diff --git "a/predictions_.json" "b/predictions_.json" --- "a/predictions_.json" +++ "b/predictions_.json" @@ -1,10572 +1,10572 @@ { - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "an American football game to", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "Bowl 50 was an American football game to", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "50 was an American", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California. As this was the 50th Super Bowl, the league emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "(under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl L\"), so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Super", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Bowl 50", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Super", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "Super", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "Super", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "champion of the National Football League", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season.", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC)", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "Super", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "American", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "League (NFL)", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24\u201310 to earn their third", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "an American football game to", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "played", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "gold-themed initiatives, as well as", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "emphasized the \"golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives", - "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "Super Bowl 50 was an American football game", - "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Super", - "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each", - "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Super Bowl 50 was", - "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "was", - "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "The", - "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "The", - "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "The Panthers finished the", - "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "The Broncos finished the regular season", - "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "them 20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys,", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "\u2013", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP).", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "regular season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "the", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "1 record, and quarterback", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "15\u20131", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "Bowl appearance", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "and quarterback Cam", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "The Panthers finished the regular season with a 15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "1", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "and denied the New England Patriots a chance", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "regular", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "The Panthers finished", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "The Panthers finished the regular season", - "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995.", - "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second", - "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "The Panthers finished", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Broncos took an early", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "early lead in Super Bowl", - "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into", - "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which", - "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "The", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "The", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "Broncos", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "The Broncos", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "Broncos took an", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "Miller", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "took", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "The", - "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by", - "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "never trailed.", - "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and", - "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "him seven times and forced", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "and", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "trailed", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "lead in", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "Miller was named Super Bowl MVP,", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "San Francisco", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "San Francisco", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "San Francisco", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "San Francisco", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "San Francisco", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Arabic numerals 50.", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "February 7,", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Super Bowl 50 was an American football game", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Arabic numerals 50.", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "American football game", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "24\u201310", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "numerals (under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "game would have been known as \"Super Bowl", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "San Francisco", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "\"Super Bowl", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "February 7, 2016,", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "2015", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "San Francisco", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "24\u201310", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "February 7,", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "2015", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "San Francisco Bay", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "San Francisco", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "numerals (under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl", + "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "February 7, 2016,", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Denver", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "San Francisco Bay", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Denver Broncos", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "Denver Broncos", + "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "New England Patriots", + "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "49", + "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "15", + "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "the New England Patriots", + "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "quarterback Cam Newton", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "The Broncos", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "Cam Newton", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "the Arizona Cardinals", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "15", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "quarterback Cam Newton", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "one of four teams that have made eight", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Cam Newton", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995.", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "four", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "Steelers", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The Broncos", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "15", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The Broncos", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "quarterback Cam Newton", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "Broncos", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "The Broncos", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "quarterback Cam Newton", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "The Broncos", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "1995", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "two", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "tackles", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "sacks", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "two", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Broncos", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "three", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "tackles, 2\u00bd sacks", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "two", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "seven times", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "The Broncos", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "trailed. Newton", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "seven", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "two", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "Broncos", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "seven", + "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "three", + "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "two", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "sacks, and two forced fumble", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "Denver linebacker", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "Denver's defense,", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven times", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "two", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "fumbles", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "seven times", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "CBS", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "$5", "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "CBS", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "in", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "CBS", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Bruno Mars, who headlined", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "CBS broadcast Super", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "CBS", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "the", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "broadcast Super", - "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The", - "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.,", - "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "5", - "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by", - "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by", - "56d602631c85041400946eda": "charged an average of", - "56d602631c85041400946edb": "for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock", - "56d602631c85041400946edc": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Coldplay with special guest", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.,", - "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that", - "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\" and that it would be \"an", - "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "Goodell", - "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned", - "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "In early 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\" and that it would be", - "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular\"", - "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "2012,", - "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "early", - "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "In", - "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "early 2012", - "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "In early 2012,", - "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites:", - "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz", - "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "narrowed", - "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "The league", - "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "eventually", - "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome,", - "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "The", - "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "eventually", - "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "Francisco", - "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites: New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz", - "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "The league eventually narrowed the", - "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "The", - "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "league", - "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "The league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites:", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Mercedes-Benz", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "The", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "league eventually", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "XLIV in 2010. The San Francisco Bay Area last hosted in 1985 (Super Bowl XIX), held at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California,", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "The", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "renovations. However, on May 3, 2013, the Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations, dealing", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "16, 2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": ", 2012, that", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "October 16, 2012, that", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "renovations. However, on May 3, 2013, the Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "2012, that the two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "Stadium. The", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": ",", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "The", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "were", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "The league announced on October", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "announced", - "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times (tied for most with New Orleans), with", - "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": ",", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "The league announced", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "The league announced on October 16,", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": ",", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "16", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "stadium underwent", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "May 21, 2013,", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "2013, NFL owners", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the", - "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "their spring", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "On", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "XXXVII", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "in", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "It is the", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "in 2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first", - "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "Francisco", - "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", - "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "On", - "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "May", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's Stadium. The $1.2 billion stadium opened", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "On May 21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings in Boston voted and awarded the game to Levi's", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "May", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "21, 2013, NFL owners at their spring meetings", - "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "number", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "both conferences", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "For the third straight season, the number one seeds from both", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "their other appearance", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "For the third straight", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "third", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "season", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "the third straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four teams to", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "For the third", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "the", - "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "back DeAngelo Williams and", - "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "losing", - "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "top", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "to a", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "for the first time in franchise history. Ten players were selected to the", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "game schedule in", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "regular season games since the league expanded to", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "wai", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "running", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "and", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "1978. Carolina started the season 14\u20130, not only setting franchise", - "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", - "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. Carolina started the season 14\u20130,", - "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "history) along with eight All-Pro selections.", - "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "Despite waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", - "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Despite waiving longtime running back", - "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "running", - "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "Despite waiving longtime running back DeAngelo", - "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": ", becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "(31", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "scoring", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "scoring (", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "and", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "Panthers offense,", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points),", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "the NFL in scoring (500 points),", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "scoring (500 points)", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "and rushing for 636", - "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "led the NFL in scoring (500 points),", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "yards and rushing for 636,", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4. Newton's leading receivers were", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "in scoring (", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "The", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "The Panthers defense", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "in interceptions", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler who was the NFL's active career sack leader with 136,", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "team with a career high seven", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "up just 308 points", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Panthers", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "with 136, along with defensive end Kony Ealy, who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts. Behind them, two of the Panthers", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "bowler", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "fumbles and recovering two. Fellow lineman Mario Addison added 6\u00bd sacks. The Panthers line also featured veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11,", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "the NFL's active career sack leader with 136, along with defensive end Kony Ealy, who had", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "up just 308 points,", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "offense, the Broncos finished", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "Although the team had a 7\u20130", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "loss", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Following their", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "all", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "including a mutual parting with", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "their loss in the divisional round of the previous season'", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "in", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "Kubiak, the Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, but struggled", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "their", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes,", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "to", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "most of the remainder of the regular", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "left foot. He set the NFL's all-time record for", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "since the summer, and the simple fact that Manning was getting old, as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season. Although the", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "Following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "'", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes,", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards,", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "contrast", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "for a rating of 86.", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "Manning", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "96", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10", - "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "contrast, Osweiler", - "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "touchdowns", - "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Manning", - "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": ", the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "-", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Manning finished the year", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three. Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "530", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "in", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "allowed (4,530", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "The Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and fourth in", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Derek Wolfe and Malik", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three. Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history,", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "' defense ranked first", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "play in the Pro", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "allowed (296)", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": ",", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315,", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "running", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "The", - "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime", - "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "The Panthers beat", - "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "the", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "The Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks in the", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "year earlier. The", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "\u2013", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "The Panthers", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "Broncos", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "The Broncos defeated", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "Broncos", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "didn't throw any in their", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318,", - "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "clock. Despite Manning's problems with interceptions during the season, he didn't throw any in their", - "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final three", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "seconds left on", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316,", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game,", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "ACL tears", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "major setback when", - "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "Carolina suffered", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "suffered a", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career,", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "Carolina suffered", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "11", - "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "already overcome three ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC Championship Game. Despite this, he insisted he would still", - "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "he insisted he would still find a way to", - "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "when", - "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Carolina suffered a major setback when", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "of Football", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "ever to play", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "at", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "became the first", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "quarterback", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams", - "56d704430d65d214001982de": "is", - "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive", - "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "Peyton Manning became the", - "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two", - "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Manning became the first", - "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "Peyton", - "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "was the first Super", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "This", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "Carolina and Von Miller for Denver.", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "was the first", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes.", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "on", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "This", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "quarterback on both teams who", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "the", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "selection of the 1998 NFL draft,", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "a quarterback", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "matchup also pits the", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "was the first Super Bowl to feature a", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "the 1998", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "both head", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "in", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "With Rivera", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "been a", - "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "With Rivera", - "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak", - "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway", - "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "defeats in", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Levi's Stadium's", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in \"great shape\" for gameday. However, the turf showed problem throughout the game,", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in \"great shape\" for", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "a Super Bowl;", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "over", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Concerns", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "Levi's", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "quality to host", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season,", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "during the inaugural season, the field", - "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;", - "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants. Elway stated, \"We've", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "losing", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "jerseys with matching white pants. Elway", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "Elway's last game as Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319. In their only other Super Bowl win in Super Bowl", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "to", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "As", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "NFC", - "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons", - "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "As the designated home team in the annual", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "XXII,", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "Bowl was the Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons prior. The Broncos' decision to", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "used the San Jose", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "The", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "at the", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "and stayed at the", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed", - "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The", - "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "The", - "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the", - "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "facility and", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "The Panthers used the", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "with Roman numerals,", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "On June 4, 2014,", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "games with Roman numerals,", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "2014", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "logo", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "On June", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Bowl", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "On June", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "On June 4,", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "practice established at", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named", - "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games", - "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "On June 4,", - "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into", - "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "themed", - "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "\"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's", - "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "Various", - "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "Various gold-themed", - "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the \"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos", - "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season", - "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were", - "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "and hats featured", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "NFL", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "The", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "the", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "NFL", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "NFL", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "annual NFL", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "the Moscone", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, \"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "the", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring games and activities that", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "The", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "The", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "NFL Experience was held", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "The", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "In", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "In addition, there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at", - "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "addition", - "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "In", - "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "$2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": ", there are $2 million", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "there are $2", - "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": ", there are $", - "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "individual donors, but still may need the city council", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game,", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "event", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "game's media day", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "The game's media day, which was typically", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "s", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "the game, was moved to", - "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "'s media day,", - "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved", - "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "'", - "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "The game's media day, which was typically", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "Tuesday", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "February 1, 2016 at", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "in", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "businesses in Business Connect,", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl.", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "For", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "already raised over $40 million through sponsors including Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron,", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "and around the Super Bowl. The host committee has already raised over $40 million through", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "the first", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "For the first time,", - "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in Business Connect,", - "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in", - "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "For the first time, the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought", - "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "grants", - "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "The Super Bowl", - "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the", - "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "will", - "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be", - "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises", - "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "Committee has vowed", - "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "dedicate 25 percent", - "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be \"the most giving Super Bowl ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "large", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "(15 kg) for a total of 66 lb (30 kg). Like the Lombardi Trophy, the \"50\" will be designed by Tiffany &", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "Super Bowl 50 will also receive a large, 18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit will weigh 33 lb (15", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy that", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "to the", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "In", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "In addition to the Vince Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions", - "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "also", - "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "to the Vince", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "with Tracy Wolfson", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": ", including pylon cameras and microphones", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "In the", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "In the United States, the game was televised", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "the telecast,", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "contest", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "between", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle", - "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "the United States, the game was televised", - "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "the contest, with Tracy Wolfson", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL.", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "Simms", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "\u2014", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "by CBS,", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "Allegre,", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "the", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "On", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster", - "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "ESPN Deportes", - "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "and", - "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "2015, ESPN Deportes", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "ESPN Deportes", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "28,", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "CBS", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "CBS provided digital streams of", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": ".com, and the", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "of", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "CBS", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "CBS", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "provided digital", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "CBS", - "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports", - "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "CBS", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "CBS provided digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com,", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "provided digital streams of the", - "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its", - "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "As opposed to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning", - "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "to broadcasts", - "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "series, CBS", - "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "with a special", - "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "to broadcasts of primetime series, CBS broadcast special episodes of its", - "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000,", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "second advertisement at $5,000,000, a", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": ", the advertisements had not yet sold out", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "time on both the television and", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "set the base rate for a 30", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "$5,000,000, a record high price", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "CBS set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000,", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": ",", - "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "CBS set the", - "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "base rate", - "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "be the final year in a multi-year contract with Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer", - "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "performers Beyonc\u00e9", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Coldplay", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Mars,", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Mars,", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "Mars,", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "$5 million", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "Mars,", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "Mars,", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "5 million", + "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "Mars,", + "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "Mars,", + "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "Bruno", + "56d602631c85041400946eda": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56d602631c85041400946edb": "British rock group Coldplay", + "56d602631c85041400946edc": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "$5 million", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "British rock group Coldplay", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Mars,", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "Super Bowl", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", + "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger Goodell", + "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "early 2012", + "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", + "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "50th", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "\"spectacular\" and that it would be \"", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "New Orleans'", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "New Orleans'", + "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "San Francisco Bay", + "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay", + "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Levi's Stadium.", + "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "Sun Life Stadium,", + "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", + "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "New Orleans'", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "Sun Life Stadium,", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "Sun Life Stadium,", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "New Orleans'", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Sun Life Stadium,", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "San Francisco", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "May 3, 2013,", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "two", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "Stanford, California, won by the home team 49ers.", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "October 16, 2012,", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "1985", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "1985", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "Stanford", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "May 3, 2013,", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "2010", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "16", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California, won by the home team 49ers. The Miami bid depended on whether the stadium", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "one", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "Sun Life Stadium", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "2013", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "New Orleans),", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "May 3, 2013,", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "San Francisco", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "2010", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "Miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations.", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "2014", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "California since Super Bowl XXXVII", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "1985", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "$1.2 billion", + "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Francisco", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "San Francisco", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "May 21, 2013,", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "$1.2 billion", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "Bay Area since Super Bowl", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Francisco", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "2013", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "May 21, 2013,", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "$1.2 billion", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "2014", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "Super Bowl", + "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "May 21, 2013,", + "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "1985", + "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "1985", + "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "San Francisco", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "2003", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "1985", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "$1.2 billion", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "May 21, 2013,", + "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "Denver Broncos", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "six", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "six", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "seeds", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII.", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "eight", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "ten", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "six teams to have acquired a 15", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "six", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "Super Bowl.", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "15", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "one of only ten", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "four", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "15", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "Super Bowl", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "Bay Packers.", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Packers.", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "13", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "Bay Packers.", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "16", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "16", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "the Pro Bowl", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "1978", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "1978", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "the league expanded to a 16-game schedule", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "Benjamin to a torn ACL", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "Bay Packers.", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "2011", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "13", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Williams", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978. Carolina started the season 14\u20130,", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "DeAngelo Williams", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "15", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "10", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "seven", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "500", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "35", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Corey Brown", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "99", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "touchdowns", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "Cotchery (39 receptions for 485 yards), rookie Devin Funchess", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "Ginn,", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "Jonathan Stewart, who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games, along with Pro Bowl", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "seven", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Corey", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "45 total touchdowns (35", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "seven", + "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "10", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "500", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "seven", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "six", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "45", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "5 sacks in just 9 starts. Behind them, two of the Panthers three starting linebackers", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "5", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "three", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "four", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "tackles and Pro Bowl cornerback Josh Norman,", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "24", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "three", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "24", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "24", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "The Panthers", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly. Davis", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "24", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "Gary Kubiak", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "Gary Kubiak", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "by leading the team to a key 27\u201320 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall AFC seed. Under defensive coordinator Wade Phillips,", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "Gary Kubiak", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Gary Kubiak", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "13", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "the Indianapolis Colts", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "Colts", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "11", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "Colts", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Gary Kubiak", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "7", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "17", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "Kubiak, the Broncos", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "parting", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "individual, league and franchise records. With the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense, the Broncos", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Indianapolis Colts", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "183", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Thomas led the team", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "720", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "967 yards, 10", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "76", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "Osweiler", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "low 67.9 pass", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "1,967", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "17", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Osweiler", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "nine", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "51", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "nine", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Osweiler", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "67.9", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "4", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "5", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Derek Wolfe", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "two", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "defense", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Cornerbacks", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "three", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Chris Harris,", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Chris Harris,", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "two", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "Derek Wolfe", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Trevathan ranked second with 102. Cornerbacks", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "tackles", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "The Panthers", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "half", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "31\u201324", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "31\u201324, avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game, 49\u201315,", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "rack", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "487", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "31", + "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers", + "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "divisional round, running up a 31\u20130 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31\u201324, ave", + "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "48", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "Seahawks", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "48", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "48", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "three", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "three minutes", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "17", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "16", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "The Broncos", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "20", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "Broncos", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "Broncos", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "20", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "in the NFC Championship", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "a way", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "three", + "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "arm", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "the NFC Championship Game. Despite this,", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11-year veteran who had already overcome three", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "the Super Bowl. His prediction turned out", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "11", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "way to play in the Super Bowl.", + "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "three", + "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis,", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "39", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway, who led the Broncos", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "39", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "Elway,", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "General Manager.", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "Executive Vice President of Football Operations", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "John Elway,", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "38", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "Peyton", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "38", + "56d704430d65d214001982de": "39", + "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "John Elway, who led the Broncos", + "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "Peyton", + "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "President of Football", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Peyton", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "38", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "General Manager.", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "#1", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "26", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26).", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "13 years", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "quarterback", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Denver. Manning and Newton", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "quarterback", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26).", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "their draft classes. Manning was the #1", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "#1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "#1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "1998", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "48", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "1", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "the first Super Bowl", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "Chicago Bears", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "head coaches played in the game", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Broncos'", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "Bears", + "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "head coaches played in the game", + "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "linebacker", + "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak", + "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "Super Bowl", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "re-sodded", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "re-sodded", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Baltimore", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "major issues since. As is customary for Super Bowl", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "re-sodded", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "high enough quality", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "change", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "re-sodded", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "Bermuda", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "a Super Bowl;", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "\"great shape\"", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "re-sodded", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "game", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "0", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "silver", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "white", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319.", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "0", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "0", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "Elway's last game as Denver QB,", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "QB, when they defeated the Atlanta", + "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "Super Bowl XXXIII,", + "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "Denver QB,", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII,", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "matching", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "Pittsburgh", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "Stanford", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Stanford", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "Stanford", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "Stanford", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "The Panthers used the San", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "Stanford University", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "Stanford University", + "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford", + "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos", + "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "San Jose State practice facility", + "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "Marriott. The Broncos", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "Stanford University", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "San Jose State practice facility", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Stanford University", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "June 4, 2014,", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "numerals", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative,", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "Super Bowl games", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Jaime Weston,", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "2014", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Super Bowl", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "nu", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "Arabic", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "June 4, 2014,", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "Roman", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "June 4, 2014,", + "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "silver", + "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "Arabic numerals", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "jackets", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "2015", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "7", + "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold", + "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "\"Golden", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "colored gold", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "fields was colored gold", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "gold, and beginning on week 7, all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed", + "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "gold", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "Moscone Center", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "San Francisco.", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Jane", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "January", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "5 million", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "San Francisco", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "homeless", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "San Francisco city supervisor", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Jane", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "Francisco during Super Bowl", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "$5 million", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "$5 million", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "Moscone Center", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "Santa Clara University,", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "$2 million", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "$2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "$2 million", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding", + "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "the city council", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "Clara University, and a pep rally.", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "Clara Convention Center,", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "Convention Center, a beer, wine and food", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "February 1, 2016", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "February 1, 2016", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "San Jose. Alongside the traditional media", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "San", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "introductions", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "February 1,", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "replica of the Golden Gate", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "Super Bowl Opening Night.", + "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "1, 2016", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Golden Gate Bridge.", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.", + "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "re-branded", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "February", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Golden Gate Bridge.", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Golden Gate", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "1, 2016", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "The host committee has already raised over $40 million through sponsors including Apple, Google, Yahoo!,", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "over $40 million", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Super Bowl", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "Super Bowl", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!,", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "Google, Yahoo!,", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "$40 million", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "in and around the Super Bowl.", + "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Super Bowl program", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "over $40 million", + "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "50", + "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "Super Bowl 50", + "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25 percent", + "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "\"the most giving Super Bowl ever\",", + "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "community investment", + "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "25 percent", + "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "Super Bowl", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "Bowl", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "50", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "karat gold", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Vince Lombardi", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Vince Lombardi", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "the Vince Lombardi", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "of 66", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Vince Lombardi", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Super Bowl", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Vince Lombardi", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "Super Bowl 50, the cameras", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "pylon", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "three", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "36", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "three", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "36", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "along with EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "NFL. The network's", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "three", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "NFL. The network's", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "Tracy Wolfson", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "36", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "\"bullet time\"", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "NBC and Fox,", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "Alvaro Martin", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "Alvaro Martin", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "December 28, 2015,", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "English-language", + "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "ESPN", + "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "Martin", + "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "Alvaro Martin", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "call was carried on CBS's", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "tablets, Windows 10,", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "ESPN Deportes", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "Chromecast", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity,", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "ESPN", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "ESPN", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", + "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "CBS", + "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "Chromecast", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "CBS", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "Super Bowl 50,", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "late night", + "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "Super Bowl", + "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "its late night talk shows", + "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "late night", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "$5,000,000", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "CBS", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "Pok\u00e9mon Company", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "Pok\u00e9mon", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "$5,000", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "Pok\u00e9mon", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "CBS", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "Doritos ads for a chance", + "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "game, meaning that for the first time, digital streams", + "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "CBS", + "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "CBS", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount. It was also the final year that Doritos,", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "CBS", - "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "purchase a package covering", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "Coffee", - "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "QuickBooks", - "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", - "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", - "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "a", - "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", - "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\"", - "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "\"Small Business Big Game\"", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "paid for Gods of Egypt, Paramount paid for", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "paid for Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal", - "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "the debut trailer for Jason Bourne and Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through", - "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "during", - "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "20th", - "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Pictures, Universal Studios", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Lionsgate,", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "20th", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "will carry the game", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "color", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "as play", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "will", - "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "will carry the game throughout North America, with", - "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Malone as sideline", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "One will", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "One", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Westwood", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "play-by-play announcer, Boomer", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Westwood One will carry the game throughout", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "One", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM)", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "The", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "stations of each station in the", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": ") will carry", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "flagship", - "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Szoke on color commentary. WBT will also simulcast", - "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "States throughout the game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos and Panthers radio networks will", - "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "of", - "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry", - "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "United States throughout the game", - "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "flagship", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest.", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "will carry", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "In", - "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "the United", - "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "the United Kingdom,", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "the", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "In honor", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "honor of the 50th", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "of 39 of the 43 previous Super", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "featured the on-field introduction of 39", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "of the 50th", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "In honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II)", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Award winner Marlee", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "Matlin", - "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Six-time", - "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin", - "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy", - "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "-", - "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "national anthem", - "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Award", - "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "the", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "rock group Coldplay. On January 7,", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "late November", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "\"multiple acts\" would perform during the", - "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "2015, reports surfaced stating that \"", - "56d725790d65d214001983da": "In late", - "56d725790d65d214001983db": "2015, reports surfaced", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "November", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "In late November", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "late November", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show,", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "and", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "in over the next three plays. First, linebacker Shaq Thompson tackled", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "the opening kickoff and", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "loss. Then after an incompletion, Thomas Davis tackled Anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down, forcing", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning", - "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw", - "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "Denver", - "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "in", - "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "Carolina was facing a", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "out strong with Peyton Manning completing an", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "next three plays.", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "took the", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "throw to receiver Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line,", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "kickoff", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Mike Carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "team punted", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "After each team punted,", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "team", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "each", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "24", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a 24-yard", - "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "Jerricho Cotchery, but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge. CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey stated", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "After each team punted, Panthers quarterback Cam Newton appeared to complete a", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "-yard pass", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "After each team punted, Panthers", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "After each team punted,", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "a punt from both teams, Carolina got on", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "touchdown run,", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "yards", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "After a punt from", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "14-yard line. Despite Denver's excellent field position, they could not get the ball into the end", - "56d729180d65d21400198426": "73-yard scoring", - "56d729180d65d21400198427": "9-play, 73-yard scoring drive. Newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25", - "56d729180d65d21400198428": "a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u2013", - "56d729180d65d21400198429": "After", - "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "After", - "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "After a punt from both teams, Carolina got on track with a 9-play, 73-yard scoring drive. Newton completed 4 of", - "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": ".", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Kony Ealy tipped a Manning", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": ", which linebacker", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end Kony", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Trevathan recovered", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "possession", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "a fumble while being tackled by safety", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "next possession fullback Mike", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "yards", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "line.", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "fullback Mike Tolbert", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Trevathan", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "DeMarcus Ware as time expired in the", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "Carolina's", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "offensive", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "The Panthers", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play. But the Broncos defense halted the drive", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "The Panthers seemed primed to", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive", - "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "McManus'", - "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "the kickoff, with Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result", - "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "attempt. After the miss, Manning", - "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "The Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "to another strong start", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr.", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Panthers", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310. The next three drives of the game would end in", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "There", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "would", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "scoring in", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "no more scoring in the", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "in", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "would be no more", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "There would be", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "4:51 left in regulation, Carolina got the", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": ":", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "left in regulation, Carolina got the", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton,", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "backwards and was recovered by Ward, who returned it five yards to the Panthers 4-yard line. Although several players dove into the pile to", - "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "run and Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler for a 2-point", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "With 4:51", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "With 4:51", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": ":51 left", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "dove into the pile to attempt to recover it, Newton did not and his", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "-", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism. Meanwhile, Denver's offense was kept", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "Manning finished the", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "recovery, and an interception. Defensive End Charles Johnson had four total tackles,", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "yards. Anderson", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "the game 13", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "Manning finished the game 13 of", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "Manning", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "18 of 41 passes for 265 yards", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "forced fumbles", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": ",", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards. Anderson was the game's leading rusher", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns. Sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "top", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": ", along", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "Manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "Manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "numerous records from individuals and teams.", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Bowl 50", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Manning", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194)", - "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "old record of 45 yards set by John Taylor in Super Bowl XXIII.", - "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was", - "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively", - "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "Bowl", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "than 200 yards in a Super Bowl, and all of them had lost. The Broncos' seven sacks tied a Super Bowl record set", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "Super Bowl", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a Super Bowl low. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "all of them had lost. The Broncos'", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize. Famous musicians include W\u0142adys\u0142aw Szpilman", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "Szpilman and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. Though Chopin was born in the village of \u017belazowa Wola, about 60 km (37 mi)", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "of the most famous people born in Warsaw", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "first", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "One of", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "period: maidenhair tree, black walnut, Turkish hazel and Caucasian wingnut trees. With its benches, flower carpets, a pond with", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "The Saxon Garden, covering the area of 15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100 different species of trees and the", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100 different species of", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "covering", - "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "in", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "with a habitat of animals that includes the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species. There are also several lakes in Warsaw \u2013 mainly", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "in Warsaw \u2013 among others,", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem, with a habitat of animals that includes the", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "There are 13 natural reserves in Warsaw \u2013 among others, Bielany", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": ",", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Demographically, it was the most diverse", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "diverse city in", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "34", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "In addition to the Polish", - "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000", - "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "Warsaw", - "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when", - "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "second academic school of technology in", - "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Fryderyk Chopin University of Music the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of", - "57339902d058e614000b5e70": ",", - "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "of the largest and most beautiful", - "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "Another important library \u2013 the University Library, founded", - "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "15", - "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "by architects Marek", - "573399b54776f41900660e64": "many cities in Central and", - "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Like many cities in Central and Eastern Europe, infrastructure in", - "573399b54776f41900660e66": "\u2013 though it is worth mentioning that the initial Three-Year", - "573399b54776f41900660e67": "Like", - "57339a554776f41900660e74": "floor building with", - "57339a554776f41900660e75": "East-Central Europe. The city is home to the", - "57339a554776f41900660e76": "facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe.", - "57339a554776f41900660e77": "Health Institute (CMHI), the highest-reference", - "57339a554776f41900660e78": ",", - "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the Teatr Wielki,", - "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "particular attention are: the International Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn, the Jazz", - "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "as", - "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "to numerous musical", - "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "numerous", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Ogr\u00f3d", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326),", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": ", and in the", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "of thousands of people on the banks of", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the", - "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "thousands of people on", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on", - "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "interesting", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "of works", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "of", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "A fine", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "A fine", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "A", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "A fine tribute", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "a year. Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500 projects a year. Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Ujazd\u00f3w Castle currently houses Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "The 17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "organises exhibitions of modern art by Polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways.", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "Their", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters,", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "Their", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "mermaid (sy", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "mermaid (", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "least", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "(syrenka) is", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "The origin of the legendary figure", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "not fully", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Tamara", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Lempicka was", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory.", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Tamara de Lempicka", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "of the most live", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural,", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "processing", - "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that", - "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from", - "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "heroism, the Virtuti", - "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "the \"Congress Kingdom\". Only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent Republic of", - "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "The first historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year", - "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596. After", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "of", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "seat of a", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "the seat of a Roman Catholic archdiocese (left bank of the Vistula) and diocese (right bank), and", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "bank of the Vistula)", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "seat of a Roman Catholic archdiocese", - "57332442d058e614000b5720": "and Warszowa), meaning \"belonging to Warsz\",", - "57332442d058e614000b5721": "/v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also", - "57332442d058e614000b5722": "modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vr\u0161ovci family which had escaped to Poland. The", - "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Warsaw's name in the", - "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Warszowa),", - "57332562d058e614000b5730": "in", - "57332562d058e614000b5731": "first fortified", - "57332562d058e614000b5732": "first fortified settlements", - "57332562d058e614000b5733": "The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in", - "57332562d058e614000b5734": "The first fortified", - "5733266d4776f41900660712": "from 1569. In 1573 the", - "5733266d4776f41900660713": "In", - "5733266d4776f41900660714": "152", - "5733266d4776f41900660715": "1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name", - "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1529, Warsaw for the first", - "57332a734776f41900660726": "remained the", - "57332a734776f41900660727": "remained", - "57332a734776f41900660728": "remained the capital of the", - "57332a734776f41900660729": "until 1796, when it was annexed by the", - "57332a734776f4190066072a": "of the", - "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which", - "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "Warsaw", - "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August", - "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1914, which included Warsaw. Germany did so,", - "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The Allied Armistice terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw,", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population \u2013 several", - "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the Germans toward", - "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "planned", - "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "entire", - "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland,", - "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the", - "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "After", - "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "regime", - "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "II, under a Communist regime set", - "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "After World War II,", - "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "After World War II, under a Communist regime set", - "573330444776f41900660758": "John", - "573330444776f41900660759": "visits", - "573330444776f4190066075a": "in", - "573330444776f4190066075b": "communist fer", - "573330444776f4190066075c": "II's", - "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "Warsaw lies", - "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km (325 mi)", - "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about", - "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "122.1 metres (400.6 ft) (\"Grosz\u00f3wka\" estate, district of Weso\u0142a,", - "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "(190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523", - "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "located on two", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "Escarpment. It is 20 to 25 m (65.6", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "in the Old Town and Central district and about 10 m (32.8 ft) in the north and south of", - "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "a few natural", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "has only", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "highest", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "few natural and artificial ponds and", - "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the", - "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "s", - "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "'", - "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "'s mixture of architectural styles reflects", - "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction. After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled PRL.", - "573361404776f4190066093c": "majestic", - "573361404776f4190066093d": "the burgher", - "573361404776f4190066093e": "is represented in the", - "573361404776f4190066093f": "is represented in the majestic churches", - "573361404776f41900660940": "in the majestic churches but also at", - "573362b94776f41900660974": "Building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th", - "573362b94776f41900660975": "the best examples of the", - "573362b94776f41900660976": "activity", - "573362b94776f41900660977": "noble palaces and", - "573362b94776f41900660978": "churches during the later decades of the", - "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "Exceptional", - "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like", - "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by", - "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "periods were not restored", - "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "examples of the bourgeois architecture", - "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "was a", - "5733647e4776f419006609af": "There are also many places commemorating the heroic history", - "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "are", - "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "frontline troops in the", - "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw.", - "573368044776f41900660a29": "Other green spaces in", - "573368044776f41900660a2a": "spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden and", - "573368044776f41900660a2b": "still", - "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Botanic Garden and the University Library garden. They have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a palm", - "573368044776f41900660a2d": "subtropics from all over the world.", - "573368e54776f41900660a53": "The", - "573368e54776f41900660a54": ")", - "573368e54776f41900660a55": "flora of the city may be considered very rich in species. The species richness is mainly", - "573368e54776f41900660a56": "of", - "573368e54776f41900660a57": "The", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "there are no limitations", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "lived", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013 only 420,000. During the first", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "1939", - "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "were Catholics, 35.7%", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census,", - "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later,", - "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "a", - "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "Both", - "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Some bigger cities obtain the entitlements, i.e. tasks and privileges, which are possessed by the units of the second level of", - "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "years. Like most legislative", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "members", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "Legislative power in Warsaw", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees", - "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "The mayor of Warsaw is called President.", - "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "was Jan Andrzej Menich", - "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "The", - "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej Menich (1695\u20131696).", - "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "The mayor", - "573382d24776f41900660c37": "average). The GDP per capita in Warsaw amounted to PLN 94 000 in 2008 (c. EUR 23", - "573382d24776f41900660c38": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016", - "573382d24776f41900660c39": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic", - "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "especially its city centre (\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie),", - "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "(\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies.", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "free-market economy. Today,", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": ",", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintro", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951. A number of", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "1951. A number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades,", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Espero,", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "FSO Car Factory was established", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Nubia, Tacuma, Leganza, Lanos and Matiz there for the European market. In 2005 the factory", - "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "); see also other names) is the capital and", - "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava]", - "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in", - "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "in", - "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European", - "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "9th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi),", - "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and", - "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "(Polish: Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava]", - "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "[var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central", - "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava]", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "a region in France. They were", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "(Norman: Nourmands;", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "Normans", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "The Normans (Norman: Nourmands;", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "comes", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "dynasty", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Norman dynasty", - "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "The English name \"Normans\" comes from the French words Normans/Normanz,", - "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "English name \"Normans\"", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "that included local women and personal property. The Duchy of Normandy, which began in 911 as a fiefdom, was established by the treaty", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "of the 10th century", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands into the rivers of France evolved into more", - "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "its populations", - "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and", - "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives", - "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "Franks", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "bands", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Mezzogiorno). Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "entered the Mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino,", - "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "south, from Duke Sergius IV of Naples in 1030. The Hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming", - "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengot family, of whom Rainulf Drengot received the county", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "Roger", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "Robert", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "these", - "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Institutionally, the Normans", - "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Institutionally,", - "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and", - "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Pechenegs,", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "of", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "first Norman mercenaries", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos.", - "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "and Taron", - "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up", - "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the", - "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Comnenian", - "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "city's garrison resisted until February", - "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "Robert Guiscard, an other Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of", - "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "some", - "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the", - "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but", - "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the", - "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium\u2014one", - "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "state-", - "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "The Normans", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "The Normans", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "The", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Normans", - "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "When finally Edward the Confessor returned", - "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "finally", - "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Harthacnut, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England, as Dukes of Normandy, owed homage to the", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at", - "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Normans merged with the natives, combining", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "Normans", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "themselves.\" The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as the Pale, and also", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Atheling,", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "claimants", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "claimants of the English throne opposing William", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "William", - "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Having spent time at the court of Henry I of England (married to David's", - "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Scotland,", - "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh.", - "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Confessor", - "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "before the", - "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "the Marches came completely under", - "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "religious", - "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "was exercised in religious wars long", - "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "of", - "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "the", - "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of", - "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "Western", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "with a", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "a", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "the Lion-hearted", - "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "island. Richard left for Acre", - "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace", - "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "making", - "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Lion-Heart married", - "56de41504396321400ee2715": "While in", - "56de41504396321400ee2716": "While in Limassol,", - "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "The rapid Anglo-Norman conquest proved more important than it seemed. The island occupied", - "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "-", - "56de49564396321400ee277a": "1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered", - "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Niebla.", - "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "the", - "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "title of King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew", - "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Norman customary law", - "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the", - "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Norman architecture typically", - "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "encastella", - "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "In", - "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes", - "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon", - "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "monasteries and patronising intellectual", - "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": ",", - "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "century and French Revolution in the 18th successively", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "work of Norman art is", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "It was commissioned by Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent, employing natives from Kent who were", - "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "primarily survives as stonework or metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal fonts. In southern Italy, however, Norman artwork survives plentifully", - "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "the", - "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "Normandy was the", - "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil,", - "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "At", - "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established", - "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir", - "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430;", - "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430", - "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "Nikola", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "Nikola Tesla (Serbian", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "Nikola", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "(Serbian Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430;", - "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City.", - "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "Tesla gained experience", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "Tesla gained", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Tesla", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "patented", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "the United States in", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "Tesla", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "pursue his", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "Tesla", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "went", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs, and made early (1893)", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission, his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project. In his", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "life in", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "showmanship, eventually earning", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "amount", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "with varying degrees", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "showmanship,", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "life in", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "was renowned for his achievements and show", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "in 1960", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "series of New York hotels, through his retirement. Tesla died on 7 January 1943. His work fell into relative obscurity after his death,", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "]", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "[O.S.", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "a formal education. Nikola credited his eidetic", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "Tesla was born on 10 July [O.S.", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "was born on 10", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "June] 1856 into", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "Mandi\u0107), whose father was also an Orthodox", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "[O.S.", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "Mandi\u0107), whose father was also an Orthodox priest,:10 had a talent for", - "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "Tesla was the", - "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named", - "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "where he studied German, arithmetic, and", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "was", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "horse-riding accident when Nikola was five. In 1861, Tesla attended the \"Lower\" or \"Primary\" School in Smiljan", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Milka, Angelina and Marica.", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had an older brother named Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "In", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac,", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held in German,", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "able to perform", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "In", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac,", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "he was cheating. He finished a four-year term", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "1870,", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held in German, as it was", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107.:32 The classes were held", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "his birthtown", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "In 1873, Tesla returned", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown,", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "In 1873, Tesla returned to his birthtown, Smiljan.", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "and was near death multiple times. Tesla's father, in a moment of despair, promised to send him to the best engineering school", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "In", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "had originally wanted him to", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "In", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "1873", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "In 1873, Tesla returned", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Tomingaj,", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "s", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "evaded being", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "away to Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains in hunter's", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "In 1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "Gra\u010dac. There,", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "1874", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "the Austro-Hungarian", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "excepted. He was \"mortified", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Graz, Austria,", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "gambling. During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money, later gambling back", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "Tesla enrolled at Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria, on a Military Frontier scholarship.", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "Graz, Austria, on", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "1875, Tesla enrolled", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "[his] father made light of [those] hard won honors.\" After his father's", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "started a Serbian culture club, and even received a letter of", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "year, Tesla never missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible,", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "the highest grades possible, passed nine exams (nearly twice as many required), started a Serbian culture club, and even received a letter", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "In", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "In", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "In", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "He spent his spare time playing cards with", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "Maribor (now in Slovenia), where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "In December 1878,", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "River. Tesla went to", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "time", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "with", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "permit. On", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (although some sources say that he died of a stroke). During that", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "under police", - "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "17 April 1879, Milutin", - "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (", - "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in", - "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "On 24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "In", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "January 1880, two of Tesla's", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "In January 1880, two of Tesla's", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": ".", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where he was to study. Unfortunately, he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University; he never", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospi\u0107 for Prague where he was to study.", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "Gospi\u0107", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company,", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "Office instead. Within a few", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to work under", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "Super Bowl\"", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "free advertisement", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "nine", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "nine", + "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "United States for the free advertisement.", + "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "30", + "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", + "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "the free advertisement", + "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "30", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "Coffee", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Paramount paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles:", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Fox, Lionsgate,", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Fox paid for Deadpool,", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "the Eagle,", + "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "the Eagle, Lionsgate", + "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "the Eagle, Lionsgate", + "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "Deadpool,", + "56d723560d65d214001983af": "the Eagle,", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Fox,", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures,", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "Fox, Lionsgate,", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "Malone as sideline", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "North America,", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Jim Gray", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Jim Gray", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "One", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Mark Malone as sideline", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Jim Gray", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "the pre-game and halftime coverage.", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Malone as sideline", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "James Lofton", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "the pre-game and halftime coverage.", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "Jim Szoke", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "WBT", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "(99.3 FM),", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "Denver,", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play", + "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Logan", + "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "Mick Mixon on play-by-play and Eugene Robinson", + "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "WBT (1110 AM) will carry the game, with Mick Mixon", + "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "KRFX (103.5 FM)", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "KRFX (103.5", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "BBC Radio 5", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "the contest", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher", + "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "BBC Radio 5", + "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "The BBC will carry its own British", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "Harvey", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Starr", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII,", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "2001", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "locker room preparing for the game. No plans were announced regarding the recognition of Harvey", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "39", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II)", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "pregame", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "43", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "43", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Harvey", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Harvey Martin,", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Bart Starr", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six-time", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "the national anthem", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Academy Award", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "the national anthem", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "American", + "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Lady Gaga", + "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "national anthem, while Academy Award", + "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Matlin", + "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Lady Gaga", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Marlee Matlin", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six-time", + "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Lady Gaga", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "January 7, 2016,", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "Ronson", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Mars,", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII", + "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII", + "56d725790d65d214001983da": "Mars,", + "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Super Bowl XLVII", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Coldplay.", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "rock group Coldplay.", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Coldplay.", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Coldplay", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "Peyton", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "Andre Caldwell.", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "Thomas Davis", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "Andre Caldwell.", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "Andre Caldwell.", + "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "34", + "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "Thomas Davis tackled Anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down, forcing Denver to settle for a 3\u20130 lead on a Brandon McManus", + "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "Andre Caldwell.", + "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "Peyton", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "Andre Caldwell.", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "Andre Caldwell.", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "a 22-yard throw to receiver", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "Malik Jackson", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Jerricho Cotchery,", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXVIII", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "Mike Carey", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "Super Bowl", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "referee", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", + "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "1993", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Jerricho Cotchery,", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "the call", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "1993 season", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Jonathan Stewart", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "Jonathan Stewart", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "25", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "4 passes for 51", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "twice", + "56d729180d65d21400198426": "4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice", + "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Jonathan Stewart", + "56d729180d65d21400198428": "33", + "56d729180d65d21400198429": "Jonathan Stewart", + "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "4 of 4 passes for 51", + "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Jonathan", + "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "twice", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "back", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Newton was sacked by DeMarcus", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "19", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "45-yard", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "the Panthers", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Corey Brown.", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "Ted Ginn", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "35", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "Gano", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "Corey Brown.", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Gano", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "second half when Newton completed a 45-yard", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "Graham", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "Corey Brown.", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "Broncos", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Corey Brown.", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Corey Brown.", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "a 12-yard run by Stewart", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "41", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "the Broncos", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "the Broncos", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "the fourth", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "a 12-yard run by Stewart", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "Devin", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "three drives of the game would end in punt", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "the 50-yard line. A 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "16\u201310", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "50", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "10", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "2", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "the Panthers 4-yard line. Although several players dove into the pile", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "left in regulation", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Fowler", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", + "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "the pile", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Fowler", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "Bennie Fowler for a 2-point conversion, giving Denver", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "five yards", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "4:51", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "five", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward,", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "10", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "five", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "five", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "tackles, a fumble recovery, and an interception. McManus", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "74", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "seven", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "five", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "tackles, a fumble recovery, and an interception. McManus", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "tackles (five solo),", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "Luke", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "Charles Johnson", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "tackles and two sacks. Ward", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "74", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "five", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "90", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "seven", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "seven", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Chicago Bears", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Broncos'", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "John", + "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "seven", + "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "seven", + "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "John", + "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "sacks. Jordan Norwood's", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "13", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "11", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "Chicago Bears", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "Bears", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "45", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "Revolutionary War, was born here", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie,", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie,", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "(37 mi) from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "76", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "central area of the park", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "Saxon", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "sit and relax. At the east end of the park, the Tomb", + "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "east end of the park", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "15 kilometres (9 miles", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "Warsaw \u2013 mainly the oxbow lakes, like Czerniak\u00f3w Lake, the lakes in the \u0141azienki or Wilan\u00f3w", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Demographically,", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "30 percent of the city's total population. In 1933, out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34%", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Demographically,", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "Russian census", + "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "the second academic school", + "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", + "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the second academic school of technology", + "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", + "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "the second academic school", + "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "15 December 1999.", + "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "10,000", + "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "plants", + "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Irena Bajerska,", + "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "10,000 m2 (107,639.10 sq ft)", + "573399b54776f41900660e64": "European Union.", + "573399b54776f41900660e65": "improved markedly", + "573399b54776f41900660e66": "to solid economic growth", + "573399b54776f41900660e67": "Three-Year", + "57339a554776f41900660e74": "the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe.", + "57339a554776f41900660e75": "(CMHI),", + "57339a554776f41900660e76": "all of Poland,", + "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", + "57339a554776f41900660e78": "infrastructure", + "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Warsaw Summer Jazz", + "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "Palace of Culture and Science,", + "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International Stanis\u0142aw Moniuszko Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival,", + "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "the International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw", + "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "Summer Jazz Days,", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "an acting department", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Summer Theatre", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1922\u201326", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "department and a stage directing department", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "Midsummer\u2019s Night", + "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "By the 19th century", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "traces", + "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "commemorative", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "expositions", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "National Museum with a collection of works whose origin", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "the largest collections of art", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "The Warsaw Uprising", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "the Katy\u0144 Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre,", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "60 rooms", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "National Gallery", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "Warsaw Gallery Weekend", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "mid-19th century", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "(PZPN)", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "2013", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "twice", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "north", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "because of their disastrous financial", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "the Latin inscription", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "The mermaid", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "since at least the mid-14th century", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1609", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice.", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Denmark", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "Denmark", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "the oceans and seas", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski,", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Tamara", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "lyricist, and pianist, who studied music", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw.", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "2012", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "the 32nd most liveable city", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "the European Union agency", + "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "European Union agency", + "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1939", + "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Warsaw,", + "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "1939", + "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "Sigismund III", + "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "French Empire", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "the Vistula)", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "archdiocese (left bank of the Vistula) and diocese (right bank), and possesses various universities, most notably the Polish Academy", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "the Castle Square", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "Polish", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "all displaying a richness of colour", + "57332442d058e614000b5720": "was a mermaid living in the Vistula", + "57332442d058e614000b5721": "Warsz\",", + "57332442d058e614000b5722": "miasto sto\u0142eczne Warszawa (English: \"The Capital City", + "57332442d058e614000b5723": "the city name to a fisherman, Wars,", + "57332442d058e614000b5724": "his wife, Sawa.", + "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Warsaw's", + "57332562d058e614000b5731": "Br\u00f3dno", + "57332562d058e614000b5732": "12th/13th century", + "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1526", + "57332562d058e614000b5734": "1413", + "5733266d4776f41900660712": "Warsaw", + "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1529", + "5733266d4776f41900660714": "the suburbs", + "5733266d4776f41900660715": "their own laws", + "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1529", + "57332a734776f41900660726": "until 1796", + "57332a734776f41900660727": "South Prussia.", + "57332a734776f41900660728": "South Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's", + "57332a734776f41900660729": "1806", + "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1806", + "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "4 August 1915", + "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "Red Army and defeated an idea of the \"export", + "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "the Red Army", + "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "4 August 1915 until November 1918.", + "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "\"", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "19 April 1943,", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "German Invasion of Poland", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "30%", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "19 April 1943,", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "month", + "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the Germans before the Red Army", + "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "They were transported to PoW camps in Germany,", + "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "July 1944,", + "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "63 days", + "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "PoW camps", + "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "\"Bricks for Warsaw\"", + "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches", + "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "Palace of Culture", + "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "centre of political and economic life", + "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "World", + "573330444776f41900660758": "John Paul II's", + "573330444776f41900660759": "the bud", + "573330444776f4190066075a": "less than a year", + "573330444776f4190066075b": "John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square", + "573330444776f4190066075c": "Mass in Victory Square", + "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "6", + "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "190", + "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "the Vistula River.", + "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "1 metres (400.6 ft)", + "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "e.g. Warsaw Uprising", + "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "The Vistula River", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "moraine plateau", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "the Vistula Valley", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "The Vistula", + "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "Aeolian", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "geomorphological forms", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "one the flood plain", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "Vistula terraces", + "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "design", + "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "the 1950s", + "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "the 1950s and 1960s", + "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "the Second World", + "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "communist", + "573361404776f4190066093c": "merchant", + "573361404776f4190066093d": "1562", + "573361404776f4190066093e": "merchant family (1562), building called \"The Negro\"", + "573361404776f4190066093f": "Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407\u20131410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house", + "573361404776f41900660940": "the so-called Masovian", + "573362b94776f41900660974": "1721", + "573362b94776f41900660975": "best examples of the neoclassical style are the Palace on the Water (rebuilt 1775\u20131795),", + "573362b94776f41900660976": "Czapski", + "573362b94776f41900660977": "Palace of the Four Winds (1730s)", + "573362b94776f41900660978": "1761\u20131783) and Evangelical Holy Trinity Church (1777\u20131782).", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "Rosja building)", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "poorly maintained. Warsaw\u2019s municipal government authorities have decided", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "Palais Garnier in Paris).", + "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "realism style", + "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "German Gestapo prison", + "5733647e4776f419006609af": "a Mausoleum", + "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom", + "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "an infamous German Gestapo", + "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Warsaw. Pawiak, an infamous German Gestapo", + "573368044776f41900660a29": "rare", + "573368044776f41900660a2a": "southern city border", + "573368044776f41900660a2b": "Mokot\u00f3w,", + "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Mokot\u00f3w, where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport), Park", + "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1927", + "573368e54776f41900660a53": "to the location", + "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Warsaw has also two botanic gardens: by the \u0141azienki", + "573368e54776f41900660a55": "the Polish Academy", + "573368e54776f41900660a56": "wilderness areas (natural forests", + "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "300,000", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "6%", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "1939", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "300,000", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "permanent residents as well as some persons", + "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Catholics,", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "988", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "988 inhabitants 56.2%", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "35.7%", + "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "1909, there were 281,754", + "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "commune (gmina", + "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "commune (gmina", + "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "i.e. tasks and privileges, which are possessed by the units", + "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "(the President", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "every four years", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "a bill, the Council", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30 days", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "the council was elected only by the Centrum", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan Andrzej Menich", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "1990", + "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej", + "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "the district", + "573382d24776f41900660c37": "Warsaw's", + "573382d24776f41900660c38": "33 000", + "573382d24776f41900660c39": "12% of Poland's national income, which in 2008 was 305.1%", + "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "160%", + "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "1 %", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "April 1991,", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "the post-war", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "1991", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "1817", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "EUR", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "Aveo.", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired)", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "Matiz", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Polonez.", + "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "[var\u02c8\u0282", + "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Warsaw", + "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "the Vistula River", + "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "300 kilometres", + "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents, which makes Warsaw", + "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Warsaw", + "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Vistula River", + "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "190 mi", + "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "at 1.740", + "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9th", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "Denmark,", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "11th centuries", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Normands; Latin: Normanni)", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "William the Conqueror,", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "William the Conqueror,", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Christian", + "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "Nordmannus", + "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "9th century", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "10th century", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "women", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Seine,", + "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "Danes, Norwegians, Norse\u2013Gaels, Orkney Vikings,", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "Norse language with Catholicism", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "Old Norse", + "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "1066 Normandy", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "the Normans", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Norman pilgrims", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "Jerusalem called in at the port of Salerno", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "Hauteville and the Drengot family,", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "Drengot", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "Normans", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "1194", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "Sicily,", + "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Byzantines,", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "\"Tabula", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "feudal", + "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Seljuk", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1050s", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Robert Crispin", + "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Sassoun and Taron", + "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "general Philaretus", + "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "a force of \"Franks\"", + "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "d'Aulps,", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Alexius ceded the command to a high Albanian official named Comiscortes in the service of Byzantium.", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "in 1085", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30,000", + "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Bohemond, Robert's son, landed", + "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Normans under the command of Bohemond,", + "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "the river", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "1185", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "the most important naval bases", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "high Byzantine officials.", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Normans", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Normans", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "1016", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Richard II", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "archbishop of Canterbury", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "1051", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II,", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "England", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "1066", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II", + "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Latin", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "Ireland,", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Irish themselves.\" The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland,", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "William the Conqueror,", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "William the Conqueror,", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "William the Conqueror,", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Ramsay, Fraser, Ogilvie, Montgomery,", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Lion.", + "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales.", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Normans had come into contact with Wales.", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Ralph as earl of Hereford", + "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Wales", + "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1064", + "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "Normans", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "1096", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "army of Italo-Normans.", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans.", + "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "boat", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "1191", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.", + "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Guy de Lusignan.", + "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "peace", + "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Norman generals, Richard de Camville and Robert de Thornham,", + "56de41504396321400ee2714": "King Sancho VI", + "56de41504396321400ee2715": "12 May 1191", + "56de41504396321400ee2716": "great pomp and splendor", + "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1192", + "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "feudal kingdom", + "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Africa.", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Henry III", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III", + "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries", + "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "1200", + "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Romanesque idiom to England", + "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "over windows and doorways", + "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Norman-Arab architecture", + "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Norman-Arab architecture", + "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Sicily.", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "the early 11th century", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "The church", + "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "a work of embroidery.", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "the Bayeux", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "the Bishop of Bayeux", + "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "metalwork, such as capitals and baptismal font", + "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th", + "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "Saint-Evroul Abbey were centres of musical production and education. At F\u00e9camp, under two Italian abbots, William of Volpiano and John", + "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "southern Italy,", + "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Latin monastery", + "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", + "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "the tradition", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "1856", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "mechanical engineer", + "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "1943", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "7 January 1943)", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "1943", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "Cyrillic:", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "alternating current", + "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "1884", + "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "George Westinghouse,", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "induction", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "New York", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "a corporate alternating current/direct current \"War", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "1884", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "current \"War of Currents\"", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "New York", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "George Westinghouse,", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "induction", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "1893", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "electrical discharge tubes", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "early (1893", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage,", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "New York", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "1960", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "finance", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "showmanship,", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "showmanship,", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "General Conference on Weights", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "1960", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "scientist\". His patents", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1960", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "showmanship,", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Croatia).", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "eidetic memory", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "mechanical appliances,", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "Orthodox", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "Serbian Orthodox", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "Orthodox", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "Orthodox", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. \u0110uka had never received a formal education. Nikola credited his eidetic", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "Croatia).", + "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "three", + "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "German,", + "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1861", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "children", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "\"Lower\" or \"Primary\"", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "Dane", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Milka,", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "\"Lower\" or \"Primary\" School in Smiljan where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion.", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "Karlovac,", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "German,", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "The classes", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "a four-year", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "1870", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1873", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier.", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Sekuli\u0107.:32", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "German,", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "1870", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "cholera", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "illness (his father", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "if he recovered from the illness (his father had originally wanted him", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "birthtown,", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "1873", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "cholera", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine months", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "illness", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "cholera", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac. There, he explored the mountains", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "miraculously recover from his earlier", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "physically and mentally. He read many books while in Tomingaj,", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "nature", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "1874", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "miraculously recover from his earlier", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "Tomingaj,", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1875", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "lecture", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1875", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "mortified when [his] father made light of [those] hard won honors", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money,", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "commendation", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "Sundays", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "Sundays", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "twice", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "light", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "a nervous", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "dropped out of school", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "nervous", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "nervous breakdown", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "all relations", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "March 1879,", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "nervous breakdown at around the same time.", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "nervous breakdown", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "dropped out of school", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets. In March 1879, Milutin", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "Real Gymnasium,", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "24 March 1879,", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "Gospi\u0107.", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (although some sources say that he died", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospi\u0107.", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "the age", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "24 March 1879,", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "Real Gymnasium,", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "an unspecified illness", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Prague", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "two of Tesla's uncles", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "illiterate", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "University; he never studied Greek,", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "Prague", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "January 1880,", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "uncles", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "Charles-Ferdinand", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "chief electrician", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "Telephone", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "Telephone", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "chief electrician", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "telegraph company", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "under", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "1881, Tesla moved to Budapest to", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "side. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "In", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884, he relocated to", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "In", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "In", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side.", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "in", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "1882, Tesla began working for", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "completely redesign", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "Tesla was offered the task", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "redesigning the Edison Company's", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "offered the task of completely redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators. In 1885, he said that he could redesign Edison's inefficient", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "inefficient", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "salary; Tesla refused the offer and immediately", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Edison's company Tesla partnered with", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "who agreed to finance an electric", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "leaving", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "to", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "leaving Edison's", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "The", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "of stock. He had to work at various electrical repair jobs and", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "little", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "better to develop an electrical utility than", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems. They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penniless. He even lost control", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "per day. Tesla considered the", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "April 1887 they formed the Tesla Electric Company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go \u2153", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "In", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "In late 1886", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "In", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "met", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "In late 1886 Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "late 1886 Tesla", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "Union superintendent,", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "1886", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "of the", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission. The motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "the", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "One of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "things", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "to turn the motor (a principle Tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "of the", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "publicist)", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "1888", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "friend and publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system,", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "something for which", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system,", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "a patent on a similar commutator-", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "alternating current system, including his", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Engineers", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "Westinghouse", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Engineers (now IEEE). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "In", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "Brown", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000", - "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "1888, Brown", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "licensing deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "by each motor. Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700 in", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Westinghouse for Tesla's", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Tesla", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "proposed (to match the working frequency of Tesla's motor),", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "Pittsburgh, helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars. He found the time there frustrating", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other Westinghouse engineers", - "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "During", - "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "During that year, Tesla worked in Pittsburgh,", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "system", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "design to get around the Edison patent. The acquisition of a feasible AC motor gave Westinghouse a key patent", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "Edison and George Westinghouse that had been simmering since Westinghouse's first AC system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "\"AC\" side of the so-called \"War of Currents,\" an", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "Works pursuing AC development in 1890 and by 1892 Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "an electrical distribution battle being waged between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "and", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "both", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "In 1893, George Westinghouse won the", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "1893, George Westinghouse won", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "Westinghouse won the bid to", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout America and Europe,:76", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "key event in the history of AC power,", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "In 1893,", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current, beating out", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "George", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "In 1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "Adams,", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current. Based on Tesla's advice and Westinghouse's", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "1893 Richard Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "1893 Richard", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "Falls Cataract Construction Company sought Tesla's opinion on", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "many systems being proposed by several US and European companies including two-phase and three-phase AC, high-voltage", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "best", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "J. P. Morgan,", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "conglomerate General Electric, backed by financier J. P. Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "The", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "Peck). In 1897, Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to Tesla in stark terms, saying that if things continue the", - "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 Westinghouse was still cash-strapped", - "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": ",", - "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": ",", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "On 30", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "1891", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of the United States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "On", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": ",", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "the United States, and established his South Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York. He lit", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "30 July 1891, at the age of 35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of", - "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "as a", - "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Electrical Engineers, the forerunner", - "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "a vice", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "of", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "Tesla served as a vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE, from 1892 to", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "to as radiant energy", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "Starting in 1894,", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "Starting in 1894,", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "referred to as radiant energy of \"invisible\" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "in 1894, Tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of \"invisible\" kinds after", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "1894,", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "Starting in 1894, Tesla began", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "in 1894, Tesla began", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "early research\u2014", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "In", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "own experiments in", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "of X-ray", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "of", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "his", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "term", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "apparatus.", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "Tesla noted the hazards of working with his", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "the hazards", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices.", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "Tesla noted", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent,", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "with his circuit and", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "of", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "of 1893 Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Polyphase System\", noting how they", - "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "also explained the principles", - "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field in an induction motor by demonstrating how to", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "out.\" In comparing", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes; a minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "July 1934,", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "article on", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "Tesla's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go back", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "Tesla's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Tesla's", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": ",", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "of the Commercial Club in", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "he", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat\u2014which", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "his idea to the U.S. military as", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1900,", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "\"system of transmitting electrical energy\" and \"an electrical transmitter.\" When Guglielmo", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1900, Tesla was granted patents for a \"system of transmitting electrical energy\" and", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "In 1900,", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "In 1900,", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "On", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "On 17", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "17 May 1899,", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "On 17", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "Tesla investigated atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers.", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "Tesla investigated", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "via his receivers. He stated that he observed stationary waves during this time. The great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "halos of St. Elmo's fire around their wings.", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long. Thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in Cripple Creek,", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "He produced artificial lightning,", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long. Thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in Cripple Creek,", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "He", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "Experimenter: \"As", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "Experimenter: \"As an example of what", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "frequency currents set", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "and which caused heavy", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "his time at", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet. He mentioned them", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the Red Cross Society where he referred to messages \"from another world\"", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "During his time at his lab, Tesla", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "During his time at his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "produce a", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "1899", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "Astor IV", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "In 1899,", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": ",", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "7 January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "On 7 January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "On", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "The", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "The Colorado experiments had prepared Tesla for the establishment of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "had prepared Tesla", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "funds to build a", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "approached Morgan to ask for more", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "gone", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "Wardenclyffe. Tesla continued the project for another nine months. The", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "December 1901, Marconi successfully", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "In December", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "December 1901, Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland, terminating Tesla's", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "kilowatts) 16,000", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "On", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "50th birthday in", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm", - "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "invented", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014Tesla's", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "allegedly", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "a steam-powered mechanical oscillator\u2014", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "own building and, belatedly", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "wiring the walls of a schoolroom and, \"saturating [the schoolroom", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "theo", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "Tesla theorized", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency. The whole room will thus, Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "Before World War I, Tesla sought overseas investors. After the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "Before World War I,", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "I, Tesla sought overseas investors. After the war", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "Before World War", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "the", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "In the August 1917 edition of the magazine Electrical Experimenter Tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "In", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "the", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "In", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "news agency", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "November", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "rays.\":245", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": ", a", - "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "and Tesla were the original recipients and that neither was given the award because of their animosity toward each other; that each sought to minimize the", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "years", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "In the years after these rumors, neither Tesla", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "after", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "thought", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "In 1928, Tesla received his last patent, U.S.", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "In", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "plane", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "charity, or by one biographer (Marc Seifer),", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "Westinghouse Electric", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's life. Accounts on how this came about vary. Several sources", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "form of a \"", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "In", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance,", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "In 1935,", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "in an annual birthday celebration interview,", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "of", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "custom). Tesla didn't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid, only asking to be taken to", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "make his regular com", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "In the fall", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "the fall of 1937, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Later in", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "Later in life, Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "\"telef", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "Later", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "\"", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "Only a little time", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "the", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.\"", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": ",", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "treatise", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "non-dispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Tesla tried to interest the US War Department, the United Kingdom, the", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "During the same year, Tesla wrote a", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "treatise is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. It describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "negotiations were being conducted, Tesla", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "During the period", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": ", but", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "later found by maid Alice Monaghan after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "the New", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "\"do not disturb\" sign that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier. Assistant", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "7 January 1943, at the age of 86, Tesla died alone", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": ",", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "Two days later, the FBI ordered the Alien Property", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "Tesla's", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "the", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "(OAP) seal. John G. Trump, a professor", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "On 10 January 1943, New York", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "La Guardia read a eulogy written by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic live over the WNYC radio while violin pieces \"Ave Maria\"", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "On 10 January 1943, New York", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "(today's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava) in New York City.", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "radio while violin pieces \"Ave Maria\" and \"Tamo daleko\" were played in the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "N.T.", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "following pressure from Tesla's nephew,", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "1952,", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "In 1952,", - "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "Tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions. Some", - "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "Tesla in 26 countries that have been accounted for. Many of Tesla's patents were in", - "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "patents", - "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "patents were in the United States, Britain,", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "from", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Tesla would telephone his dinner order to", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "Delmonico's", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "every", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "Tesla", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": ",", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "exercise, Tesla walked between 8", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "exercise, Tesla walked between 8 to 10", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "an", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "murder you,\" he said, \"In a second you would know it. Now,", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "Tesla said that he", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health. He said that he", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "life, Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "Near", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "Near", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "Near", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "2", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "elegant, stylish figure in New York City, meticulous in", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "kg),", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "Tesla was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888 to", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "memorizing complete", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": ",", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "Tesla read many works, memorizing complete books, and supposedly possessed a", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "a photographic memory.:33 He was", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "Graz,", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "one morning when Tesla called him at 3 a.m.: \"I was sleeping in my room like one dead", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "During", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "billiards, chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion at", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "marrying, I", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "never married; he said his", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "Tesla never married; he said his chastity was very helpful to his", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "as", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "work. However, when he did engage", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "to seclude himself", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Tesla was asocial and prone", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "and prone to seclu", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "good", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Tesla was a good", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "Marion Crawford, Robert Underwood Johnson, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey.", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "Tesla", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "fired a secretary because of her weight.:110 He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "Tesla could", - "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "harsh", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "Tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "Tesla", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "pre-atomic understanding of physics in his writings; he disagreed with", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "of", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "was", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "towards theories about the", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "Tesla was", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "in", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "claimed", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "Tesla", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "claimed to", - "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "nature,\" rather than from conceptions of a \"master race\" or inherent superiority of one person over another. His advocacy of it was, however,", - "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "eugenics. His opinion stemmed from the belief that humans' \"pity\" had interfered with the natural \"ruthless workings of nature,\" rather than from", - "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "over another.", - "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "Tesla, like many", - "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "In 1926, Tesla commented", - "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "subservience", - "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "ills of", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "War I environment in a printed article, \"Science and Discovery", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "about", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "Tesla made", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "relevant issues of a post-World War I environment in a printed article, \"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian. Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a \"believer in", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "was raised an Orthodox Christian. Later in", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "raised an Orthodox Christian.", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "However, his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": ", his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "However, his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to End War\",", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals. Among his books are My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, compiled and", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "number", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "journals. Among", - "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "freely available on the web, including the article \"The Problem of", - "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "of Tesla's writings are freely available on the", - "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "Problem of Increasing Human Energy,\" published in The Century Magazine in 1900, and the article \"Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency,\"", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "has", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "in books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games. The impact of", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "'", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "'", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "On", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "On Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption \"All", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "s 75th", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "Computational complexity theory is", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "Computational complexity theory is", - "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "A problem", - "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "such", - "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "problem", - "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "regarded as", - "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "A problem is regarded as inherently", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem, whereas the latter asks", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "Closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "A key distinction between analysis", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "A", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "A computational", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "is a rather concrete utterance, which can serve as the input for a decision problem. For example, consider the problem of primality", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "collection of", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance. The input string for a computational problem", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance, consider the", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "highlight", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "route", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet (i.e.,", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "When", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "bitstrings. As in a real-world", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "When considering computational problems, a problem instance", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "When", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "Decision", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "problems are", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "Decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory. A decision problem", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "or", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "this problem returns", - "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "An example", - "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "An", - "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "input is an arbitrary graph. The", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "computational", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": ") is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "function problem is a computational problem where a single output (of a total function) is expected for every", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "for every", - "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "problems is much richer than the notion of decision problems. However, this is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems.", - "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems. For example, the multiplication", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "more time", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "To measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "To", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "the", - "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "depend on the instance. In particular, larger instances will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "the", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "be", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": ".", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "n", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine\u2014anything", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "machine", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "A Turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine. It is a theoretical", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "on a strip of tape. Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "deter", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "deterministic Turing machine is the most basic Turing machine, which uses a fixed set of rules to", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "deterministic Turing", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism, which allows", - "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "types", - "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "Turing machines are used", - "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "models different from the standard multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for example random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "converted to", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "Many", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example,", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "the mathematical models we", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "However, some computational problems", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "f(n), if the time required by M on each input of length n is at most f(n).", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "outputs the answer (\"yes\" or \"no\"). A Turing machine M is said to operate within", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "means to solve a problem using", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "For a precise definition of what it means to solve", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "for", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "Analogous definitions can be made for space", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "definitions", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "space", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "-known complexity resources, any", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "The best, worst and average case", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size.", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": ", worst and average", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure)", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order, and the algorithm takes time O(n2) for this case.", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "the algorithm takes time O(n2) for", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "For", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "To", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "classify the computation time (or similar resources, such", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "a statement about all possible algorithms", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "classify the computation time (or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "is usually taken to be its worst", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the bounds independent of the specific details", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "Upper and lower bounds are usually", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "Upper and", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "Upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big O notation, which hides constant factors and smaller terms. This makes the bounds", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "has", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "Of course, some complexity", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "bounding the", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "thesis states that \"the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related\" (Goldreich", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "f(n) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "For instance, the language {xx | x is any binary string} can be solved in linear", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "time above by some concrete function f(n) often yields complexity classes", - "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "by", - "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "defined by bounding", - "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm", - "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "Turing", - "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Interactive", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "Other important complexity classes include BPP, ZPP and RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines; AC", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines; AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "using quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes like IP", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "the complexity classes defined", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "classes defined in this way, it is desirable", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2),", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "For the complexity classes defined in", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "space hierarchy theorems form the basis for most separation results of complexity classes. For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that P", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "The", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "separation results of complexity classes. For instance, the time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "Many complexity classes", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "complexity classes", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "Many complexity", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "complexity", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "classes are defined using the concept", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction. This means that the reduction", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "can be done by giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": ", since squaring can be reduced", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "This means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer. Indeed, this can be done", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "reduction. This means that the reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem of", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "concept of", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "mo", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "complexity", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "a", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "hardest problem", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "If", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "a problem X is", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "complexity", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently,", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "is", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm.", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "The question of whether P equals NP is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution. If", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "The question of", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "The question of whether P", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "It", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "It was", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks has run time 2O(\u221a(n log(n))) for graphs with", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "the", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "isomorphism", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "The graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic.", - "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "is", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm is known, and this fact", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "factorization is the general number field sieve, which takes time O(e(64/9)1/3(n.log", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision problem, it is the problem of deciding", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "unequal, but this has not been proved. For instance P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but it is possible that P = PSPACE. If", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "a major breakthrough in complexity theory.", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "known", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": ", but", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "Along the", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "containing", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "problems", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "lines, co", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes between the two,", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "Similarly, it is not known if L", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again,", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "Similarly, it", - "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "that can be solved in theory (e.g., given large but finite", - "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "theory (e", - "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "Problems that", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "intractability means in practice is open to debate. Saying that", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "What intractability means in practice is open to debate. Saying that a problem", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "P does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are. For example, the decision", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "hard or even that most of", - "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "quadratic time and SAT solvers routinely handle large instances", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "numerous", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "actual", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "laid", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among these was the", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "As Fortnow", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\" by Juris Hartmanis and", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "the beginning of systematic studies in", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "which", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\"", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "Earlier papers studying problems solvable", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "papers", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Myhill's", - "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume", - "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "though some proof", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "In 1967, Manuel", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "1967, Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "1967, Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result, the so-called, speed-up", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result, the so-called, speed-up theorem.", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching.", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "teaching. Teachers, like other professionals, may have to continue their education after they qualify, a process known as continuing professional development. Teachers may use a", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics,", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "A teacher's role may", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "In some countries,", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "countries,", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "In some countries, formal education", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "In some countries,", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "countries", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "teachers, such as gurus, mullahs,", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "spiritual teachers, such as gurus,", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "such", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": ", may", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": ",", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": ", within the family, which", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Teaching may be carried out informally,", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "or in the wider community.", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "may", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "teaching. Outside of the", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "duties may extend beyond formal teaching", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips,", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "governments", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "update the", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "to", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "ins", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "The functions of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs.", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "of", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "functions of", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "education", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "In education, teachers facilitate student learning, often in", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "school or academy or perhaps in another environment", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills. Different ways to teach", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "The objective is typically accomplished", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "is", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "through", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "a", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "The objective", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "The objective is typically", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "pedagogy", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "using", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "Teaching", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "the week and will teach them the whole", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "Perhaps", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "Perhaps the most significant", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "Perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "Perhaps the most", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "most of", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "is", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "This is", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "to as a \"platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "has also become a new trend amongst", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "Co-teaching", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "providing a social networking support that allows them to reach", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "become", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "discipline", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "of school discipline was corporal", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "Throughout", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "Throughout", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "Throughout", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of the most common forms of school discipline", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "countries, and some others", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "In past times,", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "or", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "pain) was one of the most common", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "used", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South)", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "US", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "in the principal's office", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining)", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "Official", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "Currently detention is one", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "Currently detention is one", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "Currently", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "detention is", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "countries. It requires", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "example of", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "their", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "upon", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "classroom they would be", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "style", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "academics, some", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "in", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "It's not", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "Where school class sizes are typically 40", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "classroom", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "attainment", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "dictatorial", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "claim", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "popularly", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "Sudbury", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "popularly", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "students. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "do not teach by", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "Since teachers can affect how", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "that exhibit", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": ", and curious about learning the subject", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "There are various mechanisms by which", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "There are various", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to", - "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers", - "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "kind of relationship they", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "motivation and attitudes towards school are closely", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "at creating beneficial relations with their", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "are friendly", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "more", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "way", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "are teaching", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "The way", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching,", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "The way", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "Misconduct", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "by", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "religious", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "a", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "in", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "and consisted of \"a random ... probability sample of 2,869", - "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.", - "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "especially", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "Union of Women Teachers,", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Keates, the general secretary of National Association", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "consent", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "the", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "face several occupational hazards in their line of work", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress,", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "face", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "face several occupational hazards in their line", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "double", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "that 42% of UK teachers", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "stress, twice the figure for the", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "2000", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "study", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "There", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "are several ways to mit", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules,", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "There", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "There are many similarities and differences among teachers around", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "and differences among teachers around the world", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school.", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "and differences among teachers around the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "are", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "and territories", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "primary education (primary", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "in", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "is primarily", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "in Australia is", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "requires a post", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "in Canada requires a", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "differences between the teachers for elementary schools (Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools (Realschule)", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "mainly civil servants recruited", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "called Lehramtstudien", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Germany, teachers", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "recruited", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "to \u20ac53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service. A principal of a large", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "for primary teachers in", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": ",", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": ".e. holding the position of principal,", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Teachers are required to be registered", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Teachers are", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "are required to be registered with the Teaching Council; under Section 30", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "under Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001, a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "been", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "2006 Garda", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "From 2006 Garda vetting has", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "From", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a320,133", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from \u00a320,133", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "experience and extra responsibilities", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "\u00a32", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "Many counties", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching,", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "offer alternative", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "(ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, \"Provisional", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "Scotland", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "anyone", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "(GTCS).", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "\u00a332,583", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "For the salary", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "unpromoted teachers in Scotland earned from \u00a320,427 for a Probationer,", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "year beginning", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "For the salary year beginning", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "respects", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "Wales differs in", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "schools, colleges and", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the", - "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "certain respects", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "Teachers in", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "Teachers in Wales can be", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "state", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "long as ten years.", - "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as", - "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": ", each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "In the past,", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "health insurance) compared to other occupations. Merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers,", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "had the lowest median salary earning $39,259. High school teachers had the highest median salary earning $41,855.", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": ",", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years.", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "forms of", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "are", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "adults and children", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "In", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family, ideally in consultation with his wife, even if the", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "In The Church", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "converts, and has little", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "not a member of the LDS", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "as a", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": ",", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "in", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "of Dharma in Tibet are", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "the teachers", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tibet are most commonly", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "sid", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "Tibetan Buddhism the teachers of", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "There", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "teachers at madrassas", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism, the position", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "There are many concepts of teachers in Islam, ranging from mullahs", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "Islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "(/\u02c8lu\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/ or /\u02c8lu\u02d0\u00f0\u0259r/;", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "1483 \u2013 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": ":", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "Martin Luther (/\u02c8lu\u02d0\u03b8\u0259r/", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "taught that", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": ".", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "taught", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with these, and all of Luther's wider teachings, are called", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "subsequently eternal life", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "His translation of the", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "which had a", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "art of translation, and influenced the", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "to", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "s mother as a hard-working woman of \"trading-class", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "part", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Hans", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Ludher,", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "Martin Luther", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "In", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "He was made to wake at four every", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "1501, at the age", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was made to wake at", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "represented", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter,", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "In accordance with his father's wishes,", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "a trip home. During a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt struck near him. Later telling his father he was terrified", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "returning", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "July", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": ",", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": ",", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "Luther", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Luther dedicated himself", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "the", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1507,", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "of", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "150", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "150", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": ",", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having been called to the position of Doctor in Bible.", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "1512,", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": ",", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "19", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "on 21", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516, Johann", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "friar", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "In 1516, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences,", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "Rome. Roman Catholic theology stated that faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man; justification rather depends only", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly \"searching, rather than doctrinaire.\" Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "to his bishop", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "On", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "On 31 October", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "the tone of the writing is accordingly \"searching, rather than doctrinaire.\" Hillerbrand", - "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "soon as", - "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Luther objected", - "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory", - "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "He insisted that,", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "alone", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "He insisted", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "He", - "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate.", - "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in", - "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "indulgences for", - "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "oft-quoted saying of Tetzel", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the posting on the door, even though it has", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "According to scholars Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "According", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "According", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "According to scholars Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz", - "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "It was not until January 1518 that friends of", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "It was not until January", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "not until January 1518", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "writings", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France,", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "England,", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "s writings circulated widely, reaching", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "Galatians.", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "to", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms,", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "expressed", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "on", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "Luther came", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "as entirely the work of God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "s rediscovery", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "heresy", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses. He had the theses checked for", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "Magdeburg did not reply to Luther's", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "as well, because one half was to go to the building of St Peter's Church in Rome\".", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric. As Luther later noted, \"the pope had", - "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "First, the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "Pope", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "historistical interpretation of Bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the Antichrist. The prophecies concerning the Antichrist", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "Pope", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "was used to reformers and", - "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal", - "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "a relative of the Elector, and promised", - "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "January 1519,", - "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of", - "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "nuncio Karl von", - "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "excommunication unless he recante", - "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "On 15 June", - "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "On", - "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "the Pope warned Luther with", - "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "the", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521,", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms.", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "The", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "The enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "behalf", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "on", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "with", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "At", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "of", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "At", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "Luther refused to", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "as saying: \"Here I stand. I can do no other\". Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable,", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "refused to recant his", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "refused to recant his writings. He is sometimes also quoted as", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "draft of the Edict of Worms on 25", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": ", private", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: \"We", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "the next five days, private conferences were", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "s disappearance during his", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen.", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "Luther's", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "be stronger, and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world.", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "most", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "In this work, one of his most emphatic", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": ", one", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "work, one of his most", - "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In", - "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "In", - "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "In the summer of 1521,", - "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry", - "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "152", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "23\u201325. The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "broadened", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "23", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": ",", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "was the Little Horn of Daniel 7, coming up among the divisions", - "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments", - "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "magistracy. After secretly visiting", - "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a", - "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas", - "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "pronouncements", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "on", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "1522. He wrote to the", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "Satan has entered", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "wrote to the Elector: \"During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "what", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "to the elector: \"Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: \"Oh, what joy has Dr.", - "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the", - "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "The effect of Luther's intervention was", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "Luther next set about", - "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "new", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "Luther next set about", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "victory", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "stifle radicalism further afield. Preachers such as Zwickau", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "Despite", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "his victory in Wittenberg, Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield.", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "Storch and Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524\u201325,", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "sy", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Luther sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "sympathi", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "he became enraged at the widespread burning of", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "sympathised with", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "Luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds. First, in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government, they were ignoring", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "Luther justified", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "the violent actions of rebelling", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "lawful submission to the secular", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "justified his opposition", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525, followed by M\u00fcntzer's execution, brought the revolutionary", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "Without Luther's backing for the", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "betrayed. Their defeat", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "s", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "Luther's backing for the uprising,", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "occupied with", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels. \"Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts,\" he wrote", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "out in herring barrels. \"Suddenly,", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "Luther", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "On 13 June 1525, the couple was engaged with Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses.", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same day, the couple", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "Jonas, but Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage. He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds, but", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": ",", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "and former religious had already married, including Andreas", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "insensible to my flesh or sex (for I am neither", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "married, including Andreas Karlstadt", - "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "money was often short", - "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "former", - "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "\" a", - "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "monastery", - "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery, \"The Black Cloister,\" a wedding present from the new elector John", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "in organising a new church. His Biblical", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "By 1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers had", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "unworkable. According to", - "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "Agricola challenged this compromise, and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works. The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "of Saxony, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model. He worked closely", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "break with Rome. For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this partnership \"was the beginning of a questionable and originally", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "To", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome. For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this", - "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "allowing freedom of ceremony. Some reformers, including followers of Huldrych", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "the \"simple people", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "considered Luther's service too papistic;", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "alternative", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "to demands for a German", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "Luther and", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "are well-nigh unski", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "and", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "\"Merciful God, what misery I have", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "Luther", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "congregations. In", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "synopsis,", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "Luther devised the catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works.", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "the", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "works. \"Regarding the plan to collect", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "catechism is one of Luther's", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "works. \"Regarding the plan to collect my writings", - "56f86966aef2371900626053": "He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit.", - "56f86966aef2371900626054": "Luther's Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach", - "56f86966aef2371900626055": "Catechism proved especially", - "56f86966aef2371900626056": "'", - "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Luther's", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "New Testament in 1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "translation of", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "Luther had published his German", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "published", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "1534", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "s translation used the", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "we are", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "Luther's", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "'", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "Luther's", - "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "Published", - "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "s", - "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation.", - "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Published", - "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "for German-language publications,", - "56f87000aef2371900626071": "-writer, authoring hymns such", - "56f87000aef2371900626072": "prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as", - "56f87000aef2371900626073": "her", - "56f87000aef2371900626074": "(\"From Heaven Above to Earth I Come\"), based", - "56f87000aef2371900626075": "a prolific", - "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started", - "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran", - "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "were frequently ev", - "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "Ibstone", - "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "'s hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his", - "56f87392aef2371900626099": "'s 152", - "56f87392aef237190062609a": "\"Wir glauben all an einen", - "56f87392aef237190062609b": "all an einen Gott\" (\"We All Believe in One True God\") is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring", - "56f87392aef237190062609c": "'", - "56f87392aef237190062609d": "Luther's 1524", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer, \"Vater unser im Himmelreich\",", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer,", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the Lord's Prayer, \"Vater", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "Lord's Prayer, \"Vater unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to Luther's explanation of the prayer in the Small", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to", - "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "(\"From depths of woe I cry to you\") in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a", - "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "Luther", - "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "first Lutheran hymnal. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza", - "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "Luther wrote \"Aus tiefer", - "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "Luther", - "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein\" (\"Oh God, look down from heaven\"). \"Nun komm, der", - "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Luther wrote \"Ach", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein\"", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "You, Jesus Christ\") became the main hymn for Christmas. He wrote for", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "come, Savior of the gentiles), based on Veni redemptor gentium, became the main hymn (Hauptlied)", - "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "154", - "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "'s 154", - "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "s 154", - "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "Luther's 1541 hymn \"Christ", - "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "substance", - "56f88025aef237190062611e": "Luther's hymns were included in early Lutheran", - "56f88025aef237190062611f": "of", - "56f88025aef2371900626120": "the Reformation.", - "56f88025aef2371900626121": "Luther's hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals", - "56f88025aef2371900626122": "were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation. He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "Christ, BWV", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, as early as possibly", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4,", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "music. Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them,", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "passages, such as the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints:", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "In contrast to the views of John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon, throughout his life", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bedcha", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "John", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bed", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "The Lutheran", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Luther's", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755)", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "'", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "which", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "'", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "), but wakes", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "visions\". Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel", - "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "In October 1529,", - "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "1529, Philip I, Landgrave", - "56f88c37aef2371900626178": ",", - "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg", - "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "In October 1529,", - "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius,", - "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon,", - "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "Bucer,", - "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "confrontational. Citing Jesus' words \"The flesh", - "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "in my blood\" (1 Corinthians 11:23\u201326).", - "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following", - "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic", - "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "Augsburg", - "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg", - "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "of the Augsburg Confession, and for the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony,", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "enlightened, but rather furthers and advances it\", bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute. Contemporary Lutheran scholarship,", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "empty", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": ", that it has internal coher", - "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in", - "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "Jesus Christ was", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy.", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "by proving that the Old", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses,", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "At the time of", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "of the", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "Suleiman the", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "antichrist, whom Luther", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "154", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism\"", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "In 1542,", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "In 1542,", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "Turk\".", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "1537, Johannes Agricola (1494\u20131566) \u2013 serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "Luther suspected that", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "(1494\u20131566)", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "such", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "Early in 1537, Johannes", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "s death", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "creation. Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians \u2013 thereby, as it were, removing", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "his", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "the law offered in the gospel. Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "antinomians, Luther reviews and reaffirms, on the one hand, what has been called the \"second use", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "the", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "of", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "For Luther, also Christ's life, when understood as an example, is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments,", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "condemning", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "when understood as an example, is", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "The", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "Luther, Melanchthon, and Bucer, citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs. The", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "December 1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "Luther's advice public. Luther told him to \"tell a good, strong lie\" and deny the marriage completely, which Philip did during", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "the witnesses. However, Philip was unable to keep the marriage secret, and he threatened to make Luther's", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "earlier. He considered the Jews blasphemers", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "divinity of Jesus, whereas Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah.", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "the Jews throughout his career, though only a few of his works dealt with", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "works dealt with them directly. Luther rarely encountered Jews during his life, but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "life, but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "and", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "Luther's other major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "and referred to them with violent, vile language. Citing Deuteronomy 13, wherein Moses commands the killing of idolaters", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "Luther's other major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Luther's", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "s anti", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim,", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on \"that priest whose name was Martin Luther\u2014may", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Luther spoke out against the", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "whose name was Martin Luther\u2014may his body and soul", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "the most widely read author of his generation", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "read author of his generation, and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet. According to the prevailing view among historians, his anti-Jewish", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Luther was the", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "within Germany he acquired the status", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "exhibited in a glass case at the Nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "measures against the Jews and their", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "yellow badge, \"since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory.\"", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "Protestant", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "1941, seven Protestant", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "work as opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht points out that \"There is a world of difference between", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "19th centuries, and that", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "Nazis. Some scholars see Luther's", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "about Luther's influence is whether it is anachronistic", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "than", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "standard", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "is, opposed to Judaism", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": ",", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Other", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": ", such", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "Some", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "Mark", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "book Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "such as Mark", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933,", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "Since the", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless,", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "suffering", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "been suffering from ill health for years, including M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus,", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": ", tinnitus, and a cataract", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "fellow reformers, and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident, in which Luther had played a leading role,", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "Luther had", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "to be rude.\" In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor physical", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "responded, \"They are teaching me to be rude.\" In 1545 and 1546 Luther", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "poor physical health made him short", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "poor physical", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians.\"", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "at Eisleben,", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "sermon was delivered at Eisleben,", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "sermon", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "sermon was delivered at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "Luther's", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "'", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "of his concern for", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "The negotiations", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "father, are you ready to die trusting in your Lord", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8 a.m., he experienced chest pains. When he went to his", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1 a.m.", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "1546. After", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "An apoplectic stroke deprived", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "apoplectic stroke deprived him", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "February 1546,", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "at", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "An apoplectic", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "paper", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "piece of paper was later", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "In the 1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism.", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "the", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "the ascetic life of the", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "-", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck.\" He was shown to be physically imposing,", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "Luther", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "Luther is honoured on 18 February with", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "is honoured on 18", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "Luther is", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "honoured on 18 February with a", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "region is traditionally described as \"eight counties", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "California,", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": ",", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "California, often abbreviated SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "on", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "8- and", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "The", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "The 8- and 10-county", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "The 8- and 10-county definitions are not used", - "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "8", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Riverside, San", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "the", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "includes", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "metropolitan", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "along the Pacific coast from Ventura,", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "of Nevada. To the south is", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "is the Colorado Desert", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Arizona,", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the east", - "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. To the south and with a population of 1,307,402", - "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second", - "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of", - "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "are", - "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the", - "5705e99452bb891400689688": "are the", - "5705e99452bb891400689689": "counties", - "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "Its counties", - "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "of Los Angeles,", - "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "The", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "The motion picture, television, and music industry is centered on the Los Angeles in southern", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "The motion", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "The", - "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "Southern California is also home to", - "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Southern California is", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture.", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "here. Professional skateboarder Tony Hawk, professional surfers Rob Machado, Tim Curran, Bobby Martinez, Pat O'Connell, Dane Reynolds,", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Body Glove are all headquartered here. Professional skateboarder", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "Many", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "Many locals and tourists", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "Many locals and", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "point lies at exactly 37\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose; however,", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "the county lines at", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "\"Southern California\"", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "what constitutes southern California vary. Geographically, California's north-south", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "however, this does not coincide with popular use of the term. When the state is divided into two areas (northern and southern California),", - "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "there is", - "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "definition", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "definition for the northern boundary of southern", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "definition", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "there is", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "Subsequently, Californios", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "(dissatisfied", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "Subsequently, Californios", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": ",", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego,", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including \"the seven", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "of Los Angeles,", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "1900", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "Bernardino,", - "5705f36452bb891400689718": "most", - "5705f36452bb891400689719": "The", - "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "region off at the crest of that transverse range, but in that definition, the desert portions of north Los Angeles County and", - "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "is most commonly divided and promoted by", - "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "central, and southern California regions. The two AAA Auto Clubs of the state, the California State", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "consists of", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "consists", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "south on Interstate 5,", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire. To the east, the United States Census Bureau", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "south on", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "south on Interstate 5, the main gap to continued urbanization is Camp", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "California", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "a", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "are a bit warm or mild and wet. Serious rain can occur unusually.", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "sunny days. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet.", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "rain and many sunny days. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet. Serious rain can occur unusually. In", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country. The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches,", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "Southern", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "California consists of one of the more varied collections of", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and", - "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "Each year, the southern", - "5705fec152bb89140068977b": ",", - "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "the southern", - "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "year, the southern California area has", - "5705fec152bb89140068977e": ".", - "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "able to produce a magnitude 6.", - "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "faults are able to produce a magnitude", - "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "6.7+ earthquake", - "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "faults", - "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "able", - "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "is divided", - "570602fa52bb89140068979f": ", politically,", - "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "Southern", - "570603c475f01819005e7882": "As", - "570603c475f01819005e7883": "as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay", - "570603c475f01819005e7884": "of", - "570603c475f01819005e7885": "2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, southern California's", - "570603c475f01819005e7886": "Despite", - "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one", - "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight", - "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended", - "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan", - "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "of", - "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California,", - "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "million", - "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "people", - "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "of southern California's most developed cities lie along", - "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "(at 3.7 million people) and San", - "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "Southern", - "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Southern", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "is diverse", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "of", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States.", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": ", motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "the 1920s, motion", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "cutbacks have had an impact, aerospace continues to be a", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "the richest agricultural regions in the U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs. Although military", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "Since the 1920s, motion pictures,", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles,", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Southern", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield,", - "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "business districts of Downtown Burbank, Downtown", - "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including", - "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Area are the", - "57060cc352bb891400689811": "the", - "57060df252bb891400689820": "Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are", - "57060df252bb891400689821": "The San Bernardino-Riverside", - "57060df252bb891400689822": "Bernardino and Downtown Riverside.", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "a rapidly developing business", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "of", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley,", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "central business district of San Diego,", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and", - "570610b275f01819005e792a": "airport in the", - "570610b275f01819005e792b": "is home to", - "570610b275f01819005e792c": "by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume", - "570610b275f01819005e792d": "Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by", - "570610b275f01819005e792e": "to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic)", - "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "the seven lines of the commuter", - "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "of the seven lines of the commuter", - "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "of the seven lines", - "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "seven lines of the commuter rail", - "570611c475f01819005e793c": "home to the", - "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Southern California is also home to the Port of Los Angeles, the United States' busiest commercial port; the adjacent Port of", - "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Southern", - "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast is a moniker that has gained use as a", - "5706139252bb891400689865": "of California campuses (Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, Santa Barbara,", - "5706139252bb891400689866": "The", - "5706139252bb891400689867": "College,", - "5706139252bb891400689868": "Channel", - "5706143575f01819005e7950": "NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los", - "5706143575f01819005e7951": "sports teams in Southern California include teams", - "5706143575f01819005e7952": "sports teams in Southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA", - "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers,", - "5706143575f01819005e7954": "Professional", - "5706149552bb891400689880": "Angeles \u2014", - "5706149552bb891400689881": "LA Galaxy and Chivas USA", - "5706149552bb891400689882": "to 2014, there were two Major League Soccer", - "5706149552bb891400689883": "2005", - "5706149552bb891400689884": "and were local rivals.", - "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "Division", - "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "NCAA", - "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "and there is", - "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "southern", - "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "California. The UCLA Bruins", - "5706155352bb891400689894": "growing sport in southern California,", - "5706155352bb891400689895": "is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the", - "5706155352bb891400689896": "Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014, its holding company British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc. The United Kingdom operations also changed", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "Formed in November", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Television", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007\u201308 season.", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "end from the 2007\u201308 season. In May 2006, the", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007\u201308 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "from being", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "BSkyB had", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium, thereby making them a competitor by default, BSkyB was able", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "BSkyB had been", - "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "default,", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "customers", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels.", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "BSkyB initially charged additional subscription", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "for using a", - "57094d489928a8140047150a": "BSkyB utilises the VideoGuard pay-TV", - "57094d489928a8140047150b": "a", - "57094d489928a8140047150c": "BSkyB utilises", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s at a telegraph company, the Budapest", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "electrician", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "chief electrician", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "June 1884,", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "France,", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "New York City:57\u201360", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Edison", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "New York", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "New York", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "France,", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "June 1884,", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "New York City:57\u201360", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "64", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "an odd statement from an Edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "18 per week", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "US$18", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary; Tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned.", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "an odd statement from an Edison whose company was stingy", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Benjamin Vail,", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "light based illumination systems", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "Light", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "light based illumination", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "finance an electric", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "light", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "1886", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "arc light based illumination systems", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "Light", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "Edison's", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "electrical utility than invent new systems", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "electrical repair jobs", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "winter", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "ditch", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "little", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "$2", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Charles F.", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "April 1887", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "Western Union", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "Western Union", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "1886", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "Western Union", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck. The two men were experienced in setting up companies", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "Manhattan", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "Electric", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "a simple self-starting design", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "May 1888,", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "maintenance", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "electric motor", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "May 1888,", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "to have conceived in 1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting design", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "magnetic field", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "1882", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Thomas Commerford", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "his alternating current system", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "1888", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "related power", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "physicist Galileo Ferraris,", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Thomas Commerford", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Thomas Commerford", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "a viable AC motor and related power system", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Commerford", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "1888", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "60,000", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "George Westinghouse", + "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "stock and a royalty", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "$60,000", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July 1888,", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "Manufacturing Company's", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Pittsburgh", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Westinghouse", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "current system", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "street", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "induction", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "DC", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "\"AC\"", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "an AC delivery", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "his own company", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "AC", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "1892", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "rival lighting systems", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "George Westinghouse", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "Chicago", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "George Westinghouse", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "the safety, reliability", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp.:79", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "George Westinghouse", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "Chicago", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "1893", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "electrical", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams,", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "the falls", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Niagara Falls Cataract", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "Westinghouse system", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "the Columbian Exposition, a contract for building a two-phase AC generating system", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Richard Dean Adams,", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "1893", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "inca", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "the competing systems", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "mid 1890s", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "$200,000", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "$216", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "$216", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "Brown, and Peck).", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "$216", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "216", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "46", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "South Fifth Avenue", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "wirelessly at both locations, demonstrating the potential of wireless power", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "E. Houston Street,", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "July 1891,", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "E. Houston Street,", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "35", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "wirelessly at both locations", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers,", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Electrical Engineers,", + "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "Radio", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1894", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "president of the American", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "too much grief to talk. What can I say?\" Tesla may have inadvertently", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "\"X-Rays\").", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "1894", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "am in too much grief to talk. What can I say?\" Tesla may have inadvertently captured an X-ray", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "March 1895.", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "\"invisible\" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments (later identified as \"Roentgen rays\"", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "\"X-Rays\").", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "radiant", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's December 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays\u2014when he tried to photograph Mark Twain", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "a high energy single terminal", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "March 1896,", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "R\u00f6ntgen's", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "high energy", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896,", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "X-ray imaging,", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "the \"", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "magnetic fields", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "those produced in waves", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "various causes", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "the skin damage to various", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "magnetic fields", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "can occur in force", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "those produced in waves in plasmas. These plasma waves can occur in force-free", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "magnetic fields.", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasmas. These plasma waves can occur in force-free", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "AC system as the \"Tesla Polyphase", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Benjamin Lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor and Westinghouse", + "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "Egg", + "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "how to make a copper egg stand on end using a device he constructed known as the Egg of Columbus.", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "July 1934,", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "comparing these particles", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "particles", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "single-electrode", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "National Electric Light Association.", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Franklin", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1898", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "teleau", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "Madison Square", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "1898", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden.", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1904", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "Marconi", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1903", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1904", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "to nullify a World War", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "1899", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "Colorado Springs,", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "15 June 1899,", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "five inches", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "atmospheric electricity", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "electricity", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "atmospheric electricity, observing lightning", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "lightning, with discharges", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "100 feet", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "15 miles away in Cripple Creek, Colorado. People walking along the street", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "St. Elmo's", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "St. Elmo's fire around their wings.", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "generator", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "experimenting, Tesla inadvertently faulted a power", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "fault", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "Electrical Experimenter: \"As", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "North", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "may be communications", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "his time", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "December 1900", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "$100,000", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "$100,000", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "Tesla used the money to fund", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "1899", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "January 1900,", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "a debt.", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "January 1900,", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "a debt", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "experiments", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "trans-Atlantic wireless", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "fruitless. Morgan", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "funds", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "by asking for more funds", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "Over the next five years,", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "will", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "England", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "five years", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "5,000", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "1906,", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1910", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "16,000 rpm blade", + "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "half", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Houston", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "Allan L. Benson\u2014was published in World Today, in which an artist's illustration appears showing the entire earth cracking", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "the machine", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "experiment", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'\" The plan", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "saturating [the schoolroom", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "William H.", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "provisionally approved by then superintendent of New York City", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "Tower was demolished by Boldt", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "demolished", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal.", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "$20,000", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "World War", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "Girardeau,", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "a fluorescent screen", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "radar", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "\u00c9mile Girardeau, who helped develop France's first radar system in the 1930s, noted in 1953 that Tesla's general", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "X-rays.\":245 There were unsubstantiated", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.