 1854", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "the", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "The Premier of Victoria is", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "party or coalition with", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "the", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "the leader", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet,", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "During", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "During 2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "2003\u201304", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "During 2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "Major", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports", "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "in", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "but others occur in regional cities,", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "numbers", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "Huguenot numbers", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": ",", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "Huguenot", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "Huguenot", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "derision, Huguenot", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "A", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "A term", "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "term", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "e", "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "a long history of struggles with the", "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "movement and development of the Reformed church in France. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived.", "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "The availability of the Bible in", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin.", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "to the spread of the Protestant movement and development", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Montpellier was among", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "was", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "among the most important of the 66", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "Montpellier", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\"", "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as", "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Huguenots", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Huguenots settled at the Cape of", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "Huguenot origin,", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Huguenots led by Jess\u00e9 de Forest, sailed to North America in 1624 and settled instead in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "Amsterdam). This parish continues today as L'Eglise", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "Barred", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "in New France, Huguenots", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "area", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "many Huguenots also settled in", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": ",", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "Rev. Elie", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "to the Charleston Orange district. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Stadtholder", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "French attacked the Dutch Republic in", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": ",", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "Stadtholder", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "religious", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": ".", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "The Catholic", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "The", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots.", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "Huguenots", "57108073b654c5140001f926": "By 1620 the Huguenots were", "57108073b654c5140001f928": "before", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "civil", "57108073b654c5140001f925": "on the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out,", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Protestants in modern", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast", "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "Protestants", "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "\"Huguenot Street Historic District\" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "the country, but rather, formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York, another 21 miles north of New York in a", "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "in different parts of the country, but rather, formed three societies", "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street Historic District\" in", "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "of the country", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the C\u00e9vennes, for instance,", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "group of Huguenot", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the C\u00e9vennes,", "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Nantes, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "After the revocation of the Edict of", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "In this last connection,", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "last connection, the name could suggest the derogatory inference", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "Purgatory came back to harm the living at night. It was in this place in Tours that the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s (\"these supposedly", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "been", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "In this", "571090abb654c5140001f995": "restaurant\u2014see illustration above. The house derives its name", "571090abb654c5140001f996": "Turnagain", "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Other evidence of", "571090abb654c5140001f998": "evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "and 18th centuries. Numerous", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "in", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "many Huguenots had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics", "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "of the neighbouring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the time of the French and Indian War (the North American front", "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "The exodus of Huguenots from", "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "occupied", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "as", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes. The Edict reaffirmed Catholicism as the state religion", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "The", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "of", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "The", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "services", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "costly for", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Protestant services,", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "freedom", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "France sought freedom from", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "first", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.[citation needed]", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "French names.", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "of the", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "the", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Many of the", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "from Huguenot", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees,", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Jack Jouett,", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees, as was Henry Laurens,", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "industry at the time. Although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry, this", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": ", one", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "Huguenot influence, being a \"combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground\", is", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "time. Although 19th century sources have", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "In Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt. By 1700, one-fifth of the", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "Huguenots", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt. By 1700, one-fifth of the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin Huguenots", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "with", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": ",000 to", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": ",", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "After this,", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "with estimates ranging", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "of Norman Huguenots under the", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "In 1564", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "small", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "1564", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "Florida. The effort was the first at", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S.,", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Parris Island,", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "and", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. The", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "In 1700", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "1700", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "In", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "Huguenots", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Some", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Some Huguenots", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "and", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "before", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "Both before", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Both", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "waves", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "Edict", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "French Crown's", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Following", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Following", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "revocation", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "present-day Saarland in 1604. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion.", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. The Cond\u00e9s established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9, along with", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "for many years. Other founding", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France.", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "The bulk", "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread beyond Europe to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the", "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to", "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "of Huguenot", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France, who reigned long before the Reformation.", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "into", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis\" argues that the name was derived by association with", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "the", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "decidedly Calvinistic influence. Sometime between", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "1455\u20131536).", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "Gallican", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "French translation of the New Testament in 1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "not be controlled by the Bishop of Rome, a foreign power. During the Protestant Reformation,", "57111428b654c5140001faff": "known", "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "became", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "what became", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "In", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "7,000 more in the French provinces. By", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "first he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism.", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them. In 1685, he", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "Huguenots", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to", "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "New Rochelle, located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the", "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": ", located in the county", "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "New", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "Rochelle, located", "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Sound,", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation.", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation. Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "their", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "congregations (or individuals)", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Dictionary. It became one of the 100 foundational texts", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "of the", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "and", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Huguenot", "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "Tenterground)", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "It is now located at Soho", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "London", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "The French Protestant Church of London was established by", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Reformed", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where they", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Huguenot refugees found a", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Around 1685,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "William, Elector", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Tannenberg, Luftwaffe General and fighter ace", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Frederick", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "and famed U-boat captain Lothar von", "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "a high", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Steam", "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water", "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working", "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "Rankine", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "in that it could generate", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "The first commercially successful", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "was relatively inefficient, and in most cases was used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": ",", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "condensing steam", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "first", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "The first full-scale", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "first", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "scale working railway steam locomotive was built", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "recycle or top up the boiler water, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "Rankine cycle and most", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "The", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "most", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "is a", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency.", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "extension of the compound engine", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "stage.", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear,", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "and 50s, there", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "50s, there were attempts to", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "water level drops", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "of the", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "fusible plugs", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "the temperature of the", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam engine was a key component of the", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "be powered", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "In 1781 James Watt patented a", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "steam", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "engine stretches back as far", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate", "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions,", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "end of", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "century", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use.", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "Near the end of the", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "of", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "major", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "The", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "energy or waste heat from", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "The", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "The", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "useful instrument", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "were in", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "instrument for analyzing the performance", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "The most useful instrument", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "compounds used", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "compounds used in railway work, the", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "are", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "reciprocating", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "reciprocating", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "These events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "reciprocating", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same", "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "Uniflow", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke,", "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy", "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "simple", "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates,", "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "the simple expansion steam engine which", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "An", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an \"open loop\" system,", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel)", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "efficiency of a", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "mills and mines; power", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "available for cultivation. There", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "Steam engines can be said to have been", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": ", mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and", "571153422419e3140095557d": "locomotives, concluding with the Catch Me Who", "571153422419e3140095557e": "of", "571153422419e3140095557f": "Catch Me", "571153422419e31400955580": "Trevithick continued his own experiments using", "571153422419e31400955581": "continued his own experiments using a trio of", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "high", "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by", "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the", "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure", "571154c72419e31400955587": "1990s about", "571154c72419e31400955588": "typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine", "571154c72419e31400955589": "for steam turbines is in electricity generation (in the 1990s", "571154c72419e3140095558a": "The", "571154c72419e3140095558b": "(", "571155ae2419e31400955591": "cycle", "571155ae2419e31400955592": "cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine.", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "The", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "The", "571155ae2419e31400955595": "the fundamental the", "571156152419e3140095559b": "'s", "571156152419e3140095559f": "historical", "571156152419e3140095559e": "concept", "571156152419e3140095559d": "his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning", "571156152419e3140095559c": "The", "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "Reciprocating piston type steam", "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "of", "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "piston type steam engines remained", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "device was", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "first commercial", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "water", "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "commercial steam-", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "The", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "resulted in the", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Around 1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "1800", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "a", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "(no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.[not", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "use, various companies", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "reciprocating steam", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "reciprocating", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "the", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "The resulting condensed", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "Where CHP", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Evaporative (wet)", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "CHP", "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "governor was", "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton", "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "The", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "centrifugal governor was adopted by", "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the", "57115e532419e314009555af": "for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives", "57115e532419e314009555b0": "loading gauge (particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it", "57115e532419e314009555b1": "adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal", "57115e532419e314009555b3": "adoption", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "\"", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "mechanical motion goes back over", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "Using", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "Using", "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "steam", "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "condenser that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential", "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series", "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "steam turbine consists of", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides", "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines.", "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "generated using steam turbine plant, so", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "weight of boilers and condensers generally makes", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has", "571161092419e314009555d7": "It", "571161092419e314009555d8": "pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such", "571161092419e314009555d9": "a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "Newcomen's", "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "pressure", "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "early", "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763\u20131775) an improved version of Newcomen's", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "and Watt's early engines were \"atmospheric\". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam,", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not", "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "engines frequently possess two independent", "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that", "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849, which", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "medal", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "The acme of", "571163172419e314009555e7": "much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts", "571163172419e314009555e8": "however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure", "571163172419e314009555e9": "contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific", "571163172419e314009555ea": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications", "571163172419e314009555eb": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were", "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "One of", "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "One", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "the principal advantages the", "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "the efficiencies of actual large", "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "components are often", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "are often", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "to", "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "Other", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during World", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "Land-based", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential. It", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "-based steam", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "vessel speed", "571166352419e314009555f1": "experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam", "571166352419e314009555f2": "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to", "571166352419e314009555f3": "non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger", "571166352419e314009555f4": "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical", "571166352419e314009555f5": "Virtually all", "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "Rankine cycle is sometimes", "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "Rankine", "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "is used, the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in", "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "to as", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "Carnot cycle because,", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "element", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "Oxygen", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "is a chemical element with", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "Oxygen is a chemical element", "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global", "571bb2269499d21900609cab": ", oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after", "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8%", "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure,", "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with", "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "with symbol O", "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most", "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "a chemical element with", "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "the periodic table and is a highly", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water. It is too chemically reactive to remain a", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "Many major classes of organic molecules in", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "car", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "Many major", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, contain", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "molecules in living organisms,", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "molecules in living organisms, such as", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "\u20131679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaer", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "In", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "century", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "century", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow (1641\u20131679)", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "that air is necessary for", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaer", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "the", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "August", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "Joseph", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air\". He noted that candles", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "he", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "sensibly different from", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "of the first known experiments on", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "of the", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "One of the first known experiments on the relationship", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass. Many centuries later Leonardo da", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica,", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "and", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "combustion. Fire", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "concentrated ox", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "promote", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "concentrated sources of oxygen", "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark,", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity;", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "proceed rapidly and energetic", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "killed", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "Concentrated O 2 will allow", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "used to store and", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "and manufacture of O 2 systems requires special", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "energetically", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "present", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "composed in", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "(silica", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "is", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "2O 3, in hematite and rust), and calcium carbonate (in limestone). The rest of the", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "Oxygen is present in the", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "atomic hypothesis assumed that", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "assumed that water'", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "Highly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "Highly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "Highly", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "In this", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "filling of which", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "are chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "discovered independently by", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "was", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "helped", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "discovered", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "This combination of cancellations and \u03c3 and \u03c0 overlaps results in dioxygen's", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled \u03c0* orbitals", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "and react", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "dioxygen's double bond character and", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "\u03c3 and \u03c0 overlap", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "1777. In that work, he", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "increase was the same", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "the", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "In", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "experiment", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "the", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "this phase, created by", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "is", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "O", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "energy of other double bonds or pairs of", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "The common allotrope", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen,", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen, O 2. It is the form that is a major part", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "was", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "In 1891 Scottish chemist James Dewar", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson. Both men lowered the temperature of", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "a mixture of acetylene and", "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "soluble", "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "(101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "Oxygen", "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "than", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "the Solar System in having such a high concentration of", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "universe, after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Oxygen", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "Oxygen", "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet", "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "the late 19th", "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "Using a cascade method, Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy", "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "Cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen. Only", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "and", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "Planetary", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Planetary", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "different abundances of oxygen isotopes", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "geologists have", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "photolysis", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "Singlet oxygen is a", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Paleoclimatologists", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "Paleoclimatologists", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "oxygen", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "Paleoclimatologists", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "Paleoclimatologists", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "spec", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "spectrophotometric", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "paramagnetic. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments of", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "In the triplet form, O 2 molecules are paramagnetic.", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "the triplet", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "form, O 2 molecules are", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "triplet form,", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "Reactive oxygen species,", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "as superoxide ion", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "oxygen species", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms,", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "Reactive oxygen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "Oxygen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "is usually obtained by the fraction", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "\u2212297.31 \u00b0F), and freezes at 54.36 K (\u2212218.79 \u00b0C, \u2212361.82", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "\u2212361.82", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "(\u2212218.79 \u00b0C, \u2212361.82 \u00b0F). Both liquid", "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "oxygen also occurs in solution in", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "Free", "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "occurs in solution in the world's", "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "(", "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "Free", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "Paleoproterozoic", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Free oxygen", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "Free", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "Free oxygen gas", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "oxygen", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "respiration", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "the", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "is", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis,", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "other major method of producing O 2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "2", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1.", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "the empirical formula of water is H2O unless certain assumptions are", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen.", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. Contrary to", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "gas can also be produced through electrolysis", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "Oxygen, as", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan,", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan, California,", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "as a supposed mild", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "Oxygen,", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "hemoglobin. Oxygen gas is poisonous", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "gangrene, and decompression sickness (the 'bends') are sometimes treated using these devices. Increased O 2 concentration", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "and, when needed, the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning,", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "(congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "essential purpose of", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "types of diseased", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "Uptake of O", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "compounds, with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (w\u00fcstite) is", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "non-stoichiometric", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. Many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds,", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "electronegativity,", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "who", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "climb mountains or fly in non", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "masks to drop. Pulling on the masks \"to start the flow of oxygen\" as cabin safety", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "to 840 liters of", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "bulk as a liquid in specially", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "Oxygen storage", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "Oxygen storage methods include high pressure", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide. Epoxides are ethers in which", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where \"R\"", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "-", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "(R-OH); ethers (R-O-R);", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "(R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR 2). There are many important organic solvents that contain", "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "found in almost all biomolecules that", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "element is found", "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "a few common", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "found", "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen. All fats, fatty acids,", "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "surface supplied", "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "Oxygen", "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "Oxygen toxicity", "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "2", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "to", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "Breathing pure O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "O 2 partial pressure (for more information", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "general, about 30 kPa (1.4", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "space applications, such as", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "convulsions and other health problems.[j]", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "(O 2) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health", "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "gas (O 2) can be toxic", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa),", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "The 1973 oil", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "in March 1974, the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "with many", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "sought to disassociate themselves from", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "The crisis had a major impact", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "The crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "On August", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "1971, the United States unilaterally pulled", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to \"float\" (rise and fall according to market demand", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "Britain followed, floating the", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "to", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "After 1971,", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "contributed to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation.", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971,", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "rise... Certainly! And how!...", "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "on Israel, on Yom Kippur. This renewal of hostilities in the", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "On October", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "October 6, 1973,", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "OPEC response.\" Libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the United States. Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "aid to Israel,", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel. The following day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo,", "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "aid to other underdeveloped", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "was dispensed in the form of aid to other under", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "of", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "income was disp", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "of", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger's", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "In the", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "United States,", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and", "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level,", "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "a", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "The embargo", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "in", "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "),", "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "(EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted supplies (having refused to allow America", "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "nine members of the European Economic Community (EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Of the", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "UK", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "relatively", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374 became a major factor in the change of government. Heath asked the British to heat", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "embargo, the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Despite being relatively", "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls exacerbated", "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "Price controls exacerbated the crisis in the US. The system limited", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "Price controls", "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "addressed by rationing (as in many countries). Motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973.", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "In 1973, Nixon named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing. In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common.", "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office, a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo.", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "In 1973,", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "To help reduce consumption, in", "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975, and in 1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "the federal 55 mph (89 km/", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "Act of 1978.[citation needed] On November 28, 1995, Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act, ending the federal", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "To help reduce consumption, in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (about 88 km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "which", "572650325951b619008f6faa": "quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "The", "57265200708984140094c237": "Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer", "57265200708984140094c238": ".", "57265200708984140094c239": "In", "57265200708984140094c23a": "a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense", "57265360dd62a815002e819a": ".", "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\".", "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments", "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71%", "57265526708984140094c2bd": "USSR's invasion of Afghanistan was only one sign of", "57265526708984140094c2be": "and", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "the region, also marked by increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances", "57265526708984140094c2c0": "sign", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "weapons sales, technology,", "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "crisis", "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": ", which became de facto standards.", "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "The crisis reduced the demand for large cars. Japanese imports,", "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "engines. Japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive,", "572659535951b619008f703f": "luxury divisions (Acura,", "572659535951b619008f7040": "known as Datsun)", "572659535951b619008f7041": "the", "572659535951b619008f7042": "and Datsun 810, which added passenger space", "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "American makers introduced their domestic replacements (Ford", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Isuzu-built Chevrolet LUV. Mitsubishi rebranded its Forte as the Dodge D-50 a few years after the oil crisis. Mazda,", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": ", such", "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "introduced", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "fuel", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "Chevrolet Chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s. By 1985,", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "least", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "An increase", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Dodge Omni", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA Federal", "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "Federal", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "OPEC", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "levels. This \"sale\" price was a windfall for oil-importing nations, both", "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "OPEC", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "OPEC", "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "United States", "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "and Space Administration (NASA),", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "known as Project", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. First conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-man", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-", "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "two-man Gemini program which ran", "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program", "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "supported by the two-man Gemini program", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "in achieving its goal of manned", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "its", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "during a prelaunch test. After the", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a pre", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "that killed the entire crew during", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "body", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "human", "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "Apollo", "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "set several major human spaceflight milestones. It", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein,", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that \"I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby.\" Silverstein chose", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Greek god", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "Apollo program was conceived", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "representatives", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Preliminary", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications", "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L.", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "\"missile gap\" that he and many other senators felt", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of", "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "In", "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "US not \"first but, first and, first if, but first period.\" Despite Kennedy's rhetoric, he did not immediately come to", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "Soviet cosmonaut Yuri", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "Johnson to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. Johnson responded approximately one", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "achieving", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "20", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "Moon landing was far enough in the future", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "in", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth's Space", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "It became", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "R. Gilruth's", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "became clear", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "LC-34 and LC-37.", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "clear", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end:", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "Platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A and", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "spacecraft", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "The LOC", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "LOC included Launch Complex 39, a Launch Control Center, and a", "5725c123271a42140099d131": ",", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited Dr. George E. Mueller", "5725c123271a42140099d133": "in order to keep", "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller.", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "Based on his industry", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "managers could be found among high-ranking", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips,", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "officers", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "In", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "even", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "In", "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Seamans' establishment of an", "5725c604271a42140099d186": "Seamans'", "5725c604271a42140099d187": "Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc", "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a launch", "5725c604271a42140099d189": "Seamans'", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "was far from smooth sailing. Kennedy's", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "V launch", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans,", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "second-guess NASA's decisions on the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Wiesner", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "disagreement public", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "(LEM) contractors. Wiesner", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": ".", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "The LOR", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "had", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "The", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "propulsion", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "Kennedy's Moon", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "Command Module", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "(CM) was the conical crew", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": ", 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter, and weighed approximately 12", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": ") was", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "a service propulsion engine", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "A cylindrical", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "A", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second", "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "North American Aviation won", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "(LM) was", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "The Lunar Module (LM)", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "the Command Module. Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth,", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "(LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to", "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": ", the", "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "Apollo program", "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "began,", "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "The first four", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live", "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "Saturn", "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "first four Saturn I test flights were launched from", "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "S-IVB-200, powered by a single J-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 lbf (890 kN)", "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB", "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "The Saturn IB was", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "CSM and LM", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "was", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "three-", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "The Apollo astronauts were chosen", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "to fly in", "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "The", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "missions were", "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\",", "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "awarded posthumously to Grissom,", "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\". The medals were awarded posthumously", "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\". The medals", "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability,", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "Two Block I CSMs were", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "Block", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights", "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "206,", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "would fly the first", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "would", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "an", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "AS-206,", "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Donn", "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135", "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on", "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "204", "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "the", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "In December", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or AS-258, planned for August 1967. McDivitt,", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "In December 1966, the AS-205", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a \"tiger team\" to investigate North American's", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "The problems with North", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "director Samuel", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "problems", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "Grissom,", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "\"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "test closer to the February 21 launch,", "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "The plugs-out test began on the morning of January", "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "The plugs-out", "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "astronauts and forced a hold in", "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "burst and the fire erupted onto", "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "this hold, an electrical fire began in the cabin", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "an accident review board, overseen by", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board,", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "design", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "for replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door. NASA discontinued the manned Block", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "door. NASA discontinued the", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "flammable cabin and space", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "were", "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "AS-258, using a single Saturn V launch); E would be a higher", "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "using the Saturn IB; C was manned CSM", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary; therefore letters were used instead", "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for", "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": ".", "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I", "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating", "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "on", "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "of LM in Earth", "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "the", "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "Apollo 5 (AS-204)", "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": ",", "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "Schweickart, launched on a", "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "Low suggested", "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "Saturn IBs.", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "was", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": ", walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "all-Gemini veteran crew", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "The G", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by", "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "1969", "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L.", "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance", "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "The", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": ",", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "crewed with", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "Jack", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory, and a subcontractor not", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "The", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "it", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "the", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "derived from the highlands", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "The rocks collected from the Moon", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects. Many samples appear to be pitted", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "micrometeoroid", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during", "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "In", "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170", "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "In", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,)", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "landings, NASA investigated several", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "space", "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979, by which time it had", "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "-", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "only", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "In", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "In 2008, Japan Aerospace Exploration", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "The crew of", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "televised pictures of the Earth", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "estimated one-", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "Earth and the Moon", "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format", "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a", "5725f239271a42140099d360": "The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo", "5725f239271a42140099d361": "data was recorded by", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "a budget", "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The restored video,", "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "$230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration.", "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "kinescope recordings", "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "of $230,000", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "and Directives, which have direct effect or", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "European", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "a", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "law is a body", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "effect on the", "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "European", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member", "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "and Directives, which have direct effect or", "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "a", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "body", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "law", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "which should have been transposed into the", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "European", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "European Union", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "states", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Union law is applied by", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "European Union", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "member states and the", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "of", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "European", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "have a codified constitution, like", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "the European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has laws which \"constitute\"", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "Although", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "territories, including Madeira, the Canary Islands and the French overseas departments. European Union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "European Council to make specific provisions for regions,", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "(TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions,", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "law of the EU consists", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar and the \u00c5land islands. The TEU allows the European Council to make", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "law of the", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "the European Council to make specific provisions for regions, as for example done", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties, the \"core\" treaties being the Treaty", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now:", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel,", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "principal", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "The principal Treaties that form", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s.", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but", "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "Nice", "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "the 2004", "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "Following the Nice Treaty,", "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "was enacted. Its substance was very similar to", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "document. However,", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead,", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "the", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "is the main executive body of the European", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "to consent", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": ") adds that", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "on", "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Commission", "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Article", "572691545951b619008f76e3": "is the", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "any Government\". Under article 17(2), \"Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis", "572691545951b619008f76e5": "European Union.", "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution", "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "Commissioners have various", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "investigated the Maltese Commissioner for Health,", "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law. By contrast", "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "have", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Commissioners have various privileges, such as", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "various privileges,", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "official acts. Commissioners", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "monopoly on initiating", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "Commission", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "\"degressively proportional\" according to member state size. This means - although", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "held", "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes \"the", "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "the largest, and the Party of European Socialists leads the opposition. Parties do not receive public funds from the EU, as the", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "of equality of its citizens\" and is meant to be founded on \"representative democracy\". In practice, equality and democracy are deficient", "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European", "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "The", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. The Council does this: in effect", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "is", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "The second", "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "The second main legislative", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "different", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "second", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "The second", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "The second main", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "new legislation, TFEU", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "To make new legislation,", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "To make", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "the \"ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "new legislation, TFEU", "572695285951b619008f774b": "make new legislation", "572695285951b619008f774c": "To", "572695285951b619008f774d": "most EU", "572695285951b619008f774e": "To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the \"ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The", "572658435951b619008f7025": "high judicial office\")", "572658435951b619008f7026": "of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and", "572658435951b619008f7027": "law is observed\", although", "572658435951b619008f7028": "importance,", "572658435951b619008f7029": "of", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "The judicial", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "to expand and develop", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body,", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "of", "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "Court", "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "\"", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "However, in", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This", "5726975c708984140094cb21": "its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of", "572699db5951b619008f7799": ",", "572699db5951b619008f779a": "principles when it enacted", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "that Parliament, as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy, can decide", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "speaking,", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "could be \"fundamental principles\" of", "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "Union's governance", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member", "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "constitutional law concerns the European", "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "While constitutional", "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "is generally", "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "Loos could", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "applicable", "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "en Loos", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": ",", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "Regulations will have direct", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "and Regulations will have", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "Treaties and Regulations will have direct", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "the", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": ", if", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "and", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "of Justice held that the", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law \"as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "national courts have a duty to interpret domestic", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "loss. The Court of Justice held that if a Directive would confer identifiable rights on", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "duty to interpret domestic law \"as far as possible", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "The principles of European Union law are", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s. According", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "of", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "law", "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "since the 1960s. It is an important", "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": ",", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "the", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "of Justice in the", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None of the original treaties establishing the European", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "None", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "rights", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "original treaties establishing the", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "rights by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties.\" Therefore, the", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "Therefore, the", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights,", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "The Social Chapter is", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "The", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the \"social partners\" representatives,", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "\"", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "issues", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "refused", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "The UK", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "The", "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "under the Agreement on", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally", "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "to government in 1997, the UK formally", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive. In the 10 years following the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam and adoption of the", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "origins in the European Coal", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium,", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "in", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "Competition law has its origins in", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "EU competition law on companies were established in article 85, which prohibited anti-competitive agreements, subject to some exemptions, and article 86 prohibiting", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "void. Article 101(3)", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3)", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1),", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": ", the", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "in all respects. Like in other regional", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "union", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "customs), technical barriers (e.g. differing laws on safety, consumer", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "introduced", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "is", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "goods", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "and", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "to achieve the aim, (2) be", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional \"mandatory\" or \"overriding\" requirements such as consumer protection, improving labour", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "Often rules apply to", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36,", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "product, this can also infringe article 34. So, in a 2009 case,", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "product requirement, but", "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "public health. Under the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising,", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "36 or as a mandatory requirement) the", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "presumption that", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "product", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "its", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "Reflecting", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": ", and employers, in", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "shifted towards developing a more \"social\" Europe. Free movement was increasingly based on \"citizenship\",", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "The", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "held that a Dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to Belgium, because the benefit was", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "regarded as justified. Third, people must receive equal treatment regarding", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "time", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "treatment of workers. First, articles 1", "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the", "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "Austrian students to avoid \"structural, staffing and financial problems\" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of", "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "EU has increasingly been seen as", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "of the", "5726c002708984140094d073": "effect. In Reyners v Belgium the Court of Justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the", "5726c002708984140094d074": "hinder freedom of establishment,", "5726c002708984140094d075": "degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano the Court of Justice held that to be \"established\" means", "5726c002708984140094d076": "has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder", "5726c002708984140094d077": "unjustified restrictions. The Court of Justice has held", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "into legislation against toxic waste", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "In", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, from a European", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "toxic", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "costs of receiving treatment in Germany. The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary,", "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice. The Court of Justice has held that secondary education falls", "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "people who give services \"for remuneration\", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur", "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "residents", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "bottom in", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "In", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "regard", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "Cartesio Oktat\u00f3", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": ";", "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Selva Amaz\u00f3nica,", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "(", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": ";", "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "or", "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": ":", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "Amazon", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "(Portuguese: Floresta", "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "This basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres", "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat", "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud),", "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "(Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or", "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "within Brazil, with 60%", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow", "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Following the", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "\u2013", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "the", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "66\u201334 Mya,", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "mid-", "5725c071271a42140099d128": "is believed that the", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "Amazon was split along the middle of the continent", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side", "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "During", "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310", "57283d173acd2414000df790": "however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years,", "57283d173acd2414000df791": "e", "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the mid-", "57283d173acd2414000df793": "believed", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "Purus", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of", "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage", "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": ", it is believed that the drainage basin of", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "(LGM) and subsequent", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "pale", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "that there have been significant changes", "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "and", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small,", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "Analyses", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "certainly associated with reduced", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "changes", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "NASA's", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin, 132 million", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "the eastern coast of South America, 27.7", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "of dust are windblown out of the Sahara", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "NASA's", "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "has", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "NASA's", "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA's", "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as", "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "For", "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "time", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than", "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "For a long", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely", "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "only ever sparsely populated", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "was", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "to sustain", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "sparsely", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "of", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "The", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "to travel", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "The first", "5729edd56aef051400155114": "travel the length of the Amazon", "5729edd56aef051400155115": "to travel the length of the Amazon River was", "5729edd56aef051400155116": "Ondemar Dias is accredited", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of", "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": ".", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "accepted as a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning", "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "agriculture and silviculture", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "management. The development", "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "fertile", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "occurring as has previously been supposed. In the region of the Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle", "5729ef266aef051400155120": "(black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "region is home", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "The region is home to", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "million", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "The", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "home to about 2", "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species,", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "The", "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "is home to about 2.5 million insect species", "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "The biodiversity of", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "(62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one", "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "biodiversity", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "The biodiversity", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "of", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "biodiversity of", "5729f2646aef051400155132": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001", "5729f2646aef051400155133": "The", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001", "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "rainforest contains several species that", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "can stun or kill, while", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "several species that can pose a hazard.", "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "The rainforest", "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "that can pose a hazard", "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "to the naked eye from outer", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "is the", "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of", "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "was highly", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "Deforestation", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "Between 1991", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "000 sq mi),", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Between 1991 and 2000, the", "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "the", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose", "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "The needs", "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "of", "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "needs", "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "many of the controversial transportation projects that", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "of", "572a020f6aef051400155198": "Environmentalists are concerned about", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "are", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "Environmentalists", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could", "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "strong", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "computer", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "model", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "shows", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "rainforest could become unsustainable under", "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide,", "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "As indigenous", "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to", "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the", "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear,", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "The use of", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests.", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "Using handheld", "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "sensing", "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "The use of remote", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "biomass and", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "regrowth],", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "To accurately map the Amazon's", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "'", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "worst drought", "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced", "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "drought in", "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "Independent reported Woods", "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years,", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "2005 the", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "rainforest experienced", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "ctenophore, /\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/ or /\u02c8ti\u02d0n", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "/\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "/\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "known", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "Ctenophora", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore,", "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9", "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/;", "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "Ctenophora", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the \u2018combs\u2019", "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "ctenophore, /\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/ or /\u02c8ti\u02d0n", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "Almost all ctenophores", "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day. Only", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "Almost all ctenophores", "5725c337271a42140099d163": "ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans;", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "Almost all ctenophores are", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "small crust", "5725c337271a42140099d167": "predators,", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "prey ranging from microscopic", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "ctenoph", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "as", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "Almost all ctenophores", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "Almost", "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "own egg,", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "hermaphrodites\u2014a", "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "not needing", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "'", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites,", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "Most", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "platyctenids'", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "Most species are hermaphrodites\u2014a", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "Most", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "hermaphrodites\u2014a", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "they occur", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "Ctenophores", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Ctenophores", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "Ctenophores", "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have", "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed", "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the", "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places", "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerst\u00e4tten as far back", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "Despite their soft,", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "Despite their soft,", "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies,", "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated, and the majority view", "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "Despite", "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils", "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated,", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "bilaterians (which include", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "ctenophores and cnidarians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish,", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones,", "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "phylum that is more complex than sponges,", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "Ctenophores", "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "(jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "Ctenophores", "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "colloblasts, which are sticky", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": ",", "572647d0708984140094c14b": "cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence ctenophores and", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "cnida", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers", "572647d0708984140094c14e": "Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a", "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "about 1", "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "the largest", "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5", "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "The internal cavity", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "The", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "The", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "The internal", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence. The", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "each consists of thousands of unusually long ci", "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "swimming-", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "mouth. The \"combs\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates\") run across each row,", "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "The outer surface bears usually eight", "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "outer surface bears usually eight comb rows", "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "how ctenophores", "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "It is", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "densities.", "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "ctenophores control their bu", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "feature is", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "sensory feature is the aboral organ", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "organ (at the opposite end from", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "Cydippid ctenophores", "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "egg-shaped; the common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at", "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "ctenophores have bodies", "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "nearly spherical", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded,", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "fringed", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "and they are coiled when relaxed, while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "coiled when relaxed, while the tent", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; and they are coiled when relaxed, while", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "cydippid ctenophores", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "are eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "eight rows of combs that", "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows, and in some species runs all the way along", "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows, and in some species runs all the way", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "extensions", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "Lobata have a pair of", "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of", "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "Lobates have eight comb-rows,", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "extensions of", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water,", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "Lobates have eight comb-rows,", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "pharynx,", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "are able to \"", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "feeding appendages", "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows", "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "Cestida", "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge,", "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "aboral edge,", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows. There are two", "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "Platyctenida", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral", "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "comb-rows. Platyctenids are usually cryptically colored, live on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates,", "572683075951b619008f7513": "Ocryopsis individuals remain of", "572683075951b619008f7514": "of the herma", "572683075951b619008f7515": "all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time \u2013 except that in two species of", "572683075951b619008f7516": "in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts", "572683075951b619008f7517": "Almost all species", "572684365951b619008f753f": "cydippid adults.", "572684365951b619008f7540": "the", "572684365951b619008f7541": "Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups", "572684365951b619008f7542": "direct", "572684365951b619008f7543": "the", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera,", "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni,", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "vexilligera,", "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea", "5726887e708984140094c917": "ctenophores are predators \u2013 there are no vegetarians", "5726887e708984140094c918": "ctenophores", "5726887e708984140094c919": "ctenophores are predators", "5726887e708984140094c91a": "plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores,", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "used to be regarded as \"", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "to be", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "Ctenophores used to be", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "\"", "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "On", "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "so successfully colonized", "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "hand, in", "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "Mnemiopsis", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "Mnemiopsis", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "of their soft, gel", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known, both members of the crown group, from the early", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "Cambrian", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the ci", "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary \"aunt\"", "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "The", "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Cambrian sessile", "57269016708984140094ca41": "many", "57269016708984140094ca42": "the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity.", "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "other words do not contain all and only the", "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and", "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "purely morphological", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "beroids have", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "(/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh), the county seat", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh),", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "Easterby's\u2014by now a hugely productive wheat farm\u2014for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the", "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's\u2014by now a hugely productive wheat farm\u2014for", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "\u2014by now a", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "In", "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "farm\u2014for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station,", "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "1942", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Little", "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Before", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Asian.", "5725d183271a42140099d241": "for the relocation of Fresno area", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "1958, Bank of America launched a", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "September", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "In", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Jamboree\" radio and television", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "a song", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "the", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "city", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway.", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "two in the city limits and one in", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "(currently", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "Between the 1880s and World", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "Fulton Street in Downtown", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Fulton Street", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "in the country, including the only Pierre-Auguste Renoir piece in the world that", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "City of", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "The neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "The popular", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "The popular", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "popular neighborhood known", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "to", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School, (later", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "area of retail businesses", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "the re-opening", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "neighborhood revival followed the re-", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation", "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "The neighborhood features restaurants,", "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "features", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "The", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "The neighborhood", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue,", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "The area is also", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "The area is also known", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "from the early 20th century", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "Homes from the early 20th century", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "\"West Side\" of", "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "The", "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "or the newly", "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "is one of the oldest", "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is", "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "neighborhood", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "includes Kearney Boulevard,", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "about 20 mi", "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "named", "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "neighborhood", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "the", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "neighborhood", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "While many", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority.", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "the neighborhood date", "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "300", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "Eaton", "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "The", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": ",", "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "north eastern", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "built[", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "world. Developer William Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "1946, Sierra Sky Park", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "to share certain roads. Sierra Sky Park was the first aviation community to be built[citation needed] and there are now numerous such communities across the", "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "Fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh),", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "Fresno is marked by a semi-arid", "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "Fresno is marked", "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "Fresno", "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "Fresno", "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913. The average", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches (90.2 mm", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "The official record high temperature for Fresno is 115 \u00b0F", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "temperature for Fresno is 115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C), set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 \u00b0F (\u22128", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "(", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "The 2010 United", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "The 2010", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese,", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "7", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "were", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "As of the", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "As", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "As", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "the census", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "in the city.", "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953.", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "as NBC affiliate KSEE. Other Fresno stations include ABC O&O KFSN, CBS affiliate KGPE, CW affiliate KFRE,", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "KNSO, Univision O&O KFTV, and MundoFox", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "Fresno", "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "now known as", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "Atascadero in the south,", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Valley.", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "freeway", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "the", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Passenger rail service is", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Passenger rail", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "service is", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Passenger", "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe in the decade following, including the", "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore", "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted", "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": ")", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "fortified by the development of telecommunications", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services,", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable", "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable", "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "such as cellular", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching", "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair", "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forward", "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "packets", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair", "5726356938643c19005ad300": "communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forward", "5726356938643c19005ad301": "or without", "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265,", "5726249538643c19005ad080": "Baran", "5726249538643c19005ad081": "switching", "5726249538643c19005ad082": "message block switching during", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "Baran", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "Baran", "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work.", "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "the", "5726378238643c19005ad314": "developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the", "5726378238643c19005ad315": "Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as", "5726385e271a42140099d797": "reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address,", "5726385e271a42140099d799": "path to help the", "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "connectionless mode each", "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "set-up phase,", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "setup", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "to specify its requirements and discover link parameters. Acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated. Routing a packet requires the node to look up the", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "in", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "using the HDLC/LAPD/LAPB", "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer. Another major difference between X.25", "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM). X.25", "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "connection", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "data to the host.", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "became operational", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "an example of a datagram protocol.", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "suite of", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "AppleTalk", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "The", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "The", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "was a French research network designed", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "research", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "released in 1975 in order", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers.", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC,", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by", "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "In 1965,", "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": ", a", "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "the instigation of Warner Sinback,", "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "sales", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s.", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "Merit", "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "an independent", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "Telenet was", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "founded", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "licensed", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "in the", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "was the first", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "Tymnet", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "Tymnet", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "Tymnet", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "Tymnet was an international data", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "data", "572643de5951261400b5195a": "with an", "572643de5951261400b5195b": "There were two kinds of", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "were two", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "AUSTPAC", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "or, by linking a permanent X.25 node", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "referred to the public PAD service", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "now known", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines", "5726462b708984140094c117": "National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions", "5726462b708984140094c118": "The", "5726462b708984140094c119": "(CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to", "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "Internet2", "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "Internet2", "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "Internet2 is a not-for-profit", "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "Internet2", "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "education communities, industry, and government.", "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "(", "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s", "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "a program of", "572648d1708984140094c15d": "NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had", "572648d1708984140094c15e": "high-speed", "572648d1708984140094c15f": "Foundation", "572648d1708984140094c160": "The Very", "572648d1708984140094c161": "and", "57264684708984140094c123": "the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road,", "57264684708984140094c124": "the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover", "57264684708984140094c125": "Europe, the Black", "57264684708984140094c126": "the", "57264684708984140094c127": "have killed 30\u201360% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to", "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "The plague disease,", "572647935951b619008f6eca": "The plague disease, caused", "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic", "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "The plague disease, caused by Yersinia", "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots,", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "to Europe via Genoese traders at the port", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "Plague was reportedly", "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "the disease spread", "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "disease", "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": ",", "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": ",", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "1348, then turned", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "plague struck various countries", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "1348\u201349, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the", "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the", "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347,", "57264a74708984140094c18b": "and from its effects, they called it the black death\").", "57264a74708984140094c18c": "Gasquet", "57264a74708984140094c18d": "Gasquet", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "epidemic first appeared in modern times in 163", "57264a74708984140094c18f": "-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 163", "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "knowledge had st", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "Medical", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "Medical knowledge", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "days", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India.", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "of", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond", "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "fleas whose midguts had become", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that \"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\". He was able", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "of plague have been", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "bu", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "of plague have been", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "pu", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA", "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of", "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "new investigation", "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens", "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "2010, the open-", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves.", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "study also found", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": ". pest", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "have", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "the Haensch", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British", "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubon", "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "contemporary accounts were exaggerations. In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "The plague theory was", "5726516a708984140094c223": "is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important", "5726516a708984140094c224": "is recognised that an epide", "5726516a708984140094c225": "done", "5726516a708984140094c226": "an", "5726516a708984140094c227": "It", "57265285708984140094c25b": "plague; that mortality rates of the", "57265285708984140094c25c": "pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in", "57265285708984140094c25d": "theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference", "57265285708984140094c25e": "not have been repeated elsewhere", "57265285708984140094c25f": "despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates", "5726534d708984140094c26d": "A variety of", "5726534d708984140094c26e": "of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman", "5726534d708984140094c26f": "A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward.", "5726534d708984140094c270": "anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as", "5726534d708984140094c271": "A variety of alternatives to", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East,", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "The most", "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "; 1374; 1400; 1438", "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "centuries. According", "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present", "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "figures, historians propose a range of pre", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "In England, in the absence", "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "1389\u201393, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10\u201315%", "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490.", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "In 1466, perhaps 40,000", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "perhaps 40,000 people", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three", "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "some 1.7 million victims in", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed", "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "half of Naples' 300,000", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "half of", "5726577f708984140094c301": "at least one location", "5726577f708984140094c302": "of", "5726577f708984140094c303": "ravaged", "5726577f708984140094c304": "The", "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "and eroded, and then redeposited", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "There are three major", "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "the", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is", "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "There", "57265d08708984140094c397": "a", "57265d08708984140094c398": "the 1960s,", "57265d08708984140094c399": "the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere,", "57265d08708984140094c39a": "In the 1960s, a series of", "57265d08708984140094c39b": "plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics.", "57265f605951b619008f70db": "another", "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "development", "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "of plate te", "57265f605951b619008f70de": "development of plate tectonics", "57265f605951b619008f70df": "The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions", "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "times of seismic waves", "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "image the interior of the", "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust", "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of", "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "interior", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "The following four timelines", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "the geologic time", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "most", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent", "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the", "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key", "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than", "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "from an older formation to be", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "of", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "principle of inclusions and", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "The principle of faunal", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however,", "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication", "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "fossils", "57266c015951b619008f7237": "facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously,", "57266c015951b619008f7238": "the beginning of the", "57266c015951b619008f7239": "beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "At", "57266c015951b619008f723b": "beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "For many geologic applications, isotope", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "thermochronologic studies. Common methods include uranium-lead dating, potassium-argon dating, argon-argon", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "For many", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "many geologic applications", "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "When", "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can", "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "When", "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "When", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "rock units as", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "rock", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "Extension", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "fact, there is a location within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt in which", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "Extension causes the rock", "572673f5708984140094c69b": "sediment", "572673f5708984140094c69c": "new rock", "572673f5708984140094c69d": "addition of new rock units, both deposition", "572673f5708984140094c69e": "addition", "572673f5708984140094c69f": "fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create", "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "All", "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States", "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "single", "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been", "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "these", "572677e7708984140094c723": "field", "572677e7708984140094c724": "stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers), and structural", "572677e7708984140094c725": "number", "572677e7708984140094c726": "a number of field, laboratory", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "rocks", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "addition", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "identifying rocks in the laboratory are through", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "a petrographic microscope, where", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In", "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "use fluid inclusion data and", "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "pressures at which different mineral", "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "mineral", "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to", "57267d52708984140094c7da": "Structural geologists", "57267d52708984140094c7db": "Structural geologists use", "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "Structural geologists use", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "most", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "are", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "and", "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "most well-", "57268066708984140094c821": "the laboratory", "57268066708984140094c822": "laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections", "57268066708984140094c823": "stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from", "57268066708984140094c824": "In", "57268066708984140094c825": "stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in", "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "analyze rock", "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "laboratory", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists", "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "H. Garrison,", "572683f95951b619008f7526": "Some", "572683f95951b619008f7527": "be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973\u20131048", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia", "572683f95951b619008f7529": "the", "57268527708984140094c8bf": ", he explained his theory that", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "James", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "is", "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In", "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "first geological map of the U.S.", "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "U.S.", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": ". was", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "geological", "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Charles Lyell first", "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "Lyell first", "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Charles Lyell first", "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830.", "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "first published", "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "Tyne (RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n", "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank", "5726642f5951b619008f7159": ",", "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "(RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n \u02c8ta\u026an/; Locally: i/nju\u02d0\u02cck\u00e6s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0259n \u02c8ta\u026an/), commonly known as Newcastle,", "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "(RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n \u02c8ta\u026an/;", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "The", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "around", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "The", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "William", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "The city", "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons", "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the", "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "recorded", "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and", "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne.", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Incorporated", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II,", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "Throughout", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "fortress", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around", "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538. The", "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "from", "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside,", "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "In the 18th century American Timothy Dexter, an entrepreneur,", "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "From 1530 a royal act restricted", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "In", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families.", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "so", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "resided the close-knit community of keelmen and", "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "and beside the river,", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "on the", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "the English Civil War, the", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "North declared for the King. In a bid", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "During", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "In", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": ",", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "'s prosperity; and", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "Be-Ro flour, Joseph Swan's electric light", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "Derwentwater House and \"House of Tides\", a restaurant situated at a", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "riverside", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "a", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares',", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "street", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "The", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "portion of", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "city", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "developed in the 1830s by Richard", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "Another", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "in Newcastle is the Town Moor,", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": ".", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "said to be the largest", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's", "57267076708984140094c601": "spaces. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner \"NewcastleGateshead\",", "57267076708984140094c602": "Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments;", "57267076708984140094c603": "developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major", "57267076708984140094c604": "has replaced former", "57267076708984140094c605": "Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge,", "572671165951b619008f72b7": "The", "572671165951b619008f72b8": ".", "572671165951b619008f72b9": "and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and", "572671165951b619008f72ba": "of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some", "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town,", "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "to be", "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting", "572671e55951b619008f72da": "the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was", "572671e55951b619008f72db": "Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger", "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "The climate in Newcastle is oceanic (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world", "57267383dd62a815002e8553": ") and significantly", "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "climate in Newcastle is oceanic (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar", "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "(K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than", "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "Newcastle is", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "\u2019s official ledgers reported revenue by department,", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "In 2010, Newcastle was", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "Lewis stores in the UK. John Lewis is still known to many in Newcastle as Bainbridges. Newcastle store Bainbridge's, opened in", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": ",", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "store Bainbridge's,", "5726769c708984140094c711": "Other shopping destinations in", "5726769c708984140094c712": "shopping", "5726769c708984140094c713": "in Newcastle include", "5726769c708984140094c714": "Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the", "5726769c708984140094c715": "Other shopping", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "was", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "centres on Tyneside were growing most", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "The Tyneside", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "flat was the", "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "and waterside", "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "the proportion of detached", "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably over", "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "coupled with a similar rise", "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford", "572679c35951b619008f73db": "According to", "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "to the UK Government's returned 2001", "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "had a population of 189,86", "572679c35951b619008f73de": ", the city of", "572679c35951b619008f73df": "of 1,650,000.", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "Little and Robson. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "forming up to", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "the", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "According to the same statistics, the average age of people living", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "dialect", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "of Newcastle is known as Geordie, and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "dialect has much of its origins in the language", "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "in", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "\"Bairn\" and \"hyem\",", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words \"bonny\" (meaning \"pretty\"),", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "to be", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian", "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "meaning \"child\" and", "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "report", "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "a", "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "report, published in early", "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in", "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents. The report was", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "concentrations", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "the", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "centre, a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema.", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "range of bars, caf\u00e9s", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "the", "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "theatre. Stephen Kemble", "57267f695951b619008f74be": "The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the famous", "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the", "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for", "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "The", "5726800add62a815002e8750": "and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage", "5726800add62a815002e8751": "contains many", "5726800add62a815002e8752": "The city", "5726800add62a815002e8753": "local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company. Other theatres in the city", "5726800add62a815002e8754": "The", "572680865951b619008f74e7": "Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent", "572680865951b619008f74e8": "known", "572680865951b619008f74e9": "and", "572680865951b619008f74ea": "The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil')", "572680865951b619008f74eb": "10,000 LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green. Operating since", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "takes place in April. In May, Newcastle and Gateshead host the", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "holiday, with performances by acts from the world of Rock, Indie and Dance music.", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes place in April. In May,", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "and", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": ",", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "The Hoppings, reputedly", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The", "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "held", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "In", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": ",", "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "a strong", "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the", "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the Tyne\"", "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "a folk-rock group", "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Lindisfarne", "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "during", "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "The Pilgrim Street", "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "cinemas, including", "57268525dd62a815002e8809": ".", "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "cinemas, including the restored Classic \u2014the", "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding", "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre", "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "There", "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "There", "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "several", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "The earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "the action is studio-bound. Later came The", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "extensive scenes filmed in the city. The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "featuring some", "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "Newcastle has a horse racing", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "has a", "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "complex at", "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "a horse", "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's", "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "International", "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "Ponteland", "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "Newcastle", "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "is located approximately 6", "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "Newcastle", "572689385951b619008f761b": "in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a", "572689385951b619008f761c": "was the first covered railway station in the world and was much", "572689385951b619008f761d": "In 2014,", "572689385951b619008f761e": "In 2014, work was completed on the stations historic entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the", "572689385951b619008f761f": "UK. It has a neoclassical fa\u00e7ade, originally designed", "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "King's Cross, with a journey time of", "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to", "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Train operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains", "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "a half-hourly", "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross,", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "Metro system. The Metro system was", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "city", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "city", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "existing and newly built", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "city", "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example North Shields). In addition;", "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket", "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "and modernization, entitled 'Metro:", "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "system", "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All", "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "A1", "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish", "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the", "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "in the area include the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western", "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "to", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "Haymarket", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "bus", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "in", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "city", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North", "57269120708984140094ca59": "partially or completely isolated;", "57269120708984140094ca5a": "Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling", "57269120708984140094ca5b": "isolated; Increase", "57269120708984140094ca5c": "first", "57269120708984140094ca5d": "the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living\u2026 The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing", "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "air services as the cause", "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS", "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "Danish", "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS", "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "as the cause \u2013 and their", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven LEA-funded", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "There are eleven LEA-funded", "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "sixth forms in Newcastle. There are a number of successful state schools, including Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School,", "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "There", "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "only school in the city and is situated in Gosforth. Newcastle College is the largest general further education", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "University", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "Northumbria University.", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "The city has two universities \u2014 Newcastle University and Northumbria", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "two universities \u2014 Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in", "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one of the UK's leading international universities. It won the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000.", "572699b55951b619008f778f": "in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the Church of St Thomas the Martyr which is", "572699b55951b619008f7790": "Pugin and the Coptic Cathedral located in", "572699b55951b619008f7791": "elegant lantern tower of 1474, the Roman Catholic St. Mary's designed by Augustus Welby", "572699b55951b619008f7792": "Newcastle has three cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas,", "572699b55951b619008f7793": "Newcastle has three cathedrals,", "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "church in this town'. The present", "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite", "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the", "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "town'. The present building was begun", "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "from", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "ITV Tyne Tees was based", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": ".", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "Tees was", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name", "57269d745951b619008f77d7": ", the first full-time community radio station in the area", "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "NE1fm launched", "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "full-time community radio station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's", "57269d745951b619008f77da": "on", "57269d745951b619008f77db": "universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term time. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "was", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770.", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770.", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Charles Avison,", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Bunting, and Lord Chief Justice Peter Taylor. Portuguese writer E\u00e7a de Queiroz was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879\u2014his", "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Musicians Eric Burdon, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan Hull, Cheryl Cole and Neil", "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville were born in the city. John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian", "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator David", "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "Musicians Eric Burdon,", "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "WWE", "5726710b708984140094c61d": "Victoria and Albert Museum", "5726710b708984140094c61e": "world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named", "5726710b708984140094c61f": "Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as", "5726710b708984140094c620": "Museum", "572680ac708984140094c83d": "V&A),", "572680ac708984140094c83e": "Museum", "572680ac708984140094c83f": "and", "572680ac708984140094c840": "The Victoria and", "572680ac708984140094c841": "the", "57268294708984140094c877": "The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2)", "57268294708984140094c878": "V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries.", "57268294708984140094c879": "V&A covers", "57268294708984140094c87a": "to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes,", "57268294708984140094c87b": "145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art,", "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "has", "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "The V&A", "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "The", "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "the Great Exhibition of 1851, with which Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was", "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "The", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "collections of both applied art", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting. This was to enable", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "were", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "by Queen Victoria was on", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "of gas lighting. This was to enable in the words of Cole \"to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes\"\u2014this", "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "of the collections after the", "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "It", "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "the war", "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "Before the", "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "and a", "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "concert. The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture by British progressive folk-rock band Gryphon,", "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "first museum in Britain to present a rock concert. The V&A", "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "as", "572691d7708984140094ca70": "In July", "57269656708984140094cafd": "The V&A", "57269656708984140094cafe": "in Dundee that would use the V&A brand although it would be funded", "57269656708984140094caff": "V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council and the", "57269656708984140094cb00": "V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee", "57269656708984140094cb01": "The V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "parts of the", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "Brompton Park House, which was extended, most notably by the \"Brompton Boilers\", which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "The", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "was civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers, who was appointed by Cole. The next major expansions", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "The", "57269c06708984140094cba1": "An", "57269c06708984140094cba2": "was designed and built in 1864\u201369. The style adopted for this part", "57269c06708984140094cba3": "of terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north fa\u00e7ade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by James", "57269c06708984140094cba4": "a series of frescoes by Lord Leighton: Industrial Arts as Applied to War 1878\u20131880 and Industrial Arts Applied to Peace, which was", "57269c06708984140094cba5": "terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north fa\u00e7ade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors", "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "The", "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows, the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by Alfred Stevens and was", "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "Green Dining Room 1866\u201368 was the work of Philip Webb and William Morris, and displays Elizabethan influences. The lower part of the walls", "57269d68708984140094cbda": "the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room 1866\u201368", "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "was designed in a Renaissance style by James Gamble, the walls and even the Ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic", "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "at the museum was Colonel (later", "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers the next architect", "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "the garden the five-storey School for Naval Architects (also known as the science schools), now the Henry Cole Wing in 1867\u201372.", "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "death of Captain Francis Fowke, Royal", "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "to", "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "work", "5726a2445951b619008f7862": ",", "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "style of the earlier buildings, various designers were responsible for the decoration", "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "Continuing", "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "as late as 1885 designed by Starkie Gardner, these lead to a passage through the building. Scott also designed the two Cast", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "took place between 1899 and 1909. Stylistically it is a", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "much of the detail belongs to the Renaissance there are medieval influences at work. The main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "place between 1899 and 1909. Stylistically it is a strange hybrid, although much of the detail belongs to the Renaissance there are medieval", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "The main fa\u00e7ade, built from red brick and", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "Prince Albert appears within the", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Gallery. The interior makes much use of marble", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "by the shop and", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "These fa\u00e7ades surround four levels of galleries. Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and Rotunda, the East and West Halls, the areas occupied", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "In", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "In the immediate", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "In", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "In", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "available for other than essential repairs. The 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work; the first major work was the creation of new", "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "A few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the Indian,", "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "Hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture, Softroom, Islamic", "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "miniatures,", "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "leading to South Kensington tube station, New signage throughout the museum,", "5726afeb708984140094cddb": ":", "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "central garden was redesigned by Kim", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "The central garden was redesigned by", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "garden was", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "to", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "The", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004, the V&A", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "architecture", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "2004, the V&A alongside Royal Institute of British", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "the UK", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "the museum, joining the already extensive collection held by the V&A. With over 600,000 drawings, over", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "Not only are all the major British architects of the last four", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held in the collection.", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Zaha", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": ",", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Not only are all the", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "Paul", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "Pindar's house", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "facade of Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "As", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "'", "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "Ardabil Carpet,", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "Jameel", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "2006, houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the Ardabil Carpet, the centrepiece of", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "The", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "being the Ardabil Carpet, the", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "Marathas, including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds, diamonds", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds, diamonds and rubies, also", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "art are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "and", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "The Museum's", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "Eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "BC to", "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "Far Eastern", "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": ",", "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "works", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "1550 to 1900, but one", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "from 1550 to 1900", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550 to", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "including the Mazarin Chest dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "One of the finest objects displayed is Suzuki Chokichi's bronze incense burner", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "cover Korea, the Himalayan kingdoms and", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "the Himalayan kingdoms", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "The", "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": ", scroll paintings", "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "The", "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "of the great treasures in the library is the Codex Forster, some of Leonardo da Vinci's note books. The Codex consists", "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "the Codex Forster, some of Leonardo", "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "the", "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "Duke", "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "books he collected are early editions in Greek and Latin of the poets and playwrights Aeschylus, Aristotle,", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "needed], Canterbury; Pocket Book of Hours,", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Writers", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "the 12th to 16th centuries include: the Eadwine Psalter[citation needed],", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "papers are in the library are as diverse as Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter. Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to", "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "whose", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "including printed exhibit catalogs, and card catalogs. A computer system called MODES cataloging system was used from the 1980s", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "Art", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "The National Art Library (also called Word", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "accession", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "items in the collection, unless those were newly accessioned into the collection, probably do", "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "and Albert Museum\u2019s Word and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world, to", "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "and Albert Museum\u2019s Word and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around", "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "utilizing digital cameras. The Word and Image Department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and", "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world, to digitize", "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "The Victoria and", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Not only the work of British artists and craftspeople", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "and wallpaper", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Not only the", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "commissioned by British patrons, as well as imports from Asia, including porcelain, cloth and wallpaper. Designers and artists whose work is on display in", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "only the work of British artists", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the Tudor", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton and Eleanor Coade.", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "the work of European artists and craftsmen employed in Britain. In the", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "also", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "influenced", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "One of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "of", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "dramatic parts of the museum is", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "the most dramatic parts of the museum is", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "half in order to fit under the", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "Well represented in the collection is", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "Well", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "represented", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "Well", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "discover the Chinese method of making porcelain.", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "De Morgan and Bernard Leach as well as Mintons & Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Britain and Holland, which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height. Bernard Palissy has several examples", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries, made in Germany and Switzerland. There", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "Many", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of Delftware produced in both Britain and Holland, which includes a circa 1695", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the British Galleries. Many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including, from the 19th", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "covers", "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware on display comes from Ancient Egypt and", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "glass making, and has", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "glass beaker known as the Luck of Edenhall is also displayed in these galleries. Examples of British stained glass are displayed in", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "The main gallery was redesigned in", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "The main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "of Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005. In this latter gallery stained", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "The", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "10,000 British and 2,000 old master works, including works", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "Benedetto Castiglione,", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "collection of drawings", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "collection", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "The", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "collection is the most comprehensive", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "The costume", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "In 2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes. Other", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "acquired the", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "In 2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "in the collection include Coco Chanel, Hubert de", "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": ", with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary items and did not do so again until the", "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by Andr\u00e9 Charles Boulle, a commode by Bernard Vanrisamburgh", "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "French Renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865,", "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "French", "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "One of the most important pieces in this collection is", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "furniture in the collection is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet dated c1750", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Vredeman de Vries. One of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet dated c1750 from", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "in", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "Vredeman de Vries. One of the finest pieces of continental", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Cabinet dated 1861\u20131867 made", "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": ", containing over 6000", "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "is one", "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "and most comprehensive", "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from Ancient Egypt to", "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "of", "5726ee28708984140094d656": "or gold", "5726ee28708984140094d657": "10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide, designed", "5726ee28708984140094d658": "There", "5726ee28708984140094d659": "000 objects made from", "5726ee28708984140094d655": "There", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "Candlestick,", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "bronze", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high Gloucester", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "in the", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "c1110, made from gilt", "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "collection. The answer, from Bryan Davies was that the museum intended to preserve and", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "February 2010, a decision which was highly controversial. An online", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "Instruments", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "An online petition of over 5,100 names on the Parliamentary website led to Chris Smith asking Parliament about the future of the collection. The answer, from", "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "Instruments", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "Elizabeth", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "paintings, 6800 British watercolours,", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "about", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "113", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "6800 British", "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "the Younger, Domenico di Pace Beccafumi, Fioravante Ferramola, Jan Brueghel the Elder, Anthony van Dyck,", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly by contemporary British artists, and a similar number of drawings to the museum with", "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "In", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "Mulready, William Powell Frith,", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "West, Paul Sandby, Richard Wilson, William Etty,", "5726f755708984140094d737": "Madame de Pompadour dated 1758,", "5726f755708984140094d738": "Gaspard Dughet and works by Fran\u00e7ois", "5726f755708984140094d739": "the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not", "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the", "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates. These sequences of photographs taken a", "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781", "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "of 78", "5726f90b708984140094d760": "the more unusual", "5726f90b708984140094d761": "is that of Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates.", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "The sculpture collection at the", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "the period from about 400 AD to 1914. This covers", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "covers among other periods Byzantine and Anglo Saxon ivory sculptures, British, French and Spanish medieval statues and carvings, the Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Classical,", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "sculpture collection", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "Foggini, Vincenzo Foggini", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Bellano, Luca della", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "1622\u20133), Giovanni Battista Foggini,", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "Busti, Bartolomeo Ammannati, Giacomo della Porta, Giambologna (Samson", "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "The", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "Rodin", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "to the museum by the sculptor in 1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "Rodin is represented", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "more", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "Rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection, making it", "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "were", "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "and Eric Gill. A sample of some of these sculptors' work is on display in the British Galleries.", "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "whose", "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Sculptors both British and Europeans who were based in Britain and whose work is in the", "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "and Jacob Epstein along with other of their contemporaries are now on view. These galleries concentrate on works dated 1600 to 1950 by British sculptors, works", "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "of the Dorothy", "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "the", "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "it", "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "of the", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "collection", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "European though", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "more than 53,000 examples", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "more than 53,", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "more", "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "includes a fragment", "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "known surviving European tapestry. A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century", "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry.", "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "collection includes a fragment of the Cloth of St Gereon,", "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "oldest known surviving European", "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "One of the", "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The", "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "of various types of textiles designed by William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry", "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "is also held by the collection. The collection has", "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "surviving", "57270817708984140094d8c7": "collections", "57270817708984140094d8c8": "the", "57270817708984140094d8c9": "The V&A", "57270817708984140094d8ca": "The", "57270817708984140094d8cb": "research, exhibitions and other shows. They hold the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's", "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "is", "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "Conservation is", "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "the V&A and the V&A", "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "Conservation is responsible for the", "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections", "57267b755951b619008f7433": "The", "57267b755951b619008f7434": "in its logo as abc since 1957) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney\u2013ABC Television Group,", "57267b755951b619008f7435": "The", "57267b755951b619008f7436": "The American Broadcasting Company", "57267b755951b619008f7437": "The American", "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC. In the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United", "57267ca75951b619008f746a": ",", "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "on October 12, 1943 as", "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "1980s, after purchasing an 80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN, the network's parent merged with", "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "1943 as a radio network, separated from and serving as", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "The television network has eight owned-and-operated", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "border) or through a cable, satellite or IPTV provider, although most ABC programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "network has", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "eight", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "The", "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "In", "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "by", "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "States was dominated by three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC).", "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and", "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "In", "572681ab708984140094c85d": "Having no power over the networks themselves, the FCC established a regulation forbidding", "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1934, Mutual filed", "572681ab708984140094c85f": "Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations, in a radio", "572681ab708984140094c860": "radio market that was already being saturated by NBC and CBS. In 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published", "572681ab708984140094c861": "with the Federal Communications Commission", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "Network,", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "NBC Blue in", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "Once Mutual's appeals against the FCC were rejected,", "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "Mutual's", "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "Mutual's appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "John Noble, the owner of", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "$8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell", "57268739708984140094c8ed": "became", "57268739708984140094c8ee": "suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented", "57268739708984140094c8ef": "ABC became an aggressive competitor to NBC and CBS when, continuing NBC", "57268739708984140094c8f0": "the help of the Magnetophon, ABC was able to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time, and also", "57268739708984140094c8f1": "became", "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "second period of", "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "to that of", "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "network in the 1990s, and policies enacted", "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "enacted in the 2000s by Disney Media Networks (which", "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "Jetix;", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "and affiliates to rebroadcast the network's programs. In 1959, this rerun activity was completed with program syndication, with", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties. As a result, ABC was forced to sell", "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "The idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels, and affiliates to", "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "The idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels,", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "The", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": ",", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "The", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "to internationalize", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "The", "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "holds the", "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "holds", "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "rights to the Academy Awards,", "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "ABC currently holds the broadcast rights to the Academy Awards, Emmy", "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "Awards (which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis), American Music", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "-year hiatus to provide", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "on New Year's", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "Since 1974, ABC has generally aired Dick", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "New Year's Rockin' Eve on", "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "opera General Hospital, the latter of which is", "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "in the history of the ABC television network, having aired since 1963. ABC also broadcasts the morning news program Good Morning America and has done so since 1975,", "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "s", "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "daytime schedule currently features talk", "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "soap operas seen on the", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "off that had no room on the primetime schedule, occasional", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "6:00", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "football season, during", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "provided on some weekend", "5726e860708984140094d579": "television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, one for each market where it owned and operated a radio", "5726e860708984140094d57a": "While its radio network was undergoing reconstruction,", "5726e860708984140094d57b": "station (New York City,", "5726e860708984140094d57c": "its radio network", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. Before the freeze ended in 1952, there were", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "fall of 1949, ABC found", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "In the fall of 1949,", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "the", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "Supreme Court to become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures. For its part, ABC was on the verge of bankruptcy, with only five", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "At the end of 1949, movie theater operator United Paramount Theatres (UPT) was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "At", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "viewers, failed to compensate for its", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates. Its", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson,", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "as Paramount Pictures was already a shareholder in the DuMont Television Network,", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "UPT (which", "5726ed12708984140094d645": "1952, when the", "5726ed12708984140094d646": "announced", "5726ed12708984140094d647": "was slated to address was whether to approve the UPT-ABC merger. One FCC Commissioner saw the possibility of ABC, funded", "5726ed12708984140094d648": "In", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "WXYZ-TV", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "The", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "s flagship owned-and", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "The network's", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "black-and-white, as ABC", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "would be marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by ABC to", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by ABC to counterprogram its established competitors,", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "gradual transition to color.", "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "1959, Walt Disney", "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "improved its", "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "to carry", "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "had purchased ABC's shares in the Disneyland", "572734af708984140094dae3": "launched", "572734af708984140094dae4": "\"download the dot\", a program which would cause the ABC logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right", "572734af708984140094dae5": "ABC launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo, also called \"the dot\",", "572734af708984140094dae6": "in which", "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "different", "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "graphical identity, designed by Pittard Sullivan, featuring a small black-and-white \"ABC Circle\" logo on a yellow background", "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "logo on a yellow background (promotions during this time also featured a sequence of still photos of the stars of its programs during the timeslot card as", "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "programs", "572736625951b619008f86d1": "In 1983, for", "572736625951b619008f86d2": "In 1983, for the", "572736625951b619008f86d3": "network's founding, ID sequences had the logo appear in a gold", "572736625951b619008f86d4": "In", "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "The", "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in", "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "1970s and", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "In 1962, graphic designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known (and current) form, with the lowercase letters \"abc\"", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "In 1962, graphic designer Paul Rand", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "1962, graphic designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "season. The letters are strongly reminiscent of the Bauhaus typeface designed by Herbert Bayer in the 1920s, but also share similarities with several other", "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Disney\u2013ABC was considering a sale", "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "CBS's, and the Mutual Broadcasting System during the 1990s) as potential buyers. On October 19, 2005, ABC announced the restructuring of the group into six divisions:", "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "and September 2005,", "57273954708984140094db05": "In", "57273954708984140094db06": "In", "57273954708984140094db07": "In 2004,", "57273954708984140094db08": "2004, ABC's average viewership declined by ten ratings points,", "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "Networks affiliates approved a", "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "affiliate agreement in 2002.", "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "'", "57273a0d708984140094db10": "In", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "KABC-TV", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": ", as a result of a carriage dispute", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "April", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "On April 30, 2000, as a result of a carriage dispute with ABC,", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "addition", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "In addition to Who Wants to Be", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "a Millionaire, the network entered the 2000s with", "57273c195951b619008f8721": "based on the British program of the same title.", "57273c195951b619008f8722": "title. Hosted throughout its ABC tenure by Regis Philbin,", "57273c195951b619008f8723": "premiered a special series event, Who", "57273c195951b619008f8724": "tenure by Regis Philbin, the program became a major ratings success throughout its initial summer run, which led ABC to renew Millionaire as a regular series,", "57273d19708984140094db3d": "forbade the company from keeping both it and KABC-TV, Disney sold Los Angeles independent station KCAL-TV to Young Broadcasting for $387", "57273d19708984140094db3e": "January", "57273d19708984140094db3f": "travails of the staff of a SportsCenter-style sports news program; despite earning critical praise and multiple Emmy Awards, the series", "57273d19708984140094db40": "$1.65 billion. Following the merger, Thomas S. Murphy left ABC with Robert Iger taking his place as president and CEO. Around the", "57273d19708984140094db41": "premiered the Aaron Sorkin-created sitcom Sports Night, centering on the travails of the staff of a SportsCenter-style", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "It", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "was", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "was not until the 1965\u201366 season", "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "May 1, 1953, ABC's New York City flagship stations \u2013 WJZ, WJZ-FM", "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "New", "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "to", "57273f9d708984140094db51": ",", "57273f9d708984140094db52": "proposed a merger between UPT and the DuMont Television Network, which was also mired", "57273f9d708984140094db53": "a", "57273f9d708984140094db54": "to be", "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "had been trying since mid-1953 to provide content for the network by contacting his old acquaintances in Hollywood, with whom he had worked when UPT", "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "At the same time he made attempts to help grow ABC, Goldenson had", "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "At", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "the 1955", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "season,", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "films Kings Row and Casablanca; Cheyenne (adapted from the 1947 film Wyoming Kid); Sugarfoot (a remake of the 1954 film The Boy from Oklahoma);", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "ABC", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "accrued a guarantee of $4.", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "Walt", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "Goldenson at the end", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "Walt", "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded", "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who", "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which", "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded by Allen Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL", "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "On the television", "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "in September", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": ", a", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "the television side,", "572743fb708984140094db93": "In the early 1970s, ABC completed its transition to color; the decade as a", "572743fb708984140094db94": "1970s", "572743fb708984140094db95": "the decade as a whole would mark a turning point", "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "ESPN, took over as the league's marquee game. According to Goldenson, Monday Night Football", "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "1970, ABC debuted Monday Night", "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "a", "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "Monday Night Football", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1970, the FCC voted to pass the", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "from monopolizing the broadcast landscape", "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "FCC", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "the Central West division of ABC Theatres, was sold to Henry Plitt in 1974. On January 17, 1972, Elton Rule was named President and Chief", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "In April 1970,", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "April 1970, Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "April 1970, Congress", "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966, became the network's program development manager. He helped bring about ideas for many series including Happy Days", "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "the early 1970s", "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "Love, American Style),", "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "In the early 1970s, Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966,", "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Pierce, the newly appointed president of ABC Television, convinced", "572748745951b619008f87b2": "appointed", "572748745951b619008f87b3": "appointed president of ABC Television, convinced Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television", "572748745951b619008f87b4": "the spring of 1975, Fred", "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "1970s were", "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "fantasy, action and superhero-themed series for the network including Kung Fu, The Six Million Dollar Man, Wonder Woman, Starsky & Hutch,", "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "by several successful comedy", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "during 1977: January saw the premiere of Roots, a miniseries based on an Alex Haley novel that was published the previous year; in September,", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "part, the television", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "an Alex", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "its part, the television network produced a few new hits during 1977: January saw the premiere of Roots, a miniseries", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "the premiere of Roots, a miniseries based on an Alex Haley", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Meanwhile, ABC News, which formed as a newly separate division,", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "Meanwhile, ABC News, which", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "ABC News, which formed as a newly separate division, sought to become a global", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "Meanwhile,", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "Arledge", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "In June", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "June", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": ",", "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "proposed a 24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News,", "57274cac708984140094dbde": "launch of ABC News Now,", "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "to 1970) from SJL Broadcast Management, with the latter switching to ABC once its contract with NBC expired two months after the purchase was finalized in", "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "finalized in early 1995. Both", "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "halted production", "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "2007\u201308 and 2008\u201309, as various ABC shows that premiered in 2007, such as Dirty Sexy Money, Pushing Daisies,", "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "The Writers Guild of America strike that halted production of network programs for much of the 2007\u201308", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group merged ABC Entertainment and", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "early 2009, Disney\u2013ABC", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "In", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "Apple Inc. to", "57274f07708984140094dbed": "began running", "57274f07708984140094dbee": "the", "57274f07708984140094dbef": "network", "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "The network began running", "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "portions of its catalog, including the Ruby-Spears", "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "the FCC imposed its fin-syn", "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively", "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "the FCC imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively created two companies: Worldvision Enterprises as a syndication distributor, and ABC Circle", "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "known as Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television (formerly", "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "of the", "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "theatrical library and the", "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "as America's Funniest Home Videos, General Hospital, and ABC News productions), although Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television (formerly known", "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "has had many affiliated stations, which include WABC-TV and WPVI-TV, the first two stations to carry the network's", "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "49 states, the District of Columbia, four U.S. possessions, Bermuda and Saba; this makes ABC the largest U.S.", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "WABC-TV and WPVI-TV,", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "its", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "many", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "since the", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": ",", "57275573708984140094dc45": "the 2011 cancellation of Supernanny, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule", "57275573708984140094dc46": "of Supernanny, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3", "57275573708984140094dc47": "specials produced prior to 2005 \u2013 such as the Peanuts specials and Rudolph's Shiny New Year \u2013 which continue to", "57275573708984140094dc48": "only", "57275650708984140094dc5f": "feed is transmitted in", "57275650708984140094dc60": "The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties. However, most of Hearst Television's 16 ABC-affiliated stations transmit the network's", "57275650708984140094dc61": "The", "57275650708984140094dc62": "ABC's", "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "The network's", "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "network's", "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "The", "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "with sustaining existing series and gaining new hits spilled over into its 2010\u201311 schedule: ABC's dramas during that season continued to fail, with the", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "14", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the rights to both shows", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "14, 2011, ABC canceled", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "2011, ABC canceled the long-running soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "Suburgatory. NBC,", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "time since 2004", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Resurrection, all of which were renewed;", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "\u201314 season was a slight", "57275a505951b619008f889f": "Among the few", "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "bright spots during this season were the midseason crime dramedy Castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms", "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "gradually", "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's", "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Daniel Burke departed", "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Murphy", "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "Daniel Burke", "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "in February 1994, with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control to Robert Iger.", "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994, with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "production studios. That same year, Capital Cities/ABC purchased the French animation studio DIC", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "1993, the FCC repealed the Financial", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "In 1993,", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "Financial", "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "continued on the same path that it began", "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "to take in the", "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "was trying to establish a television station in Toronto, sought the help of ABC to launch the station. Leonard Goldenson agreed to", "57275e125951b619008f88da": "that", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "it to become the future core of ABC Sports, with Arledge", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "in", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "Always in search of new", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Always", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "entity", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "entity, American", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "In", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "answers to selected questions. This was followed up in July 1966 by The Newlywed Game, featuring three recently married", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "during", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "midseason series in 1981, five", "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "landscape", "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "U.S.). Several flagship series debuted on the network during this time including Dynasty, an opulent", "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "sold KXYZ", "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "In 1983,", "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "Corporation. On January 4, 1984, The New York Times reported that ABC, through its subsidiary ABC Video Enterprises, had exercised its option to purchase up to", "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "in ESPN, which would allow it to expand its shares at a later date. In June 1984, ABC's", "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network's history), Step by Step, Hangin' with Mr.", "572763a8708984140094dcda": "Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel", "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "Matters, as well as series such as Doogie Howser, M.D.,", "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "1990, Thomas", "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "CEO. Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $465 million. Now at a strong second place, the network entered the", "572764855951b619008f8951": "programming includes Good Morning America from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays (along with one-hour weekend editions);", "572764855951b619008f8952": "America from 7:00 to 9:00", "572764855951b619008f8953": "one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. Eastern/Pacific for stations to air newscasts, other locally produced programming such as", "572764855951b619008f8954": "Daytime programming is also provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.", "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "Bend, Indiana (WBND-LD).", "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "markets, such as Birmingham, Alabama (WBMA-LD), Lima, Ohio (WLQP-LP) and South Bend,", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "and Delaware are the only U.S. states where ABC does not have a locally licensed affiliate (New Jersey is", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "served by New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV; Rhode Island is served by New Bedford,", "57276690708984140094dd01": "of", "57276690708984140094dd02": "All of ABC's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates have had their own facilities and studios, but transverse entities", "57276690708984140094dd03": "All of ABC's owned-and-operated stations", "57276690708984140094dd04": "Television Center (now", "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "ABC also owns the Times Square Studios at 1500 Broadway on land in Times Square owned by a development fund for the 42nd Street Project; opened in", "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "Broadway on", "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "also", "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "six-story building occupying a 196 feet (60 m) \u00d7 379 feet (116 m) plot at 121\u2013135 West End Avenue. The block of", "572768d9708984140094dd13": "service called", "572768d9708984140094dd14": "Demand, which is carried on most traditional cable and IPTV providers. The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner", "572768d9708984140094dd15": "ABC", "572768d9708984140094dd16": "on demand services for", "572769e85951b619008f8985": "The most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand", "572769e85951b619008f8986": "their original broadcast. In addition, ABC on Demand (like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other U.S. broadcast networks)", "572769e85951b619008f8987": "by the other U.S. broadcast networks) disallows", "572769e85951b619008f8988": "most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand the day after", "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "A", "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "promotions for the", "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "for the 2013", "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "A revised version of the ABC", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "By 1954, all U.S.", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "Congress in", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "large enough", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "U.S.", "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "As a result,", "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "off-", "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "stations", "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "As a result, with the exception of the largest markets, ABC was relegated to secondary status on", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "September 3,", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "it became disassociated with the theme park of the same name. The movement in westerns, which ABC is credited for having", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "in westerns, which ABC is credited for having started, represented a fifth of all primetime series on American television in January 1959, at", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "westerns,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "as the major networks began airing theatrically released films,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "pressure", "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "film studios wanting to increase their production,", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "management; the two companies agreed to the deal on April 27,", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "overseas ownership of ITT. ITT management promised that the company would allow ABC to retain autonomy in the publishing business. The merger was", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "On", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "Goldenson", "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "chief executive officer of Capital Cities Communications, contacted Leonard Goldenson about a proposal", "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "December", "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "implemented by the FCC in January 1985, that", "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "In December 1984,", "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "S.", "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "merger", "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "The merger between ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities", "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986, the combined company \u2013 which became known", "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5,", "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "several changes in its management: Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division; Michael P. Millardi", "57277585708984140094de2b": "programming is concerned, four of ABC's", "57277585708984140094de2c": "of ABC's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s: Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983,", "57277585708984140094de2d": "marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during", "57277585708984140094de2e": "programming is concerned, four of ABC's", "57277585708984140094de2f": "Happy Days and Three's Company ended in 1984 (with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year), while The", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "Funny\"). Many of the series featured during the run of the block were produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, a Warner Bros.-based studio that", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "success of these series, ABC revamped", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "revamped its Friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block (which promotions", "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "to own a maximum of", "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "Selmur Pictures. In July 1968, ABC continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of ABC", "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "FCC ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations", "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "KXYZ", "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "KXYZ-FM for $1 million", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "not until the late", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "to", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "It was", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "U.S. population, as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than NBC and CBS.", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "was not until the late", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "competitors\", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks, which helped Goldenson give the network a", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "scheduled a half-hour before", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "programs presented ABC with an image of the \"philosophy of counterprogramming", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "These kinds of programs presented ABC with an image", "57277af2708984140094dec3": "U.S. broadcast network). Similar to sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which originated the \"WATCH\"", "57277af2708984140094dec4": "(the first such offering by a U.S. broadcast network). Similar to sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which", "57277af2708984140094dec5": "stations in Boston, Kansas City,", "57277af2708984140094dec6": "May", "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total, owning or providing services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only", "57277bfc708984140094deda": "of ABC stations by numerical total,", "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of", "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group is", "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates; Sinclair owns the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size, WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"Start Here\". Also developed by Troika,", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "and \"simplify and bring a lot", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"Start Here\". Also developed by Troika,", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "June 16,", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "Michigan (WZZM and WOTV), with an analogous situation arising in Kansas", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "The network has", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "signal from their market's primary ABC affiliate (in the case of WWSB,", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "The network has the", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": ",", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "came", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations \u2013 especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast", "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "Before", "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "successor and split his empire into", "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "Khan as his successor", "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "Genghis Khan died, he assigned \u00d6gedei", "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned \u00d6gedei Khan as", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "Tem\u00fcjin was", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia, not far", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia,", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Tem\u00fcjin was", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Tem\u00fcjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun,", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Tem\u00fcjin", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Tem\u00fcjin's", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "next", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "by Tem\u00fcjin", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "mother) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult. Temujin's", "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother Hoelun (not Begter's mother)", "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "a cangue, a sort of portable", "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was", "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "around", "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who", "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis", "5726a784708984140094ccff": "between the various confederations, all compounded by interference", "5726a784708984140094cd00": "time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were", "5726a784708984140094cd01": "confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Tem\u00fcjin grew up observing the tough political climate of", "5726a784708984140094cd02": "At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances.", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "of his friend and future rival, Jamukha,", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "father", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "father, Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes.", "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "B\u00f6rte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241), \u00d6gedei (1189\u20141241),", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "had three more sons,", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "had", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "B\u00f6rte had", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "B\u00f6rte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241),", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "title", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "began", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Tem\u00fcjin began his ascent to power by", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "to", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "offering himself as an ally (or, according", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "Jamukha, threatened by", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "As", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": ",", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "As Jamukha and Tem\u00fcjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power,", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Jamukha and Tem\u00fcjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became", "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils. As", "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "an", "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "an", "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "future", "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "marriage", "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "culture. This", "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "One of the later ruptures", "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha,", "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "the", "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "The next direct threat to Tem\u00fcjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols),", "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "Khan,", "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "s assumption of this title was", "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "to", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "disloyal men in his army. Jamukha", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "According to the Secret History, Tem\u00fcjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha,", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "to the Secret History, Tem\u00fcjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side.", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in", "5726b879708984140094cf01": "of", "5726b879708984140094cf02": "Genghis Khan's", "5726b879708984140094cf03": "deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified", "5726b879708984140094cf04": "Genghis Khan's", "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Jamukha (who", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "founder of the Yuan dynasty). This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "dynasty", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "Mongols, Keraites, Tatars,", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "a", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": ",", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan,", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "1211, after the", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": ",", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the", "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "and", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Tem\u00fcjin defeated", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "Kuchlug,", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "as", "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Qara Khitai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result,", "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "invading Mongols were forced to", "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "With", "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "change", "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "1218,", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "early", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "partner using the", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "century, the Khwarazmian", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "In the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": ", generals", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "sons crossed the", "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics.", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "The Shah's army was split", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "civilians", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "Khwarezmia's defeats,", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "was moved to", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "their forces to", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "Samarkand", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "loyal supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel.", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "The Mongols attacked Samarkand", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "The Mongols attacked", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "army and the rest of", "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "The city", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "The", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars,", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "also may have", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "return", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan", "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe.", "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory,", "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "beyond the Bulgar", "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire", "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Hungary", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "Suzhou", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "siege", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "attack", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "crossed", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "Xiliang-fu[disambiguation needed]. One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols", "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "In 1227, Genghis", "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Liupanshan (Qingshui County,", "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of", "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went", "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "Genghis Khan's", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "was voiced most strongly by", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "The", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "of", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he", "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai", "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he", "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he would not follow", "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "Genghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between", "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "died in 1226", "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan", "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "1226,", "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "1226, during", "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers hee", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "Genghis Khan died. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia,", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "1227, during", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "hunting or battle. According to The Secret History of", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "version", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "variously", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "death, Genghis Khan", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "his tribe. After", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": ".", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo)", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "Chinese Nationalist soldiers", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in", "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an", "57273581708984140094daeb": "make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh", "57273581708984140094daec": "'s palace", "57273581708984140094daed": "-", "57273581708984140094daee": "find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales state", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy.", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "Yassa,", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "The Mongol Empire", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "The Mongol", "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "tax exemptions for", "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "were tax exemptions", "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and", "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "There were tax", "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "Modern", "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example T\u00f6regene", "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the", "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals,", "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Genghis", "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "Genghis", "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such", "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "Genghis Khan realised that he needed people", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Genghis", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Genghis", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai,", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "The", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "Mongol military", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "siege warfare, cutting off resources", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "the Mongol Empire. At the time of his", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "1227. Under Genghis's successor \u00d6gedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak.", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "This", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "under one cohesive", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "Genghis", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted", "5727404b708984140094db59": "especially among the younger generation. However, there is a chasm", "5727404b708984140094db5a": "of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian", "5727404b708984140094db5b": "In", "5727404b708984140094db5c": "identity has had a powerful", "5727404b708984140094db5d": "In the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national", "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "s", "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "In Mongolia", "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "In Mongolia today,", "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "today, Genghis", "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "In", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "Genghis", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "Genghis", "57275250708984140094dc25": "There", "57275250708984140094dc26": "are", "57275250708984140094dc27": "completed that conquest and established the", "57275250708984140094dc28": "never", "57275250708984140094dc29": "views", "572753af708984140094dc2f": "In the", "572753af708984140094dc30": "people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not", "572753af708984140094dc31": "gen", "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "The", "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "Kiev, Vladimir", "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan", "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand,", "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such", "572756715951b619008f8877": "Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the", "572756715951b619008f8878": "Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians,", "572756715951b619008f8879": "famous", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "One", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "\"ocean\", \"oceanic\" or \"wide-spreading\". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": ", meaning \"ocean\"", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written,", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": ",", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "Genghis Khan, the title is spelled in", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "variety of ways", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Genghis Khan, the title", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": ", the title is spelled in variety of", "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharmacy is", "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "pharmacy is", "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "their", "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term", "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "The", "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality", "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "Pharmacists", "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "Technician in the UK", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "Technician in the UK is considered a", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "A Pharmacy Technician", "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "of Carystus", "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists", "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "In Ancient Greece, Diocles", "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age.", "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "In", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538\u2013710) and the early Nara period (710\u2013794),", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "In", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "(1868). In this", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "Japan, at the end of the", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "In", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "(Rhazes)", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "Zakar\u012bya R\u0101zi (Rhazes) (865\u2013915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds.", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "advances", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "al-Maridini", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "(1008\u20131074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "there are old", "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "Dubrovnik, Croatia, located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in", "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "In Europe there are old pharmacies", "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Ll\u00edvia,", "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "countries", "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "most", "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist", "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for", "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of", "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "Because of", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e.,", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "community", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "pharmacies can often be", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously.", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "specialized", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "Pharmacists provide direct patient", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "Pharmacists provide direct patient care services", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "Pharmacists", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "Pharmacists", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "clinical pharmac", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "The clinical", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "reviewing", "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "dispensing and administration", "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "ambulatory care ph", "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "federal", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "In the U.S.", "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "Health Service,", "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "Consultant pharmacy", "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "Consultant", "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "Consultant", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication", "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "pharmacy", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "2000,", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "Since", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "of Internet pharmacies", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "pharmacies (also known as online pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are home", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "While", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "valid", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "pharmacies sell", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription,", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "Internet", "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "met.[citation needed] In the United States, in", "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "a controlled substance to a \"patient\" s/he has never met.[citation needed] In the United", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "met.[citation needed] In the United States, in", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "people, youth in particular, can obtain", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone)", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone)", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": ", youth in particular, can", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "to legalize importation", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "In the United States, there has been a", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "the", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA)", "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "informatics is", "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or", "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "informatics is the combination of", "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "pharmacy", "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "Pharmacy", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral,", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": ",", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "pharmacies", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer,", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": ".", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "In most", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "most", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "as", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "most", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "In most jurisdictions", "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "that the GP practice", "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "are allowed to both prescribe and dispense", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "rural areas in", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their", "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "for the majority rule is the high risk of a", "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that", "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "The", "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise,", "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in \"diagnosing\" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating", "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "In the coming decades, pharmacists", "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "the coming decades, pharm", "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "the coming decades,", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "In the coming decades, pharmacists", "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "to", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada,", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "in some countries; for instance, pharmac", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews.", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "prescribing", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance,", "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "in", "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "and", "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "used in the Netherlands, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the green", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "mortar and pestle and the \u211e (recipere) character, which is often written as \"Rx\" in typed text.", "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the \u211e (recipere) character,", "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "immune", "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "The immune system is a", "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against", "5726e65e708984140094d540": "healthy tissue. In many species,", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "immune", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "The immune system is a", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against", "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an", "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens,", "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "processes", "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly,", "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "a system of many biological structures", "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "properly", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an", "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve", "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "and adapt", "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved", "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid", "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "Pathogens", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "Disorders of the immune system", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "of the immune system can result in", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "autoimmune", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "Immunodeficiency", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "the immune system can result", "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as", "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be", "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases,", "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "of the immune system can result in autoimmune", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "It originates from medicine and early studies", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "disease, such as the miasma theory. It was", "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system.", "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to", "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease.", "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "vertebrates", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "The", "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.", "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": ",", "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition", "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "simple terms, physical", "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to", "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non", "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "immunity depend", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "components of an organism'", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "and", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "Microorganisms", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "organism encounter the cells", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "enter an organism", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects,", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "chemical,", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "eject", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "barriers that are", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "Several", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "Chemical barriers also protect against infection.", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "The skin", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the \u03b2-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "infection). There is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora, such", "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "good", "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "intestinal", "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "cases", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "chemotaxis; and interfer", "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids", "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with", "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "one of the first responses of the immune", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "interferons", "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the", "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "Phagocytosis", "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "Phagocytosis", "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate", "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes.", "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called che", "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "Neutrophils and macrophages are", "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Leukocytes", "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": ", neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and", "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "system.", "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "Leukocytes", "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "Dendritic", "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": ", and", "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues", "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "Dendritic", "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as \"", "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "by a condition known as \"missing self.\" This term describes cells", "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC", "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "killer cells, or NK cells, are a component", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "The adaptive immune system evolved in early", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "The", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "antigen.", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "a \"non-self\" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen)", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules,", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "B", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "B", "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "As", "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "a sub-group of T", "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are", "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "are", "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "pathogens),", "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "Helper T", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "Class II MHC molecules.", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "Helper T cells express", "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": ":antigen complex is", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized", "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "(TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (\u03b1\u03b2) T", "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "delta", "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "delta", "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "Gamma", "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "Gamma delta T cells (\u03b3\u03b4 T cells) possess an alternative T", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "A", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "antibodies", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "B", "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "T", "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "When B cells and T cells are activated and begin", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response", "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "to", "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "Newborn", "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is", "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "IgG,", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be", "5729f9953f37b31900478620": ", altering the sensitivity", "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "Hormones can act", "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "are", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations", "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "active", "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect", "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function", "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "notably thyroid hormone activity.", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "is conjectured", "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "notably thyroid", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "a", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells also kill tumorous", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "The", "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules", "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can", "5729fd111d046914007796a6": ", plants lack", "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "Unlike", "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "animals, plants lack ph", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": ", whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant.", "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self,", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "autoimmunity.", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "Overactive", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "Overactive immune", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "elderly, with", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "Immunodeficiencies", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "Immunodeficiencies", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "the", "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "infection by activation of B and T", "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "by activation of", "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "population", "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "in the human population, vaccination represents the most effective manipulation", "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "allow", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "The success of any pathogen depends", "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "of", "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "a hollow tube into the host cell, providing a", "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "made by", "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "In", "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "mid-1950s, Frank Burnet,", "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "-1950s", "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Anti-inflammatory", "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "drugs are", "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids", "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, os", "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic", "572a04d51d046914007796ce": ",", "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "In contrast,", "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "First, inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times. Second, inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the", "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,", "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor, in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin D, calcitriol,", "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid", "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "When", "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "receptor. This is essentially", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "receptors are proteins used", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of", "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with", "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "derived", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "of", "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "ancestor of the jawed verte", "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "hagfish. These animals", "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-", "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "unicellular eukaryotes,", "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": ", adaptive immune system arose with the first", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also", "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "Immunology is", "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular", "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "experimental", "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "experimental in everyday", "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "phagocytes \u2013 that were responsible for immune responses. In", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "example by secreting the cy", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "Clearly,", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "on", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": ", some tumors evade", "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "trigger Type III hypersensitivity", "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "hyper", "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "antigens, complement proteins, and IgG and IgM antibodies) deposited in various tissues trigger Type III hypersensitivity", "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "is an immune response", "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "antibodies bind to antigens on the patient", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "in many successful infections, e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "(Plasmodium falciparum) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.).", "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system", "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "falciparum)", "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "An evasion strategy", "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which", "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes", "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "Trypanosoma", "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "approach", "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not", "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on", "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "cells of", "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "that are not found on", "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "viruses like human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer, while others are the organism's own proteins that occur at low levels in", "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "Larger", "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the", "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "drugs (>", "572a10cd6aef051400155225": ", the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound, as is sometimes the case for", "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically", "572a12386aef051400155234": "In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined", "572a12386aef051400155235": "T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2", "572a12386aef051400155236": "to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on im", "572a12386aef051400155237": "addition", "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "humans, this response is activated by", "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "humans,", "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "microbes. This recognition signal triggers", "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "micro", "57271c235951b619008f860b": "rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws. It has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's", "57271c235951b619008f860c": "its earliest", "57271c235951b619008f860d": "of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919", "57271c235951b619008f860e": "Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways", "57271c235951b619008f860f": "massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians", "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "One of its earliest massive implementations was", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "implementations was brought about by Egyptians against", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "deem to be", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "its", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "In South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she", "57271f125951b619008f8636": "of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone,", "57271f125951b619008f8637": "the", "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King", "57271f125951b619008f8639": "oldest depictions of civil", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles'", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "a stirring speech in which she tells him", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "One of", "5727213c708984140094da35": "Following", "5727213c708984140094da36": "Following", "5727213c708984140094da38": "the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his", "5727213c708984140094da39": "the images", "5727213c708984140094da37": "with", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "the Peterloo massacre", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "of", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "Peterloo massacre", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "the Peterloo massacre", "572726c9708984140094da7b": "\"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly de", "572726c9708984140094da7e": "has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\"", "572726c9708984140094da7c": "to", "572726c9708984140094da7d": "test-", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "It has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "Marshall Cohen notes, \"It has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to", "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern", "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "to describe everything from bringing", "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "It has been argued that the term \"civil", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": ".", "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and", "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "LeGrande", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "LeGrande writes that", "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "specific", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "voluminous literature on the subject,", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "LeGrande", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "the term is extremely difficult, if", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "writes", "57280f974b864d1900164370": "is", "57280f974b864d1900164371": "agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of", "57280f974b864d1900164372": "'s relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially", "57280f974b864d1900164373": "relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "Civil", "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to", "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "is usually defined", "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "is", "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "is usually defined", "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "However, this definition is disputed by Thoreau's political", "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "his refusal to pay, Thoreau had advised, \u201cResign.\u201d If a man chose to be an agent of injustice, then", "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "definition is disputed by", "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "However,", "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "through it", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "making a choice. But if government is \u201cthe voice of the people,\u201d as it", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "However, this definition is disputed by Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "wrong. More", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "good form of government is \u201cliable to be abused and perverted before the people can", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "on", "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "of civil diso", "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "argues", "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience", "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "di", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "Some", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks,", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified", "572818f54b864d190016446c": "is usually", "572818f54b864d190016446d": "Stephen", "572818f54b864d190016446e": "Eilmann", "572818f54b864d190016446f": "be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience. But Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "It", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "if it is not done publicly, at", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "is usually", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "that if it is necessary to", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "recognized that", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "It", "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "to", "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "non-violence in its", "57281c594b864d19001644a4": ", the", "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "There have been debates as to whether civil disobedience", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects,", "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "There", "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "civil", "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "states that", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "s encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires", "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "repeal", "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "disobedience of", "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "disobedience is a simple", "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "is", "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "unjust government", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "peaceable", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "Non-revolutionary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "section of the social fabric).", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure", "572822233acd2414000df555": "disobedience", "572822233acd2414000df556": "civil disobedience, such as that committed by Thoreau, but these sometimes go unnoticed.", "572822233acd2414000df557": "place during the", "572822233acd2414000df558": "conditions, or the release of all the activists. This is a form of jail solidarity.[page needed] There", "572822233acd2414000df559": "recorded", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions,", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "place", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "office, and Thoreau's", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "disobedience as a group collectively", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "Unarmed", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "of", "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": ".g. trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation", "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "disobedients", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity.\" Bedau also notes, though, that", "5728e5224b864d1900165032": ", that", "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "chosen", "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "bystander,", "5728e5224b864d1900165035": ". trespassing at a nuclear", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "Civil disobedients", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "In", "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "criminalized behavior is", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "In cases", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "engaging in the forbidden speech. An example would be WBAI's broadcasting the", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "cases", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "for its policies. For example, Joseph Haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "WBAI's", "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": ", refusals", "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": ",", "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "taxes, draft dodging,", "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "refusals to", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a", "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "sit", "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a system to function. In this way, they might be considered coercive.", "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "disobedience,", "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": ".", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "Many", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "and", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "of the same decisions and", "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "Many", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "still", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "disobedients feel it is", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "Some", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "government still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "decision for civil disobedients is whether or not", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty. There is much debate", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty. There", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "An important", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "to plead guilty. There is much debate on this point, as some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "When the Committee for Non-Violent", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "the protesters attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest. At a pre-arranged announced time, one at a time they stepped across", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "to pleading either guilty or not-guilty. The arrested persons were", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957, at the Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las Vegas, Nevada, 13 of the protesters attempted", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "attempted to", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "as", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "it. To accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules' is to switch suddenly to a spirit of", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "Zinn", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "Howard", "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in", "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "use", "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "28, in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time. In", "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in the case of", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "misdemeanor count and receive no jail time. In some mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "This action was upheld because, according to the U.S. Court", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "the members of the Navy\".", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "Some", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": ", or a", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution. In U.S. v.", "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "if defendants plead not guilty,", "5728facd4b864d1900165171": ", \"they", "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "avoid imprisonment or", "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "plead", "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "Barkan", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "One", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "One", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "theory is that, while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "One theory is that, while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "great amount", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Courts have distinguished between", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "disobedience: \"Indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not,", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "denouncing their politically motivated acts, and to present their political", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "punishment. Brownlee argues, \"Bringing", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "offender his \"just deserts", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "with giving the", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "giving the offender his \"just deserts\"", "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "Construction is", "57273a465951b619008f8700": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from", "57273a465951b619008f8701": "is the process of constructing a building or", "57273a465951b619008f8702": "Construction", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an", "57273cca708984140094db33": "Large-scale", "57273cca708984140094db34": "manages the job", "57273cca708984140094db35": "Large-scale", "57273cca708984140094db36": "architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises it. For the successful execution of", "57273cca708984140094db37": "planning", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical,", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "there", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is usually", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": ", there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": ",", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "Engineering News-Record", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40)", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "News-Record", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": ".", "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "construction is the process", "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small", "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "The majority", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room,", "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of", "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "versus timber)", "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "Residential", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "Residential", "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "Residential construction practices, technologies,", "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "the additive manufacturing techniques", "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "building", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "New techniques", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and", "572745c6708984140094db9a": "the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the", "572745c6708984140094db99": "industrialized", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "specifications, usually prepared by a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers,", "572745c6708984140094db9c": "industrial", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "the modern", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "from beginning to end.", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "specialties", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "design is toward integration of previously separated special", "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill", "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "Several project structures can assist", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "including design", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "Several", "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "can", "57274f67708984140094dbf6": ".", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "Construction", "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "Underbids happen when builders ask", "5727502f708984140094dc07": "financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in", "5727502f708984140094dc08": "Mortgage bankers,", "5727502f708984140094dc09": "bankers", "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in", "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Mortgage", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "The project", "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "of contracts", "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "net", "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "set of obligations between two or more parties,", "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "legal obligations, each of", "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "project is a complex net", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "is also", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other", "572753335951b619008f8853": "the", "572753335951b619008f8854": "common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as", "572753335951b619008f8855": "contract, tender the works, and manage the", "572753335951b619008f8856": "This", "572753335951b619008f8857": "recognized. In this arrangement, the architect", "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "working together. Once these have been hired, they begin building the first phase of the", "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "how to accomplish these goals", "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "produces", "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "a", "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone,", "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage,", "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically", "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens", "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "the United", "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "United States, the industry in 2014 has around $960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau, of which $680 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "the", "572755b7708984140094dc50": "the", "572755b7708984140094dc51": "United States, the industry in 2014 has", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a326,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment", "572756fe708984140094dc71": "incurring", "572756fe708984140094dc72": "Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations", "572756fe708984140094dc73": "Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring", "572756fe708984140094dc74": "Construction", "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "than relying", "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "part", "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students", "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "retain the right", "57274712708984140094dbad": "In the", "57274712708984140094dbae": "use of", "57274712708984140094dbaf": "United Kingdom and several other", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "category includes university-preparatory schools or \"prep schools\", boarding schools and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "boarding", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "sixth). This category includes university-preparatory", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "denominational", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "Religiously", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "Religiously", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "Private schools in", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "favoured for many reasons: prestige and the", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "and the social status of the 'old school tie'; better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities (e.g. playing fields, swimming pools,", "57274971708984140094dbbb": "and Presbyterian Church, but in most cases, they do not insist on their students\u2019 religious allegiance. These schools are typically viewed as 'elite", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, as well as Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College,", "57274971708984140094dbbd": ",", "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Although", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "create private schools in", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "The right to create private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "Germany", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and cannot be suspended even in a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private individuals, private", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary)", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": ") schools, which are", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "list of legislative subjects in the constitution", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "only receipt of financial aid is considered, not land purchased from the government at a subsi", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "strict sense, a private school is", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school. So, in a strict sense, a private", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": ", only non-profit trusts", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India. They will have to satisfy a number", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "Critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "that has", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "The average fee is around \u20ac5,000", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": ",", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "paid for with school fees, which tend to be relatively low in Ireland compared to the", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees, which tend to", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "Ireland, private", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "schools", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Malaysia's independence in 1957, the", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "the schools would instead become \"National Type\" schools. Under such", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "instructed", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "Malaysia's independence in 1957, the government", "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "have", "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "schools are those run and partly or fully", "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "The other category of schools are those", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "groups", "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "category of", "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "private schools in New Zealand are now", "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "there are 88 private schools", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": ", there are 88 private schools in", "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "must", "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "2014, there are 88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000 students", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "for Girls", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch; or Presbyterian, such as", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "In", "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "evident at the tertiary level. Government regulations have given private education more flexibility", "5727500f708984140094dbff": "costs in", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80% of tertiary enrollment. Private schools have proven to be efficient in", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "In the Philippines, the private sector has been a major provider of educational", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "The", "572750df5951b619008f8830": "and non-degree programmes, including vocational and technical courses. The Private Education Student Financial Assistance is made available to underprivileged,", "572750df5951b619008f8831": "public high", "5727515f708984140094dc11": "the oldest schools in", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "Some of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "established by missionaries in the", "5727515f708984140094dc14": "century. The private sector has grown ever since. After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed", "5727515f708984140094dc15": "of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century. The private sector has grown ever since.", "57275409708984140094dc35": "they are", "57275409708984140094dc36": "In", "57275409708984140094dc37": "form of \"Model C\" was abolished, however, the term continues to be", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "pupils are free to choose a private school and", "572754dd708984140094dc3c": ", pupils are", "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "In Sweden, pupils are", "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "In Sweden,", "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "In Sweden,", "572756265951b619008f886d": "generally prefer to be called independent schools", "572756265951b619008f886e": "GSCE level and 13 per", "572756265951b619008f886f": "their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control. Some of these are also known as public schools. Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils aged", "572756265951b619008f8870": "as", "572756265951b619008f8871": "generally prefer to", "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "many", "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "United", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v.", "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\", local families organized a wave of private \"Christian academies\".", "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "1954", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "for private schools is generally provided through student tuition,", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "private individuals. Government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden, according to the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "scholarship/voucher", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "Funding for", "572759665951b619008f8883": "the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so long as states may", "572759665951b619008f8884": "educators, lawmakers and parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education", "572759665951b619008f8885": "schooling", "572759665951b619008f8886": "of", "572759665951b619008f8887": "parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": ",000 annually for day schools in", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "2012", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "nearly $50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist", "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered", "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "and soon thereafter named for John", "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor),", "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "thereafter named for John Harvard (its first", "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "Harvard is a large, highly", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "high, but the", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "a large, highly residential research university. The nominal cost of attendance is high,", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "cultural, and scientific museums, alongside the Harvard Library, which is the world's", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "nominal cost of attendance is high, but the University's large endowment", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "The University is organized", "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "The", "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "University is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for", "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "\u2014", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "by", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called \"New College\" or \"the college", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "in", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1636 by vote of the Great and General Court", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust\"", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "College", "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers.[citation", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Throughout the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas of the power", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "Harvard Joseph Willard", "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "understanding \"intellectual existences\". Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and", "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "a person can grasp the", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "the favored position of", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "Christianity from", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "Radcliffe, though", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "Women remained", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "Women", "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "libraries of the", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km)", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors,", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "the Longwood Medical and Academic Area approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "and many of", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "in Allston than in Cambridge. Proposals to connect the Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "Allston", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "has purchased", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869\u20131909), bought red bandanas for his", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": ", when", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students. The school color is crimson,", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "lecturers, and", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "magenta) by an 1875 vote of", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009.", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "has the", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "on Harvard Yard and blockaded", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "During the divestment from South Africa movement in the late 1980s, student activists", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "late 1980s", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "transfer-in\". Harvard College accepted 5.3%", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "College accepted 5.3% of applicants for the class of 2019, a record low and the second lowest acceptance", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "admission to Harvard", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "Harvard is characterized by the", "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "time undergraduate", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "focus\". Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration.", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "at", "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "four-course rate average to be considered full-time. In many concentrations, students can elect", "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "reduced the number of students who", "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "programs operate", "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "four-course rate average to be considered", "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "the 2012", "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$57,000. Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend,", "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "incomes. In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414 million across all", "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "with", "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%) and work-study (4", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "University", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "The Harvard University Library System", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "The", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "comprises", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "several arts, cultural, and", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular,", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "has", "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "The", "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "competes", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "Yale is intense", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "intense", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet,", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Harvard's", "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "teams. The", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\", serves", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": ".", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "Game by 23 years,", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "in the", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "source of the athletic rivalry between the", "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Politics: U.N. Secretary General", "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Politics: U.N.", "5727de862ca10214002d9862": ",", "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Politics: U.N.", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino,", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter;", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "Other:", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "scholars such as biologist E. O. Wilson, cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, physicists Lisa Randall and Roy Glauber, chemists", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Greenblatt,", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": ".", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "Jacksonville", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "Duval", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "the First Coast region of northeast", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "is in the First Coast", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": ",", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "First", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "made Jacksonville a major military and", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "Harbor improvements since the late", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "The area of the", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "Hammock", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "The", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "French Huguenot", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "calling", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "French", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "Huguenot", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "narrow point, which the Seminole", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "British called the Cow Ford or Cowford;", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "in 1763 after the French and Indian", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "the", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "fought", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause. The city was blockaded by Union forces, who gained control of the nearby Fort Clinch. Though no battles", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "During the American Civil War, Jacksonville was a", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "During the American", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "During Reconstruction and the", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism,", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "During Reconstruction", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad.", "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "On", "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to", "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by", "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "On", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "1910s, New York\u2013based filmmakers were attracted", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor. Over the course of the decade,", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "1910s,", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "the decade,", "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "in the United States, suffered from negative", "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "negative", "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "negative", "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "United", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "Jacksonville,", "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "the city'", "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "of", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition,", "57281bb84b864d190016449d": ", leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within", "57281d494b864d19001644be": "began", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "-", "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "more support during", "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "began to arise among", "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "On October 1, 1968, the", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": ",", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": ", recreation, public works, and housing & urban development were all combined under", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "When a consolidation", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan.", "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "has a total area of 874.3 square miles (2,264 km", "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "km2) is land and ; 13.34%", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 874.3", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or", "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "the city has a total area of 87", "572821274b864d1900164510": "is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center.", "572821274b864d1900164511": "tallest", "572821274b864d1900164512": "in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617", "572821274b864d1900164513": "tallest", "572821274b864d1900164514": "The tallest building in", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "Like", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "of the", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "Cfa), with mild weather", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "from November through April. Due to", "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "around 53 F in January", "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures average 64 to 92 \u00b0F (18 to 33 \u00b0C) throughout the year.", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "temperatures", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "July.", "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "has", "572824f13acd2414000df590": "hurricane. The city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than", "572824f13acd2414000df591": "Atlantic Ocean, or passing", "572824f13acd2414000df592": "most other east", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "inundated by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne, which made landfall south of the area.", "572826634b864d19001645be": "Jacksonville is the most", "572826634b864d19001645bf": "Jacksonville", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "the", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "The average household size was 2.55", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": ",273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them,", "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "], there were 36", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "Development", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined.", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "A study by the World Institute for", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "the", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016. An October 2014 study by Credit Suisse", "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "global", "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "global inequality continues to increase, and that half of the world'", "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "on the basis of the", "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "bottom 90 percent\". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a \"substantial head start\". In September 2012,", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "Times", "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "According", "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans combined.\" According to the New York Times on", "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "than half", "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent\". Inherited wealth may help", "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "of all", "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "economics views inequalities", "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "Neoclassical", "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is", "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "Neoclassical", "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this", "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "in", "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "inequalities", "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "distribution", "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor,", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "increases", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": ") raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "In", "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "labor", "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "In Marxian", "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "(workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits.", "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "competitive pressure to reduce costs", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "consumers", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "(i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer,", "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "production (i.e. where professional", "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": ",", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "other good. Thus,", "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "In a purely capitalist mode of", "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "limit the number", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "of inequality, outcomes that", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "where", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "workers willing to work a", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "A", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "where there are many workers willing", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time", "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing", "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "the", "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "to", "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "in a low wage", "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "A job where", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "hand", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "to", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is", "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "the other", "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity.", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": ", higher economic", "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "hand", "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "on necessity", "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "On", "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "the rate at", "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "Another", "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable", "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "rate at which income", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "Another cause is", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "Another cause is", "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.", "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "Another", "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality. As a result, those who are unable to afford an", "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "area where there is a high demand for workers, creates", "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": ", especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "of inequality", "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "increases in", "5729e1101d04691400779641": "lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education", "5729e1101d04691400779642": "of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and", "5729e1101d04691400779643": "in", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality.", "5729e1101d04691400779645": "factor", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "In 2014, economists with the Standard", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "the average United States worker", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "the U.S.'s", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "2014", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "with", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "with", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "the", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "In", "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "with", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "education movement from 1910\u20131940,", "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "During", "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "which led to a decrease in", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "During the mass", "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "and decreased inequality", "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "the mass high school education movement from 1910\u20131940", "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "During the mass high school education movement from", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "1910", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "During", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "high school education movement from 1910\u20131940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "view that U.S.-style labor-market", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "popular prejudices to the contrary,", "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "(2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "and", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "Schmitt", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "mobility than all the continental", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality. In", "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of", "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly", "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "Jake Rosenfield of the", "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of", "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Rosenfield of", "5729e4291d04691400779653": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts", "5729e4291d04691400779654": "is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements", "5729e4291d04691400779655": "Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "such as technological innovation, a view shared by other experts. Empirical economists Max Roser and Jesus Crespo-Cuaresma find support in", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "a global to", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "scale.", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "Trade liberalization may shift", "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global", "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich", "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "liberalization may shift economic", "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "may", "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "domestic scale.", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "In many countries,", "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "the labor market. Several factors other", "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "In", "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "many countries, there", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "In", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap. On average, women are more likely", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "In", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "many", "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference. A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "Economist", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Economist", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "Kuznets argued", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "Economist Simon", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Simon Kuznets", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "According", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "stages of development. According", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth. As a country", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to", "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "Plotting", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "began to rise", "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "Plotting", "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "Plotting", "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "relationship", "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "Plotting the relationship between level of income", "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "of this theory", "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": ",", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to this theory, those", "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "is a theoretical", "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": ",", "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "concentration is", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation", "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates", "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering", "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-", "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "by", "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "Economist Joseph", "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "-.907). A similar", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": ", a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "consumption", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "Effects", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "of", "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert", "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality", "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "prize", "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "most", "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States", "572a06866aef0514001551be": "Richard", "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and", "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental", "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "researchers Richard", "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "obesity,", "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "most of", "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "most of", "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "has", "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "For most of human", "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "history higher material living standards \u2013", "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "the", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "In recent years the characteristic that has", "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "In recent", "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "years", "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "In recent years", "572a0a391d046914007796df": "across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger.", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides \u2013 since", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "to", "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "Crime rate", "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "additional dollar", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "decreases as a person becomes richer. From this standpoint, for any given amount of wealth in society, a society with more", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "\"distributive efficiency\" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "Following the", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "Following the utilitarian", "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "argued", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the", "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "that", "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should", "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather", "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Banking economist Raghuram", "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "Financial crisis of 2007\u201308", "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "Banking economist", "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "Raghuram", "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "economist Raghuram Rajan", "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "International Monetary", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "to International Monetary", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "is", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "International Monetary Fund", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "income is negatively correlated", "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "-", "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because", "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "to economists David Castells-Quintana", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "not only because it is a waste", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "economists", "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "Stiglitz", "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "Joseph", "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "has become more widely held in recent years. ... The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development.", "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "\"The view", "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz", "572a11663f37b31900478693": "In", "572a11663f37b31900478694": "by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach,", "572a11663f37b31900478695": "In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "In 1993, Galor and", "572a11663f37b31900478697": "Both are reflected in higher rates of growth.", "572a12381d0469140077972d": "between 1960 and 2000 found a", "572a12381d0469140077972e": "Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of", "572a12381d0469140077972c": "Barro, found that", "572a12381d0469140077972b": "economist Robert Barro,", "572a12381d0469140077972f": "in", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states", "572a13841d0469140077973c": "have", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Studies on income", "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Studies on income inequality", "572a13841d0469140077973f": "and growth have", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "the", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "through which inequality may have a positive effect on", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "Some", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "through which inequality may have a", "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is", "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "central", "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in", "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "acknowledging", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "While", "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system", "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "developing countries", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic", "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "unregistered", "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or", "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "number", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing \u2013 at least in the US \u2013 is", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "rental units", "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing \u2013 at least in the US \u2013 is caused", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "certain costs", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": ",", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "and are shared by everyone, such", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the", "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC).[not", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "(EKC).[not", "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "economic inequality, the more waste and pollution", "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "many cases", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "or salary. In", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary.", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "attribute the vast disparities in", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "disparities", "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Nozick argued that government redistributes", "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "distribution", "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "taxation), and", "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "Robert Nozick", "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that", "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "the human development approach", "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "\u2019s choices and the level of their achieved well-being\u201d through increasing functionings (the things a person", "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "\u201ccapability deprivation\u201d. Unlike neoliberalism, which \u201cdefines well-being as utility maximization\u201d, economic growth and income are considered a", "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "capabilities", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "The capabilities", "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "causes widespread panic, or there", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "person\u2019s capabilities are lowered", "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work", "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "When", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations and help", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "The programme depicts the adventures", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid alien.", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "favourite.", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite.", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "show", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "The show is a significant part of British", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "the", "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which", "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Doctor. The transition from one actor", "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The transition from", "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Twelve actors", "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species. Each actor's portrayal differs, but they are all intended", "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "Who follows the adventures of the primary character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey,", "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "has a \"chameleon circuit\" which normally allows", "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "a", "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "adventures of the primary character, a", "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "primary character, a rogue", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "The Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans,", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth. He often finds events that", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures.", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth. He often finds events", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history,", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "Doctor Who first appeared on", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "permitted to contain any", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "appeared", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history. On 31 July 1963 Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation to", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "20", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1. Although (as series co-star Sophie Aldred reported in the documentary Doctor Who:", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "The", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1. Although (as", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "The BBC drama department's", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "'s", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "to a Doctor Who television film, broadcast on the Fox Network in 1996 as a co-production between Fox, Universal Pictures, the BBC and BBC", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "While", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "film", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "was", "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "While in-house", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "in", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "Doctor", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "\"Rose\" on BBC One on 26", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "2005. No full series was filmed in 2009, although four additional specials starring David Tennant were made. In 2010, Steven", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "2016, Moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale, to be replaced by Chris Chibnall in 2018.", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "telefilm. This is similar to the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "note 2", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "telefilm.", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "a direct plot continuation", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963\u20131989 series[note 2] and the", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "F. Kennedy", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "minutes due to extended", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "been", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "has", "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "phrase", "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "\"Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa\" entered British pop culture,", "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "\"Hiding behind", "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "watching", "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it.", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "very", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "injury, hurt or death to persons, animals or property, whether intentional or accidental\") Doctor Who was the", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "BBC audience research survey conducted in", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "in", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "conducted in 1972 found that, by their own", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "the idea of a police box as a time machine. In 1996, the BBC applied for a trade mark to use the TARDIS'", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "image of the TARDIS", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "to the show in the public", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "The image", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "firmly", "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "run, each weekly episode formed part of a story (or \"serial\") \u2014 usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four", "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "Doctor Who originally ran for 26 seasons on BBC One, from 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989. During the original run, each weekly episode formed part", "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "Who", "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "One,", "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "original", "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "serial format changed for the 2005 revival, with each series", "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "serial format changed for", "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "The serial", "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "notably, the episodes \"Journey's End\" from 2008 and \"The Eleventh Hour\" from 2010 exceeded an hour", "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "usually consisting of 13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode", "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "Resurrection of the", "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "82", "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "Time, was made in", "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "eight", "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "minutes", "572803493acd2414000df229": "1973, large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries", "572803493acd2414000df22a": "Between about 1964 and 1973, large amounts of older material stored in", "572803493acd2414000df22b": "Between about 1964 and 1973,", "572803493acd2414000df22c": "episodes", "572803493acd2414000df22d": "were either", "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "episodes have", "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "have", "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "episodes have been", "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "Some episodes have been returned to the", "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "to", "572805363acd2414000df26d": "\"Official\"", "572805363acd2414000df26e": "have also", "572805363acd2414000df26f": "the BBC on VHS, on MP3 CD-ROM, and as special features on DVD. The BBC, in conjunction with animation studio Cosgrove", "572805363acd2414000df270": "\"", "572805363acd2414000df271": "CD-ROM, and as special features on", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character. This was first prompted by original star William", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "of the main character. This was first prompted by original star William", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character. This", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "the", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "s", "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "the 1996", "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "The", "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "of 13 incarnations. This line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated, and was recognised by producers of the show", "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "Mawdryn Undead and the 1996 TV film would", "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "and the 1996 TV film would later establish that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations. This", "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "addition to those actors who have headlined the series, others have", "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "In", "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "In addition to those", "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": ".", "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "addition", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "in 1985's The Two Doctors with Colin Baker. In 2007, Peter Davison", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "Fourth Doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher')", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "There have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific Doctor. In 1973's", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher') in the story Logopolis, the Ninth Doctor observes a former version", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "and interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher') in the", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "Additionally,", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "Additionally, multiple Doctors have returned in new adventures together in", "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "released with additional archive recordings", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "series. Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy appeared together", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "multiple Doctors have returned in new adventures together in", "57280e323acd2414000df349": "there have", "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "the", "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "programme's long history, there have been", "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "the", "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "the programme's long history, there have been revelations about the Doctor that have", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "1967 serial", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "The programme's", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed; in \"The Empty Child\" (2005),", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "The programme's", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "programme's first serial, An Unearthly", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "surrogates, through which the audience would discover information about the Doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure. The only story from the original", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "return home or find new causes \u2014 or loves \u2014 on worlds they have visited. Some have died during", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton (William Russell). These characters were", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "in 1963. One of the roles of the companion is to remind the Doctor of his \"moral duty\". The Doctor's first", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Russell). These characters were intended to act as audience surrogates, through which the audience would discover", "572811434b864d190016438c": "Since the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a", "572811434b864d190016438d": "the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies", "572811434b864d190016438e": "2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female", "572811434b864d190016438f": "of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors were Rose Tyler (Billie Piper),", "572811434b864d1900164390": "revival", "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "in", "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "With", "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "With the", "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "'", "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "Doctor Who one step at a time:", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second serial", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand, and a directed", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "is to \"exterminate\" all non-Dalek beings.", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "the series plot, as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices,", "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule the universe. Conceived as \"Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes\",", "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "'s archene", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Master is the Doctor's archenemy,", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy,", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires", "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "\"Utopia\". During", "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "the character", "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "the 2007 episode", "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "revival in 2005", "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "tenure. As of the 2014 episode", "572816213acd2414000df429": "composed", "572816213acd2414000df42a": "end of season 17 (1979", "572816213acd2414000df42b": "mixers. Each note was individually created by cutting, splicing, speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of", "572816213acd2414000df42c": "1979\u201380)", "572816213acd2414000df42d": "The original theme was composed by Ron Grainer", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "for", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "for season 18 (1980),", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "A different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980),", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's arrangement for the season-long", "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's arrangement for", "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "Christmas special \"The Snowmen\", and a", "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "A new arrangement of the theme, once again by", "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "November 2013.