diff --git "a/predictions_.json" "b/predictions_.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/predictions_.json" @@ -0,0 +1,10572 @@ +{ + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "an American football game to", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "Bowl 50 was an American football game to", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "50 was an American", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California. As this was the 50th Super Bowl, the league emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "(under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl L\"), so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Super", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Bowl 50", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Super", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "Super", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "Super", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "champion of the National Football League", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season.", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC)", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "Super", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "American", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "League (NFL)", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "an American football game to", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "played", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "gold-themed initiatives, as well as", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives", + "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "Super Bowl 50 was an American football game", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Super", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Super Bowl 50 was", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "was", + "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "The", + "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "The", + "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "The Panthers finished the", + "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "The Broncos finished the regular season", + "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "them 20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys,", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "\u2013", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP).", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "regular season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "the", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "1 record, and quarterback", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "15\u20131", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "Bowl appearance", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "and quarterback Cam", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "The Panthers finished the regular season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "1", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "and denied the New England Patriots a chance", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "regular", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "The Panthers finished", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "The Panthers finished the regular season", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995.", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "The Panthers finished", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Broncos took an early", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "early lead in Super Bowl", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "The", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "The", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "Broncos", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "The Broncos", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "Broncos took an", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "Miller", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "took", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "The", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "never trailed.", + "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and", + "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "him seven times and forced", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "and", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "trailed", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "lead in", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "Miller was named Super Bowl MVP,", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "CBS", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "in", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "CBS", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Bruno Mars, who headlined", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "CBS broadcast Super", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "CBS", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "the", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "broadcast Super", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.,", + "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "5", + "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by", + "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by", + "56d602631c85041400946eda": "charged an average of", + "56d602631c85041400946edb": "for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock", + "56d602631c85041400946edc": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Coldplay with special guest", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.,", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\" and that it would be \"an", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "Goodell", + "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned", + "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\" and that it would be", + "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\"", + "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "2012,", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "early", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "In", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "early 2012", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "In early 2012,", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites:", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "narrowed", + "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "The league", + "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "eventually", + "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome,", + "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "The", + "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "eventually", + "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "Francisco", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "The league eventually narrowed the", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "The", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "league", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites:", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Mercedes-Benz", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "The", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "league eventually", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "XLIV in 2010. The San Francisco Bay Area last hosted in 1985 (Super Bowl XIX), held at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California,", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "The", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "renovations. However, on May 3, 2013, the Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations, dealing", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "16, 2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": ", 2012, that", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "October 16, 2012, that", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "renovations. However, on May 3, 2013, the Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "Stadium. The", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": ",", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "The", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "were", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "The league announced on October", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "announced", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": ",", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "The league announced", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "The league announced on October 16,", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": ",", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "16", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "stadium underwent", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "May 21, 2013,", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "2013, NFL owners", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the", + "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "their spring", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "On", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "XXXVII", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "in", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "It is the", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first", + "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "Francisco", + "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", + "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "On", + "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "May", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "May", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings", + "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "number", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "both conferences", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "For the third straight season, the number one seeds from both", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "their other appearance", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "For the third straight", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "third", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "season", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "the third straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four teams to", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "For the third", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "the", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "back DeAngelo Williams and", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "losing", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "top", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "to a", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "for the first time in franchise history. Ten players were selected to the", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "game schedule in", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "regular season games since the league expanded to", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "wai", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "running", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "and", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "1978. Carolina started the season 14\u20130, not only setting franchise", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. Carolina started the season 14\u20130,", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "history) along with eight All-Pro selections.", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "Despite waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Despite waiving longtime running back", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "running", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "Despite waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": ", becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "(31", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "scoring", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "scoring (", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "and", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "Panthers offense,", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points),", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "the NFL in scoring (500 points),", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "scoring (500 points)", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "and rushing for 636", + "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "led the NFL in scoring (500 points),", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "yards and rushing for 636,", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4. Newton's leading receivers were", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "in scoring (", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "The", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "The Panthers defense", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "in interceptions", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler who was the NFL's active career sack leader with 136,", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "team with a career high seven", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "up just 308 points", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Panthers", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "with 136, along with defensive end Kony Ealy, who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts. Behind them, two of the Panthers", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "bowler", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "fumbles and recovering two. Fellow lineman Mario Addison added 6\u00bd sacks. The Panthers line also featured veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11,", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "the NFL's active career sack leader with 136, along with defensive end Kony Ealy, who had", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "up just 308 points,", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "offense, the Broncos finished", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "Although the team had a 7\u20130", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "loss", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Following their", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "all", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "including a mutual parting with", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "their loss in the divisional round of the previous season'", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "in", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "Kubiak, the Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, but struggled", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "their", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes,", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "to", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "most of the remainder of the regular", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "left foot. He set the NFL's all-time record for", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "since the summer, and the simple fact that Manning was getting old, as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season. Although the", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "Following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "'", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes,", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards,", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "contrast", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "for a rating of 86.", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "Manning", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "96", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "contrast, Osweiler", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "touchdowns", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Manning", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": ", the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "-", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Manning finished the year", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three. Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "530", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "in", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "allowed (4,530", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "The Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and fourth in", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Derek Wolfe and Malik", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three. Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history,", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "' defense ranked first", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "play in the Pro", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "allowed (296)", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": ",", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315,", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "running", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "The", + "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime", + "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "The Panthers beat", + "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "the", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "year earlier. The", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "\u2013", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "The Panthers", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "Broncos", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "The Broncos defeated", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "Broncos", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "didn't throw any in their", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318,", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "clock. Despite Manning's problems with interceptions during the season, he didn't throw any in their", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final three", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "seconds left on", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316,", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game,", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "ACL tears", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "major setback when", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "Carolina suffered", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "suffered a", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career,", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "Carolina suffered", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "11", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "he insisted he would still find a way to", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "when", + "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Carolina suffered a major setback when", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "of Football", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "ever to play", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "at", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "became the first", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "quarterback", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams", + "56d704430d65d214001982de": "is", + "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive", + "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "Peyton Manning became the", + "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Manning became the first", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "Peyton", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "was the first Super", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "This", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "Carolina and Von Miller for Denver.", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "was the first", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes.", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "on", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "This", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "quarterback on both teams who", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "the", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "selection of the 1998 NFL draft,", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "a quarterback", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "matchup also pits the", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "was the first Super Bowl to feature a", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "the 1998", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "both head", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "in", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "With Rivera", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "been a", + "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "With Rivera", + "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak", + "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway", + "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "defeats in", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Levi's Stadium's", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in \"great shape\" for gameday. However, the turf showed problem throughout the game,", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in \"great shape\" for", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "a Super Bowl;", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "over", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Concerns", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "Levi's", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "quality to host", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season,", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "during the inaugural season, the field", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants. Elway stated, \"We've", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "losing", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "jerseys with matching white pants. Elway", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "Elway's last game as Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319. In their only other Super Bowl win in Super Bowl", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "to", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "As", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "NFC", + "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons", + "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "As the designated home team in the annual", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "XXII,", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "Bowl was the Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons prior. The Broncos' decision to", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "used the San Jose", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "The", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "at the", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "and stayed at the", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed", + "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The", + "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "The", + "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the", + "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "facility and", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "The Panthers used the", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "with Roman numerals,", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "On June 4, 2014,", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "games with Roman numerals,", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "2014", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "logo", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "On June", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Bowl", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "On June", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "On June 4,", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "practice established at", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named", + "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games", + "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "On June 4,", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "themed", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "\"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's", + "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "Various", + "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "Various gold-themed", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the \"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were", + "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "and hats featured", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "NFL", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "The", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "the", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "NFL", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "NFL", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "annual NFL", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "the Moscone", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "the", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring games and activities that", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "The", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "The", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "NFL Experience was held", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "The", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "In", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "In addition, there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "addition", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "In", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "$2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": ", there are $2 million", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "there are $2", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": ", there are $", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "individual donors, but still may need the city council", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game,", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "event", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "game's media day", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "The game's media day, which was typically", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "s", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "the game, was moved to", + "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "'s media day,", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "'", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "The game's media day, which was typically", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "Tuesday", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "February 1, 2016 at", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "in", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "businesses in Business Connect,", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl.", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "For", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "already raised over $40 million through sponsors including Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron,", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "and around the Super Bowl. The host committee has already raised over $40 million through", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "the first", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "For the first time,", + "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in Business Connect,", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought", + "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "grants", + "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "The Super Bowl", + "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the", + "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "will", + "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be", + "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises", + "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "Committee has vowed", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "dedicate 25 percent", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "large", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "(15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany &", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "Super Bowl 50 will also receive a large, 18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit will weigh 33 lb (15", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy that", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "to the", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "In", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "also", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "to the Vince", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "with Tracy Wolfson", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": ", including pylon cameras and microphones", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "In the", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "In the United States, the game was televised", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "the telecast,", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "contest", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "between", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "the United States, the game was televised", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "the contest, with Tracy Wolfson", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL.", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "Simms", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "\u2014", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "by CBS,", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "Allegre,", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "the", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "On", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster", + "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "ESPN Deportes", + "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "and", + "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "2015, ESPN Deportes", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "ESPN Deportes", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "28,", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "CBS", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "CBS provided digital streams of", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": ".com, and the", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "of", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "CBS", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "CBS", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "provided digital", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "CBS", + "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports", + "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "CBS", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com,", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "provided digital streams of the", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "As opposed to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "to broadcasts", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "series, CBS", + "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "with a special", + "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its", + "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000,", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "second advertisement at $5,000,000, a", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": ", the advertisements had not yet sold out", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "time on both the television and", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "set the base rate for a 30", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "$5,000,000, a record high price", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "CBS set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000,", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": ",", + "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "CBS set the", + "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "base rate", + "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "be the final year in a multi-year contract with Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "CBS", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "purchase a package covering", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "Coffee", + "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "QuickBooks", + "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", + "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", + "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "a", + "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "\"Small Business Big Game\"", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "paid for Gods of Egypt, Paramount paid for", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "paid for Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal", + "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "the debut trailer for Jason Bourne and Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through", + "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "during", + "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "20th", + "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Pictures, Universal Studios", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Lionsgate,", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "20th", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "will carry the game", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "color", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "as play", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "will", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "will carry the game throughout North America, with", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Malone as sideline", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "One will", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "One", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Westwood", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "play-by-play announcer, Boomer", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "One", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM)", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "The", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "stations of each station in the", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": ") will carry", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "flagship", + "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Szoke on color commentary. WBT will also simulcast", + "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "States throughout the game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos and Panthers radio networks will", + "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "of", + "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "United States throughout the game", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "flagship", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "will carry", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "In", + "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "the United", + "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "the United Kingdom,", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "the", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "In honor", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "honor of the 50th", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "of 39 of the 43 previous Super", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "featured the on-field introduction of 39", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "of the 50th", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "In honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II)", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Award winner Marlee", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "Matlin", + "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Six-time", + "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", + "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy", + "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "-", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "national anthem", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Award", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "the", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "rock group Coldplay. On January 7,", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "late November", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "\"multiple acts\" would perform during the", + "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "2015, reports surfaced stating that \"", + "56d725790d65d214001983da": "In late", + "56d725790d65d214001983db": "2015, reports surfaced", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "November", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "In late November", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "late November", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show,", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "and", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "in over the next three plays. First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "the opening kickoff and", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "loss. Then after an incompletion, Thomas Davis tackled Anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down, forcing", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning", + "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw", + "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "Denver", + "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "in", + "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "Carolina was facing a", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "out strong with Peyton Manning completing an", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "next three plays.", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "took the", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "throw to receiver Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line,", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "kickoff", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Mike Carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "team punted", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "After each team punted,", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "team", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "each", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "24", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard", + "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "Jerricho Cotchery, but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge. CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey stated", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "-yard pass", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "After each team punted, Panthers", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "After each team punted,", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "a punt from both teams, Carolina got on", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "touchdown run,", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "yards", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "After a punt from", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "14-yard line. Despite Denver's excellent field position, they could not get the ball into the end", + "56d729180d65d21400198426": "73-yard scoring", + "56d729180d65d21400198427": "9-play, 73-yard scoring drive. Newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25", + "56d729180d65d21400198428": "a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u2013", + "56d729180d65d21400198429": "After", + "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "After", + "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "After a punt from both teams, Carolina got on track with a 9-play, 73-yard scoring drive. Newton completed 4 of", + "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": ".", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Kony Ealy tipped a Manning", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": ", which linebacker", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end Kony", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Trevathan recovered", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "possession", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "a fumble while being tackled by safety", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "next possession fullback Mike", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "yards", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "line.", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "fullback Mike Tolbert", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Trevathan", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "DeMarcus Ware as time expired in the", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "Carolina's", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "offensive", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "The Panthers", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play. But the Broncos defense halted the drive", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "The Panthers seemed primed to", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "McManus'", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "the kickoff, with Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "attempt. After the miss, Manning", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "The Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "to another strong start", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr.", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Panthers", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310. The next three drives of the game would end in", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "There", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "would", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "scoring in", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "no more scoring in the", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "in", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "would be no more", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "There would be", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "4:51 left in regulation, Carolina got the", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": ":", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "left in regulation, Carolina got the", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton,", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "backwards and was recovered by Ward, who returned it five yards to the Panthers 4-yard line. Although several players dove into the pile to", + "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "run and Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler for a 2-point", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "With 4:51", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "With 4:51", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": ":51 left", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "dove into the pile to attempt to recover it, Newton did not and his", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "-", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism. Meanwhile, Denver's offense was kept", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "Manning finished the", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "recovery, and an interception. Defensive End Charles Johnson had four total tackles,", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "yards. Anderson", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "the game 13", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "Manning finished the game 13 of", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "Manning", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "18 of 41 passes for 265 yards", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "forced fumbles", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": ",", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards. Anderson was the game's leading rusher", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns. Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "top", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": ", along", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "Manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "Manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "numerous records from individuals and teams.", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Bowl 50", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Manning", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194)", + "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "old record of 45 yards set by John Taylor in Super Bowl XXIII.", + "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was", + "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively", + "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "Bowl", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "than 200 yards in a Super Bowl, and all of them had lost. The Broncos' seven sacks tied a Super Bowl record set", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "Super Bowl", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a Super Bowl low. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "all of them had lost. The Broncos'", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize. Famous musicians include W\u0142adys\u0142aw Szpilman", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "Szpilman and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. Though Chopin was born in the village of \u017belazowa Wola, about 60 km (37 mi)", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "of the most famous people born in Warsaw", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "first", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "One of", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "period: maidenhair tree, black walnut, Turkish hazel and Caucasian wingnut trees. With its benches, flower carpets, a pond with", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "The Saxon Garden, covering the area of 15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100 different species of trees and the", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100 different species of", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "covering", + "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "in", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "with a habitat of animals that includes the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species. There are also several lakes in Warsaw \u2013 mainly", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "in Warsaw \u2013 among others,", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem, with a habitat of animals that includes the", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "There are 13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": ",", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Demographically, it was the most diverse", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "diverse city in", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "34", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "In addition to the Polish", + "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000", + "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "Warsaw", + "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when", + "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "second academic school of technology in", + "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Fryderyk Chopin University of Music the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of", + "57339902d058e614000b5e70": ",", + "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "of the largest and most beautiful", + "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "Another important library \u2013 the University Library, founded", + "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "15", + "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "by architects Marek", + "573399b54776f41900660e64": "many cities in Central and", + "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Like many cities in Central and Eastern Europe, infrastructure in", + "573399b54776f41900660e66": "\u2013 though it is worth mentioning that the initial Three-Year", + "573399b54776f41900660e67": "Like", + "57339a554776f41900660e74": "floor building with", + "57339a554776f41900660e75": "East-Central Europe. The city is home to the", + "57339a554776f41900660e76": "facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe.", + "57339a554776f41900660e77": "Health Institute (CMHI), the highest-reference", + "57339a554776f41900660e78": ",", + "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the Teatr Wielki,", + "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "particular attention are: the International Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz", + "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "as", + "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "to numerous musical", + "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "numerous", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Ogr\u00f3d", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326),", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": ", and in the", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "of thousands of people on the banks of", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the", + "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "thousands of people on", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on", + "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "interesting", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "of works", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "of", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "A fine", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "A fine", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "A", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "A fine tribute", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "a year. Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500 projects a year. Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Ujazd\u00f3w Castle currently houses Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "The 17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "organises exhibitions of modern art by Polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways.", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "Their", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters,", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "Their", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "mermaid (sy", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "mermaid (", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "least", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "(syrenka) is", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "The origin of the legendary figure", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "not fully", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Tamara", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Lempicka was", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory.", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Tamara de Lempicka", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "of the most live", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural,", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "processing", + "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that", + "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from", + "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "heroism, the Virtuti", + "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "the \"Congress Kingdom\". Only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent Republic of", + "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "The first historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year", + "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596. After", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "of", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "seat of a", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "the seat of a Roman Catholic archdiocese (left bank of the Vistula) and diocese (right bank), and", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "bank of the Vistula)", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "seat of a Roman Catholic archdiocese", + "57332442d058e614000b5720": "and Warszowa), meaning \"belonging to Warsz\",", + "57332442d058e614000b5721": "/v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also", + "57332442d058e614000b5722": "modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vr\u0161ovci family which had escaped to Poland. The", + "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Warsaw's name in the", + "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Warszowa),", + "57332562d058e614000b5730": "in", + "57332562d058e614000b5731": "first fortified", + "57332562d058e614000b5732": "first fortified settlements", + "57332562d058e614000b5733": "The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in", + "57332562d058e614000b5734": "The first fortified", + "5733266d4776f41900660712": "from 1569. In 1573 the", + "5733266d4776f41900660713": "In", + "5733266d4776f41900660714": "152", + "5733266d4776f41900660715": "1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name", + "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1529, Warsaw for the first", + "57332a734776f41900660726": "remained the", + "57332a734776f41900660727": "remained", + "57332a734776f41900660728": "remained the capital of the", + "57332a734776f41900660729": "until 1796, when it was annexed by the", + "57332a734776f4190066072a": "of the", + "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which", + "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "Warsaw", + "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August", + "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1914, which included Warsaw. Germany did so,", + "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The Allied Armistice terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw,", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population \u2013 several", + "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the Germans toward", + "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "planned", + "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "entire", + "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland,", + "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the", + "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "After", + "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "regime", + "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "II, under a Communist regime set", + "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "After World War II,", + "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "After World War II, under a Communist regime set", + "573330444776f41900660758": "John", + "573330444776f41900660759": "visits", + "573330444776f4190066075a": "in", + "573330444776f4190066075b": "communist fer", + "573330444776f4190066075c": "II's", + "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "Warsaw lies", + "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km (325 mi)", + "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about", + "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "122.1 metres (400.6 ft) (\"Grosz\u00f3wka\" estate, district of Weso\u0142a,", + "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "(190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523", + "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "located on two", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "Escarpment. It is 20 to 25 m (65.6", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "in the Old Town and Central district and about 10 m (32.8 ft) in the north and south of", + "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "a few natural", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "has only", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "highest", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "few natural and artificial ponds and", + "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the", + "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "s", + "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "'", + "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "'s mixture of architectural styles reflects", + "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction. After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled PRL.", + "573361404776f4190066093c": "majestic", + "573361404776f4190066093d": "the burgher", + "573361404776f4190066093e": "is represented in the", + "573361404776f4190066093f": "is represented in the majestic churches", + "573361404776f41900660940": "in the majestic churches but also at", + "573362b94776f41900660974": "Building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th", + "573362b94776f41900660975": "the best examples of the", + "573362b94776f41900660976": "activity", + "573362b94776f41900660977": "noble palaces and", + "573362b94776f41900660978": "churches during the later decades of the", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "Exceptional", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by", + "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "periods were not restored", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "examples of the bourgeois architecture", + "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "was a", + "5733647e4776f419006609af": "There are also many places commemorating the heroic history", + "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "are", + "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "frontline troops in the", + "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw.", + "573368044776f41900660a29": "Other green spaces in", + "573368044776f41900660a2a": "spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden and", + "573368044776f41900660a2b": "still", + "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Botanic Garden and the University Library garden. They have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a palm", + "573368044776f41900660a2d": "subtropics from all over the world.", + "573368e54776f41900660a53": "The", + "573368e54776f41900660a54": ")", + "573368e54776f41900660a55": "flora of the city may be considered very rich in species. The species richness is mainly", + "573368e54776f41900660a56": "of", + "573368e54776f41900660a57": "The", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "there are no limitations", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "lived", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013 only 420,000. During the first", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "1939", + "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "were Catholics, 35.7%", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census,", + "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later,", + "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "a", + "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "Both", + "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Some bigger cities obtain the entitlements, i.e. tasks and privileges, which are possessed by the units of the second level of", + "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "years. Like most legislative", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "members", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "Legislative power in Warsaw", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "The mayor of Warsaw is called President.", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "was Jan Andrzej Menich", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "The", + "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696).", + "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "The mayor", + "573382d24776f41900660c37": "average). The GDP per capita in Warsaw amounted to PLN 94 000 in 2008 (c. EUR 23", + "573382d24776f41900660c38": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016", + "573382d24776f41900660c39": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic", + "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "especially its city centre (\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie),", + "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies.", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "free-market economy. Today,", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": ",", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintro", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951. A number of", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "1951. A number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades,", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Espero,", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "FSO Car Factory was established", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Nubia, Tacuma, Leganza, Lanos and Matiz there for the European market. In 2005 the factory", + "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "); see also other names) is the capital and", + "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava]", + "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in", + "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "in", + "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European", + "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "9th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi),", + "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and", + "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "(Polish: Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava]", + "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central", + "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava]", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "a region in France. They were", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "(Norman: Nourmands;", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "Normans", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "The Normans (Norman: Nourmands;", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "comes", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "dynasty", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Norman dynasty", + "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "The English name \"Normans\" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz,", + "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "English name \"Normans\"", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "of the 10th century", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more", + "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "its populations", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives", + "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "Franks", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "bands", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Mezzogiorno). Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "entered the Mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino,", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "south, from Duke Sergius IV of Naples in 1030. The Hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengot family, of whom Rainulf Drengot received the county", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "Roger", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "Robert", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "these", + "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Institutionally, the Normans", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Institutionally,", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and", + "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Pechenegs,", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "of", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "first Norman mercenaries", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos.", + "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "and Taron", + "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up", + "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the", + "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Comnenian", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "city's garrison resisted until February", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "some", + "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the", + "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but", + "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium\u2014one", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "state-", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "The Normans", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "The Normans", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "The", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Normans", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "When finally Edward the Confessor returned", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "finally", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England, as Dukes of Normandy, owed homage to the", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at", + "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Normans merged with the natives, combining", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "Normans", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "themselves.\" The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as the Pale, and also", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Atheling,", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "claimants", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "claimants of the English throne opposing William", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "William", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Having spent time at the court of Henry I of England (married to David's", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Scotland,", + "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh.", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Confessor", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "before the", + "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "the Marches came completely under", + "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "religious", + "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "was exercised in religious wars long", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "of", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "the", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of", + "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "Western", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "with a", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "a", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "the Lion-hearted", + "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "island. Richard left for Acre", + "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace", + "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "making", + "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Lion-Heart married", + "56de41504396321400ee2715": "While in", + "56de41504396321400ee2716": "While in Limassol,", + "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "The rapid Anglo-Norman conquest proved more important than it seemed. The island occupied", + "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "-", + "56de49564396321400ee277a": "1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Niebla.", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "the", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew", + "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law", + "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the", + "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Norman architecture typically", + "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "encastella", + "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "In", + "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes", + "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "monasteries and patronising intellectual", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": ",", + "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "century and French Revolution in the 18th successively", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "work of Norman art is", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "It was commissioned by Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were", + "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "primarily survives as stonework or metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal fonts. In southern Italy, however, Norman artwork survives plentifully", + "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "the", + "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "Normandy was the", + "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil,", + "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "At", + "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established", + "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430;", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "Nikola", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "Nikola Tesla (Serbian", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "Nikola", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "(Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430;", + "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City.", + "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "Tesla gained experience", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "Tesla gained", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Tesla", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "patented", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "the United States in", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "Tesla", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "pursue his", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "Tesla", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "went", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs, and made early (1893)", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission, his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project. In his", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "life in", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "showmanship, eventually earning", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "amount", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "with varying degrees", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "showmanship,", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "life in", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "was renowned for his achievements and show", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "in 1960", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "series of New York hotels, through his retirement. Tesla died on 7 January 1943. His work fell into relative obscurity after his death,", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "]", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "[O.S.", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "a formal education. Nikola credited his eidetic", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "Tesla was born on 10 July [O.S.", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "was born on 10", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "June] 1856 into", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "Mandi\u0107), whose father was also an Orthodox", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "[O.S.", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "Mandi\u0107), whose father was also an Orthodox priest,:10 had a talent for", + "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "Tesla was the", + "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named", + "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "where he studied German, arithmetic, and", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "was", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "horse-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861, Tesla attended the \"Lower\" or \"Primary\" School in Smiljan", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Milka, Angelina and Marica.", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "In", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac,", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held in German,", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "able to perform", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "In", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac,", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "he was cheating. He finished a four-year term", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "1870,", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held in German, as it was", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "his birthtown", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "In 1873, Tesla returned", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown,", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan.", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "and was near death multiple times. Tesla's father, in a moment of despair, promised to send him to the best engineering school", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "In", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "had originally wanted him to", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "In", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "1873", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "In 1873, Tesla returned", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Tomingaj,", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "s", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "evaded being", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "away to Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains in hunter's", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "Gra\u010dac. There,", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "1874", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "the Austro-Hungarian", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "excepted. He was \"mortified", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Graz, Austria,", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "gambling. During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money, later gambling back", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "Tesla enrolled at Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria, on a Military Frontier scholarship.", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "Graz, Austria, on", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "1875, Tesla enrolled", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "[his] father made light of [those] hard won honors.\" After his father's", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "started a Serbian culture club, and even received a letter of", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible,", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "the highest grades possible, passed nine exams (nearly twice as many required), started a Serbian culture club, and even received a letter", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "In", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "In", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "In", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "He spent his spare time playing cards with", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "Maribor (now in Slovenia), where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "In December 1878,", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "River. Tesla went to", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "time", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "with", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "permit. On", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (although some sources say that he died of a stroke). During that", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "under police", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "17 April 1879, Milutin", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "On 24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "In", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "January 1880, two of Tesla's", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "In January 1880, two of Tesla's", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": ".", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where he was to study. Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University; he never", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where he was to study.", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "Gospi\u0107", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company,", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "Office instead. Within a few", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to work under", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "telegraph company", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "under", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "side. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "In", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884, he relocated to", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "In", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "In", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "in", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "1882, Tesla began working for", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "completely redesign", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "Tesla was offered the task", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "redesigning the Edison Company's", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "offered the task of completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators. In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "inefficient", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "salary; Tesla refused the offer and immediately", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Edison's company Tesla partnered with", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "who agreed to finance an electric", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "leaving", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "to", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "leaving Edison's", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "The", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "of stock. He had to work at various electrical repair jobs and", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "little", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "better to develop an electrical utility than", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems. They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penniless. He even lost control", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "per day. Tesla considered the", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "April 1887 they formed the Tesla Electric Company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go \u2153", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "In", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "In late 1886", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "In", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "met", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "In late 1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "late 1886 Tesla", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "Union superintendent,", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "1886", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "of the", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission. The motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "the", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "One of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "things", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "to turn the motor (a principle Tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "of the", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "publicist)", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "1888", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "friend and publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system,", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "something for which", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system,", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "a patent on a similar commutator-", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "alternating current system, including his", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Engineers", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "Westinghouse", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Engineers (now IEEE). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "In", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "Brown", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000", + "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "1888, Brown", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "licensing deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "by each motor. Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700 in", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Westinghouse for Tesla's", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Tesla", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "proposed (to match the working frequency of Tesla's motor),", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "Pittsburgh, helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars. He found the time there frustrating", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other Westinghouse engineers", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "During", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "During that year, Tesla worked in Pittsburgh,", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "system", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "design to get around the Edison patent. The acquisition of a feasible AC motor gave Westinghouse a key patent", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "Edison and George Westinghouse that had been simmering since Westinghouse's first AC system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "\"AC\" side of the so-called \"War of Currents,\" an", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "Works pursuing AC development in 1890 and by 1892 Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "an electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "and", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "both", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "In 1893, George Westinghouse won the", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "1893, George Westinghouse won", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "Westinghouse won the bid to", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout America and Europe,:76", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "key event in the history of AC power,", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "In 1893,", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current, beating out", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "George", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "In 1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Adams,", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current. Based on Tesla's advice and Westinghouse's", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "1893 Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "1893 Richard", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "many systems being proposed by several US and European companies including two-phase and three-phase AC, high-voltage", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "best", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "J. P. Morgan,", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "conglomerate General Electric, backed by financier J. P. Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "The", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "Peck). In 1897, Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to Tesla in stark terms, saying that if things continue the", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 Westinghouse was still cash-strapped", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": ",", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": ",", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "On 30", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "1891", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of the United States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "On", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": ",", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "the United States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York. He lit", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "30 July 1891, at the age of 35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "as a", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Electrical Engineers, the forerunner", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "a vice", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "of", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "Tesla served as a vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE, from 1892 to", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "to as radiant energy", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "Starting in 1894,", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "Starting in 1894,", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "referred to as radiant energy of \"invisible\" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "in 1894, Tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of \"invisible\" kinds after", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "1894,", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "Starting in 1894, Tesla began", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "in 1894, Tesla began", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "early research\u2014", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "In", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "own experiments in", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "of X-ray", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "of", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "his", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "term", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "apparatus.", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "Tesla noted the hazards of working with his", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "the hazards", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices.", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "Tesla noted", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent,", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "with his circuit and", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "of", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "of 1893 Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Polyphase System\", noting how they", + "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "also explained the principles", + "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field in an induction motor by demonstrating how to", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "out.\" In comparing", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes; a minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "July 1934,", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "article on", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "Tesla's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go back", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "Tesla's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Tesla's", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": ",", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "of the Commercial Club in", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "he", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat\u2014which", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "his idea to the U.S. military as", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1900,", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "\"system of transmitting electrical energy\" and \"an electrical transmitter.