\":245", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous\"; a recipient could only decline", + "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "keep Tesla from getting the $20,000 prize money.:245", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Edison", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1915", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "$1,000", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept as well as the earliest proposal for the use of turbine", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "(VTOL", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "life", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "Manufacturing", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "$125 per month", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "Manufacturing", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a related new means of communication, and a method of accurately determining", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "a method of accurately determining the location", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "a method of accurately determining the location", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits.", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "1935", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "a street", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "dodge a moving taxicab", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons.", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "fall of 1937, after midnight one night", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "fall of 1937", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "de Graaff generator. The press", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "death ray", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "the Van de Graaff", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "Graaff generator. The press", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "The press variably", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "1937", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "it to the world", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "pass before I can give it to the world.\"", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "magnifying transformer", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "little time", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "technical", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "United Kingdom,", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "Belgrade.", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "a method of charging particles to millions", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "a method of charging particles", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "spies", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "the thieves, or spies, left empty-handed", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "His room", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "81", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "January 1943,", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "Monaghan", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "\"do not disturb\"", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "Assistant medical examiner", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "the Tesla items", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "professor at M.I.T.", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "American citizen.", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "Manhattan Storage and Warehouse", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Louis Adamic live over the WNYC", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Adamic", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "January 1943,", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "12 January, two thousand", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "New York", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "Belgrade.", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Kosanovi\u0107, Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957, Kosanovi\u0107's", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107, Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957, Kosanovi\u0107's", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "the United States", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "1957", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "62", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "around 300", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "Britain,", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "Canada,", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later, with dinner from exactly 8:10", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "8", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "10 p.m", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "at Delmonico's", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "10 miles", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "one hundred times for each foot every night", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "10 miles", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "exercise", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "mind", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "Brisbane,", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "one", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "white pigeon", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "$2,000", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "a specific injured white pigeon daily. Tesla spent over $2,000,", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "nurse", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "the park", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "6 feet 2 inches", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "6 feet", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "stylish figure in New York City, meticulous", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "stylish figure in New York City,", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "eight", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "illness. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes,", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "light", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "illness", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "illness", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "table.:43, 301 On one occasion at his laboratory, Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "301", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "Kenneth Swezey,", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "billiards", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "chess and card", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "a sacrifice", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "great", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "polite", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a \"distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty,", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Dorothy Skerrit, wrote: \"his genial smile", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "engineer", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Kenneth Swezey.", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Stanford", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "late 1920s, Tesla also befriended", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "secretary", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "secretary", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "to go home and change", + "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "electrons existed at all, they were some fourth", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "they could not change", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "a believer in the 19th century concept of an all pervasive \"ether\"", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "Einstein's", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "energy", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "s theory", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "the theory", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "matter", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "81", + "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "eugenics", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "pity", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "\"", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "pity", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "social subservience of women", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "1926", + "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "ills", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "the relevant issues of a post-World War", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "the great Forces", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "(20 December 1914).", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Orthodox Christian.", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Christian.", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "orthodox", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "article, \"A Machine to End War\", published in 1937,", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "War\",", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "\"A Machine to End War\",", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "edited by Ben Johnston; The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "David Hatcher", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston;", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "Researches", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "1900", + "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "High Potential And High Frequency,\" published in his book Inventions, Researches", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "science fiction", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "video", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "science", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "75th", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "75th birthday", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "75th", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "75th", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "more than 70", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "complexity theory", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "complexity theory", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "algorithm", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "gates", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "the algorithm used. The theory", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity", + "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "time and storage. Other complexity measures", + "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "limits", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "science are analysis of algorithms", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "computability theory", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "computability theory", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "testing. The instance is a number (e.g. 15)", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "the given input.", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "\"no\"). Stated another way,", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "theory", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "this problem is a rather concrete", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "15", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "particular problem instances.", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "reason, complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances.", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "the strings are bitstrings", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "adjacency", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "adjacency", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "the strings are bits", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "adjacency", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "a formal language, where the members of the language", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "complexity theory", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "the algorithm", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "a member of the formal language under consideration. If the algorithm", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "the language", + "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "formal", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "language", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "formal language", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "A function", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "every", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "problem and the integer factor", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "the integer factorization", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "no", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "the notion of function problems", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "the problem of multiplying", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "in how algorithms scale", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices?", + "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "a function", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "T(n)", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "all inputs of size", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "Cobham's", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "If the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "algorithm.", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "mathematician", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "a problem can be solved by an algorithm", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "algorithm", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "a practical computing technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine\u2014anything from an advanced supercomputer", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "an added feature of non-determinism,", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "an added feature of non-determinism", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "non-deterministic Turing", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "probabilistic", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "randomized algorithms", + "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "complexity", + "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "deterministic Turing machines,", + "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "alternating Turing machines. They are all equally powerful in principle, but when resources", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "The time and memory consumption", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "The time and memory consumption", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "power. The time and memory consumption", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "random access machines", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "mathematical", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "how we physically want to compute algorithms", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "its branching exactly captures", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "\"", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "halts", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "a Turing machine operating in time f(n)", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "halts", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "definitions can be made for space requirements", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "Blum", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "definitions can be made for space requirements", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "Blum", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "Blum", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "complexity (or any other complexity measure", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "size", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "complexity", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "average time taken for sorting is O(n log n). The best case", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "the input. The worst-case", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "algorithm", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "The phrase \"all possible algorithms\"", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "not just the algorithms known today, but any algorithm", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity, unless specified otherwise. Analyzing a particular algorithm", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "no algorithm", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "big O notation one", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "in big O notation", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "O(n2).", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "Of course, some complexity", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "complexity", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "complexity class has a definition", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "time above by some concrete", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "computation time above by some concrete", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "Cobham-Edmonds", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "2008, Chapter 1.2).", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model. For instance, the language {xx |", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "space used by the algorithm. Some important complexity", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "the time or space used by the algorithm", + "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "complexity", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Boolean circuits; and BQP", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems).", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP and QMA,", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy theorems", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "space hierarchy theorem", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "n2", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy theorems", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "constraining the respective resources", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "time hierarchy theorem", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "PSPACE.", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "the time hierarchy theorem", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "complexity classes", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "reduction, such as Cook reductions,", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "reductions", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "space reductions.", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "a problem X can be solved using an algorithm", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "algorithm", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "integers", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "algorithm", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "multiplying two integers. This means an algorithm", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "algorithm for multiplying", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "hard problems", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "the set of problems that are hard for NP is the set of NP-hard problems.", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "C is harder than X, since an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "harder than X, since an algorithm", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "class of NP-complete problems", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "class of NP-complete problems contains the most difficult problems", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "\u03a01. This is because a polynomial-time", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "problems contains the most difficult problems", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "mathematical abstraction", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "the Cobham\u2013Edmonds", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "the Boolean satisfiability problem,", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "protein structure", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "the answer", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems. The P versus NP problem is one of the Millennium Prize Problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "logarith", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "Ladner", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factor", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "The best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "problem, due to Laszlo Babai", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "second level", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "algorithm", + "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "the RSA algorithm.", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "algorithm, does run in polynomial time.", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "the RSA algorithm.", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "k. No efficient integer factorization", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "P = PSPACE.", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "P = PSPACE.", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "complexity", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "\u2286", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "the class", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "two complexity classes are not equal then P is not equal", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "not equal then P is not equal", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "if these two complexity classes", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "complexity", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "many complexity", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "equal classes", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "there are many complexity", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space)", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "the computer does 1012 operations each second, the program", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds", + "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "1010 years, which is the same order of magnitude as the age of the universe. Even with a much faster computer, the program", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases. Similarly, algorithms", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times", + "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "Boolean satisfiability", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "the definition of Turing machines", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Alan Turing", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "machines", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Alan Turing in 1936,", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "complexity and proved the hierarchy theorem", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "paper \"On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms\"", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "1965", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Stearns", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "solvable by Turing", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "1956", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "solvable by Turing", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "representations", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "keep the discussion abstract enough", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "Richard Karp took this idea", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "up theorem", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "the so-called, speed-up theorem", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "21", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "peda", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "pedagogy, the science of teaching.", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "education", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "Teachers", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "Teachers,", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "numer", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "civics, community roles, or life skills", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "life skills", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "family", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "teacher", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "anyone with knowledge or skills", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "home schooling. Informal learning", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "home schooling", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "lama", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "pastor", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "teachers", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lama", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "accountants (Chartered or CPA).", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "lawyers, engineers", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Formal", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "wider community.", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "accountants (Chartered or CPA).", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "teachers", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "formal", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "formal", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "supervisors", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "many governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "many governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "many governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "professional standing of teachers", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "the standards of practice for the teaching", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "teacher", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "Education, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies.", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "teachers", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "may also require their teachers to be college peoples. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "teacher education programs. In many situations teachers", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "teachers", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "teachers", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "teachers", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "teacher", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "learning", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "curricula as determined by the relevant authority", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "learning", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "learning", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "goals as well as standardized curri", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "The objective is typically a course", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "infants", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "a course of study, lesson plan", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "peda", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "assessing the educational levels of the students", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "students", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "pedagogy of the students", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "peda", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "each class", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "sur", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "alternative", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "strong sense of security", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "teacher", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "specialist to another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from teachers", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "United States", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "new trend amongst educational institutions", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "their full cognitive potential. Co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning.", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "fulfill the needs", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "student on learning by providing a social networking", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "discipline was corporal", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "all the normal forms of parental discipline open", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "child", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "corporal", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "spanking", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "United States", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "the student in order to cause physical pain", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "the United States following a US Supreme Court decision", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas.", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia,", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "the principal's office", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "hallway", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "commonplace", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "commonplace", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "individual countries", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "\"", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "a classroom and do work, write lines", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "work", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "work, write lines", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "attend", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "fair punishment for misbeha", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "fair punishment for misbeha", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "their will upon a class", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "clear boundaries", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "academics, some teachers", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "academics, some teachers", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "a more assertive and confrontational", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "a more assertive", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "Japan,", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "Western countries. In Japan,", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "Japan,", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "Japan,", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "disproportionate resources", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "school class sizes are typically 40", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "students", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "students", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "teacher", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "democratically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "democratically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "democratically passed by the entire school", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "a school in which community discipline prevails, and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "good judicial system for enforcing these laws", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "passion", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "passion to receptive students.", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "enthusiastic teachers", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "Teachers", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "gesturing", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "nonverbal expressions", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "students", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "teachers may also lead to students", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "teachers", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "learning", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "Their ability to create effective learning environments", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate a willingness to play", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "will", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "student participation", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "teachers", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "teaching", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "cares", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "may create a spark of excitement in the student as well. An enthusiastic teacher", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "The way a teacher", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "American Association", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "6%", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "United States", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "9.6%", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "teachers", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "workers as well as teachers", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "abuse", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers. \"The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "teachers", + "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "the United States", + "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "teacher misconduct", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "to a shortage", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates,", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Chris Keates,", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "rape \"is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about.\" This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "over the age of consent", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "occupational burnout", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "Stress can be caused by organizational change,", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "Teachers", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "face several occupational hazards in their line of work,", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "twice", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "teachers", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "42%", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "anxiety, depression", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "workers", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "There are several ways", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "occupational stress among teachers", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "occupational stress", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "occupational stress", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "university or college", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "all countries teachers", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school. The high school student follows an education", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "university", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "Australia", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "(secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education (universities and/or TAFE colleges).", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "TAFE colleges).", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "three-tier model", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "40,000/year", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "a private school which is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "in Canada", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "schools (Hauptschule),", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "teachers", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "(Grundschule),", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "index", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "secondary schools (Hauptschule),", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "a large school with many years experience and several qualifications (M.A.,", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "mainly on seniority", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "Salaries for primary teachers", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "Extra pay", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Oireachtas", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001,", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "2001", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "Teaching Council Act", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "staff", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "in any capacity", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role\". Existing staff", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "salaries", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "Salaries", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September 2007,", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers,", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "outweigh", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "slowing enrollment growth; opportunities", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "slowing", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements,", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS).", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "Scotland", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS).", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "\"Full Registration\" status after a year", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "between \u00a334", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "\u00a320,427 for a Probationer, up to \u00a332,583", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "\u00a332", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "Chartered Teacher Status", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "Deputy Head, and Head teachers earn from \u00a340,290 to \u00a378,642.", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "Welsh medium education", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "United Kingdom.", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "22 per cent", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22", + "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "the United Kingdom.", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "schools", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "between 2005", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "the average age of teachers in Wales", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "ten years", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "Teaching certification generally lasts three years,", + "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "their teachers", + "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "salaries. However, average teacher salaries", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "salaries", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "low salaries. However, average teacher salaries", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "259", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "Teachers", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "three", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "Protestant/Non-Denominational,", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "\", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "long tradition of \"discernment", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "archetype", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "Aaronic priesthood, generally conferred on young", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "Protestantism,", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "archetype. The role of \"spiritual teacher\"", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "many individuals", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "disciples", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "high, with gurus often exercising", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "gurus", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "West", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "Lama. A Lama", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "their Bodhisattva vow", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Buddhism the teachers of Dharma in Tibet are most commonly called a Lama.", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "their Bodhisattva vow", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "Qutb", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "mullahs", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "ulemas", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "teachers", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "ulemas", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "German:", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "18 February 1546)", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "Catholic Church.", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "the claim that freedom from God's punishment", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "God's grace through faith in Jesus", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "Christ.", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "divinely revealed knowledge", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "all baptized", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "the development", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "translation of the Bible", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "German language, added several principles to the art", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "the Tyndale Bible. His hymns influenced the development", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "Lindemann) on 10 November 1483", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "Luther) and his wife Margarethe (n\u00e9e Lindemann)", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Eisleben, Saxony,", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Catholic", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "Erfurt,", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "as \"a day of rote", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "four", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "a day of rote", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "1501", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "law represented uncertainty. Luther sought assurances", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "Gabriel Biel.", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "God. Human beings", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "the same university that year", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "the door of the Black Cloister. \"This day you see", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "2 July 1505,", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "university on horseback after a trip home", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "Anna,", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt struck near him. Later telling his father", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "the jailer and hangman of my poor", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "a change", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ.", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "reflection upon his sins", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1508", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "von Staupitz,", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "9 March 1508,", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "9 March 1508,", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "bachelor", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "1512", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "1512", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "the senate", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "University of Wittenberg,", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "the University", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "papal commissioner", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "papal commissioner for indulgence", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "Peter's Basilica in Rome.", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "31 October 1517,", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Hans Hillerbrand", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus,", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus,", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "bishop", + "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Johann Tetzel", + "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "as the coin in the coffer rings", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Johann Tetzel", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel that \"As", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "slacken", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "buyers from all punishments and granted them", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "error", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "that indul", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "slacken", + "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "the matter in regard to indulgence", + "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "Tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences,", + "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences", + "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "Tetzel was by no means representative", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "truth", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Walter Kr\u00e4mer,", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "in Wittenberg", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "truth", + "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "1518", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "the printing press. Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany;", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "the 95 Theses", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "two weeks", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "two months", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "1520", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "France, England,", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Wittenberg", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "1519", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "France,", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "books of Hebrews,", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "\" he wrote, \"", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "God's", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "God,", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "1525", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "Free Will", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "the experience of being justified by faith was \"as though I had been born again.\" His entry into Paradise,", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "1:17)", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "the sale of indulgences", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "railing against the sale of indulgences", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two points", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "St Peter's", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Rome.", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "one half was to go to the building", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "one half", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "1517", + "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "\"with great care as is proper.\"", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "October 1518,", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "papal theologians and envoys against Luther,", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "papal theologians and envoys against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology.", + "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "1519", + "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture", + "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "von Miltitz", + "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "151", + "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "Luther's doctrine in a public", + "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "15 June 1520,", + "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz,", + "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "Wittenberg on 10 December 1520,", + "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "the Pope warned Luther", + "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "1520", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "the Rhine.", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "18 April 1521,", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "the Holy Roman", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "the secular authorities", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Frederick III,", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Archbishop of Trier, presented Luther", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Johann Eck,", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "their contents. Luther", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "a table", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "a table and asked him if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents.", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "traditional salute", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "traditional salute of a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "\"world classic of epoch-making oratory.\"", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "evidence", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "Mullett", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "\"Here", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "\"we are free", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter.", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "a notorious heretic.\" It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "anyone to kill Luther", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "Edict of Worms", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "it a crime", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the Wartburg", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "Wittenberg", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg,", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "halting the sale of indulgences", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "a place where justice resides.\"", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "\"", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1 August 1521,", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "the victor over sin, death", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "God's grace", + "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "1521", + "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "a gift, to be received with thanksgiving", + "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "idolat", + "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices.", + "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "Private Mass,", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "Little Horn of Daniel 7, coming up among the divisions", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "1521", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "2 Thessalonians 2", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith. His main interest", + "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "magistracy", + "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "1521", + "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt,", + "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "the magistracy", + "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion. Wittenberg", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March 1522.", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "\"Invocavit Sermons\".", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "He wrote to the Elector: \"During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing,", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "my sheepfold, and committed rava", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "\"Invocavit Sermons\".", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "The effect", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Wittenberg jurist Jerome", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "the way of the truth.", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "the way of the truth", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "us! His words,", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "the Reformation.", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "modifying the new church", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "the Reformation.", + "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "the Reformation.", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "Zwickau prophets,", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "stifle radicalism", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "German Peasants' War", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "1524", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "often in Luther's name. There had been revolts", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "Nicholas", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "the devil's work, and called for the nobles to put down the rebels", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Wittenberg,", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "grievances", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "the violence as the devil's work", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities. During a tour of Thuringia,", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "three", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "they were ignoring Christ's counsel to \"Render unto Caesar the things", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "God", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "the foundation for the doctrine", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "secular", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "wing of the secular powers", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "Luther's", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "15 May 1525,", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "the secular powers.", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "the wing", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Martin Luther married Katharina", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "old and Luther was 41 years old.", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "26", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "26", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "April 1523,", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13 June 1525,", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "1525", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "the same day", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "13 June", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Jonas, Johannes Apel,", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "celibacy", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "sex", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "neither wood nor stone); but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "He had long condemned vows of celibacy", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "had long condemned vows", + "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "1531", + "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "farming the land and taking in board", + "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "1531; Paul \u2013 January 1533;", + "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "the riches of Croesus.\"", + "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "six children", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "the center, the system building tendency of reason", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "their own ministers had proved unwork", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable. According to Bainton: \"Luther's", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "the cross", + "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "forgiveness of sins, despite Luther's position that faith alone ensures justification.", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "the Electorate of Saxony,", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "forgiveness", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "the break with Rome.", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church", + "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "1526", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "He retained the elevation of the host and chalice, while trappings such as the Mass vestments, altar, and candles", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "Luther", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "congregational", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "a \"public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians.\" Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted \"everything", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "1527", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "the Electorate of Saxony,", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "new order of worship", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "people", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "standard of pastoral care", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote,", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "1529", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "Luther", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "Luther", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, \"the way monkeys do it\",", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "the Catechism.\"", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "Small Catechism", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "Luther's hymns", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "Catechism", + "56f86966aef2371900626053": "the context of the Decalogue", + "56f86966aef2371900626054": "Ten Commandments) and the Lord's", + "56f86966aef2371900626055": "personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity, each of which works", + "56f86966aef2371900626056": "the Creed to express the character", + "56f86966aef2371900626057": "the Lutheran catechical teaching.", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "1534", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "1522", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "the whole Bible", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "3:28", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "the Bible", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "chancel", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "intelli", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "southern Germans.", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "the Bible", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "chancel", + "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "a popular and influential Bible", + "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "the evolution", + "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "German language", + "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Lucas Cranach", + "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "William Tyndale's", + "56f87000aef2371900626071": "Fortress", + "56f87000aef2371900626072": "arena. He often accompanied the sung hymns", + "56f87000aef2371900626073": "children", + "56f87000aef2371900626074": "a national instrument of Germany", + "56f87000aef2371900626075": "hymn-writer, authoring hymns", + "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "an\" (\"A new song", + "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "to the Heedless Winds\"", + "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "\"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875", + "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes,", + "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "the hymn \"Ein neues", + "56f87392aef2371900626099": "1525. Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included \"Wir glauben all\" among the catechetical hymns, although 18th-century", + "56f87392aef237190062609a": "the catechetical hymns, although 18th-century", + "56f87392aef237190062609b": "the cateche", + "56f87392aef237190062609c": "the catechetical hymns", + "56f87392aef237190062609d": "because of the perceived difficulty of its tune.", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "1538", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Lord's Prayer and as a means", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "the prayer", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions.", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "multiple revisions, demonstrating Luther's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune. Other 16th- and 20th-century", + "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "1523", + "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "to write psalm-hymns for use", + "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation", + "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "the theme of \"grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation", + "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of \"grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation", + "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "redemptor gentium", + "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Creator Spiritus to \"Komm, Gott Sch\u00f6pfer,", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "\"Komm, Gott Sch\u00f6pfer, Heiliger Geist\" (\"Come, Holy Spirit,", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "darein\" (\"Oh God, look down from heaven\").", + "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle", + "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "J. S. Bach,", + "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "hymns", + "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's", + "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "Bach, used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work, although its objective baptismal theology", + "56f88025aef237190062611e": "geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn,", + "56f88025aef237190062611f": "four of eight", + "56f88025aef2371900626120": "eight", + "56f88025aef2371900626121": "eight", + "56f88025aef2371900626122": "the Reformation.", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "vom Himmel sieh darein, BWV", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "seist du, Jesu", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "BWV", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "14", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "1707", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "false doctrine", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "the existence of Purgatory, which involved Christian souls", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "hell, but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "the idea of torments for the saints: \"It is enough for us to know that souls", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "hell, but enter a prepared bed", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Johann Gerhard.", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Franz", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755)", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard.", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "noctem intrat in cubiculum suum) and whose sleep", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "Gottfried Fritschel", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "1765", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "John Jortin", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "sleep is interrupted by dreams", + "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "1529", + "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "Philip I, Landgrave", + "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "Lord's Supper\u2014an", + "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fourteen points out of fifteen", + "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "Lord's Supper\u2014an", + "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "the Last Supper:", + "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "(1 Corinthians 11:23\u201326).", + "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "human nature. According to transcripts, the debate sometimes became confrontational.", + "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "\"Hoc est corpus meum\" (\"This", + "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "blood\" (1", + "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "1530", + "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.", + "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "the formation of the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony,", + "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "the formation", + "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "Schmalkaldic League", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "false", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "no way contributes to faith", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "by reason. He wrote, \"All", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "antithetical in the sense that questions", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "\"All the articles of our Christian faith,", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "His 1543", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "anti-Jewish literature", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism,", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "1523", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses,", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "to punish Christians by God,", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God,", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist,", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "punish Christians by God,", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism\"", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism\" or \"the Turk\". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "pamphlets on Islam,", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "\"Mohammedanism\" or \"the", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "\"Mohammedanism\" or \"the Turk\". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "God's", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "Antinomians,", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "Antinomians,", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "antinomian theses", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "God's", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "the law", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "the law", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "\" that is, the law", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart, thus preparing him for Christ's fulfillment of the law", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "\"second use of the law", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "a Christian should follow in his or her vocations", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "third", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "third use of the law", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "Ten Commandments \u2013 when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will, that is, of the natural law", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "the law.\" For Luther, also Christ's", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "teaching of the Ten Commandments,", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "the believers", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "the common, daily vocation", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "became implicated in", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "the worst mistakes Luther made, and, next to the landgrave himself, who was directly responsible for it, history", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "general ruling, and they reluctantly advised the landgrave", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "the subsequent public controversy. In the view of Luther's biographer Martin Brecht,", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "deny the marriage completely", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "some ninety years earlier. He considered the Jews blasphemers", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "Christians", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "Messiah. But Luther believed that all human beings", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "set themselves against God were equally guilty. As early as 1516, he wrote that many people \"are", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "many people", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "the Holy Name and the Lineage", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "1543", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "60,000", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "commands the killing of idolaters", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Luther's words \"We are at fault in not slaying them\" amounted to a sanction for murder.", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "the Jews was doomed to perdition.\"", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "Josel of Rosheim,", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "hell!", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "1537", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "\"", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Schulz", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Julius Streicher, editor of the Nazi newspaper Der St\u00fcrmer,", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "that anybody who \"", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "November 1938,", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman,", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman,", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "the Jews and their expulsion from German territory.\"", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "cloaking", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "antisemitism", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "Roland Bainton, noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote \"One", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "the 18th and 19th centuries", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews, cloaking it with the authority", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "Third", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "Paul Rose argues that he caused a \"hysterical", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "\"hysterical and demonizing mentality\"", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Christopher J. Probst", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against \"Turks\"", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "the Jews and in diatribes", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "antisemitic", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "the Jews and in diatribes", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "the product of a declining state of mind. Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used \"vulgarity and violence\"", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "1928-1933", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "the journal History Today", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "Richard (Dick) Geary,", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "the 1980s", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "a leading role, all may have contributed. In 1536, he began to suffer from kidney", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "the Philip of Hesse", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "an ear infection", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "bladder stones", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "antagonisms", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "physical health", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "physical health", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "three times", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "Katharina was overheard saying, \"Dear husband, you are too rude,\"", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "1545 and 1546", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "us", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "1546", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "desisted", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "15 February 1546,", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "a \"fiery", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "third", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "copper mining trade", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "late 1545", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "late 1545", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "John George, and Gerhard.", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546.", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "he had believed. His companions, Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius, shouted loudly, \"Reverend", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "chest pains. When he went to his bed,", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "his bed, he prayed, \"", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "17 February 1546.", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "a.m. on 18 February 1546,", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "18 February 1546,", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "the Castle Church in Wittenberg,", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor entered the town, but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave.", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "\"We are beggars,\"", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "Latin,", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "\"We are beggars,\"", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "stout man with a \"double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck.\"", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "images", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "monumental", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "that emphasized", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "1530s", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "31 October.", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "Church of England's Calendar of Saints", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "18 February", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "Saints", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "of Saints. In the Church", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange,", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "10", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "Riverside, San Bernardino,", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "Riverside, San Bernardino,", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "Mexican border into Tijuana.", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "8", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "the 11 megaregions", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "Mexican border", + "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "the 11", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Riverside-San Bernardino", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "four", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "seven", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "Riverside and San Bernardino", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "seven", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "the border with the state of Nevada. To the south is the Mexico\u2013United", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada. To the south is the Mexico\u2013United", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "the south is the Mexico\u2013United", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Mojave Desert", + "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "eighth", + "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "621", + "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles", + "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles", + "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "southern", + "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Los Angeles,", + "5705e99452bb891400689689": "Los Angeles,", + "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States.", + "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "Riverside are the five", + "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "San Bernardino,", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Hollywood, a district", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Los Angeles", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Universal,", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "southern California. Hollywood,", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers.", + "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "Shaun White live", + "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Chris Ward,", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Huntington Beach,", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "the world", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Oahu in terms of famous surf breaks.", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "the desert city of Palm Springs", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "for its resort feel and nearby open spaces", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "southern California coast", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "southern California coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm Springs", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "(northern and southern California), the term \"southern", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "35", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "\"southern California\"", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "San Bernardino", + "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "United States,", + "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "United States,", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "the line", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "California. Following the acquisition of California", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "lower part of Alta California. Following the acquisition of California by the United States,", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "overwhelmingly by nearly 75% of voters", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "Obispo", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "lightly", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "nearly 75%", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "John B. Weller.", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "the Los Angeles Times", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1900", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "Los Angeles, San Bernardino,", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "seven", + "5705f36452bb891400689718": "southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view.", + "5705f36452bb891400689719": "the central valley", + "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "the central valley", + "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "the California State Automobile Association", + "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "the southern California region due to their remoteness from the central valley", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "third", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "use of automobiles and highways", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino,", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "Riverside-San Bernardino,", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "portions) were developed in the 1980s", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "Imperial Valley. Also, population growth was high in the Bakersfield-Kern County,", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "Pendleton.", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "Interstate 15", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "1980s", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "mild and wet", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "summers", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90-60's", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "90-60's while as winters are 70-50's, usually all of Southern California", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "90-60's", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "the state and country. The region", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "a diversity outnumber", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "deserts", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "The region spans", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "deserts", + "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10,000", + "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "0, and only about 15\u201320 are greater than magnitude 4", + "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "20", + "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "earthquakes", + "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "20 billion", + "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "San Andreas Fault,", + "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "8", + "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Elsinore", + "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "Fault,", + "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "Earthquake forecast which models", + "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "tourist destinations. Each region is further divided into many culturally distinct areas but as a whole combine to create the southern California atmosphere.", + "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "culturally", + "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "economic", + "570603c475f01819005e7882": "Sacramento", + "570603c475f01819005e7883": "the 2000s as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy", + "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0% in the 2000s", + "570603c475f01819005e7885": "high growth", + "570603c475f01819005e7886": "United States Census, southern", + "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario", + "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "one Combined Statistical Area, eight", + "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario", + "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Southern Border Region.", + "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17,786,419", + "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles", + "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "3.7 million", + "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "34", + "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "Los Angeles", + "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "proximity to the coast, with the exception of San Bernardino", + "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "tourism", + "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "The region", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States.", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "Southern California's", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "It is dominated and heavily dependent", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "richest agricultural regions", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "petroleum and aircraft", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "agricultural regions in the U.S.,", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "petroleum and aircraft", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino,", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "business districts", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino,", + "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district as well as those lining the Wilshire Boulevard", + "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Los Angeles central business", + "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Glendale and Downtown", + "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Los Angeles", + "57060df252bb891400689820": "Downtown San Bernardino,", + "57060df252bb891400689821": "San Bernardino", + "57060df252bb891400689822": "San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are in San Bernardino", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine,", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "West Irvine,", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Newport Center districts; as well as the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Mar Heights,", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Downtown San Diego is the central business district", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Northern", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "San", + "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport,", + "570610b275f01819005e792b": "third", + "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third", + "570610b275f01819005e792d": "Los Angeles International Airport,", + "570610b275f01819005e792e": "San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport", + "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Metrolink,", + "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "seven", + "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six", + "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino,", + "570611c475f01819005e793c": "the Port of Los Angeles,", + "570611c475f01819005e793d": "the Port", + "570611c475f01819005e793e": "the United States'", + "5706139252bb891400689864": "Los Angeles, Long Beach, Northridge, Pomona, San Bernardino,", + "5706139252bb891400689865": "public and private institutions", + "5706139252bb891400689866": "Tech Coast is a moniker", + "5706139252bb891400689867": "12", + "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", + "5706143575f01819005e7950": "(Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL", + "5706143575f01819005e7951": "(Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers,", + "5706143575f01819005e7952": "(Los Angeles Rams, San Diego", + "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers,", + "5706143575f01819005e7954": "Clippers);", + "5706149552bb891400689880": "Galaxy", + "5706149552bb891400689881": "two", + "5706149552bb891400689882": "2014", + "5706149552bb891400689883": "Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy", + "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018", + "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "UCLA", + "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans both field teams in NCAA Division I in the Pac-12", + "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "The UCLA Bruins", + "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "Pac-12 Conference,", + "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "Pac-12 Conference,", + "5706155352bb891400689894": "level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school", + "5706155352bb891400689895": "southern California, particularly at the high school level,", + "5706155352bb891400689896": "southern California, particularly at the high school", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc.", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "1990", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2015", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "70%", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "BSkyB's", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a31.3bn", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "three BSkyB channels were available on this platform: Sky News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "BSkyB", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "Three", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the BBC, ITV, Channel", + "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "ITV", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "the non-HD variant", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "March 2008,", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard,", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box,", + "57094d489928a8140047150a": "NDS,", + "57094d489928a8140047150b": "BSkyB", + "57094d489928a8140047150c": "NDS, a Cisco Systems company.", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", - "57094d489928a8140047150e": "company. There are tight controls over", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "2007, BSkyB", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "carriage of Sky channels", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "TV. The failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with NTL and", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "In", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "2007, BSkyB and Virgin Media became involved in a dispute over", - "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "Microsoft\u2019s use of the term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s", - "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "In July 2013,", - "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "July 2013,", - "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "In July 2013, the English High Court of Justice found that Microsoft\u2019s use", - "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "Sky\u2019s right to the \"Sky\" trademark. On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement, in which Microsoft", - "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "on the", - "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "on", - "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "BSkyB reach 3.5 million", - "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "service started on 1 September 1993 based on the", - "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "service", - "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "UK", - "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "UK Limited (formerly", - "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB) is a British", - "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007.", - "57096505ed30961900e84082": "set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, Power-line and Bluetooth connectivity and a", - "57096505ed30961900e84083": "The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and", - "57096505ed30961900e84084": "2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes", - "57096505ed30961900e84085": "Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q", - "57096505ed30961900e84086": "On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and", - "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "for recent films, although these are", - "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "standard. Interactive services and 7-day", - "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "although these are only accessible with a Sky+ box. Sky+ HD", - "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "'", - "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "MPEG-2, with the Sky Movies and Sky Box", - "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "Digital was launched in 1998 the new service", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "1998", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "1 (now Eutelsat 33C) at 28.5\u00b0E), enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service, Sky,", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "Sky Digital was launched in 1998", - "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "as", - "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "BSkyB launched its HDTV", - "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "people had registered to receive the HD service. In the week", - "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "registered to receive the", - "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "BSkyB was having supply issues with its set top box (STB) from manufacturer Thomson. On Thursday", - "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "BSkyB", - "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "BSkyB", + "57094d489928a8140047150e": "NDS, a Cisco", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "Virgin Media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of Sky channels on cable TV. The failure to renew the existing carriage agreements", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007. Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price for the channels, a claim", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "\"", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "the network on 1", + "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "July 2013,", + "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "2013", + "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "the term", + "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "the term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s right to the \"Sky\" trademark.", + "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "term \"SkyDrive\" infringed on Sky\u2019s right to the \"Sky\" trademark.", + "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "BSkyB's", + "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "BSkyB's", + "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "mid-1994", + "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "chief executive officer", + "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "400", + "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB)", + "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "Sky UK Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting", + "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million", + "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers", + "57096505ed30961900e84082": "The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini),", + "57096505ed30961900e84083": "The Sky Q Silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts, which Sky will introduce later in 2016.", + "57096505ed30961900e84084": "a broadband router (Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications.", + "57096505ed30961900e84085": "18 November 2015,", + "57096505ed30961900e84086": "18 November 2015,", + "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams", + "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "top boxes including mode", + "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "the Sky Movies and Sky Box", + "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "the proprietary OpenTV system, with set-top boxes including modems for a return path.", + "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "MPEG-2, with the Sky Movies and Sky", + "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "new all-digital service", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "a new all-digital service,", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "19", + "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "(now Eutelsat 33C)", + "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "March 2012,", + "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "4,222,000", + "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "the HD service. In the week", + "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "Sky+HD was 4,222,000.", + "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "4,222,000", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "February 2007,", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "February 2007,", - "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed", - "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "BSkyB portfolio including sport", - "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "channels would offer a range of content from the", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted, some", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted,", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "is", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "is a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "GHz) which is fitted at the end of the", - "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "the", - "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "autumn of", - "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "In the autumn of", - "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "the autumn of 1991, talks", - "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from \u00a318m to \u00a334m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "over the presence of channels on their EPG,", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "licence from Ofcom. Any", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "BSkyB", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for", - "57097051ed30961900e84132": "terrestrial offering and cable services. Within 30 days,", - "57097051ed30961900e84133": "s digital service was", - "57097051ed30961900e84134": "service", - "57097051ed30961900e84135": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on", - "57097051ed30961900e84136": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then.", - "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "from", - "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin", - "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "(re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box,", - "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "re", - "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "a", - "57097b50200fba140036804d": "s direct", - "57097b50200fba140036804e": "subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home", - "57097b50200fba140036804f": "direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached", - "57097b50200fba1400368050": "figure could be reached", - "57097b50200fba1400368051": "said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "The Daily", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "Daily", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "government's benefits agency was checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a \"Welfare", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "\u2013 as", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "annual carriage fees of \u00a33", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m for the", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "with both", - "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB. As part of", - "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment. Victoria's total gross state product (GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "largest", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "health, education, wholesale, retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "The economy of", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "and", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "for", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "Immigrants arrived from", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China. Many Chinese miners worked", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "from Ireland and China.", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "for gold,", - "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "In November 2006, the Victorian Legislative Council elections were held under a new multi-member", - "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "members\u2014four years. Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the Legislative Council", - "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "was reduced", - "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the", - "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "November", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "The centre-left", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "centre-left Australian Labor", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "centre", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": ",", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "Victorians", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "45,150 Jews. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion. Around 20%", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Victoria", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "state", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "(abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "abbreviated", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "(abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "to European settlement,", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": ", the area", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Victoria was included in the", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "Prior to", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "than 26", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "s west.", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "More than", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "wheat", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "Parliament", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "matters coming under state responsibility.", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "establishes", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "enacted in 1975, but based", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "'", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "Mallee", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "hot", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "The", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "see", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "publicly or", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": ",", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "publicly", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "known as", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "the Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied. Private fee-paying schools include parish", - "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "of the major car brands Ford,", - "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "been", - "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car", - "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "mean that Australia", - "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Historically, Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "Victoria contains many topographically,", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "geologically", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "Victoria contains many topographically,", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "snow-covered Victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "contains", - "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps", - "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of \u221211.7 \u00b0C (10.9", - "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast", - "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "mountain", - "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Rail transport", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "V/Line", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "government", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive,", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts,", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "Politically, Victoria has 37 seats", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Premier. The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "the Australian", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": ",", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria from New South Wales was established proclaiming a new Colony", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "1851, writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "election", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "writs", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "As of", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "public schools, 489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "of August 2010,", - "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800 in private schools. Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic", - "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "2010, Victoria had", - "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60% of Australia's 3 million dairy", - "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "the mainstay of", - "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "It is home", - "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and", - "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "several smaller", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "system", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However,", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": ", as well as a number of branch lines", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "are also", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "area", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "was an", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\").", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "In 1854", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "the", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "The Premier of Victoria is", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "party or coalition with", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "the", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "the leader", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet,", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "During", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17%", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "During 2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "2003\u201304", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "During 2003\u201304, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "Major", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "in", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "but others occur in regional cities,", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "numbers", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "Huguenot numbers", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": ",", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "Huguenot", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "Huguenot", - "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "derision, Huguenot", - "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "A", - "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "A term", - "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "term", - "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "e", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "a long history of struggles with the", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "movement and development of the Reformed church in France. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived.", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "The availability of the Bible in", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin.", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "to the spread of the Protestant movement and development", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Montpellier was among", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "was", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "among the most important of the 66", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "English Premier League Football),", + "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "free-to-air", + "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "advertising", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "other services) needs", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "dedicated to the Sky service, and cannot be used to decrypt other services) needs to be used.", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "do not require a monthly subscription", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "the service, although use of them breaks the user's contract with Sky and invalidates the user's rights", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "universal", + "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "the autumn of 1991", + "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire", + "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a3304m", + "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "the rights. BSkyB joined forces", + "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a318m to \u00a334m per year", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "a fee, ranging from \u00a315\u2013100,000. Third-party", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "free", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "over the channel's content", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "from reduced price", + "57097051ed30961900e84132": "May 1999.", + "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Open.... now called Sky Active, BSkyB", + "57097051ed30961900e84134": "the Sky Digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and Sky's analogue services. Key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound", + "57097051ed30961900e84135": "digib", + "57097051ed30961900e84136": "the ONdigital (later", + "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "30 July 2009", + "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "HD", + "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "future.", + "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "ITV HD trial. Virgin Media", + "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "ITV HD trial. Virgin Media", + "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million", + "57097b50200fba140036804e": "2.4m", + "57097b50200fba140036804f": "2010", + "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", + "57097b50200fba1400368051": "BSkyB's", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Alec Shelbrooke", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "living alone\"", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "tobacco", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "MP Alec Shelbrooke", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "Alec Shelbrooke", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "\u00a330m", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "there is no indication", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m", + "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees", + "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB. As part", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "diversified: service sectors including financial and property", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "fourth", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne,", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "art galleries and theatres", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "South Wales. However, there was a riot at Buckland Valley", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "South Wales.", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "typhoid at Buckland Valley", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "Buckland Valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners.", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "anti-Chinese violence", + "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "new multi-member proportional representation", + "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members", + "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "eight", + "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "proportional representation", + "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the Legislative Council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "Australian Labor Party", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "Australian Labor Party", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "the rural-based National Party", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "Australian Greens are Victoria's main political parties.", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "centre-left Australian Labor Party", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "About 61.1%", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "775", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Christian. Roman Catholics", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "775", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "775", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Geographically the smallest", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "second-most populous", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne,", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "second-largest city. Geographically the smallest", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1901", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "New South Wales.", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "New South Wales.", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "135th meridian east in 1788", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "3 million tonnes", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "90%", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "50%", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "more than 3 million tonnes", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "6,000", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1975", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the United Kingdom Parliament", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "Parliament", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "the Victoria Constitution Act", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "warmer", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "(90 \u00b0F)", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "48.8 \u00b0C", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "(90 \u00b0F)", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "February 2009, during the 2009", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "pay tuition fees", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "Roman Catholic Church", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "government-set curriculum standards. In addition, Victoria has four government", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "Roman Catholic Church", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "do not pay tuition fees", + "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "Toyota", + "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "Geelong\u2014will close in October 2016).", + "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017.", + "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017.", + "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Holden's", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "2,000 m", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "986 m", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "Barwon River, Thomson River, Snowy", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "Latrobe River, Yarra River, Maribyrnong", + "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps", + "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "The Victorian Alps", + "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "east-west", + "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "less than 9 \u00b0C", + "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "(48 \u00b0F) in winter and below 0 \u00b0C", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs; V/Line", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "the Victorian Government,", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "a concentrated service", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "Metro Trains", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "12", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "37", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts,", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "(the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house).", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Linda Dessau.", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "1 July 1851,", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "1860", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "gold rushes", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "76,000", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "over 311", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "More than 462,000", + "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "just over 311", + "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "63", + "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "southern", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "2.2 million", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "$109 million", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "thirds of the nation's milk", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "five formerly government-owned lines", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "mountainous areas", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "west", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "five formerly government", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "western half named New Holland,", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff,", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "western half named New Holland,", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1855", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "mining taxes", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "mining", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "mining licence fees) and extend the franchise", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "Victorian", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "parliament", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "parliament", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet,", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "$8.7 billion", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "24%", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "outfits", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "$8.7 billion", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "17%", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "sports", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "Supercars", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "tourism", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "the V8 Supercars", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "sports tourism", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "central", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "two million", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "1562", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "French", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "political concessions and edicts", + "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "the states of the Swiss Confederacy\").", + "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Huisgenoten (literally housemates),", + "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Huguenot has unclear origins. Various hypotheses have been promoted. The nickname may have been a combined reference to the Swiss politician Besan\u00e7on", + "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "the Swiss politician Besan\u00e7on", + "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "may", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "the papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294,", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1294", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "Jean de R\u00e9ly, was printed in Paris", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "The availability of the Bible", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "Paris", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Peace terms called for the dismantling", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "the 66 \"villes", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "Huguenots. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622.", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "Montpellier", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9\"", - "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Huguenots", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Huguenots settled at the Cape of", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "Huguenot origin,", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Huguenots led by Jess\u00e9 de Forest, sailed to North America in 1624 and settled instead in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "Amsterdam). This parish continues today as L'Eglise", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "Barred", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "in New France, Huguenots", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "area", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "many Huguenots also settled in", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": ",", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "Rev. Elie", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "to the Charleston Orange district. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Stadtholder", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "French attacked the Dutch Republic in", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": ",", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "Stadtholder", - "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused", - "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "religious", - "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": ".", - "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "The Catholic", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "The", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots.", - "57108073b654c5140001f927": "Huguenots", - "57108073b654c5140001f926": "By 1620 the Huguenots were", - "57108073b654c5140001f928": "before", - "57108073b654c5140001f929": "civil", - "57108073b654c5140001f925": "on the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out,", - "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Protestants in modern", - "57108198b654c5140001f938": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes", - "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the", - "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast", - "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "Protestants", - "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "\"Huguenot Street Historic District\" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "the country, but rather, formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York, another 21 miles north of New York in a", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "in different parts of the country, but rather, formed three societies", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street Historic District\" in", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "of the country", - "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the C\u00e9vennes, for instance,", - "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "group of Huguenot", - "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the C\u00e9vennes,", - "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Nantes, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them", - "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "After the revocation of the Edict of", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "In this last connection,", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "last connection, the name could suggest the derogatory inference", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "Purgatory came back to harm the living at night. It was in this place in Tours that the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s (\"these supposedly", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "been", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "In this", - "571090abb654c5140001f995": "restaurant\u2014see illustration above. The house derives its name", - "571090abb654c5140001f996": "Turnagain", - "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Other evidence of", - "571090abb654c5140001f998": "evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots", - "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "and 18th centuries. Numerous", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "in", - "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "many Huguenots had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "of the neighbouring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the time of the French and Indian War (the North American front", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "The exodus of Huguenots from", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "occupied", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "as", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes. The Edict reaffirmed Catholicism as the state religion", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "The", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "of", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "The", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "services", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "costly for", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Protestant services,", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "freedom", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "France sought freedom from", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "first", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.[citation needed]", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "French names.", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "of the", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "the", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Many of the", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "from Huguenot", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees,", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Jack Jouett,", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees, as was Henry Laurens,", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "industry at the time. Although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry, this", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": ", one", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "Huguenot influence, being a \"combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground\", is", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "time. Although 19th century sources have", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "In Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt. By 1700, one-fifth of the", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "Huguenots", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt. By 1700, one-fifth of the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin Huguenots", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "with", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": ",000 to", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": ",", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "After this,", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "with estimates ranging", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "of Norman Huguenots under the", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "In 1564", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "small", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "1564", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "Florida. The effort was the first at", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S.,", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Parris Island,", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "and", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. The", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "In 1700", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "1700", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "In", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "Huguenots", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Some", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "the Dutch Revolt (1568\u20131609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Some Huguenots", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "and", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "before", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "Both before", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Both", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "waves", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "Edict", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "French Crown's", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Following", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Following", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "revocation", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "present-day Saarland in 1604. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion.", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. The Cond\u00e9s established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9, along with", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "for many years. Other founding", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France.", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "The bulk", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread beyond Europe to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s relocated to", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "of Huguenot", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France, who reigned long before the Reformation.", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "into", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis\" argues that the name was derived by association with", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "the", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "decidedly Calvinistic influence. Sometime between", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "1455\u20131536).", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "Gallican", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "French translation of the New Testament in 1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "not be controlled by the Bishop of Rome, a foreign power. During the Protestant Reformation,", - "57111428b654c5140001faff": "known", - "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "became", - "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "what became", - "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "In", - "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "7,000 more in the French provinces. By", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "first he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism.", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them. In 1685, he", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "Huguenots", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "New Rochelle, located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": ", located in the county", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "New", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "Rochelle, located", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Sound,", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation.", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation. Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "their", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "congregations (or individuals)", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Dictionary. It became one of the 100 foundational texts", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "of the", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "and", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Huguenot", - "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "Tenterground)", - "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located", - "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "It is now located at Soho", - "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "London", - "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "The French Protestant Church of London was established by", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Reformed", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where they", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Huguenot refugees found a", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Around 1685,", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "William, Elector", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Tannenberg, Luftwaffe General and fighter ace", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Frederick", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "and famed U-boat captain Lothar von", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "a high", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Steam", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "Rankine", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "in that it could generate", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "The first commercially successful", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "was relatively inefficient, and in most cases was used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": ",", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "condensing steam", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "first", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "The first full-scale", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "first", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "scale working railway steam locomotive was built", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "recycle or top up the boiler water, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "Rankine cycle and most", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "The", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "most", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "is a", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency.", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "extension of the compound engine", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "stage.", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear,", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "and 50s, there", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "50s, there were attempts to", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "water level drops", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "of the", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "fusible plugs", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "the temperature of the", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam engine was a key component of the", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "be powered", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "In 1781 James Watt patented a", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "steam", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "engine stretches back as far", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions,", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "end of", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "century", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use.", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "Near the end of the", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "of", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "major", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "The", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "energy or waste heat from", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "The", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "The", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "useful instrument", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "were in", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "instrument for analyzing the performance", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "The most useful instrument", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "compounds used", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "compounds used in railway work, the", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "are", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "reciprocating", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "reciprocating", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "These events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "reciprocating", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "Uniflow", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke,", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy", - "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "simple", - "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates,", - "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "the simple expansion steam engine which", - "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "An", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an \"open loop\" system,", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel)", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "efficiency of a", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "mills and mines; power", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "available for cultivation. There", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "Steam engines can be said to have been", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": ", mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and", - "571153422419e3140095557d": "locomotives, concluding with the Catch Me Who", - "571153422419e3140095557e": "of", - "571153422419e3140095557f": "Catch Me", - "571153422419e31400955580": "Trevithick continued his own experiments using", - "571153422419e31400955581": "continued his own experiments using a trio of", - "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "high", - "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by", - "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the", - "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure", - "571154c72419e31400955587": "1990s about", - "571154c72419e31400955588": "typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine", - "571154c72419e31400955589": "for steam turbines is in electricity generation (in the 1990s", - "571154c72419e3140095558a": "The", - "571154c72419e3140095558b": "(", - "571155ae2419e31400955591": "cycle", - "571155ae2419e31400955592": "cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine.", - "571155ae2419e31400955593": "The", - "571155ae2419e31400955594": "The", - "571155ae2419e31400955595": "the fundamental the", - "571156152419e3140095559b": "'s", - "571156152419e3140095559f": "historical", - "571156152419e3140095559e": "concept", - "571156152419e3140095559d": "his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning", - "571156152419e3140095559c": "The", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "Reciprocating piston type steam", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "of", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "piston type steam engines remained", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "device was", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "first commercial", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "water", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "commercial steam-", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "The", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "resulted in the", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Around 1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "1800", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "a", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "(no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.[not", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "use, various companies", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "reciprocating steam", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "reciprocating", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "the", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "The resulting condensed", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "Where CHP", - "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Evaporative (wet)", - "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "CHP", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "governor was", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "The", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "centrifugal governor was adopted by", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the", - "57115e532419e314009555af": "for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives", - "57115e532419e314009555b0": "loading gauge (particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it", - "57115e532419e314009555b1": "adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for", - "57115e532419e314009555b2": "of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal", - "57115e532419e314009555b3": "adoption", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "\"", - "57115f652419e314009555b9": "mechanical motion goes back over", - "57115f652419e314009555ba": "boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes", - "57115f652419e314009555bb": "Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back", - "57115f652419e314009555bc": "Using", - "57115f652419e314009555bd": "Using", - "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "steam", - "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "condenser that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential", - "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series", - "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "steam turbine consists of", - "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides", - "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam", - "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines.", - "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "generated using steam turbine plant, so", - "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "weight of boilers and condensers generally makes", - "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has", - "571161092419e314009555d7": "It", - "571161092419e314009555d8": "pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such", - "571161092419e314009555d9": "a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few", - "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "Newcomen's", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "pressure", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "early", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763\u20131775) an improved version of Newcomen's", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "and Watt's early engines were \"atmospheric\". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam,", - "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of", - "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "engines frequently possess two independent", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically", - "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal", - "5711628a2419e314009555de": "engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves", - "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849, which", - "5711628a2419e314009555df": "medal", - "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "The acme of", - "571163172419e314009555e7": "much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts", - "571163172419e314009555e8": "however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure", - "571163172419e314009555e9": "contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific", - "571163172419e314009555ea": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications", - "571163172419e314009555eb": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "One of", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "One", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "the principal advantages the", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "the efficiencies of actual large", - "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and", - "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "components are often", - "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "are often", - "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "to", - "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "Other", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during World", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "Land-based", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential. It", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "-based steam", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "vessel speed", - "571166352419e314009555f1": "experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam", - "571166352419e314009555f2": "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to", - "571166352419e314009555f3": "non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger", - "571166352419e314009555f4": "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical", - "571166352419e314009555f5": "Virtually all", - "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "Rankine cycle is sometimes", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "Rankine", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "is used, the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "to as", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "Carnot cycle because,", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "element", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "Oxygen", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "is a chemical element with", - "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "Oxygen is a chemical element", - "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global", - "571bb2269499d21900609cab": ", oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after", - "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8%", - "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure,", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "with symbol O", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "a chemical element with", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "the periodic table and is a highly", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water. It is too chemically reactive to remain a", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (allotrope) of oxygen, ozone", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "Many major classes of organic molecules in", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "car", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "Many major", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, contain", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "molecules in living organisms,", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "molecules in living organisms, such as", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "\u20131679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaer", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "In", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "century", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "century", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow (1641\u20131679)", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "that air is necessary for", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaer", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "the", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "August", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "Joseph", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air\". He noted that candles", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "he", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "sensibly different from", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "of the first known experiments on", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "of the", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "One of the first known experiments on the relationship", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass. Many centuries later Leonardo da", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica,", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "and", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "combustion. Fire", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "concentrated ox", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "promote", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "concentrated sources of oxygen", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark,", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity;", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "proceed rapidly and energetic", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "killed", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "Concentrated O 2 will allow", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "used to store and", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "and manufacture of O 2 systems requires special", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "energetically", - "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "present", - "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "composed in", - "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "(silica", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "is", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "2O 3, in hematite and rust), and calcium carbonate (in limestone). The rest of the", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "Oxygen is present in the", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "atomic hypothesis assumed that", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "assumed that water'", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "Highly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "Highly combustible materials that leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "leave little residue, such as wood or coal,", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "Highly", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "In this", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "filling of which", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "are chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "discovered independently by", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "was", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "helped", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "discovered", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "This combination of cancellations and \u03c3 and \u03c0 overlaps results in dioxygen's", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled \u03c0* orbitals", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "and react", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "dioxygen's double bond character and", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "\u03c3 and \u03c0 overlap", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "1777. In that work, he", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "increase was the same", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "the", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "In", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "experiment", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "the", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "this phase, created by", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "is", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "O", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "energy of other double bonds or pairs of", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "The common allotrope", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen,", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen, O 2. It is the form that is a major part", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "was", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "In 1891 Scottish chemist James Dewar", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson. Both men lowered the temperature of", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "a mixture of acetylene and", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "soluble", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "(101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "Oxygen", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water", - "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "than", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "the Solar System in having such a high concentration of", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "universe, after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Oxygen", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "Oxygen", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "the late 19th", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "Using a cascade method, Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "Cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen. Only", - "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "and", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "Planetary", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Planetary", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "different abundances of oxygen isotopes", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "geologists have", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "photolysis", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "Singlet oxygen is a", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Paleoclimatologists", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "Paleoclimatologists", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "oxygen", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "Paleoclimatologists", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "Paleoclimatologists", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "spec", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "spectrophotometric", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "paramagnetic. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments of", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "In the triplet form, O 2 molecules are paramagnetic.", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "the triplet", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "form, O 2 molecules are", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "triplet form,", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "Reactive oxygen species,", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "as superoxide ion", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "oxygen species", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms,", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "Reactive oxygen", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "Oxygen", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "is usually obtained by the fraction", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "\u2212297.31 \u00b0F), and freezes at 54.36 K (\u2212218.79 \u00b0C, \u2212361.82", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "\u2212361.82", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "(\u2212218.79 \u00b0C, \u2212361.82 \u00b0F). Both liquid", - "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "oxygen also occurs in solution in", - "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "Free", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "occurs in solution in the world's", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "(", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "Free", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "Paleoproterozoic", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Free oxygen", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "Free", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "Free oxygen gas", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "oxygen", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "respiration", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "the", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "is", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis,", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "other major method of producing O 2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "2", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1.", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "the empirical formula of water is H2O unless certain assumptions are", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen.", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. Contrary to", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "gas can also be produced through electrolysis", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "Oxygen, as", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan,", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports. Oxygen bars are establishments, found in Japan, California,", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "as a supposed mild", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "Oxygen,", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "hemoglobin. Oxygen gas is poisonous", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "gangrene, and decompression sickness (the 'bends') are sometimes treated using these devices. Increased O 2 concentration", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "and, when needed, the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning,", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "(congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "essential purpose of", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "types of diseased", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "Uptake of O", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "compounds, with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (w\u00fcstite) is", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "non-stoichiometric", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. Many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds,", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "electronegativity,", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "who", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "climb mountains or fly in non", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "masks to drop. Pulling on the masks \"to start the flow of oxygen\" as cabin safety", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "to 840 liters of", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "bulk as a liquid in specially", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "Oxygen storage", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "Oxygen storage methods include high pressure", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide. Epoxides are ethers in which", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where \"R\"", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "-", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "(R-OH); ethers (R-O-R);", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "(R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR 2). There are many important organic solvents that contain", - "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "found in almost all biomolecules that", - "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "element is found", - "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "a few common", - "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "found", - "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen. All fats, fatty acids,", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "surface supplied", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "Oxygen", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "Oxygen toxicity", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "2", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "to", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "Breathing pure O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "O 2 partial pressure (for more information", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "general, about 30 kPa (1.4", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "space applications, such as", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "convulsions and other health problems.[j]", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "(O 2) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "gas (O 2) can be toxic", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa),", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "The 1973 oil", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "in March 1974, the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "with many", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "sought to disassociate themselves from", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "The crisis had a major impact", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "The crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "On August", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "1971, the United States unilaterally pulled", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to \"float\" (rise and fall according to market demand", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "Britain followed, floating the", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "to", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "After 1971,", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "contributed to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation.", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971,", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "rise... Certainly! And how!...", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "on Israel, on Yom Kippur. This renewal of hostilities in the", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "On October", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "October 6, 1973,", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "OPEC response.\" Libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the United States. Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "aid to Israel,", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel. The following day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo,", - "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "aid to other underdeveloped", - "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "was dispensed in the form of aid to other under", - "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "of", - "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "income was disp", - "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "of", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger's", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "In the", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "United States,", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level,", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "a", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "The embargo", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "in", - "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "),", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "(EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted supplies (having refused to allow America", - "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "nine members of the European Economic Community (EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Of the", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "UK", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "relatively", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374 became a major factor in the change of government. Heath asked the British to heat", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "embargo, the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Despite being relatively", - "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls exacerbated", - "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "Price controls exacerbated the crisis in the US. The system limited", - "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "Price controls", - "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "addressed by rationing (as in many countries). Motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973.", - "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "In 1973, Nixon named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the", - "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing. In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common.", - "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office, a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo.", - "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "In 1973,", - "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "To help reduce consumption, in", - "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975, and in 1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was", - "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "the federal 55 mph (89 km/", - "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "Act of 1978.[citation needed] On November 28, 1995, Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act, ending the federal", - "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "To help reduce consumption, in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (about 88 km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy", - "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "which", - "572650325951b619008f6faa": "quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while", - "572650325951b619008f6fab": "The", - "57265200708984140094c237": "Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer", - "57265200708984140094c238": ".", - "57265200708984140094c239": "In", - "57265200708984140094c23a": "a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense", - "57265360dd62a815002e819a": ".", - "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\".", - "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments", - "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a \"nonfriendly\" country to", - "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71%", - "57265526708984140094c2bd": "USSR's invasion of Afghanistan was only one sign of", - "57265526708984140094c2be": "and", - "57265526708984140094c2bf": "the region, also marked by increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances", - "57265526708984140094c2c0": "sign", - "57265526708984140094c2c1": "weapons sales, technology,", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "crisis", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": ", which became de facto standards.", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "The crisis reduced the demand for large cars. Japanese imports,", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "engines. Japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive,", - "572659535951b619008f703f": "luxury divisions (Acura,", - "572659535951b619008f7040": "known as Datsun)", - "572659535951b619008f7041": "the", - "572659535951b619008f7042": "and Datsun 810, which added passenger space", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "American makers introduced their domestic replacements (Ford", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Isuzu-built Chevrolet LUV. Mitsubishi rebranded its Forte as the Dodge D-50 a few years after the oil crisis. Mazda,", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": ", such", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "introduced", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "fuel", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "Chevrolet Chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s. By 1985,", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "least", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "An increase", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Dodge Omni", - "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA", - "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA Federal", - "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "Federal", - "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "OPEC", - "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "levels. This \"sale\" price was a windfall for oil-importing nations, both", - "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "OPEC", - "57265e11708984140094c3be": "OPEC", - "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "United States", - "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "and Space Administration (NASA),", - "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "known as Project", - "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space", - "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. First conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-man", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "two-man Gemini program which ran", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "supported by the two-man Gemini program", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "in achieving its goal of manned", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "its", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "during a prelaunch test. After the", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a pre", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "that killed the entire crew during", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "body", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "human", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "Apollo", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "set several major human spaceflight milestones. It", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein,", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that \"I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby.\" Silverstein chose", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Greek god", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "Apollo program was conceived", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "representatives", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Preliminary", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L.", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "\"missile gap\" that he and many other senators felt", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "In", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "US not \"first but, first and, first if, but first period.\" Despite Kennedy's rhetoric, he did not immediately come to", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "Soviet cosmonaut Yuri", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "Johnson to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. Johnson responded approximately one", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "achieving", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "20", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "Moon landing was far enough in the future", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "in", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth's Space", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "It became", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "R. Gilruth's", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "became clear", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "LC-34 and LC-37.", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "clear", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end:", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "Platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A and", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "spacecraft", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "The LOC", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "LOC included Launch Complex 39, a Launch Control Center, and a", - "5725c123271a42140099d131": ",", - "5725c123271a42140099d132": "costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited Dr. George E. Mueller", - "5725c123271a42140099d133": "in order to keep", - "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller.", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "Based on his industry", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "managers could be found among high-ranking", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips,", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "officers", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among", - "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "In", - "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "even", - "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "In", - "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Seamans' establishment of an", - "5725c604271a42140099d186": "Seamans'", - "5725c604271a42140099d187": "Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc", - "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a launch", - "5725c604271a42140099d189": "Seamans'", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "was far from smooth sailing. Kennedy's", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "V launch", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans,", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "second-guess NASA's decisions on the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Wiesner", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "disagreement public", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "(LEM) contractors. Wiesner", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": ".", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "The LOR", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "had", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "The", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "propulsion", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "Kennedy's Moon", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "Command Module", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "(CM) was the conical crew", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": ", 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter, and weighed approximately 12", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": ") was", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "a service propulsion engine", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "A cylindrical", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "A", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band", - "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second", - "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was", - "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued", - "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "North American Aviation won", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "(LM) was", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "The Lunar Module (LM)", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "the Command Module. Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth,", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "(LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": ", the", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "Apollo program", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "began,", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "The first four", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "Saturn", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "first four Saturn I test flights were launched from", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "S-IVB-200, powered by a single J-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 lbf (890 kN)", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "The Saturn IB was", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "CSM and LM", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "was", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "three-", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "The Apollo astronauts were chosen", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "to fly in", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "The", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "missions were", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\",", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "awarded posthumously to Grissom,", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\". The medals were awarded posthumously", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\". The medals", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability,", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "Two Block I CSMs were", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "Block", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "206,", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "would fly the first", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "would", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "an", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "AS-206,", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Donn", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "204", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "the", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "In December", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or AS-258, planned for August 1967. McDivitt,", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "In December 1966, the AS-205", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a \"tiger team\" to investigate North American's", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "The problems with North", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "director Samuel", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "problems", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "Grissom,", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "\"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "test closer to the February 21 launch,", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "The plugs-out test began on the morning of January", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "The plugs-out", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "astronauts and forced a hold in", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "burst and the fire erupted onto", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "this hold, an electrical fire began in the cabin", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "an accident review board, overseen by", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board,", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "design", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "for replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door. NASA discontinued the manned Block", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "door. NASA discontinued the", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "flammable cabin and space", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "were", - "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "AS-258, using a single Saturn V launch); E would be a higher", - "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "using the Saturn IB; C was manned CSM", - "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary; therefore letters were used instead", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": ".", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating", - "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM", - "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "on", - "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "of LM in Earth", - "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "the", - "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "Apollo 5 (AS-204)", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": ",", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "Schweickart, launched on a", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "Low suggested", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "Saturn IBs.", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "was", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": ", walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "all-Gemini veteran crew", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "The G", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by", - "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "1969", - "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L.", - "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance", - "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "The", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": ",", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "crewed with", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "Jack", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory, and a subcontractor not", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "The", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "it", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "the", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "derived from the highlands", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "The rocks collected from the Moon", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects. Many samples appear to be pitted", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "micrometeoroid", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "In", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "In", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,)", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "landings, NASA investigated several", - "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "space", - "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979, by which time it had", - "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "-", - "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "only", - "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "In", - "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module", - "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "In 2008, Japan Aerospace Exploration", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "The crew of", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "televised pictures of the Earth", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "estimated one-", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "Earth and the Moon", - "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded", - "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format", - "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a", - "5725f239271a42140099d360": "The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo", - "5725f239271a42140099d361": "data was recorded by", - "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "a budget", - "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The restored video,", - "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "$230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration.", - "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "kinescope recordings", - "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "of $230,000", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "and Directives, which have direct effect or", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "European", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "a", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "law is a body", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "effect on the", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "European", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "and Directives, which have direct effect or", - "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "a", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "body", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "law", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "which should have been transposed into the", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "European", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "European Union", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "states", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Union law is applied by", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "European Union", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "member states and the", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "of", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "European", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "have a codified constitution, like", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "the European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has laws which \"constitute\"", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "Although", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "territories, including Madeira, the Canary Islands and the French overseas departments. European Union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "European Council to make specific provisions for regions,", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "(TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions,", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "law of the EU consists", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations, for example Gibraltar and the \u00c5land islands. The TEU allows the European Council to make", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "law of the", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "the European Council to make specific provisions for regions, as for example done", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties, the \"core\" treaties being the Treaty", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now:", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel,", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "principal", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "The principal Treaties that form", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s.", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but", - "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "Nice", - "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "the 2004", - "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in", - "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "Following the Nice Treaty,", - "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "was enacted. Its substance was very similar to", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "document. However,", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead,", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "the", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "is the main executive body of the European", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "to consent", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": ") adds that", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "on", - "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Commission", - "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Article", - "572691545951b619008f76e3": "is the", - "572691545951b619008f76e4": "any Government\". Under article 17(2), \"Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis", - "572691545951b619008f76e5": "European Union.", - "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution", - "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "Commissioners have various", - "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "investigated the Maltese Commissioner for Health,", - "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law. By contrast", - "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "have", - "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused", - "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for", - "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Commissioners have various privileges, such as", - "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "various privileges,", - "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "official acts. Commissioners", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "monopoly on initiating", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "Commission", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "\"degressively proportional\" according to member state size. This means - although", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "held", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes \"the", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "the largest, and the Party of European Socialists leads the opposition. Parties do not receive public funds from the EU, as the", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "of equality of its citizens\" and is meant to be founded on \"representative democracy\". In practice, equality and democracy are deficient", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and", - "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "The", - "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. The Council does this: in effect", - "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "is", - "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "The second", - "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "The second main legislative", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "different", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "second", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "The second", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "The second main", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "new legislation, TFEU", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "To make new legislation,", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "To make", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "the \"ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "new legislation, TFEU", - "572695285951b619008f774b": "make new legislation", - "572695285951b619008f774c": "To", - "572695285951b619008f774d": "most EU", - "572695285951b619008f774e": "To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the \"ordinary legislative procedure\" that applies for most EU acts. The", - "572658435951b619008f7025": "high judicial office\")", - "572658435951b619008f7026": "of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and", - "572658435951b619008f7027": "law is observed\", although", - "572658435951b619008f7028": "importance,", - "572658435951b619008f7029": "of", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "The judicial", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Court", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "to expand and develop", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body,", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "of", - "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "Court", - "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "\"", - "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing", - "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "However, in", - "5726975c708984140094cb20": "Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This", - "5726975c708984140094cb21": "its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of", - "572699db5951b619008f7799": ",", - "572699db5951b619008f779a": "principles when it enacted", - "572699db5951b619008f779b": "that Parliament, as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy, can decide", - "572699db5951b619008f779d": "speaking,", - "572699db5951b619008f779c": "could be \"fundamental principles\" of", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "Union's governance", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "constitutional law concerns the European", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "While constitutional", - "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "is generally", - "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "Loos could", - "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "applicable", - "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "en Loos", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": ",", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "Regulations will have direct", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "and Regulations will have", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "Treaties and Regulations will have direct", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "the", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": ", if", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "and", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "of Justice held that the", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law \"as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "national courts have a duty to interpret domestic", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "loss. The Court of Justice held that if a Directive would confer identifiable rights on", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "duty to interpret domestic law \"as far as possible", - "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and", - "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "The principles of European Union law are", - "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on", - "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s. According", - "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "of", - "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "law", - "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "since the 1960s. It is an important", - "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that", - "5726a14c708984140094cc54": ",", - "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "the", - "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "of Justice in the", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None of the original treaties establishing the European", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "None", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "rights", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "original treaties establishing the", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "rights by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties.\" Therefore, the", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "Therefore, the", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that \"The Union recognises the rights,", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "The Social Chapter is", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "The", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the \"social partners\" representatives,", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "\"", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "issues", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "refused", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "The UK", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "The", - "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "under the Agreement on", - "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally", - "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "to government in 1997, the UK formally", - "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in", - "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive. In the 10 years following the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam and adoption of the", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "origins in the European Coal", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium,", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "in", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "Competition law has its origins in", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "EU competition law on companies were established in article 85, which prohibited anti-competitive agreements, subject to some exemptions, and article 86 prohibiting", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "void. Article 101(3)", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3)", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1),", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": ", the", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "in all respects. Like in other regional", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "union", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "customs), technical barriers (e.g. differing laws on safety, consumer", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "introduced", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "is", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "goods", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "and", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "to achieve the aim, (2) be", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional \"mandatory\" or \"overriding\" requirements such as consumer protection, improving labour", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "Often rules apply to", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36,", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "product, this can also infringe article 34. So, in a 2009 case,", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "product requirement, but", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "public health. Under the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising,", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "36 or as a mandatory requirement) the", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "presumption that", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "product", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "its", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "Reflecting", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": ", and employers, in", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "shifted towards developing a more \"social\" Europe. Free movement was increasingly based on \"citizenship\",", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "The", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "held that a Dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to Belgium, because the benefit was", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "regarded as justified. Third, people must receive equal treatment regarding", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "time", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "treatment of workers. First, articles 1", - "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "Austrian students to avoid \"structural, staffing and financial problems\" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "EU has increasingly been seen as", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "of the", - "5726c002708984140094d073": "effect. In Reyners v Belgium the Court of Justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the", - "5726c002708984140094d074": "hinder freedom of establishment,", - "5726c002708984140094d075": "degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano the Court of Justice held that to be \"established\" means", - "5726c002708984140094d076": "has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder", - "5726c002708984140094d077": "unjustified restrictions. The Court of Justice has held", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "into legislation against toxic waste", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "In", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, from a European", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "toxic", - "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "costs of receiving treatment in Germany. The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary,", - "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice. The Court of Justice has held that secondary education falls", - "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "people who give services \"for remuneration\", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur", - "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "residents", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "bottom in", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "In", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "regard", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "Cartesio Oktat\u00f3", - "5725b81b271a42140099d097": ";", - "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Selva Amaz\u00f3nica,", - "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000", - "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "(", - "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": ";", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "or", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": ":", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "Amazon", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "(Portuguese: Floresta", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "This basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud),", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "(Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "within Brazil, with 60%", - "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow", - "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Following the", - "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "\u2013", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "Montpellier", + "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Fran\u00e7ois Villion", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "Jan van Riebeeck", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "(Viljoen).", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1688", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "1624", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest,", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "New Netherland", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "(the French", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "New York and New Jersey);", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "South and Texas,", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Bohun line of French royalty descended from Charlemagne, Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin,", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Huguenots", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "Landgrave", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "Prioleau", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "the French", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "Huguenots", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "the League", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "King of England,", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672.", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "early 18th century", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Huguenots", + "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "nearly three-quarters eventually were killed or submitted, roughly 500,000", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "30,000", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers", + "57108073b654c5140001f927": "1629", + "57108073b654c5140001f926": "central power. The rebellions were implacably", + "57108073b654c5140001f928": "Henry IV,", + "57108073b654c5140001f929": "Louis XIII,", + "57108073b654c5140001f925": "Protestantism.", + "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Approximately one million", + "57108198b654c5140001f938": "2%", + "57108198b654c5140001f939": "C\u00e9vennes", + "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "northeast France", + "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "France", + "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "Huguenot immigrants", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "The \"Huguenot Street", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighborhood of Huguenot was named.", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "the south shore of Staten Island", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "New York,", + "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "Amsterdam", + "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "100,000", + "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "100,000", + "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Fraissinet-de-Loz\u00e8re.", + "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "Frisia", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "place in Tours that the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "Huguon, the gate of King Hugo,", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "(d. 1560), who in De l'Estat de France", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "Purgatory", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "1560", + "571090abb654c5140001f995": "reviving an earlier use.)", + "571090abb654c5140001f996": "The Weavers, a half-timbered house", + "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Turnagain Lane, where weavers'", + "571090abb654c5140001f998": "indigenous population. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees'", + "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Turnagain Lane, where weavers'", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "D'Olier Street", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "D'Olier", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Dublin,", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "Cork,", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "1696", + "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "dissenters", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "Huguenots from France", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "the Seven Years' War), a sizeable population of Huguenot descent", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "Huguenots from France created a brain drain,", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "the Protestants", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "1598", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "Edict reaffirmed Catholicism", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "religion", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism,", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "the Huguenots and costly for France. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "emigration.", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "hundreds of thousands", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "the Huguenots", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "Holland, Prussia,", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "the Guanabara Bay, present-day", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "1555", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Antarctique.", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "1555", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "Fort Coligny,", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "French", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "industry in South Africa owes a significant debt to the Huguenots, some of whom had vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers,", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Malan,", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Gous/Gouws", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "the American Revolution", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "the Articles of Confederation", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Jouett,", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "the Articles of Confederation", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "South Carolina;", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "The implication that the style", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire. The implication that the style", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "a \"combination of Mechlin patterns", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "first half of the eighteenth century", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt.", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "their church services", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1700, one-fifth of the city's", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Hamburg, Frankfurt,", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "Denmark,", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "the rugged C\u00e9vennes region", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "the Catholic Church in the region,", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country.", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709.", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "the Spanish encampment at Fort Matanzas.", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Spanish colony at St. Augustine", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "at any permanent European settlement", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Ribault established the small colony of Fort", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "1565", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Laudonni\u00e8re", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "1562", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "1565", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "former lieutenant Ren\u00e9 Goulaine de Laudonni\u00e8re", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "Kentucky,", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "Chesterfield", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "General Assembly passed an act", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "several hundred", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "May 1705,", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1568\u20131609", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "the Spanish Inquisition,", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "Gaspard de Coligny,", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "Gaspard de Coligny, married William the Silent,", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "England,", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "after the 1708", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50,000", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andr\u00e9 Lortie),", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "transubstan", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "the Williamite war", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland,", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Williamite war in Ireland,", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Lisburn,", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal.", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Daniel and Osias,[citation", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "community", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "Cond\u00e9s", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "1604", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "Scotland, Denmark,", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Scotland, Denmark,", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "South Africa, the Dutch East Indies,", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "the Holy Roman Empire,", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "where they were accepted and allowed to worship", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "Hugo.", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "Hugo.", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicans", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "long before the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicans", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Gallican", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "the Luberon", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "1536", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "Jacques Lefevre", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "The Gallicans", + "57111428b654c5140001faff": "October.", + "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "Catholics", + "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "3,000", + "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "23\u201324 August,", + "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "3,000", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "the throne in 1643", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "convert. At first he sent missionaries,", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "convert them. In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes and declaring Protestantism", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "Fontainebleau, revoking", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "Sunday", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "on the north shore of Long Island", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "John Pell, Lord of Pelham", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "from the French Huguenot Church \"Eglise", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Sunday", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "surnames", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "the Eleutherian gunpowder", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "French first names and surnames", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "for their children well into the nineteenth century", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "immediate French communities,", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Nicolaas", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Netherlands", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary.", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "Huguenot families have kept alive various traditions, such as the celebration and feast of their patron Saint Nicolas, similar to the Dutch", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Pierre Bayle.", + "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "great silk mills which they had built.", + "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "Soho", + "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Soho Square.", + "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Battersea market gardens.", + "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "1550", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "(Frankfurt), in modern-day Saarland; and 1,500 found refuge in Hamburg, Bremen", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Germany", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Huguenots", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Huguenot refugees", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Adolf Galland,", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Adolf Galland,", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "General and fighter ace Adolf Galland, Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille, and famed U-boat captain Lothar von Arnauld", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg,", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Huguenots to settle in his realms,", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "Steam engines", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Rankine", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "steam within a boiler", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "The ideal thermodynamic", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "an improvement over Savery's", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "1712", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "atmospheric engine", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Thomas Newcomen", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "Wales.", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February 1804,", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "England", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "England", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "north-east England", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "boiler feed water is an injector", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "steam engines have a water pump to recycle", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "boiler", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "boiler", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "pressure boiler feed water is an injector", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "three", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "19th", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "faster", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "cams profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Stephenson,", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "steam escape has little effect on dampening", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "crown increases", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "increases significantly, the lead melts", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "steam escapes, warning the operators", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "little effect on dampening", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "10,000", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "1883", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "steam engine", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "the first century AD;", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "Giovanni Branca in 1629.", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Greek", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1629", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "steam", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions,", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "steam in to successively larger cylinders", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "turbine", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "triple", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "Steam turbines", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "reciprocating piston", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "rotary power", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "steam can be derived from various sources", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "solar", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "steam", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "inspectors. The engine indicator", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1862", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Richard and exhibited at London", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Charles Porter by Charles", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "the pressure in the cylinder", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "a common cross", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "the other two, or in some cases all three crank", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "steam ports communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by valve gear", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "four", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "four", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "recipro", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "counterflow cycle", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "rotary steam engine where steam intakes", + "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "port face or in the pivot mounting (trun", + "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine", + "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "pivot mounting (trunnion", + "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "one or more holes", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "the fluid of choice due to its favourable", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "Rankine", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "mercury", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "boiler", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "30 \u00b0C.", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "42% for a modern coal-fired power station", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "low turbine", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel)", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer.", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "steamboats", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "pumping stations; and propelling transport appliances such as railway", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "Steam engines", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation. There have at one time or another been steam-powered farm", + "571153422419e3140095557d": "Trevithick", + "571153422419e3140095557e": "George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton", + "571153422419e3140095557f": "Trevithick", + "571153422419e31400955580": "pinion Middleton Railway.", + "571153422419e31400955581": "pinion", + "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf", + "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British", + "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency", + "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency", + "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", + "571154c72419e31400955588": "steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia", + "571154c72419e31400955589": "Turbinia), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia", + "571154c72419e3140095558a": "steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines", + "571154c72419e3140095558b": "steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines", + "571155ae2419e31400955591": "condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system", + "571155ae2419e31400955592": "all solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.", + "571155ae2419e31400955593": "1990s", + "571155ae2419e31400955594": "solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.", + "571155ae2419e31400955595": "liquid water)", + "571156152419e3140095559b": "5 million", + "571156152419e3140095559f": "94 pounds", + "571156152419e3140095559e": "steam improved this to 65 million", + "571156152419e3140095559d": "25 million", + "571156152419e3140095559c": "bushel (94 pounds", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "steam", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "steam engines", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "steam", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "steam", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "Thomas Savery. It used condensing", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "Savery.", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "1698", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "Thomas Savery. It used condensing", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Oliver Evans", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Richard Trevithick", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1800", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "Trevithick", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "Trevithick", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "steam per kWh.[not", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "27", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "27-30% on high-pressure engines. It is a single-step, 5-cylinder", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "30%", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "the condenser is then", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "boiler via a pump. A dry type cooling tower", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "boiler via a pump. A dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water", + "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "water flow from oceans, rivers", + "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "700", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "steam engine", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "steam engine", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "mill", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "steam engine", + "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", + "57115e532419e314009555b0": "it was popular in many other countries", + "57115e532419e314009555b1": "The adoption of compounding", + "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", + "57115e532419e314009555b3": "the harsh railway", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "steam", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "the engine cycle", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "giving excessive compression", + "57115f652419e314009555b9": "Thomas Newcomen's", + "57115f652419e314009555ba": "steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam", + "57115f652419e314009555bb": "1698", + "57115f652419e314009555bc": "1606", + "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1698", + "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "a drive shaft", + "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "lower", + "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "a series of stators", + "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "alternating with a series of stators", + "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "Hertz power, 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications the turbines typically run", + "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "pollution", + "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "steam turbine", + "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "boilers and condensers", + "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "plant lower than for internal combustion engines.", + "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "steam power", + "571161092419e314009555d7": "the rotors", + "571161092419e314009555d8": "steam", + "571161092419e314009555d9": "steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient", + "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "1763", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "\"atmospheric\"", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "half", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "step occurred when James Watt", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "coal", + "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "one", + "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "steam pressure and more power from the engine", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "Steam engines", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "steam pressure. Early valves", + "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "medal", + "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", + "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", + "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", + "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal", + "571163172419e314009555e7": "condenser", + "571163172419e314009555e8": "condenser. Watt", + "571163172419e314009555e9": "the separate condenser", + "571163172419e314009555ea": "condenser.", + "571163172419e314009555eb": "steam.", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "a real cycle. The benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature. Gas turbines, for instance, have turbine", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "1% to 3%", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "1%", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500 \u00b0C.", + "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "stoker", + "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply", + "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "firebox. See: Mechanical stoker", + "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "stoker", + "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "superheater", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "steam turbine", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "British invention steam", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "steam turbine", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.[citation", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", + "571166352419e314009555f1": "steam turbines", + "571166352419e314009555f2": "drives", + "571166352419e314009555f3": "steam that drives a turbine", + "571166352419e314009555f4": "condensing direct-drive locomotives", + "571166352419e314009555f5": "Britain,", + "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "isobaric", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "in the Carnot cycle). The cycle", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "a pump", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "isobaric", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "boiler", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "third", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "oxidizing", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "two", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8%", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "Oxygen", + "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "almost half", + "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "Oxygen", + "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "20.8%", + "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "global downward trend, because of fossil-fuel burning. Oxygen is the most abundant element", + "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "8%", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxide", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "third", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxy", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "the surface where it is a by-product of smog. At even higher low earth orbit altitudes,", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "water", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "Oxygen", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "carbohydrates, and fats", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "fats", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water, the major", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "biosphere from ultraviolet radiation", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "s volume before extinguishing the subjects", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "a closed container over water", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "1641\u20131679", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "a part of air that he called spiritus", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "late 17th", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "replace one-fourteenth of the air", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "requires only a part of air that he called spiritus", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Joseph Priestley", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "Priestley", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "gas", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "mercuric oxide", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "my breast felt peculiarly", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "mercuric oxide", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1775", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "the second volume", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "dephlogisticated", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Pneumatica, Philo", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "water rising into the neck. Philo", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century BCE", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "classical element fire and thus were able to escape", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "water rising into the neck. Philo", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "classical element fire and thus were able to escape", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "water rising into the neck", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Philo", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "classical element", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "Fire and explosion hazards exist", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "sources", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "donate", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "high", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "proximity", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "the chemical energy released in combustion. Combustion hazards also apply to compounds", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "oxygen with a high oxidative potential, such as peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dich", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "liquid oxygen", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "oxygen", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "Apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "liquid", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "liquid oxygen will act", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "fire", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1\u20443", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "bauxite", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "2", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "magnesium", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "(iron(III) oxide Fe 2O", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "(silica SiO", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "iron", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "part", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "corundu", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "water's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro's law", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "to one another", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen,", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "oxygen", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "Alexander von Humboldt", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "coal", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "gas", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "Air did not play a role in phlogiston", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "iron", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "gaseous combustion products", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "perpendicular to the O-O molecular axis,", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "O-O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "\u03c0* orbitals", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "2", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "oxygen", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1777", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1777", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Antoine Lavoisier,", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Joseph Priestley", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "phlogiston", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "i.e.", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "organic molecules", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "triplet", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "unpaired electrons as found in dioxy", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "triplet", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "increased in weight", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "tin", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "his book Sur la combustion", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "1777", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "nitrogen", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "surface, it is a polluta", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "ultraviolet", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "radiation", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "ultraviolet (UV) radiation.", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "ultraviolet (UV) radiation.", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "Earth is called dioxygen,", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "dioxygen, O 2. It is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). O2", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "Biological", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "biosphere and responsible for the exother", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "a major part of the Earth's atmosphere", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "William Hampson.", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1895", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "1891", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "German engineer", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "water is temperature", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "more)", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "sea", + "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "more than at 25 \u00b0C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45%", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "abundant", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "third most abundant", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "0.9%", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "third most abundant chemical element", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "1% of its mass (some 1015 tonnes", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "19th", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "liqui", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "by Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, Zygmunt Wr\u00f3blewski", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "carbon dioxide", + "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29, 1883", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "dust", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Planetary geologists", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "solar nebula. Analysis", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "the Sun,", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "photosynthesis", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "photosynthesis", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "molecular oxygen per se. In nature,", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "oxygen", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "the shells and skeletons of marine organisms", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures,", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "12%", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "disparity", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "oxygen", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "the carbon cycle from satellites", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "carbon cycle", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "carbon cycle", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "Oxygen", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "negative exchange energy between neighboring O 2 molecules.", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "the negative exchange energy", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "negative exchange energy", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "the unpa", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "plants", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "about 2.5 billion years ago", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "\u221221", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "(\u2212218.79 \u00b0C, \u2212361.82 \u00b0F).", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "Oxygen", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "Oxygen", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "blue light)", + "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "eutrophication and the decay of these organisms", + "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "2", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "higher density of life", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "oxygen", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "higher oxygen content", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "iron formations. When such oxygen sinks", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "eon", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "3.5 billion years", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "2.3 billion years ago", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "biosphere, and the lithosphere", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "oxygen", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "part of the oxygen gas", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "90%", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "non-cryogenic", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "zeolite", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "90% to 93%", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "2:1. Contrary to popular belief, the 2:1", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "AC is used, the gases", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "the empirical formula of water is H2O", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "the gases", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "\"boost\"", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "a placebo effect is a more likely explanation. Available studies", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "a performance boost from enriched O 2 mixtures", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "higher than normal O 2 exposure", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "athletes", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning,", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "Oxygen", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "Hyperbaric", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "displace carbon monoxide from the heme group", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema,", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema,", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "ability to take up and use gas", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "in medicine. Treatment", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "chemical formula", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "oxide", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO (w\u00fcstite)", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "aluminium and titanium, are oxidized", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "chemical bonds with almost all other elements", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "iron filings", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "loss activates", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "commercial airplanes have an emergency supply", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "climb mountains", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "Liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers,", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenic", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "liquid in specially insulated tankers", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "insulated tankers", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "insulated tankers", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "organic compounds", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "\"R\" is an organic group):", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "organic group): alcohols", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "\"R\" is an organic group):", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "organic group): alcohols", + "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "biomolecules, such as squal", + "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "(PO3\u2212", + "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "adenine) and pyrimidines", + "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins contain oxygen (due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester", + "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "hydroxyla", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "air mixture with an O 2 partial pressure", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "pulmonary fibrosis", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "seizures", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "oxygen", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "oxygen", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "more information", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "O 2 partial pressure in the breathing", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30 kPa (1.4 times", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "normal)", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "the case of spacesuits, the O 2", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "at elevated partial pressures, leading to convuls", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "health problems.[j] Oxygen toxicity", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%\u201350%", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October 1973", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "US$3", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "October 1973", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "embargo in March", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "embargo", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "being targeted by the boycott. Arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents.", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "March 1974.", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "18, 1974", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "September 1971,", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "August 15, 1971,", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "out of the Bretton Woods", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "less than two percent per year", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1973\u20131974", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1973", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "two percent", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "October 6, 1973,", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "more for oil. Let's say ten times", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Arab\u2013Israeli", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "the underlying economic pressure", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "$2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel, including $1.5 billion in outright grants.", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "16, 1973", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "$2.2 billion", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "outright grants.", + "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion", + "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "Islam,", + "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Wahhabism, throughout the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds", + "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda", + "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "dispensed", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "reduced productivity, and lower economic growth", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "the USSR", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "prior to 1973", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "the United States, scholars", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "inflation", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "U.S. energy", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "inflationary and deflationary impacts", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "automobiles. Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "usually required five to ten years", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "the UK", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "Israel,", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "Netherlands", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "UK", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "Harold Wilson's", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "UK", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "1973", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Switzerland", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Switzerland", + "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "a higher price", + "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "oil exploration. Scarcity was addressed by rationing (as in many countries). Motorists faced long lines at gas stations", + "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "to encourage investment", + "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "1973", + "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E.", + "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "1973", + "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "the same amount of domestic oil", + "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", + "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "55 mph (about 88 km/h)", + "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act,", + "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act,", + "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "1974", + "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1974", + "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "fossil fuels", + "572650325951b619008f6faa": "fossil fuels", + "572650325951b619008f6fab": "congresses", + "57265200708984140094c237": "United States", + "57265200708984140094c238": "Saudi Arabia", + "57265200708984140094c239": "10 years", + "57265200708984140094c23a": "Heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions, which concluded America", + "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "Japan", + "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", + "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions\".", + "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 7, 1973,", + "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "November 7, 1973,", + "57265526708984140094c2bd": "Iran,", + "57265526708984140094c2be": "Mecca by Wahhabi extremists during November 1979 and a Shiite revolt in the oil rich Al-Hasa region of Saudi Arabia", + "57265526708984140094c2bf": "Saudi Arabia", + "57265526708984140094c2c0": "1979", + "57265526708984140094c2c1": "1979", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "Colt),", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "Japanese", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "Galant", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "Japanese", + "572659535951b619008f703f": "1973", + "572659535951b619008f7040": "windows", + "572659535951b619008f7041": "oil crisis, Honda,", + "572659535951b619008f7042": "first", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "S10/GMC S-15),", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Chevrolet LUV. Mitsubishi", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Ford, Chrysler, and GM,", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Chevrolet LUV.", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s. The only full-size models that did not recover were lower", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "four", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1979", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "General Motors,", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Chevrolet Chevette", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1974", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1974", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "GM's", + "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1979", + "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "1973", + "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "nearly $40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation, oil briefly fell back to pre-1973", + "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$10", + "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA),", + "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "national goal of \"landing a man on", + "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1972", + "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "John F. Kennedy's", + "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "two", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "1961", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "the Apollo\u2013Soyuz", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "Apollo", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "goal", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "six", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "\"", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "Apollo 8", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "milestones", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "8", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "three", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "three", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Sun", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "The program", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "early 1960", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "1960", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "General Dynamics/Convair,", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "30", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "General Dynamics/Convair,", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "American superiority over the Soviet Union", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "little about the technical details of the space program,", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "little about the technical details of the space program", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "Yuri Gagarin", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "Kennedy", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "12", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union.", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "April 20,", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Lyndon B. Johnson,", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "approximately one week", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "'s space program", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth's", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "a new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC).", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Cape Canaveral", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida, so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC.", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "IB rockets", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "outgrow", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Merritt Island.", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "76", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "LOC", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "nearly a vacuum.", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "39, a Launch Control Center, and a 130 million", + "5725c123271a42140099d131": "Robert Seamans", + "5725c123271a42140099d132": "23, 1963", + "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Seamans", + "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Apollo", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "Air Force", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA,", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "1969", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "United States Air Force, so he got Webb's", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "a voice in the wilderness", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "1961", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "Seamans;", + "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR.", + "5725c604271a42140099d186": "June 1962.", + "5725c604271a42140099d187": "EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR \u2014as well as Houbolt's", + "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Joseph Shea,", + "5725c604271a42140099d189": "EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Jerome Wiesner,", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "Seamans,", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "the press on July 11,", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July 11, 1962,", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Kennedy's", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "\"No, that's no good\" in front", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "squabble", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "a \"lifeboat\"", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "a failure of the command ship", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "a failure", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "Kennedy's Moon", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "one of several service modules", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "two", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "12", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "Apollo study designs. Its exterior", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "83 feet (3.91", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "12,250 pounds (5", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "12.83", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "an RCS with propellants,", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "liquid", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "flights. On the extended lunar missions,", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "54,000", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument", + "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "I development.", + "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "about twice the thrust required for translunar flight.", + "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", + "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "33,300", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "34 hours. An Extended Lunar Module weighed over 36,200 pounds", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "3 days", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "MSFC", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "The June 11, 1962,", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11, 1962,", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "boiler", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "Pegasus", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "LOX,", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "600,000", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "S-IB first stage", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "1,600,000", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "The S-IC first stage", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "96,800", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "230", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "increased to 230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "three", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Dr. Harrison", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Gemini or Mercury", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space,", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "1969, then to the crews", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "Walter M. Schirra,", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "1969", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders during their flight. The NASA Administrator in October, 2008, decided to award", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "mission\". The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the crews of all missions", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "1966", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "Two", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "4,577 nautical miles", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "1 km) and splashed", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "206", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "visor", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "visor helmet", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "Pilot (LMP).", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "(CDR) Command", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Eisele,", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra,", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "1966", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "Scott, with rookie Russell L. \"Rusty\" Schweickart.", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "rookie", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "devoted to space experiments", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "December 1966,", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "canceled, since the validation", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Seamans. Meanwhile, Grumman", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "a \"tiger team\"", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "1965", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "Samuel Phillips", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "on the first manned flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center.", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "launch countdown", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "the simulated countdown", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "27, 1967", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "pressure", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "the fire", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "pad", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO)", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea,", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "NASA", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "Low.", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "NASA", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "oxygen", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "oxygen", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "removal", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "pure oxygen", + "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "Saturn V validation;", + "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "higher Earth orbit CSM/LM flight; F would be the first lunar mission,", + "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "258", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "Service Module engine", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502)", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "1968", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service", + "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "George Low decided the next LM", + "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "Saturn", + "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "short the first descent", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "firing", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1.", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "veterans", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "Christmas Eve,", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "Soviet Union", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "Gemini", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July 20, 1969.", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "white television", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "Aldrin", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "24", + "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45", + "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "Richard F. Gordon,", + "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "they returned to Earth.", + "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "The Command", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "greater", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "extended missions to allow greater", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "20", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "three days", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "a \"life boat\" to return to Earth.", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "Swigert,", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "April 1970,", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "Michoud Assembly Facility", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "several Saturn IB launches;", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "Michoud Assembly Facility", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1971", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "very early period in the development of the Solar System, that are largely absent on Earth.", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "2 billion years", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "The rocks", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "One important rock found during the Apollo Program", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks,", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "thick atmosphere", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "$20.4 billion", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "20.4 billion, or $109 billion in 2010 dollars", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "$170 billion", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "(SLA)", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "the manned lunar landings", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "(SLA)", + "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "1973", + "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "Telescope Mount,", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "1973", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "the ground", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "the Apollo 11", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the Moon, began photographing", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "where manned Apollo flights landed.", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "civil rights leader Martin Luther King,", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "one-quarter", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "1968", + "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration", + "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded", + "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "stored", + "5725f239271a42140099d360": "magnetic teleme", + "5725f239271a42140099d361": "Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse", + "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "the CBS News archive,", + "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "white, contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements.", + "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "conservative digital enhancements", + "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "white,", + "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "white, contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements.", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "primary law", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "body of treaties and legislation", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union.", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "body of treaties and legislation", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "primary law", + "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "direct effect or indirect effect on the laws", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "European Union law is a body of treaties", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "direct effect or indirect effect on the laws", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "the courts of member states", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "the courts of member states", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "applied by the courts of member states", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "the Court of Justice", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "European Union. The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "European Commission can take proceedings against the member state", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "applied by the courts of member states", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Union", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "Court of Justice", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "the courts of member states", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "the courts of member states", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "the courts of member states and the Court of Justice", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "as Directives,", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "Treaty on European Union (TEU)", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "European Central Bank. The European Court of Justice", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "the European Union", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "European Commission", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "the Council", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "French overseas departments. European Union law", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "overseas territories, including Madeira, the Canary Islands", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "Treaties", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "Madeira,", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "establishes that European Union law", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "Justice", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "\"core\" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU)", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "European Union can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity, which is subject to international law.", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "overseas territories, including Madeira,", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "Nice 2001", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "Maastricht Treaty 1992", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s.", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "the Maastricht Treaty", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Denmark", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "atomic energy", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "1972", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1994", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1992", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1985", + "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "2004", + "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "France", + "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004", + "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "2004 Treaty", + "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "not", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "the Netherlands,", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the proposed constitutional treaty", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should \"promote the general interest of the Union\"", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "the Council", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "a simple majority", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Jean-Claude Juncker)", + "572691545951b619008f76e1": "article 17(2", + "572691545951b619008f76e2": "The European Commission", + "572691545951b619008f76e3": "a \"written procedure\" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.[citation needed] Since Ireland", + "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland", + "572691545951b619008f76e5": "Jean-Claude Juncker)", + "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Cresson", + "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law.", + "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Commissioners", + "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "Commissioners", + "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "Cresson where the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner giving her dentist", + "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", + "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "Cresson", + "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "the European Court of Justice", + "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "Tobacco", + "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "the Council of the European Union have powers", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "every five years", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "ten times", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "European Union", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "Parliaments,", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1999", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "every five years", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "political party", + "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "a \"European Council\" (a distinct", + "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Donald Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. The Council", + "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "the Council members (not votes)", + "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "238(3) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent", + "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "there are 352 votes", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the Council, which is composed of different ministers", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "there must be a qualified majority", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "74 per cent, or 260", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "article 15", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "they decide, other member state", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment. Where the different", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "must vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment.", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "all MEPs", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "\"Conciliation Committee\"", + "572695285951b619008f774b": "The EU as a whole can only act within its power set out in the Treaties. TEU articles 4", + "572695285951b619008f774c": "a Commission proposal, where the Parliament", + "572695285951b619008f774d": "article 294", + "572695285951b619008f774e": "the Commission", + "572658435951b619008f7025": "The judicial branch", + "572658435951b619008f7026": "the Treaty", + "572658435951b619008f7027": "three", + "572658435951b619008f7028": "EU law is applied by member state courts (the English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof,", + "572658435951b619008f7029": "the highest judicial offices\" (or for the General Court, the \"ability", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "Today the Court", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "the Court of Justice", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "the Court of Justice of the European Union", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "the highest judicial offices\" (or for the General Court, the \"ability", + "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "\"", + "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "that because the nationalisation law", + "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "267. The Italian Constitutional Court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962,", + "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "act", + "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1962", + "5726975c708984140094cb21": "Costa v ENEL,", + "572699db5951b619008f7799": "\"", + "572699db5951b619008f779a": "it enacted", + "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", + "572699db5951b619008f779d": "national law where this agreed in the Treaties,", + "572699db5951b619008f779c": "whether it wishes to expressly legislate against EU law.", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "The remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages, but courts", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law", + "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "article 30 prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities charging tariffs,", + "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "Administratie", + "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement", + "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "their own law, in order to prevent confusion. For instance, in Commission v Italy", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "(i.e. between non-state parties). This view was instantly controversial,", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "three", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "three", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "the early 1990s", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "the obligations", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "her employer, British Gas plc, which made women", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal. Ms K\u00fcc\u00fckdeveci worked for 10 years,", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "or company", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "25", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "national statute. But, fifth, if a member state", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "the directive\". Textbooks (though not the Court itself)", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "indirect", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly", + "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "Article 5", + "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "the European Court of Justice", + "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "Article 5", + "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "since the 1960s", + "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "post facto laws, i.", + "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "legal implications foreseeable, specially when applied to financial obligations", + "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "principles of European Union law by the European Court", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "in the constitutions of member states", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "principles of European Union law.", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European Union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the European Union and its institutions.", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1950", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "the European Council", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1950", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "12 December 2007,", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "the European Union of 7", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "same legal value as the Treaties.