[citation", "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers. In 2011, the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station Classic", "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "some viewers. In 2011, the theme tune charted at number", "572819864b864d190016447e": "\"Who Is the Doctor\".[note 6] In 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia", "572819864b864d190016447f": "Versions", "572819864b864d1900164480": "CD-single remix versions of \"Doctorin'", "572819864b864d1900164481": "In the early 1970s, Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of", "572819864b864d1900164482": "Pertwee,", "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "musical", "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "The most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson, who is also", "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of The Tomorrow People. Simpson's first Doctor Who score was Planet", "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "'s 7, and for his haunting theme", "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson,", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "whilst", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "in", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "soundtrack releases have been", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "soundtrack", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008\u20132010 specials (The Next Doctor to End of Time Part 2).", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "have been", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "The", "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "Doctor's final season and for the majority of the Fourth Doctor's tenure. The following", "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "The", "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "remained", "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": ") was", "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "for the Second Doctor)", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "programme's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades, with three notable periods of high ratings. The first of these was the \"Dalekmania\"", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "the day after the assassination", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "Premiering the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the first episode of Doctor Who was repeated", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "assassination of", "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "week. Doctor Who has always appeared initially on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel, where it is regarded as a family show, drawing audiences", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "the", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "in 2005 (the third notable period of high ratings), it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "the", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "the ITV network strike of", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "was off the air for 18 months. Its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "Only four episodes", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "PBS stations two days prior to its BBC One broadcast. The 1988 story Silver Nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "on channels other than BBC One. The 1983 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors had its d\u00e9but on 23 November (the actual date of the anniversary)", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "Only four episodes have ever had their", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "had their premiere", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "available revived episodes in 2013 for the show's 50th anniversary. The ABC broadcasts the modern series first run on ABC1, with repeats on ABC2.", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": ", the", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "In Australia, the show has had a strong fan base since its inception, having", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "Australia, the show has had a strong fan base since its inception, having been exclusively first run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)", "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "In Australia, the show has", "572825714b864d1900164590": "racist; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station YTV.", "572825714b864d1900164591": "TVOntario picked up the show", "572825714b864d1900164592": "TVOntario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with The Three Doctors and aired each series (several", "572825714b864d1900164593": "up the show in 1976 beginning with The Three Doctors and aired each series (several years late) through to series 24", "572825714b864d1900164594": "TVOntario", "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "part of a viewer contest) and excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary were played over the closing credits; for the broadcast of \"The Christmas Invasion\"", "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "on 9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30", "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "For", "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "For the", "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "For", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "Kingdom,", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "Video", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been released on VHS,", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "A", "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous", "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Doctor Who", "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Doctor Who has appeared", "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "Doctor Who has appeared on", "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times.", "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "the success of the 2005 series produced", "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "the success of the 2005 series produced by", "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "Gwyneth in the 2005 Doctor Who episode \"The", "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "Russell", "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "her Doctor Who role of Martha Jones.", "57282f204b864d190016468a": "full series began on 24 September 2007. A second series followed in 2008, notable for (as noted", "57282f204b864d190016468b": "was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day 2007 and a full series began on 24 September 2007. A second series followed", "57282f204b864d190016468c": "Sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith, was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's", "57282f204b864d190016468d": "The Sarah Jane Adventures, starring Elisabeth Sladen", "57282f204b864d190016468e": "her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith, was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day 2007 and a full series began", "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "In 1993, for the franchise's 30th anniversary, another", "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "Time was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving", "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "Time was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving actors who played the Doctor and a number of previous companions. It also featured a crossover", "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "of previous companions.", "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "In 1993,", "572831512ca10214002da04a": "Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley. The script was written by Steven Moffat, later to", "572831512ca10214002da04b": "Fatal Death,", "572831512ca10214002da04c": "special, Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS. An affectionate parody of the", "572831512ca10214002da04d": "In 1999, another special, Doctor", "572831512ca10214002da04e": "the", "572833662ca10214002da086": "been many references", "572833662ca10214002da087": "There", "572833662ca10214002da088": "to", "572833662ca10214002da089": "There", "572833662ca10214002da08a": "in", "572834524b864d1900164716": "was", "572834524b864d1900164717": "The", "572834524b864d1900164718": "Pescatons featuring the Fourth Doctor.", "572834524b864d1900164719": "was", "572834524b864d190016471a": "audio", "572835854b864d190016472e": "Big Finish Productions has released", "572835854b864d190016472f": "Doctor", "572835854b864d1900164730": "Baker's", "572835854b864d1900164731": "series", "572835854b864d1900164732": "McGann's", "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures. Since the relaunch of the programme in 2005, a new range of novels", "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "been", "572836732ca10214002da0de": "mid-sixties through to the present day. From 1965 to 1991 the books", "572836732ca10214002da0df": "been published from the mid-sixties", "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction", "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC, there have also been novels, comics, short stories, audio books,", "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "of stories have been published about Doctor Who, in different media: apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be", "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "BBC", "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "early", "572838323acd2414000df737": "has", "572838323acd2414000df738": "producer. In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor and in 2016, Michelle", "572838323acd2414000df739": "as", "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Britain's finest television programmes, winning the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005\u20132010) awards at", "572838323acd2414000df73b": "received recognition as one of Britain's", "57283a392ca10214002da118": "In 2013, the Peabody Awards honoured Doctor Who with an Institutional Peabody \"for evolving", "57283a392ca10214002da119": "\u2014 and", "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "\"for evolving with", "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "Awards", "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "2013, the Peabody Awards honoured Doctor Who with an Institutional Peabody \"for", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "60 years of BBC television broadcasting, where Doctor Who was voted as the \"Best Popular Drama\" the corporation had ever produced, ahead of such", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "Channel 4 countdown in 2001), the 1963\u20131989 run was placed at number", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "Drama\" the corporation had ever produced, ahead of such ratings heavyweights as EastEnders and Casualty. In 2000, Doctor Who was ranked third in a list", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "1975, Season 11 of the series", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "Britain award", "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, with 25 wins overall including Best Drama", "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "revived series", "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "received recognition from critics", "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "overall including Best Drama Series (twice),", "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "series has ever been nominated. It was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, with 25 wins overall including", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "Dramatic Presentation,", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "won the", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "has won the Short Form", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "has won the Short Form of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series, six times (every year since 2006, except", "57283e652ca10214002da166": "satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom", "57283e652ca10214002da167": "satirised", "57283e652ca10214002da168": "satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades", "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Doctor Who", "57283e652ca10214002da169": "Henry. Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in", "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "a", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "The", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C)", "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools.", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "of", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "in", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "academic", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines, including:", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics, the Chicago school of sociology,", "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied", "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "by", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest", "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins", "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "University of Chicago was created and incorporated as", "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "The", "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational,", "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Chicago", "572843304b864d1900164848": "send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree", "572843304b864d1900164849": "College, Butler University, and Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the", "572843304b864d190016484a": "1890s", "572843304b864d190016484b": "for all", "572843304b864d190016484c": "University of Chicago, fearful that its", "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "eliminated varsity football", "57284456ff5b5019007da060": ",", "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "university's fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many changes during", "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "In 1929, the university's", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "Hyde Park", "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college; in addition, students enrolled at Shimer", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "the early 1950s, student applications declined as a", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "The university experienced its", "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "The university experienced", "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "of", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "1960s", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "$100 million or more, was underway. Since 2011, major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "the mid-2000s", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "From the", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "From the mid-2000s, the university began a number", "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb,", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The", "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "the", "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles,", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a \"master plan\" conceived by two University of", "57284d484b864d1900164900": "After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to", "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which", "57284d484b864d1900164902": "Saarinen was contracted", "57284d484b864d1900164903": "the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": ", hosts various undergraduate and graduate study", "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "campus. The university's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago.", "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "a center in Beijing, near Renmin University's campus in Haidian District. The most recent additions are a center in", "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various", "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The", "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "Fermilab, the Secretary of the university, and the Student Ombudsperson.", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "The", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "Andrew Alper, and the President of the university is Robert Zimmer.", "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of", "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "of Argonne National", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "The academic bodies", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "The", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "university also contains a library system, the University of Chicago Press, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, and the University of Chicago Medical Center,", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "The", "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "The College of the University", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "The College", "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological", "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "courses", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "Undergraduate students", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "opposed to a teaching assistant). As of the 2013\u20132014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core.", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "2012-2013, the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 students, and are generally led by a full-time", "572855973acd2414000df925": "schools. It operates the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (a private day school for", "572855973acd2414000df926": "runs a number of academic institutions and", "572855973acd2414000df927": "Chicago", "572855973acd2414000df928": "The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It", "572855973acd2414000df929": "used in urban primary and secondary schools. The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th most among library systems in the United States. The university's main library is the Regenstein Library,", "572856beff5b5019007da191": "of", "572856beff5b5019007da192": "The University of Chicago Library", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "States. The university's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print", "572856beff5b5019007da194": "a total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated", "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper. The university partially", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "institutes", "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "The", "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "has a joint stake in Fermilab, a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in", "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "The", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "of the Manhattan Project),", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the Chicago school of economics,", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played", "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre,", "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the", "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in", "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "including the", "572863363acd2414000df985": ",", "572863363acd2414000df986": "quarter of 2014", "572863363acd2414000df987": "quarter", "572863363acd2414000df988": "the fall quarter of 2014, the University", "572863363acd2414000df989": "SAT scores for the undergraduate class of 2015, excluding the writing", "572864542ca10214002da2de": "participated", "572864542ca10214002da2df": "The Maroons compete", "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the", "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "The Maroons", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "member of the Big Ten Conference and", "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "clubs and", "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "University of Chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as", "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "and 15 national championships, leading both categories internationally.", "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "the University", "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "both categories internationally. The university's competitive Model United Nations team was the top ranked team", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "Recognized", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "Student", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "academic unit. It is led by an Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration", "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "in addition to academic teams, sports", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "are", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "fraternities", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "Phi Omega. Four of the sororities", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "There are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "seven", "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "May", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "and", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "list. Since 1963, the Festival of the Arts (FOTA) takes over campus for 7\u201310 days of exhibitions", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "to obtain", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "since 1987, the University of Chicago has held", "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "man", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": ",", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "In business, notable", "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "In", "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "In business,", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political", "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Axelrod, Attorney General and federal judge Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark,", "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "organizing Saul Alinsky,", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "of", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod, Attorney General and", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Times bestseller Before", "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "the New York Times", "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel", "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "author of the New York Times bestseller Before I", "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "In literature, author of", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "minimalist", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series Alex Seropian, Serial host Sarah Koenig, actor Ed Asner,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "In the arts and entertainment, minimalist composer Philip Glass, dancer, choreographer and leader in the", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "in the field of dance anthropology Katherine Dunham, Bungie", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "astronomers Carl Sagan, a prominent contributor to the", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "researcher Stanton Friedman, who worked on", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "Hubble,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "In science, alumni include astronomers Carl Sagan, a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "In science,", "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "economics, notable Nobel", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "George Stigler,", "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "notable Nobel Memorial Prize", "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Stigler,", "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.", "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P.", "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber", "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "A. Michelson, elementary charge calculator Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton, the creator", "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "faculty in", "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Robert A. Millikan,", "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Michelson,", "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Past faculty", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and", "5728742cff5b5019007da249": ", mathematician", "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Calder\u00f3n, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer", "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Sahlins,", "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty,", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "Sereno, evolutionary biologist", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "Current faculty include", "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Current faculty include the anthropologist", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "The Yuan dynasty", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "(Chinese:", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "Yuan", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d;", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d; pinyin: Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n;", "572860e03acd2414000df977": "Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division", "572860e03acd2414000df978": "following the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather", "572860e03acd2414000df979": "dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan,", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "Yeke Mongghul Ulus", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "Khan imposed the name", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "imposed", "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "In 1271, Kublai", "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n", "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Genghis", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206.", "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "Genghis Khan united the", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes", "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "steppes and became", "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Og\u00f6dei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies", "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan", "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "Mongols", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "at this", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic", "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Tianze was a Han", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Jurchen", "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "successor. Kublai returned from fighting the", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "Ariq B\u00f6ke was", "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire.", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "domain. The", "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "Kaidu", "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "troubled", "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "years of Kublai Khan's reign.", "572867d72ca10214002da300": "Kublai Khan's reign. Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the", "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands", "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He", "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat", "572869b84b864d19001649af": "Kublai's", "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "Kublai", "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "capital", "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "changed", "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266.", "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum", "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "promoted", "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "cultural growth", "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal system, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation", "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "Kublai", "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific,", "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "there were", "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "(1115\u20131234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "to Quzhou,", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "During", "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "After", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "in", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful", "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "Annam, Champa, and Java, but won a Pyrrhic", "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon. Kublai", "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "raise", "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "127", "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "Kublai's", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the", "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "1253, the former ruling Duan", "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan", "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "the conquest of Dali in", "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Kublai's", "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "Kublai,", "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "Kublai,", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "The fourth", "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada),", "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "emperor, Buyantu", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju.", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "Khan,", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled", "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "in Shangdu", "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and", "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "s", "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "Tem\u00fcr died in Shangdu in", "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Qipchaq", "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "(Chinese: \u594e\u7ae0\u95a3\u5b78\u58eb\u9662), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake \"a number of", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "the fact that", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "was dominated by El Tem\u00fcr, Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucianism", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "El", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Tem\u00fcr", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "of", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "1332 and subsequent death of", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "After the", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "After the death of Tugh Tem\u00fcr in 1332", "572872822ca10214002da374": "they", "572872822ca10214002da375": "final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among", "572872822ca10214002da376": "lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while", "572872822ca10214002da377": "years of", "572872822ca10214002da378": "years of the", "57287338ff5b5019007da232": ", people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective", "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "the late", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "famines,", "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "late 1340s onwards, people in", "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "From", "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "A", "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between", "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "achievements", "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central", "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period", "572879574b864d1900164a15": "numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism)", "572879574b864d1900164a16": "to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the", "572879574b864d1900164a17": "instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam,", "572879574b864d1900164a18": "in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "trip", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "China", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "Europeans to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip", "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Kublai", "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "Yuan undertook extensive", "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "extensive public", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "works.", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "The Yuan undertook", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "The Yuan dynasty was the first time that", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "known", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "generally", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "non-native Chinese people ruled all of China. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire.", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "various", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "in", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": ",", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "Tibetan Buddhists.", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "the existence of these central government", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in", "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "1269,", "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued", "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "of", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "Since its invention in", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "dynasty seems", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "incorporation", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "In the China of the Yuan, or Mongol era, various important developments in the arts occurred or", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater, with many great artists and writers", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "In the China", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "In", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "the western khan", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since", "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "dynasty had dramatically increased the", "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "(", "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "polynomial", "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314) solved simultaneous equations with up", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "Advances", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "unknown. His method is described in the", "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "Shoujing applied mathematics to the", "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "the construction of calendar", "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula", "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "applied mathematics to the construction of", "572881022ca10214002da416": "otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols", "572881022ca10214002da417": "shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage", "572881022ca10214002da418": "shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians", "572881022ca10214002da419": "traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies,", "572881022ca10214002da41a": "The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures.", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "medical", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "had \"Four Great Schools\"", "572881704b864d1900164a52": "schools", "572881704b864d1900164a53": "The Chinese", "572881704b864d1900164a54": "The", "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access", "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "Western medicine was also practiced in China", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's", "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "Western", "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "Western", "572882242ca10214002da420": "to the Mongols through Kingdom", "572882242ca10214002da421": "first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the", "572882242ca10214002da422": "of Qocho", "572882242ca10214002da423": "the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office. The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China. Local schools and government agencies", "572882242ca10214002da424": "rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry.", "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to", "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "One of the more notable applications of printing", "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "One", "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to", "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "Politically,", "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "Politically,", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between", "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism", "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the", "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "China, the Mongols also", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Muslim", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "worked as artisans and farmers. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called \"Right Alan Guard\" which was combined with \"recently", "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "Emperors severely discriminated against them,", "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "ci", "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "fighting the Mongols, among", "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "high", "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Despite", "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "wrote that the usage of the term \"social classes\" for this system was misleading and", "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "the term \"social classes\"", "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "W. Mote wrote that the usage of the", "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "the term", "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "the", "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "of", "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "classes", "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "reason", "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "saying that", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "When the Mongols placed", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "Korean King, saying that the Uighur", "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "The Central Region, consisting", "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "of", "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "The", "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Region, consisting of present-day Hebei,", "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia", "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "(/\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/; locally [\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a] ( listen", "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "/\u02c8k\u025bn", "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly", "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "officially", "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "(/\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/;", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "on its peaks. Further inland, in the Nyanza region, there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "climate", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Kenya has a warm and", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "its", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "Lake Victoria,", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "African Great", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "Kenya", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "in Africa.", "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "clear", "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "then the British may not so much have mispronounced", "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "Kamba", "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "of a correct African pronunciation /\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/. An 1882", "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Ludwig Krapf", "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Krapf", "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "Ludwig Krapf", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "The \"Big", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "\" game", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "\"", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "that is the", "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "(1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for", "5728fa576aef051400154920": "by Kamoya Kimeu discovered the Turkana Boy, a 1.6-million-year-old", "5728fa576aef051400154921": "2.5 million years ago) and", "5728fa576aef051400154922": "area more than", "5728fa576aef051400154923": "that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent findings near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as Homo habilis", "5728fa576aef051400154924": "suggest that primates roamed the area more than", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "The Swahili", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "a", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": ",", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "Throughout the centuries,", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the City of Malindi. It has remained an important Swahili settlement since the 14th", "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "At the outbreak of World War I in August", "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young", "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "capturing", "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities.", "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "of World War I in August 1914, the", "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "The central highlands were", "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "The central", "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "dwindled. There were 80,000 white settlers living", "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "were already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu people, most of whom had no land claims in European terms and lived as itinerant", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces like the British Army and King's African Rifles. By", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "of", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "a better", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "Itote (aka General China)", "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "The", "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957.", "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "The", "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "Kenya", "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "The first", "572909406aef0514001549dc": "a", "572909406aef0514001549dd": "advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system, where voters", "572909406aef0514001549de": "the mlolongo (queuing", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "is a presidential", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "republic. The President", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "party system.", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive", "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "Transparency", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "139", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "Kenya", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "Kenya ranks low on Transparency International's", "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "later. This led to protests and open discrediting of the ECK for complicity and to Odinga", "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "from the ODM to the", "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "Presidential elections,", "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "that they were below international standards. After a", "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "organisations", "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "the election", "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "and the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process was started.", "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "Since", "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU", "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers. After debates,", "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal,", "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "two deputy Prime Ministers.", "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "February", "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "-ordinate and supervise", "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "new office", "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "elected MP who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament.", "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "by", "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament. The world watched Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya", "572913626aef051400154a30": "change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held", "572913626aef051400154a31": "a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was", "572913626aef051400154a32": "President.", "572913626aef051400154a33": "considered", "572913626aef051400154a34": "considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4", "572914441d04691400779025": "In December 2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters of the", "572914441d04691400779026": "In", "572914441d04691400779027": "In December 2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed", "572914441d04691400779028": "collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law'", "572914441d04691400779029": "December 2014,", "572914f46aef051400154a46": "International Criminal Court", "572914f46aef051400154a47": "election aftermath, US President Barack Obama", "572914f46aef051400154a48": "Obama visited Kenya, as the", "572914f46aef051400154a49": "trip. Later in the", "572915621d0469140077902f": "The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence", "572915621d04691400779030": "The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world.", "572915621d04691400779031": ", commended its readiness and adjudged it", "572915e43f37b31900478005": "Kenya\u2019s", "572915e43f37b31900478006": "Kenya\u2019s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally", "572915e43f37b31900478007": "Kenya\u2019s", "572915e43f37b31900478008": "been less in", "572916f16aef051400154a56": "is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central Africa, and has an affluent urban minority, it has a Human Development Index (HDI)", "572916f16aef051400154a57": "economy in east and central Africa, and", "572916f16aef051400154a58": "advanced", "572916f16aef051400154a59": "Although Kenya is", "572917743f37b3190047800d": "East and Central Africa's biggest", "572917743f37b3190047800f": "from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75% of the labour force (a consistent characteristic of", "572917743f37b31900478010": "the labour force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security \u2013 an important catalyst", "572917743f37b3190047800e": "East and Central", "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "and West Tsavo National Park 20,808", "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "Kenya's", "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number", "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "Kenya's services sector, which contributes 61% of GDP, is dominated by tourism. The tourism sector has", "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number", "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp", "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24%", "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "Agriculture is the", "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service", "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "by", "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties,", "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of", "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20\u201325% in", "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "led by the", "57291b461d04691400779049": ", a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid.", "57291b461d0469140077904a": "grown", "57291b461d0469140077904b": "pyrethrum,", "57291b461d0469140077904c": "Tea,", "57291b461d0469140077904d": ",", "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Although Kenya is the most industrially", "57291beb1d04691400779054": "the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around", "57291beb1d04691400779055": "is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still", "57291beb1d04691400779056": "developed", "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "'s inclusion among", "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "of", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "on the coast", "57291f153f37b31900478043": "of oil", "57291f153f37b31900478044": "deposits of oil", "57291f153f37b31900478045": "has proven deposits of oil in Turkana and the commercial viability was just discovered. Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be", "57291f153f37b31900478046": "Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels. Exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves. Kenya", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "trip. Base Titanium, a", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "investment, and ... bilateral trade ... reached $2.84 billion\" in 2012. Kenyatta", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "Published comments on", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "Kenya, at the time of President Kenyatta's 2013 trip to Beijing,", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "million, representing Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment, and ... bilateral trade ... reached $2.84", "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "2030", "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled", "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "2007", "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway'", "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "Network, sets out the Government of Kenya's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient", "572920d73f37b31900478055": "Kilifi, and Diani were subject to prostitution. Most of the prostitutes in Kenya are aged 9\u201318.", "572920d73f37b31900478056": "Child labour is common", "572920d73f37b31900478057": "is common in Kenya. Most", "572920d73f37b31900478058": "active in agriculture. In 2006, UNICEF estimated that up to 30% of girls in the coastal areas of Malindi, Mombasa, Kilifi,", "572921646aef051400154a78": "within their own communities. The two official languages, English", "572921646aef051400154a79": "is", "572921646aef051400154a7a": "is widely", "572921646aef051400154a7b": "communication", "572922206aef051400154a8a": "highest", "572922206aef051400154a8b": "vast majority", "572922206aef051400154a8c": "The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%),", "572922206aef051400154a8d": "Kenya has the highest number of Quakers in the world, with around 133,000 members. The only Jewish synagogue in the", "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "Sizeable", "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "Region", "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "Ahmadiyya,", "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "non-denominational Muslims, while 73% are Sunni. Western areas of the Coast Region are mostly Christian. The upper part of Kenya's", "572924b53f37b31900478067": "Nurses treat 80% of the population who visit dispensaries, health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served", "572924b53f37b31900478068": "of the population", "572924b53f37b31900478069": "are", "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "Nurses treat", "572925491d046914007790c3": "corre", "572925491d046914007790c4": "directly correlate with a country", "572925491d046914007790c5": "correlate with a country's", "572925491d046914007790c6": "diarrhoea and malnutrition", "572925491d046914007790c7": "Diseases of poverty directly correlate", "572925a81d046914007790cd": "Kenya's first system of education was introduced by British colonists. After Kenya's", "572925a81d046914007790ce": "system", "572925a81d046914007790cf": ",", "572925a81d046914007790d0": "'s first", "572925a81d046914007790d1": "Kenya's first system of education was introduced", "572926086aef051400154ac2": "Presidential", "572926086aef051400154ac3": "committee recommended that", "572926086aef051400154ac4": "of setting up a", "572926086aef051400154ac5": "the", "572926653f37b31900478079": "In January 2003, the Government of Kenya announced the introduction of free primary education. As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", "572926653f37b3190047807a": "primary school enrolment increased by about 70%. Secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still", "572926653f37b3190047807b": "8\u20134\u20134 system was launched in January", "572926653f37b3190047807c": "8", "572926653f37b3190047807d": "current 8\u20134\u2013", "572926d23f37b31900478083": "Basic", "572926d23f37b31900478084": "their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn", "572926d23f37b31900478085": "education starts at age six years and lasts", "572926d23f37b31900478086": "12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.", "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "6/", "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is", "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "The country's literacy level stands at 85%", "5729276c1d046914007790da": "targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and", "5729276c1d046914007790db": "age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At", "572927d06aef051400154ade": "than", "572927d06aef051400154adf": "learning, there are also National and Public Library Services led by the Kenya", "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "are", "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "the", "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "Kenya is", "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and", "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "active", "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "two-time world champion Catherine Ndereba,", "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot", "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "Pamela", "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo,", "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "to win", "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "and", "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.[citation", "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.[citation needed] The women's team has competed at the Olympics and World Championships but", "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "has been a dominant force in women's", "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "in women's volleyball within Africa,", "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national", "57292994af94a219006aa131": "in and", "57292994af94a219006aa132": "part of the World", "57292994af94a219006aa133": "In the motor", "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "the afternoon (chakula cha mchana) and supper in the evening (", "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "generally have", "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "Kenyans", "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "generally have three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa", "57293b843f37b31900478133": ",", "57293b843f37b31900478134": "Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific", "57293b843f37b31900478135": "Climate", "57293b843f37b31900478136": "(IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental", "57293b843f37b31900478137": "The Intergovernmental", "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated", "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "election of the new IPCC", "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Rajendra K. Pachauri", "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "IPCC", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "Chair after", "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "IPCC Panel is composed", "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "The", "57293c246aef051400154bba": "of", "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989 by the United Nations Environment Programme", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "The IPCC", "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "is also responsible for considering and adopting by consensus the annual budget. The organisation is required to comply with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the", "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "(WMO), Costs of the Secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the WMO,", "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "through", "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "of IPCC", "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the", "57293d116aef051400154bca": "The", "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer", "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "\"lead authors\", and a somewhat larger number of \"contributing authors\". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the", "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "\"coordinating lead authors", "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "responsible for assembling the", "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "are responsible for writing and editing the material.", "57293e221d046914007791d5": "says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing", "57293e221d046914007791d6": "summary of the WG", "57293e221d046914007791d7": "summary of the WG I Summary", "57293e221d046914007791d8": "The executive summary", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with", "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the", "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "2001,", "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "Lincei", "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was", "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "IPCC author Richard Lindzen", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "IPCC", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "chair", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report.", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": ",", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "In addition", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special", "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "In addition", "572940246aef051400154bec": "UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function,", "572940246aef051400154bed": "IPCC concentrates", "572940246aef051400154bee": "The", "572940246aef051400154bef": "and", "572940973f37b319004781a5": "This", "572940973f37b319004781a6": "projection", "572940973f37b319004781a7": "in", "572940973f37b319004781a8": "This projection was not included", "572941273f37b319004781ad": "-chair", "572941273f37b319004781ae": "IPCC", "572941273f37b319004781af": "the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at", "572941273f37b319004781b0": "worrying", "572941273f37b319004781b1": "\"What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour", "57294209af94a219006aa201": "third", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been", "57294209af94a219006aa203": "2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen", "57294209af94a219006aa204": "report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on", "57294279af94a219006aa209": "period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage,", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy", "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period", "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "widely presented", "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99", "572943ab1d04691400779219": "from Mann, Bradley and Hughes.", "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "its National Research Council to set up a special investigation. The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some", "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "On", "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "U.S. National Academy of Sciences arranged for its National Research Council to set up a special investigation. The National Research Council's", "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full", "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "(AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR);", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstruction", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "(", "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "IPCC", "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "addition, analysis of the Medieval Warm Period cited reconstructions by Crowley &", "572945b11d0469140077922f": "1 February 2007,", "572945b11d04691400779230": "1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's", "572945b11d04691400779231": "On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate,", "572945b11d04691400779232": "On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's", "572949306aef051400154c68": "by the", "572949306aef051400154c69": "Another", "572949306aef051400154c6a": "previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "suggests that previous estimates by the", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "Magazine's State", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone", "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed.", "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global", "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "According", "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "lay persons \"with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture\" and related to \"", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "persons \"with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture\" and related to \"immediate", "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "Since the IPCC does not carry", "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "does not carry out its own", "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "Since the", "572951f16aef051400154cce": "in the journal", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "in favor of a small permanent body, or even turning", "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in", "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding", "572953013f37b3190047824d": "Chloroplasts'", "572953013f37b3190047824e": "plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like", "572953013f37b3190047824f": "Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight", "572953013f37b31900478250": "Chloroplasts'", "572953013f37b31900478251": "Chloroplasts'", "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "Chloroplasts are highly", "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "are moved around", "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "intensity. Chloroplasts,", "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "Chloroplasts are highly dynamic\u2014they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior", "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "are moved around within plant", "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria", "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "cyanobacteria", "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They", "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "one of", "572956c86aef051400154d1e": ".", "572957361d046914007792cf": "chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments,", "572957361d046914007792d0": "considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green", "572957361d046914007792d2": "Cyanobacteria", "572957361d046914007792d3": "bacteria", "572957361d046914007792d1": "Cyanobacteria are", "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium", "572957ad1d046914007792da": "Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an", "572957ad1d046914007792db": "around", "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "but managed to escape the", "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite,", "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast", "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "(\"plastid\" in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast).", "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages\u2014the glaucophyte chloroplast", "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor, are known as primary pl", "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "These chloroplasts,", "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "alga", "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "one of the", "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species,", "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "primary chloroplast lineages, being found in", "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids, which surround a carboxysome", "57295a116aef051400154d44": "Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane", "57295a116aef051400154d45": "Rhodoplasts", "57295a116aef051400154d46": "phycoerytherin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color. However, since they also contain the", "57295a116aef051400154d47": "membrane", "57295a116aef051400154d48": "algae that live in shallow water have less phy", "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "The", "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "ch", "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "chloroplastidan", "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "chloroplast", "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "ch", "572961f61d04691400779359": "alga but failed to digest it\u2014much like the cyanobacterium", "572961f61d0469140077935a": "chloroplast,", "572961f61d0469140077935b": "chloroplast with three", "572961f61d0469140077935c": "While primary chloroplasts have a double", "572961f61d0469140077935d": "chloroplasts have", "572962953f37b319004782f5": "Euglenophytes are a", "572962953f37b319004782f6": "protists that contain chloroplasts", "572962953f37b319004782f7": "of common", "572962953f37b319004782f8": "contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes\u2014it is thought", "572962953f37b319004782f9": "Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from", "572963221d04691400779385": "Cryptophytes,", "572963221d04691400779386": "nucleomorph", "572963221d04691400779387": "Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are", "572963221d04691400779388": "or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts", "572963221d04691400779389": "Cryptophytes,", "572963876aef051400154dd2": "have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. They were", "572963876aef051400154dd3": "another group of chromalveolates. Like the helicosproidia, they're", "572963876aef051400154dd4": "parasite.", "572963876aef051400154dd5": "Apicomplexans", "572963876aef051400154dd6": "have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. They were once thought to be related to the", "5729645b3f37b31900478321": ",", "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chloroplast carries out important functions other", "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "and contain", "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "important functions other than photosynthesis. Plant chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar, and apicoplasts", "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "empty", "572965566aef051400154e00": "most common dinophyte chloroplast", "572965566aef051400154e01": "other group of chloroplasts. The peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes (occasionally two),", "572965566aef051400154e02": "chloroplast, characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts, along with chlorophyll", "572965566aef051400154e03": "contain a pyrenoid, and have triple", "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "dinophyte's phagosomal vacuole.", "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "and Karenia)", "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes, tertiary endosymbiosis", "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "haptophyte chloroplast", "572966626aef051400154e13": "nucleomorph and outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast. Cryptophyte", "572966626aef051400154e14": "ch", "572966626aef051400154e12": "Dinophysis", "572966626aef051400154e15": "chloroplast seems to have been", "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "dinophy", "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "(heterokontophyte)", "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "dinophytes, like Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived", "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia", "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "been reduced relatively little\u2014it still retains its original mitochondria, and has endoplas", "572967e31d046914007793b1": "dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more", "572967e31d046914007793b2": "green alga containing a primary chloroplast (", "572967e31d046914007793b3": "Lepidodinium viride and its", "572967e31d046914007793b4": "are dino", "572967e31d046914007793b5": "has a", "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "chloroplasts originate from that first set", "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "While", "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "chloroplasts", "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "endosymbiont more recently. It is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes.", "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic", "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "existence", "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "Chloroplasts have their", "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "Chloroplasts", "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "Chloroplasts", "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs", "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "The inverted", "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "conserved", "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "conserved", "572969f51d046914007793dd": "mechanism", "572969f51d046914007793de": "chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has", "572969f51d046914007793e0": "for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have", "572969f51d046914007793df": "double displacement loop (D-loop). As the D-loop moves through the circular DNA, it adopts a theta intermediary form,", "572969f51d046914007793e1": "chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s. The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replicates", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory today; however, a second", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "are", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "however, a second theory suggests that most cpDNA is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination. It", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "\u2192 G deamination. Therefore, gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "When", "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "circles,", "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "of competing model for cpDNA replication asserts", "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "that", "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "does not expand the multiple A --> G", "57296b151d046914007793f1": "chloroplasts", "57296b151d046914007793f2": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts", "57296b151d046914007793f3": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages.", "57296b151d046914007793f4": "is how we know about the lost chloroplas", "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "the protein products of transferred genes aren'", "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein", "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "routing, and even disease resistance. A", "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "cell membrane, just like if you were headed", "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "in the cytosol", "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "After a chloroplast", "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chlorop", "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation", "57296cb21d04691400779403": "land plants", "57296cb21d04691400779404": "(e.g., Sirogonium). Some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell; they are star-shaped in Zygnema,", "57296cb21d04691400779405": "ch", "57296cb21d04691400779406": "\u03bcm in diameter and 1\u20133 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among", "57296cb21d04691400779407": "plants, chlorop", "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often", "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanoba", "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast", "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not", "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "chloroplast", "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast", "57296d8d1d04691400779420": ", in terms of function, the inner chloroplast membrane, which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials, has no", "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "of chloroplast H+ ion", "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common", "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "chloroplas", "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "chloroplas", "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "sometimes", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "Some chloroplasts contain", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast. Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast's", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is", "57296eb01d04691400779435": "Chloroplasts", "57296eb01d04691400779436": "Chloroplasts have their", "57296eb01d04691400779437": "Chloroplasts have", "57296eb01d04691400779438": "Chloroplasts", "57296eb01d04691400779439": "Chloroplasts", "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "Plastoglobuli", "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "are found in all chlorop", "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "(", "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "plast", "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "etioplasts, but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "that", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "stroma, but it is", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "to occur in linked groups or chains, still always anchored to a thy", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "Plastoglobuli", "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "ch", "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "The chloroplasts", "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "and algae contain structures called", "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "hornwo", "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants.", "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "In", "57296fd71d04691400779440": "helical thylakoid", "57296fd71d04691400779441": "In", "57296fd71d04691400779442": "thylakoids,", "57296fd71d04691400779443": "consist", "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis.", "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "much", "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "thylakoid", "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "Embedded in the thylakoid", "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "and turning it acidic. ATP synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid", "572970916aef051400154eba": "\u2014", "572970916aef051400154ebb": "stroma. Granal", "572970916aef051400154ebc": "two types", "572970916aef051400154ebe": "in", "572970916aef051400154ebd": "grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the st", "57297103af94a219006aa423": "yellow\u2013orange pigment", "57297103af94a219006aa424": "red-orange carotenoid found in nearly", "57297103af94a219006aa425": "di", "57297103af94a219006aa426": "in nearly all chloroplasts, like chlorophyll a. Xanthophylls,", "57297103af94a219006aa427": "In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow\u2013orange pigments called carotenoids are also found", "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "Phycobilins", "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "algal, and crypt", "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes.", "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "found", "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "Cryptophyte", "572971af6aef051400154ede": "fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, ch", "572971af6aef051400154edf": "of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem\u2014it", "572971af6aef051400154ee0": ", ch", "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced. This is a big problem, since", "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "an enzyme", "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "As a result, chloroplasts", "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "rubisco activity. Because of this,", "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "NADPH, as well as oxygen. They store CO2 in a four-carbon", "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "As", "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "in", "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "cells", "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "more specifically", "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "chloroplasts. All green parts of a", "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "all cells", "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "cells", "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "some plants such as", "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "though", "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "only around 8\u201315 per cell, as well as much", "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "In some plants", "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "some plants", "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet\u2014maximizing", "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "The", "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "the available light", "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in", "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "chlor", "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "hypersensitive", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "infected", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "warning the", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "hypersensit", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "have two", "57297427af94a219006aa453": "don't leave the chloroplast, but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule. All these molecules initiate retrograde signaling\u2014signals", "57297427af94a219006aa454": "Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors.", "57297427af94a219006aa455": "serve", "57297427af94a219006aa456": "Chloroplasts", "572974923f37b3190047840b": "One of", "572974923f37b3190047840c": "One of", "572974923f37b3190047840d": "made, using light energy. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages\u2014the light reactions,", "572974923f37b3190047840e": "cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate", "572974923f37b3190047840f": "food in the", "572975073f37b31900478415": "energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems", "572975073f37b31900478416": "mitochondria,", "572975073f37b31900478417": "water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons'", "572975073f37b31900478418": "stored", "572975073f37b31900478419": "transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the", "572975511d046914007794a7": "thylakoid space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation", "572975511d046914007794a8": "space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation is", "572975511d046914007794a9": "While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem", "572975511d046914007794aa": "are taken by NADP+, though sometimes", "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "starts by using the enzyme", "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules", "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco", "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate", "572976183f37b31900478431": ", glucose mono", "572976183f37b31900478432": "Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch", "572976183f37b31900478433": "linked together to make starch, which accumulate", "572976183f37b31900478434": "Alternatively, glucose monomers in the", "572976183f37b31900478435": "stimulates", "572976791d046914007794af": "can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2", "572976791d046914007794b0": "Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between", "572976791d046914007794b1": "Photorespiration can occur when the", "572976791d046914007794b2": "Photorespiration", "572976791d046914007794b3": "when", "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid", "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like", "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "(the proplastid too) but", "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and", "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "zygote, or fertilized egg. Proplastids are commonly found in an adult", "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "Chloroplasts", "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "plant are", "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "Chloroplasts", "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast", "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamella", "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "not", "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "If angiosperm", "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etio", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "Plastid differentiation", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "other", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "Plastid", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "Plastid", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "Plastid differentiation is not permanent,", "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "or less evenly. The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments. Another protein", "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "process starts", "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6,", "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "The division process starts when the", "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "starts when the", "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": ".", "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "two", "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "PD rings form. The inner", "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "chloroplast's intermembrane", "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the", "572978e66aef051400154f76": "shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction", "572978e66aef051400154f78": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division.", "572978e66aef051400154f79": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and", "572978e66aef051400154f77": "been shown to be a", "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "Recently,", "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": ", chloroplas", "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While", "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "Recently,", "57296d571d04691400779413": "natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime", "57296d571d04691400779414": "A natural number greater than", "57296d571d04691400779415": "A prime number (or a prime)", "57296d571d04691400779416": "A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1", "57296d571d04691400779417": "other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is", "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "is", "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test, which always produces the correct answer in", "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "or not)", "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n", "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "fast methods are available for numbers of special forms, such as Mersenne numbers. As of January 2016[update], the largest known", "572970c11d04691400779463": "composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled.", "572970c11d04691400779464": "are infinitely", "572970c11d04691400779465": "from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes", "572970c11d04691400779466": "that a given, randomly chosen number n is", "572970c11d04691400779467": "primes, as", "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "the sum", "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes)", "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "Many questions regarding", "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "primes", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "'s conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime", "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "Hence,", "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 \u00b7", "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is", "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "that", "572973f76aef051400154f0e": ", when written in the usual", "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a", "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By", "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "it", "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "Most", "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- who did not agree.", "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "A large body", "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "A large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's", "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's", "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "large body of mathematical work would", "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "large body of", "572978f91d046914007794d3": "primes, including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euclid also", "572978f91d046914007794d4": "different forms for primes and for composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks.", "572978f91d046914007794d5": "composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks. Euclid's Elements (circa", "572978f91d046914007794d6": "are hints in", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "hints", "57297a276aef051400154f88": "little", "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Greeks, little happened", "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "in fact no further Fermat numbers are known to be prime. The French monk Marin Mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p", "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "After", "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "until", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "trial divisions are by m = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. None of these", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "dividing n by each integer", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "numbers divides", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "primality of 37, only three divisions are necessary (m", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "division. This routine consists of dividing n by", "57297d421d046914007794e5": "primality tests for general numbers n can be", "57297d421d046914007794e6": "Modern", "57297d421d046914007794e7": "Modern primality tests for", "57297d421d046914007794e8": "tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed correctly, it", "57297d421d046914007794e9": "given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a", "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "A", "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "particularly simple example of a proba", "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "example of", "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "of a pro", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "\u2212 1 is of a particular shape include the Sophie Germain primes (primes of the form 2p + 1 with p", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "(prime", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes. Other primes where either p", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "are known as factorial prime", "572982e66aef051400154f92": "largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some of these primes have been found using distributed computing. In 2009, the Great", "572982e66aef051400154f93": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "The following table gives the largest", "572982e66aef051400154f95": "computing. In 2009, the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project was awarded a US$100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at", "572982e76aef051400154f96": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some of these primes have been found using", "572985011d04691400779501": "number", "572985011d04691400779502": "number n > 3. However, computing A or \u03bc requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes", "572985011d04691400779503": "all other primes", "572985011d04691400779504": "2n \u2212 2,", "572985011d04691400779505": "are prime for", "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "can have infinitely many", "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "have", "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common di", "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "numbers. What is more, the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run\u2014the density of all primes congruent", "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "and", "572989846aef051400154fc0": ": if there were", "572989846aef051400154fc1": "example", "572989846aef051400154fc2": "+ 1", "572989846aef051400154fc3": "The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers. For", "572989846aef051400154fc4": "The", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "1859, states that except for s =", "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "unproven", "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "1859, states that except for s = \u22122, \u22124, .", "57298ef11d04691400779530": "have real part equal to 1/2. The connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly", "57298ef11d04691400779531": "unproven Riemann hypothesis, dating from 1859, states that except for s =", "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "to the Riemann hypothesis,", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "In addition", "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "semiprime, the product of two primes. Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes.", "572991943f37b319004784a1": "primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture).", "572991943f37b319004784a2": "of the distribution of primes. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many", "572991943f37b319004784a3": "A third type of conjectures", "572991943f37b319004784a4": "primes. It is conjectured that there are", "572991943f37b319004784a5": "A third type", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "time", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "time, number theory in general, and the study of prime numbers in particular, was seen as", "57299326af94a219006aa517": "time", "57299326af94a219006aa518": "the exception of use of", "57299326af94a219006aa519": "a long time, number theory", "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "a prime factor of", "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "Fermat's little theorem is the following: if p is a prime number", "572995d46aef051400154fea": "Giuga's", "572995d46aef051400154feb": "Giuga's", "572995d46aef051400154fec": "conjecture", "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes", "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman", "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on", "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms,", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit", "572998673f37b319004784d5": "used", "572998673f37b319004784d6": ",", "572998673f37b319004784d7": "genus Magicicada make use of", "572998673f37b319004784d8": "strategy used by cicadas of the", "572998673f37b319004784d9": "outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas", "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "elements, whence the name. Often a second,", "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "sense. For example, the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is either Q or the finite field", "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of", "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "of prime number", "57299a6f6aef051400155018": ", a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot", "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements", "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "to two more", "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "to", "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units. In the", "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "give", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "domains. An example", "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to", "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "continues to", "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "to hold in unique factorization domains. An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z[i], that is,", "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "Gaussian", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "with", "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "algebraic geometry. The prime", "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "In ring theory, the notion of", "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of", "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "notion of number", "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "a ring. Arithmetic geometry", "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "ideals are the points", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "geometric", "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "ideals are", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "norm", "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": ", in", "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": ",", "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as", "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Prime", "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "Prime numbers have influenced many artists and", "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "Prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers. The French composer Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical", "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "influenced many artists", "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "have influenced", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "m3", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch:", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "(Romansh: Rein,", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": ":", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "Ripuarian Rhing,", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name R\u0113nos, which", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "the", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "(Rh\u0113nos),", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos),", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "geography (1st century BC) as Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin", "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "R\u012b(n) retaining the older vocalism,[note 4] as does Ripuarian Rhing, while", "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "kilometers", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "(Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "introduced", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "(Rheinkilometer),", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note", "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "of the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\"", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "conventionally", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "Rhine is conventionally", "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur.", "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "Near Tamins-Reichenau the", "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "Tamins-Reichenau", "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "Near", "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "Near Tamins-Reichenau", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "Near Tamins-Reichenau the", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "official name containing this element.", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized section.", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "The mouth of the", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "The", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "is pronounced \"Isel\" and this is also the local pronunciation", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta.", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "forms", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "forms", "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "an upper canal near Diepoldsau", "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "Fu\u00dfach, in order to counteract the constant flooding", "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": ",", "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "of", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "of the", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "Obersee (\"upper", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "Lake Constance consists of", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": ", called", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Obersee (\"upper lake\"),", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "Lake", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "Obersee (\"upper", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "of", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "consists", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "states of Bavaria", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "(\"upper lake\"), the Untersee", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": ", at the", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "The flow of cold, gray mountain", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "reappears on the", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "r", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "The", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "of cold, gray mountain water continues for", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "emerges", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "Rhine emerges from", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "Falls, and is joined by its major tributary, the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "'s", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "Rhine", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "The", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "The", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance, flows generally", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "by its major tributary, the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge,", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "cu ft/s", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge is the", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "city in the course of the stream", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "located", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "In", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "centre of Basel,", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "\"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\";", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "flows through", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "stream, is located the \"Rhine", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side, the", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "Rhine", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": ", which carries a significant part of the river water, and all", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "the", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "Upper Rhine", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "Rhine", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "The Upper Rhine region was", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "was", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "The", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "The Rhine is the", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The Rhine is the longest", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "The", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "The", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "is", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "Rhine", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "The Rhine", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "The", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "Bingen and Bonn,", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge,", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "Between Bingen and Bonn,", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "Between", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "Between Bingen and Bonn,", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as \"the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40", "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "Duisburg is the", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "1980s, industry was a", "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It", "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "water pollution. Although many", "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "many plants", "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "Until", "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major", "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "1980s, industry was a major", "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "The", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": ".", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "sectors", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "The dominant", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "The dominant economic sectors", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "vines", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "The dominant", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "am", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "in the Middle Rhine area are viniculture and tourism.", "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "located the western end of the second", "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "Lower", "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "cities", "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal,", "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities", "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "The Lower", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg,", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "cities in", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "North", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "Rhine", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "no longer coincides with the main flow of water", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "From here, the situation becomes more complicated,", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "From", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": ",", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Two thirds of the water flow volume", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "Merwede", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "of", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "The", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "The", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "IJsselmeer (a former bay),", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "The other", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "IJssel branch carries", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "The other third of the", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "sea levels within the various ice ages, the Rhine took a left", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "but are used for draining the surrounding land and pol", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained the", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained", "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "Delta, the", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "Rhine-Meuse", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "shape of the Rhine delta is determined by", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "as Boven", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "northern flow keeps the name IJssel", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "an", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "St.", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "archipelago-like estuary with Waal and Lek.", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "the North Sea and formed an archipelago-like", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "Merwede-Oude", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "sea, or into former marine bays now separated from the sea", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "by", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "the delta", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed\") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders.", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "-", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "The Rhine-Meuse", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "The Rhine-Meuse", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "Europe,", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean,", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "In", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "the stage was set in the Triassic Period of", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "MBP and 220", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "ongoing", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "the Eocene onwards, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a N\u2013S rift system to", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "of this rift are the Upper Rhine Graben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "time, it did not yet carry discharge from the Alps; instead, the watersheds of the", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "capture, the", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "Through stream capture,", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "stream capture", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Around", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": ",600 years", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "600 years ago) was the geological", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "Pleistocene, the Rhine followed a course to the northwest, through the", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "BP). In northwest Europe,", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "~74,", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": ",", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "Present), until the end of the Pleistocene", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "BP.", "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "of", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "the last Ice Age;", "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "Most", "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "during the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna,", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "000\u2013", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated. Meltwater,", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "As", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": ",000", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "re-inundated", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "22,", "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago, a", "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "sea-level rise had dropped so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea;", "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7500 yr ago, a situation with tides and currents, very similar", "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "y", "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": ", a", "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "At the", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "the", "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "At the", "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "the begin of the Holocene (~11,700 years ago), the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial", "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany),", "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "(central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up. This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat", "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "sped up. This caused increased", "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "~", "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "on the floodplain (termed avulsion), was the main process distributing sediment", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam.", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "Waal and Nederrijn-Lek", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "branches", "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "branch flows to", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "(6/9 of total discharge), the River Nederrijn", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical", "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "was not known to Herodotus and first enters the", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "The", "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "not known to Herodotus and first", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "Black", "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border", "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress", "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "slopes of the Black Forest and a few scattered bridge-heads. The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "XX Valeria (Pannonian", "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "threat of war existed. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as follows: for the army of Germania Inferior, two", "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "The", "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "The Romans kept", "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "any base or in all, depended on whether a state or threat of war existed. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as", "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the", "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "in medieval legend, such as the Nibelungenlied which tells of the hero Siegfried killing a dragon on the", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "the", "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "Germanic tribes crossed", "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "Burgundians", "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine. The mouths of the", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "Western Francia, but in the", "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "6th", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "6th century, the Rhine was within", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "By", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "Since the Peace of", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "French", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "Since the", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte,", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "in general, caused much resentment in Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The allies left the Rhineland,", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "demilitarised", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "Rhineland", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "World War I, the", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "to", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "that", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "War II, it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "was recognised that the", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "surprise \u2013 after the Germans failed to demolish it. This also became the subject of a film, The Bridge at Remagen.", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "War II, it", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "Until", "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "accepted", "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "the", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres", "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles). In 1932 the German", "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "the legislative competence of the Parliament \u2013 the areas in which it can make laws \u2013 by explicitly specifying powers that are \"reserved\" to the Parliament", "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "1997,", "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "Following a referendum in 1997, in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998, which sets out its powers as a", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster. The British Parliament retains the", "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster,", "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the", "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "outbreak of the First World War. A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some", "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity. Suggestions for a 'devolved'", "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "Labour government of Harold Wilson", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "discovery of oil in the North", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the", "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "following \"It's Scotland's oil\" campaign of the", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "Scotland's oil\" campaign of the Scottish National", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "During this time, the", "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "assembly would be", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "51.6% in", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "Under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "1978", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "Throughout the 1980s and", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "Throughout", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "taking part", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament grew, in part because the government", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "Since September 2004, the", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Since", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "2004, the official", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "Since September", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "September 2004, the", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "held in the courtyard", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "building", "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh (originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 Midlothian", "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "addition", "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "the General Assembly Hall, the Parliament also used", "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh", "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "Holyrood", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Scottish Parliament,", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "After", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": ",", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer,", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "of", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "operate", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body,", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "chamber of the Scottish", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "in a hem", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "The", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "The", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom,", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "In", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "advance is recommended due to limited", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "typically", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Parliament", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "typically sits", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "Parliament", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "item of business on Wednesdays", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "perspective on", "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "for", "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "The first item", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "number of members wish to participate in the debate. Debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems. Members may call each other directly by", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "Presiding Officer)", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "chamber", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "Presiding Officer (or", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "pm, MSPs", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "day, normally at 5 pm, MSPs", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "and", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "to which the", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "day, normally at 5 pm,", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright. Thus, as", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote.", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "The", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "known as whips", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "outcome of most votes can be", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "Immediately after Decision Time a \"Members Debate\" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "'s own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "is held, which lasts for 45", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "area", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "to", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of committees is stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "Much", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "Committees comprise", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "Committees comprise", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically each committee corresponds with one (or", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "Subject", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "Committees", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "Subject Committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "type of committee is normally set", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence. The Scotland Act 2012 extends", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "the United Kingdom and given royal assent", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Scotland Act", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "The specific devolved matters are all subjects which", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "are", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "The specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": ", nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy,", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with", "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament.", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "in a", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "by an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party.", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer.", "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "bill will formally", "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "Stage 1", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "the costs and savings associated with it. Statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is", "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "1", "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "is considered", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament.", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "at", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "fall without a final vote being taken. After", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "the final stage of", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "royal", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament. However he cannot do so until a 4-week period has elapsed,", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "assent: After the bill has", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament.", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "Officer submits it to the Monarch", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "parties, that hold the", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister,", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": ",", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "Act", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on). The date", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "dissolved by the Queen by", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "Under the Scotland Act 1998, ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "in favour), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within 28 days of a General Election or of", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "enable", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "Several procedures enable the Scottish", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A \"General Question", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "First Minister and then supplementary questions. Such a practice enables a \"lead-in\" to the questioner,", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "of the Scottish Government. At 2.30pm, a 40-minute long themed \"Question", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "Parliamentary time", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "constituency comprises 55,", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "Of the 129", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "member to represent", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as \"Constituency MSPs\". Voters choose one member to represent", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "which each return their own constituency MSP. Currently, the average Scottish Parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors. Given", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "The total number", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "in the", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "seat", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method. For example, to determine who", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "total", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "one of the countries", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "in", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "in the", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "key figures", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Labour, with many of their key figures not returned", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "The", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "time", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "Conservatives,", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP.", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "five", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. Cameron congratulated the", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "A", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Scottish", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "A procedural consequence", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "siy\u0101s\u012b),", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "often", "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "Islamism,", "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "is an Islamic revival movement", "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "\"to implement Islamic values in all", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Moderate and reformist Islamists", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "and reformist Islamists who accept and work within", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda and", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "tradition\" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "(Salafis,", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "fundamentalist \"guardians of the tradition\" (Salafis, such as those in", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "major division within", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "institutions,\" and", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include Fred Halliday,", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "a controversial concept not just", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Islamism is a controversial concept not just because", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "Islam and Islamism", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "Islamism, not [just] Islam?