\" When Guglielmo", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1900, Tesla was granted patents for a \"system of transmitting electrical energy\" and", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "In 1900,", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "In 1900,", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "On", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "On 17", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "17 May 1899,", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "On 17", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "Tesla investigated atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers.", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "Tesla investigated", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "via his receivers. He stated that he observed stationary waves during this time. The great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "halos of St. Elmo's fire around their wings.", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long. Thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in Cripple Creek,", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "He produced artificial lightning,", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long. Thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in Cripple Creek,", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "He", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "Experimenter: \"As", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "Experimenter: \"As an example of what", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "frequency currents set", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "and which caused heavy", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "his time at", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet. He mentioned them", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the Red Cross Society where he referred to messages \"from another world\"", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "During his time at his lab, Tesla", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "During his time at his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "produce a", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "1899", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "Astor IV", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "In 1899,", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": ",", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "7 January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "On 7 January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "On", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "The", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "The Colorado experiments had prepared Tesla for the establishment of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "had prepared Tesla", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "funds to build a", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "approached Morgan to ask for more", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "gone", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "Wardenclyffe. Tesla continued the project for another nine months. The", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "December 1901, Marconi successfully", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "In December", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "December 1901, Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland, terminating Tesla's", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "kilowatts) 16,000", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "On", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "50th birthday in", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm", + "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "invented", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla's", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "allegedly", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "own building and, belatedly", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "wiring the walls of a schoolroom and, \"saturating [the schoolroom", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "theo", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "Tesla theorized", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency. The whole room will thus, Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "Before World War I, Tesla sought overseas investors. After the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "Before World War I,", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "I, Tesla sought overseas investors. After the war", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "Before World War", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "the", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "In the August 1917 edition of the magazine Electrical Experimenter Tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "In", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "the", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "In", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "news agency", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "November", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "rays.\":245", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": ", a", + "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "and Tesla were the original recipients and that neither was given the award because of their animosity toward each other; that each sought to minimize the", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "years", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "In the years after these rumors, neither Tesla", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "after", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "thought", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "In 1928, Tesla received his last patent, U.S.", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "In", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "plane", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "charity, or by one biographer (Marc Seifer),", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "Westinghouse Electric", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's life. Accounts on how this came about vary. Several sources", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "form of a \"", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "In", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance,", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "In 1935,", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "in an annual birthday celebration interview,", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "of", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "custom). Tesla didn't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid, only asking to be taken to", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "make his regular com", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "In the fall", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "the fall of 1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Later in", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "Later in life, Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "\"telef", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "Later", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "\"", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "Only a little time", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "the", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.\"", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": ",", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "treatise", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "non-dispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Tesla tried to interest the US War Department, the United Kingdom, the", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "During the same year, Tesla wrote a", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "treatise is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. It describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "negotiations were being conducted, Tesla", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "During the period", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": ", but", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "later found by maid Alice Monaghan after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "the New", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "\"do not disturb\" sign that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier. Assistant", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "7 January 1943, at the age of 86, Tesla died alone", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": ",", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "Two days later, the FBI ordered the Alien Property", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "Tesla's", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "the", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "(OAP) seal. John G. Trump, a professor", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "On 10 January 1943, New York", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "La Guardia read a eulogy written by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic live over the WNYC radio while violin pieces \"Ave Maria\"", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "On 10 January 1943, New York", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "(today's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava) in New York City.", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "radio while violin pieces \"Ave Maria\" and \"Tamo daleko\" were played in the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "N.T.", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "following pressure from Tesla's nephew,", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "1952,", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "In 1952,", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "Tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions. Some", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "Tesla in 26 countries that have been accounted for. Many of Tesla's patents were in", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "patents", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "patents were in the United States, Britain,", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "from", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Tesla would telephone his dinner order to", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "Delmonico's", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "every", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "Tesla", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": ",", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "exercise, Tesla walked between 8", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "exercise, Tesla walked between 8 to 10", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "an", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "murder you,\" he said, \"In a second you would know it. Now,", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "Tesla said that he", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health. He said that he", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "life, Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "Near", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "Near", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "Near", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "2", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "elegant, stylish figure in New York City, meticulous in", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "kg),", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "Tesla was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888 to", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "memorizing complete", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": ",", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "Tesla read many works, memorizing complete books, and supposedly possessed a", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "a photographic memory.:33 He was", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "Graz,", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "one morning when Tesla called him at 3 a.m.: \"I was sleeping in my room like one dead", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "During", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "billiards, chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion at", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "marrying, I", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "never married; he said his", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "Tesla never married; he said his chastity was very helpful to his", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "as", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "work. However, when he did engage", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "to seclude himself", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Tesla was asocial and prone", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "and prone to seclu", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "good", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Tesla was a good", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "Marion Crawford, Robert Underwood Johnson, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey.", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "Tesla", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "fired a secretary because of her weight.:110 He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "Tesla could", + "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "harsh", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "Tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "Tesla", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "pre-atomic understanding of physics in his writings; he disagreed with", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "of", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "was", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "towards theories about the", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "Tesla was", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "in", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "claimed", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "Tesla", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "claimed to", + "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "nature,\" rather than from conceptions of a \"master race\" or inherent superiority of one person over another. His advocacy of it was, however,", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "eugenics. His opinion stemmed from the belief that humans' \"pity\" had interfered with the natural \"ruthless workings of nature,\" rather than from", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "over another.", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "Tesla, like many", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "In 1926, Tesla commented", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "subservience", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "ills of", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "War I environment in a printed article, \"Science and Discovery", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "about", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "Tesla made", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "relevant issues of a post-World War I environment in a printed article, \"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian. Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a \"believer in", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "was raised an Orthodox Christian. Later in", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "raised an Orthodox Christian.", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "However, his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": ", his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "However, his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to End War\",", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals. Among his books are My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, compiled and", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "number", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "journals. Among", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "freely available on the web, including the article \"The Problem of", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "of Tesla's writings are freely available on the", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "Problem of Increasing Human Energy,\" published in The Century Magazine in 1900, and the article \"Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency,\"", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "has", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "in books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games. The impact of", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "'", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "'", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "On", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "On Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption \"All", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "s 75th", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "Computational complexity theory is", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "Computational complexity theory is", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "A problem", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "such", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "problem", + "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "regarded as", + "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "A problem is regarded as inherently", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem, whereas the latter asks", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "Closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "A key distinction between analysis", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "A", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "A computational", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "is a rather concrete utterance, which can serve as the input for a decision problem. For example, consider the problem of primality", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "collection of", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance. The input string for a computational problem", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance, consider the", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "highlight", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "route", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet (i.e.,", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "When", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "bitstrings. As in a real-world", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "When considering computational problems, a problem instance", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "When", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "Decision", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "problems are", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "Decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory. A decision problem", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "or", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "this problem returns", + "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "An example", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "An", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "input is an arbitrary graph. The", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "computational", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": ") is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "function problem is a computational problem where a single output (of a total function) is expected for every", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "for every", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "problems is much richer than the notion of decision problems. However, this is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems.", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems. For example, the multiplication", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "more time", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "To measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "To", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "the", + "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "depend on the instance. In particular, larger instances will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "the", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "be", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": ".", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "n", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine\u2014anything", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "machine", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "A Turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine. It is a theoretical", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "on a strip of tape. Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "deter", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set of rules to", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "deterministic Turing", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism, which allows", + "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "types", + "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "Turing machines are used", + "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "models different from the standard multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for example random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "converted to", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "Many", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example,", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "the mathematical models we", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "However, some computational problems", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "f(n), if the time required by M on each input of length n is at most f(n).", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "outputs the answer (\"yes\" or \"no\"). A Turing machine M is said to operate within", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "means to solve a problem using", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "For a precise definition of what it means to solve", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "for", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "Analogous definitions can be made for space", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "definitions", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "space", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "-known complexity resources, any", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "The best, worst and average case", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size.", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": ", worst and average", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure)", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order, and the algorithm takes time O(n2) for this case.", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "the algorithm takes time O(n2) for", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "For", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "To", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "classify the computation time (or similar resources, such", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "a statement about all possible algorithms", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "classify the computation time (or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "is usually taken to be its worst", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the bounds independent of the specific details", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "Upper and lower bounds are usually", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "Upper and", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the bounds", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "has", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "Of course, some complexity", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "bounding the", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "thesis states that \"the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related\" (Goldreich", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "f(n) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "For instance, the language {xx | x is any binary string} can be solved in linear", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "time above by some concrete function f(n) often yields complexity classes", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "by", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "defined by bounding", + "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "Turing", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Interactive", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "Other important complexity classes include BPP, ZPP and RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines; AC", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines; AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "using quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes like IP", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "the complexity classes defined", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "classes defined in this way, it is desirable", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2),", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "For the complexity classes defined in", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "space hierarchy theorems form the basis for most separation results of complexity classes. For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that P", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "The", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "separation results of complexity classes. For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "Many complexity classes", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "complexity classes", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "Many complexity", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "complexity", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "classes are defined using the concept", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "can be done by giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": ", since squaring can be reduced", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "This means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer. Indeed, this can be done", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem of", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "concept of", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "mo", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "complexity", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "a", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "hardest problem", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "If", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "a problem X is", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "complexity", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently,", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "is", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm.", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "The question of whether P equals NP is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution. If", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "The question of", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "The question of whether P", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "It", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "It was", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks has run time 2O(\u221a(n log(n))) for graphs with", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "the", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "isomorphism", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "The graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic.", + "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "is", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm is known, and this fact", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "factorization is the general number field sieve, which takes time O(e(64/9)1/3(n.log", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision problem, it is the problem of deciding", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "unequal, but this has not been proved. For instance P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but it is possible that P = PSPACE. If", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "a major breakthrough in complexity theory.", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "known", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": ", but", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "Along the", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "containing", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "problems", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "lines, co", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes between the two,", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "Similarly, it is not known if L", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again,", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "Similarly, it", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "that can be solved in theory (e.g., given large but finite", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "theory (e", + "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "Problems that", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "intractability means in practice is open to debate. Saying that", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "What intractability means in practice is open to debate. Saying that a problem", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "P does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are. For example, the decision", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "hard or even that most of", + "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "quadratic time and SAT solvers routinely handle large instances", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "numerous", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "actual", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "laid", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among these was the", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "As Fortnow", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "the beginning of systematic studies in", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "which", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\"", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "Earlier papers studying problems solvable", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "papers", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Myhill's", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "though some proof", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "In 1967, Manuel", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "1967, Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "1967, Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result, the so-called, speed-up", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result, the so-called, speed-up theorem.", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching.", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "teaching. Teachers, like other professionals, may have to continue their education after they qualify, a process known as continuing professional development. Teachers may use a", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics,", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "A teacher's role may", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "In some countries,", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "countries,", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "In some countries, formal education", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "In some countries,", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "countries", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "teachers, such as gurus, mullahs,", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "spiritual teachers, such as gurus,", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "such", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": ", may", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": ",", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": ", within the family, which", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Teaching may be carried out informally,", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "or in the wider community.", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "may", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "teaching. Outside of the", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "duties may extend beyond formal teaching", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips,", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "update the", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "to", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "ins", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "The functions of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs.", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "of", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "functions of", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "education", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "In education, teachers facilitate student learning, often in", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "school or academy or perhaps in another environment", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills. Different ways to teach", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "The objective is typically accomplished", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "is", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "through", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "a", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "The objective", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "The objective is typically", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "pedagogy", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "using", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "Teaching", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "the week and will teach them the whole", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "Perhaps", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "Perhaps the most significant", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "Perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "Perhaps the most", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "most of", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "is", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "This is", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "to as a \"platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "has also become a new trend amongst", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "Co-teaching", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "providing a social networking support that allows them to reach", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "become", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "discipline", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "of school discipline was corporal", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "Throughout", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "Throughout", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "Throughout", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of the most common forms of school discipline", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "countries, and some others", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "In past times,", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "or", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "pain) was one of the most common", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "used", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South)", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "US", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "in the principal's office", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining)", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "Official", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "Currently detention is one", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "Currently detention is one", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "Currently", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "detention is", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "countries. It requires", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "example of", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "their", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "upon", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "classroom they would be", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "style", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "academics, some", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "in", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "It's not", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "Where school class sizes are typically 40", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "classroom", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "attainment", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "dictatorial", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "claim", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "popularly", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "Sudbury", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "popularly", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "students. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "do not teach by", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "Since teachers can affect how", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "that exhibit", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": ", and curious about learning the subject", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "There are various mechanisms by which", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "There are various", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "kind of relationship they", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "motivation and attitudes towards school are closely", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "at creating beneficial relations with their", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "are friendly", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "more", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "way", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "are teaching", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "The way", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching,", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "The way", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "Misconduct", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "by", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "religious", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "a", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "in", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "and consisted of \"a random ... probability sample of 2,869", + "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.", + "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "especially", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "Union of Women Teachers,", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Keates, the general secretary of National Association", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "consent", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "the", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "face several occupational hazards in their line of work", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress,", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "face", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "face several occupational hazards in their line", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "double", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "that 42% of UK teachers", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "stress, twice the figure for the", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "2000", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "study", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "There", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "are several ways to mit", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules,", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "There", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "There are many similarities and differences among teachers around", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "and differences among teachers around the world", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school.", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "and differences among teachers around the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "are", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "and territories", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "primary education (primary", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "in", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "is primarily", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "in Australia is", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "requires a post", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "in Canada requires a", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "differences between the teachers for elementary schools (Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools (Realschule)", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "mainly civil servants recruited", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "called Lehramtstudien", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Germany, teachers", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "recruited", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "to \u20ac53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service. A principal of a large", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "for primary teachers in", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": ",", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": ".e. holding the position of principal,", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Teachers are required to be registered", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Teachers are", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "are required to be registered with the Teaching Council; under Section 30", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "under Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001, a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "been", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "2006 Garda", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "From 2006 Garda vetting has", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "From", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a320,133", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from \u00a320,133", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "experience and extra responsibilities", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "\u00a32", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "Many counties", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching,", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "offer alternative", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "(ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, \"Provisional", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "Scotland", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "anyone", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "(GTCS).", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "\u00a332,583", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "For the salary", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "unpromoted teachers in Scotland earned from \u00a320,427 for a Probationer,", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "year beginning", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "For the salary year beginning", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "respects", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "Wales differs in", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "schools, colleges and", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the", + "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "certain respects", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "Teachers in", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "Teachers in Wales can be", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "state", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "long as ten years.", + "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as", + "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": ", each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "In the past,", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "health insurance) compared to other occupations. Merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers,", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "had the lowest median salary earning $39,259. High school teachers had the highest median salary earning $41,855.", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": ",", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years.", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "forms of", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "are", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "adults and children", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "In", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family, ideally in consultation with his wife, even if the", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "In The Church", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "converts, and has little", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "not a member of the LDS", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "as a", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": ",", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "in", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "of Dharma in Tibet are", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "the teachers", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tibet are most commonly", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "sid", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "Tibetan Buddhism the teachers of", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "There", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "teachers at madrassas", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism, the position", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "There are many concepts of teachers in Islam, ranging from mullahs", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "Islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "(/\u02c8lu\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/ or /\u02c8lu\u02d0\u00f0\u0259r/;", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": ":", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "Martin Luther (/\u02c8lu\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "taught that", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": ".", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "taught", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with these, and all of Luther's wider teachings, are called", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "subsequently eternal life", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "His translation of the", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "which had a", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "art of translation, and influenced the", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "to", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "s mother as a hard-working woman of \"trading-class", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "part", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Hans", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Ludher,", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "Martin Luther", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "In", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "He was made to wake at four every", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "1501, at the age", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was made to wake at", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "represented", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter,", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "In accordance with his father's wishes,", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "a trip home. During a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt struck near him. Later telling his father he was terrified", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "returning", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "July", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": ",", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": ",", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "Luther", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Luther dedicated himself", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "the", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1507,", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "of", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "150", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "150", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": ",", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having been called to the position of Doctor in Bible.", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "1512,", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": ",", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "19", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "on 21", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516, Johann", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "friar", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "In 1516, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences,", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "Rome. Roman Catholic theology stated that faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man; justification rather depends only", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly \"searching, rather than doctrinaire.\" Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "to his bishop", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "On", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "On 31 October", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "the tone of the writing is accordingly \"searching, rather than doctrinaire.\" Hillerbrand", + "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "soon as", + "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Luther objected", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "He insisted that,", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "alone", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "He insisted", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "He", + "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate.", + "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in", + "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "indulgences for", + "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "oft-quoted saying of Tetzel", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the posting on the door, even though it has", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "According to scholars Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "According", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "According", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "According to scholars Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz", + "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "It was not until January 1518 that friends of", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "It was not until January", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "not until January 1518", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "writings", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France,", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "England,", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "s writings circulated widely, reaching", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "Galatians.", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "to", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms,", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "expressed", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "on", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "Luther came", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "as entirely the work of God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "s rediscovery", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "heresy", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses. He had the theses checked for", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "as well, because one half was to go to the building of St Peter's Church in Rome\".", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric. As Luther later noted, \"the pope had", + "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "First, the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "Pope", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "historistical interpretation of Bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the Antichrist. The prophecies concerning the Antichrist", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "Pope", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "was used to reformers and", + "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal", + "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "a relative of the Elector, and promised", + "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "January 1519,", + "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of", + "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "nuncio Karl von", + "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "excommunication unless he recante", + "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "On 15 June", + "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "On", + "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "the Pope warned Luther with", + "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "the", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521,", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms.", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "The", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "behalf", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "on", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "with", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "At", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "of", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "At", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "Luther refused to", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "as saying: \"Here I stand. I can do no other\". Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable,", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "refused to recant his", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "refused to recant his writings. He is sometimes also quoted as", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "draft of the Edict of Worms on 25", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": ", private", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: \"We", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "the next five days, private conferences were", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "s disappearance during his", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen.", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "Luther's", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "be stronger, and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world.", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "most", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "In this work, one of his most emphatic", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": ", one", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "work, one of his most", + "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In", + "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "In", + "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "In the summer of 1521,", + "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry", + "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "152", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "23\u201325. The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "broadened", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "23", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": ",", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "was the Little Horn of Daniel 7, coming up among the divisions", + "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments", + "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "magistracy. After secretly visiting", + "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a", + "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas", + "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "pronouncements", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "on", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "1522. He wrote to the", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "Satan has entered", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "wrote to the Elector: \"During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "what", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "to the elector: \"Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: \"Oh, what joy has Dr.", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "The effect of Luther's intervention was", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "Luther next set about", + "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "new", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "Luther next set about", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "victory", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "stifle radicalism further afield. Preachers such as Zwickau", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "Despite", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "his victory in Wittenberg, Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield.", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "Storch and Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524\u201325,", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "sy", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Luther sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "sympathi", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "he became enraged at the widespread burning of", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "sympathised with", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds. First, in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government, they were ignoring", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "Luther justified", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "the violent actions of rebelling", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "lawful submission to the secular", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "justified his opposition", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525, followed by M\u00fcntzer's execution, brought the revolutionary", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "Without Luther's backing for the", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "betrayed. Their defeat", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "s", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "Luther's backing for the uprising,", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "occupied with", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels. \"Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts,\" he wrote", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "out in herring barrels. \"Suddenly,", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "Luther", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "On 13 June 1525, the couple was engaged with Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses.", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same day, the couple", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "Jonas, but Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage. He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds, but", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": ",", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "and former religious had already married, including Andreas", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "insensible to my flesh or sex (for I am neither", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "married, including Andreas Karlstadt", + "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "money was often short", + "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "former", + "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "\" a", + "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "monastery", + "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery, \"The Black Cloister,\" a wedding present from the new elector John", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "in organising a new church. His Biblical", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "By 1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers had", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "unworkable. According to", + "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "Agricola challenged this compromise, and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works. The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "of Saxony, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model. He worked closely", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "break with Rome. For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this partnership \"was the beginning of a questionable and originally", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "To", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome. For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this", + "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "allowing freedom of ceremony. Some reformers, including followers of Huldrych", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "the \"simple people", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "considered Luther's service too papistic;", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "alternative", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "to demands for a German", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "Luther and", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "are well-nigh unski", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "and", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "\"Merciful God, what misery I have", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "Luther", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "congregations. In", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "synopsis,", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "Luther devised the catechism", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works.", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "the", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "works. \"Regarding the plan to collect", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "catechism is one of Luther's", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "works. \"Regarding the plan to collect my writings", + "56f86966aef2371900626053": "He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit.", + "56f86966aef2371900626054": "Luther's Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach", + "56f86966aef2371900626055": "Catechism proved especially", + "56f86966aef2371900626056": "'", + "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Luther's", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "New Testament in 1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "translation of", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "Luther had published his German", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "published", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "1534", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "s translation used the", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "we are", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "Luther's", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "'", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "Luther's", + "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "Published", + "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "s", + "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation.", + "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Published", + "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "for German-language publications,", + "56f87000aef2371900626071": "-writer, authoring hymns such", + "56f87000aef2371900626072": "prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as", + "56f87000aef2371900626073": "her", + "56f87000aef2371900626074": "(\"From Heaven Above to Earth I Come\"), based", + "56f87000aef2371900626075": "a prolific", + "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started", + "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran", + "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "were frequently ev", + "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "Ibstone", + "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "'s hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his", + "56f87392aef2371900626099": "'s 152", + "56f87392aef237190062609a": "\"Wir glauben all an einen", + "56f87392aef237190062609b": "all an einen Gott\" (\"We All Believe in One True God\") is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring", + "56f87392aef237190062609c": "'", + "56f87392aef237190062609d": "Luther's 1524", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer, \"Vater unser im Himmelreich\",", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer,", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer, \"Vater", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "Lord's Prayer, \"Vater unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to Luther's explanation of the prayer in the Small", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to", + "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "(\"From depths of woe I cry to you\") in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a", + "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "Luther", + "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "first Lutheran hymnal. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza", + "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "Luther wrote \"Aus tiefer", + "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "Luther", + "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein\" (\"Oh God, look down from heaven\"). \"Nun komm, der", + "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Luther wrote \"Ach", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein\"", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "You, Jesus Christ\") became the main hymn for Christmas. He wrote for", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "come, Savior of the gentiles), based on Veni redemptor gentium, became the main hymn (Hauptlied)", + "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "154", + "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "'s 154", + "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "s 154", + "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "Luther's 1541 hymn \"Christ", + "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "substance", + "56f88025aef237190062611e": "Luther's hymns were included in early Lutheran", + "56f88025aef237190062611f": "of", + "56f88025aef2371900626120": "the Reformation.", + "56f88025aef2371900626121": "Luther's hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals", + "56f88025aef2371900626122": "were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation. He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "Christ, BWV", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, as early as possibly", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4,", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "music. Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them,", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "passages, such as the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints:", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon, throughout his life", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bedcha", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "John", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bed", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "The Lutheran", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Luther's", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755)", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "'", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "which", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "'", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "), but wakes", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "visions\". Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel", + "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "In October 1529,", + "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "1529, Philip I, Landgrave", + "56f88c37aef2371900626178": ",", + "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg", + "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "In October 1529,", + "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius,", + "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon,", + "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "Bucer,", + "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "confrontational. Citing Jesus' words \"The flesh", + "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "in my blood\" (1 Corinthians 11:23\u201326).", + "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following", + "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic", + "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "Augsburg", + "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg", + "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony,", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "enlightened, but rather furthers and advances it\", bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute. Contemporary Lutheran scholarship,", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "empty", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": ", that it has internal coher", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "Jesus Christ was", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy.", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "by proving that the Old", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses,", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "At the time of", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "of the", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "Suleiman the", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "antichrist, whom Luther", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "154", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism\"", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "In 1542,", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "In 1542,", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "Turk\".", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "1537, Johannes Agricola (1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "Luther suspected that", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "(1494\u20131566)", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "such", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "Early in 1537, Johannes", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "s death", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "creation. Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians \u2013 thereby, as it were, removing", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "his", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "the law offered in the gospel. Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "antinomians, Luther reviews and reaffirms, on the one hand, what has been called the \"second use", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "the", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "of", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "For Luther, also Christ's life, when understood as an example, is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments,", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "condemning", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "when understood as an example, is", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "The", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "Luther, Melanchthon, and Bucer, citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs. The", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "December 1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "Luther's advice public. Luther told him to \"tell a good, strong lie\" and deny the marriage completely, which Philip did during", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "the witnesses. However, Philip was unable to keep the marriage secret, and he threatened to make Luther's", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "earlier. He considered the Jews blasphemers", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "divinity of Jesus, whereas Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah.", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "the Jews throughout his career, though only a few of his works dealt with", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "works dealt with them directly. Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life, but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "life, but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "and", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "Luther's other major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "and referred to them with violent, vile language. Citing Deuteronomy 13, wherein Moses commands the killing of idolaters", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "Luther's other major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Luther's", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "s anti", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim,", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on \"that priest whose name was Martin Luther\u2014may", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Luther spoke out against the", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "whose name was Martin Luther\u2014may his body and soul", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "the most widely read author of his generation", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "read author of his generation, and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet. According to the prevailing view among historians, his anti-Jewish", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Luther was the", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "within Germany he acquired the status", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "measures against the Jews and their", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "yellow badge, \"since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory.\"", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "Protestant", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "1941, seven Protestant", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "work as opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht points out that \"There is a world of difference between", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "19th centuries, and that", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "Nazis. Some scholars see Luther's", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "about Luther's influence is whether it is anachronistic", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "than", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "standard", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "is, opposed to Judaism", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": ",", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Other", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": ", such", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "Some", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "Mark", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "book Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "such as Mark", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933,", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "Since the", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless,", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "suffering", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "been suffering from ill health for years, including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus,", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": ", tinnitus, and a cataract", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "fellow reformers, and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident, in which Luther had played a leading role,", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "Luther had", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "to be rude.\" In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor physical", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "responded, \"They are teaching me to be rude.\" In 1545 and 1546 Luther", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "poor physical health made him short", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "poor physical", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians.\"", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "at Eisleben,", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "sermon was delivered at Eisleben,", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "sermon", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "sermon was delivered at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "Luther's", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "'", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "of his concern for", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "The negotiations", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "father, are you ready to die trusting in your Lord", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8 a.m., he experienced chest pains. When he went to his", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1 a.m.", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "1546. After", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "An apoplectic stroke deprived", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "apoplectic stroke deprived him", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "February 1546,", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "at", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "An apoplectic", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "paper", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "piece of paper was later", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "In the 1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism.", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "the", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "the ascetic life of the", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "-", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck.\" He was shown to be physically imposing,", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "Luther", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "Luther is honoured on 18 February with", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "is honoured on 18", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "Luther is", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "honoured on 18 February with a", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "region is traditionally described as \"eight counties", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "California,", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": ",", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "on", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "8- and", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "The", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "The 8- and 10-county", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "The 8- and 10-county definitions are not used", + "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "8", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Riverside, San", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "the", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "includes", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "metropolitan", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "along the Pacific coast from Ventura,", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "of Nevada. To the south is", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "is the Colorado Desert", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Arizona,", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the east", + "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south and with a population of 1,307,402", + "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second", + "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of", + "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "are", + "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the", + "5705e99452bb891400689688": "are the", + "5705e99452bb891400689689": "counties", + "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "Its counties", + "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "of Los Angeles,", + "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "The", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on the Los Angeles in southern", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "The motion", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "The", + "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "Southern California is also home to", + "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Southern California is", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture.", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "here. Professional skateboarder Tony Hawk, professional surfers Rob Machado, Tim Curran, Bobby Martinez, Pat O'Connell, Dane Reynolds,", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Body Glove are all headquartered here. Professional skateboarder", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "Many", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "Many locals and tourists", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "Many locals and", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "point lies at exactly 37\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose; however,", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "the county lines at", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "\"Southern California\"", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "what constitutes southern California vary. Geographically, California's north-south", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "however, this does not coincide with popular use of the term. When the state is divided into two areas (northern and southern California),", + "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "there is", + "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "definition", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "definition for the northern boundary of southern", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "definition", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "there is", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "Subsequently, Californios", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "(dissatisfied", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "Subsequently, Californios", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": ",", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego,", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the seven", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "of Los Angeles,", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "1900", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "Bernardino,", + "5705f36452bb891400689718": "most", + "5705f36452bb891400689719": "The", + "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "region off at the crest of that transverse range, but in that definition, the desert portions of north Los Angeles County and", + "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "is most commonly divided and promoted by", + "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "central, and southern California regions. The two AAA Auto Clubs of the state, the California State", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "consists of", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "consists", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "south on Interstate 5,", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire. To the east, the United States Census Bureau", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "south on", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "south on Interstate 5, the main gap to continued urbanization is Camp", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "California", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "a", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "are a bit warm or mild and wet. Serious rain can occur unusually.", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "sunny days. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet.", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "rain and many sunny days. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet. Serious rain can occur unusually. In", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country. The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches,", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "Southern", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "California consists of one of the more varied collections of", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and", + "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "Each year, the southern", + "5705fec152bb89140068977b": ",", + "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "the southern", + "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "year, the southern California area has", + "5705fec152bb89140068977e": ".", + "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "able to produce a magnitude 6.", + "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "faults are able to produce a magnitude", + "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "6.7+ earthquake", + "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "faults", + "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "able", + "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "is divided", + "570602fa52bb89140068979f": ", politically,", + "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "Southern", + "570603c475f01819005e7882": "As", + "570603c475f01819005e7883": "as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay", + "570603c475f01819005e7884": "of", + "570603c475f01819005e7885": "2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, southern California's", + "570603c475f01819005e7886": "Despite", + "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one", + "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight", + "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended", + "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan", + "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "of", + "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California,", + "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "million", + "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "people", + "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "of southern California's most developed cities lie along", + "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "(at 3.7 million people) and San", + "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "Southern", + "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Southern", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "is diverse", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "of", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States.", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": ", motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "the 1920s, motion", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "cutbacks have had an impact, aerospace continues to be a", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "the richest agricultural regions in the U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs. Although military", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "Since the 1920s, motion pictures,", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles,", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Southern", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield,", + "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "business districts of Downtown Burbank, Downtown", + "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including", + "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Area are the", + "57060cc352bb891400689811": "the", + "57060df252bb891400689820": "Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are", + "57060df252bb891400689821": "The San Bernardino-Riverside", + "57060df252bb891400689822": "Bernardino and Downtown Riverside.", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "a rapidly developing business", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "of", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley,", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "central business district of San Diego,", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and", + "570610b275f01819005e792a": "airport in the", + "570610b275f01819005e792b": "is home to", + "570610b275f01819005e792c": "by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume", + "570610b275f01819005e792d": "Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by", + "570610b275f01819005e792e": "to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic)", + "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "the seven lines of the commuter", + "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "of the seven lines of the commuter", + "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "of the seven lines", + "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "seven lines of the commuter rail", + "570611c475f01819005e793c": "home to the", + "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Southern California is also home to the Port of Los Angeles, the United States' busiest commercial port; the adjacent Port of", + "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Southern", + "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast is a moniker that has gained use as a", + "5706139252bb891400689865": "of California campuses (Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, Santa Barbara,", + "5706139252bb891400689866": "The", + "5706139252bb891400689867": "College,", + "5706139252bb891400689868": "Channel", + "5706143575f01819005e7950": "NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los", + "5706143575f01819005e7951": "sports teams in Southern California include teams", + "5706143575f01819005e7952": "sports teams in Southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA", + "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers,", + "5706143575f01819005e7954": "Professional", + "5706149552bb891400689880": "Angeles \u2014", + "5706149552bb891400689881": "LA Galaxy and Chivas USA", + "5706149552bb891400689882": "to 2014, there were two Major League Soccer", + "5706149552bb891400689883": "2005", + "5706149552bb891400689884": "and were local rivals.", + "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "Division", + "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "NCAA", + "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "and there is", + "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "southern", + "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "California. The UCLA Bruins", + "5706155352bb891400689894": "growing sport in southern California,", + "5706155352bb891400689895": "is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the", + "5706155352bb891400689896": "Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014, its holding company British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc. The United Kingdom operations also changed", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "Formed in November", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Television", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007\u201308 season.", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "end from the 2007\u201308 season. In May 2006, the", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007\u201308 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "from being", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "BSkyB had", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium, thereby making them a competitor by default, BSkyB was able", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "BSkyB had been", + "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "default,", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "customers", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels.", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "BSkyB initially charged additional subscription", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "for using a", + "57094d489928a8140047150a": "BSkyB utilises the VideoGuard pay-TV", + "57094d489928a8140047150b": "a", + "57094d489928a8140047150c": "BSkyB utilises", + "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", + "57094d489928a8140047150e": "company. There are tight controls over", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "2007, BSkyB", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "carriage of Sky channels", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "TV. The failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with NTL and", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "In", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "2007, BSkyB and Virgin Media became involved in a dispute over", + "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "Microsoft\u2019s use of the term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s", + "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "In July 2013,", + "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "July 2013,", + "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "In July 2013, the English High Court of Justice found that Microsoft\u2019s use", + "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "Sky\u2019s right to the \"Sky\" trademark. On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement, in which Microsoft", + "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "on the", + "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "on", + "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "BSkyB reach 3.5 million", + "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "service started on 1 September 1993 based on the", + "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "service", + "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "UK", + "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "UK Limited (formerly", + "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB) is a British", + "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007.", + "57096505ed30961900e84082": "set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, Power-line and Bluetooth connectivity and a", + "57096505ed30961900e84083": "The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and", + "57096505ed30961900e84084": "2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes", + "57096505ed30961900e84085": "Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q", + "57096505ed30961900e84086": "On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and", + "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "for recent films, although these are", + "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "standard. Interactive services and 7-day", + "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "although these are only accessible with a Sky+ box. Sky+ HD", + "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "'", + "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "MPEG-2, with the Sky Movies and Sky Box", + "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "Digital was launched in 1998 the new service", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "1998", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "1 (now Eutelsat 33C) at 28.5\u00b0E), enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service, Sky,", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "Sky Digital was launched in 1998", + "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "as", + "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "BSkyB launched its HDTV", + "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "people had registered to receive the HD service. In the week", + "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "registered to receive the", + "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "BSkyB was having supply issues with its set top box (STB) from manufacturer Thomson. On Thursday", + "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "BSkyB", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "BSkyB", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "February 2007,", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed", + "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "BSkyB portfolio including sport", + "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "channels would offer a range of content from the", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted, some", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted,", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "is", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "is a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "GHz) which is fitted at the end of the", + "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "the", + "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "autumn of", + "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "In the autumn of", + "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "the autumn of 1991, talks", + "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from \u00a318m to \u00a334m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "over the presence of channels on their EPG,", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "licence from Ofcom. Any", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "BSkyB", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for", + "57097051ed30961900e84132": "terrestrial offering and cable services. Within 30 days,", + "57097051ed30961900e84133": "s digital service was", + "57097051ed30961900e84134": "service", + "57097051ed30961900e84135": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on", + "57097051ed30961900e84136": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then.", + "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "from", + "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin", + "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "(re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box,", + "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "re", + "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "a", + "57097b50200fba140036804d": "s direct", + "57097b50200fba140036804e": "subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home", + "57097b50200fba140036804f": "direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached", + "57097b50200fba1400368050": "figure could be reached", + "57097b50200fba1400368051": "said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "The Daily", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "Daily", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "government's benefits agency was checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a \"Welfare", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "\u2013 as", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "annual carriage fees of \u00a33", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m for the", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "with both", + "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB. As part of", + "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment. Victoria's total gross state product (GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "largest", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "health, education, wholesale, retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "The economy of", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "and", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "for", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "Immigrants arrived from", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China. Many Chinese miners worked", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "from Ireland and China.", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "for gold,", + "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "In November 2006, the Victorian Legislative Council elections were held under a new multi-member", + "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "members\u2014four years. Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the Legislative Council", + "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "was reduced", + "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the", + "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "November", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "The centre-left", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "centre-left Australian Labor", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "centre", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": ",", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "Victorians", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "45,150 Jews. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion. Around 20%", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Victoria", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "state", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "(abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "abbreviated", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "(abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "to European settlement,", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": ", the area", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Victoria was included in the", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "Prior to", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "than 26", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "s west.", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "More than", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "wheat", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "Parliament", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "matters coming under state responsibility.", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "establishes", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "enacted in 1975, but based", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "'", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "Mallee", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "hot", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "The", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "see", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "publicly or", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": ",", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "publicly", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "known as", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "the Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied. Private fee-paying schools include parish", + "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "of the major car brands Ford,", + "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "been", + "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car", + "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "mean that Australia", + "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Historically, Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "Victoria contains many topographically,", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "geologically", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "Victoria contains many topographically,", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "snow-covered Victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "contains", + "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps", + "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of \u221211.7 \u00b0C (10.9", + "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast", + "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "mountain", + "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Rail transport", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "V/Line", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "government", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive,", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts,", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "Politically, Victoria has 37 seats", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Premier. The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "the Australian", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": ",", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria from New South Wales was established proclaiming a new Colony", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "1851, writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "election", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "writs", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "As of", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "public schools, 489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "of August 2010,", + "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800 in private schools. Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic", + "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "2010, Victoria had", + "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60% of Australia's 3 million dairy", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "the mainstay of", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "It is home", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "several smaller", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "system", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However,", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": ", as well as a number of branch lines", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "are also", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "area", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "was an", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\").", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "In 1854", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "the", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "The Premier of Victoria is", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "party or coalition with", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "the", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "the leader", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet,", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "During", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17%", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "During 2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "2003\u201304", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "During 2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "Major", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "in", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "but others occur in regional cities,", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "numbers", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "Huguenot numbers", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": ",", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "Huguenot", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "Huguenot", + "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "derision, Huguenot", + "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "A", + "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "A term", + "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "term", + "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "e", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "a long history of struggles with the", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "movement and development of the Reformed church in France. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived.", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "The availability of the Bible in", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin.", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "to the spread of the Protestant movement and development", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Montpellier was among", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "was", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "among the most important of the 66", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "Montpellier", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\"", + "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Huguenots", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Huguenots settled at the Cape of", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "Huguenot origin,", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Huguenots led by Jess\u00e9 de Forest, sailed to North America in 1624 and settled instead in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "Amsterdam). This parish continues today as L'Eglise", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "Barred", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "in New France, Huguenots", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "area", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "many Huguenots also settled in", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": ",", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "Rev. Elie", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "to the Charleston Orange district. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Stadtholder", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "French attacked the Dutch Republic in", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": ",", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "Stadtholder", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "religious", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": ".", + "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "The Catholic", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "The", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots.", + "57108073b654c5140001f927": "Huguenots", + "57108073b654c5140001f926": "By 1620 the Huguenots were", + "57108073b654c5140001f928": "before", + "57108073b654c5140001f929": "civil", + "57108073b654c5140001f925": "on the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out,", + "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Protestants in modern", + "57108198b654c5140001f938": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes", + "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the", + "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast", + "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "Protestants", + "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "\"Huguenot Street Historic District\" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "the country, but rather, formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York, another 21 miles north of New York in a", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "in different parts of the country, but rather, formed three societies", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street Historic District\" in", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "of the country", + "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the C\u00e9vennes, for instance,", + "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "group of Huguenot", + "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the C\u00e9vennes,", + "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Nantes, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them", + "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "After the revocation of the Edict of", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "In this last connection,", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "last connection, the name could suggest the derogatory inference", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "Purgatory came back to harm the living at night. It was in this place in Tours that the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s (\"these supposedly", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "been", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "In this", + "571090abb654c5140001f995": "restaurant\u2014see illustration above. The house derives its name", + "571090abb654c5140001f996": "Turnagain", + "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Other evidence of", + "571090abb654c5140001f998": "evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots", + "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "and 18th centuries. Numerous", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "in", + "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "many Huguenots had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "of the neighbouring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the time of the French and Indian War (the North American front", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "The exodus of Huguenots from", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "occupied", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "as", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes. The Edict reaffirmed Catholicism as the state religion", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "The", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "of", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "The", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "services", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "costly for", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Protestant services,", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "freedom", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "France sought freedom from", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "first", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.[citation needed]", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "French names.", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "of the", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "the", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Many of the", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "from Huguenot", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees,", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Jack Jouett,", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees, as was Henry Laurens,", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "industry at the time. Although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry, this", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": ", one", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "Huguenot influence, being a \"combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground\", is", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "time. Although 19th century sources have", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "In Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt. By 1700, one-fifth of the", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "Huguenots", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt. By 1700, one-fifth of the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin Huguenots", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "with", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": ",000 to", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": ",", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "After this,", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "with estimates ranging", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "of Norman Huguenots under the", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "In 1564", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "small", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "1564", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "Florida. The effort was the first at", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S.,", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Parris Island,", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "and", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. The", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "In 1700", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "1700", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "In", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "Huguenots", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Some", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Some Huguenots", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "and", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "before", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "Both before", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Both", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "waves", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "Edict", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "French Crown's", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Following", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Following", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "revocation", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "present-day Saarland in 1604. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion.", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. The Cond\u00e9s established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9, along with", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "for many years. Other founding", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France.", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "The bulk", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread beyond Europe to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "of Huguenot", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France, who reigned long before the Reformation.", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "into", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis\" argues that the name was derived by association with", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "the", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "decidedly Calvinistic influence. Sometime between", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "1455\u20131536).", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "Gallican", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "French translation of the New Testament in 1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "not be controlled by the Bishop of Rome, a foreign power. During the Protestant Reformation,", + "57111428b654c5140001faff": "known", + "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "became", + "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "what became", + "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "In", + "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "7,000 more in the French provinces. By", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "first he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism.", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them. In 1685, he", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "Huguenots", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "New Rochelle, located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": ", located in the county", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "New", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "Rochelle, located", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Sound,", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation.", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation. Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "their", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "congregations (or individuals)", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Dictionary. It became one of the 100 foundational texts", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "of the", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "and", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Huguenot", + "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "Tenterground)", + "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located", + "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "It is now located at Soho", + "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "London", + "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "The French Protestant Church of London was established by", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Reformed", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where they", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Huguenot refugees found a", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Around 1685,", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "William, Elector", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Tannenberg, Luftwaffe General and fighter ace", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Frederick", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "and famed U-boat captain Lothar von", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "a high", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Steam", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "Rankine", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "in that it could generate", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "The first commercially successful", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "was relatively inefficient, and in most cases was used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": ",", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "condensing steam", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "first", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "The first full-scale", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "first", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "scale working railway steam locomotive was built", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "recycle or top up the boiler water, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "Rankine cycle and most", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "The", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "most", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "is a", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency.", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "extension of the compound engine", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "stage.", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear,", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "and 50s, there", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "50s, there were attempts to", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "water level drops", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "of the", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "fusible plugs", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "the temperature of the", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam engine was a key component of the", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "be powered", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "In 1781 James Watt patented a", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "steam", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "engine stretches back as far", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions,", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "end of", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "century", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use.", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "Near the end of the", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "of", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "major", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "The", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "energy or waste heat from", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "The", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "The", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "useful instrument", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "were in", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "instrument for analyzing the performance", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "The most useful instrument", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "compounds used", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "compounds used in railway work, the", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "are", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "reciprocating", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "reciprocating", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "These events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "reciprocating", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "Uniflow", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke,", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy", + "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "simple", + "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates,", + "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "the simple expansion steam engine which", + "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "An", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an \"open loop\" system,", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel)", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "efficiency of a", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "mills and mines; power", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "available for cultivation. There", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "Steam engines can be said to have been", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": ", mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and", + "571153422419e3140095557d": "locomotives, concluding with the Catch Me Who", + "571153422419e3140095557e": "of", + "571153422419e3140095557f": "Catch Me", + "571153422419e31400955580": "Trevithick continued his own experiments using", + "571153422419e31400955581": "continued his own experiments using a trio of", + "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "high", + "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by", + "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the", + "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure", + "571154c72419e31400955587": "1990s about", + "571154c72419e31400955588": "typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine", + "571154c72419e31400955589": "for steam turbines is in electricity generation (in the 1990s", + "571154c72419e3140095558a": "The", + "571154c72419e3140095558b": "(", + "571155ae2419e31400955591": "cycle", + "571155ae2419e31400955592": "cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine.", + "571155ae2419e31400955593": "The", + "571155ae2419e31400955594": "The", + "571155ae2419e31400955595": "the fundamental the", + "571156152419e3140095559b": "'s", + "571156152419e3140095559f": "historical", + "571156152419e3140095559e": "concept", + "571156152419e3140095559d": "his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning", + "571156152419e3140095559c": "The", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "Reciprocating piston type steam", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "of", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "piston type steam engines remained", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "device was", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "first commercial", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "water", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "commercial steam-", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "The", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "resulted in the", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Around 1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "1800", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "a", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "(no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.[not", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "use, various companies", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "reciprocating steam", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "reciprocating", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "the", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "The resulting condensed", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "Where CHP", + "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Evaporative (wet)", + "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "CHP", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "governor was", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "The", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "centrifugal governor was adopted by", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the", + "57115e532419e314009555af": "for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives", + "57115e532419e314009555b0": "loading gauge (particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it", + "57115e532419e314009555b1": "adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for", + "57115e532419e314009555b2": "of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal", + "57115e532419e314009555b3": "adoption", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "\"", + "57115f652419e314009555b9": "mechanical motion goes back over", + "57115f652419e314009555ba": "boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes", + "57115f652419e314009555bb": "Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back", + "57115f652419e314009555bc": "Using", + "57115f652419e314009555bd": "Using", + "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "steam", + "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "condenser that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential", + "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series", + "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "steam turbine consists of", + "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides", + "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam", + "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines.", + "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "generated using steam turbine plant, so", + "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "weight of boilers and condensers generally makes", + "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has", + "571161092419e314009555d7": "It", + "571161092419e314009555d8": "pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such", + "571161092419e314009555d9": "a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few", + "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "Newcomen's", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "pressure", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "early", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763\u20131775) an improved version of Newcomen's", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "and Watt's early engines were \"atmospheric\". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam,", + "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of", + "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "engines frequently possess two independent", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically", + "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal", + "5711628a2419e314009555de": "engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves", + "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849, which", + "5711628a2419e314009555df": "medal", + "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "The acme of", + "571163172419e314009555e7": "much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts", + "571163172419e314009555e8": "however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure", + "571163172419e314009555e9": "contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific", + "571163172419e314009555ea": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications", + "571163172419e314009555eb": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "One of", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "One", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "the principal advantages the", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "the efficiencies of actual large", + "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and", + "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "components are often", + "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "are often", + "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "to", + "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "Other", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during World", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "Land-based", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential. It", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "-based steam", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "vessel speed", + "571166352419e314009555f1": "experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam", + "571166352419e314009555f2": "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to", + "571166352419e314009555f3": "non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger", + "571166352419e314009555f4": "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical", + "571166352419e314009555f5": "Virtually all", + "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "Rankine cycle is sometimes", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "Rankine", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "is used, the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "to as", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "Carnot cycle because,", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "element", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "Oxygen", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "is a chemical element with", + "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "Oxygen is a chemical element", + "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global", + "571bb2269499d21900609cab": ", oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after", + "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8%", + "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure,", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "with symbol O", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "a chemical element with", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "the periodic table and is a highly", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water. It is too chemically reactive to remain a", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "Many major classes of organic molecules in", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "car", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "Many major", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, contain", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "molecules in living organisms,", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "molecules in living organisms, such as", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "\u20131679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaer", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "In", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "century", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "century", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow (1641\u20131679)", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "that air is necessary for", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaer", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "the", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "August", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "Joseph", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air\". He noted that candles", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "he", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "sensibly different from", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "of the first known experiments on", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "of the", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "One of the first known experiments on the relationship", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass. Many centuries later Leonardo da", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica,", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "and", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "combustion. Fire", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "concentrated ox", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "promote", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "concentrated sources of oxygen", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark,", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity;", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "proceed rapidly and energetic", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "killed", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "Concentrated O 2 will allow", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "used to store and", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "and manufacture of O 2 systems requires special", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "energetically", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "present", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "composed in", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "(silica", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "is", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "2O 3, in hematite and rust), and calcium carbonate (in limestone). The rest of the", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "Oxygen is present in the", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "atomic hypothesis assumed that", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "assumed that water'", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "Highly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "Highly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "Highly", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "In this", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "filling of which", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "are chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "discovered independently by", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "was", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "helped", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "discovered", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "This combination of cancellations and \u03c3 and \u03c0 overlaps results in dioxygen's", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled \u03c0* orbitals", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "and react", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "dioxygen's double bond character and", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "\u03c3 and \u03c0 overlap", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "1777. In that work, he", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "increase was the same", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "the", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "In", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "experiment", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "the", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "this phase, created by", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "is", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "O", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "energy of other double bonds or pairs of", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "The common allotrope", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen,", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen, O 2. It is the form that is a major part", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "was", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "In 1891 Scottish chemist James Dewar", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson. Both men lowered the temperature of", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "a mixture of acetylene and", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "soluble", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "(101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "Oxygen", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water", + "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "than", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "the Solar System in having such a high concentration of", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "universe, after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Oxygen", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "Oxygen", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "the late 19th", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "Using a cascade method, Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "Cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen. Only", + "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "and", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "Planetary", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Planetary", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "different abundances of oxygen isotopes", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "geologists have", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "photolysis", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "Singlet oxygen is a", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Paleoclimatologists", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "Paleoclimatologists", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "oxygen", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "Paleoclimatologists", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "Paleoclimatologists", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "spec", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "spectrophotometric", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "paramagnetic. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments of", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "In the triplet form, O 2 molecules are paramagnetic.", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "the triplet", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "form, O 2 molecules are", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "triplet form,", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "Reactive oxygen species,", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "as superoxide ion", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "oxygen species", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms,", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "Reactive oxygen", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "Oxygen", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "is usually obtained by the fraction", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "\u2212297.31 \u00b0F), and freezes at 54.36 K (\u2212218.79 \u00b0C, \u2212361.82", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "\u2212361.82", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "(\u2212218.79 \u00b0C, \u2212361.82 \u00b0F). Both liquid", + "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "oxygen also occurs in solution in", + "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "Free", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "occurs in solution in the world's", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "(", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "Free", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "Paleoproterozoic", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Free oxygen", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "Free", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "Free oxygen gas", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "oxygen", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "respiration", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "the", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "is", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis,", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "other major method of producing O 2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "2", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1.", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "the empirical formula of water is H2O unless certain assumptions are", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen.", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. Contrary to", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "gas can also be produced through electrolysis", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "Oxygen, as", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan,", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan, California,", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "as a supposed mild", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "Oxygen,", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "hemoglobin. Oxygen gas is poisonous", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "gangrene, and decompression sickness (the 'bends') are sometimes treated using these devices. Increased O 2 concentration", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "and, when needed, the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning,", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "(congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "essential purpose of", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "types of diseased", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "Uptake of O", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "compounds, with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (w\u00fcstite) is", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "non-stoichiometric", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. Many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds,", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "electronegativity,", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "who", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "climb mountains or fly in non", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "masks to drop. Pulling on the masks \"to start the flow of oxygen\" as cabin safety", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "to 840 liters of", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "bulk as a liquid in specially", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "Oxygen storage", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "Oxygen storage methods include high pressure", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide. Epoxides are ethers in which", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where \"R\"", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "-", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "(R-OH); ethers (R-O-R);", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "(R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR 2). There are many important organic solvents that contain", + "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "found in almost all biomolecules that", + "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "element is found", + "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "a few common", + "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "found", + "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen. All fats, fatty acids,", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "surface supplied", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "Oxygen", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "Oxygen toxicity", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "2", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "to", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "Breathing pure O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "O 2 partial pressure (for more information", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "general, about 30 kPa (1.4", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "space applications, such as", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "convulsions and other health problems.[j]", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "(O 2) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "gas (O 2) can be toxic", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa),", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "The 1973 oil", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "in March 1974, the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "with many", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "sought to disassociate themselves from", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "The crisis had a major impact", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "The crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "On August", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "1971, the United States unilaterally pulled", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to \"float\" (rise and fall according to market demand", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "Britain followed, floating the", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "to", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "After 1971,", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "contributed to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation.", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971,", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "rise... Certainly! And how!...", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "on Israel, on Yom Kippur. This renewal of hostilities in the", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "On October", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "October 6, 1973,", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "OPEC response.\" Libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the United States. Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "aid to Israel,", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel. The following day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo,", + "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "aid to other underdeveloped", + "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "was dispensed in the form of aid to other under", + "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "of", + "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "income was disp", + "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "of", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger's", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "In the", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "United States,", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level,", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "a", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "The embargo", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "in", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "),", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "(EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted supplies (having refused to allow America", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "nine members of the European Economic Community (EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Of the", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "UK", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "relatively", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374 became a major factor in the change of government. Heath asked the British to heat", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "embargo, the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Despite being relatively", + "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls exacerbated", + "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "Price controls exacerbated the crisis in the US. The system limited", + "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "Price controls", + "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "addressed by rationing (as in many countries). Motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973.", + "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "In 1973, Nixon named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the", + "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing. In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common.", + "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office, a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo.", + "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "In 1973,", + "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "To help reduce consumption, in", + "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975, and in 1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was", + "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "the federal 55 mph (89 km/", + "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "Act of 1978.[citation needed] On November 28, 1995, Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act, ending the federal", + "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "To help reduce consumption, in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (about 88 km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy", + "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "which", + "572650325951b619008f6faa": "quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while", + "572650325951b619008f6fab": "The", + "57265200708984140094c237": "Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer", + "57265200708984140094c238": ".", + "57265200708984140094c239": "In", + "57265200708984140094c23a": "a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense", + "57265360dd62a815002e819a": ".", + "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\".", + "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments", + "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to", + "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71%", + "57265526708984140094c2bd": "USSR's invasion of Afghanistan was only one sign of", + "57265526708984140094c2be": "and", + "57265526708984140094c2bf": "the region, also marked by increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances", + "57265526708984140094c2c0": "sign", + "57265526708984140094c2c1": "weapons sales, technology,", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "crisis", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": ", which became de facto standards.", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "The crisis reduced the demand for large cars. Japanese imports,", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "engines. Japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive,", + "572659535951b619008f703f": "luxury divisions (Acura,", + "572659535951b619008f7040": "known as Datsun)", + "572659535951b619008f7041": "the", + "572659535951b619008f7042": "and Datsun 810, which added passenger space", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "American makers introduced their domestic replacements (Ford", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Isuzu-built Chevrolet LUV. Mitsubishi rebranded its Forte as the Dodge D-50 a few years after the oil crisis. Mazda,", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": ", such", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "introduced", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "fuel", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "Chevrolet Chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s. By 1985,", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "least", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "An increase", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Dodge Omni", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA Federal", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "Federal", + "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "OPEC", + "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "levels. This \"sale\" price was a windfall for oil-importing nations, both", + "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "OPEC", + "57265e11708984140094c3be": "OPEC", + "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "United States", + "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "and Space Administration (NASA),", + "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "known as Project", + "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space", + "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. First conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-man", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "two-man Gemini program which ran", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "supported by the two-man Gemini program", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "in achieving its goal of manned", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "its", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "during a prelaunch test. After the", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a pre", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "that killed the entire crew during", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "body", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "human", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "Apollo", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "set several major human spaceflight milestones. It", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein,", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that \"I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby.\" Silverstein chose", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Greek god", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "Apollo program was conceived", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "representatives", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Preliminary", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L.", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "\"missile gap\" that he and many other senators felt", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "In", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "US not \"first but, first and, first if, but first period.\" Despite Kennedy's rhetoric, he did not immediately come to", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "Soviet cosmonaut Yuri", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "Johnson to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. Johnson responded approximately one", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "achieving", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "20", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "Moon landing was far enough in the future", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "in", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth's Space", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "It became", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "R. Gilruth's", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "became clear", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "LC-34 and LC-37.", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "clear", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end:", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "Platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A and", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "spacecraft", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "The LOC", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "LOC included Launch Complex 39, a Launch Control Center, and a", + "5725c123271a42140099d131": ",", + "5725c123271a42140099d132": "costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited Dr. George E. Mueller", + "5725c123271a42140099d133": "in order to keep", + "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller.", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "Based on his industry", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "managers could be found among high-ranking", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips,", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "officers", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "In", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "even", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "In", + "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Seamans' establishment of an", + "5725c604271a42140099d186": "Seamans'", + "5725c604271a42140099d187": "Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc", + "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a launch", + "5725c604271a42140099d189": "Seamans'", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "was far from smooth sailing. Kennedy's", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "V launch", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans,", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "second-guess NASA's decisions on the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Wiesner", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "disagreement public", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "(LEM) contractors. Wiesner", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": ".", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "The LOR", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "had", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "The", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "propulsion", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "Kennedy's Moon", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "Command Module", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "(CM) was the conical crew", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": ", 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter, and weighed approximately 12", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": ") was", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "a service propulsion engine", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "A cylindrical", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "A", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band", + "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second", + "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was", + "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued", + "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "North American Aviation won", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "(LM) was", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "The Lunar Module (LM)", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "the Command Module. Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth,", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "(LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": ", the", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "Apollo program", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "began,", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "The first four", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "Saturn", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "first four Saturn I test flights were launched from", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "S-IVB-200, powered by a single J-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 lbf (890 kN)", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "The Saturn IB was", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "CSM and LM", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "was", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "three-", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "The Apollo astronauts were chosen", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "to fly in", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "The", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "missions were", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\",", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "awarded posthumously to Grissom,", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\". The medals were awarded posthumously", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\". The medals", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability,", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "Two Block I CSMs were", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "Block", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "206,", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "would fly the first", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "would", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "an", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "AS-206,", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Donn", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "204", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "the", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "In December", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or AS-258, planned for August 1967. McDivitt,", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "In December 1966, the AS-205", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a \"tiger team\" to investigate North American's", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "The problems with North", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "director Samuel", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "problems", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "Grissom,", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "\"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "test closer to the February 21 launch,", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "The plugs-out test began on the morning of January", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "The plugs-out", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "astronauts and forced a hold in", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "burst and the fire erupted onto", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "this hold, an electrical fire began in the cabin", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "an accident review board, overseen by", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board,", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "design", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "for replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door. NASA discontinued the manned Block", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "door. NASA discontinued the", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "flammable cabin and space", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "were", + "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "AS-258, using a single Saturn V launch); E would be a higher", + "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "using the Saturn IB; C was manned CSM", + "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary; therefore letters were used instead", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": ".", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating", + "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM", + "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "on", + "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "of LM in Earth", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "the", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "Apollo 5 (AS-204)", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": ",", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "Schweickart, launched on a", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "Low suggested", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "Saturn IBs.", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "was", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": ", walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "all-Gemini veteran crew", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "The G", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by", + "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "1969", + "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L.", + "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance", + "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "The", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": ",", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "crewed with", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "Jack", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory, and a subcontractor not", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "The", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "it", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "the", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "derived from the highlands", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "The rocks collected from the Moon", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects. Many samples appear to be pitted", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "micrometeoroid", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "In", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "In", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,)", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "landings, NASA investigated several", + "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "space", + "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979, by which time it had", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "-", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "only", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "In", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "In 2008, Japan Aerospace Exploration", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "The crew of", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "televised pictures of the Earth", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "estimated one-", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "Earth and the Moon", + "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded", + "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format", + "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a", + "5725f239271a42140099d360": "The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo", + "5725f239271a42140099d361": "data was recorded by", + "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "a budget", + "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The restored video,", + "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "$230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration.", + "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "kinescope recordings", + "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "of $230,000", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "and Directives, which have direct effect or", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "European", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "a", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "law is a body", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "effect on the", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "European", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "and Directives, which have direct effect or", + "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "a", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "body", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "law", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "which should have been transposed into the", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "European", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "European Union", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "states", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Union law is applied by", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "European Union", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "member states and the", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "of", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "European", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "have a codified constitution, like", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "the European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has laws which \"constitute\"", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "Although", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "territories, including Madeira, the Canary Islands and the French overseas departments. European Union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "European Council to make specific provisions for regions,", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "(TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions,", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "law of the EU consists", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar and the \u00c5land islands. The TEU allows the European Council to make", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "law of the", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "the European Council to make specific provisions for regions, as for example done", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties, the \"core\" treaties being the Treaty", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now:", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel,", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "principal", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "The principal Treaties that form", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s.", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but", + "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "Nice", + "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "the 2004", + "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in", + "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "Following the Nice Treaty,", + "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "was enacted. Its substance was very similar to", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "document. However,", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead,", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "the", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "is the main executive body of the European", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "to consent", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": ") adds that", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "on", + "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Commission", + "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Article", + "572691545951b619008f76e3": "is the", + "572691545951b619008f76e4": "any Government\". Under article 17(2), \"Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis", + "572691545951b619008f76e5": "European Union.", + "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution", + "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "Commissioners have various", + "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "investigated the Maltese Commissioner for Health,", + "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law. By contrast", + "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "have", + "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused", + "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for", + "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Commissioners have various privileges, such as", + "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "various privileges,", + "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "official acts. Commissioners", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "monopoly on initiating", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "Commission", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "\"degressively proportional\" according to member state size. This means - although", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "held", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes \"the", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "the largest, and the Party of European Socialists leads the opposition. Parties do not receive public funds from the EU, as the", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "of equality of its citizens\" and is meant to be founded on \"representative democracy\". In practice, equality and democracy are deficient", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and", + "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "The", + "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. The Council does this: in effect", + "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "is", + "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "The second", + "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "The second main legislative", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "different", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "second", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "The second", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "The second main", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "new legislation, TFEU", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "To make new legislation,", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "To make", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "the \"ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "new legislation, TFEU", + "572695285951b619008f774b": "make new legislation", + "572695285951b619008f774c": "To", + "572695285951b619008f774d": "most EU", + "572695285951b619008f774e": "To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the \"ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The", + "572658435951b619008f7025": "high judicial office\")", + "572658435951b619008f7026": "of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and", + "572658435951b619008f7027": "law is observed\", although", + "572658435951b619008f7028": "importance,", + "572658435951b619008f7029": "of", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "The judicial", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "to expand and develop", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body,", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "of", + "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "Court", + "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "\"", + "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing", + "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "However, in", + "5726975c708984140094cb20": "Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This", + "5726975c708984140094cb21": "its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of", + "572699db5951b619008f7799": ",", + "572699db5951b619008f779a": "principles when it enacted", + "572699db5951b619008f779b": "that Parliament, as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy, can decide", + "572699db5951b619008f779d": "speaking,", + "572699db5951b619008f779c": "could be \"fundamental principles\" of", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "Union's governance", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "constitutional law concerns the European", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "While constitutional", + "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "is generally", + "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "Loos could", + "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "applicable", + "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "en Loos", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": ",", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "Regulations will have direct", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "and Regulations will have", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "Treaties and Regulations will have direct", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "the", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": ", if", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "and", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "of Justice held that the", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law \"as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "national courts have a duty to interpret domestic", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "loss. The Court of Justice held that if a Directive would confer identifiable rights on", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "duty to interpret domestic law \"as far as possible", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "The principles of European Union law are", + "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on", + "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s. According", + "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "of", + "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "law", + "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "since the 1960s. It is an important", + "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that", + "5726a14c708984140094cc54": ",", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "the", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "of Justice in the", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None of the original treaties establishing the European", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "None", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "rights", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "original treaties establishing the", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "rights by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties.\" Therefore, the", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "Therefore, the", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights,", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "The Social Chapter is", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "The", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the \"social partners\" representatives,", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "\"", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "issues", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "refused", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "The UK", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "The", + "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "under the Agreement on", + "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally", + "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "to government in 1997, the UK formally", + "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in", + "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive. In the 10 years following the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam and adoption of the", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "origins in the European Coal", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium,", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "in", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "Competition law has its origins in", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "EU competition law on companies were established in article 85, which prohibited anti-competitive agreements, subject to some exemptions, and article 86 prohibiting", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "void. Article 101(3)", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3)", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1),", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": ", the", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "in all respects. Like in other regional", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "union", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "customs), technical barriers (e.g. differing laws on safety, consumer", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "introduced", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "is", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "goods", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "and", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "to achieve the aim, (2) be", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional \"mandatory\" or \"overriding\" requirements such as consumer protection, improving labour", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "Often rules apply to", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36,", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "product, this can also infringe article 34. So, in a 2009 case,", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "product requirement, but", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "public health. Under the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising,", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "36 or as a mandatory requirement) the", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "presumption that", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "product", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "its", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "Reflecting", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": ", and employers, in", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "shifted towards developing a more \"social\" Europe. Free movement was increasingly based on \"citizenship\",", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "The", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "held that a Dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to Belgium, because the benefit was", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "regarded as justified. Third, people must receive equal treatment regarding", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "time", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "treatment of workers. First, articles 1", + "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "Austrian students to avoid \"structural, staffing and financial problems\" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "EU has increasingly been seen as", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "of the", + "5726c002708984140094d073": "effect. In Reyners v Belgium the Court of Justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the", + "5726c002708984140094d074": "hinder freedom of establishment,", + "5726c002708984140094d075": "degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano the Court of Justice held that to be \"established\" means", + "5726c002708984140094d076": "has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder", + "5726c002708984140094d077": "unjustified restrictions. The Court of Justice has held", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "into legislation against toxic waste", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "In", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, from a European", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "toxic", + "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "costs of receiving treatment in Germany. The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary,", + "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice. The Court of Justice has held that secondary education falls", + "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "people who give services \"for remuneration\", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur", + "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "residents", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "bottom in", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "In", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "regard", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "Cartesio Oktat\u00f3", + "5725b81b271a42140099d097": ";", + "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Selva Amaz\u00f3nica,", + "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000", + "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "(", + "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": ";", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "or", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": ":", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "Amazon", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "(Portuguese: Floresta", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "This basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud),", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "(Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "within Brazil, with 60%", + "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow", + "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Following the", + "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "\u2013", + "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", + "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "the", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "66\u201334 Mya,", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest", + "5725c071271a42140099d127": "mid-", + "5725c071271a42140099d128": "is believed that the", + "5725c071271a42140099d129": "Amazon was split along the middle of the continent", + "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side", + "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "During", + "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310", + "57283d173acd2414000df790": "however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years,", + "57283d173acd2414000df791": "e", + "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the mid-", + "57283d173acd2414000df793": "believed", + "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "Purus", + "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": ", it is believed that the drainage basin of", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "(LGM) and subsequent", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "pale", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "that there have been significant changes", + "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "and", + "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small,", + "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", + "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "Analyses", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "certainly associated with reduced", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "changes", + "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "NASA's", + "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons", + "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin, 132 million", + "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "the eastern coast of South America, 27.7", + "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "of dust are windblown out of the Sahara", + "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "NASA's", + "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "has", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "NASA's", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of", + "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600", + "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA's", + "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "CALIPSO", + "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some", + "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "NASA's CALIPSO", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "For", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "time", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "For a long", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely", + "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "only ever sparsely populated", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "was", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "to sustain", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "sparsely", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "of", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "The", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "to travel", + "5729edd56aef051400155112": "to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana", + "5729edd56aef051400155113": "The first", + "5729edd56aef051400155114": "travel the length of the Amazon", + "5729edd56aef051400155115": "to travel the length of the Amazon River was", + "5729edd56aef051400155116": "Ondemar Dias is accredited", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": ".", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "accepted as a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "agriculture and silviculture", + "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "management. The development", + "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment", + "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "fertile", + "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "occurring as has previously been supposed. In the region of the Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle", + "5729ef266aef051400155120": "(black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "region is home", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "The region is home to", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "million", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000", + "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "The", + "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "home to about 2", + "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species,", + "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "The", + "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "is home to about 2.5 million insect species", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "The biodiversity of", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "(62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "biodiversity", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "The biodiversity", + "5729f2646aef051400155130": "of", + "5729f2646aef051400155131": "biodiversity of", + "5729f2646aef051400155132": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001", + "5729f2646aef051400155133": "The", + "5729f2646aef051400155134": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001", + "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "rainforest contains several species that", + "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "can stun or kill, while", + "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "several species that can pose a hazard.", + "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "The rainforest", + "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "that can pose a hazard", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "to the naked eye from outer", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "is the", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "was highly", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "Deforestation", + "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "Between 1991", + "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "000 sq mi),", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Between 1991 and 2000, the", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "the", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose", + "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "The needs", + "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "of", + "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "needs", + "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "many of the controversial transportation projects that", + "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "of", + "572a020f6aef051400155198": "Environmentalists are concerned about", + "572a020f6aef051400155199": "are", + "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global", + "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "Environmentalists", + "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could", + "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "strong", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "computer", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "model", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "shows", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "rainforest could become unsustainable under", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide,", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "As indigenous", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to", + "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the", + "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear,", + "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "The use of", + "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests.", + "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "Using handheld", + "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "sensing", + "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "The use of remote", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "biomass and", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "regrowth],", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "To accurately map the Amazon's", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "'", + "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "worst drought", + "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced", + "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "drought in", + "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "Independent reported Woods", + "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years,", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "2005 the", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "rainforest experienced", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "ctenophore, /\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/ or /\u02c8ti\u02d0n", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "/\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "/\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "known", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "Ctenophora", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore,", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/;", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "Ctenophora", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the \u2018combs\u2019", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "ctenophore, /\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/ or /\u02c8ti\u02d0n", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "Almost all ctenophores", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day. Only", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "Almost all ctenophores", + "5725c337271a42140099d163": "ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans;", + "5725c337271a42140099d164": "Almost all ctenophores are", + "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on", + "5725c337271a42140099d166": "small crust", + "5725c337271a42140099d167": "predators,", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "prey ranging from microscopic", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "ctenoph", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "as", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "Almost all ctenophores", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "Almost", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "own egg,", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "hermaphrodites\u2014a", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "not needing", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "'", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites,", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "Most", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "platyctenids'", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "Most species are hermaphrodites\u2014a", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "Most", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "hermaphrodites\u2014a", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "they occur", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", + "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "Ctenophores", + "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Ctenophores", + "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "Ctenophores", + "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places", + "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerst\u00e4tten as far back", + "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "Despite their soft,", + "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "Despite their soft,", + "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies,", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated, and the majority view", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "Despite", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated,", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "bilaterians (which include", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "ctenophores and cnidarians", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish,", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones,", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "phylum that is more complex than sponges,", + "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "Ctenophores", + "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "(jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike", + "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "Ctenophores", + "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "colloblasts, which are sticky", + "572646655951b619008f6ec3": ",", + "572647d0708984140094c14b": "cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence ctenophores and", + "572647d0708984140094c14c": "cnida", + "572647d0708984140094c14d": "and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers", + "572647d0708984140094c14e": "Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "about 1", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "the largest", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "The internal cavity", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "The", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "The", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "The internal", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence. The", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "each consists of thousands of unusually long ci", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "swimming-", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "mouth. The \"combs\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates\") run across each row,", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "The outer surface bears usually eight", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "outer surface bears usually eight comb rows", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "how ctenophores", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "It is", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "densities.", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "ctenophores control their bu", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "feature is", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "sensory feature is the aboral organ", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "organ (at the opposite end from", + "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "Cydippid ctenophores", + "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "egg-shaped; the common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at", + "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "ctenophores have bodies", + "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "nearly spherical", + "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded,", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "fringed", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "and they are coiled when relaxed, while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "coiled when relaxed, while the tent", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; and they are coiled when relaxed, while", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "cydippid ctenophores", + "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "are eight", + "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "eight rows of combs that", + "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows, and in some species runs all the way along", + "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows, and in some species runs all the way", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "extensions", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "Lobata have a pair of", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "Lobates have eight comb-rows,", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "extensions of", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water,", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "Lobates have eight comb-rows,", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "pharynx,", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "are able to \"", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "feeding appendages", + "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows", + "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "Cestida", + "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge,", + "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "aboral edge,", + "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows. There are two", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "Platyctenida", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "comb-rows. Platyctenids are usually cryptically colored, live on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates,", + "572683075951b619008f7513": "Ocryopsis individuals remain of", + "572683075951b619008f7514": "of the herma", + "572683075951b619008f7515": "all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time \u2013 except that in two species of", + "572683075951b619008f7516": "in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts", + "572683075951b619008f7517": "Almost all species", + "572684365951b619008f753f": "cydippid adults.", + "572684365951b619008f7540": "the", + "572684365951b619008f7541": "Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups", + "572684365951b619008f7542": "direct", + "572684365951b619008f7543": "the", + "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera,", + "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni,", + "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "vexilligera,", + "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea", + "5726887e708984140094c917": "ctenophores are predators \u2013 there are no vegetarians", + "5726887e708984140094c918": "ctenophores", + "5726887e708984140094c919": "ctenophores are predators", + "5726887e708984140094c91a": "plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores,", + "5726887e708984140094c91b": "10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "used to be regarded as \"", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "to be", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "Ctenophores used to be", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "\"", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "On", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "so successfully colonized", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "hand, in", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "Mnemiopsis", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "Mnemiopsis", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "of their soft, gel", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known, both members of the crown group, from the early", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "Cambrian", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the ci", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary \"aunt\"", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "The", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Cambrian sessile", + "57269016708984140094ca41": "many", + "57269016708984140094ca42": "the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity.", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "other words do not contain all and only the", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and", + "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "purely morphological", + "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "beroids have", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "(/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh), the county seat", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh),", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "Easterby's\u2014by now a hugely productive wheat farm\u2014for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's\u2014by now a hugely productive wheat farm\u2014for", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "\u2014by now a", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "In", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "farm\u2014for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station,", + "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "1942", + "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Little", + "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Before", + "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Asian.", + "5725d183271a42140099d241": "for the relocation of Fresno area", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "1958, Bank of America launched a", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "September", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "BankAmericard", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "In", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Jamboree\" radio and television", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "a song", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "the", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "city", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway.", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "two in the city limits and one in", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "(currently", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "Between the 1880s and World", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "Fulton Street in Downtown", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Fulton Street", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "in the country, including the only Pierre-Auguste Renoir piece in the world that", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "City of", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "The neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "The popular", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "The popular", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "popular neighborhood known", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "to", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School, (later", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "area of retail businesses", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "the re-opening", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "neighborhood revival followed the re-", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "The neighborhood features restaurants,", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "features", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "The", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "The neighborhood", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue,", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "The area is also", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "The area is also known", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "from the early 20th century", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "Homes from the early 20th century", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the", + "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "\"West Side\" of", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "The", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "or the newly", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "is one of the oldest", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is", + "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "neighborhood", + "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "includes Kearney Boulevard,", + "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "about 20 mi", + "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "named", + "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "neighborhood", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "the", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "neighborhood", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "While many", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority.", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "the neighborhood date", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "300", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "Eaton", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "The", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": ",", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "north eastern", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "built[", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "world. Developer William Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "1946, Sierra Sky Park", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "to share certain roads. Sierra Sky Park was the first aviation community to be built[citation needed] and there are now numerous such communities across the", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "Fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh),", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "Fresno is marked by a semi-arid", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "Fresno is marked", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "Fresno", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "Fresno", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913. The average", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches (90.2 mm", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "The official record high temperature for Fresno is 115 \u00b0F", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "temperature for Fresno is 115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C), set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 \u00b0F (\u22128", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "(", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "The 2010 United", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "The 2010", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese,", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "7", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "were", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "As of the", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "As", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "As", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "the census", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "in the city.", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953.", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "as NBC affiliate KSEE. Other Fresno stations include ABC O&O KFSN, CBS affiliate KGPE, CW affiliate KFRE,", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "KNSO, Univision O&O KFTV, and MundoFox", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "Fresno", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "now known as", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "Atascadero in the south,", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Valley.", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "freeway", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "the", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "Fresno", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Passenger rail service is", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Passenger rail", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "service is", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Passenger", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe in the decade following, including the", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": ")", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "fortified by the development of telecommunications", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services,", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "such as cellular", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forward", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "packets", + "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair", + "5726356938643c19005ad300": "communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forward", + "5726356938643c19005ad301": "or without", + "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265,", + "5726249538643c19005ad080": "Baran", + "5726249538643c19005ad081": "switching", + "5726249538643c19005ad082": "message block switching during", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "Baran", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "Baran", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work.", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called", + "5726378238643c19005ad313": "the", + "5726378238643c19005ad314": "developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the", + "5726378238643c19005ad315": "Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as", + "5726385e271a42140099d797": "reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet", + "5726385e271a42140099d798": "information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address,", + "5726385e271a42140099d799": "path to help the", + "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "connectionless mode each", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "set-up phase,", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "setup", + "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "to specify its requirements and discover link parameters. Acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated. Routing a packet requires the node to look up the", + "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "in", + "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "using the HDLC/LAPD/LAPB", + "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer. Another major difference between X.25", + "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM). X.25", + "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "connection", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "data to the host.", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "became operational", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "an example of a datagram protocol.", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "suite of", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "AppleTalk", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "The", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "The", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "was a French research network designed", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "research", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "released in 1975 in order", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers.", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC,", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "In 1965,", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": ", a", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "the instigation of Warner Sinback,", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "sales", + "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s.", + "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "Merit", + "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "an independent", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "Telenet was", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "founded", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "licensed", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "in the", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "was the first", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "Tymnet", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "Tymnet", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "Tymnet", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "Tymnet was an international data", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "data", + "572643de5951261400b5195a": "with an", + "572643de5951261400b5195b": "There were two kinds of", + "572643de5951261400b5195c": "were two", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "AUSTPAC", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "or, by linking a permanent X.25 node", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "referred to the public PAD service", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "now known", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines", + "5726462b708984140094c117": "National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions", + "5726462b708984140094c118": "The", + "5726462b708984140094c119": "(CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "Internet2", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "Internet2", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "Internet2 is a not-for-profit", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "Internet2", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "education communities, industry, and government.", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "(", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "a program of", + "572648d1708984140094c15d": "NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had", + "572648d1708984140094c15e": "high-speed", + "572648d1708984140094c15f": "Foundation", + "572648d1708984140094c160": "The Very", + "572648d1708984140094c161": "and", + "57264684708984140094c123": "the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road,", + "57264684708984140094c124": "the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover", + "57264684708984140094c125": "Europe, the Black", + "57264684708984140094c126": "the", + "57264684708984140094c127": "have killed 30\u201360% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to", + "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "The plague disease,", + "572647935951b619008f6eca": "The plague disease, caused", + "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic", + "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "The plague disease, caused by Yersinia", + "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots,", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "to Europe via Genoese traders at the port", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "Plague was reportedly", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "the disease spread", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "disease", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": ",", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": ",", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "1348, then turned", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "plague struck various countries", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "1348\u201349, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347,", + "57264a74708984140094c18b": "and from its effects, they called it the black death\").", + "57264a74708984140094c18c": "Gasquet", + "57264a74708984140094c18d": "Gasquet", + "57264a74708984140094c18e": "epidemic first appeared in modern times in 163", + "57264a74708984140094c18f": "-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 163", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "knowledge had st", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "Medical", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "Medical knowledge", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "days", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India.", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "of", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "fleas whose midguts had become", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that \"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\". He was able", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "of plague have been", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "bu", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "of plague have been", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "pu", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "new investigation", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "2010, the open-", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves.", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "study also found", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": ". pest", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "have", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "the Haensch", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubon", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "contemporary accounts were exaggerations. In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "The plague theory was", + "5726516a708984140094c223": "is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important", + "5726516a708984140094c224": "is recognised that an epide", + "5726516a708984140094c225": "done", + "5726516a708984140094c226": "an", + "5726516a708984140094c227": "It", + "57265285708984140094c25b": "plague; that mortality rates of the", + "57265285708984140094c25c": "pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in", + "57265285708984140094c25d": "theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference", + "57265285708984140094c25e": "not have been repeated elsewhere", + "57265285708984140094c25f": "despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates", + "5726534d708984140094c26d": "A variety of", + "5726534d708984140094c26e": "of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman", + "5726534d708984140094c26f": "A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward.", + "5726534d708984140094c270": "anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as", + "5726534d708984140094c271": "A variety of alternatives to", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East,", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "The most", + "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "; 1374; 1400; 1438", + "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "centuries. According", + "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present", + "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "figures, historians propose a range of pre", + "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "In England, in the absence", + "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "1389\u201393, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10\u201315%", + "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490.", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "In 1466, perhaps 40,000", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "perhaps 40,000 people", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three", + "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "some 1.7 million victims in", + "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some", + "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed", + "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "half of Naples' 300,000", + "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "half of", + "5726577f708984140094c301": "at least one location", + "5726577f708984140094c302": "of", + "5726577f708984140094c303": "ravaged", + "5726577f708984140094c304": "The", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "and eroded, and then redeposited", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "There are three major", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "the", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "There", + "57265d08708984140094c397": "a", + "57265d08708984140094c398": "the 1960s,", + "57265d08708984140094c399": "the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere,", + "57265d08708984140094c39a": "In the 1960s, a series of", + "57265d08708984140094c39b": "plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics.", + "57265f605951b619008f70db": "another", + "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "development", + "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "of plate te", + "57265f605951b619008f70de": "development of plate tectonics", + "57265f605951b619008f70df": "The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions", + "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "times of seismic waves", + "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "image the interior of the", + "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust", + "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of", + "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "interior", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "The following four timelines", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "the geologic time", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "most", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent", + "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the", + "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key", + "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than", + "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "from an older formation to be", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "of", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "principle of inclusions and", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "The principle of faunal", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however,", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes", + "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "fossils", + "57266c015951b619008f7237": "facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously,", + "57266c015951b619008f7238": "the beginning of the", + "57266c015951b619008f7239": "beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the", + "57266c015951b619008f723a": "At", + "57266c015951b619008f723b": "beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "For many geologic applications, isotope", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "thermochronologic studies. Common methods include uranium-lead dating, potassium-argon dating, argon-argon", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "For many", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "many geologic applications", + "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "When", + "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can", + "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "When", + "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "When", + "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "rock units as", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "rock", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "Extension", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "fact, there is a location within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt in which", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "Extension causes the rock", + "572673f5708984140094c69b": "sediment", + "572673f5708984140094c69c": "new rock", + "572673f5708984140094c69d": "addition of new rock units, both deposition", + "572673f5708984140094c69e": "addition", + "572673f5708984140094c69f": "fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "All", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "single", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "these", + "572677e7708984140094c723": "field", + "572677e7708984140094c724": "stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers), and structural", + "572677e7708984140094c725": "number", + "572677e7708984140094c726": "a number of field, laboratory", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "rocks", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "addition", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "identifying rocks in the laboratory are through", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "a petrographic microscope, where", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "use fluid inclusion data and", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "pressures at which different mineral", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "mineral", + "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to", + "57267d52708984140094c7da": "Structural geologists", + "57267d52708984140094c7db": "Structural geologists use", + "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "Structural geologists use", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "most", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "are", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "and", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "most well-", + "57268066708984140094c821": "the laboratory", + "57268066708984140094c822": "laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections", + "57268066708984140094c823": "stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from", + "57268066708984140094c824": "In", + "57268066708984140094c825": "stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "analyze rock", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "laboratory", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core", + "572683f95951b619008f7525": "H. Garrison,", + "572683f95951b619008f7526": "Some", + "572683f95951b619008f7527": "be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973\u20131048", + "572683f95951b619008f7528": "as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia", + "572683f95951b619008f7529": "the", + "57268527708984140094c8bf": ", he explained his theory that", + "57268527708984140094c8c0": "at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in", + "57268527708984140094c8c1": "James", + "57268527708984140094c8c2": "is", + "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In", + "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "first geological map of the U.S.", + "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "U.S.", + "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": ". was", + "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "geological", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Charles Lyell first", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "Lyell first", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Charles Lyell first", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830.", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "first published", + "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "Tyne (RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n", + "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank", + "5726642f5951b619008f7159": ",", + "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "(RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n \u02c8ta\u026an/; Locally: i/nju\u02d0\u02cck\u00e6s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0259n \u02c8ta\u026an/), commonly known as Newcastle,", + "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "(RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n \u02c8ta\u026an/;", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "The", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "around", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "The", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "William", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "The city", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "recorded", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne.", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Incorporated", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II,", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "Throughout", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "fortress", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538. The", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "from", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside,", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "In the 18th century American Timothy Dexter, an entrepreneur,", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "From 1530 a royal act restricted", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "In", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families.", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "so", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "resided the close-knit community of keelmen and", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "and beside the river,", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "on the", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "the English Civil War, the", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "North declared for the King. In a bid", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "During", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "In", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": ",", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "'s prosperity; and", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "Be-Ro flour, Joseph Swan's electric light", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "Derwentwater House and \"House of Tides\", a restaurant situated at a", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "riverside", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "a", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares',", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "street", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "The", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "portion of", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "city", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "developed in the 1830s by Richard", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "Another", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "in Newcastle is the Town Moor,", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": ".", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "said to be the largest", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's", + "57267076708984140094c601": "spaces. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner \"NewcastleGateshead\",", + "57267076708984140094c602": "Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments;", + "57267076708984140094c603": "developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major", + "57267076708984140094c604": "has replaced former", + "57267076708984140094c605": "Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge,", + "572671165951b619008f72b7": "The", + "572671165951b619008f72b8": ".", + "572671165951b619008f72b9": "and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and", + "572671165951b619008f72ba": "of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some", + "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town,", + "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "to be", + "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting", + "572671e55951b619008f72da": "the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was", + "572671e55951b619008f72db": "Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger", + "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "The climate in Newcastle is oceanic (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world", + "57267383dd62a815002e8553": ") and significantly", + "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "climate in Newcastle is oceanic (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar", + "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "(K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than", + "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "Newcastle is", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "\u2019s official ledgers reported revenue by department,", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "In 2010, Newcastle was", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "Lewis stores in the UK. John Lewis is still known to many in Newcastle as Bainbridges. Newcastle store Bainbridge's, opened in", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": ",", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "store Bainbridge's,", + "5726769c708984140094c711": "Other shopping destinations in", + "5726769c708984140094c712": "shopping", + "5726769c708984140094c713": "in Newcastle include", + "5726769c708984140094c714": "Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the", + "5726769c708984140094c715": "Other shopping", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "was", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "centres on Tyneside were growing most", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "The Tyneside", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "flat was the", + "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "and waterside", + "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "the proportion of detached", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably over", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "coupled with a similar rise", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford", + "572679c35951b619008f73db": "According to", + "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "to the UK Government's returned 2001", + "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "had a population of 189,86", + "572679c35951b619008f73de": ", the city of", + "572679c35951b619008f73df": "of 1,650,000.", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "Little and Robson. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "forming up to", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "the", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "According to the same statistics, the average age of people living", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "dialect", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "of Newcastle is known as Geordie, and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "dialect has much of its origins in the language", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "in", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "\"Bairn\" and \"hyem\",", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words \"bonny\" (meaning \"pretty\"),", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "to be", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "meaning \"child\" and", + "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "report", + "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "a", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "report, published in early", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents. The report was", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "concentrations", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "the", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "centre, a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema.", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "range of bars, caf\u00e9s", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "the", + "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "theatre. Stephen Kemble", + "57267f695951b619008f74be": "The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the famous", + "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the", + "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for", + "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "The", + "5726800add62a815002e8750": "and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage", + "5726800add62a815002e8751": "contains many", + "5726800add62a815002e8752": "The city", + "5726800add62a815002e8753": "local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company. Other theatres in the city", + "5726800add62a815002e8754": "The", + "572680865951b619008f74e7": "Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent", + "572680865951b619008f74e8": "known", + "572680865951b619008f74e9": "and", + "572680865951b619008f74ea": "The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil')", + "572680865951b619008f74eb": "10,000 LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green. Operating since", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "takes place in April. In May, Newcastle and Gateshead host the", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "holiday, with performances by acts from the world of Rock, Indie and Dance music.", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes place in April. In May,", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "and", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": ",", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "The Hoppings, reputedly", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "held", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "In", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": ",", + "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "a strong", + "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the", + "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the Tyne\"", + "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "a folk-rock group", + "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Lindisfarne", + "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "during", + "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "The Pilgrim Street", + "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "cinemas, including", + "57268525dd62a815002e8809": ".", + "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "cinemas, including the restored Classic \u2014the", + "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding", + "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre", + "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "There", + "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "There", + "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "several", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "The earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "the action is studio-bound. Later came The", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "extensive scenes filmed in the city. The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "featuring some", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "Newcastle has a horse racing", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "has a", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "complex at", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "a horse", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's", + "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "International", + "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "Ponteland", + "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "Newcastle", + "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "is located approximately 6", + "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "Newcastle", + "572689385951b619008f761b": "in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a", + "572689385951b619008f761c": "was the first covered railway station in the world and was much", + "572689385951b619008f761d": "In 2014,", + "572689385951b619008f761e": "In 2014, work was completed on the stations historic entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the", + "572689385951b619008f761f": "UK. It has a neoclassical fa\u00e7ade, originally designed", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "King's Cross, with a journey time of", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Train operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "a half-hourly", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross,", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "Metro system. The Metro system was", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "city", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "city", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "existing and newly built", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "city", + "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example North Shields). In addition;", + "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket", + "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "and modernization, entitled 'Metro:", + "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "system", + "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All", + "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "A1", + "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish", + "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the", + "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "in the area include the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western", + "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "to", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "Haymarket", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "bus", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "in", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "city", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North", + "57269120708984140094ca59": "partially or completely isolated;", + "57269120708984140094ca5a": "Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling", + "57269120708984140094ca5b": "isolated; Increase", + "57269120708984140094ca5c": "first", + "57269120708984140094ca5d": "the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living\u2026 The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing", + "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "air services as the cause", + "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS", + "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "Danish", + "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS", + "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "as the cause \u2013 and their", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven LEA-funded", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "There are eleven LEA-funded", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "sixth forms in Newcastle. There are a number of successful state schools, including Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School,", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "There", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "only school in the city and is situated in Gosforth. Newcastle College is the largest general further education", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "University", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "Northumbria University.", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "The city has two universities \u2014 Newcastle University and Northumbria", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "two universities \u2014 Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one of the UK's leading international universities. It won the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000.", + "572699b55951b619008f778f": "in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the Church of St Thomas the Martyr which is", + "572699b55951b619008f7790": "Pugin and the Coptic Cathedral located in", + "572699b55951b619008f7791": "elegant lantern tower of 1474, the Roman Catholic St. Mary's designed by Augustus Welby", + "572699b55951b619008f7792": "Newcastle has three cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas,", + "572699b55951b619008f7793": "Newcastle has three cathedrals,", + "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "church in this town'. The present", + "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite", + "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the", + "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "town'. The present building was begun", + "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "from", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "ITV Tyne Tees was based", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": ".", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "Tees was", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name", + "57269d745951b619008f77d7": ", the first full-time community radio station in the area", + "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "NE1fm launched", + "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "full-time community radio station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's", + "57269d745951b619008f77da": "on", + "57269d745951b619008f77db": "universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term time. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "was", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770.", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770.", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Charles Avison,", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Bunting, and Lord Chief Justice Peter Taylor. Portuguese writer E\u00e7a de Queiroz was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879\u2014his", + "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Musicians Eric Burdon, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan Hull, Cheryl Cole and Neil", + "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville were born in the city. John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian", + "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator David", + "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "Musicians Eric Burdon,", + "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "WWE", + "5726710b708984140094c61d": "Victoria and Albert Museum", + "5726710b708984140094c61e": "world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named", + "5726710b708984140094c61f": "Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as", + "5726710b708984140094c620": "Museum", + "572680ac708984140094c83d": "V&A),", + "572680ac708984140094c83e": "Museum", + "572680ac708984140094c83f": "and", + "572680ac708984140094c840": "The Victoria and", + "572680ac708984140094c841": "the", + "57268294708984140094c877": "The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2)", + "57268294708984140094c878": "V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries.", + "57268294708984140094c879": "V&A covers", + "57268294708984140094c87a": "to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes,", + "57268294708984140094c87b": "145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art,", + "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "has", + "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "The V&A", + "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "The", + "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "the Great Exhibition of 1851, with which Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was", + "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "The", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "collections of both applied art", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting. This was to enable", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "were", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "by Queen Victoria was on", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "of gas lighting. This was to enable in the words of Cole \"to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes\"\u2014this", + "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "of the collections after the", + "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "It", + "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "the war", + "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "Before the", + "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "and a", + "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "concert. The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture by British progressive folk-rock band Gryphon,", + "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "first museum in Britain to present a rock concert. The V&A", + "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "as", + "572691d7708984140094ca70": "In July", + "57269656708984140094cafd": "The V&A", + "57269656708984140094cafe": "in Dundee that would use the V&A brand although it would be funded", + "57269656708984140094caff": "V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council and the", + "57269656708984140094cb00": "V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee", + "57269656708984140094cb01": "The V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "parts of the", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "Brompton Park House, which was extended, most notably by the \"Brompton Boilers\", which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "The", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "was civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers, who was appointed by Cole. The next major expansions", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "The", + "57269c06708984140094cba1": "An", + "57269c06708984140094cba2": "was designed and built in 1864\u201369. The style adopted for this part", + "57269c06708984140094cba3": "of terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north fa\u00e7ade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by James", + "57269c06708984140094cba4": "a series of frescoes by Lord Leighton: Industrial Arts as Applied to War 1878\u20131880 and Industrial Arts Applied to Peace, which was", + "57269c06708984140094cba5": "terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north fa\u00e7ade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors", + "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "The", + "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows, the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by Alfred Stevens and was", + "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "Green Dining Room 1866\u201368 was the work of Philip Webb and William Morris, and displays Elizabethan influences. The lower part of the walls", + "57269d68708984140094cbda": "the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room 1866\u201368", + "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "was designed in a Renaissance style by James Gamble, the walls and even the Ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic", + "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "at the museum was Colonel (later", + "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers the next architect", + "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "the garden the five-storey School for Naval Architects (also known as the science schools), now the Henry Cole Wing in 1867\u201372.", + "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "death of Captain Francis Fowke, Royal", + "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "to", + "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "work", + "5726a2445951b619008f7862": ",", + "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "style of the earlier buildings, various designers were responsible for the decoration", + "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "Continuing", + "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "as late as 1885 designed by Starkie Gardner, these lead to a passage through the building. Scott also designed the two Cast", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "took place between 1899 and 1909. Stylistically it is a", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "much of the detail belongs to the Renaissance there are medieval influences at work. The main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "place between 1899 and 1909. Stylistically it is a strange hybrid, although much of the detail belongs to the Renaissance there are medieval", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "The main fa\u00e7ade, built from red brick and", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "Prince Albert appears within the", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Gallery. The interior makes much use of marble", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "by the shop and", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "These fa\u00e7ades surround four levels of galleries. Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and Rotunda, the East and West Halls, the areas occupied", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "In", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "In the immediate", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "In", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "In", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "available for other than essential repairs. The 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work; the first major work was the creation of new", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "A few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the Indian,", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "Hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture, Softroom, Islamic", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "miniatures,", + "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "leading to South Kensington tube station, New signage throughout the museum,", + "5726afeb708984140094cddb": ":", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "central garden was redesigned by Kim", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "The central garden was redesigned by", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "garden was", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "to", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "The", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004, the V&A", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "architecture", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "2004, the V&A alongside Royal Institute of British", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "the UK", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "the museum, joining the already extensive collection held by the V&A. With over 600,000 drawings, over", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "Not only are all the major British architects of the last four", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held in the collection.", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Zaha", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": ",", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Not only are all the", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "Paul", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "Pindar's house", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "facade of Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "As", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "'", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "Ardabil Carpet,", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "Jameel", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "2006, houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the Ardabil Carpet, the centrepiece of", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "The", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "being the Ardabil Carpet, the", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "Marathas, including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds, diamonds", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds, diamonds and rubies, also", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "art are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "and", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "The Museum's", + "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "Eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The", + "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "BC to", + "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "Far Eastern", + "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": ",", + "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "works", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "1550 to 1900, but one", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "from 1550 to 1900", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550 to", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "including the Mazarin Chest dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "One of the finest objects displayed is Suzuki Chokichi's bronze incense burner", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "cover Korea, the Himalayan kingdoms and", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "the Himalayan kingdoms", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "The", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": ", scroll paintings", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "The", + "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "of the great treasures in the library is the Codex Forster, some of Leonardo da Vinci's note books. The Codex consists", + "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "the Codex Forster, some of Leonardo", + "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "the", + "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "Duke", + "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "books he collected are early editions in Greek and Latin of the poets and playwrights Aeschylus, Aristotle,", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "needed], Canterbury; Pocket Book of Hours,", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Writers", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "the 12th to 16th centuries include: the Eadwine Psalter[citation needed],", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "papers are in the library are as diverse as Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter. Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "whose", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "including printed exhibit catalogs, and card catalogs. A computer system called MODES cataloging system was used from the 1980s", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "Art", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "The National Art Library (also called Word", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "accession", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "items in the collection, unless those were newly accessioned into the collection, probably do", + "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "and Albert Museum\u2019s Word and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world, to", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "and Albert Museum\u2019s Word and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "utilizing digital cameras. The Word and Image Department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world, to digitize", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "The Victoria and", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Not only the work of British artists and craftspeople", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "and wallpaper", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Not only the", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "commissioned by British patrons, as well as imports from Asia, including porcelain, cloth and wallpaper. Designers and artists whose work is on display in", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "only the work of British artists", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the Tudor", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton and Eleanor Coade.", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "the work of European artists and craftsmen employed in Britain. In the", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "also", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "influenced", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "One of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "of", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "dramatic parts of the museum is", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "the most dramatic parts of the museum is", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "half in order to fit under the", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "Well represented in the collection is", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "Well", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "represented", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "Well", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "discover the Chinese method of making porcelain.", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "De Morgan and Bernard Leach as well as Mintons & Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Britain and Holland, which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height. Bernard Palissy has several examples", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries, made in Germany and Switzerland. There", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "Many", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of Delftware produced in both Britain and Holland, which includes a circa 1695", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the British Galleries. Many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including, from the 19th", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "covers", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware on display comes from Ancient Egypt and", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "glass making, and has", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "glass beaker known as the Luck of Edenhall is also displayed in these galleries. Examples of British stained glass are displayed in", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "The main gallery was redesigned in", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "The main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "of Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005. In this latter gallery stained", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "The", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "10,000 British and 2,000 old master works, including works", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "Benedetto Castiglione,", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "collection of drawings", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "collection", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "The", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "collection is the most comprehensive", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "The costume", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "In 2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes. Other", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "acquired the", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "In 2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "in the collection include Coco Chanel, Hubert de", + "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": ", with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary items and did not do so again until the", + "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by Andr\u00e9 Charles Boulle, a commode by Bernard Vanrisamburgh", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "French Renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865,", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "French", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "One of the most important pieces in this collection is", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "furniture in the collection is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet dated c1750", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Vredeman de Vries. One of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet dated c1750 from", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "in", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "Vredeman de Vries. One of the finest pieces of continental", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Cabinet dated 1861\u20131867 made", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": ", containing over 6000", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "is one", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "and most comprehensive", + "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from Ancient Egypt to", + "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "of", + "5726ee28708984140094d656": "or gold", + "5726ee28708984140094d657": "10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide, designed", + "5726ee28708984140094d658": "There", + "5726ee28708984140094d659": "000 objects made from", + "5726ee28708984140094d655": "There", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "Candlestick,", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "bronze", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high Gloucester", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "in the", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "c1110, made from gilt", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "collection. The answer, from Bryan Davies was that the museum intended to preserve and", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "February 2010, a decision which was highly controversial. An online", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "Instruments", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "An online petition of over 5,100 names on the Parliamentary website led to Chris Smith asking Parliament about the future of the collection. The answer, from", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "Instruments", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "Elizabeth", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "paintings, 6800 British watercolours,", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "about", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "113", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "6800 British", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "the Younger, Domenico di Pace Beccafumi, Fioravante Ferramola, Jan Brueghel the Elder, Anthony van Dyck,", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly by contemporary British artists, and a similar number of drawings to the museum with", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "In", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "Mulready, William Powell Frith,", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "West, Paul Sandby, Richard Wilson, William Etty,", + "5726f755708984140094d737": "Madame de Pompadour dated 1758,", + "5726f755708984140094d738": "Gaspard Dughet and works by Fran\u00e7ois", + "5726f755708984140094d739": "the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not", + "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the", + "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates. These sequences of photographs taken a", + "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781", + "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "of 78", + "5726f90b708984140094d760": "the more unusual", + "5726f90b708984140094d761": "is that of Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates.", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "The sculpture collection at the", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "the period from about 400 AD to 1914. This covers", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "covers among other periods Byzantine and Anglo Saxon ivory sculptures, British, French and Spanish medieval statues and carvings, the Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Classical,", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "sculpture collection", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "Foggini, Vincenzo Foggini", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Bellano, Luca della", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "1622\u20133), Giovanni Battista Foggini,", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "Busti, Bartolomeo Ammannati, Giacomo della Porta, Giambologna (Samson", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "The", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "Rodin", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "to the museum by the sculptor in 1914", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "Rodin is represented", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "more", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "Rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection, making it", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "were", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "and Eric Gill. A sample of some of these sculptors' work is on display in the British Galleries.", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "whose", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Sculptors both British and Europeans who were based in Britain and whose work is in the", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "and Jacob Epstein along with other of their contemporaries are now on view. These galleries concentrate on works dated 1600 to 1950 by British sculptors, works", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "of the Dorothy", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "the", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "it", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "of the", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "collection", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "European though", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "more than 53,000 examples", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "more than 53,", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "more", + "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "includes a fragment", + "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "known surviving European tapestry. A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century", + "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry.", + "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "collection includes a fragment of the Cloth of St Gereon,", + "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "oldest known surviving European", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "One of the", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "of various types of textiles designed by William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "is also held by the collection. The collection has", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "surviving", + "57270817708984140094d8c7": "collections", + "57270817708984140094d8c8": "the", + "57270817708984140094d8c9": "The V&A", + "57270817708984140094d8ca": "The", + "57270817708984140094d8cb": "research, exhibitions and other shows. They hold the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "is", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "Conservation is", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "the V&A and the V&A", + "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "Conservation is responsible for the", + "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections", + "57267b755951b619008f7433": "The", + "57267b755951b619008f7434": "in its logo as abc since 1957) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney\u2013ABC Television Group,", + "57267b755951b619008f7435": "The", + "57267b755951b619008f7436": "The American Broadcasting Company", + "57267b755951b619008f7437": "The American", + "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC. In the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United", + "57267ca75951b619008f746a": ",", + "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "on October 12, 1943 as", + "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "1980s, after purchasing an 80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN, the network's parent merged with", + "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "1943 as a radio network, separated from and serving as", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "The television network has eight owned-and-operated", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "border) or through a cable, satellite or IPTV provider, although most ABC programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "network has", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "eight", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "The", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "In", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "by", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "States was dominated by three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC).", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and", + "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "In", + "572681ab708984140094c85d": "Having no power over the networks themselves, the FCC established a regulation forbidding", + "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1934, Mutual filed", + "572681ab708984140094c85f": "Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations, in a radio", + "572681ab708984140094c860": "radio market that was already being saturated by NBC and CBS. In 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published", + "572681ab708984140094c861": "with the Federal Communications Commission", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "Network,", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "NBC Blue in", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "Once Mutual's appeals against the FCC were rejected,", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "Mutual's", + "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "Mutual's appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "John Noble, the owner of", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "$8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell", + "57268739708984140094c8ed": "became", + "57268739708984140094c8ee": "suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented", + "57268739708984140094c8ef": "ABC became an aggressive competitor to NBC and CBS when, continuing NBC", + "57268739708984140094c8f0": "the help of the Magnetophon, ABC was able to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time, and also", + "57268739708984140094c8f1": "became", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "second period of", + "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "to that of", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "network in the 1990s, and policies enacted", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "enacted in the 2000s by Disney Media Networks (which", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "Jetix;", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "and affiliates to rebroadcast the network's programs. In 1959, this rerun activity was completed with program syndication, with", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties. As a result, ABC was forced to sell", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "The idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels, and affiliates to", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "The idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels,", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "The", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": ",", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "The", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "to internationalize", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "The", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "holds the", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "holds", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "rights to the Academy Awards,", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "ABC currently holds the broadcast rights to the Academy Awards, Emmy", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "Awards (which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis), American Music", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "-year hiatus to provide", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "on New Year's", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "Since 1974, ABC has generally aired Dick", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "New Year's Rockin' Eve on", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "opera General Hospital, the latter of which is", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "in the history of the ABC television network, having aired since 1963. ABC also broadcasts the morning news program Good Morning America and has done so since 1975,", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "s", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "daytime schedule currently features talk", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "soap operas seen on the", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "off that had no room on the primetime schedule, occasional", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "6:00", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "football season, during", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "provided on some weekend", + "5726e860708984140094d579": "television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, one for each market where it owned and operated a radio", + "5726e860708984140094d57a": "While its radio network was undergoing reconstruction,", + "5726e860708984140094d57b": "station (New York City,", + "5726e860708984140094d57c": "its radio network", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. Before the freeze ended in 1952, there were", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "fall of 1949, ABC found", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "In the fall of 1949,", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "the", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "Supreme Court to become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures. For its part, ABC was on the verge of bankruptcy, with only five", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "At the end of 1949, movie theater operator United Paramount Theatres (UPT) was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "At", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "viewers, failed to compensate for its", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates. Its", + "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson,", + "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "as Paramount Pictures was already a shareholder in the DuMont Television Network,", + "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "UPT (which", + "5726ed12708984140094d645": "1952, when the", + "5726ed12708984140094d646": "announced", + "5726ed12708984140094d647": "was slated to address was whether to approve the UPT-ABC merger. One FCC Commissioner saw the possibility of ABC, funded", + "5726ed12708984140094d648": "In", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "WXYZ-TV", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "The", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "s flagship owned-and", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "The network's", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "black-and-white, as ABC", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "would be marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by ABC to", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by ABC to counterprogram its established competitors,", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "gradual transition to color.", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "1959, Walt Disney", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "improved its", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "to carry", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "had purchased ABC's shares in the Disneyland", + "572734af708984140094dae3": "launched", + "572734af708984140094dae4": "\"download the dot\", a program which would cause the ABC logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right", + "572734af708984140094dae5": "ABC launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo, also called \"the dot\",", + "572734af708984140094dae6": "in which", + "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "different", + "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "graphical identity, designed by Pittard Sullivan, featuring a small black-and-white \"ABC Circle\" logo on a yellow background", + "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "logo on a yellow background (promotions during this time also featured a sequence of still photos of the stars of its programs during the timeslot card as", + "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "programs", + "572736625951b619008f86d1": "In 1983, for", + "572736625951b619008f86d2": "In 1983, for the", + "572736625951b619008f86d3": "network's founding, ID sequences had the logo appear in a gold", + "572736625951b619008f86d4": "In", + "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "The", + "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in", + "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "1970s and", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "In 1962, graphic designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known (and current) form, with the lowercase letters \"abc\"", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "In 1962, graphic designer Paul Rand", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "1962, graphic designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "season. The letters are strongly reminiscent of the Bauhaus typeface designed by Herbert Bayer in the 1920s, but also share similarities with several other", + "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Disney\u2013ABC was considering a sale", + "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "CBS's, and the Mutual Broadcasting System during the 1990s) as potential buyers. On October 19, 2005, ABC announced the restructuring of the group into six divisions:", + "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "and September 2005,", + "57273954708984140094db05": "In", + "57273954708984140094db06": "In", + "57273954708984140094db07": "In 2004,", + "57273954708984140094db08": "2004, ABC's average viewership declined by ten ratings points,", + "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "Networks affiliates approved a", + "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "affiliate agreement in 2002.", + "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "'", + "57273a0d708984140094db10": "In", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "KABC-TV", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": ", as a result of a carriage dispute", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "April", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "On April 30, 2000, as a result of a carriage dispute with ABC,", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "addition", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "In addition to Who Wants to Be", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "a Millionaire, the network entered the 2000s with", + "57273c195951b619008f8721": "based on the British program of the same title.", + "57273c195951b619008f8722": "title. Hosted throughout its ABC tenure by Regis Philbin,", + "57273c195951b619008f8723": "premiered a special series event, Who", + "57273c195951b619008f8724": "tenure by Regis Philbin, the program became a major ratings success throughout its initial summer run, which led ABC to renew Millionaire as a regular series,", + "57273d19708984140094db3d": "forbade the company from keeping both it and KABC-TV, Disney sold Los Angeles independent station KCAL-TV to Young Broadcasting for $387", + "57273d19708984140094db3e": "January", + "57273d19708984140094db3f": "travails of the staff of a SportsCenter-style sports news program; despite earning critical praise and multiple Emmy Awards, the series", + "57273d19708984140094db40": "$1.65 billion. Following the merger, Thomas S. Murphy left ABC with Robert Iger taking his place as president and CEO. Around the", + "57273d19708984140094db41": "premiered the Aaron Sorkin-created sitcom Sports Night, centering on the travails of the staff of a SportsCenter-style", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "It", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "was", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "was not until the 1965\u201366 season", + "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "May 1, 1953, ABC's New York City flagship stations \u2013 WJZ, WJZ-FM", + "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "New", + "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "to", + "57273f9d708984140094db51": ",", + "57273f9d708984140094db52": "proposed a merger between UPT and the DuMont Television Network, which was also mired", + "57273f9d708984140094db53": "a", + "57273f9d708984140094db54": "to be", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "had been trying since mid-1953 to provide content for the network by contacting his old acquaintances in Hollywood, with whom he had worked when UPT", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "At the same time he made attempts to help grow ABC, Goldenson had", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "At", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "the 1955", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "season,", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "films Kings Row and Casablanca; Cheyenne (adapted from the 1947 film Wyoming Kid); Sugarfoot (a remake of the 1954 film The Boy from Oklahoma);", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "ABC", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "accrued a guarantee of $4.", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "Walt", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "Goldenson at the end", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "Walt", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded by Allen Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "On the television", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "in September", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": ", a", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "the television side,", + "572743fb708984140094db93": "In the early 1970s, ABC completed its transition to color; the decade as a", + "572743fb708984140094db94": "1970s", + "572743fb708984140094db95": "the decade as a whole would mark a turning point", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "ESPN, took over as the league's marquee game. According to Goldenson, Monday Night Football", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "1970, ABC debuted Monday Night", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "a", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "Monday Night Football", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1970, the FCC voted to pass the", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "from monopolizing the broadcast landscape", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "FCC", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "the Central West division of ABC Theatres, was sold to Henry Plitt in 1974. On January 17, 1972, Elton Rule was named President and Chief", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "In April 1970,", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "April 1970, Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "April 1970, Congress", + "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966, became the network's program development manager. He helped bring about ideas for many series including Happy Days", + "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "the early 1970s", + "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "Love, American Style),", + "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "In the early 1970s, Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966,", + "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Pierce, the newly appointed president of ABC Television, convinced", + "572748745951b619008f87b2": "appointed", + "572748745951b619008f87b3": "appointed president of ABC Television, convinced Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television", + "572748745951b619008f87b4": "the spring of 1975, Fred", + "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "1970s were", + "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "fantasy, action and superhero-themed series for the network including Kung Fu, The Six Million Dollar Man, Wonder Woman, Starsky & Hutch,", + "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "by several successful comedy", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "during 1977: January saw the premiere of Roots, a miniseries based on an Alex Haley novel that was published the previous year; in September,", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "part, the television", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "an Alex", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "its part, the television network produced a few new hits during 1977: January saw the premiere of Roots, a miniseries", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "the premiere of Roots, a miniseries based on an Alex Haley", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Meanwhile, ABC News, which formed as a newly separate division,", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "Meanwhile, ABC News, which", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "ABC News, which formed as a newly separate division, sought to become a global", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "Meanwhile,", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "Arledge", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "In June", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "June", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": ",", + "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "proposed a 24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News,", + "57274cac708984140094dbde": "launch of ABC News Now,", + "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "to 1970) from SJL Broadcast Management, with the latter switching to ABC once its contract with NBC expired two months after the purchase was finalized in", + "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "finalized in early 1995. Both", + "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "halted production", + "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "2007\u201308 and 2008\u201309, as various ABC shows that premiered in 2007, such as Dirty Sexy Money, Pushing Daisies,", + "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "The Writers Guild of America strike that halted production of network programs for much of the 2007\u201308", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group merged ABC Entertainment and", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "early 2009, Disney\u2013ABC", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "In", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "Apple Inc. to", + "57274f07708984140094dbed": "began running", + "57274f07708984140094dbee": "the", + "57274f07708984140094dbef": "network", + "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "The network began running", + "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "portions of its catalog, including the Ruby-Spears", + "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "the FCC imposed its fin-syn", + "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively", + "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "the FCC imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively created two companies: Worldvision Enterprises as a syndication distributor, and ABC Circle", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "known as Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television (formerly", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "of the", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "theatrical library and the", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "as America's Funniest Home Videos, General Hospital, and ABC News productions), although Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television (formerly known", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "has had many affiliated stations, which include WABC-TV and WPVI-TV, the first two stations to carry the network's", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "49 states, the District of Columbia, four U.S. possessions, Bermuda and Saba; this makes ABC the largest U.S.", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "WABC-TV and WPVI-TV,", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "its", + "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "many", + "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "since the", + "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": ",", + "57275573708984140094dc45": "the 2011 cancellation of Supernanny, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule", + "57275573708984140094dc46": "of Supernanny, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3", + "57275573708984140094dc47": "specials produced prior to 2005 \u2013 such as the Peanuts specials and Rudolph's Shiny New Year \u2013 which continue to", + "57275573708984140094dc48": "only", + "57275650708984140094dc5f": "feed is transmitted in", + "57275650708984140094dc60": "The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties. However, most of Hearst Television's 16 ABC-affiliated stations transmit the network's", + "57275650708984140094dc61": "The", + "57275650708984140094dc62": "ABC's", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "The network's", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "network's", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "The", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "with sustaining existing series and gaining new hits spilled over into its 2010\u201311 schedule: ABC's dramas during that season continued to fail, with the", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "14", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the rights to both shows", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "14, 2011, ABC canceled", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "2011, ABC canceled the long-running soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "Suburgatory. NBC,", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "time since 2004", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Resurrection, all of which were renewed;", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "\u201314 season was a slight", + "57275a505951b619008f889f": "Among the few", + "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "bright spots during this season were the midseason crime dramedy Castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms", + "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "gradually", + "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's", + "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Daniel Burke departed", + "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Murphy", + "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "Daniel Burke", + "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "in February 1994, with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control to Robert Iger.", + "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994, with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "production studios. That same year, Capital Cities/ABC purchased the French animation studio DIC", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "1993, the FCC repealed the Financial", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "In 1993,", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "Financial", + "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "continued on the same path that it began", + "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "to take in the", + "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "was trying to establish a television station in Toronto, sought the help of ABC to launch the station. Leonard Goldenson agreed to", + "57275e125951b619008f88da": "that", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "it to become the future core of ABC Sports, with Arledge", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "in", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "Always in search of new", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Always", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "entity", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "entity, American", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "In", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "answers to selected questions. This was followed up in July 1966 by The Newlywed Game, featuring three recently married", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "during", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "midseason series in 1981, five", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "landscape", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "U.S.). Several flagship series debuted on the network during this time including Dynasty, an opulent", + "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "sold KXYZ", + "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "In 1983,", + "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "Corporation. On January 4, 1984, The New York Times reported that ABC, through its subsidiary ABC Video Enterprises, had exercised its option to purchase up to", + "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "in ESPN, which would allow it to expand its shares at a later date. In June 1984, ABC's", + "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network's history), Step by Step, Hangin' with Mr.", + "572763a8708984140094dcda": "Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel", + "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "Matters, as well as series such as Doogie Howser, M.D.,", + "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "1990, Thomas", + "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "CEO. Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $465 million. Now at a strong second place, the network entered the", + "572764855951b619008f8951": "programming includes Good Morning America from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays (along with one-hour weekend editions);", + "572764855951b619008f8952": "America from 7:00 to 9:00", + "572764855951b619008f8953": "one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. Eastern/Pacific for stations to air newscasts, other locally produced programming such as", + "572764855951b619008f8954": "Daytime programming is also provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "Bend, Indiana (WBND-LD).", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "markets, such as Birmingham, Alabama (WBMA-LD), Lima, Ohio (WLQP-LP) and South Bend,", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "and Delaware are the only U.S. states where ABC does not have a locally licensed affiliate (New Jersey is", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "served by New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV; Rhode Island is served by New Bedford,", + "57276690708984140094dd01": "of", + "57276690708984140094dd02": "All of ABC's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates have had their own facilities and studios, but transverse entities", + "57276690708984140094dd03": "All of ABC's owned-and-operated stations", + "57276690708984140094dd04": "Television Center (now", + "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "ABC also owns the Times Square Studios at 1500 Broadway on land in Times Square owned by a development fund for the 42nd Street Project; opened in", + "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "Broadway on", + "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "also", + "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "six-story building occupying a 196 feet (60 m) \u00d7 379 feet (116 m) plot at 121\u2013135 West End Avenue. The block of", + "572768d9708984140094dd13": "service called", + "572768d9708984140094dd14": "Demand, which is carried on most traditional cable and IPTV providers. The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner", + "572768d9708984140094dd15": "ABC", + "572768d9708984140094dd16": "on demand services for", + "572769e85951b619008f8985": "The most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand", + "572769e85951b619008f8986": "their original broadcast. In addition, ABC on Demand (like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other U.S. broadcast networks)", + "572769e85951b619008f8987": "by the other U.S. broadcast networks) disallows", + "572769e85951b619008f8988": "most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand the day after", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "A", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "promotions for the", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "for the 2013", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "A revised version of the ABC", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "By 1954, all U.S.", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "Congress in", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "large enough", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "U.S.", + "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "As a result,", + "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "off-", + "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "stations", + "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "As a result, with the exception of the largest markets, ABC was relegated to secondary status on", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "September 3,", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "it became disassociated with the theme park of the same name. The movement in westerns, which ABC is credited for having", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "in westerns, which ABC is credited for having started, represented a fifth of all primetime series on American television in January 1959, at", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "westerns,", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "as the major networks began airing theatrically released films,", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "pressure", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production,", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production,", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "film studios wanting to increase their production,", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "management; the two companies agreed to the deal on April 27,", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "overseas ownership of ITT. ITT management promised that the company would allow ABC to retain autonomy in the publishing business. The merger was", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "On", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "Goldenson", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "chief executive officer of Capital Cities Communications, contacted Leonard Goldenson about a proposal", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "December", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "implemented by the FCC in January 1985, that", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "In December 1984,", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "S.", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "merger", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "The merger between ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986, the combined company \u2013 which became known", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5,", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "several changes in its management: Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division; Michael P. Millardi", + "57277585708984140094de2b": "programming is concerned, four of ABC's", + "57277585708984140094de2c": "of ABC's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s: Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983,", + "57277585708984140094de2d": "marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during", + "57277585708984140094de2e": "programming is concerned, four of ABC's", + "57277585708984140094de2f": "Happy Days and Three's Company ended in 1984 (with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year), while The", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "Funny\"). Many of the series featured during the run of the block were produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, a Warner Bros.-based studio that", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "success of these series, ABC revamped", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "revamped its Friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block (which promotions", + "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "to own a maximum of", + "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "Selmur Pictures. In July 1968, ABC continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of ABC", + "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "FCC ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations", + "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "KXYZ", + "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "KXYZ-FM for $1 million", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "not until the late", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "to", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "It was", + "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "U.S. population, as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than NBC and CBS.", + "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "was not until the late", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "competitors\", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks, which helped Goldenson give the network a", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "scheduled a half-hour before", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "programs presented ABC with an image of the \"philosophy of counterprogramming", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "These kinds of programs presented ABC with an image", + "57277af2708984140094dec3": "U.S. broadcast network). Similar to sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which originated the \"WATCH\"", + "57277af2708984140094dec4": "(the first such offering by a U.S. broadcast network). Similar to sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which", + "57277af2708984140094dec5": "stations in Boston, Kansas City,", + "57277af2708984140094dec6": "May", + "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total, owning or providing services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only", + "57277bfc708984140094deda": "of ABC stations by numerical total,", + "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of", + "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group is", + "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates; Sinclair owns the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size, WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"Start Here\". Also developed by Troika,", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "and \"simplify and bring a lot", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"Start Here\". Also developed by Troika,", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "June 16,", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "Michigan (WZZM and WOTV), with an analogous situation arising in Kansas", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "The network has", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "signal from their market's primary ABC affiliate (in the case of WWSB,", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "The network has the", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": ",", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "came", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations \u2013 especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast", + "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "Before", + "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "successor and split his empire into", + "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "Khan as his successor", + "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "Genghis Khan died, he assigned \u00d6gedei", + "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned \u00d6gedei Khan as", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "Tem\u00fcjin was", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia, not far", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia,", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Tem\u00fcjin was", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Tem\u00fcjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun,", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Tem\u00fcjin's", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "next", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "by Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "mother) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult. Temujin's", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother Hoelun (not Begter's mother)", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "a cangue, a sort of portable", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "around", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis", + "5726a784708984140094ccff": "between the various confederations, all compounded by interference", + "5726a784708984140094cd00": "time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were", + "5726a784708984140094cd01": "confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Tem\u00fcjin grew up observing the tough political climate of", + "5726a784708984140094cd02": "At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances.", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "of his friend and future rival, Jamukha,", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "father", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "father, Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes.", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "B\u00f6rte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241), \u00d6gedei (1189\u20141241),", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "had three more sons,", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "had", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "B\u00f6rte had", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "B\u00f6rte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241),", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "title", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "began", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Tem\u00fcjin began his ascent to power by", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "to", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "offering himself as an ally (or, according", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "Jamukha, threatened by", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "As", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": ",", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "As Jamukha and Tem\u00fcjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power,", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Jamukha and Tem\u00fcjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became", + "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils. As", + "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "an", + "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "an", + "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "future", + "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "marriage", + "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "culture. This", + "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "One of the later ruptures", + "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha,", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "the", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "The next direct threat to Tem\u00fcjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols),", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "Khan,", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "s assumption of this title was", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "to", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "disloyal men in his army. Jamukha", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "According to the Secret History, Tem\u00fcjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha,", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "to the Secret History, Tem\u00fcjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side.", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in", + "5726b879708984140094cf01": "of", + "5726b879708984140094cf02": "Genghis Khan's", + "5726b879708984140094cf03": "deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified", + "5726b879708984140094cf04": "Genghis Khan's", + "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Jamukha (who", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "founder of the Yuan dynasty). This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "dynasty", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "Mongols, Keraites, Tatars,", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "a", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": ",", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan,", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "1211, after the", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": ",", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the", + "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "and", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Tem\u00fcjin defeated", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "Kuchlug,", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "as", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Qara Khitai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result,", + "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "invading Mongols were forced to", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "With", + "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "change", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "1218,", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "early", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "partner using the", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "century, the Khwarazmian", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "In the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": ", generals", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "sons crossed the", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics.", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "The Shah's army was split", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "civilians", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "Khwarezmia's defeats,", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted", + "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "was moved to", + "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "their forces to", + "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "Samarkand", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "loyal supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel.", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "The Mongols attacked Samarkand", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "The Mongols attacked", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "army and the rest of", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "The city", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "The", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars,", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "also may have", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "return", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe.", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory,", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "beyond the Bulgar", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Hungary", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "Suzhou", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "siege", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "attack", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "crossed", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "Xiliang-fu[disambiguation needed]. One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols", + "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "In 1227, Genghis", + "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Liupanshan (Qingshui County,", + "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of", + "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went", + "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "Genghis Khan's", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "was voiced most strongly by", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "The", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "of", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he", + "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai", + "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he", + "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he would not follow", + "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "Genghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "died in 1226", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "1226,", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "1226, during", + "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers hee", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "Genghis Khan died. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia,", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "1227, during", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "hunting or battle. According to The Secret History of", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "version", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "variously", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "death, Genghis Khan", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "his tribe. After", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": ".", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo)", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "Chinese Nationalist soldiers", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an", + "57273581708984140094daeb": "make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh", + "57273581708984140094daec": "'s palace", + "57273581708984140094daed": "-", + "57273581708984140094daee": "find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales state", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy.", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "Yassa,", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "The Mongol Empire", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "The Mongol", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "tax exemptions for", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "were tax exemptions", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "There were tax", + "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "Modern", + "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example T\u00f6regene", + "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the", + "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals,", + "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Genghis", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "Genghis", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "Genghis Khan realised that he needed people", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Genghis", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Genghis", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai,", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "The", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "Mongol military", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "siege warfare, cutting off resources", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "the Mongol Empire. At the time of his", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "1227. Under Genghis's successor \u00d6gedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak.", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "This", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "under one cohesive", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "Genghis", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted", + "5727404b708984140094db59": "especially among the younger generation. However, there is a chasm", + "5727404b708984140094db5a": "of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian", + "5727404b708984140094db5b": "In", + "5727404b708984140094db5c": "identity has had a powerful", + "5727404b708984140094db5d": "In the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "s", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "In Mongolia", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "In Mongolia today,", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "today, Genghis", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "In", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "Genghis", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "Genghis", + "57275250708984140094dc25": "There", + "57275250708984140094dc26": "are", + "57275250708984140094dc27": "completed that conquest and established the", + "57275250708984140094dc28": "never", + "57275250708984140094dc29": "views", + "572753af708984140094dc2f": "In the", + "572753af708984140094dc30": "people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not", + "572753af708984140094dc31": "gen", + "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "The", + "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "Kiev, Vladimir", + "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan", + "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand,", + "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such", + "572756715951b619008f8877": "Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the", + "572756715951b619008f8878": "Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians,", + "572756715951b619008f8879": "famous", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "One", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "\"ocean\", \"oceanic\" or \"wide-spreading\". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": ", meaning \"ocean\"", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written,", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": ",", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "Genghis Khan, the title is spelled in", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "variety of ways", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Genghis Khan, the title", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": ", the title is spelled in variety of", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharmacy is", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "pharmacy is", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "their", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "The", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "Pharmacists", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists", + "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode", + "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "Technician in the UK", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "Technician in the UK is considered a", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "A Pharmacy Technician", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "of Carystus", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "In Ancient Greece, Diocles", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age.", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "In", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538\u2013710) and the early Nara period (710\u2013794),", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "In", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "(1868). In this", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "Japan, at the end of the", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "In", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "(Rhazes)", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "Zakar\u012bya R\u0101zi (Rhazes) (865\u2013915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds.", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "advances", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "al-Maridini", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "(1008\u20131074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "there are old", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "Dubrovnik, Croatia, located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "In Europe there are old pharmacies", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Ll\u00edvia,", + "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "countries", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "most", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "Because of", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e.,", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "community", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "pharmacies can often be", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously.", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "specialized", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "Pharmacists provide direct patient", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "Pharmacists provide direct patient care services", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "Pharmacists", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "Pharmacists", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "clinical pharmac", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "The clinical", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "reviewing", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "dispensing and administration", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "ambulatory care ph", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "federal", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "In the U.S.", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "Health Service,", + "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "Consultant pharmacy", + "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "Consultant", + "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "Consultant", + "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication", + "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "pharmacy", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "2000,", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "Since", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "of Internet pharmacies", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "pharmacies (also known as online pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are home", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "While", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "valid", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "pharmacies sell", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription,", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "Internet", + "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "met.[citation needed] In the United States, in", + "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "a controlled substance to a \"patient\" s/he has never met.[citation needed] In the United", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "met.[citation needed] In the United States, in", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "people, youth in particular, can obtain", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone)", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone)", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": ", youth in particular, can", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "to legalize importation", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "In the United States, there has been a", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "the", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA)", + "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "informatics is", + "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or", + "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "informatics is the combination of", + "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "pharmacy", + "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "Pharmacy", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral,", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": ",", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "pharmacies", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer,", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": ".", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "In most", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "most", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "as", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "most", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "In most jurisdictions", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "that the GP practice", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "are allowed to both prescribe and dispense", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "rural areas in", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their", + "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "for the majority rule is the high risk of a", + "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that", + "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "The", + "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise,", + "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in \"diagnosing\" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "In the coming decades, pharmacists", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "the coming decades, pharm", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "the coming decades,", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "In the coming decades, pharmacists", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "to", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada,", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "in some countries; for instance, pharmac", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews.", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "prescribing", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance,", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "in", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "and", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "used in the Netherlands, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the green", + "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "mortar and pestle and the \u211e (recipere) character, which is often written as \"Rx\" in typed text.", + "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the \u211e (recipere) character,", + "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "immune", + "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "The immune system is a", + "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against", + "5726e65e708984140094d540": "healthy tissue. In many species,", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "immune", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "The immune system is a", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens,", + "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "processes", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly,", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "a system of many biological structures", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "properly", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an", + "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve", + "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "and adapt", + "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved", + "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid", + "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "Pathogens", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "Disorders of the immune system", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "of the immune system can result in", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "autoimmune", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "Immunodeficiency", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "the immune system can result", + "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as", + "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be", + "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases,", + "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "of the immune system can result in autoimmune", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "It originates from medicine and early studies", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "disease, such as the miasma theory. It was", + "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system.", + "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to", + "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease.", + "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "vertebrates", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "The", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": ",", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "simple terms, physical", + "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to", + "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non", + "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "immunity depend", + "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "components of an organism'", + "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "and", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "Microorganisms", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "organism encounter the cells", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "enter an organism", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects,", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "chemical,", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "eject", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "barriers that are", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "Several", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "Chemical barriers also protect against infection.", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "The skin", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the \u03b2-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase", + "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "infection). There is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora, such", + "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "good", + "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "intestinal", + "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "cases", + "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "chemotaxis; and interfer", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "one of the first responses of the immune", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "interferons", + "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the", + "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular", + "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "Phagocytosis", + "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "Phagocytosis", + "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes.", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called che", + "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "Neutrophils and macrophages are", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Leukocytes", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": ", neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "system.", + "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "Leukocytes", + "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "Dendritic", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": ", and", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "Dendritic", + "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as \"", + "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "by a condition known as \"missing self.\" This term describes cells", + "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC", + "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "killer cells, or NK cells, are a component", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "The adaptive immune system evolved in early", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "The", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "antigen.", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "a \"non-self\" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen)", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules,", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "B", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "B", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "As", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "a sub-group of T", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are", + "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "are", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "pathogens),", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "Helper T", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "Class II MHC molecules.", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "Helper T cells express", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": ":antigen complex is", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "(TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (\u03b1\u03b2) T", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "delta", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "delta", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "Gamma", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "Gamma delta T cells (\u03b3\u03b4 T cells) possess an alternative T", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "A", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "antibodies", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific", + "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "B", + "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "T", + "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "When B cells and T cells are activated and begin", + "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response", + "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "to", + "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "Newborn", + "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is", + "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "IgG,", + "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be", + "5729f9953f37b31900478620": ", altering the sensitivity", + "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "Hormones can act", + "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "are", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "active", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect", + "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function", + "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "notably thyroid hormone activity.", + "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "is conjectured", + "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "notably thyroid", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "a", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells also kill tumorous", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "The", + "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules", + "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can", + "5729fd111d046914007796a6": ", plants lack", + "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "Unlike", + "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "animals, plants lack ph", + "5729fd111d046914007796a9": ", whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant.", + "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self,", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "autoimmunity.", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "Overactive", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "Overactive immune", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "elderly, with", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "Immunodeficiencies", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "Immunodeficiencies", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "the", + "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "infection by activation of B and T", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "by activation of", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "population", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "in the human population, vaccination represents the most effective manipulation", + "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "allow", + "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "The success of any pathogen depends", + "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "of", + "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "a hollow tube into the host cell, providing a", + "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "made by", + "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "In", + "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "mid-1950s, Frank Burnet,", + "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "-1950s", + "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Anti-inflammatory", + "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "drugs are", + "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids", + "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, os", + "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic", + "572a04d51d046914007796ce": ",", + "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "In contrast,", + "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "First, inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times. Second, inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor, in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin D, calcitriol,", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "When", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "receptor. This is essentially", + "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "receptors are proteins used", + "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of", + "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with", + "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "derived", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "of", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "ancestor of the jawed verte", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "hagfish. These animals", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "unicellular eukaryotes,", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": ", adaptive immune system arose with the first", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "Immunology is", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "experimental", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "experimental in everyday", + "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "phagocytes \u2013 that were responsible for immune responses. In", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "example by secreting the cy", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "Clearly,", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "on", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": ", some tumors evade", + "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "trigger Type III hypersensitivity", + "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "hyper", + "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "antigens, complement proteins, and IgG and IgM antibodies) deposited in various tissues trigger Type III hypersensitivity", + "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "is an immune response", + "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "antibodies bind to antigens on the patient", + "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "in many successful infections, e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia", + "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "(Plasmodium falciparum) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.).", + "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system", + "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "falciparum)", + "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "An evasion strategy", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "Trypanosoma", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "approach", + "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not", + "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on", + "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "cells of", + "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "that are not found on", + "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "viruses like human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer, while others are the organism's own proteins that occur at low levels in", + "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "Larger", + "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the", + "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "drugs (>", + "572a10cd6aef051400155225": ", the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound, as is sometimes the case for", + "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically", + "572a12386aef051400155234": "In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined", + "572a12386aef051400155235": "T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2", + "572a12386aef051400155236": "to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on im", + "572a12386aef051400155237": "addition", + "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "humans, this response is activated by", + "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "humans,", + "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "microbes. This recognition signal triggers", + "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "micro", + "57271c235951b619008f860b": "rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws. It has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's", + "57271c235951b619008f860c": "its earliest", + "57271c235951b619008f860d": "of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919", + "57271c235951b619008f860e": "Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways", + "57271c235951b619008f860f": "massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "One of its earliest massive implementations was", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "implementations was brought about by Egyptians against", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "deem to be", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "its", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "In South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing", + "57271f125951b619008f8635": "who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she", + "57271f125951b619008f8636": "of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone,", + "57271f125951b619008f8637": "the", + "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King", + "57271f125951b619008f8639": "oldest depictions of civil", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles'", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "a stirring speech in which she tells him", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "One of", + "5727213c708984140094da35": "Following", + "5727213c708984140094da36": "Following", + "5727213c708984140094da38": "the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his", + "5727213c708984140094da39": "the images", + "5727213c708984140094da37": "with", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "the Peterloo massacre", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "of", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "Peterloo massacre", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "the Peterloo massacre", + "572726c9708984140094da7b": "\"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly de", + "572726c9708984140094da7e": "has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\"", + "572726c9708984140094da7c": "to", + "572726c9708984140094da7d": "test-", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "It has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "Marshall Cohen notes, \"It has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "to describe everything from bringing", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "It has been argued that the term \"civil", + "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": ".", + "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "LeGrande", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "LeGrande writes that", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "specific", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "voluminous literature on the subject,", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "LeGrande", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "the term is extremely difficult, if", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "writes", + "57280f974b864d1900164370": "is", + "57280f974b864d1900164371": "agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of", + "57280f974b864d1900164372": "'s relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially", + "57280f974b864d1900164373": "relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a", + "57280f974b864d1900164374": "Civil", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "is usually defined", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "is", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "is usually defined", + "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "However, this definition is disputed by Thoreau's political", + "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "his refusal to pay, Thoreau had advised, \u201cResign.