\" Therefore,", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "the Convention now co-exist under European Union", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law.", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1997", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "40", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11 of the then 12", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "Maastricht", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "the 1992 Maastricht", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1989", + "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "elderly, poverty, migrant workers, education", + "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", + "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "Treaty of Amsterdam", + "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1994", + "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands,", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1951", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "coal", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "1951", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "Article 101(2)", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "down", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Article 101(3)", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2)", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "since the Treaty of Rome 1957.", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "trade", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "market", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "a customs union", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "Treaty", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "Treaty", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Schmidberger", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "34", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France,", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "Danish", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "\"chocolate\". It had to be \"chocolate substitute\".", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "Picon", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "alters a product's content", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "hinder", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Picon", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "the basic \"worker\" rights in TFEU", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "\"social\" Europe.", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "the economic nature of the project", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "Staatssecretaris van Justitie, a German man claimed the right to residence in the Netherlands,", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "indirect", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "Li\u00e8ge", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "The general justifications for limiting free movement in TFEU", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Schumacker", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "article 45", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "1 to 4", + "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "move. The Court has required that higher education,", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "Citizenship", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Austria", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "a \"fundamental\" status of member state nationals by the Court", + "5726c002708984140094d073": "censured by the Milan Bar", + "5726c002708984140094d074": "\"established\"", + "5726c002708984140094d075": "Consiglio dell\u2019Ordine degli Avvocati", + "5726c002708984140094d076": "article 49 has both \"vertical\" and \"horizontal\" direct effect. In Reyners", + "5726c002708984140094d077": "49 says states are exempt from infringing others' freedom of establishment when they exercise \"official authority\", but this did an advocate's", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2007", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "2006", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October 2007,", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "October 2007,", + "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "German health clinic) to provide services.", + "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "the ban, did count as a justified restriction on freedom", + "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "legal advice. The Court of Justice held that the freedom", + "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "secondary education", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "the worst standards of accountability of boards, and low corporate taxes as a result. Similarly in \u00dcberseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u20ac27,000", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u20ac27,000", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "the company failed and went insolvent. The Court of Justice held that Denmark's minimum capital law", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "bt", + "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "For\u00eat amazonienne;", + "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "2,700,000", + "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "5,500,000 square kilometres (2,", + "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "2,700,000", + "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "13%", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud),", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "For\u00eat amazonienne;", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "Colombia", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "2,700", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "forest", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "2,700", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "7,000,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi)", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "2,700,000 sq mi", + "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "tropics", + "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "the tropics", + "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "34 million years", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", - "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "the", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "Following the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "66\u201334 Mya,", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest", - "5725c071271a42140099d127": "mid-", - "5725c071271a42140099d128": "is believed that the", - "5725c071271a42140099d129": "Amazon was split along the middle of the continent", - "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side", - "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "During", - "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310", - "57283d173acd2414000df790": "however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years,", - "57283d173acd2414000df791": "e", - "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the mid-", - "57283d173acd2414000df793": "believed", - "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "Purus", - "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": ", it is believed that the drainage basin of", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "(LGM) and subsequent", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "pale", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "that there have been significant changes", - "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "and", - "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small,", - "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation.", - "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "Analyses", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "certainly associated with reduced", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "changes", - "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "NASA's", - "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons", - "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin, 132 million", - "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "the eastern coast of South America, 27.7", - "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "of dust are windblown out of the Sahara", - "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "NASA's", - "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "has", - "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of", - "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "NASA's", - "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of", - "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600", + "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "the tropics", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "the tropics", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "34", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "34 million", + "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", + "5725c071271a42140099d128": "the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west", + "5725c071271a42140099d129": "the Amazonas", + "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "10 million years", + "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "the west water", + "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "During the mid-Eocene,", + "57283d173acd2414000df790": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", + "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", + "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the Amazonas Basin.", + "57283d173acd2414000df793": "mid-Eocene,", + "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", + "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "the Pacific across the Amazonas", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the Atlantic, while to the west", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "the Amazonas Basin.", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "a large basin", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "sediment deposits from Amazon basin", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "by the available data.", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits", + "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "over the last 21,000", + "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced", + "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "reduced", + "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "biased away from the center of the Amazon basin,", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "tropical", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "the north, south, and east than is seen today", + "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "NASA's CALIPSO", + "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "182 million", + "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "1,600 miles", + "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara", + "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "182 million", + "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "Ocean (some dust", + "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%)", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "43 million tons", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "2,600 km", + "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "Sea, past 75 degrees west longitude.", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA's", - "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "CALIPSO", - "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some", - "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "NASA's CALIPSO", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "For", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "time", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than", - "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "For a long", - "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "the Amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely", - "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "only ever sparsely populated", - "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "was", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "to sustain", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "rainforest was only ever sparsely populated, as it", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "sparsely", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "of", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "The", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "to travel", - "5729edd56aef051400155112": "to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana", - "5729edd56aef051400155113": "The first", - "5729edd56aef051400155114": "travel the length of the Amazon", - "5729edd56aef051400155115": "to travel the length of the Amazon River was", - "5729edd56aef051400155116": "Ondemar Dias is accredited", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": ".", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "accepted as a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "agriculture and silviculture", - "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "management. The development", - "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment", - "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "fertile", - "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "occurring as has previously been supposed. In the region of the Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle", - "5729ef266aef051400155120": "(black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "region is home", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "The region is home to", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "million", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000", - "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "The", - "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "home to about 2", - "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species,", - "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "The", - "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "is home to about 2.5 million insect species", - "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian", - "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "The biodiversity of", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "(62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "biodiversity", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "The biodiversity", - "5729f2646aef051400155130": "of", - "5729f2646aef051400155131": "biodiversity of", - "5729f2646aef051400155132": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001", - "5729f2646aef051400155133": "The", - "5729f2646aef051400155134": "The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001", - "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "rainforest contains several species that", - "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "can stun or kill, while", - "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "several species that can pose a hazard.", - "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "The rainforest", - "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "that can pose a hazard", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "to the naked eye from outer", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "is the", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "was highly", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "Deforestation", - "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "Between 1991", - "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "000 sq mi),", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Between 1991 and 2000, the", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "the", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose", - "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "The needs", - "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "of", - "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "needs", - "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "many of the controversial transportation projects that", - "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "of", - "572a020f6aef051400155198": "Environmentalists are concerned about", - "572a020f6aef051400155199": "are", - "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global", - "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "Environmentalists", - "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could", - "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "strong", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "computer", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "model", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "shows", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "rainforest could become unsustainable under", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide,", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "As indigenous", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to", - "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the", - "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear,", - "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "The use of", - "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests.", - "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "Using handheld", - "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "sensing", - "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "The use of remote", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "biomass and", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "regrowth],", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "To accurately map the Amazon's", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "'", - "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "worst drought", - "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced", - "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "drought in", - "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "Independent reported Woods", - "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years,", + "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons", + "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600 miles", + "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "43 million tons of dust are windblown", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "dense coastal settlements, such as that at Maraj\u00f3,", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "52", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "rainforest through hunting", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "a Counterfeit Paradise.", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "1 million", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "a population density", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "agriculture given the poor soil. Archeologist", + "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at Maraj\u00f3,", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements,", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "2 inhabitants per square kilometre", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "1 million", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "1540", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "at least 11,000 years", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "between AD 0\u20131250,", + "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Orellana", + "5729edd56aef051400155113": "1540", + "5729edd56aef051400155114": "Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery", + "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Francisco de Orellana", + "5729edd56aef051400155116": "between AD 0\u20131250, furthering claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations. Ondemar Dias", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "agriculture and sil", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "previously hostile environment", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "Xingu", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger", + "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "large plazas", + "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas.", + "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture", + "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "Michael Heckenberger", + "5729ef266aef051400155120": "large plazas.", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "2.5 million", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "294 birds", + "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "1,294", + "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "294 birds, 427", + "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "294", + "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378", + "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "294 birds, 427", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "90,790 tonnes of living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 \u00b1 47", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "more than 1,100", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "more than 1,100", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres", + "5729f2646aef051400155130": "The average plant", + "5729f2646aef051400155131": "16,000", + "5729f2646aef051400155132": "1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790", + "5729f2646aef051400155133": "47 tonnes per hectare. To date, an estimated 438,000 species", + "5729f2646aef051400155134": "many", + "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "caiman", + "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "the Amazon region.", + "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "the river, electric eels can produce an", + "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "alkaloid toxins", + "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "dart frogs secret", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "Deforestation", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "crop cultivation and the slash", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "Farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "their fields and the crops", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "short period", + "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "587,000 square kilometres (160,000", + "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "227", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "91%", + "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "increase", + "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "increased settlement and deforestation", + "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "343", + "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "increase to the present day.", + "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "18%", + "572a020f6aef051400155198": "1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62", + "572a020f6aef051400155199": "the order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests", + "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's", + "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "10% of the world", + "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "1 \u00d7 1011", + "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "climate", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "in the basin by 2100", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "the 21st century", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "addition to deforestation", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "ethno-biology", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "Urarina continue to struggle", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "ethno-biology and community", + "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "primates", + "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "to struggle", + "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "indigenous tribes of the basin", + "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "Google", + "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "their territories", + "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "indigenous tribes", + "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "to protect their tribal lands", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "2006", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "biomass", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "In 2006 Tatiana", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "forest", + "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005", + "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research", + "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research", + "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "\"", + "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "National Institute of Amazonian Research", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "2005 the", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "rainforest experienced", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "ctenophore, /\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/ or /\u02c8ti\u02d0n", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "/\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "/\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "known", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "Ctenophora", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/; singular ctenophore,", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "Ctenophora (/t\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0252f\u0259r\u0259/;", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "Ctenophora", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the \u2018combs\u2019", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "ctenophore, /\u02c8t\u025bn\u0259f\u0254\u02d0r/ or /\u02c8ti\u02d0n", - "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "Almost all ctenophores", - "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day. Only", - "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "Almost all ctenophores", - "5725c337271a42140099d163": "ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans;", - "5725c337271a42140099d164": "Almost all ctenophores are", - "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on", - "5725c337271a42140099d166": "small crust", - "5725c337271a42140099d167": "predators,", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "prey ranging from microscopic", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "ctenoph", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "as", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "Almost all ctenophores", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "Almost", - "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "own egg,", - "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "hermaphrodites\u2014a", - "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "not needing", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "'", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites,", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "Most", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "platyctenids'", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites,", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "Most species are hermaphrodites\u2014a", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "Most", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "hermaphrodites\u2014a", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "they occur", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", - "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "Ctenophores", - "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Ctenophores", - "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "Ctenophores", - "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "Ctenophores may be abundant during the", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places", - "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerst\u00e4tten as far back", - "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "Despite their soft,", - "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "Despite their soft,", - "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies,", - "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated, and the majority view", - "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "Despite", - "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils", - "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated,", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "bilaterians (which include", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "ctenophores and cnidarians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish,", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones,", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "phylum that is more complex than sponges,", - "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "Ctenophores", - "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "(jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike", - "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "Ctenophores", - "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "colloblasts, which are sticky", - "572646655951b619008f6ec3": ",", - "572647d0708984140094c14b": "cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer. Hence ctenophores and", - "572647d0708984140094c14c": "cnida", - "572647d0708984140094c14d": "and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers", - "572647d0708984140094c14e": "Like sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "about 1", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "the largest", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "The internal cavity", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "The", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "The", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "The internal", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence. The", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "each consists of thousands of unusually long ci", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "swimming-", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "mouth. The \"combs\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates\") run across each row,", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "The outer surface bears usually eight", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "outer surface bears usually eight comb rows", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "how ctenophores", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "It is", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "densities.", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "ctenophores control their bu", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "feature is", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "sensory feature is the aboral organ", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "organ (at the opposite end from", - "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "Cydippid ctenophores", - "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "egg-shaped; the common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at", - "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "ctenophores have bodies", - "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "nearly spherical", - "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded,", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "fringed", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "and they are coiled when relaxed, while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "coiled when relaxed, while the tent", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; and they are coiled when relaxed, while", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "cydippid ctenophores", - "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "are eight", - "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "eight rows of combs that", - "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows, and in some species runs all the way along", - "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows, and in some species runs all the way", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "extensions", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "Lobata have a pair of", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "Lobates have eight comb-rows,", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "extensions of", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "of the comb rows. Most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water,", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "Lobates have eight comb-rows,", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "pharynx,", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "are able to \"", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "feeding appendages", - "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows", - "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "Cestida", - "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge,", - "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "aboral edge,", - "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows. There are two", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "Platyctenida", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "comb-rows. Platyctenids are usually cryptically colored, live on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates,", - "572683075951b619008f7513": "Ocryopsis individuals remain of", - "572683075951b619008f7514": "of the herma", - "572683075951b619008f7515": "all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females at the same time \u2013 except that in two species of", - "572683075951b619008f7516": "in two species of the genus Ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives. The gonads are located in the parts", - "572683075951b619008f7517": "Almost all species", - "572684365951b619008f753f": "cydippid adults.", - "572684365951b619008f7540": "the", - "572684365951b619008f7541": "Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups", - "572684365951b619008f7542": "direct", - "572684365951b619008f7543": "the", - "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera,", - "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni,", - "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "vexilligera,", - "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "species, including Bathyctena chuni, Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea", - "5726887e708984140094c917": "ctenophores are predators \u2013 there are no vegetarians", - "5726887e708984140094c918": "ctenophores", - "5726887e708984140094c919": "ctenophores are predators", - "5726887e708984140094c91a": "plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores,", - "5726887e708984140094c91b": "10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "used to be regarded as \"", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "to be", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "Ctenophores used to be", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "\"", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "On", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "so successfully colonized", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "hand, in", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "Mnemiopsis", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "Mnemiopsis", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "of their soft, gel", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known, both members of the crown group, from the early", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "Cambrian", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the ci", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary \"aunt\"", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "The", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Cambrian sessile", - "57269016708984140094ca41": "many", - "57269016708984140094ca42": "the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity.", - "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "other words do not contain all and only the", - "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and", - "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "purely morphological", - "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "beroids have", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "(/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh), the county seat", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "Fresno (/\u02c8fr\u025bzno\u028a/ FREZ-noh),", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "Easterby's\u2014by now a hugely productive wheat farm\u2014for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's\u2014by now a hugely productive wheat farm\u2014for", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "\u2014by now a", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "In", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "farm\u2014for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station,", - "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "1942", - "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Little", - "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Before", - "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Asian.", - "5725d183271a42140099d241": "for the relocation of Fresno area", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "1958, Bank of America launched a", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "September", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "BankAmericard", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "In", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Jamboree\" radio and television", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "a song", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "the", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "city", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway.", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "two in the city limits and one in", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "(currently", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "Between the 1880s and World", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "Fulton Street in Downtown", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Fulton Street", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "in the country, including the only Pierre-Auguste Renoir piece in the world that", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "City of", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "The neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "The popular", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "The popular", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "popular neighborhood known", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "to", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School, (later", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "area of retail businesses", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "the re-opening", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "neighborhood revival followed the re-", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "The neighborhood features restaurants,", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "features", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "The", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "The neighborhood", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue,", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "The area is also", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "The area is also known", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "from the early 20th century", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The section of Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "Homes from the early 20th century", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the", - "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "\"West Side\" of", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "The", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "or the newly", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "is one of the oldest", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is", - "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "neighborhood", - "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "includes Kearney Boulevard,", - "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "about 20 mi", - "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "named", - "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "neighborhood", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "the", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "neighborhood", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "While many", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority.", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "the neighborhood date", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "300", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "Eaton", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "The", - "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": ",", - "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "north eastern", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "built[", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "world. Developer William Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "1946, Sierra Sky Park", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "to share certain roads. Sierra Sky Park was the first aviation community to be built[citation needed] and there are now numerous such communities across the", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "Fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh),", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "Fresno is marked by a semi-arid", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "Fresno is marked", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "Fresno", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "Fresno", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913. The average", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches (90.2 mm", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "The official record high temperature for Fresno is 115 \u00b0F", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "temperature for Fresno is 115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C), set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 \u00b0F (\u22128", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "(", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "The 2010 United", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "The 2010", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese,", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "7", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "were", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "As of the", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "As", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "As", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "the census", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "in the city.", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953.", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "as NBC affiliate KSEE. Other Fresno stations include ABC O&O KFSN, CBS affiliate KGPE, CW affiliate KFRE,", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "KNSO, Univision O&O KFTV, and MundoFox", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "Fresno", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "now known as", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "Atascadero in the south,", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Valley.", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "freeway", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "the", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "Fresno", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Passenger rail service is", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Passenger rail", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "service is", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Passenger", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe in the decade following, including the", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": ")", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "fortified by the development of telecommunications", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services,", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "such as cellular", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forward", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "packets", - "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair", - "5726356938643c19005ad300": "communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forward", - "5726356938643c19005ad301": "or without", - "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265,", - "5726249538643c19005ad080": "Baran", - "5726249538643c19005ad081": "switching", - "5726249538643c19005ad082": "message block switching during", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "Baran", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "Baran", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work.", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called", - "5726378238643c19005ad313": "the", - "5726378238643c19005ad314": "developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the", - "5726378238643c19005ad315": "Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as", - "5726385e271a42140099d797": "reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet", - "5726385e271a42140099d798": "information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address,", - "5726385e271a42140099d799": "path to help the", - "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "connectionless mode each", - "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "set-up phase,", - "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "setup", - "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "to specify its requirements and discover link parameters. Acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated. Routing a packet requires the node to look up the", - "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "in", - "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "using the HDLC/LAPD/LAPB", - "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer. Another major difference between X.25", - "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM). X.25", - "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "connection", - "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25", - "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "data to the host.", - "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "became operational", - "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "an example of a datagram protocol.", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "suite of", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router", - "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "AppleTalk", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "The", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "The", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "was a French research network designed", - "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "research", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "released in 1975 in order", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers.", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC,", - "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "In 1965,", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": ", a", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "the instigation of Warner Sinback,", - "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "sales", - "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s.", - "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "Merit", - "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "an independent", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "Telenet was", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "founded", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "licensed", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "in the", - "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "was the first", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "Tymnet", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "Tymnet", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "Tymnet", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "Tymnet was an international data", - "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "data", - "572643de5951261400b5195a": "with an", - "572643de5951261400b5195b": "There were two kinds of", - "572643de5951261400b5195c": "were two", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "AUSTPAC", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched", - "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "or, by linking a permanent X.25 node", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "referred to the public PAD service", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "now known", - "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines", - "5726462b708984140094c117": "National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions", - "5726462b708984140094c118": "The", - "5726462b708984140094c119": "(CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "Internet2", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "Internet2", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "Internet2 is a not-for-profit", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "Internet2", - "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "education communities, industry, and government.", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "(", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s", - "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "a program of", - "572648d1708984140094c15d": "NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had", - "572648d1708984140094c15e": "high-speed", - "572648d1708984140094c15f": "Foundation", - "572648d1708984140094c160": "The Very", - "572648d1708984140094c161": "and", - "57264684708984140094c123": "the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road,", - "57264684708984140094c124": "the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover", - "57264684708984140094c125": "Europe, the Black", - "57264684708984140094c126": "the", - "57264684708984140094c127": "have killed 30\u201360% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to", - "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "The plague disease,", - "572647935951b619008f6eca": "The plague disease, caused", - "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic", - "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "The plague disease, caused by Yersinia", - "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots,", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "to Europe via Genoese traders at the port", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear", - "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "Plague was reportedly", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "the disease spread", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "disease", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": ",", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": ",", - "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "1348, then turned", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "plague struck various countries", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "1348\u201349, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the", - "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "from southern Russia also. By autumn 1347,", - "57264a74708984140094c18b": "and from its effects, they called it the black death\").", - "57264a74708984140094c18c": "Gasquet", - "57264a74708984140094c18d": "Gasquet", - "57264a74708984140094c18e": "epidemic first appeared in modern times in 163", - "57264a74708984140094c18f": "-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 163", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "knowledge had st", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "Medical", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "Medical knowledge", - "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "days", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India.", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "of", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond", - "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "fleas whose midguts had become", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that \"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\". He was able", - "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "of plague have been", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "bu", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "of plague have been", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "pu", - "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "new investigation", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens", - "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "2010, the open-", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves.", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "study also found", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches", - "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": ". pest", - "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black", - "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "have", - "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "the Haensch", - "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubon", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "contemporary accounts were exaggerations. In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic", - "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "The plague theory was", - "5726516a708984140094c223": "is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important", - "5726516a708984140094c224": "is recognised that an epide", - "5726516a708984140094c225": "done", - "5726516a708984140094c226": "an", - "5726516a708984140094c227": "It", - "57265285708984140094c25b": "plague; that mortality rates of the", - "57265285708984140094c25c": "pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in", - "57265285708984140094c25d": "theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference", - "57265285708984140094c25e": "not have been repeated elsewhere", - "57265285708984140094c25f": "despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates", - "5726534d708984140094c26d": "A variety of", - "5726534d708984140094c26e": "of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman", - "5726534d708984140094c26f": "A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward.", - "5726534d708984140094c270": "anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as", - "5726534d708984140094c271": "A variety of alternatives to", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East,", - "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "The most", - "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "; 1374; 1400; 1438", - "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "centuries. According", - "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present", - "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "figures, historians propose a range of pre", - "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "In England, in the absence", - "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "1389\u201393, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10\u201315%", - "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490.", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "In 1466, perhaps 40,000", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "perhaps 40,000 people", - "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three", - "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "some 1.7 million victims in", - "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "the first half of the 17th century, a plague claimed some", - "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "century, a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed", - "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "half of Naples' 300,000", - "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "half of", - "5726577f708984140094c301": "at least one location", - "5726577f708984140094c302": "of", - "5726577f708984140094c303": "ravaged", - "5726577f708984140094c304": "The", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "and eroded, and then redeposited", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "There are three major", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "the", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is", - "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "There", - "57265d08708984140094c397": "a", - "57265d08708984140094c398": "the 1960s,", - "57265d08708984140094c399": "the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere,", - "57265d08708984140094c39a": "In the 1960s, a series of", - "57265d08708984140094c39b": "plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics.", - "57265f605951b619008f70db": "another", - "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "development", - "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "of plate te", - "57265f605951b619008f70de": "development of plate tectonics", - "57265f605951b619008f70df": "The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions", - "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "times of seismic waves", - "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "image the interior of the", - "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust", - "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of", - "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "interior", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "The following four timelines", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "the geologic time", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "most", - "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent", - "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the", - "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key", - "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than", - "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "from an older formation to be", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "of", - "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "principle of inclusions and", - "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "The principle of faunal", - "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however,", - "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication", - "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes", - "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "fossils", - "57266c015951b619008f7237": "facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously,", - "57266c015951b619008f7238": "the beginning of the", - "57266c015951b619008f7239": "beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the", - "57266c015951b619008f723a": "At", - "57266c015951b619008f723b": "beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "For many geologic applications, isotope", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "thermochronologic studies. Common methods include uranium-lead dating, potassium-argon dating, argon-argon", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "For many", - "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "many geologic applications", - "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "When", - "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can", - "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "When", - "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "When", - "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "rock units as", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "rock", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "Extension", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "fact, there is a location within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt in which", - "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "Extension causes the rock", - "572673f5708984140094c69b": "sediment", - "572673f5708984140094c69c": "new rock", - "572673f5708984140094c69d": "addition of new rock units, both deposition", - "572673f5708984140094c69e": "addition", - "572673f5708984140094c69f": "fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "All", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "single", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been", - "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "these", - "572677e7708984140094c723": "field", - "572677e7708984140094c724": "stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers), and structural", - "572677e7708984140094c725": "number", - "572677e7708984140094c726": "a number of field, laboratory", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "rocks", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "addition", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "identifying rocks in the laboratory are through", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "a petrographic microscope, where", - "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "use fluid inclusion data and", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "pressures at which different mineral", - "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "mineral", - "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to", - "57267d52708984140094c7da": "Structural geologists", - "57267d52708984140094c7db": "Structural geologists use", - "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "Structural geologists use", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "most", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "are", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "and", - "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "most well-", - "57268066708984140094c821": "the laboratory", - "57268066708984140094c822": "laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections", - "57268066708984140094c823": "stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from", - "57268066708984140094c824": "In", - "57268066708984140094c825": "stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "analyze rock", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "laboratory", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists", - "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core", - "572683f95951b619008f7525": "H. Garrison,", - "572683f95951b619008f7526": "Some", - "572683f95951b619008f7527": "be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973\u20131048", - "572683f95951b619008f7528": "as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia", - "572683f95951b619008f7529": "the", - "57268527708984140094c8bf": ", he explained his theory that", - "57268527708984140094c8c0": "at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in", - "57268527708984140094c8c1": "James", - "57268527708984140094c8c2": "is", - "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In", - "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "first geological map of the U.S.", - "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "U.S.", - "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": ". was", - "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "geological", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Charles Lyell first", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "Lyell first", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Charles Lyell first", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830.", - "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "first published", - "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "Tyne (RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n", - "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank", - "5726642f5951b619008f7159": ",", - "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "(RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n \u02c8ta\u026an/; Locally: i/nju\u02d0\u02cck\u00e6s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0259n \u02c8ta\u026an/), commonly known as Newcastle,", - "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "(RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l \u0259\u02ccp\u0252n \u02c8ta\u026an/;", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "The", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "around", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "The", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "William", - "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "The city", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "recorded", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and", - "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne.", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Incorporated", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II,", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "Throughout", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "fortress", - "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538. The", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "from", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside,", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "In the 18th century American Timothy Dexter, an entrepreneur,", - "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "From 1530 a royal act restricted", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "In", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families.", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "so", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "resided the close-knit community of keelmen and", - "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "and beside the river,", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "on the", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "the English Civil War, the", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "North declared for the King. In a bid", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "During", - "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "In", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": ",", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "'s prosperity; and", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling", - "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "Be-Ro flour, Joseph Swan's electric light", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "Derwentwater House and \"House of Tides\", a restaurant situated at a", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "riverside", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "a", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares',", - "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "street", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "The", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "portion of", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "city", - "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "developed in the 1830s by Richard", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "Another", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "in Newcastle is the Town Moor,", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": ".", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "said to be the largest", - "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's", - "57267076708984140094c601": "spaces. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner \"NewcastleGateshead\",", - "57267076708984140094c602": "Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments;", - "57267076708984140094c603": "developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major", - "57267076708984140094c604": "has replaced former", - "57267076708984140094c605": "Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge,", - "572671165951b619008f72b7": "The", - "572671165951b619008f72b8": ".", - "572671165951b619008f72b9": "and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and", - "572671165951b619008f72ba": "of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some", - "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town,", - "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "to be", - "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting", - "572671e55951b619008f72da": "the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was", - "572671e55951b619008f72db": "Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger", - "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "The climate in Newcastle is oceanic (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world", - "57267383dd62a815002e8553": ") and significantly", - "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "climate in Newcastle is oceanic (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar", - "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "(K\u00f6ppen Cfb) and significantly milder than", - "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "Newcastle is", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "\u2019s official ledgers reported revenue by department,", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "In 2010, Newcastle was", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "Lewis stores in the UK. John Lewis is still known to many in Newcastle as Bainbridges. Newcastle store Bainbridge's, opened in", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": ",", - "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "store Bainbridge's,", - "5726769c708984140094c711": "Other shopping destinations in", - "5726769c708984140094c712": "shopping", - "5726769c708984140094c713": "in Newcastle include", - "5726769c708984140094c714": "Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the", - "5726769c708984140094c715": "Other shopping", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "was", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "centres on Tyneside were growing most", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "The Tyneside", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of", - "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "flat was the", - "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "and waterside", - "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "the proportion of detached", - "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably over", - "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "coupled with a similar rise", - "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford", - "572679c35951b619008f73db": "According to", - "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "to the UK Government's returned 2001", - "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "had a population of 189,86", - "572679c35951b619008f73de": ", the city of", - "572679c35951b619008f73df": "of 1,650,000.", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "Little and Robson. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "forming up to", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "the", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8", - "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "According to the same statistics, the average age of people living", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "dialect", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "of Newcastle is known as Geordie, and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "dialect has much of its origins in the language", - "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "in", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "\"Bairn\" and \"hyem\",", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words \"bonny\" (meaning \"pretty\"),", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "to be", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian", - "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "meaning \"child\" and", - "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "report", - "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "a", - "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "report, published in early", - "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in", - "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents. The report was", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "concentrations", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "the", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "centre, a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema.", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "range of bars, caf\u00e9s", - "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "the", - "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "theatre. Stephen Kemble", - "57267f695951b619008f74be": "The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the famous", - "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the", - "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for", - "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "The", - "5726800add62a815002e8750": "and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage", - "5726800add62a815002e8751": "contains many", - "5726800add62a815002e8752": "The city", - "5726800add62a815002e8753": "local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company. Other theatres in the city", - "5726800add62a815002e8754": "The", - "572680865951b619008f74e7": "Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent", - "572680865951b619008f74e8": "known", - "572680865951b619008f74e9": "and", - "572680865951b619008f74ea": "The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil')", - "572680865951b619008f74eb": "10,000 LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green. Operating since", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "takes place in April. In May, Newcastle and Gateshead host the", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "holiday, with performances by acts from the world of Rock, Indie and Dance music.", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes place in April. In May,", - "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "and", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": ",", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "The Hoppings, reputedly", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The", - "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "held", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "In", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu", - "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": ",", - "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "a strong", - "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the", - "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the Tyne\"", - "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "a folk-rock group", - "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Lindisfarne", - "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "during", - "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "The Pilgrim Street", - "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "cinemas, including", - "57268525dd62a815002e8809": ".", - "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "cinemas, including the restored Classic \u2014the", - "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding", - "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre", - "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "There", - "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "There", - "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "several", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "The earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "the action is studio-bound. Later came The", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "extensive scenes filmed in the city. The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location", - "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "featuring some", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "Newcastle has a horse racing", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "has a", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "complex at", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "a horse", - "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's", - "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "International", - "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "Ponteland", - "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "Newcastle", - "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "is located approximately 6", - "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "Newcastle", - "572689385951b619008f761b": "in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a", - "572689385951b619008f761c": "was the first covered railway station in the world and was much", - "572689385951b619008f761d": "In 2014,", - "572689385951b619008f761e": "In 2014, work was completed on the stations historic entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the", - "572689385951b619008f761f": "UK. It has a neoclassical fa\u00e7ade, originally designed", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "King's Cross, with a journey time of", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Train operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "a half-hourly", - "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross,", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "Metro system. The Metro system was", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "city", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "city", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "existing and newly built", - "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "city", - "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example North Shields). In addition;", - "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket", - "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "and modernization, entitled 'Metro:", - "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "system", - "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All", - "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "A1", - "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish", - "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the", - "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "in the area include the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western", - "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "to", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "Haymarket", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "bus", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "in", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "city", - "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North", - "57269120708984140094ca59": "partially or completely isolated;", - "57269120708984140094ca5a": "Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling", - "57269120708984140094ca5b": "isolated; Increase", - "57269120708984140094ca5c": "first", - "57269120708984140094ca5d": "the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living\u2026 The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing", - "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "air services as the cause", - "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS", - "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "Danish", - "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS", - "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "as the cause \u2013 and their", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven LEA-funded", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "There are eleven LEA-funded", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "sixth forms in Newcastle. There are a number of successful state schools, including Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School,", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "There", - "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "only school in the city and is situated in Gosforth. Newcastle College is the largest general further education", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "University", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "Northumbria University.", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "The city has two universities \u2014 Newcastle University and Northumbria", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "two universities \u2014 Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in", - "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one of the UK's leading international universities. It won the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000.", - "572699b55951b619008f778f": "in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the Church of St Thomas the Martyr which is", - "572699b55951b619008f7790": "Pugin and the Coptic Cathedral located in", - "572699b55951b619008f7791": "elegant lantern tower of 1474, the Roman Catholic St. Mary's designed by Augustus Welby", - "572699b55951b619008f7792": "Newcastle has three cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas,", - "572699b55951b619008f7793": "Newcastle has three cathedrals,", - "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "church in this town'. The present", - "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite", - "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the", - "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "town'. The present building was begun", - "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "from", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "ITV Tyne Tees was based", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": ".", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "Tees was", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television", - "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name", - "57269d745951b619008f77d7": ", the first full-time community radio station in the area", - "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "NE1fm launched", - "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "full-time community radio station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's", - "57269d745951b619008f77da": "on", - "57269d745951b619008f77db": "universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term time. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "was", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770.", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770.", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Charles Avison,", - "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Bunting, and Lord Chief Justice Peter Taylor. Portuguese writer E\u00e7a de Queiroz was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879\u2014his", - "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Musicians Eric Burdon, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan Hull, Cheryl Cole and Neil", - "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville were born in the city. John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian", - "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator David", - "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "Musicians Eric Burdon,", - "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "WWE", - "5726710b708984140094c61d": "Victoria and Albert Museum", - "5726710b708984140094c61e": "world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named", - "5726710b708984140094c61f": "Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as", - "5726710b708984140094c620": "Museum", - "572680ac708984140094c83d": "V&A),", - "572680ac708984140094c83e": "Museum", - "572680ac708984140094c83f": "and", - "572680ac708984140094c840": "The Victoria and", - "572680ac708984140094c841": "the", - "57268294708984140094c877": "The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2)", - "57268294708984140094c878": "V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries.", - "57268294708984140094c879": "V&A covers", - "57268294708984140094c87a": "to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes,", - "57268294708984140094c87b": "145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art,", - "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "has", - "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "The V&A", - "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "The", - "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "the Great Exhibition of 1851, with which Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was", - "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "The", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "collections of both applied art", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting. This was to enable", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "were", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "by Queen Victoria was on", - "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "of gas lighting. This was to enable in the words of Cole \"to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes\"\u2014this", - "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "of the collections after the", - "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "It", - "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "the war", - "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "Before the", - "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "and a", - "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "concert. The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture by British progressive folk-rock band Gryphon,", - "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "first museum in Britain to present a rock concert. The V&A", - "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "as", - "572691d7708984140094ca70": "In July", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "(1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "1,900,000", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "2005", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "(1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "deep, while those in cnidarians", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "internal cavity", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "one cell deep. Some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "deep, while those in cnidarians", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "by means of cilia. Adults of various species range from a few", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "swimming \u2013 they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia. Adults of various species", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "two cells deep, while those in cnidarians", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ten times", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "Only 100\u2013150 species", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "ten", + "5725c337271a42140099d163": "Only 100\u2013150 species", + "5725c337271a42140099d164": "the coastal beroids", + "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten times", + "5725c337271a42140099d166": "armed with groups of large, stiffened", + "5725c337271a42140099d167": "microscopic", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten times", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "The textbook examples are cydippids", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "ranging", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "microscopic larvae and rotifers", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "two", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch.", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "single animal can produce both eggs", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape.", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape.", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "external, although platyctenids", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "at different times", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "the bottom", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch.", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "they reach near-adult size", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "species look like miniature cydi", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "The exceptions are the beroids,", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "predation", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "small zooplanktonic", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "mitigate the problem, as Beroe", + "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "small zooplanktonic", + "5725c69738643c19005accba": "fish larvae", + "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "fish larvae", + "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "phytoplankton", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "phytoplankton", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "uncommon and difficult to find", + "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "515 million years ago", + "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "present, based on molecular phylogenetics", + "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "515 million years", + "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "phylogenetics", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "after the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "lagerst\u00e4tten as far back as the early Cambrian,", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "nervous systems", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges,", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "both ctenophores and cnidarians", + "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "an animal phylum", + "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems", + "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "sensory organs", + "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "sponges", + "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "jellyfish, sea anemones", + "572647d0708984140094c14b": "sponges", + "572647d0708984140094c14c": "sponges", + "572647d0708984140094c14d": "sponges", + "572647d0708984140094c14e": "mesoglea", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "the length of their bodies", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "colonial animals that use cilia (\"hairs", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia (\"hairs", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "\"ctenophora\" means \"", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "phylum", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "cydi", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "the gastrodermis", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "four branches terminate in anal pores. The inner surface of the cavity", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "\"throat\"", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "four branches terminate in anal pores. The inner surface of the cavity", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "\" (also called \"ctenes\" or \"comb plates\")", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "plates", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "thousands of unusually long cilia, up to 2 millimeters (0", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "bears", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "\"comb plates\") run", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "brackish", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "move from brackish to full-strength seawater, the rosettes may pump", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "move from brackish to full-strength seawater, the rose", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "animal's \"mood\", in other words the overall state of the nervous", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "on all the balancers", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "a solid particle", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "\"balancers\"", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "spinning", + "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "sheath into which it can be withdrawn", + "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "wider", + "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "a sheath", + "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\"", + "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "at the narrow end,", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "coiled", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "feed mainly on jellyfish", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "40 to 60", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense. The tentilla of Euplokamis", + "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight rows of combs", + "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "The \"combs\" beat in a metachronal", + "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "rhythm", + "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "a metachrona", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "a pair of lobes", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "projections edged with cilia that produce water", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "comb rows of cydippids", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "coordinated by nerves", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "the cilia, yet combs on the same row beat in the same Mexican wave style as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids. This may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "macrocilia", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "as Nuda,", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "macrocilia\" at the oral end", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that \"zip\" the mouth", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "\"lips\" in some species of Beroe, is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that \"zip\"", + "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "Velamen parallelum,", + "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "the oral edge", + "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "surface. Cestids", + "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "along the oral edge, which stream", + "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "The Cestida", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "ctenophore into the current.", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "colored, live on rocks, algae", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "surface. They cling", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "Platyctenida", + "572683075951b619008f7513": "the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs and sperm are released", + "572683075951b619008f7514": "they function as both males", + "572683075951b619008f7515": "pores in the epidermis", + "572683075951b619008f7516": "Almost all species are hermaphrodites,", + "572683075951b619008f7517": "Almost all species are hermaphrodites, in other words they function as both males and females", + "572684365951b619008f753f": "direct, in other words", + "572684365951b619008f7540": "develop the body", + "572684365951b619008f7541": "In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths.", + "572684365951b619008f7542": "eggs", + "572684365951b619008f7543": "the flat, bottom-dwelling plat", + "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "vexi", + "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "coastal or mid-ocean waters", + "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "Eurhamphaea", + "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "coastal or mid-ocean waters", + "5726887e708984140094c917": "mollusc and fish larvae", + "5726887e708984140094c918": "sea", + "5726887e708984140094c919": "different types of prey", + "5726887e708984140094c91a": "larvae", + "5726887e708984140094c91b": "s long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the Red Sea. The larvae", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "possible predators, although the combs", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "organic matter to salt and water", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "jellyfish", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "blooms in the Red Sea. The larvae", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "gave the entire ecosystem a short-term", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "the other hand, in the late 1980s", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea),", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "in the Burgess Shale", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "Devonian (Emsian)", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "the crown group, from the early Devonian", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "8 typical of living species", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "515 million years", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Chengjiang", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "De-Gan Shu,", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "China's Chengjiang", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia", + "57269016708984140094ca41": "Cnidaria, Placozoa", + "57269016708984140094ca42": "early evolution of animals and the origin", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "single common ancestor that was itself a cydi", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "Richard Harbison's", + "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "2001", + "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "beroids", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "San Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) northwest of Los Angeles,", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 220 miles", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "Fresno", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "San Francisco.", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "fifth-largest city in California, the largest", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. By 1931 the Fresno", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1872", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "47", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "Pacific Railroad established a station", + "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "7%", + "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Chinatown", + "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Little Armenia,", + "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Fairgrounds", + "5725d183271a42140099d241": "ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy,", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "(earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "revol", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "Fresno.", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "creator resigned, BankAmericard", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\"", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\"", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "Aken", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Lupe Mayorga,", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "two", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "San Joaquin River", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Rotary", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Shinzen", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "1880s", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the Fresno Water Tower,", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "San Joaquin Valley's", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Mall, the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in Fresno. While the Fulton Mall corridor", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "Fulton Street", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "Renoir piece", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "Chestnut", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Clovis", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "1950s through the 1970s", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "The neighborhood", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "Clovis", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "Olive and Wishon", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "tower, which is actually in another nearby area)", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "Tower Theatre,", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "one-half", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "late 1960s and 1970s", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "high school", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "Roger Rocka's", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "metal", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "Olive Avenue, and all within a few hundred feet", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "the Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Olive Avenue,", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "Tower", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "Spanish Colonial Revival", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "north and east", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "many of which have been restored in recent decades", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "circa 1910, on 190 acres", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation,", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "190", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "the Pacific Improvement Corporation,", + "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "\"Southwest", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "southwest", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "southwest of the 99 freeway", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway),", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "Asian-American (principally Hmong", + "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen", + "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "rural road", + "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "Kerman, California.", + "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Kearney Boulevard,", + "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "African-American", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "1960s and 1990s", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "revitalize the neighborhood", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "low-income", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "inner-city\" neighborhood", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "very little", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "Joaquin River between Highway 41", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "95", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "500", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "1968", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads. Sierra Sky", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads.", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "residential", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "lows", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "August,", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "5 inches", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "northwest", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "July", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "17 \u00b0F (\u22128", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "January 6, 1913.", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "1905", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "no freeze", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "between in the 1983/1984", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "(8.3%) African", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "12.6%", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "494", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "984 (22.6%", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "494,665. The population density was 4,404.5", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "30,547", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "35,064 households (22.1%", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "12", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "12,344 (7", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "12,344 (7", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "4,097", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "4,097", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "50.2% White, 8.4%", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "652 people", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km\u00b2).", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "very first Fresno", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "VHF", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "Stockton,", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "San Francisco Bay", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "Atascadero", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "south", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley.", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "west via Mendota, and from the east", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "U.S.", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "west", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "raising population and traffic", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Santa Fe Railway", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "railyards", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Santa Fe Railway", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "numerous packet switching networks in Europe", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "a fault", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "routing method for telecommunication messages", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Donald Davies", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "a method", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "a method", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "as characters, packets, or messages", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "a method", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "having a constant bit rate", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "as characters", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "shared physical medium", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "shared physical medium (such as radio", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "a shared physical medium", + "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "shared physical medium", + "5726356938643c19005ad300": "shared physical medium (such as radio", + "5726356938643c19005ad301": "shared physical medium (such as radio", + "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages", + "5726249538643c19005ad080": "US Air Force into survivable communications networks,", + "5726249538643c19005ad081": "general architecture", + "5726249538643c19005ad082": "262", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962,", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "Air Force into survivable communications", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "US Air Force into survivable communications networks,", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work.", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed", + "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies", + "5726378238643c19005ad314": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", + "5726378238643c19005ad315": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", + "5726385e271a42140099d797": "a dedicated path to help", + "5726385e271a42140099d798": "a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol, although intermediate network", + "5726385e271a42140099d799": "virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol", + "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "a destination address, source address, and port", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "a setup phase", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "a connection identifier", + "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "id in a table. The packet", + "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "a setup phase in each involved node", + "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "a standardized interface into and out of packet networks", + "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "X.25 UNI protocol is part of the X.25", + "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "X.25 does it at the network layer", + "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "The X.25 UNI protocol is part of the X.25 protocol", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "Before the introduction of X.25 in 1973,", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "In the datagram system, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol. In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced", + "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "HLN became operational", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "AppleTalk", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "a centralized router", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk", + "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "a plug-n-play system", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "Louis Pouzin.", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin.", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network", + "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "ARPANET architecture.", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "open standards with published specifications", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "one of the first peer-to-peer network", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven", + "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "one of the first peer-to-peer network architecture", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "a time-sharing", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "a high-level", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around.", + "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work", + "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways", + "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network.", + "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "X.25 host attachments,", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts as a means of making ARPANET technology public.", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "(BBN) provided the financing.", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "as a means of making ARPANET technology", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "Bolt, Beranack and Newman (BBN)", + "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "ARPA IPTO", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "build their own dedicated networks", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "(mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "dedicated networks. The private networks", + "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks", + "572643de5951261400b5195a": "121", + "572643de5951261400b5195b": "Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121", + "572643de5951261400b5195c": "Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "a dial-up terminal", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network.