\"", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "asked the question, \"If", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "\"If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic,", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "asked the question, \"If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social,", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "Group maintains that \"the conception of", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "leftist/communist/nationalist", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "the 1970s and", "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "governments", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "During the 1970s", "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "governments", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "(infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah);", "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "President", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "or Salafism.", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "of Islam promoted by this funding was the", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "\"in every way,\" but \"hate them for their religion ..", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "of Islam promoted by", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": ",", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": ", housing assistance to students from out of town, student", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "Islamist movements such", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "Islamist", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "While studying", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "While", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "While", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "Germany,", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "philosophy in England", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria, he promoted ideas of", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "Iqbal was elected president", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "society, but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt,", "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Sayyid", "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "more", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "Sayyid", "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "-century figure", "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism, and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about Islam and Islamic law.", "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "writing", "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "in the Islamic revival in India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose", "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "-century figure", "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism, and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about Islam and Islamic law.", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "and khilafa (caliphate). Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolution, by \"revolution\" he meant not the violence or populist", "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Maududi also believed that Muslim", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a \"theo-democracy,\"", "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state.", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a \"theo-democracy,\" based on the principles of:", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\" it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Roughly", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "contempor", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "Roughly contemporaneous", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "the", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders,", "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "its founder Al-Banna", "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "\"semi-legal\" and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011\u20132012,", "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world, particularly in the Arab world. For many years it", "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "and liberal Islamist Al-Wasat Party) won 75% of the total seats. Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the", "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "periodic", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "and Sayyid", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries,", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during", "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Islamic", "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "between", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "The views of", "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Iranian", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "The", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "maintained its", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "vehement opposition to the United States and his call that Israel", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "Islamic Republic has also maintained", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah) (two Muslim", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahideen)", "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "In 1979, the", "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "Union deployed its", "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "super", "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "In 1979, the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "when Saddam, secularist and Ba'athist", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Arabian soil to put an end to Saddam Hussein's occupation", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "US", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "the", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "factor", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "resonated with", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away", "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "with", "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "These attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam's", "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "increasingly", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "s", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "ideas", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s (particularly the manifesto Milestones, a.k.a.", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "leadership", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "group directed its attacks against what it believed were \"apostate\" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "The path of violence and military struggle was", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "into Islamic societies. Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "and", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "what it believed were \"", "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "groups which employed", "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "employed violence in their struggle for", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in", "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle", "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "their struggle for", "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "Islamic state in Palestine. It was soon competing with and then overtaking the PLO for control of the intifada. The Brotherhood's", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "towards Israel, focusing on preaching, education and social services, and benefiting from Israel's \"indulgence\" to build up a network", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "First", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "decades prior", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "decades prior to the First Palestine Intifada in 1987, the Muslim Brotherhood in", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "operations\". In the January 2006 legislative election\u2014its first foray", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "the", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "of the Gaza Strip,", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "in 140", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "54", "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi.", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "Turabi", "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "For", "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "After al-Nimeiry", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "Osama bin Laden for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "the elected post-", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "After", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "young", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "(", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "movement", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Abbassi", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by Abbassi Madani, and a charismatic Islamist young preacher,", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "mujahideen's victory against the", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "of mujahdeen founded the Islamic State of Afghanistan. In 1996, a more conservative and anti-democratic Islamist movement known as", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "warlords, making Afghanistan one of the poorest countries on", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "In Afghanistan, the mujahideen's", "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "madrasahs the", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "1977, General Zia-ul-Haq", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "ul Haq was an admirer of Mawdudi", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "overthrown. Zia-ul-Haq", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "July", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "\"The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" and before that as the \"Islamic State of", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "\"", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "\"", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "\"The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "2014, (which complained of its failure to consult and", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "al-Tawhid wal-Jihad", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "Originating as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004, participated in the Iraqi insurgency that followed the", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "Originating", "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "In its focus on the Caliphate,", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "takes", "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames \"the", "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames \"the", "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "HT", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "\"", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "HT", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "both countries. But many HT members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "HT does not", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "imam of the Finsbury", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "Waltham", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "free rein, heightened by expos\u00e9s such as the 2007 Channel 4 documentary programme Undercover Mosque, has given rise to the term Londonistan.", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "Greater London has", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "Hamza al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park Mosque, was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001.", "57303048947a6a140053d255": "U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates called", "57303048947a6a140053d256": "The U.S. government has engaged", "57303048947a6a140053d257": "been calls to create an independent agency in", "57303048947a6a140053d258": "Christian Whiton, an official in the George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of \"political", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "is a type of advocacy of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\",", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Imperialism is a", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is \"a policy of", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is \"a policy of", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "is defined as \"A policy of extending a country\u2019s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.\"", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "\"A policy of extending a", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "\"informal\" imperialisms. \"Formal imperialism\" is defined as \"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\". \"Informal imperialism\" is less direct;", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "is", "57306797396df919000960ee": "general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on, some writers[who?] used the term", "57306797396df919000960ef": "of", "57306797396df919000960f0": "of", "57306797396df919000960f2": "was", "57306797396df919000960f1": "of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen", "573081c2069b531400832133": "which the", "573081c2069b531400832134": "\"that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland", "573081c2069b531400832135": "comes from the", "573081c2069b531400832136": "\"The", "573081c2069b531400832137": "\"The word", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "Young writes that", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism\", however many scholars", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "dictate the", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "and colonialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "Imperialism", "5730876a396df9190009617a": "one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific", "5730876a396df9190009617c": "empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. J. A. Hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as: \"It", "5730876a396df9190009617b": "A", "5730876a396df9190009617d": "controversial aspect", "5730876a396df9190009617e": "A controversial aspect of", "573088da069b53140083216b": "travellers to share these", "573088da069b53140083216c": "geographical societies in Europe", "573088da069b53140083216d": "Geographical Society", "573088da069b53140083216e": "Geographical Society", "573088da069b53140083216f": "The Royal Geographical", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "the \u201cother\u201d. According to Siad, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "Geographical theories such as environmental determinism", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "can be paralleled with Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism as the west\u2019s construction of the east as the \u201cother\u201d.", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "theories such as environmental", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "Geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For instance,", "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "are often general", "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "\"during the last generation, and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical", "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British", "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire \"during", "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "stems from Roman", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "we", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "Orientalism, as", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "developed an imaginative geography", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "\"scramble for Africa\". He states that maps \"contributed to empire by", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "To better", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "century", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": ",", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "during the \"scramble for", "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire, and of other war-lords.", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of Japan, Korea,", "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "Empire, India, and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests", "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "played an important role in the histories of Japan,", "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "played", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing their own expectations", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "social", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "moral,", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "when", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "of", "57309446396df919000961b8": "imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term \"Age of Imperialism\" generally", "57309446396df919000961b9": "Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700, saw (generally", "57309446396df919000961ba": "Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700,", "57309446396df919000961bb": "saw (generally European) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in", "57309446396df919000961bc": "colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power.[citation needed] Although imperialist practices have existed for", "57309564069b5314008321a5": "During the 20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919\u20131980) and Ronald Robinson (1920\u20131999) constructed a framework for", "57309564069b5314008321a6": "maps of the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to", "57309564069b5314008321a7": "Gallagher (1919\u20131980) and Ronald Robinson", "57309564069b5314008321a8": "Because of the resources made available by imperialism, the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before", "57309564069b5314008321a9": "their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary.'\"[at", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "of", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "Europe's", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "was largely focused on", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "'", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "had become an effective battlefield weapon. This technology gave European armies an advantage over their opponents, as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows,", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "continued", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "developed", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "chemists made deadly explosives that", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "anglophone", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "In", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "experience. The term \"Imperialism\" was originally introduced into English", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "In", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "debated", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "debated among historians", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "Schumpeter (1883\u20131950), Thorstein Veblen (1857\u20131929), and Norman Angell (1872\u20131967).", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were seen as \"less civilized\" therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and", "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the", "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "geographic", "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "According to geographic scholars under colonizing", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "colonizing empires, the world", "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "aid in the governing", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "Britain's", "5730a40f396df91900096235": "Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East", "5730a40f396df91900096236": "Britain's imperialist", "5730a40f396df91900096237": "'", "5730a40f396df91900096238": "in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "in North and West Africa, as", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "Catholicism. It", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "rebuild", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "of", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "Algeria in", "5730a951069b531400832213": "It", "5730a951069b531400832214": "lift the world up to French standards by", "5730a951069b531400832215": "French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: \"The higher races", "5730a951069b531400832216": "leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: \"The higher races have", "5730a951069b531400832217": "a moral justification to lift the world up to", "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "by", "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the", "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in", "5730aa52069b531400832220": "World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free", "5730aa52069b531400832221": "the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate", "5730ab63396df91900096260": "holy, not Roman, and not an empire\", as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation.", "5730ab63396df91900096263": "Scandinavia", "5730ab63396df91900096261": "Scandinavia", "5730ab63396df91900096262": "Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete,", "5730ab63396df91900096264": "homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "Holy Roman Empire,", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "Not", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "Not a maritime", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "nation-state, as it would eventually become, Germany\u2019s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century. The participation of Austria", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "Habsburg control", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": ",", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "However,", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "Germany", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "that", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "1883\u201384 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "During the First Sino-Japanese", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed", "5730b255396df919000962b0": "a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished", "5730b255396df919000962b2": "1932. After World War II, the Soviet", "5730b255396df919000962b3": "reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist", "5730b255396df919000962b4": "non-", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "and others, believed that the revolution could", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": ", believed that the revolution could", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": ", believed that the", "5730b541396df919000962c2": "on mercantilism, and involved colonies", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "The First British Empire was", "5730b541396df919000962c5": "Its growth was reversed by the loss of the American", "5730b541396df919000962c4": "The First", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "the", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "resurgence", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "resurgence came in", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "least in a", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "from its", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "to Imperialism,", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "s mission", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "early", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "One key", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "in", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order.", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "figure in", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "One key", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "Some have described the", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": ", whom", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "distinct", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "colonialism\". Participation in the African slave", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "that", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "The Ottoman", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe,", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "that lasted from", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "European", "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "With Istanbul", "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I, leading to the emergence of the", "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into", "5730982f396df919000961e2": "denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", "5730982f396df919000961e3": "Methodist denomination.", "5730982f396df919000961e4": "of John and Charles Wesley in England as well as the Great", "5730982f396df919000961e5": "orientation", "5730982f396df919000961e6": "in", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "population, or 9 million adult", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant", "57309921396df919000961f6": "mid", "57309921396df919000961f7": "become The United Methodist", "57309921396df919000961f8": "mid-18th century within the Church of England.", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "at all events; and, wherever they", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "In 1735,", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to", "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "to teach the gospel to", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "Though", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "Wesley", "57309adb396df919000961fc": "St. George's", "57309adb396df919000961fd": "States, beginning in 1769. The", "57309adb396df919000961fe": "St. George's United Methodist Church, located at", "57309adb396df919000961ff": "at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States,", "57309adb396df91900096200": "the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning", "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led most", "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "first African", "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "Church. They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial", "57309d31396df91900096210": "In", "57309d31396df91900096211": "Methodist Episcopal Church over the issue of laity having", "57309d31396df91900096212": "ones", "57309d31396df91900096213": "States, like many other Protestant denominations, has seen a number of divisions and mergers.", "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "(represented by Bishop", "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "1968, the United", "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "On April 23,", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "holy catholic (or universal) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "Church,\" meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible, while the United Methodist Church is a branch of the", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "understands itself to", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "Some argue that The United", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "his lay preachers as presbyters, Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat. Dr. Thomas Coke, already an Anglican priest,", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "Some", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "many United", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "traditions. Although United Methodist", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "(Anglicans), but also Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm (United Brethren), and Jacob Albright (Evangelical", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm (United Brethren), and Jacob Albright (Evangelical", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "grace, or the grace that", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "Prevenient", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "Prevenient", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "or the grace that \"goes before\" us,", "5730aeba069b531400832241": "Grace", "5730aeba069b531400832242": "Justifying", "5730aeba069b531400832243": "Grace or", "5730aeba069b531400832244": "by", "5730aeba069b531400832245": "through the", "5730afed069b53140083225f": "Sanctifying", "5730afed069b531400832260": "Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying", "5730afed069b531400832261": "a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like", "5730afed069b531400832262": "that", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "stands at a", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "charismatic", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "at", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "san", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "affirm abortion as an acceptable practice,\" and condemns the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "Church upholds the sanctity of human life both of", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "In continuity with past", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "The", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "The church", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was an attempt to withdraw the", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "Abortion and", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "Church states that it \"affirms", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon,", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "the", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "warned against the dangers of", "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life.", "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also", "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "The", "5730b54c069b531400832290": "condemns capital punishment,", "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "or", "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "In addition, the", "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "Methodist Church prohibits", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "Nevertheless, The United", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "Nevertheless,", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "Nevertheless, The", "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "pastors.", "5730b776069b5314008322be": "In 1987,", "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "In", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "with the", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "Church rejects war as an instrument", "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "and", "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "is harmful and is generally addictive. Persons who are addicted to pornography are physiologically altered, as is their perspective, relationships with", "5730bdfe396df91900096310": ",", "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "research", "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "The UMC supports federal funding", "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "The UMC supports federal funding", "5730c059069b531400832305": "comes", "5730c059069b531400832306": "comes from John Wesley,", "5730c059069b531400832307": "is no Liturgy in the world, either in ancient or modern language, which breathes more of a solid, scriptural,", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "Like other historic", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "liturgies for services of Holy Communion, baptism,", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "other", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "after a biblical figure (e.g., \"St. James UMC\").", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "(e.g., \"St. James UMC\").", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "Methodists also honor notable heroes and heroines of the Christian faith and look to these prominent saints as providing examples of holy living and commitment to Christ that", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "The", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church. The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium). Legislative changes", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "(quadrennium).", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "Church", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "Legislative changes are recorded in The Book of Discipline which is revised after each General Conference. Non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "to the General Conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States is divided into five", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "The United States is divided into five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western. Outside the United States the church is divided into seven central conferences: Africa, Congo,", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "Subordinate to the General Conference are", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "General", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "-between", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "2007", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "Decisions in-between", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "the decision should or could be", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "approval by the Southern Jurisdictional Conference at its July 2008", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "The", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy,", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "The Judicial Council", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "The Judicial Council is the highest", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "Annual Conference,", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "Lutheran denominations such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "are members of their Annual Conference rather than of any local congregation, and are appointed to a local church or other", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "The", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "nominations committee, a finance committee and a church council or administrative council. Other committees are suggested but not required such as", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "and no more than", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "committee", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "guidebook for", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "its history, the United", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "Throughout its history, the", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "has", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "clergy were", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "first Methodist clergy", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "the", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "generally serve as pastor", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "bishop", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "ministries, such as military chaplaincy, campus ministry, missions, higher education and other ministries beyond the", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "of the Annual Conference, no appointments are officially", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "by", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the local church,", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "ordained by a", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons are called by", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "church.They", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "are", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "the 1996 General Conference the ordination order of", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "1996", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "At the 1996", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "called by", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "God, affirmed by the church, and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. The Local Pastor are", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. The Local Pastor are given the authority to preach", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "ordained. When elders are not available to be appointed to a local church, either through", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "United Methodist Church (UMC) practices infant and adult", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "who", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "have not subsequently professed their own faith. These Baptized Members become Professing Members through confirmation and", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Unlike confirmation and profession of", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "UMC. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "UMC. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people, including", "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "confirmation and profession of faith, Baptism is a sacrament in the UMC. The", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "in the", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant.", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "Another position in the United Methodist", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "in", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "Churches, Churches Uniting in Christ, and Christian Churches Together. In addition, it voted to seek observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals and in the", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "other Christian groups and denominations. It is a member of the National Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, Churches Uniting in Christ, and Christian", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "Methodist Church is one tradition within the Christian Church. The United Methodist", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. A Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union formed in 2000 to", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "has", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "Cooperation and Union formed in 2000 to carry out work on such a merger. In May 2012, The United Methodist Church entered into full communion", "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "Like many", "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "Protestant denominations in", "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "mainline Protestant denominations", "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades.", "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "2008", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "By the opening of the 2008 General", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "U.S. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week\u2014it has been estimated that Africans", "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "The UMC", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "is also a", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "UMC", "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "between the", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "America and", "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared", "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "North. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers,", "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "between New France and the British", "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "war", "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "In", "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle", "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "attack on the", "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "way", "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "the", "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "After the disastrous 1757 British", "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "1757 British campaigns", "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "Pitt", "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "in", "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "The", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after", "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. As", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "names. In British America,", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "The conflict is known", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "name. The", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "Seven", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "theater of the Seven", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded", "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "population", "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs,", "5733d5704776f41900661310": "The", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "Scotia", "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1", "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "outnumbered", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "tribes. To the north,", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "kmaq and", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "the", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "them", "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Choctaw,", "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "south the Southeast interior was", "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Southeast interior was dominated", "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "At the start", "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "(some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local", "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": ",", "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June", "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "C\u00e9loron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and", "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "C\u00e9loron's", "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "C\u00e9loron's", "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the", "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "When", "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "C\u00e9loron's", "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "wrote, \"All I can say is that the Natives of these", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "his", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "English. I don't", "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "gave land", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "In 1749 the British government gave land", "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "and opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown.", "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "But, as the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, both", "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "In", "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were", "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "War", "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers", "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "March 17, 1752, the Governor-General", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "March 17,", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "17,", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "Governor-General of New", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Lake Erie's south", "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that C\u00e9loron had mapped out four years earlier, but where C\u00e9loron", "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "of 1753, Paul Marin", "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania), designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf", "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "de la Malgue", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "expansion. When Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, Chief Hendrick said that the \"Covenant Chain\", a long-standing friendly relationship", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "The", "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "\"He who does", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker of their tribal", "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the", "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which", "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Company,", "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "if the French held", "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Saint-Pierre,", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "Saint-Pierre,", "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.", "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "succeeded", "5733f1784776f41900661575": "Even before Washington", "5733f1784776f41900661576": "Pecaudy", "5733f1784776f41900661577": "forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrec\u0153ur", "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's", "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "had returned to Williamsburg,", "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "in", "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the", "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "News of the two battles", "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.", "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "trade", "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "early important political response to the opening of hostilities was", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "convening", "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French and Indian soldiers ambushing them", "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "Braddock", "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "Braddock", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams (the latter two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "French acquired", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "bogged down in logistical difficulties", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "French acquired a copy of the British", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "and had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. When Johnson was seen as the larger", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. When Johnson was seen as the larger threat, Vaudreuil sent", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat. Dieskau planned to attack", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "by New", "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Monckton,", "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "year", "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's", "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "1756. In addition to renewing the efforts to capture Niagara,", "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing the", "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition", "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing", "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": ",", "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "addition to his", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "who harboured ambitions to become the French", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in", "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "new British command was", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "new British", "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Montcalm", "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga,", "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "capable", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving", "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "for the", "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the", "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "French irregular forces", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "French irregular forces (Canadian scouts", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "the", "57340111d058e614000b677d": "Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of", "57340111d058e614000b677f": "from trading in 1758. While many parties to", "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "failures", "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "Cumberland. Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning.", "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "the Duke of Cumberland.", "573403394776f419006616dd": "Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British", "573403394776f419006616de": "in which 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia", "573403394776f419006616df": "Bradstreet", "573403394776f419006616e0": ",", "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "In", "57340549d058e614000b67de": "poor French", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "Years'", "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760", "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "victories continued", "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "British", "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "Ticonderoga,", "573407d7d058e614000b6813": ", and before any hostilities", "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "Vaudreuil", "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition,", "573408ef4776f41900661757": "The war in", "573408ef4776f41900661758": "The war in North America officially ended with", "573408ef4776f41900661759": "in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of", "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "The", "57340a094776f4190066177d": "in land made available to migrants from Europe and the colonies further south. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "Britain", "57340a094776f4190066177f": "gained control of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of", "57340a094776f41900661780": "sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands; these latter efforts were unsuccessful.", "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "treaty", "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "Following the treaty, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which", "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "George", "57340d124776f419006617c3": "For many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a", "57340d124776f419006617c0": "in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country", "57340d124776f419006617c1": "of French power in North America meant the", "57340d124776f419006617c2": "many", "57340d124776f419006617bf": "elimination of", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "of stationary", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "the concept", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "used", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "in", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed.", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "and", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "light,", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": ",", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "the innate tendency of objects to find their \"natural place\" (e.g., for heavy bodies to fall), which led to \"natural", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "as an integral part of Aristotelian", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "provided", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "Aristotelian physics would not", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "The shortcomings", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "Galilei,", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "shortcomings", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "shortcomings", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "law is an", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "of constant velocity unless", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "Newton's", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's First", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "para", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "moving. This is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "while", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "For", "573749741c4567190057445d": "air next to himself, it", "573749741c4567190057445e": "that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space", "573749741c4567190057445f": "concept of", "573749741c45671900574460": "inertia can", "573749741c45671900574461": "inertia", "573750f51c45671900574467": "Newton's", "573750f61c45671900574468": "kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described", "573750f61c45671900574469": "what is the proper definition of mass", "573750f61c4567190057446a": "Newton's", "573750f61c4567190057446b": "of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Newton's Third Law is", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "F on a second body, the second body exerts a force \u2212F on the first body. F and \u2212F are equal", "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "result of applying", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "different", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "This means that", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is,", "573766251c45671900574471": "Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can", "573766251c45671900574472": "perceived as", "573766251c45671900574473": ", the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent", "573766251c45671900574474": "and compared to a", "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as \"vector quantities\". This means that forces follow a", "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "upon", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "and have sizes", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as \"vector quantities\". This means that forces follow a different", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "act in a particular direction and", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": ", forces were first", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "were", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "Historically,", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "Historically,", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": ".", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "the", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "added", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "As", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "the applied", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "does", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table", "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "Pushing", "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "static equilibrium between two forces is", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "Archimedes'", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "object's weight. Using such tools, some quantitative force laws were discovered: that the force of", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "static equilibrium between two forces is the", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "which equals the object's weight. Using such tools,", "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "first described", "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "Dynamic equilibrium was first described", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Dynamic equilibrium was", "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "a constant velocity, Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down", "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "equilibrium", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "equilibrium occurs in constant", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the", "57377aac1c45671900574479": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes \"quantized\",", "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "notion", "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead", "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "\"force\" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics,", "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "of", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "fermi", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "spin, identical particles split into two different classes, fermions and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g.", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "However, already in quantum mechanics there is one \"caveat\", namely the particles acting onto each other do not", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "do not only possess", "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymme", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "particle", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "annihilates) virtual", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "(4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bo", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "All of", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "All", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "between electric charges", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "a possibility", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-", "573784fa1c45671900574484": "a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for", "573784fa1c45671900574485": "to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by", "573784fa1c45671900574486": "the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-", "573784fa1c45671900574487": "What we now call gravity", "573786b51c4567190057448d": "Newton came to realize", "573786b51c4567190057448e": "of gravity might be", "573786b51c4567190057448f": "Newton", "573786b51c45671900574490": "Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula", "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "In this", "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance; this was widely reported in", "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "This constant has come to", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's", "5737898f1c45671900574495": "Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet", "5737898f1c45671900574496": "only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's", "5737898f1c45671900574497": "was", "5737898f1c45671900574498": "the", "5737898f1c45671900574499": "It was only the orbit of", "57378b141c4567190057449f": "Since", "57378b141c456719005744a0": "then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In", "57378b141c456719005744a1": ", and so far", "57378b141c456719005744a2": "space-time \u2013 defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events. From the perspective of the object,", "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "multiplication", "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "multiplication", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be", "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "on", "57378e311c456719005744af": "The origin", "57378e311c456719005744b0": "The", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These \"Maxwell Equations\" fully described", "57378e311c456719005744b2": "the interactions of the fields themselves. This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be \"self-generating\"", "57378e311c456719005744b3": "theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These", "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "electromagnetic", "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all", "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using", "573792ee1c456719005744bc": ", the", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": ", there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "characteristics", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "It", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them", "5737958b1c456719005744c3": ", there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "characteristics", "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "It", "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them", "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "the virtual pi and r", "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the", "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucle", "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "only acts directly upon", "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "strong", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances.", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances.", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "force", "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately", "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "strength is", "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "The normal force is due", "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "atoms at close contact. When", "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force,", "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "to", "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "Ideal strings transmit tension", "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects", "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "strings that are massless, frictionless,", "57379ed81c456719005744d9": ",", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "Newtonian mechanics in general", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "Newton's", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "Newton's", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "particles", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "relevant", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism", "5737a4511c456719005744df": "their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second", "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "unbalanced", "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As", "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving", "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "of an object, and therefore", "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "where is", "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "component", "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "only", "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "A", "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system,", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is", "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "is impossible to model forces as being", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "For", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "nonconservative forces act to change the internal", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "nonconservati", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "The", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "forces", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the", "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": ")", "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by", "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "a metric counterpart, less", "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf)" }