\u201d If a man chose to be an agent of injustice, then", + "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "definition is disputed by", + "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "However,", + "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "through it", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "making a choice. But if government is \u201cthe voice of the people,\u201d as it", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "However, this definition is disputed by Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "wrong. More", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "good form of government is \u201cliable to be abused and perverted before the people can", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "on", + "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "of civil diso", + "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "argues", + "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience", + "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "di", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "Some", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks,", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified", + "572818f54b864d190016446c": "is usually", + "572818f54b864d190016446d": "Stephen", + "572818f54b864d190016446e": "Eilmann", + "572818f54b864d190016446f": "be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience. But Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is", + "572818f54b864d1900164470": "It", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "if it is not done publicly, at", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "is usually", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "that if it is necessary to", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "recognized that", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "It", + "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "to", + "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "non-violence in its", + "57281c594b864d19001644a4": ", the", + "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "There have been debates as to whether civil disobedience", + "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects,", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "There", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "civil", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "states that", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "s encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "repeal", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "disobedience of", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "disobedience is a simple", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "is", + "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "unjust government", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "peaceable", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "Non-revolutionary", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "section of the social fabric).", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure", + "572822233acd2414000df555": "disobedience", + "572822233acd2414000df556": "civil disobedience, such as that committed by Thoreau, but these sometimes go unnoticed.", + "572822233acd2414000df557": "place during the", + "572822233acd2414000df558": "conditions, or the release of all the activists. This is a form of jail solidarity.[page needed] There", + "572822233acd2414000df559": "recorded", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions,", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "place", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "office, and Thoreau's", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "disobedience as a group collectively", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "Unarmed", + "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "of", + "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": ".g. trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation", + "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "disobedients", + "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly", + "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity.\" Bedau also notes, though, that", + "5728e5224b864d1900165032": ", that", + "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "chosen", + "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "bystander,", + "5728e5224b864d1900165035": ". trespassing at a nuclear", + "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "Civil disobedients", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "In", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "criminalized behavior is", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "In cases", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "engaging in the forbidden speech. An example would be WBAI's broadcasting the", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "cases", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "for its policies. For example, Joseph Haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "WBAI's", + "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": ", refusals", + "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": ",", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "taxes, draft dodging,", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "refusals to", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "sit", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a system to function. In this way, they might be considered coercive.", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "disobedience,", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": ".", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "Many", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "and", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "of the same decisions and", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "Many", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "still", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "disobedients feel it is", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "Some", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "government still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "decision for civil disobedients is whether or not", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty. There is much debate", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty. There", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "An important", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "to plead guilty. There is much debate on this point, as some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "When the Committee for Non-Violent", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "the protesters attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest. At a pre-arranged announced time, one at a time they stepped across", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "to pleading either guilty or not-guilty. The arrested persons were", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957, at the Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las Vegas, Nevada, 13 of the protesters attempted", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "attempted to", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "as", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "it. To accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules' is to switch suddenly to a spirit of", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "Zinn", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "Howard", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "use", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "28, in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time. In", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in the case of", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "misdemeanor count and receive no jail time. In some mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "This action was upheld because, according to the U.S. Court", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "the members of the Navy\".", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "Some", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": ", or a", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution. In U.S. v.", + "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "if defendants plead not guilty,", + "5728facd4b864d1900165171": ", \"they", + "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "avoid imprisonment or", + "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "plead", + "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "Barkan", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "One", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "One", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "theory is that, while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "One theory is that, while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "great amount", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Courts have distinguished between", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "disobedience: \"Indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not,", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "denouncing their politically motivated acts, and to present their political", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "punishment. Brownlee argues, \"Bringing", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "offender his \"just deserts", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "with giving the", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "giving the offender his \"just deserts\"", + "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "Construction is", + "57273a465951b619008f8700": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from", + "57273a465951b619008f8701": "is the process of constructing a building or", + "57273a465951b619008f8702": "Construction", + "57273a465951b619008f8703": "items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an", + "57273cca708984140094db33": "Large-scale", + "57273cca708984140094db34": "manages the job", + "57273cca708984140094db35": "Large-scale", + "57273cca708984140094db36": "architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises it. For the successful execution of", + "57273cca708984140094db37": "planning", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical,", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "there", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is usually", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": ", there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": ",", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "Engineering News-Record", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40)", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "News-Record", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": ".", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "construction is the process", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "The majority", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room,", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of", + "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "versus timber)", + "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "Residential", + "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "Residential", + "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "Residential construction practices, technologies,", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "the additive manufacturing techniques", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "building", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "New techniques", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and", + "572745c6708984140094db9a": "the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the", + "572745c6708984140094db99": "industrialized", + "572745c6708984140094db9b": "specifications, usually prepared by a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers,", + "572745c6708984140094db9c": "industrial", + "572745c6708984140094db9d": "the modern", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "from beginning to end.", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "specialties", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "design is toward integration of previously separated special", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill", + "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "Several project structures can assist", + "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "including design", + "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "Several", + "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "can", + "57274f67708984140094dbf6": ".", + "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "Construction", + "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "Underbids happen when builders ask", + "5727502f708984140094dc07": "financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in", + "5727502f708984140094dc08": "Mortgage bankers,", + "5727502f708984140094dc09": "bankers", + "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in", + "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Mortgage", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "The project", + "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "of contracts", + "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "net", + "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "set of obligations between two or more parties,", + "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "legal obligations, each of", + "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "project is a complex net", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "is also", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other", + "572753335951b619008f8853": "the", + "572753335951b619008f8854": "common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as", + "572753335951b619008f8855": "contract, tender the works, and manage the", + "572753335951b619008f8856": "This", + "572753335951b619008f8857": "recognized. In this arrangement, the architect", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "working together. Once these have been hired, they begin building the first phase of the", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "how to accomplish these goals", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "produces", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "a", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone,", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage,", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens", + "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "the United", + "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "United States, the industry in 2014 has around $960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau, of which $680 billion", + "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "the", + "572755b7708984140094dc50": "the", + "572755b7708984140094dc51": "United States, the industry in 2014 has", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a326,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment", + "572756fe708984140094dc71": "incurring", + "572756fe708984140094dc72": "Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations", + "572756fe708984140094dc73": "Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring", + "572756fe708984140094dc74": "Construction", + "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "than relying", + "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "part", + "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students", + "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "retain the right", + "57274712708984140094dbad": "In the", + "57274712708984140094dbae": "use of", + "57274712708984140094dbaf": "United Kingdom and several other", + "57274712708984140094dbb0": "other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "category includes university-preparatory schools or \"prep schools\", boarding schools and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "boarding", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "sixth). This category includes university-preparatory", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "denominational", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "Religiously", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "Religiously", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "Private schools in", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "favoured for many reasons: prestige and the", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "and the social status of the 'old school tie'; better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities (e.g. playing fields, swimming pools,", + "57274971708984140094dbbb": "and Presbyterian Church, but in most cases, they do not insist on their students\u2019 religious allegiance. These schools are typically viewed as 'elite", + "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, as well as Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College,", + "57274971708984140094dbbd": ",", + "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Although", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "create private schools in", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "The right to create private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "Germany", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and cannot be suspended even in a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private individuals, private", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary)", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": ") schools, which are", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "list of legislative subjects in the constitution", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "only receipt of financial aid is considered, not land purchased from the government at a subsi", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "strict sense, a private school is", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school. So, in a strict sense, a private", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": ", only non-profit trusts", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India. They will have to satisfy a number", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "Critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "that has", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "The average fee is around \u20ac5,000", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": ",", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "paid for with school fees, which tend to be relatively low in Ireland compared to the", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees, which tend to", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "Ireland, private", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "schools", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Malaysia's independence in 1957, the", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "the schools would instead become \"National Type\" schools. Under such", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "instructed", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "Malaysia's independence in 1957, the government", + "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "have", + "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "schools are those run and partly or fully", + "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "The other category of schools are those", + "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "groups", + "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "category of", + "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "private schools in New Zealand are now", + "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "there are 88 private schools", + "57274eca5951b619008f8801": ", there are 88 private schools in", + "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "must", + "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "2014, there are 88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000 students", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "for Girls", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch; or Presbyterian, such as", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's", + "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "In", + "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "evident at the tertiary level. Government regulations have given private education more flexibility", + "5727500f708984140094dbff": "costs in", + "5727500f708984140094dc00": "about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80% of tertiary enrollment. Private schools have proven to be efficient in", + "5727500f708984140094dc01": "In the Philippines, the private sector has been a major provider of educational", + "572750df5951b619008f882f": "The", + "572750df5951b619008f8830": "and non-degree programmes, including vocational and technical courses. The Private Education Student Financial Assistance is made available to underprivileged,", + "572750df5951b619008f8831": "public high", + "5727515f708984140094dc11": "the oldest schools in", + "5727515f708984140094dc12": "Some of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church", + "5727515f708984140094dc13": "established by missionaries in the", + "5727515f708984140094dc14": "century. The private sector has grown ever since. After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed", + "5727515f708984140094dc15": "of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century. The private sector has grown ever since.", + "57275409708984140094dc35": "they are", + "57275409708984140094dc36": "In", + "57275409708984140094dc37": "form of \"Model C\" was abolished, however, the term continues to be", + "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "pupils are free to choose a private school and", + "572754dd708984140094dc3c": ", pupils are", + "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "In Sweden, pupils are", + "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "In Sweden,", + "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "In Sweden,", + "572756265951b619008f886d": "generally prefer to be called independent schools", + "572756265951b619008f886e": "GSCE level and 13 per", + "572756265951b619008f886f": "their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control. Some of these are also known as public schools. Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils aged", + "572756265951b619008f8870": "as", + "572756265951b619008f8871": "generally prefer to", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "many", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "United", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v.", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\", local families organized a wave of private \"Christian academies\".", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "1954", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "for private schools is generally provided through student tuition,", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "private individuals. Government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden, according to the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "scholarship/voucher", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "Funding for", + "572759665951b619008f8883": "the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so long as states may", + "572759665951b619008f8884": "educators, lawmakers and parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education", + "572759665951b619008f8885": "schooling", + "572759665951b619008f8886": "of", + "572759665951b619008f8887": "parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": ",000 annually for day schools in", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "2012", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "nearly $50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions", + "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist", + "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered", + "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "and soon thereafter named for John", + "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor),", + "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "thereafter named for John Harvard (its first", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "Harvard is a large, highly", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "high, but the", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "a large, highly residential research university. The nominal cost of attendance is high,", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "cultural, and scientific museums, alongside the Harvard Library, which is the world's", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "nominal cost of attendance is high, but the University's large endowment", + "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "The University is organized", + "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "The", + "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and", + "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "University is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for", + "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "\u2014", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "by", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called \"New College\" or \"the college", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "in", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1636 by vote of the Great and General Court", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust\"", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "College", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers.[citation", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Throughout the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas of the power", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "Harvard Joseph Willard", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "understanding \"intellectual existences\". Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "a person can grasp the", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "the favored position of", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "Christianity from", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "Radcliffe, though", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "Women remained", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "Women", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "libraries of the", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km)", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors,", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "the Longwood Medical and Academic Area approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "and many of", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "in Allston than in Cambridge. Proposals to connect the Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "Allston", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "has purchased", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869\u20131909), bought red bandanas for his", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": ", when", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students. The school color is crimson,", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "lecturers, and", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "magenta) by an 1875 vote of", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009.", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "has the", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "on Harvard Yard and blockaded", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "During the divestment from South Africa movement in the late 1980s, student activists", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "late 1980s", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "transfer-in\". Harvard College accepted 5.3%", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "College accepted 5.3% of applicants for the class of 2019, a record low and the second lowest acceptance", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "admission to Harvard", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "Harvard is characterized by the", + "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "time undergraduate", + "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "focus\". Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration.", + "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "at", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "four-course rate average to be considered full-time. In many concentrations, students can elect", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "reduced the number of students who", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "programs operate", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "four-course rate average to be considered", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "the 2012", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$57,000. Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend,", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "incomes. In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414 million across all", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "with", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%) and work-study (4", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "University", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "The Harvard University Library System", + "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "The", + "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "comprises", + "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "several arts, cultural, and", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular,", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university", + "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "has", + "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "The", + "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "competes", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "Yale is intense", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "intense", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet,", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Harvard's", + "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "teams. The", + "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\", serves", + "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": ".", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "Game by 23 years,", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "in the", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "source of the athletic rivalry between the", + "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Politics: U.N. Secretary General", + "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Politics: U.N.", + "5727de862ca10214002d9862": ",", + "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Politics: U.N.", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino,", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter;", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "Other:", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "scholars such as biologist E. O. Wilson, cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, physicists Lisa Randall and Roy Glauber, chemists", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Greenblatt,", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": ".", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "Jacksonville", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "Duval", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "the First Coast region of northeast", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "is in the First Coast", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": ",", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "First", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "made Jacksonville a major military and", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "Harbor improvements since the late", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "The area of the", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "Hammock", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "The", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "French Huguenot", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "calling", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "French", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "Huguenot", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "narrow point, which the Seminole", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "British called the Cow Ford or Cowford;", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "in 1763 after the French and Indian", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "the", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "fought", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause. The city was blockaded by Union forces, who gained control of the nearby Fort Clinch. Though no battles", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "During the American Civil War, Jacksonville was a", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "During the American", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "During Reconstruction and the", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism,", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "During Reconstruction", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad.", + "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "On", + "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to", + "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by", + "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "On", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "1910s, New York\u2013based filmmakers were attracted", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor. Over the course of the decade,", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "1910s,", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "the decade,", + "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "in the United States, suffered from negative", + "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "negative", + "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "negative", + "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "United", + "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "Jacksonville,", + "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "the city'", + "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "of", + "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition,", + "57281bb84b864d190016449d": ", leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within", + "57281d494b864d19001644be": "began", + "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "-", + "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "more support during", + "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "began to arise among", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "On October 1, 1968, the", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": ",", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": ", recreation, public works, and housing & urban development were all combined under", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "When a consolidation", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan.", + "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "has a total area of 874.3 square miles (2,264 km", + "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "km2) is land and ; 13.34%", + "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 874.3", + "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or", + "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "the city has a total area of 87", + "572821274b864d1900164510": "is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center.", + "572821274b864d1900164511": "tallest", + "572821274b864d1900164512": "in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617", + "572821274b864d1900164513": "tallest", + "572821274b864d1900164514": "The tallest building in", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "Like", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "of the", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "Cfa), with mild weather", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "from November through April. Due to", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "around 53 F in January", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures average 64 to 92 \u00b0F (18 to 33 \u00b0C) throughout the year.", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "temperatures", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "July.", + "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "has", + "572824f13acd2414000df590": "hurricane. The city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than", + "572824f13acd2414000df591": "Atlantic Ocean, or passing", + "572824f13acd2414000df592": "most other east", + "572824f13acd2414000df593": "inundated by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne, which made landfall south of the area.", + "572826634b864d19001645be": "Jacksonville is the most", + "572826634b864d19001645bf": "Jacksonville", + "572826634b864d19001645c0": "the", + "572826634b864d19001645c1": "populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "The average household size was 2.55", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": ",273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them,", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "], there were 36", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "Development", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined.", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "A study by the World Institute for", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "the", + "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016. An October 2014 study by Credit Suisse", + "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "global", + "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "global inequality continues to increase, and that half of the world'", + "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "on the basis of the", + "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "bottom 90 percent\". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a \"substantial head start\". In September 2012,", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "Times", + "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "According", + "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans combined.\" According to the New York Times on", + "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "than half", + "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent\". Inherited wealth may help", + "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "of all", + "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "economics views inequalities", + "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "Neoclassical", + "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is", + "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "Neoclassical", + "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this", + "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "in", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "inequalities", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "distribution", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor,", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "increases", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": ") raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "In", + "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "labor", + "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "In Marxian", + "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of", + "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "(workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits.", + "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "competitive pressure to reduce costs", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "consumers", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "(i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer,", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "production (i.e. where professional", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": ",", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "other good. Thus,", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "In a purely capitalist mode of", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "limit the number", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "of inequality, outcomes that", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "where", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "workers willing to work a", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "A", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "where there are many workers willing", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "the", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "to", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "in a low wage", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "A job where", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "hand", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "to", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "the other", + "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity.", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": ", higher economic", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "hand", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "on necessity", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "On", + "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "the rate at", + "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "Another", + "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable", + "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "rate at which income", + "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "Another cause is", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "Another cause is", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "Another", + "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality. As a result, those who are unable to afford an", + "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "area where there is a high demand for workers, creates", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": ", especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "of inequality", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "increases in", + "5729e1101d04691400779641": "lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education", + "5729e1101d04691400779642": "of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and", + "5729e1101d04691400779643": "in", + "5729e1101d04691400779644": "creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality.", + "5729e1101d04691400779645": "factor", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "In 2014, economists with the Standard", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "the average United States worker", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "the U.S.'s", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "2014", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "with", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "with", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "the", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "In", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "with", + "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "education movement from 1910\u20131940,", + "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "During", + "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "which led to a decrease in", + "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "During the mass", + "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "and decreased inequality", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "the mass high school education movement from 1910\u20131940", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "During the mass high school education movement from", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "1910", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "During", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "high school education movement from 1910\u20131940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "view that U.S.-style labor-market", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "popular prejudices to the contrary,", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "(2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "and", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "Schmitt", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "mobility than all the continental", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality. In", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other", + "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "Jake Rosenfield of the", + "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of", + "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Rosenfield of", + "5729e4291d04691400779653": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts", + "5729e4291d04691400779654": "is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements", + "5729e4291d04691400779655": "Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "such as technological innovation, a view shared by other experts. Empirical economists Max Roser and Jesus Crespo-Cuaresma find support in", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "a global to", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "scale.", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "Trade liberalization may shift", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "liberalization may shift economic", + "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "may", + "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "domestic scale.", + "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "In many countries,", + "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "the labor market. Several factors other", + "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "In", + "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "many countries, there", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "In", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap. On average, women are more likely", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "In", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "many", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference. A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "Economist", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Economist", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "Kuznets argued", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "Economist Simon", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Simon Kuznets", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "According", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "stages of development. According", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth. As a country", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to", + "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "Plotting", + "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "began to rise", + "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "Plotting", + "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "Plotting", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "relationship", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "Plotting the relationship between level of income", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "of this theory", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": ",", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to this theory, those", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "is a theoretical", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": ",", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "concentration is", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation", + "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates", + "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering", + "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-", + "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "by", + "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "Economist Joseph", + "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "-.907). A similar", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": ", a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "consumption", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "Effects", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "of", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "prize", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "most", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States", + "572a06866aef0514001551be": "Richard", + "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and", + "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental", + "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "researchers Richard", + "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "obesity,", + "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "most of", + "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "most of", + "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "has", + "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "For most of human", + "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "history higher material living standards \u2013", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "the", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "In recent years the characteristic that has", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "In recent", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "years", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "In recent years", + "572a0a391d046914007796df": "across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger.", + "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides \u2013 since", + "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "to", + "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "Crime rate", + "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "additional dollar", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "decreases as a person becomes richer. From this standpoint, for any given amount of wealth in society, a society with more", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "\"distributive efficiency\" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "Following the", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "Following the utilitarian", + "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "argued", + "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the", + "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "that", + "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should", + "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Banking economist Raghuram", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "Financial crisis of 2007\u201308", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "Banking economist", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "Raghuram", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "economist Raghuram Rajan", + "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "International Monetary", + "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "to International Monetary", + "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "is", + "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "International Monetary Fund", + "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "income is negatively correlated", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "-", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "to economists David Castells-Quintana", + "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "not only because it is a waste", + "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "economists", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "Stiglitz", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "Joseph", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "has become more widely held in recent years. ... The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development.", + "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "\"The view", + "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz", + "572a11663f37b31900478693": "In", + "572a11663f37b31900478694": "by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach,", + "572a11663f37b31900478695": "In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation", + "572a11663f37b31900478696": "In 1993, Galor and", + "572a11663f37b31900478697": "Both are reflected in higher rates of growth.", + "572a12381d0469140077972d": "between 1960 and 2000 found a", + "572a12381d0469140077972e": "Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of", + "572a12381d0469140077972c": "Barro, found that", + "572a12381d0469140077972b": "economist Robert Barro,", + "572a12381d0469140077972f": "in", + "572a13841d0469140077973b": "and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states", + "572a13841d0469140077973c": "have", + "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Studies on income", + "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Studies on income inequality", + "572a13841d0469140077973f": "and growth have", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "the", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "through which inequality may have a positive effect on", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "Some", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "through which inequality may have a", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "central", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "acknowledging", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "While", + "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system", + "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "developing countries", + "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic", + "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "unregistered", + "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "number", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing \u2013 at least in the US \u2013 is", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "rental units", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing \u2013 at least in the US \u2013 is caused", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "certain costs", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": ",", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "and are shared by everyone, such", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC).[not", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "(EKC).[not", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "economic inequality, the more waste and pollution", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "many cases", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "or salary. In", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary.", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "attribute the vast disparities in", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "disparities", + "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Nozick argued that government redistributes", + "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "distribution", + "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "taxation), and", + "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "Robert Nozick", + "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that", + "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "the human development approach", + "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "\u2019s choices and the level of their achieved well-being\u201d through increasing functionings (the things a person", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "\u201ccapability deprivation\u201d. Unlike neoliberalism, which \u201cdefines well-being as utility maximization\u201d, economic growth and income are considered a", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "capabilities", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "The capabilities", + "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "causes widespread panic, or there", + "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that", + "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "person\u2019s capabilities are lowered", + "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work", + "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "When", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations and help", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "The programme depicts the adventures", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid alien.", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "favourite.", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite.", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "show", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "The show is a significant part of British", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "the", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Doctor. The transition from one actor", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The transition from", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Twelve actors", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species. Each actor's portrayal differs, but they are all intended", + "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "Who follows the adventures of the primary character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey,", + "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "has a \"chameleon circuit\" which normally allows", + "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "a", + "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "adventures of the primary character, a", + "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "primary character, a rogue", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "The Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans,", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth. He often finds events that", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures.", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth. He often finds events", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history,", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "Doctor Who first appeared on", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "permitted to contain any", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "appeared", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history. On 31 July 1963 Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation to", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "20", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1. Although (as series co-star Sophie Aldred reported in the documentary Doctor Who:", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "The", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1. Although (as", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "The BBC drama department's", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "'s", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "to a Doctor Who television film, broadcast on the Fox Network in 1996 as a co-production between Fox, Universal Pictures, the BBC and BBC", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "While", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "film", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "was", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "While in-house", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "in", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "Doctor", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "\"Rose\" on BBC One on 26", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "2005. No full series was filmed in 2009, although four additional specials starring David Tennant were made. In 2010, Steven", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "2016, Moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale, to be replaced by Chris Chibnall in 2018.", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "telefilm. This is similar to the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "note 2", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "telefilm.", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "a direct plot continuation", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963\u20131989 series[note 2] and the", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "F. Kennedy", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "minutes due to extended", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "been", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "has", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "phrase", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "\"Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa\" entered British pop culture,", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "\"Hiding behind", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "watching", + "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it.", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "very", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "injury, hurt or death to persons, animals or property, whether intentional or accidental\") Doctor Who was the", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "BBC audience research survey conducted in", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "in", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "conducted in 1972 found that, by their own", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "the idea of a police box as a time machine. In 1996, the BBC applied for a trade mark to use the TARDIS'", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "image of the TARDIS", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "to the show in the public", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "The image", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "firmly", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "run, each weekly episode formed part of a story (or \"serial\") \u2014 usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "Doctor Who originally ran for 26 seasons on BBC One, from 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989. During the original run, each weekly episode formed part", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "Who", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "One,", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "original", + "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "serial format changed for the 2005 revival, with each series", + "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "serial format changed for", + "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "The serial", + "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "notably, the episodes \"Journey's End\" from 2008 and \"The Eleventh Hour\" from 2010 exceeded an hour", + "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "usually consisting of 13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "Resurrection of the", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "82", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "Time, was made in", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "eight", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "minutes", + "572803493acd2414000df229": "1973, large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries", + "572803493acd2414000df22a": "Between about 1964 and 1973, large amounts of older material stored in", + "572803493acd2414000df22b": "Between about 1964 and 1973,", + "572803493acd2414000df22c": "episodes", + "572803493acd2414000df22d": "were either", + "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "episodes have", + "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "have", + "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "episodes have been", + "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "Some episodes have been returned to the", + "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "to", + "572805363acd2414000df26d": "\"Official\"", + "572805363acd2414000df26e": "have also", + "572805363acd2414000df26f": "the BBC on VHS, on MP3 CD-ROM, and as special features on DVD. The BBC, in conjunction with animation studio Cosgrove", + "572805363acd2414000df270": "\"", + "572805363acd2414000df271": "CD-ROM, and as special features on", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character. This was first prompted by original star William", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "of the main character. This was first prompted by original star William", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character. This", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "the", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "s", + "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "the 1996", + "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "The", + "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "of 13 incarnations. This line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated, and was recognised by producers of the show", + "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "Mawdryn Undead and the 1996 TV film would", + "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "and the 1996 TV film would later establish that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations. This", + "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "addition to those actors who have headlined the series, others have", + "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "In", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "In addition to those", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": ".", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "addition", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "in 1985's The Two Doctors with Colin Baker. In 2007, Peter Davison", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "Fourth Doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher')", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "There have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific Doctor. In 1973's", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher') in the story Logopolis, the Ninth Doctor observes a former version", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "and interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher') in the", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "Additionally,", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "Additionally, multiple Doctors have returned in new adventures together in", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "released with additional archive recordings", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "series. Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy appeared together", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "multiple Doctors have returned in new adventures together in", + "57280e323acd2414000df349": "there have", + "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "the", + "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "programme's long history, there have been", + "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "the", + "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "the programme's long history, there have been revelations about the Doctor that have", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "1967 serial", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "The programme's", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed; in \"The Empty Child\" (2005),", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "The programme's", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "programme's first serial, An Unearthly", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "surrogates, through which the audience would discover information about the Doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure. The only story from the original", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "return home or find new causes \u2014 or loves \u2014 on worlds they have visited. Some have died during", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton (William Russell). These characters were", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "in 1963. One of the roles of the companion is to remind the Doctor of his \"moral duty\". The Doctor's first", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Russell). These characters were intended to act as audience surrogates, through which the audience would discover", + "572811434b864d190016438c": "Since the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a", + "572811434b864d190016438d": "the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies", + "572811434b864d190016438e": "2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female", + "572811434b864d190016438f": "of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors were Rose Tyler (Billie Piper),", + "572811434b864d1900164390": "revival", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "in", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "With", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "With the", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "'", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "Doctor Who one step at a time:", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second serial", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand, and a directed", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "is to \"exterminate\" all non-Dalek beings.", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "the series plot, as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices,", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule the universe. Conceived as \"Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes\",", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "'s archene", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Master is the Doctor's archenemy,", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy,", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires", + "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "\"Utopia\". During", + "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "the character", + "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "the 2007 episode", + "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "revival in 2005", + "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "tenure. As of the 2014 episode", + "572816213acd2414000df429": "composed", + "572816213acd2414000df42a": "end of season 17 (1979", + "572816213acd2414000df42b": "mixers. Each note was individually created by cutting, splicing, speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of", + "572816213acd2414000df42c": "1979\u201380)", + "572816213acd2414000df42d": "The original theme was composed by Ron Grainer", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "for", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "for season 18 (1980),", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "A different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980),", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's arrangement for the season-long", + "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's arrangement for", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "Christmas special \"The Snowmen\", and a", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "A new arrangement of the theme, once again by", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "November 2013.[citation", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers. In 2011, the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station Classic", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "some viewers. In 2011, the theme tune charted at number", + "572819864b864d190016447e": "\"Who Is the Doctor\".[note 6] In 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia", + "572819864b864d190016447f": "Versions", + "572819864b864d1900164480": "CD-single remix versions of \"Doctorin'", + "572819864b864d1900164481": "In the early 1970s, Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of", + "572819864b864d1900164482": "Pertwee,", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "musical", + "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "The most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson, who is also", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of The Tomorrow People. Simpson's first Doctor Who score was Planet", + "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "'s 7, and for his haunting theme", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson,", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "whilst", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "in", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "soundtrack releases have been", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "soundtrack", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008\u20132010 specials (The Next Doctor to End of Time Part 2).", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "have been", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "The", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "Doctor's final season and for the majority of the Fourth Doctor's tenure. The following", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "The", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "remained", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": ") was", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "for the Second Doctor)", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "programme's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades, with three notable periods of high ratings. The first of these was the \"Dalekmania\"", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "the day after the assassination", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "Premiering the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the first episode of Doctor Who was repeated", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "assassination of", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "week. Doctor Who has always appeared initially on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel, where it is regarded as a family show, drawing audiences", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "the", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "in 2005 (the third notable period of high ratings), it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "the", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "the ITV network strike of", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "was off the air for 18 months. Its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "Only four episodes", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "PBS stations two days prior to its BBC One broadcast. The 1988 story Silver Nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "on channels other than BBC One. The 1983 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors had its d\u00e9but on 23 November (the actual date of the anniversary)", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "Only four episodes have ever had their", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "had their premiere", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "available revived episodes in 2013 for the show's 50th anniversary. The ABC broadcasts the modern series first run on ABC1, with repeats on ABC2.", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": ", the", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "In Australia, the show has had a strong fan base since its inception, having", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "Australia, the show has had a strong fan base since its inception, having been exclusively first run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "In Australia, the show has", + "572825714b864d1900164590": "racist; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station YTV.", + "572825714b864d1900164591": "TVOntario picked up the show", + "572825714b864d1900164592": "TVOntario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with The Three Doctors and aired each series (several", + "572825714b864d1900164593": "up the show in 1976 beginning with The Three Doctors and aired each series (several years late) through to series 24", + "572825714b864d1900164594": "TVOntario", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "part of a viewer contest) and excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary were played over the closing credits; for the broadcast of \"The Christmas Invasion\"", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "on 9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "For", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "For the", + "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "For", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "Kingdom,", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "Video", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been released on VHS,", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "A", + "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous", + "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Doctor Who", + "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Doctor Who has appeared", + "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "Doctor Who has appeared on", + "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times.", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "the success of the 2005 series produced", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "the success of the 2005 series produced by", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "Gwyneth in the 2005 Doctor Who episode \"The", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "Russell", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "her Doctor Who role of Martha Jones.", + "57282f204b864d190016468a": "full series began on 24 September 2007. A second series followed in 2008, notable for (as noted", + "57282f204b864d190016468b": "was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day 2007 and a full series began on 24 September 2007. A second series followed", + "57282f204b864d190016468c": "Sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith, was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's", + "57282f204b864d190016468d": "The Sarah Jane Adventures, starring Elisabeth Sladen", + "57282f204b864d190016468e": "her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith, was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day 2007 and a full series began", + "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "In 1993, for the franchise's 30th anniversary, another", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "Time was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "Time was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving actors who played the Doctor and a number of previous companions. It also featured a crossover", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "of previous companions.", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "In 1993,", + "572831512ca10214002da04a": "Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley. The script was written by Steven Moffat, later to", + "572831512ca10214002da04b": "Fatal Death,", + "572831512ca10214002da04c": "special, Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS. An affectionate parody of the", + "572831512ca10214002da04d": "In 1999, another special, Doctor", + "572831512ca10214002da04e": "the", + "572833662ca10214002da086": "been many references", + "572833662ca10214002da087": "There", + "572833662ca10214002da088": "to", + "572833662ca10214002da089": "There", + "572833662ca10214002da08a": "in", + "572834524b864d1900164716": "was", + "572834524b864d1900164717": "The", + "572834524b864d1900164718": "Pescatons featuring the Fourth Doctor.", + "572834524b864d1900164719": "was", + "572834524b864d190016471a": "audio", + "572835854b864d190016472e": "Big Finish Productions has released", + "572835854b864d190016472f": "Doctor", + "572835854b864d1900164730": "Baker's", + "572835854b864d1900164731": "series", + "572835854b864d1900164732": "McGann's", + "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures. Since the relaunch of the programme in 2005, a new range of novels", + "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "been", + "572836732ca10214002da0de": "mid-sixties through to the present day. From 1965 to 1991 the books", + "572836732ca10214002da0df": "been published from the mid-sixties", + "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction", + "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC, there have also been novels, comics, short stories, audio books,", + "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "of stories have been published about Doctor Who, in different media: apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be", + "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "BBC", + "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "early", + "572838323acd2414000df737": "has", + "572838323acd2414000df738": "producer. In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor and in 2016, Michelle", + "572838323acd2414000df739": "as", + "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Britain's finest television programmes, winning the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005\u20132010) awards at", + "572838323acd2414000df73b": "received recognition as one of Britain's", + "57283a392ca10214002da118": "In 2013, the Peabody Awards honoured Doctor Who with an Institutional Peabody \"for evolving", + "57283a392ca10214002da119": "\u2014 and", + "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "\"for evolving with", + "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "Awards", + "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "2013, the Peabody Awards honoured Doctor Who with an Institutional Peabody \"for", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "60 years of BBC television broadcasting, where Doctor Who was voted as the \"Best Popular Drama\" the corporation had ever produced, ahead of such", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "Channel 4 countdown in 2001), the 1963\u20131989 run was placed at number", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "Drama\" the corporation had ever produced, ahead of such ratings heavyweights as EastEnders and Casualty. In 2000, Doctor Who was ranked third in a list", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "1975, Season 11 of the series", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "Britain award", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, with 25 wins overall including Best Drama", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "revived series", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "received recognition from critics", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "overall including Best Drama Series (twice),", + "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "series has ever been nominated. It was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, with 25 wins overall including", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "Dramatic Presentation,", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "won the", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "has won the Short Form", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "has won the Short Form of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series, six times (every year since 2006, except", + "57283e652ca10214002da166": "satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom", + "57283e652ca10214002da167": "satirised", + "57283e652ca10214002da168": "satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades", + "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Doctor Who", + "57283e652ca10214002da169": "Henry. Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in", + "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "a", + "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "The", + "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The", + "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C)", + "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools.", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "of", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "in", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "academic", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines, including:", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics, the Chicago school of sociology,", + "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied", + "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "by", + "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest", + "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon", + "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "University of Chicago was created and incorporated as", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "The", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational,", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Chicago", + "572843304b864d1900164848": "send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree", + "572843304b864d1900164849": "College, Butler University, and Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the", + "572843304b864d190016484a": "1890s", + "572843304b864d190016484b": "for all", + "572843304b864d190016484c": "University of Chicago, fearful that its", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "eliminated varsity football", + "57284456ff5b5019007da060": ",", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "university's fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many changes during", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "In 1929, the university's", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "Hyde Park", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college; in addition, students enrolled at Shimer", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "the early 1950s, student applications declined as a", + "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "The university experienced its", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "The university experienced", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "of", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "1960s", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "$100 million or more, was underway. Since 2011, major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "the mid-2000s", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "From the", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "From the mid-2000s, the university began a number", + "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb,", + "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The", + "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "the", + "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles,", + "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a \"master plan\" conceived by two University of", + "57284d484b864d1900164900": "After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to", + "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which", + "57284d484b864d1900164902": "Saarinen was contracted", + "57284d484b864d1900164903": "the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen", + "57284d484b864d1900164904": "Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": ", hosts various undergraduate and graduate study", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "campus. The university's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago.", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "a center in Beijing, near Renmin University's campus in Haidian District. The most recent additions are a center in", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The", + "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "Fermilab, the Secretary of the university, and the Student Ombudsperson.", + "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "The", + "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "Andrew Alper, and the President of the university is Robert Zimmer.", + "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of", + "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "of Argonne National", + "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "The academic bodies", + "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "The", + "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "university also contains a library system, the University of Chicago Press, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, and the University of Chicago Medical Center,", + "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "The", + "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "The College of the University", + "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "The College", + "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "courses", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "Undergraduate students", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "opposed to a teaching assistant). As of the 2013\u20132014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core.", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "2012-2013, the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 students, and are generally led by a full-time", + "572855973acd2414000df925": "schools. It operates the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (a private day school for", + "572855973acd2414000df926": "runs a number of academic institutions and", + "572855973acd2414000df927": "Chicago", + "572855973acd2414000df928": "The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It", + "572855973acd2414000df929": "used in urban primary and secondary schools. The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced", + "572856beff5b5019007da190": "total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th most among library systems in the United States. The university's main library is the Regenstein Library,", + "572856beff5b5019007da191": "of", + "572856beff5b5019007da192": "The University of Chicago Library", + "572856beff5b5019007da193": "States. The university's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print", + "572856beff5b5019007da194": "a total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper. The university partially", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "institutes", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "The", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "has a joint stake in Fermilab, a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "The", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "of the Manhattan Project),", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the Chicago school of economics,", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played", + "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre,", + "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the", + "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in", + "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the", + "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "including the", + "572863363acd2414000df985": ",", + "572863363acd2414000df986": "quarter of 2014", + "572863363acd2414000df987": "quarter", + "572863363acd2414000df988": "the fall quarter of 2014, the University", + "572863363acd2414000df989": "SAT scores for the undergraduate class of 2015, excluding the writing", + "572864542ca10214002da2de": "participated", + "572864542ca10214002da2df": "The Maroons compete", + "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the", + "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "The Maroons", + "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "member of the Big Ten Conference and", + "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "clubs and", + "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "University of Chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as", + "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "and 15 national championships, leading both categories internationally.", + "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "the University", + "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "both categories internationally. The university's competitive Model United Nations team was the top ranked team", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "Recognized", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "Student", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "academic unit. It is led by an Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "in addition to academic teams, sports", + "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "are", + "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "fraternities", + "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "Phi Omega. Four of the sororities", + "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "There are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at", + "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "seven", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "May", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "and", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "list. Since 1963, the Festival of the Arts (FOTA) takes over campus for 7\u201310 days of exhibitions", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "to obtain", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "since 1987, the University of Chicago has held", + "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "man", + "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": ",", + "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "In business, notable", + "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "In", + "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "In business,", + "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political", + "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Axelrod, Attorney General and federal judge Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark,", + "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "organizing Saul Alinsky,", + "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "of", + "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod, Attorney General and", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Times bestseller Before", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "the New York Times", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "author of the New York Times bestseller Before I", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "In literature, author of", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "minimalist", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series Alex Seropian, Serial host Sarah Koenig, actor Ed Asner,", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director,", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "In the arts and entertainment, minimalist composer Philip Glass, dancer, choreographer and leader in the", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "in the field of dance anthropology Katherine Dunham, Bungie", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "astronomers Carl Sagan, a prominent contributor to the", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "researcher Stanton Friedman, who worked on", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "Hubble,", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "In science, alumni include astronomers Carl Sagan, a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "In science,", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "economics, notable Nobel", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "George Stigler,", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "notable Nobel Memorial Prize", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Stigler,", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P.", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber", + "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "A. Michelson, elementary charge calculator Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton, the creator", + "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "faculty in", + "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator", + "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Robert A. Millikan,", + "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Michelson,", + "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize", + "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Past faculty", + "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and", + "5728742cff5b5019007da249": ", mathematician", + "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Calder\u00f3n, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Sahlins,", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty,", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "Sereno, evolutionary biologist", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "Current faculty include", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Current faculty include the anthropologist", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "The Yuan dynasty", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "(Chinese:", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "Yuan", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d;", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d; pinyin: Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n;", + "572860e03acd2414000df977": "Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division", + "572860e03acd2414000df978": "following the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather", + "572860e03acd2414000df979": "dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan", + "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan,", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "Yeke Mongghul Ulus", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "Khan imposed the name", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "imposed", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "In 1271, Kublai", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Genghis", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206.", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "Genghis Khan united the", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "steppes and became", + "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Og\u00f6dei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies", + "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan", + "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier", + "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "Mongols", + "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "at this", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Tianze was a Han", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Jurchen", + "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The", + "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "successor. Kublai returned from fighting the", + "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "Ariq B\u00f6ke was", + "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a", + "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire.", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "domain. The", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "Kaidu", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "troubled", + "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "years of Kublai Khan's reign.", + "572867d72ca10214002da300": "Kublai Khan's reign. Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the", + "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands", + "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He", + "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and", + "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat", + "572869b84b864d19001649af": "Kublai's", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "Kublai", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "capital", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "changed", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266.", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum", + "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "promoted", + "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "cultural growth", + "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal system, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation", + "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "Kublai", + "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific,", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "there were", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "(1115\u20131234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "to Quzhou,", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "During", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "After", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "in", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "Annam, Champa, and Java, but won a Pyrrhic", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon. Kublai", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "raise", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "127", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "Kublai's", + "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the", + "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "1253, the former ruling Duan", + "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan", + "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "the conquest of Dali in", + "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Kublai's", + "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "Kublai,", + "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "Kublai,", + "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "The fourth", + "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada),", + "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "emperor, Buyantu", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju.", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "Khan,", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "in Shangdu", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "s", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "Tem\u00fcr died in Shangdu in", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Qipchaq", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "(Chinese: \u594e\u7ae0\u95a3\u5b78\u58eb\u9662), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake \"a number of", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "the fact that", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "was dominated by El Tem\u00fcr, Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucianism", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "El", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Tem\u00fcr", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "of", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "1332 and subsequent death of", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "After the", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "After the death of Tugh Tem\u00fcr in 1332", + "572872822ca10214002da374": "they", + "572872822ca10214002da375": "final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among", + "572872822ca10214002da376": "lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while", + "572872822ca10214002da377": "years of", + "572872822ca10214002da378": "years of the", + "57287338ff5b5019007da232": ", people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective", + "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "the late", + "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "famines,", + "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "late 1340s onwards, people in", + "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "From", + "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "A", + "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between", + "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "achievements", + "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central", + "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period", + "572879574b864d1900164a15": "numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism)", + "572879574b864d1900164a16": "to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the", + "572879574b864d1900164a17": "instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam,", + "572879574b864d1900164a18": "in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "trip", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "China", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "Europeans to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Kublai", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "Yuan undertook extensive", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "extensive public", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "works.", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "The Yuan undertook", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "The Yuan dynasty was the first time that", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "known", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "generally", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "non-native Chinese people ruled all of China. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire.", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "various", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "in", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": ",", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "Tibetan Buddhists.", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "the existence of these central government", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected", + "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in", + "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "1269,", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "of", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "Since its invention in", + "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese", + "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "dynasty seems", + "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "incorporation", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "In the China of the Yuan, or Mongol era, various important developments in the arts occurred or", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater, with many great artists and writers", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "In the China", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "In", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "the western khan", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "dynasty had dramatically increased the", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "(", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "polynomial", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314) solved simultaneous equations with up", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "Advances", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "unknown. His method is described in the", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "Shoujing applied mathematics to the", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "the construction of calendar", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was", + "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "applied mathematics to the construction of", + "572881022ca10214002da416": "otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols", + "572881022ca10214002da417": "shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage", + "572881022ca10214002da418": "shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians", + "572881022ca10214002da419": "traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies,", + "572881022ca10214002da41a": "The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures.", + "572881704b864d1900164a50": "medical", + "572881704b864d1900164a51": "had \"Four Great Schools\"", + "572881704b864d1900164a52": "schools", + "572881704b864d1900164a53": "The Chinese", + "572881704b864d1900164a54": "The", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "Western medicine was also practiced in China", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "Western", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "Western", + "572882242ca10214002da420": "to the Mongols through Kingdom", + "572882242ca10214002da421": "first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the", + "572882242ca10214002da422": "of Qocho", + "572882242ca10214002da423": "the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office. The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China. Local schools and government agencies", + "572882242ca10214002da424": "rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry.", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "One of the more notable applications of printing", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "One", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to", + "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "Politically,", + "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "Politically,", + "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between", + "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism", + "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "China, the Mongols also", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Muslim", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "worked as artisans and farmers. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called \"Right Alan Guard\" which was combined with \"recently", + "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "Emperors severely discriminated against them,", + "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "ci", + "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "fighting the Mongols, among", + "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "high", + "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Despite", + "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "wrote that the usage of the term \"social classes\" for this system was misleading and", + "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "the term \"social classes\"", + "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "W. Mote wrote that the usage of the", + "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "the term", + "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "the", + "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "of", + "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "classes", + "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "reason", + "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "saying that", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "When the Mongols placed", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "Korean King, saying that the Uighur", + "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "The Central Region, consisting", + "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "of", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "The", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Region, consisting of present-day Hebei,", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "(/\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/; locally [\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a] ( listen", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "/\u02c8k\u025bn", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "officially", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "(/\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/;", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "on its peaks. Further inland, in the Nyanza region, there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "climate", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Kenya has a warm and", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "its", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "Lake Victoria,", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "African Great", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "Kenya", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "in Africa.", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "clear", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "then the British may not so much have mispronounced", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "Kamba", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "of a correct African pronunciation /\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/. An 1882", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Ludwig Krapf", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Krapf", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "Ludwig Krapf", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "The \"Big", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "\" game", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "\"", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "that is the", + "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "(1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for", + "5728fa576aef051400154920": "by Kamoya Kimeu discovered the Turkana Boy, a 1.6-million-year-old", + "5728fa576aef051400154921": "2.5 million years ago) and", + "5728fa576aef051400154922": "area more than", + "5728fa576aef051400154923": "that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent findings near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as Homo habilis", + "5728fa576aef051400154924": "suggest that primates roamed the area more than", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "The Swahili", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "a", + "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": ",", + "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "Throughout the centuries,", + "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the City of Malindi. It has remained an important Swahili settlement since the 14th", + "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "At the outbreak of World War I in August", + "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young", + "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "capturing", + "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities.", + "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "of World War I in August 1914, the", + "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "The central highlands were", + "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "The central", + "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "dwindled. There were 80,000 white settlers living", + "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "were already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu people, most of whom had no land claims in European terms and lived as itinerant", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces like the British Army and King's African Rifles. By", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "of", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "a better", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "Itote (aka General China)", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "The", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957.", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "The", + "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "Kenya", + "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "The first", + "572909406aef0514001549dc": "a", + "572909406aef0514001549dd": "advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system, where voters", + "572909406aef0514001549de": "the mlolongo (queuing", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "is a presidential", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "republic. The President", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "party system.", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "Transparency", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "139", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "Kenya", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "Kenya ranks low on Transparency International's", + "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "later. This led to protests and open discrediting of the ECK for complicity and to Odinga", + "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "from the ODM to the", + "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "Presidential elections,", + "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "that they were below international standards. After a", + "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "organisations", + "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "the election", + "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "and the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process was started.", + "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "Since", + "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers. After debates,", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal,", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "two deputy Prime Ministers.", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "February", + "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "-ordinate and supervise", + "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "new office", + "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "elected MP who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament.", + "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "by", + "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament. The world watched Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya", + "572913626aef051400154a30": "change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held", + "572913626aef051400154a31": "a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was", + "572913626aef051400154a32": "President.", + "572913626aef051400154a33": "considered", + "572913626aef051400154a34": "considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4", + "572914441d04691400779025": "In December 2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters of the", + "572914441d04691400779026": "In", + "572914441d04691400779027": "In December 2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed", + "572914441d04691400779028": "collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law'", + "572914441d04691400779029": "December 2014,", + "572914f46aef051400154a46": "International Criminal Court", + "572914f46aef051400154a47": "election aftermath, US President Barack Obama", + "572914f46aef051400154a48": "Obama visited Kenya, as the", + "572914f46aef051400154a49": "trip. Later in the", + "572915621d0469140077902f": "The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence", + "572915621d04691400779030": "The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world.", + "572915621d04691400779031": ", commended its readiness and adjudged it", + "572915e43f37b31900478005": "Kenya\u2019s", + "572915e43f37b31900478006": "Kenya\u2019s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally", + "572915e43f37b31900478007": "Kenya\u2019s", + "572915e43f37b31900478008": "been less in", + "572916f16aef051400154a56": "is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central Africa, and has an affluent urban minority, it has a Human Development Index (HDI)", + "572916f16aef051400154a57": "economy in east and central Africa, and", + "572916f16aef051400154a58": "advanced", + "572916f16aef051400154a59": "Although Kenya is", + "572917743f37b3190047800d": "East and Central Africa's biggest", + "572917743f37b3190047800f": "from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75% of the labour force (a consistent characteristic of", + "572917743f37b31900478010": "the labour force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security \u2013 an important catalyst", + "572917743f37b3190047800e": "East and Central", + "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "and West Tsavo National Park 20,808", + "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "Kenya's", + "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number", + "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "Kenya's services sector, which contributes 61% of GDP, is dominated by tourism. The tourism sector has", + "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number", + "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp", + "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24%", + "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "Agriculture is the", + "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service", + "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "by", + "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties,", + "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of", + "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20\u201325% in", + "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "led by the", + "57291b461d04691400779049": ", a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid.", + "57291b461d0469140077904a": "grown", + "57291b461d0469140077904b": "pyrethrum,", + "57291b461d0469140077904c": "Tea,", + "57291b461d0469140077904d": ",", + "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Although Kenya is the most industrially", + "57291beb1d04691400779054": "the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around", + "57291beb1d04691400779055": "is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still", + "57291beb1d04691400779056": "developed", + "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "'s inclusion among", + "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the", + "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "of", + "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana", + "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "on the coast", + "57291f153f37b31900478043": "of oil", + "57291f153f37b31900478044": "deposits of oil", + "57291f153f37b31900478045": "has proven deposits of oil in Turkana and the commercial viability was just discovered. Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be", + "57291f153f37b31900478046": "Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels. Exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves. Kenya", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "trip. Base Titanium, a", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "investment, and ... bilateral trade ... reached $2.84 billion\" in 2012. Kenyatta", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "Published comments on", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "Kenya, at the time of President Kenyatta's 2013 trip to Beijing,", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "million, representing Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment, and ... bilateral trade ... reached $2.84", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "2030", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "2007", + "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway'", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "Network, sets out the Government of Kenya's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient", + "572920d73f37b31900478055": "Kilifi, and Diani were subject to prostitution. Most of the prostitutes in Kenya are aged 9\u201318.", + "572920d73f37b31900478056": "Child labour is common", + "572920d73f37b31900478057": "is common in Kenya. Most", + "572920d73f37b31900478058": "active in agriculture. In 2006, UNICEF estimated that up to 30% of girls in the coastal areas of Malindi, Mombasa, Kilifi,", + "572921646aef051400154a78": "within their own communities. The two official languages, English", + "572921646aef051400154a79": "is", + "572921646aef051400154a7a": "is widely", + "572921646aef051400154a7b": "communication", + "572922206aef051400154a8a": "highest", + "572922206aef051400154a8b": "vast majority", + "572922206aef051400154a8c": "The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%),", + "572922206aef051400154a8d": "Kenya has the highest number of Quakers in the world, with around 133,000 members. The only Jewish synagogue in the", + "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "Sizeable", + "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "Region", + "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "Ahmadiyya,", + "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "non-denominational Muslims, while 73% are Sunni. Western areas of the Coast Region are mostly Christian. The upper part of Kenya's", + "572924b53f37b31900478067": "Nurses treat 80% of the population who visit dispensaries, health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served", + "572924b53f37b31900478068": "of the population", + "572924b53f37b31900478069": "are", + "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "Nurses treat", + "572925491d046914007790c3": "corre", + "572925491d046914007790c4": "directly correlate with a country", + "572925491d046914007790c5": "correlate with a country's", + "572925491d046914007790c6": "diarrhoea and malnutrition", + "572925491d046914007790c7": "Diseases of poverty directly correlate", + "572925a81d046914007790cd": "Kenya's first system of education was introduced by British colonists. After Kenya's", + "572925a81d046914007790ce": "system", + "572925a81d046914007790cf": ",", + "572925a81d046914007790d0": "'s first", + "572925a81d046914007790d1": "Kenya's first system of education was introduced", + "572926086aef051400154ac2": "Presidential", + "572926086aef051400154ac3": "committee recommended that", + "572926086aef051400154ac4": "of setting up a", + "572926086aef051400154ac5": "the", + "572926653f37b31900478079": "In January 2003, the Government of Kenya announced the introduction of free primary education. As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", + "572926653f37b3190047807a": "primary school enrolment increased by about 70%. Secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still", + "572926653f37b3190047807b": "8\u20134\u20134 system was launched in January", + "572926653f37b3190047807c": "8", + "572926653f37b3190047807d": "current 8\u20134\u2013", + "572926d23f37b31900478083": "Basic", + "572926d23f37b31900478084": "their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn", + "572926d23f37b31900478085": "education starts at age six years and lasts", + "572926d23f37b31900478086": "12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.", + "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "6/", + "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is", + "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "The country's literacy level stands at 85%", + "5729276c1d046914007790da": "targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and", + "5729276c1d046914007790db": "age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At", + "572927d06aef051400154ade": "than", + "572927d06aef051400154adf": "learning, there are also National and Public Library Services led by the Kenya", + "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "are", + "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "the", + "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "Kenya is", + "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and", + "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "active", + "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "two-time world champion Catherine Ndereba,", + "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot", + "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "Pamela", + "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo,", + "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "to win", + "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "and", + "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.[citation", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.[citation needed] The women's team has competed at the Olympics and World Championships but", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "has been a dominant force in women's", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "in women's volleyball within Africa,", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national", + "57292994af94a219006aa131": "in and", + "57292994af94a219006aa132": "part of the World", + "57292994af94a219006aa133": "In the motor", + "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "the afternoon (chakula cha mchana) and supper in the evening (", + "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "generally have", + "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "Kenyans", + "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "generally have three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa", + "57293b843f37b31900478133": ",", + "57293b843f37b31900478134": "Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific", + "57293b843f37b31900478135": "Climate", + "57293b843f37b31900478136": "(IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental", + "57293b843f37b31900478137": "The Intergovernmental", + "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated", + "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "election of the new IPCC", + "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Rajendra K. Pachauri", + "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "IPCC", + "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "Chair after", + "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "IPCC Panel is composed", + "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "The", + "57293c246aef051400154bba": "of", + "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989 by the United Nations Environment Programme", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "The IPCC", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "is also responsible for considering and adopting by consensus the annual budget. The organisation is required to comply with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "(WMO), Costs of the Secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the WMO,", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "through", + "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "of IPCC", + "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the", + "57293d116aef051400154bca": "The", + "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "fifteen", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "\"lead authors\", and a somewhat larger number of \"contributing authors\". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "\"coordinating lead authors", + "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "responsible for assembling the", + "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "are responsible for writing and editing the material.", + "57293e221d046914007791d5": "says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing", + "57293e221d046914007791d6": "summary of the WG", + "57293e221d046914007791d7": "summary of the WG I Summary", + "57293e221d046914007791d8": "The executive summary", + "57293e221d046914007791d9": "air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with", + "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the", + "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "2001,", + "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by", + "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "Lincei", + "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was", + "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "IPCC author Richard Lindzen", + "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "IPCC", + "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "chair", + "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report.", + "57293f353f37b3190047819f": ",", + "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "In addition", + "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special", + "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special", + "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "In addition", + "572940246aef051400154bec": "UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function,", + "572940246aef051400154bed": "IPCC concentrates", + "572940246aef051400154bee": "The", + "572940246aef051400154bef": "and", + "572940973f37b319004781a5": "This", + "572940973f37b319004781a6": "projection", + "572940973f37b319004781a7": "in", + "572940973f37b319004781a8": "This projection was not included", + "572941273f37b319004781ad": "-chair", + "572941273f37b319004781ae": "IPCC", + "572941273f37b319004781af": "the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at", + "572941273f37b319004781b0": "worrying", + "572941273f37b319004781b1": "\"What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour", + "57294209af94a219006aa201": "third", + "57294209af94a219006aa202": "E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been", + "57294209af94a219006aa203": "2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen", + "57294209af94a219006aa204": "report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on", + "57294279af94a219006aa209": "period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage,", + "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy", + "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period", + "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "widely presented", + "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99", + "572943ab1d04691400779219": "from Mann, Bradley and Hughes.", + "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "its National Research Council to set up a special investigation. The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some", + "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "On", + "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "U.S. National Academy of Sciences arranged for its National Research Council to set up a special investigation. The National Research Council's", + "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full", + "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "(AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR);", + "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstruction", + "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "(", + "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "IPCC", + "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "addition, analysis of the Medieval Warm Period cited reconstructions by Crowley &", + "572945b11d0469140077922f": "1 February 2007,", + "572945b11d04691400779230": "1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's", + "572945b11d04691400779231": "On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate,", + "572945b11d04691400779232": "On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's", + "572949306aef051400154c68": "by the", + "572949306aef051400154c69": "Another", + "572949306aef051400154c6a": "previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating", + "572949306aef051400154c6b": "suggests that previous estimates by the", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "Magazine's State", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the", + "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone", + "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed.", + "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global", + "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "According", + "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "lay persons \"with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture\" and related to \"", + "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard", + "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "persons \"with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture\" and related to \"immediate", + "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "Since the IPCC does not carry", + "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "does not carry out its own", + "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "Since the", + "572951f16aef051400154cce": "in the journal", + "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "in favor of a small permanent body, or even turning", + "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in", + "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding", + "572953013f37b3190047824d": "Chloroplasts'", + "572953013f37b3190047824e": "plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like", + "572953013f37b3190047824f": "Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight", + "572953013f37b31900478250": "Chloroplasts'", + "572953013f37b31900478251": "Chloroplasts'", + "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "Chloroplasts are highly", + "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "are moved around", + "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "intensity. Chloroplasts,", + "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "Chloroplasts are highly dynamic\u2014they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior", + "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "are moved around within plant", + "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria", + "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "cyanobacteria", + "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They", + "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "one of", + "572956c86aef051400154d1e": ".", + "572957361d046914007792cf": "chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments,", + "572957361d046914007792d0": "considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green", + "572957361d046914007792d2": "Cyanobacteria", + "572957361d046914007792d3": "bacteria", + "572957361d046914007792d1": "Cyanobacteria are", + "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium", + "572957ad1d046914007792da": "Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an", + "572957ad1d046914007792db": "around", + "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "but managed to escape the", + "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite,", + "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast", + "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "(\"plastid\" in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast).", + "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages\u2014the glaucophyte chloroplast", + "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor, are known as primary pl", + "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "These chloroplasts,", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "alga", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "one of the", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species,", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "primary chloroplast lineages, being found in", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids, which surround a carboxysome", + "57295a116aef051400154d44": "Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane", + "57295a116aef051400154d45": "Rhodoplasts", + "57295a116aef051400154d46": "phycoerytherin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color. However, since they also contain the", + "57295a116aef051400154d47": "membrane", + "57295a116aef051400154d48": "algae that live in shallow water have less phy", + "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "The", + "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "ch", + "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "chloroplastidan", + "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "chloroplast", + "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "ch", + "572961f61d04691400779359": "alga but failed to digest it\u2014much like the cyanobacterium", + "572961f61d0469140077935a": "chloroplast,", + "572961f61d0469140077935b": "chloroplast with three", + "572961f61d0469140077935c": "While primary chloroplasts have a double", + "572961f61d0469140077935d": "chloroplasts have", + "572962953f37b319004782f5": "Euglenophytes are a", + "572962953f37b319004782f6": "protists that contain chloroplasts", + "572962953f37b319004782f7": "of common", + "572962953f37b319004782f8": "contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes\u2014it is thought", + "572962953f37b319004782f9": "Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from", + "572963221d04691400779385": "Cryptophytes,", + "572963221d04691400779386": "nucleomorph", + "572963221d04691400779387": "Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are", + "572963221d04691400779388": "or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts", + "572963221d04691400779389": "Cryptophytes,", + "572963876aef051400154dd2": "have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. They were", + "572963876aef051400154dd3": "another group of chromalveolates. Like the helicosproidia, they're", + "572963876aef051400154dd4": "parasite.", + "572963876aef051400154dd5": "Apicomplexans", + "572963876aef051400154dd6": "have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. They were once thought to be related to the", + "5729645b3f37b31900478321": ",", + "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chloroplast carries out important functions other", + "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "and contain", + "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "important functions other than photosynthesis. Plant chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar, and apicoplasts", + "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "empty", + "572965566aef051400154e00": "most common dinophyte chloroplast", + "572965566aef051400154e01": "other group of chloroplasts. The peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes (occasionally two),", + "572965566aef051400154e02": "chloroplast, characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts, along with chlorophyll", + "572965566aef051400154e03": "contain a pyrenoid, and have triple", + "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "dinophyte's phagosomal vacuole.", + "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "and Karenia)", + "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes, tertiary endosymbiosis", + "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "haptophyte chloroplast", + "572966626aef051400154e13": "nucleomorph and outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast. Cryptophyte", + "572966626aef051400154e14": "ch", + "572966626aef051400154e12": "Dinophysis", + "572966626aef051400154e15": "chloroplast seems to have been", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "dinophy", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "(heterokontophyte)", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "dinophytes, like Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "been reduced relatively little\u2014it still retains its original mitochondria, and has endoplas", + "572967e31d046914007793b1": "dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more", + "572967e31d046914007793b2": "green alga containing a primary chloroplast (", + "572967e31d046914007793b3": "Lepidodinium viride and its", + "572967e31d046914007793b4": "are dino", + "572967e31d046914007793b5": "has a", + "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "chloroplasts originate from that first set", + "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "While", + "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "chloroplasts", + "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "endosymbiont more recently. It is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes.", + "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic", + "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "existence", + "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "Chloroplasts have their", + "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "Chloroplasts", + "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "Chloroplasts", + "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs", + "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "The inverted", + "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "conserved", + "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "conserved", + "572969f51d046914007793dd": "mechanism", + "572969f51d046914007793de": "chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has", + "572969f51d046914007793e0": "for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have", + "572969f51d046914007793df": "double displacement loop (D-loop). As the D-loop moves through the circular DNA, it adopts a theta intermediary form,", + "572969f51d046914007793e1": "chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s. The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replicates", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory today; however, a second", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "are", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "however, a second theory suggests that most cpDNA is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination. It", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "\u2192 G deamination. Therefore, gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "When", + "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "circles,", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "of competing model for cpDNA replication asserts", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "that", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "does not expand the multiple A --> G", + "57296b151d046914007793f1": "chloroplasts", + "57296b151d046914007793f2": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts", + "57296b151d046914007793f3": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages.", + "57296b151d046914007793f4": "is how we know about the lost chloroplas", + "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "the protein products of transferred genes aren'", + "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein", + "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "routing, and even disease resistance. A", + "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "cell membrane, just like if you were headed", + "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "in the cytosol", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "After a chloroplast", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chlorop", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation", + "57296cb21d04691400779403": "land plants", + "57296cb21d04691400779404": "(e.g., Sirogonium). Some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell; they are star-shaped in Zygnema,", + "57296cb21d04691400779405": "ch", + "57296cb21d04691400779406": "\u03bcm in diameter and 1\u20133 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among", + "57296cb21d04691400779407": "plants, chlorop", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanoba", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "chloroplast", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast", + "57296d8d1d04691400779420": ", in terms of function, the inner chloroplast membrane, which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials, has no", + "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "of chloroplast H+ ion", + "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common", + "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "chloroplas", + "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "chloroplas", + "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "sometimes", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "Some chloroplasts contain", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast. Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast's", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is", + "57296eb01d04691400779435": "Chloroplasts", + "57296eb01d04691400779436": "Chloroplasts have their", + "57296eb01d04691400779437": "Chloroplasts have", + "57296eb01d04691400779438": "Chloroplasts", + "57296eb01d04691400779439": "Chloroplasts", + "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "Plastoglobuli", + "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "are found in all chlorop", + "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "(", + "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "plast", + "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "etioplasts, but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "that", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "stroma, but it is", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "to occur in linked groups or chains, still always anchored to a thy", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "Plastoglobuli", + "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "ch", + "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "The chloroplasts", + "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "and algae contain structures called", + "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "hornwo", + "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants.", + "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "In", + "57296fd71d04691400779440": "helical thylakoid", + "57296fd71d04691400779441": "In", + "57296fd71d04691400779442": "thylakoids,", + "57296fd71d04691400779443": "consist", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis.", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "much", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "thylakoid", + "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "Embedded in the thylakoid", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "and turning it acidic. ATP synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid", + "572970916aef051400154eba": "\u2014", + "572970916aef051400154ebb": "stroma. Granal", + "572970916aef051400154ebc": "two types", + "572970916aef051400154ebe": "in", + "572970916aef051400154ebd": "grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the st", + "57297103af94a219006aa423": "yellow\u2013orange pigment", + "57297103af94a219006aa424": "red-orange carotenoid found in nearly", + "57297103af94a219006aa425": "di", + "57297103af94a219006aa426": "in nearly all chloroplasts, like chlorophyll a. Xanthophylls,", + "57297103af94a219006aa427": "In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow\u2013orange pigments called carotenoids are also found", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "Phycobilins", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "algal, and crypt", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes.", + "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "found", + "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "Cryptophyte", + "572971af6aef051400154ede": "fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, ch", + "572971af6aef051400154edf": "of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem\u2014it", + "572971af6aef051400154ee0": ", ch", + "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced. This is a big problem, since", + "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "an enzyme", + "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "As a result, chloroplasts", + "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "rubisco activity. Because of this,", + "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "NADPH, as well as oxygen. They store CO2 in a four-carbon", + "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "As", + "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "in", + "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "cells", + "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "more specifically", + "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "chloroplasts. All green parts of a", + "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "all cells", + "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "cells", + "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "some plants such as", + "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "though", + "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "only around 8\u201315 per cell, as well as much", + "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "In some plants", + "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "some plants", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet\u2014maximizing", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "The", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "the available light", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in", + "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "chlor", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "hypersensitive", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "infected", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "warning the", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "hypersensit", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "have two", + "57297427af94a219006aa453": "don't leave the chloroplast, but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule. All these molecules initiate retrograde signaling\u2014signals", + "57297427af94a219006aa454": "Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors.", + "57297427af94a219006aa455": "serve", + "57297427af94a219006aa456": "Chloroplasts", + "572974923f37b3190047840b": "One of", + "572974923f37b3190047840c": "One of", + "572974923f37b3190047840d": "made, using light energy. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages\u2014the light reactions,", + "572974923f37b3190047840e": "cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate", + "572974923f37b3190047840f": "food in the", + "572975073f37b31900478415": "energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems", + "572975073f37b31900478416": "mitochondria,", + "572975073f37b31900478417": "water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons'", + "572975073f37b31900478418": "stored", + "572975073f37b31900478419": "transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the", + "572975511d046914007794a7": "thylakoid space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation", + "572975511d046914007794a8": "space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation is", + "572975511d046914007794a9": "While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem", + "572975511d046914007794aa": "are taken by NADP+, though sometimes", + "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "starts by using the enzyme", + "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules", + "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco", + "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate", + "572976183f37b31900478431": ", glucose mono", + "572976183f37b31900478432": "Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch", + "572976183f37b31900478433": "linked together to make starch, which accumulate", + "572976183f37b31900478434": "Alternatively, glucose monomers in the", + "572976183f37b31900478435": "stimulates", + "572976791d046914007794af": "can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2", + "572976791d046914007794b0": "Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between", + "572976791d046914007794b1": "Photorespiration can occur when the", + "572976791d046914007794b2": "Photorespiration", + "572976791d046914007794b3": "when", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "(the proplastid too) but", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and", + "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "zygote, or fertilized egg. Proplastids are commonly found in an adult", + "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "Chloroplasts", + "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "plant are", + "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "Chloroplasts", + "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast", + "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamella", + "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "not", + "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "If angiosperm", + "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etio", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "Plastid differentiation", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "other", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "Plastid", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "Plastid", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "Plastid differentiation is not permanent,", + "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "or less evenly. The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments. Another protein", + "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "process starts", + "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6,", + "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "The division process starts when the", + "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "starts when the", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": ".", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "two", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "PD rings form. The inner", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "chloroplast's intermembrane", + "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the", + "572978e66aef051400154f76": "shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction", + "572978e66aef051400154f78": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division.", + "572978e66aef051400154f79": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and", + "572978e66aef051400154f77": "been shown to be a", + "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "Recently,", + "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": ", chloroplas", + "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While", + "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "Recently,", + "57296d571d04691400779413": "natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime", + "57296d571d04691400779414": "A natural number greater than", + "57296d571d04691400779415": "A prime number (or a prime)", + "57296d571d04691400779416": "A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1", + "57296d571d04691400779417": "other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is", + "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "is", + "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test, which always produces the correct answer in", + "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "or not)", + "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n", + "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "fast methods are available for numbers of special forms, such as Mersenne numbers. As of January 2016[update], the largest known", + "572970c11d04691400779463": "composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled.", + "572970c11d04691400779464": "are infinitely", + "572970c11d04691400779465": "from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes", + "572970c11d04691400779466": "that a given, randomly chosen number n is", + "572970c11d04691400779467": "primes, as", + "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "the sum", + "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes)", + "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "Many questions regarding", + "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "primes", + "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "'s conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime", + "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "Hence,", + "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 \u00b7", + "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is", + "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "that", + "572973f76aef051400154f0e": ", when written in the usual", + "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a", + "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By", + "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "it", + "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "Most", + "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- who did not agree.", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "A large body", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "A large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "large body of mathematical work would", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "large body of", + "572978f91d046914007794d3": "primes, including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euclid also", + "572978f91d046914007794d4": "different forms for primes and for composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks.", + "572978f91d046914007794d5": "composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks. Euclid's Elements (circa", + "572978f91d046914007794d6": "are hints in", + "572978f91d046914007794d7": "hints", + "57297a276aef051400154f88": "little", + "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Greeks, little happened", + "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "in fact no further Fermat numbers are known to be prime. The French monk Marin Mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p", + "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "After", + "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "until", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "trial divisions are by m = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. None of these", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "dividing n by each integer", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "numbers divides", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "primality of 37, only three divisions are necessary (m", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "division. This routine consists of dividing n by", + "57297d421d046914007794e5": "primality tests for general numbers n can be", + "57297d421d046914007794e6": "Modern", + "57297d421d046914007794e7": "Modern primality tests for", + "57297d421d046914007794e8": "tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed correctly, it", + "57297d421d046914007794e9": "given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a", + "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "A", + "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "particularly simple example of a proba", + "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "example of", + "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little", + "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "of a pro", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "\u2212 1 is of a particular shape include the Sophie Germain primes (primes of the form 2p + 1 with p", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "(prime", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes. Other primes where either p", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "are known as factorial prime", + "572982e66aef051400154f92": "largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some of these primes have been found using distributed computing. In 2009, the Great", + "572982e66aef051400154f93": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some", + "572982e66aef051400154f94": "The following table gives the largest", + "572982e66aef051400154f95": "computing. In 2009, the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project was awarded a US$100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at", + "572982e76aef051400154f96": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some of these primes have been found using", + "572985011d04691400779501": "number", + "572985011d04691400779502": "number n > 3. However, computing A or \u03bc requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes", + "572985011d04691400779503": "all other primes", + "572985011d04691400779504": "2n \u2212 2,", + "572985011d04691400779505": "are prime for", + "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "can have infinitely many", + "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "have", + "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common di", + "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "numbers. What is more, the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run\u2014the density of all primes congruent", + "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "and", + "572989846aef051400154fc0": ": if there were", + "572989846aef051400154fc1": "example", + "572989846aef051400154fc2": "+ 1", + "572989846aef051400154fc3": "The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers. For", + "572989846aef051400154fc4": "The", + "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "1859, states that except for s =", + "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "unproven", + "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "1859, states that except for s = \u22122, \u22124, .", + "57298ef11d04691400779530": "have real part equal to 1/2. The connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly", + "57298ef11d04691400779531": "unproven Riemann hypothesis, dating from 1859, states that except for s =", + "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum", + "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof", + "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "to the Riemann hypothesis,", + "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "In addition", + "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "semiprime, the product of two primes. Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes.", + "572991943f37b319004784a1": "primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture).", + "572991943f37b319004784a2": "of the distribution of primes. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many", + "572991943f37b319004784a3": "A third type of conjectures", + "572991943f37b319004784a4": "primes. It is conjectured that there are", + "572991943f37b319004784a5": "A third type", + "57299326af94a219006aa515": "time", + "57299326af94a219006aa516": "time, number theory in general, and the study of prime numbers in particular, was seen as", + "57299326af94a219006aa517": "time", + "57299326af94a219006aa518": "the exception of use of", + "57299326af94a219006aa519": "a long time, number theory", + "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "a prime factor of", + "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "Fermat's little theorem is the following: if p is a prime number", + "572995d46aef051400154fea": "Giuga's", + "572995d46aef051400154feb": "Giuga's", + "572995d46aef051400154fec": "conjecture", + "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes", + "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman", + "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on", + "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms,", + "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit", + "572998673f37b319004784d5": "used", + "572998673f37b319004784d6": ",", + "572998673f37b319004784d7": "genus Magicicada make use of", + "572998673f37b319004784d8": "strategy used by cicadas of the", + "572998673f37b319004784d9": "outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas", + "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "elements, whence the name. Often a second,", + "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "sense. For example, the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is either Q or the finite field", + "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of", + "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "of prime number", + "57299a6f6aef051400155018": ", a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot", + "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements", + "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "to two more", + "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "to", + "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units. In the", + "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "give", + "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "domains. An example", + "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to", + "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "continues to", + "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "to hold in unique factorization domains. An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z[i], that is,", + "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "Gaussian", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "with", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "algebraic geometry. The prime", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "In ring theory, the notion of", + "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of", + "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "notion of number", + "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "a ring. Arithmetic geometry", + "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "ideals are the points", + "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "geometric", + "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "ideals are", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "norm", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": ", in", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": ",", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as", + "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Prime", + "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "Prime numbers have influenced many artists and", + "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "Prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers. The French composer Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical", + "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "influenced many artists", + "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "have influenced", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "m3", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch:", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "(Romansh: Rein,", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": ":", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "Ripuarian Rhing,", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name R\u0113nos, which", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "the", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "(Rh\u0113nos),", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos),", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "geography (1st century BC) as Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "R\u012b(n) retaining the older vocalism,[note 4] as does Ripuarian Rhing, while", + "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "kilometers", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "(Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "introduced", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "(Rheinkilometer),", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "of the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\"", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "conventionally", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "Rhine is conventionally", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur.", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "Near Tamins-Reichenau the", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "Tamins-Reichenau", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "Near", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "Near Tamins-Reichenau", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "Near Tamins-Reichenau the", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "official name containing this element.", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized section.", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "The mouth of the", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "The", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "is pronounced \"Isel\" and this is also the local pronunciation", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta.", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "forms", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "forms", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "an upper canal near Diepoldsau", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "Fu\u00dfach, in order to counteract the constant flooding", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": ",", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "of", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "of the", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "Obersee (\"upper", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "Lake Constance consists of", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": ", called", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Obersee (\"upper lake\"),", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "Lake", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "Obersee (\"upper", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "of", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "consists", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "states of Bavaria", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "(\"upper lake\"), the Untersee", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": ", at the", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "The flow of cold, gray mountain", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "reappears on the", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "r", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "The", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "of cold, gray mountain water continues for", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "emerges", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "Rhine emerges from", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "Falls, and is joined by its major tributary, the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "'s", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "Rhine", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "The", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "The", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance, flows generally", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "by its major tributary, the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge,", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "cu ft/s", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge is the", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "city in the course of the stream", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "located", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "In", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "centre of Basel,", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "\"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\";", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "flows through", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "stream, is located the \"Rhine", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side, the", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "Rhine", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": ", which carries a significant part of the river water, and all", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "the", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "Upper Rhine", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "Rhine", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "The Upper Rhine region was", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "was", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "The", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "The Rhine is the", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The Rhine is the longest", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "The", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "The", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "is", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "Rhine", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "The Rhine", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "The", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "Bingen and Bonn,", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge,", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "Between Bingen and Bonn,", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "Between", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "Between Bingen and Bonn,", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as \"the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "Duisburg is the", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "1980s, industry was a", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "water pollution. Although many", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "many plants", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "Until", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "1980s, industry was a major", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "The", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": ".", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "sectors", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "The dominant", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "The dominant economic sectors", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "vines", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "The dominant", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "am", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "in the Middle Rhine area are viniculture and tourism.", + "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "located the western end of the second", + "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "Lower", + "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "cities", + "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal,", + "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "The Lower", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg,", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "cities in", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "North", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "Rhine", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "no longer coincides with the main flow of water", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "From here, the situation becomes more complicated,", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "From", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": ",", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Two thirds of the water flow volume", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "Merwede", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "of", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "The", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "The", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "IJsselmeer (a former bay),", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "The other", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "IJssel branch carries", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "The other third of the", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "sea levels within the various ice ages, the Rhine took a left", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "but are used for draining the surrounding land and pol", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained the", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained", + "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "Delta, the", + "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt", + "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "Rhine-Meuse", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "shape of the Rhine delta is determined by", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "as Boven", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "northern flow keeps the name IJssel", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "an", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "St.", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "archipelago-like estuary with Waal and Lek.", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "the North Sea and formed an archipelago-like", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "Merwede-Oude", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "sea, or into former marine bays now separated from the sea", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "by", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "the delta", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed\") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders.", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "-", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "The Rhine-Meuse", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "The Rhine-Meuse", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "Europe,", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean,", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "In", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "the stage was set in the Triassic Period of", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "MBP and 220", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "ongoing", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "the Eocene onwards, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a N\u2013S rift system to", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "of this rift are the Upper Rhine Graben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "time, it did not yet carry discharge from the Alps; instead, the watersheds of the", + "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "capture, the", + "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "Through stream capture,", + "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "stream capture", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Around", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": ",600 years", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "600 years ago) was the geological", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "Pleistocene, the Rhine followed a course to the northwest, through the", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "BP). In northwest Europe,", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "~74,", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": ",", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "Present), until the end of the Pleistocene", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "BP.", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "of", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "the last Ice Age;", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "Most", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "during the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna,", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "000\u2013", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated. Meltwater,", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "As", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": ",000", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "re-inundated", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "22,", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago, a", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "sea-level rise had dropped so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea;", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7500 yr ago, a situation with tides and currents, very similar", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "y", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": ", a", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "At the", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "the", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "At the", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "the begin of the Holocene (~11,700 years ago), the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany),", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "(central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up. This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "sped up. This caused increased", + "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "~", + "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "on the floodplain (termed avulsion), was the main process distributing sediment", + "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam.", + "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "Waal and Nederrijn-Lek", + "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "branches", + "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "branch flows to", + "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "(6/9 of total discharge), the River Nederrijn", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "was not known to Herodotus and first enters the", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "The", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "not known to Herodotus and first", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "Black", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "slopes of the Black Forest and a few scattered bridge-heads. The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "XX Valeria (Pannonian", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "threat of war existed. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as follows: for the army of Germania Inferior, two", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "The", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "The Romans kept", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "any base or in all, depended on whether a state or threat of war existed. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "in medieval legend, such as the Nibelungenlied which tells of the hero Siegfried killing a dragon on the", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "the", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "Germanic tribes crossed", + "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "Burgundians", + "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine. The mouths of the", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "Western Francia, but in the", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "6th", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "6th century, the Rhine was within", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "By", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "Since the Peace of", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "French", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "Since the", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte,", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "in general, caused much resentment in Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The allies left the Rhineland,", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "demilitarised", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "Rhineland", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "World War I, the", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "to", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "that", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "War II, it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "was recognised that the", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "surprise \u2013 after the Germans failed to demolish it. This also became the subject of a film, The Bridge at Remagen.", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "War II, it", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "Until", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "accepted", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "the", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres", + "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles). In 1932 the German", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "the legislative competence of the Parliament \u2013 the areas in which it can make laws \u2013 by explicitly specifying powers that are \"reserved\" to the Parliament", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "1997,", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "Following a referendum in 1997, in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998, which sets out its powers as a", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster. The British Parliament retains the", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster,", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "outbreak of the First World War. A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity. Suggestions for a 'devolved'", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "Labour government of Harold Wilson", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "discovery of oil in the North", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "following \"It's Scotland's oil\" campaign of the", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "Scotland's oil\" campaign of the Scottish National", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "During this time, the", + "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "assembly would be", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "51.6% in", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "Under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "1978", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "Throughout the 1980s and", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "Throughout", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "taking part", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament grew, in part because the government", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "Since September 2004, the", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Since", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "2004, the official", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "Since September", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "September 2004, the", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "held in the courtyard", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile", + "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General", + "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "building", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh (originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 Midlothian", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "addition", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "the General Assembly Hall, the Parliament also used", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "Holyrood", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Scottish Parliament,", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "After", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": ",", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer,", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "of", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "operate", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body,", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "chamber of the Scottish", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "in a hem", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "The", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "The", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom,", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "In", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "advance is recommended due to limited", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "typically", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Parliament", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "typically sits", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "Parliament", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "item of business on Wednesdays", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "perspective on", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "for", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "The first item", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "number of members wish to participate in the debate. Debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems. Members may call each other directly by", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "Presiding Officer)", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "chamber", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "Presiding Officer (or", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "pm, MSPs", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "day, normally at 5 pm, MSPs", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "and", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "to which the", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "day, normally at 5 pm,", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright. Thus, as", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote.", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "The", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "known as whips", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "outcome of most votes can be", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "Immediately after Decision Time a \"Members Debate\" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "'s own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "is held, which lasts for 45", + "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "area", + "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "to", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of committees is stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "Much", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "Committees comprise", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "Committees comprise", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically each committee corresponds with one (or", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "Subject", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "Committees", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "Subject Committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "type of committee is normally set", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence. The Scotland Act 2012 extends", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "the United Kingdom and given royal assent", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Scotland Act", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "The specific devolved matters are all subjects which", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "are", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "The specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": ", nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy,", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with", + "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament.", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "in a", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "by an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party.", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer.", + "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "bill will formally", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "Stage 1", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "the costs and savings associated with it. Statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "1", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "is considered", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament.", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "at", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "fall without a final vote being taken. After", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "the final stage of", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "royal", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament. However he cannot do so until a 4-week period has elapsed,", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "assent: After the bill has", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament.", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "Officer submits it to the Monarch", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "parties, that hold the", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister,", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": ",", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "Act", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on). The date", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "dissolved by the Queen by", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "Under the Scotland Act 1998, ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "in favour), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within 28 days of a General Election or of", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "enable", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "Several procedures enable the Scottish", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A \"General Question", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "First Minister and then supplementary questions. Such a practice enables a \"lead-in\" to the questioner,", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "of the Scottish Government. At 2.30pm, a 40-minute long themed \"Question", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "Parliamentary time", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "constituency comprises 55,", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "Of the 129", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "member to represent", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as \"Constituency MSPs\". Voters choose one member to represent", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "which each return their own constituency MSP. Currently, the average Scottish Parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors. Given", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "The total number", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "in the", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "seat", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method. For example, to determine who", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "total", + "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply", + "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "one of the countries", + "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "in", + "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must", + "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "in the", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "key figures", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Labour, with many of their key figures not returned", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "The", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "time", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "Conservatives,", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP.", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "five", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. Cameron congratulated the", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "A", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Scottish", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "A procedural consequence", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "siy\u0101s\u012b),", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "often", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "Islamism,", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "is an Islamic revival movement", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "\"to implement Islamic values in all", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Moderate and reformist Islamists", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "and reformist Islamists who accept and work within", + "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda and", + "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "tradition\" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "(Salafis,", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "fundamentalist \"guardians of the tradition\" (Salafis, such as those in", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "major division within", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "institutions,\" and", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include Fred Halliday,", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "a controversial concept not just", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Islamism is a controversial concept not just because", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "Islam and Islamism", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "Islamism, not [just] Islam?\"", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "asked the question, \"If", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "\"If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic,", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "asked the question, \"If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social,", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "Group maintains that \"the conception of", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "leftist/communist/nationalist", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "the 1970s and", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "governments", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "During the 1970s", + "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "governments", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "(infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah);", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "President", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "or Salafism.", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "of Islam promoted by this funding was the", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "\"in every way,\" but \"hate them for their religion ..", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "of Islam promoted by", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": ",", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": ", housing assistance to students from out of town, student", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "Islamist movements such", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "Islamist", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "While studying", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "While", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "While", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "Germany,", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "philosophy in England", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria, he promoted ideas of", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "Iqbal was elected president", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "society, but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt,", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Sayyid", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "more", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "Sayyid", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "-century figure", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism, and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about Islam and Islamic law.", + "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "writing", + "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "in the Islamic revival in India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose", + "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "-century figure", + "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism, and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about Islam and Islamic law.", + "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "and khilafa (caliphate). Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolution, by \"revolution\" he meant not the violence or populist", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Maududi also believed that Muslim", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a \"theo-democracy,\"", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state.", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a \"theo-democracy,\" based on the principles of:", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\" it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Roughly", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "contempor", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "Roughly contemporaneous", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "the", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders,", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "its founder Al-Banna", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "\"semi-legal\" and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011\u20132012,", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world, particularly in the Arab world. For many years it", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "and liberal Islamist Al-Wasat Party) won 75% of the total seats. Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "periodic", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "and Sayyid", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries,", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Islamic", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "between", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "The views of", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Iranian", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "The", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "maintained its", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "vehement opposition to the United States and his call that Israel", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "Islamic Republic has also maintained", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah) (two Muslim", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahideen)", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "In 1979, the", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "Union deployed its", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "super", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "In 1979, the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "when Saddam, secularist and Ba'athist", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Arabian soil to put an end to Saddam Hussein's occupation", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "US", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "the", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "factor", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "resonated with", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "with", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "These attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam's", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "increasingly", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "s", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "ideas", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s (particularly the manifesto Milestones, a.k.a.", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "leadership", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "group directed its attacks against what it believed were \"apostate\" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "The path of violence and military struggle was", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "into Islamic societies. Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "and", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "what it believed were \"", + "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "groups which employed", + "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "employed violence in their struggle for", + "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in", + "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle", + "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "their struggle for", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "Islamic state in Palestine. It was soon competing with and then overtaking the PLO for control of the intifada. The Brotherhood's", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "towards Israel, focusing on preaching, education and social services, and benefiting from Israel's \"indulgence\" to build up a network", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "First", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "decades prior", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "decades prior to the First Palestine Intifada in 1987, the Muslim Brotherhood in", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "operations\". In the January 2006 legislative election\u2014its first foray", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "the", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "of the Gaza Strip,", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "in 140", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "54", + "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi.", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "Turabi", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "For", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "After al-Nimeiry", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "Osama bin Laden for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "the elected post-", + "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to", + "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "After", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "young", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "(", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "movement", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Abbassi", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by Abbassi Madani, and a charismatic Islamist young preacher,", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "mujahideen's victory against the", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "of mujahdeen founded the Islamic State of Afghanistan. In 1996, a more conservative and anti-democratic Islamist movement known as", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "warlords, making Afghanistan one of the poorest countries on", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "In Afghanistan, the mujahideen's", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "madrasahs the", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "1977, General Zia-ul-Haq", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "ul Haq was an admirer of Mawdudi", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "overthrown. Zia-ul-Haq", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "July", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "\"The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" and before that as the \"Islamic State of", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "\"", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "\"", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "\"The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "2014, (which complained of its failure to consult and", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "al-Tawhid wal-Jihad", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "Originating as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004, participated in the Iraqi insurgency that followed the", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "Originating", + "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "In its focus on the Caliphate,", + "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "takes", + "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames \"the", + "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames \"the", + "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "HT", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "\"", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "HT", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "both countries. But many HT members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "HT does not", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "imam of the Finsbury", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "Waltham", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "free rein, heightened by expos\u00e9s such as the 2007 Channel 4 documentary programme Undercover Mosque, has given rise to the term Londonistan.", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "Greater London has", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "Hamza al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park Mosque, was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused", + "57303048947a6a140053d254": "Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001.", + "57303048947a6a140053d255": "U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates called", + "57303048947a6a140053d256": "The U.S. government has engaged", + "57303048947a6a140053d257": "been calls to create an independent agency in", + "57303048947a6a140053d258": "Christian Whiton, an official in the George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of \"political", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "is a type of advocacy of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\",", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Imperialism is a", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is \"a policy of", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is \"a policy of", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "is defined as \"A policy of extending a country\u2019s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.\"", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "\"A policy of extending a", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "\"informal\" imperialisms. \"Formal imperialism\" is defined as \"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\". \"Informal imperialism\" is less direct;", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "is", + "57306797396df919000960ee": "general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on, some writers[who?] used the term", + "57306797396df919000960ef": "of", + "57306797396df919000960f0": "of", + "57306797396df919000960f2": "was", + "57306797396df919000960f1": "of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen", + "573081c2069b531400832133": "which the", + "573081c2069b531400832134": "\"that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland", + "573081c2069b531400832135": "comes from the", + "573081c2069b531400832136": "\"The", + "573081c2069b531400832137": "\"The word", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "Young writes that", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism\", however many scholars", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "dictate the", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "and colonialism", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "Imperialism", + "5730876a396df9190009617a": "one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific", + "5730876a396df9190009617c": "empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. J. A. Hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as: \"It", + "5730876a396df9190009617b": "A", + "5730876a396df9190009617d": "controversial aspect", + "5730876a396df9190009617e": "A controversial aspect of", + "573088da069b53140083216b": "travellers to share these", + "573088da069b53140083216c": "geographical societies in Europe", + "573088da069b53140083216d": "Geographical Society", + "573088da069b53140083216e": "Geographical Society", + "573088da069b53140083216f": "The Royal Geographical", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "the \u201cother\u201d. According to Siad, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "Geographical theories such as environmental determinism", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "can be paralleled with Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism as the west\u2019s construction of the east as the \u201cother\u201d.", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "theories such as environmental", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "Geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For instance,", + "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "are often general", + "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "\"during the last generation, and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical", + "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British", + "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire \"during", + "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "stems from Roman", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "we", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "Orientalism, as", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "developed an imaginative geography", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "\"scramble for Africa\". He states that maps \"contributed to empire by", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "To better", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "century", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": ",", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "during the \"scramble for", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire, and of other war-lords.", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of Japan, Korea,", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "Empire, India, and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "played an important role in the histories of Japan,", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "played", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing their own expectations", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "social", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "moral,", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "when", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "of", + "57309446396df919000961b8": "imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term \"Age of Imperialism\" generally", + "57309446396df919000961b9": "Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700, saw (generally", + "57309446396df919000961ba": "Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700,", + "57309446396df919000961bb": "saw (generally European) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in", + "57309446396df919000961bc": "colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power.[citation needed] Although imperialist practices have existed for", + "57309564069b5314008321a5": "During the 20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919\u20131980) and Ronald Robinson (1920\u20131999) constructed a framework for", + "57309564069b5314008321a6": "maps of the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to", + "57309564069b5314008321a7": "Gallagher (1919\u20131980) and Ronald Robinson", + "57309564069b5314008321a8": "Because of the resources made available by imperialism, the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before", + "57309564069b5314008321a9": "their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary.'\"[at", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "of", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "Europe's", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "was largely focused on", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "'", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "had become an effective battlefield weapon. This technology gave European armies an advantage over their opponents, as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows,", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "continued", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "developed", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "chemists made deadly explosives that", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "anglophone", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "In", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "experience. The term \"Imperialism\" was originally introduced into English", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "In", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "debated", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "debated among historians", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "Schumpeter (1883\u20131950), Thorstein Veblen (1857\u20131929), and Norman Angell (1872\u20131967).", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were seen as \"less civilized\" therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and", + "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the", + "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "geographic", + "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "According to geographic scholars under colonizing", + "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "colonizing empires, the world", + "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "aid in the governing", + "5730a40f396df91900096234": "Britain's", + "5730a40f396df91900096235": "Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East", + "5730a40f396df91900096236": "Britain's imperialist", + "5730a40f396df91900096237": "'", + "5730a40f396df91900096238": "in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "in North and West Africa, as", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "Catholicism. It", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "rebuild", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "of", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "Algeria in", + "5730a951069b531400832213": "It", + "5730a951069b531400832214": "lift the world up to French standards by", + "5730a951069b531400832215": "French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: \"The higher races", + "5730a951069b531400832216": "leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: \"The higher races have", + "5730a951069b531400832217": "a moral justification to lift the world up to", + "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "by", + "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the", + "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in", + "5730aa52069b531400832220": "World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free", + "5730aa52069b531400832221": "the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate", + "5730ab63396df91900096260": "holy, not Roman, and not an empire\", as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation.", + "5730ab63396df91900096263": "Scandinavia", + "5730ab63396df91900096261": "Scandinavia", + "5730ab63396df91900096262": "Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete,", + "5730ab63396df91900096264": "homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "Holy Roman Empire,", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "Not", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "Not a maritime", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "nation-state, as it would eventually become, Germany\u2019s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century. The participation of Austria", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "Habsburg control", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": ",", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "However,", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "Germany", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "that", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "1883\u201384 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "During the First Sino-Japanese", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed", + "5730b255396df919000962b0": "a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin", + "5730b255396df919000962b1": "Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished", + "5730b255396df919000962b2": "1932. After World War II, the Soviet", + "5730b255396df919000962b3": "reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist", + "5730b255396df919000962b4": "non-", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "and others, believed that the revolution could", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": ", believed that the revolution could", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": ", believed that the", + "5730b541396df919000962c2": "on mercantilism, and involved colonies", + "5730b541396df919000962c3": "The First British Empire was", + "5730b541396df919000962c5": "Its growth was reversed by the loss of the American", + "5730b541396df919000962c4": "The First", + "5730b541396df919000962c6": "the", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "resurgence", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "resurgence came in", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "least in a", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "from its", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "to Imperialism,", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "s mission", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "early", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "One key", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "in", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order.", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "figure in", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "One key", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "Some have described the", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": ", whom", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "distinct", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "colonialism\". Participation in the African slave", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "that", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "The Ottoman", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe,", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "that lasted from", + "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "European", + "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "With Istanbul", + "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I, leading to the emergence of the", + "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into", + "5730982f396df919000961e2": "denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", + "5730982f396df919000961e3": "Methodist denomination.", + "5730982f396df919000961e4": "of John and Charles Wesley in England as well as the Great", + "5730982f396df919000961e5": "orientation", + "5730982f396df919000961e6": "in", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "population, or 9 million adult", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant", + "57309921396df919000961f6": "mid", + "57309921396df919000961f7": "become The United Methodist", + "57309921396df919000961f8": "mid-18th century within the Church of England.", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "at all events; and, wherever they", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "In 1735,", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "to teach the gospel to", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "Though", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "Wesley", + "57309adb396df919000961fc": "St. George's", + "57309adb396df919000961fd": "States, beginning in 1769. The", + "57309adb396df919000961fe": "St. George's United Methodist Church, located at", + "57309adb396df919000961ff": "at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States,", + "57309adb396df91900096200": "the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led most", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "first African", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "Church. They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial", + "57309d31396df91900096210": "In", + "57309d31396df91900096211": "Methodist Episcopal Church over the issue of laity having", + "57309d31396df91900096212": "ones", + "57309d31396df91900096213": "States, like many other Protestant denominations, has seen a number of divisions and mergers.", + "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "(represented by Bishop", + "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "1968, the United", + "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "On April 23,", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "holy catholic (or universal) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "Church,\" meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible, while the United Methodist Church is a branch of the", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "understands itself to", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "Some argue that The United", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "his lay preachers as presbyters, Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat. Dr. Thomas Coke, already an Anglican priest,", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "Some", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "many United", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "traditions. Although United Methodist", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "(Anglicans), but also Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm (United Brethren), and Jacob Albright (Evangelical", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm (United Brethren), and Jacob Albright (Evangelical", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "grace, or the grace that", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "Prevenient", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "Prevenient", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "or the grace that \"goes before\" us,", + "5730aeba069b531400832241": "Grace", + "5730aeba069b531400832242": "Justifying", + "5730aeba069b531400832243": "Grace or", + "5730aeba069b531400832244": "by", + "5730aeba069b531400832245": "through the", + "5730afed069b53140083225f": "Sanctifying", + "5730afed069b531400832260": "Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying", + "5730afed069b531400832261": "a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like", + "5730afed069b531400832262": "that", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "stands at a", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "charismatic", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "at", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "san", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "affirm abortion as an acceptable practice,\" and condemns the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "Church upholds the sanctity of human life both of", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "In continuity with past", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "The", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "The church", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was an attempt to withdraw the", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "Abortion and", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "Church states that it \"affirms", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon,", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "the", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "warned against the dangers of", + "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life.", + "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also", + "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "The", + "5730b54c069b531400832290": "condemns capital punishment,", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "or", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "In addition, the", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "Methodist Church prohibits", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "Nevertheless, The United", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "Nevertheless,", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "Nevertheless, The", + "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "pastors.", + "5730b776069b5314008322be": "In 1987,", + "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "In", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "with the", + "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war", + "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to", + "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "Church rejects war as an instrument", + "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "and", + "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "is harmful and is generally addictive. Persons who are addicted to pornography are physiologically altered, as is their perspective, relationships with", + "5730bdfe396df91900096310": ",", + "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "research", + "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "The UMC supports federal funding", + "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "The UMC supports federal funding", + "5730c059069b531400832305": "comes", + "5730c059069b531400832306": "comes from John Wesley,", + "5730c059069b531400832307": "is no Liturgy in the world, either in ancient or modern language, which breathes more of a solid, scriptural,", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "Like other historic", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "liturgies for services of Holy Communion, baptism,", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "other", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "after a biblical figure (e.g., \"St. James UMC\").", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "(e.g., \"St. James UMC\").", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "Methodists also honor notable heroes and heroines of the Christian faith and look to these prominent saints as providing examples of holy living and commitment to Christ that", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "The", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church. The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium). Legislative changes", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "(quadrennium).", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "Church", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "Legislative changes are recorded in The Book of Discipline which is revised after each General Conference. Non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "to the General Conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States is divided into five", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "The United States is divided into five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western. Outside the United States the church is divided into seven central conferences: Africa, Congo,", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "Subordinate to the General Conference are", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "General", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "-between", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "2007", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "Decisions in-between", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "the decision should or could be", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "approval by the Southern Jurisdictional Conference at its July 2008", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "The", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy,", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "The Judicial Council", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "The Judicial Council is the highest", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "Annual Conference,", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "Lutheran denominations such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "are members of their Annual Conference rather than of any local congregation, and are appointed to a local church or other", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "The", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "nominations committee, a finance committee and a church council or administrative council. Other committees are suggested but not required such as", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "and no more than", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "committee", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "guidebook for", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "its history, the United", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "Throughout its history, the", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "has", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "clergy were", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "first Methodist clergy", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "the", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "generally serve as pastor", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "bishop", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "ministries, such as military chaplaincy, campus ministry, missions, higher education and other ministries beyond the", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "of the Annual Conference, no appointments are officially", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "by", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the local church,", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "ordained by a", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons are called by", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "church.They", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "are", + "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "the 1996 General Conference the ordination order of", + "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "1996", + "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "At the 1996", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "called by", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "God, affirmed by the church, and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. The Local Pastor are", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. The Local Pastor are given the authority to preach", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "ordained. When elders are not available to be appointed to a local church, either through", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "United Methodist Church (UMC) practices infant and adult", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "who", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "have not subsequently professed their own faith. These Baptized Members become Professing Members through confirmation and", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Unlike confirmation and profession of", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "UMC. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "UMC. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people, including", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "confirmation and profession of faith, Baptism is a sacrament in the UMC. The", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "in the", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant.", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "Another position in the United Methodist", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "in", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "Churches, Churches Uniting in Christ, and Christian Churches Together. In addition, it voted to seek observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals and in the", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "other Christian groups and denominations. It is a member of the National Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, Churches Uniting in Christ, and Christian", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "Methodist Church is one tradition within the Christian Church. The United Methodist", + "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. A Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union formed in 2000 to", + "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "has", + "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "Cooperation and Union formed in 2000 to carry out work on such a merger. In May 2012, The United Methodist Church entered into full communion", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "Like many", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "Protestant denominations in", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "mainline Protestant denominations", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades.", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and", + "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "2008", + "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "By the opening of the 2008 General", + "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "U.S. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week\u2014it has been estimated that Africans", + "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "The UMC", + "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "is also a", + "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "UMC", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "between the", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "America and", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared", + "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "North. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers,", + "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "between New France and the British", + "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "war", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "In", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "attack on the", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "way", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "the", + "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "After the disastrous 1757 British", + "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "1757 British campaigns", + "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "Pitt", + "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "in", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "The", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. As", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "names. In British America,", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "The conflict is known", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "name. The", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "Seven", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "theater of the Seven", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded", + "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "population", + "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs,", + "5733d5704776f41900661310": "The", + "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "Scotia", + "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1", + "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "outnumbered", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "tribes. To the north,", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "kmaq and", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "the", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "them", + "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Choctaw,", + "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "south the Southeast interior was", + "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Southeast interior was dominated", + "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "At the start", + "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "(some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local", + "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": ",", + "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June", + "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "C\u00e9loron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and", + "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "C\u00e9loron's", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "C\u00e9loron's", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "When", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "C\u00e9loron's", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "wrote, \"All I can say is that the Natives of these", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "his", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "English. I don't", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "gave land", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "In 1749 the British government gave land", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "and opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown.", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "But, as the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, both", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "In", + "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were", + "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "War", + "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers", + "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "March 17, 1752, the Governor-General", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "March 17,", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "17,", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "Governor-General of New", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Lake Erie's south", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that C\u00e9loron had mapped out four years earlier, but where C\u00e9loron", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "of 1753, Paul Marin", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania), designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "de la Malgue", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "expansion. When Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, Chief Hendrick said that the \"Covenant Chain\", a long-standing friendly relationship", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "The", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "\"He who does", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker of their tribal", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Company,", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "if the French held", + "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Saint-Pierre,", + "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "Saint-Pierre,", + "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.", + "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "succeeded", + "5733f1784776f41900661575": "Even before Washington", + "5733f1784776f41900661576": "Pecaudy", + "5733f1784776f41900661577": "forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrec\u0153ur", + "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's", + "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "had returned to Williamsburg,", + "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "in", + "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the", + "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "News of the two battles", + "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.", + "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military", + "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade", + "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "trade", + "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "early important political response to the opening of hostilities was", + "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "convening", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French and Indian soldiers ambushing them", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "Braddock", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "Braddock", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams (the latter two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "French acquired", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "bogged down in logistical difficulties", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "French acquired a copy of the British", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "and had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. When Johnson was seen as the larger", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. When Johnson was seen as the larger threat, Vaudreuil sent", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat. Dieskau planned to attack", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "by New", + "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Monckton,", + "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "year", + "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's", + "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "1756. In addition to renewing the efforts to capture Niagara,", + "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing the", + "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition", + "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": ",", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "addition to his", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "who harboured ambitions to become the French", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "new British command was", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "new British", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Montcalm", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga,", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "capable", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "for the", + "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "French irregular forces", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "French irregular forces (Canadian scouts", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "the", + "57340111d058e614000b677d": "Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of", + "57340111d058e614000b677e": "resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of", + "57340111d058e614000b677f": "from trading in 1758. While many parties to", + "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "failures", + "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "Cumberland. Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which", + "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning.", + "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "the Duke of Cumberland.", + "573403394776f419006616dd": "Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British", + "573403394776f419006616de": "in which 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia", + "573403394776f419006616df": "Bradstreet", + "573403394776f419006616e0": ",", + "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "In", + "57340549d058e614000b67de": "poor French", + "57340549d058e614000b67df": "Years'", + "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760", + "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "victories continued", + "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "British", + "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "Ticonderoga,", + "573407d7d058e614000b6813": ", and before any hostilities", + "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "Vaudreuil", + "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition,", + "573408ef4776f41900661757": "The war in", + "573408ef4776f41900661758": "The war in North America officially ended with", + "573408ef4776f41900661759": "in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of", + "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "The", + "57340a094776f4190066177d": "in land made available to migrants from Europe and the colonies further south. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its", + "57340a094776f4190066177e": "Britain", + "57340a094776f4190066177f": "gained control of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of", + "57340a094776f41900661780": "sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands; these latter efforts were unsuccessful.", + "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "treaty", + "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "Following the treaty, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which", + "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "George", + "57340d124776f419006617c3": "For many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a", + "57340d124776f419006617c0": "in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country", + "57340d124776f419006617c1": "of French power in North America meant the", + "57340d124776f419006617c2": "many", + "57340d124776f419006617bf": "elimination of", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "of stationary", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "the concept", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "used", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "in", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed.", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "and", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "light,", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": ",", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "the innate tendency of objects to find their \"natural place\" (e.g., for heavy bodies to fall), which led to \"natural", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "as an integral part of Aristotelian", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "provided", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "Aristotelian physics would not", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "The shortcomings", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "Galilei,", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "shortcomings", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "shortcomings", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "law is an", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "of constant velocity unless", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "Newton's", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's First", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "para", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "moving. This is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "while", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "For", + "573749741c4567190057445d": "air next to himself, it", + "573749741c4567190057445e": "that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space", + "573749741c4567190057445f": "concept of", + "573749741c45671900574460": "inertia can", + "573749741c45671900574461": "inertia", + "573750f51c45671900574467": "Newton's", + "573750f61c45671900574468": "kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described", + "573750f61c45671900574469": "what is the proper definition of mass", + "573750f61c4567190057446a": "Newton's", + "573750f61c4567190057446b": "of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Newton's Third Law is", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "F on a second body, the second body exerts a force \u2212F on the first body. F and \u2212F are equal", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "result of applying", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "different", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "This means that", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is,", + "573766251c45671900574471": "Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can", + "573766251c45671900574472": "perceived as", + "573766251c45671900574473": ", the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent", + "573766251c45671900574474": "and compared to a", + "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as \"vector quantities\". This means that forces follow a", + "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "upon", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "and have sizes", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as \"vector quantities\". This means that forces follow a different", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "act in a particular direction and", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": ", forces were first", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "were", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "Historically,", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "Historically,", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": ".", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "the", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "added", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "As", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "the applied", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "does", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "Pushing", + "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "static equilibrium between two forces is", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "Archimedes'", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "object's weight. Using such tools, some quantitative force laws were discovered: that the force of", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "static equilibrium between two forces is the", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "which equals the object's weight. Using such tools,", + "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "first described", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "Dynamic equilibrium was first described", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Dynamic equilibrium was", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "a constant velocity, Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "equilibrium", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "equilibrium occurs in constant", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the", + "57377aac1c45671900574479": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes \"quantized\",", + "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "notion", + "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead", + "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "\"force\" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics,", + "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "of", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "fermi", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "spin, identical particles split into two different classes, fermions and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g.", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "However, already in quantum mechanics there is one \"caveat\", namely the particles acting onto each other do not", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "do not only possess", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymme", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "particle", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "annihilates) virtual", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "(4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bo", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "All of", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "All", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "between electric charges", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "a possibility", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of", + "573784fa1c45671900574483": "describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-", + "573784fa1c45671900574484": "a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for", + "573784fa1c45671900574485": "to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by", + "573784fa1c45671900574486": "the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-", + "573784fa1c45671900574487": "What we now call gravity", + "573786b51c4567190057448d": "Newton came to realize", + "573786b51c4567190057448e": "of gravity might be", + "573786b51c4567190057448f": "Newton", + "573786b51c45671900574490": "Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "In this", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance; this was widely reported in", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "This constant has come to", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's", + "5737898f1c45671900574495": "Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet", + "5737898f1c45671900574496": "only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's", + "5737898f1c45671900574497": "was", + "5737898f1c45671900574498": "the", + "5737898f1c45671900574499": "It was only the orbit of", + "57378b141c4567190057449f": "Since", + "57378b141c456719005744a0": "then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In", + "57378b141c456719005744a1": ", and so far", + "57378b141c456719005744a2": "space-time \u2013 defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events. From the perspective of the object,", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "multiplication", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "multiplication", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be", + "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "on", + "57378e311c456719005744af": "The origin", + "57378e311c456719005744b0": "The", + "57378e311c456719005744b1": "scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These \"Maxwell Equations\" fully described", + "57378e311c456719005744b2": "the interactions of the fields themselves. This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be \"self-generating\"", + "57378e311c456719005744b3": "theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These", + "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "electromagnetic", + "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all", + "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using", + "573792ee1c456719005744bc": ", the", + "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": ", there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "characteristics", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "It", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them", + "5737958b1c456719005744c3": ", there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", + "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "characteristics", + "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "It", + "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "the virtual pi and r", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucle", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "only acts directly upon", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "strong", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances.", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances.", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "force", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "strength is", + "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "The normal force is due", + "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "atoms at close contact. When", + "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force,", + "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "to", + "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal", + "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "Ideal strings transmit tension", + "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects", + "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "strings that are massless, frictionless,", + "57379ed81c456719005744d9": ",", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "Newtonian mechanics in general", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "Newton's", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "Newton's", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "particles", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "relevant", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism", + "5737a4511c456719005744df": "their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second", + "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "unbalanced", + "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As", + "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving", + "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is", + "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "of an object, and therefore", + "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "where is", + "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "component", + "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "only", + "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "A", + "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system,", + "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is", + "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "is impossible to model forces as being", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "For", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "nonconservative forces act to change the internal", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "nonconservati", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "The", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "forces", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": ")", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "a metric counterpart, less", + "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf)" +}