[citation", + "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network.[citation", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "Telepad", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex", + "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC", + "5726462b708984140094c117": "a computer network", + "5726462b708984140094c118": "to extend networking benefits", + "5726462b708984140094c119": "the path to development", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "LambdaRail", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "United States computer networking consortium", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "LambdaRail", + "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "LambdaRail (NLR)", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "supercom", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "supercomputing centers, through further public funding", + "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "supercomputing", + "572648d1708984140094c15d": "12c (622", + "572648d1708984140094c15e": "provide high-speed", + "572648d1708984140094c15f": "National Science Foundation", + "572648d1708984140094c160": "48", + "572648d1708984140094c161": "the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications", + "57264684708984140094c123": "the arid plains", + "57264684708984140094c124": "occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.", + "57264684708984140094c125": "30\u201360%", + "57264684708984140094c126": "14th century", + "57264684708984140094c127": "30\u201360%", + "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China.", + "572647935951b619008f6eca": "1347", + "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "enzootic", + "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.", + "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "three", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "Genoese traders", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "Jani", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "south of Europe, whence it spread north.", + "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "Jani Beg was suffering", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "northwest", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "Italy,", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "(modern Bergen)", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "Norway", + "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "1349", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "permanent change", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "autumn 1347", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt,", + "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "Europe, the disease entered the region", + "57264a74708984140094c18b": "vocat", + "57264a74708984140094c18c": "Pontanus: \"Vulgo & ab effectu", + "57264a74708984140094c18d": "J.I.", + "57264a74708984140094c18e": "1908", + "57264a74708984140094c18f": "epidemic", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "stagnated during the Middle Ages.", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the heavens", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "\"great pestilence in the air\"", + "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "the fleas", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "southern China", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "fleas whose midgut", + "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "involve the bites of fleas", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "historian Francis", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "1908", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "\"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\".", + "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "the bubonic plague", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "95 percent", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "80 percent", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "30\u201375%", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "30\u201375%", + "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "1998", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia", + "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "a paper by a multinational team", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "clades", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "Marseille around November 1347", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "spread through the country in three epidemics", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349", + "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349,", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "plague victims", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "East Smithfield burial site in England,", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "Smithfield burial", + "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "October 2011", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "the first major work to challenge the bubon", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "rural areas", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague", + "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "David Herlihy", + "5726516a708984140094c223": "epidemiological", + "5726516a708984140094c224": "the year 1377. Estimates of plague victims", + "5726516a708984140094c225": "over 100%", + "5726516a708984140094c226": "England,", + "5726516a708984140094c227": "1377", + "57265285708984140094c25b": "temperatures", + "57265285708984140094c25c": "by 5 to 15 years, differs from modern bubonic plague\u2014which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare", + "57265285708984140094c25d": "lack of accounts of the death", + "57265285708984140094c25e": "cold in northern Europe for the survival", + "57265285708984140094c25f": "15 years", + "5726534d708984140094c26d": "the medieval waterfront", + "5726534d708984140094c26e": "Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction", + "5726534d708984140094c26f": "pneumonic", + "5726534d708984140094c270": "the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of \"", + "5726534d708984140094c271": "25 bodies", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "about 40%", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "40%", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "170,000", + "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "Hamburg", + "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "1664\u201367. Subsequent outbreaks,", + "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "\"France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628\u201331.\"", + "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "1438\u201339; 1456", + "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "plague", + "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "1563, 1589", + "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "as 2 million", + "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "83, 1389", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563,", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "people died of the plague in Paris.", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "between 1361 and 1528.", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629\u20131631,", + "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks", + "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "1.7 million", + "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "1.25 million", + "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "1.25 million", + "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "v. Russia and allies) killed about 100,000 in Sweden, and 300,000 in Prussia.", + "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "1656", + "5726577f708984140094c301": "between 1500 and 1850", + "5726577f708984140094c302": "1691", + "5726577f708984140094c303": "one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850.", + "5726577f708984140094c304": "seven", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "rock, and magma", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "metamorphic rock due to heat", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "rock, and magma", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava),", + "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "a metamorphic rock due to heat", + "57265d08708984140094c397": "motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere", + "57265d08708984140094c398": "te", + "57265d08708984140094c399": "motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic", + "57265d08708984140094c39a": "upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere", + "57265d08708984140094c39b": "the 1960s", + "57265f605951b619008f70db": "San Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift,", + "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "Mid-ocean ridges,", + "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "hydrothermal vents and volcanoes", + "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes.", + "57265f605951b619008f70df": "Earth over geologic time.", + "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "reverse to image", + "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities", + "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "liquid", + "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "doctor", + "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "seism", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "The second, third, and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks.", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "The Pleistocene (P)", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "the geologic time scale", + "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "the most recent era", + "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "The principle", + "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault", + "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "in these situations may help determine whether the fault", + "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "fault", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "a formation, then the inclusion", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "matrix", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "rock", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "A similar situation with igneous", + "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "a result, xenolit", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "Charles Darwin's", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "William Smith", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "principles of succession", + "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession", + "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "William Smith", + "57266c015951b619008f7237": "20th century", + "57266c015951b619008f7238": "geologists", + "57266c015951b619008f7239": "converting the old relative ages into new absolute", + "57266c015951b619008f723a": "absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences", + "57266c015951b619008f723b": "absolute ages", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "geoch", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "uranium-thorium dating. These methods are used for a variety of applications. Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "thorium", + "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate", + "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "shallower rock. Because deeper rock", + "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "folds", + "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "horizontal compression", + "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "horizontal compression", + "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "shallow crust", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "a meter", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "rocks", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "lower", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "faulting", + "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "Belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter.", + "572673f5708984140094c69b": "Faulting", + "572673f5708984140094c69c": "large numbers in areas", + "572673f5708984140094c69d": "igneous intrusions", + "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Faulting", + "572673f5708984140094c69f": "new rock units", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "lower", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "volcanic", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "basaltic", + "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "basaltic", + "572677e7708984140094c723": "many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers", + "572677e7708984140094c724": "bioge", + "572677e7708984140094c725": "many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers", + "572677e7708984140094c726": "geophysical", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "where the minerals", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "chemical compositions and variation", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties with a conoscopic lens. In the electron microprobe,", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual", + "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "subduction and magma chamber evolution.", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "subduction and magma chamber evolution.", + "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "magma", + "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "analog and numerical experiments", + "57267d52708984140094c7da": "large and small settings", + "57267d52708984140094c7db": "numerical experiments of rock", + "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "the mountain range", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "structural geology", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "in which mountains", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "erosion and uplift in the mountain belt. This helps to show the relationship between erosion", + "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "the mountain belt", + "57268066708984140094c821": "Geophysical data and well logs", + "57268066708984140094c822": "Geophysical data and well logs", + "57268066708984140094c823": "Geophysical data and well logs", + "57268066708984140094c824": "geophysical surveys", + "57268066708984140094c825": "strat", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "the drill", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "rock units formed. Geochronologists", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "date the core and to understand the depositional", + "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "Geochronologists", + "572683f95951b619008f7525": "hypothes", + "572683f95951b619008f7526": "the origin of the science", + "572683f95951b619008f7527": "Persian geologists,", + "572683f95951b619008f7528": "geologists", + "572683f95951b619008f7529": "sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature", + "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James Hutton", + "57268527708984140094c8c0": "the bottom", + "57268527708984140094c8c1": "1795", + "57268527708984140094c8c2": "Earth to the Royal Society", + "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "William Smith's", + "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "1809", + "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "1807", + "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "was constructed using a different classification of rocks", + "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "William Smith's geological map of England", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "the doctrine of uniformitarianism", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "Charles Darwin,", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism,", + "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Charles Darwin,", + "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "8.5 mi", + "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "13.7", + "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "the River", + "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "North East and Tyneside", + "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "North East and Tyneside", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "Robert Curthose,", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "Roman settlement Pons", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "coal", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "16th", + "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "digital technology", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Wall", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "2,000", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "s", + "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "the bridge", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Scotland.", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "by Henry IV", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "6 m)", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "William the Lion was imprisoned in", + "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "three times", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "monopoly in the coal trade", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "a cartel", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "Newcastle burgesses", + "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "a cartel", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "knit community of keelmen", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "one-third of the population. Specifically within the year", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "1636", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "163", + "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "knit", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "the Tyne, Cromwell's", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "Newburn.", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "the Scots,", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "Triumphans\" (\"Triumphing by a brave defence\")", + "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "King bestowed the motto \"Fortiter Defendit Triumphans\" (\"Triumphing by a brave defence\") upon the town.", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "diocese, with St.", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "Mosley Street in the city,", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "Stephenson's", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "industrial structures", + "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "Mosley Street", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28\u201330 Close.", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "\"House of Tides\",", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "street layout. Narrow alleys", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "riverside to higher parts", + "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "\"", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "the British picturesque category. Osborne Road", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture,", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "in the 1960s", + "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "freemen of the city", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "The Hoppings", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "late Nelson Mandela", + "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings", + "57267076708984140094c601": "the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council", + "57267076708984140094c602": "The Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides", + "57267076708984140094c603": "Newcastle Quayside", + "57267076708984140094c604": "have linked together under the banner \"NewcastleGateshead\", to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East.", + "57267076708984140094c605": "the temporary Bambuco Bridge in 2008 for ten days;", + "572671165951b619008f72b7": "Newcastle is the Grainger", + "572671165951b619008f72b8": "29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.", + "572671165951b619008f72b9": "four", + "572671165951b619008f72ba": "four", + "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "a fire in 1901 and replaced by lattice", + "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "2000", + "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "one", + "572671e55951b619008f72da": "a painting", + "572671e55951b619008f72db": "Laing Art Gallery", + "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "oceanic", + "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "rain", + "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "mild", + "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "January 1982.", + "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "Scandinavia,", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "1817", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "Eldon", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "the retail centre expenditure league", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street", + "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "2007", + "5726769c708984140094c711": "Grey's", + "5726769c708984140094c712": "Europe, the MetroCentre,", + "5726769c708984140094c713": "Europe, the MetroCentre,", + "5726769c708984140094c714": "the edge of Newcastle.", + "5726769c708984140094c715": "centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "Tyneside", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "flat while the other led into the ground", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "new development in the Ouseburn valley", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "Tyneside", + "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "industrial centres on Tyneside", + "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "8%", + "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "greater than Manchester", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": "6%", + "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "8%", + "572679c35951b619008f73db": "442", + "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "North Tyneside (population circa 201,000), South Tyneside", + "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "conurbation (population circa 880,000). The metropolitan county of Tyne", + "572679c35951b619008f73de": "Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of North Tyneside", + "572679c35951b619008f73df": "the Tyneside", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "37.8", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "Little and Robson. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "statistics", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "Johnstone, Kerr,", + "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "1%", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "Geordie,", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "Geordie,", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "dialects", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "hoos", + "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "vocabulary", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as \"Canny\" (a versatile word", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "(\"yes\") and \"nowt\" (IPA://na\u028at/,", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "(\"yes\") and \"nowt\" (IPA://na\u028at/,", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "yes\") and \"nowt", + "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "Danish", + "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "the Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex,", + "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "the University College", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "4 decibels", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "pedestrian access.", + "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "the health", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "Pink Triangle' - is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "the city centre", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "12-screen", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "12-screen Empire multiplex cinema.", + "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "Gate\" has opened in the city centre,", + "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "The city has a proud history", + "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Stephen Kemble", + "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "Kemble family", + "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "1806", + "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "Street,", + "5726800add62a815002e8750": "Theatre hosts smaller touring productions,", + "5726800add62a815002e8751": "the Theatre", + "5726800add62a815002e8752": "Theatre. NewcastleGateshead", + "5726800add62a815002e8753": "national and international productions", + "5726800add62a815002e8754": "the Northern Stage company. Other theatres", + "572680865951b619008f74e7": "Green. Operating since 1793 and founded as a \u2018conversation club,\u2019 its lecture theatre", + "572680865951b619008f74e8": "150,000", + "572680865951b619008f74e9": "LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825", + "572680865951b619008f74ea": "independent library outside London,", + "572680865951b619008f74eb": "Phil') is the largest independent library", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "The Newcastle Beer Festival,", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "April. In May, Newcastle and Gateshead", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "organized by CAMRA,", + "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "biennial", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "Cyclone, a cycling festival,", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "during the early 1880s", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "Hoppings,", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "environmental", + "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "community environmental festival", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "an East Asian cultural festival", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "SAMA Festival,", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "the Design Event festival\u2014an", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "the Design Event festival\u2014an", + "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead", + "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside", + "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "1971", + "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "strong Tyneside", + "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "Geordie", + "5726847f708984140094c8af": "AC/DC.", + "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "the Tyneside", + "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "the Old Town Hall,", + "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "three", + "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "the Tyneside Cinema", + "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "the Tyneside", + "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "Newcastle,", + "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's", + "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's", + "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "2009", + "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "Newburn Hall Motor Museum.", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "1960s", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "thriller Stormy Monday,", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "action", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "Sean Bean.", + "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "Sean Bean.", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "The city's", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "University. The Eagles", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "Gosforth Park.", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "the Tyne Bridge", + "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "the Newcastle Eagles", + "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "20 minutes", + "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "6 miles", + "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "five million passengers per year", + "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "10 million", + "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "6 miles", + "572689385951b619008f761b": "entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches", + "572689385951b619008f761c": "six", + "572689385951b619008f761d": "Stephenson. The station", + "572689385951b619008f761e": "Robert Stephenson.", + "572689385951b619008f761f": "Stephenson.", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "half", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "three", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Doncaster, Newark North Gate and Peterborough", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's", + "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "Glasgow, Aberdeen and Inverness. CrossCountry trains serve destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "Marconi", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "37 million", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "light rail transit", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "the underground Metro system.", + "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "37 million", + "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "North Tyneside, to the Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead,", + "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "North Shields).", + "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "'Metro: All Change.' The programme", + "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "South Tyneside and Sunderland.", + "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "South Tyneside and Sunderland. Several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail", + "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "(Gateshead", + "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "renumbered,", + "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "the area include the A1 (Gateshead", + "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "the east coast between Tynemouth", + "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "the area include the A1 (Gateshead", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "two", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "two", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "Ponteland.", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "the city: Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station.", + "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "Eldon Square Bus Station, providing the majority of services south of the river in Gateshead,", + "57269120708984140094ca59": "1998", + "57269120708984140094ca5a": "joining up routes", + "57269120708984140094ca5b": "first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council", + "57269120708984140094ca5c": "national networks", + "57269120708984140094ca5d": "developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier", + "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords", + "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "2007", + "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "cause \u2013 and their service to Bergen and Stavanger,", + "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "late 2008", + "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "eleven", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "eleven", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School,", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "general further education college in the North East and is a beacon status college;", + "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "Catholic", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "two", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "New University'", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "Newcastle upon Tyne.", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "the Year award", + "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide", + "572699b55951b619008f778f": "three", + "572699b55951b619008f7790": "1850", + "572699b55951b619008f7791": "Anglican St. Nicholas, with its elegant lantern", + "572699b55951b619008f7792": "the city centre is the Church", + "572699b55951b619008f7793": "St Thomas the Martyr which is the only parish", + "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham.", + "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times.", + "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "the Priory church", + "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "the Priory church", + "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times.", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "BBC Radio Newcastle.", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "North East and Cumbria", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "ITV Tyne Tees", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "to studio 5 at the City Road complex", + "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "BBC North East and Cumbria is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital", + "57269d745951b619008f77d7": "Royal Victoria Infirmary.", + "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "Royal Victoria", + "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "since", + "57269d745951b619008f77da": "Children's Hospital", + "57269d745951b619008f77db": "Gateshead since 1951, broadcasting on Hospedia and online. The city also has a Radio Lollipop station", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "1923", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "Westminster,", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "Sir Charles Parsons,", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Bell", + "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Hume,", + "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "former pupils of Rutherford Grammar School,", + "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator", + "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "the city. John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian smallpipes, the most characteristic musical instrument in", + "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "Nobel Prize winning physicist Peter", + "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "Peter Higgs,", + "5726710b708984140094c61d": "the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea,", + "5726710b708984140094c61e": "over 4.5 million", + "5726710b708984140094c61f": "2001", + "5726710b708984140094c620": "the V&A),", + "572680ac708984140094c83d": "the Royal Borough of Kensington", + "572680ac708984140094c83e": "2001", + "572680ac708984140094c83f": "Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in an area that has become known as \"Albertopolis\"", + "572680ac708984140094c840": "Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea,", + "572680ac708984140094c841": "2001", + "57268294708984140094c877": "12.5", + "57268294708984140094c878": "12.5 acres (51,000", + "57268294708984140094c879": "12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years", + "57268294708984140094c87a": "metalwork, while the Islamic collection", + "57268294708984140094c87b": "The East", + "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "Gottfried Semper,", + "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "Gottfried Semper,", + "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "Somerset House.", + "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "the nucleus", + "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "Gottfried Semper,", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "the School of Design that had been founded in 1837", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "George Wallis (1811\u20131891), the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection,", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "1837", + "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "1837", + "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "1948", + "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "nearly a million", + "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "British", + "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "industry\". The success", + "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "1946", + "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "the first museum in Britain", + "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "Gryphon, who explored the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation", + "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "Roy Strong and was subsequently emulated by some other British", + "572691d7708984140094ca70": "Gryphon, who explored the lineage of mediaeval", "57269656708984140094cafd": "The V&A", - "57269656708984140094cafe": "in Dundee that would use the V&A brand although it would be funded", - "57269656708984140094caff": "V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council and the", - "57269656708984140094cb00": "V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee", - "57269656708984140094cb01": "The V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "parts of the", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "Brompton Park House, which was extended, most notably by the \"Brompton Boilers\", which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "The", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "was civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers, who was appointed by Cole. The next major expansions", - "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "The", - "57269c06708984140094cba1": "An", - "57269c06708984140094cba2": "was designed and built in 1864\u201369. The style adopted for this part", - "57269c06708984140094cba3": "of terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north fa\u00e7ade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by James", - "57269c06708984140094cba4": "a series of frescoes by Lord Leighton: Industrial Arts as Applied to War 1878\u20131880 and Industrial Arts Applied to Peace, which was", - "57269c06708984140094cba5": "terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north fa\u00e7ade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors", - "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "The", - "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows, the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by Alfred Stevens and was", - "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "Green Dining Room 1866\u201368 was the work of Philip Webb and William Morris, and displays Elizabethan influences. The lower part of the walls", - "57269d68708984140094cbda": "the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room 1866\u201368", - "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "was designed in a Renaissance style by James Gamble, the walls and even the Ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic", - "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "at the museum was Colonel (later", - "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers the next architect", - "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "the garden the five-storey School for Naval Architects (also known as the science schools), now the Henry Cole Wing in 1867\u201372.", - "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "death of Captain Francis Fowke, Royal", - "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "to", - "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "work", - "5726a2445951b619008f7862": ",", - "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "style of the earlier buildings, various designers were responsible for the decoration", - "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "Continuing", - "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "as late as 1885 designed by Starkie Gardner, these lead to a passage through the building. Scott also designed the two Cast", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "took place between 1899 and 1909. Stylistically it is a", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "much of the detail belongs to the Renaissance there are medieval influences at work. The main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "place between 1899 and 1909. Stylistically it is a strange hybrid, although much of the detail belongs to the Renaissance there are medieval", - "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "The main fa\u00e7ade, built from red brick and", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "Prince Albert appears within the", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Gallery. The interior makes much use of marble", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "by the shop and", - "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "These fa\u00e7ades surround four levels of galleries. Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and Rotunda, the East and West Halls, the areas occupied", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "In", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "In the immediate", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "In", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "In", - "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "available for other than essential repairs. The 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work; the first major work was the creation of new", - "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "A few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the Indian,", - "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "Hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture, Softroom, Islamic", - "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "miniatures,", - "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "leading to South Kensington tube station, New signage throughout the museum,", - "5726afeb708984140094cddb": ":", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "central garden was redesigned by Kim", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "The central garden was redesigned by", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "garden was", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "to", - "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "The", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004, the V&A", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "architecture", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "2004, the V&A alongside Royal Institute of British", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "the UK", - "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "the museum, joining the already extensive collection held by the V&A. With over 600,000 drawings, over", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "Not only are all the major British architects of the last four", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held in the collection.", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Zaha", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": ",", - "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Not only are all the", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "Paul", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "Pindar's house", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "facade of Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "As", - "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "'", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "Ardabil Carpet,", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "Jameel", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "2006, houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the Ardabil Carpet, the centrepiece of", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "The", - "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "being the Ardabil Carpet, the", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "Marathas, including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds, diamonds", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds, diamonds and rubies, also", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "art are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "and", - "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "The Museum's", - "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "Eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The", - "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "BC to", - "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "Far Eastern", - "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": ",", - "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "works", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "1550 to 1900, but one", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "from 1550 to 1900", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550 to", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "including the Mazarin Chest dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving", - "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "One of the finest objects displayed is Suzuki Chokichi's bronze incense burner", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "cover Korea, the Himalayan kingdoms and", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "the Himalayan kingdoms", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "The", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": ", scroll paintings", - "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "The", - "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "of the great treasures in the library is the Codex Forster, some of Leonardo da Vinci's note books. The Codex consists", - "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "the Codex Forster, some of Leonardo", - "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "the", - "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "Duke", - "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "books he collected are early editions in Greek and Latin of the poets and playwrights Aeschylus, Aristotle,", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "needed], Canterbury; Pocket Book of Hours,", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Writers", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "the 12th to 16th centuries include: the Eadwine Psalter[citation needed],", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "papers are in the library are as diverse as Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter. Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to", - "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "whose", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "including printed exhibit catalogs, and card catalogs. A computer system called MODES cataloging system was used from the 1980s", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "Art", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "The National Art Library (also called Word", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "accession", - "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "items in the collection, unless those were newly accessioned into the collection, probably do", - "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "and Albert Museum\u2019s Word and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world, to", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "and Albert Museum\u2019s Word and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "utilizing digital cameras. The Word and Image Department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world, to digitize", - "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "The Victoria and", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Not only the work of British artists and craftspeople", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "and wallpaper", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Not only the", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "commissioned by British patrons, as well as imports from Asia, including porcelain, cloth and wallpaper. Designers and artists whose work is on display in", - "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "only the work of British artists", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the Tudor", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton and Eleanor Coade.", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "the work of European artists and craftsmen employed in Britain. In the", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "also", - "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "influenced", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "One of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "of", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "dramatic parts of the museum is", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "the most dramatic parts of the museum is", - "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "half in order to fit under the", - "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "Well represented in the collection is", - "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "Well", - "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "represented", - "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "Well", - "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "discover the Chinese method of making porcelain.", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "De Morgan and Bernard Leach as well as Mintons & Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Britain and Holland, which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height. Bernard Palissy has several examples", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries, made in Germany and Switzerland. There", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "Many", - "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "Royal Doulton are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of Delftware produced in both Britain and Holland, which includes a circa 1695", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the British Galleries. Many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including, from the 19th", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "covers", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware on display comes from Ancient Egypt and", - "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "glass making, and has", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "glass beaker known as the Luck of Edenhall is also displayed in these galleries. Examples of British stained glass are displayed in", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "The main gallery was redesigned in", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "The main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass", - "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "of Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005. In this latter gallery stained", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "The", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "10,000 British and 2,000 old master works, including works", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "Benedetto Castiglione,", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "collection of drawings", - "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "collection", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "The", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "collection is the most comprehensive", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the", - "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "The costume", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "In 2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes. Other", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "acquired the", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "In 2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff", - "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "in the collection include Coco Chanel, Hubert de", - "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": ", with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary items and did not do so again until the", - "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by Andr\u00e9 Charles Boulle, a commode by Bernard Vanrisamburgh", - "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "French Renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865,", - "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "French", - "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "One of the most important pieces in this collection is", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "furniture in the collection is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet dated c1750", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Vredeman de Vries. One of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet dated c1750 from", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "in", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "Vredeman de Vries. One of the finest pieces of continental", - "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Cabinet dated 1861\u20131867 made", - "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": ", containing over 6000", - "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "is one", - "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "and most comprehensive", - "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from Ancient Egypt to", - "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "of", - "5726ee28708984140094d656": "or gold", - "5726ee28708984140094d657": "10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide, designed", - "5726ee28708984140094d658": "There", - "5726ee28708984140094d659": "000 objects made from", - "5726ee28708984140094d655": "There", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "Candlestick,", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "bronze", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high Gloucester", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "in the", - "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "c1110, made from gilt", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "collection. The answer, from Bryan Davies was that the museum intended to preserve and", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "February 2010, a decision which was highly controversial. An online", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "Instruments", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "An online petition of over 5,100 names on the Parliamentary website led to Chris Smith asking Parliament about the future of the collection. The answer, from", - "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "Instruments", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "Elizabeth", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "paintings, 6800 British watercolours,", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "about", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "113", - "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "6800 British", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "the Younger, Domenico di Pace Beccafumi, Fioravante Ferramola, Jan Brueghel the Elder, Anthony van Dyck,", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly by contemporary British artists, and a similar number of drawings to the museum with", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "In", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "Mulready, William Powell Frith,", - "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "West, Paul Sandby, Richard Wilson, William Etty,", - "5726f755708984140094d737": "Madame de Pompadour dated 1758,", - "5726f755708984140094d738": "Gaspard Dughet and works by Fran\u00e7ois", - "5726f755708984140094d739": "the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not", - "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the", - "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates. These sequences of photographs taken a", - "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781", - "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "of 78", - "5726f90b708984140094d760": "the more unusual", - "5726f90b708984140094d761": "is that of Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates.", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "The sculpture collection at the", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "the period from about 400 AD to 1914. This covers", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "covers among other periods Byzantine and Anglo Saxon ivory sculptures, British, French and Spanish medieval statues and carvings, the Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Classical,", - "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "sculpture collection", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "Foggini, Vincenzo Foggini", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Bellano, Luca della", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "1622\u20133), Giovanni Battista Foggini,", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "Busti, Bartolomeo Ammannati, Giacomo della Porta, Giambologna (Samson", - "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "The", - "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "Rodin", - "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "to the museum by the sculptor in 1914", - "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "Rodin is represented", - "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "more", - "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "Rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection, making it", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "were", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "and Eric Gill. A sample of some of these sculptors' work is on display in the British Galleries.", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "whose", - "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Sculptors both British and Europeans who were based in Britain and whose work is in the", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "and Jacob Epstein along with other of their contemporaries are now on view. These galleries concentrate on works dated 1600 to 1950 by British sculptors, works", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "of the Dorothy", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "the", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "it", - "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "of the", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "collection", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "European though", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "more than 53,000 examples", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "more than 53,", - "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "more", - "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "includes a fragment", - "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "known surviving European tapestry. A highlight of the collection is the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, very rare 15th-century", - "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry.", - "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "collection includes a fragment of the Cloth of St Gereon,", - "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "oldest known surviving European", - "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "One of the", - "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The", - "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "of various types of textiles designed by William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry", - "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "is also held by the collection. The collection has", - "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "surviving", - "57270817708984140094d8c7": "collections", - "57270817708984140094d8c8": "the", - "57270817708984140094d8c9": "The V&A", - "57270817708984140094d8ca": "The", - "57270817708984140094d8cb": "research, exhibitions and other shows. They hold the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's", - "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "is", - "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "Conservation is", - "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "the V&A and the V&A", - "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "Conservation is responsible for the", - "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections", - "57267b755951b619008f7433": "The", - "57267b755951b619008f7434": "in its logo as abc since 1957) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney\u2013ABC Television Group,", - "57267b755951b619008f7435": "The", - "57267b755951b619008f7436": "The American Broadcasting Company", - "57267b755951b619008f7437": "The American", - "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC. In the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United", - "57267ca75951b619008f746a": ",", - "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "on October 12, 1943 as", - "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "1980s, after purchasing an 80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN, the network's parent merged with", - "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "1943 as a radio network, separated from and serving as", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "The television network has eight owned-and-operated", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "border) or through a cable, satellite or IPTV provider, although most ABC programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "network has", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "eight", - "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "The", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "In", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "by", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "States was dominated by three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC).", - "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies: the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the Mutual Broadcasting System and", - "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "In", - "572681ab708984140094c85d": "Having no power over the networks themselves, the FCC established a regulation forbidding", - "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1934, Mutual filed", - "572681ab708984140094c85f": "Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations, in a radio", - "572681ab708984140094c860": "radio market that was already being saturated by NBC and CBS. In 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published", - "572681ab708984140094c861": "with the Federal Communications Commission", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "Network,", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "NBC Blue in", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "Once Mutual's appeals against the FCC were rejected,", - "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "Mutual's", - "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "Mutual's appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "John Noble, the owner of", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall", - "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "$8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell", - "57268739708984140094c8ed": "became", - "57268739708984140094c8ee": "suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented", - "57268739708984140094c8ef": "ABC became an aggressive competitor to NBC and CBS when, continuing NBC", - "57268739708984140094c8f0": "the help of the Magnetophon, ABC was able to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time, and also", - "57268739708984140094c8f1": "became", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "second period of", - "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "to that of", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "network in the 1990s, and policies enacted", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "enacted in the 2000s by Disney Media Networks (which", - "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "Jetix;", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "and affiliates to rebroadcast the network's programs. In 1959, this rerun activity was completed with program syndication, with", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties. As a result, ABC was forced to sell", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "The idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels, and affiliates to", - "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "The idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels,", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "The", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": ",", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "The", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "to internationalize", - "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "The", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "holds the", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "holds", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "rights to the Academy Awards,", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "ABC currently holds the broadcast rights to the Academy Awards, Emmy", - "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "Awards (which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis), American Music", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "-year hiatus to provide", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "on New Year's", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "Since 1974, ABC has generally aired Dick", - "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "New Year's Rockin' Eve on", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "opera General Hospital, the latter of which is", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "in the history of the ABC television network, having aired since 1963. ABC also broadcasts the morning news program Good Morning America and has done so since 1975,", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "s", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "daytime schedule currently features talk", - "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "soap operas seen on the", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "off that had no room on the primetime schedule, occasional", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "6:00", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "football season, during", - "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "provided on some weekend", - "5726e860708984140094d579": "television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, one for each market where it owned and operated a radio", - "5726e860708984140094d57a": "While its radio network was undergoing reconstruction,", - "5726e860708984140094d57b": "station (New York City,", - "5726e860708984140094d57c": "its radio network", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. Before the freeze ended in 1952, there were", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "fall of 1949, ABC found", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "In the fall of 1949,", - "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "the", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "Supreme Court to become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures. For its part, ABC was on the verge of bankruptcy, with only five", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "At the end of 1949, movie theater operator United Paramount Theatres (UPT) was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "At", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "viewers, failed to compensate for its", - "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates. Its", - "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson,", - "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "as Paramount Pictures was already a shareholder in the DuMont Television Network,", - "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "UPT (which", - "5726ed12708984140094d645": "1952, when the", - "5726ed12708984140094d646": "announced", - "5726ed12708984140094d647": "was slated to address was whether to approve the UPT-ABC merger. One FCC Commissioner saw the possibility of ABC, funded", - "5726ed12708984140094d648": "In", - "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "WXYZ-TV", - "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "The", - "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "s flagship owned-and", - "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "The network's", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "black-and-white, as ABC", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "would be marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by ABC to", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by ABC to counterprogram its established competitors,", - "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "gradual transition to color.", - "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "1959, Walt Disney", - "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "improved its", - "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "to carry", - "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "had purchased ABC's shares in the Disneyland", - "572734af708984140094dae3": "launched", - "572734af708984140094dae4": "\"download the dot\", a program which would cause the ABC logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right", - "572734af708984140094dae5": "ABC launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo, also called \"the dot\",", - "572734af708984140094dae6": "in which", - "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "different", - "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "graphical identity, designed by Pittard Sullivan, featuring a small black-and-white \"ABC Circle\" logo on a yellow background", - "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "logo on a yellow background (promotions during this time also featured a sequence of still photos of the stars of its programs during the timeslot card as", - "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "programs", - "572736625951b619008f86d1": "In 1983, for", - "572736625951b619008f86d2": "In 1983, for the", - "572736625951b619008f86d3": "network's founding, ID sequences had the logo appear in a gold", - "572736625951b619008f86d4": "In", - "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "The", - "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in", - "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "1970s and", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "In 1962, graphic designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known (and current) form, with the lowercase letters \"abc\"", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "In 1962, graphic designer Paul Rand", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "1962, graphic designer Paul Rand redesigned the ABC logo into its best-known", - "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "season. The letters are strongly reminiscent of the Bauhaus typeface designed by Herbert Bayer in the 1920s, but also share similarities with several other", - "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Disney\u2013ABC was considering a sale", - "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "CBS's, and the Mutual Broadcasting System during the 1990s) as potential buyers. On October 19, 2005, ABC announced the restructuring of the group into six divisions:", - "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "and September 2005,", - "57273954708984140094db05": "In", - "57273954708984140094db06": "In", - "57273954708984140094db07": "In 2004,", - "57273954708984140094db08": "2004, ABC's average viewership declined by ten ratings points,", - "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "Networks affiliates approved a", - "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "affiliate agreement in 2002.", - "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "'", - "57273a0d708984140094db10": "In", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "KABC-TV", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": ", as a result of a carriage dispute", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "April", - "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "On April 30, 2000, as a result of a carriage dispute with ABC,", - "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "addition", - "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "In addition to Who Wants to Be", - "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "a Millionaire, the network entered the 2000s with", - "57273c195951b619008f8721": "based on the British program of the same title.", - "57273c195951b619008f8722": "title. Hosted throughout its ABC tenure by Regis Philbin,", - "57273c195951b619008f8723": "premiered a special series event, Who", - "57273c195951b619008f8724": "tenure by Regis Philbin, the program became a major ratings success throughout its initial summer run, which led ABC to renew Millionaire as a regular series,", - "57273d19708984140094db3d": "forbade the company from keeping both it and KABC-TV, Disney sold Los Angeles independent station KCAL-TV to Young Broadcasting for $387", - "57273d19708984140094db3e": "January", - "57273d19708984140094db3f": "travails of the staff of a SportsCenter-style sports news program; despite earning critical praise and multiple Emmy Awards, the series", - "57273d19708984140094db40": "$1.65 billion. Following the merger, Thomas S. Murphy left ABC with Robert Iger taking his place as president and CEO. Around the", - "57273d19708984140094db41": "premiered the Aaron Sorkin-created sitcom Sports Night, centering on the travails of the staff of a SportsCenter-style", - "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "It", - "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "was", - "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "was not until the 1965\u201366 season", - "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "May 1, 1953, ABC's New York City flagship stations \u2013 WJZ, WJZ-FM", - "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "New", - "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "to", - "57273f9d708984140094db51": ",", - "57273f9d708984140094db52": "proposed a merger between UPT and the DuMont Television Network, which was also mired", - "57273f9d708984140094db53": "a", - "57273f9d708984140094db54": "to be", - "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "had been trying since mid-1953 to provide content for the network by contacting his old acquaintances in Hollywood, with whom he had worked when UPT", - "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "At the same time he made attempts to help grow ABC, Goldenson had", - "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "At", - "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "the 1955", - "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "season,", - "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "films Kings Row and Casablanca; Cheyenne (adapted from the 1947 film Wyoming Kid); Sugarfoot (a remake of the 1954 film The Boy from Oklahoma);", - "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "ABC", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "accrued a guarantee of $4.", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "Walt", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "Goldenson at the end", - "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "Walt", - "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded", - "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who", - "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which", - "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "In July 1968, ABC Radio launched a special programming project for its FM stations, which was spearheaded by Allen Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL", - "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "On the television", - "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "in September", - "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": ", a", - "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "the television side,", - "572743fb708984140094db93": "In the early 1970s, ABC completed its transition to color; the decade as a", - "572743fb708984140094db94": "1970s", - "572743fb708984140094db95": "the decade as a whole would mark a turning point", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "ESPN, took over as the league's marquee game. According to Goldenson, Monday Night Football", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "1970, ABC debuted Monday Night", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "a", - "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "Monday Night Football", - "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1970, the FCC voted to pass the", - "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "from monopolizing the broadcast landscape", - "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "FCC", - "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "the Central West division of ABC Theatres, was sold to Henry Plitt in 1974. On January 17, 1972, Elton Rule was named President and Chief", - "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "In April 1970,", - "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "April 1970, Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette", - "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "April 1970, Congress", - "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966, became the network's program development manager. He helped bring about ideas for many series including Happy Days", - "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "the early 1970s", - "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "Love, American Style),", - "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "In the early 1970s, Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966,", - "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Pierce, the newly appointed president of ABC Television, convinced", - "572748745951b619008f87b2": "appointed", - "572748745951b619008f87b3": "appointed president of ABC Television, convinced Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television", - "572748745951b619008f87b4": "the spring of 1975, Fred", - "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "1970s were", - "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "fantasy, action and superhero-themed series for the network including Kung Fu, The Six Million Dollar Man, Wonder Woman, Starsky & Hutch,", - "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "by several successful comedy", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "during 1977: January saw the premiere of Roots, a miniseries based on an Alex Haley novel that was published the previous year; in September,", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "part, the television", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "an Alex", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "its part, the television network produced a few new hits during 1977: January saw the premiere of Roots, a miniseries", - "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "the premiere of Roots, a miniseries based on an Alex Haley", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Meanwhile, ABC News, which formed as a newly separate division,", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "Meanwhile, ABC News, which", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "ABC News, which formed as a newly separate division, sought to become a global", - "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "Meanwhile,", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "Arledge", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "In June", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "June", - "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": ",", - "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "proposed a 24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News,", - "57274cac708984140094dbde": "launch of ABC News Now,", - "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "to 1970) from SJL Broadcast Management, with the latter switching to ABC once its contract with NBC expired two months after the purchase was finalized in", - "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "finalized in early 1995. Both", - "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "halted production", - "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "2007\u201308 and 2008\u201309, as various ABC shows that premiered in 2007, such as Dirty Sexy Money, Pushing Daisies,", - "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "The Writers Guild of America strike that halted production of network programs for much of the 2007\u201308", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group merged ABC Entertainment and", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "early 2009, Disney\u2013ABC", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "In", - "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "Apple Inc. to", - "57274f07708984140094dbed": "began running", - "57274f07708984140094dbee": "the", - "57274f07708984140094dbef": "network", - "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "The network began running", - "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "portions of its catalog, including the Ruby-Spears", - "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "the FCC imposed its fin-syn", - "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively", - "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "the FCC imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively created two companies: Worldvision Enterprises as a syndication distributor, and ABC Circle", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "known as Buena Vista Television) handles domestic television distribution, while Disney\u2013ABC International Television (formerly", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "of the", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "theatrical library and the", - "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "as America's Funniest Home Videos, General Hospital, and ABC News productions), although Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television (formerly known", - "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "has had many affiliated stations, which include WABC-TV and WPVI-TV, the first two stations to carry the network's", - "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "49 states, the District of Columbia, four U.S. possessions, Bermuda and Saba; this makes ABC the largest U.S.", - "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "WABC-TV and WPVI-TV,", - "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "its", - "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "many", - "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "since the", - "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": ",", - "57275573708984140094dc45": "the 2011 cancellation of Supernanny, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule", - "57275573708984140094dc46": "of Supernanny, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition became the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3", - "57275573708984140094dc47": "specials produced prior to 2005 \u2013 such as the Peanuts specials and Rudolph's Shiny New Year \u2013 which continue to", - "57275573708984140094dc48": "only", - "57275650708984140094dc5f": "feed is transmitted in", - "57275650708984140094dc60": "The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties. However, most of Hearst Television's 16 ABC-affiliated stations transmit the network's", - "57275650708984140094dc61": "The", - "57275650708984140094dc62": "ABC's", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "The network's", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "network's", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "The", - "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "with sustaining existing series and gaining new hits spilled over into its 2010\u201311 schedule: ABC's dramas during that season continued to fail, with the", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "14", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the rights to both shows", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "14, 2011, ABC canceled", - "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "2011, ABC canceled the long-running soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "Suburgatory. NBC,", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "time since 2004", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Resurrection, all of which were renewed;", - "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "\u201314 season was a slight", - "57275a505951b619008f889f": "Among the few", - "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "bright spots during this season were the midseason crime dramedy Castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms", - "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "gradually", - "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's", - "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Daniel Burke departed", - "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Murphy", - "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "Daniel Burke", - "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "in February 1994, with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control to Robert Iger.", - "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994, with Thomas Murphy taking over as president before ceding control", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "production studios. That same year, Capital Cities/ABC purchased the French animation studio DIC", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "1993, the FCC repealed the Financial", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "In 1993,", - "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "Financial", - "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "continued on the same path that it began", - "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "to take in the", - "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "was trying to establish a television station in Toronto, sought the help of ABC to launch the station. Leonard Goldenson agreed to", - "57275e125951b619008f88da": "that", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "it to become the future core of ABC Sports, with Arledge", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "in", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "Always in search of new", - "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Always", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "entity", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "entity, American", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "In", - "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "answers to selected questions. This was followed up in July 1966 by The Newlywed Game, featuring three recently married", - "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "during", - "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "midseason series in 1981, five", - "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "landscape", - "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "U.S.). Several flagship series debuted on the network during this time including Dynasty, an opulent", - "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "sold KXYZ", - "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "In 1983,", - "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "Corporation. On January 4, 1984, The New York Times reported that ABC, through its subsidiary ABC Video Enterprises, had exercised its option to purchase up to", - "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "in ESPN, which would allow it to expand its shares at a later date. In June 1984, ABC's", - "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network's history), Step by Step, Hangin' with Mr.", - "572763a8708984140094dcda": "Thomas S. Murphy delegated his position as president to Daniel", - "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "Matters, as well as series such as Doogie Howser, M.D.,", - "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "1990, Thomas", - "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "CEO. Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $465 million. Now at a strong second place, the network entered the", - "572764855951b619008f8951": "programming includes Good Morning America from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays (along with one-hour weekend editions);", - "572764855951b619008f8952": "America from 7:00 to 9:00", - "572764855951b619008f8953": "one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. Eastern/Pacific for stations to air newscasts, other locally produced programming such as", - "572764855951b619008f8954": "Daytime programming is also provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "Bend, Indiana (WBND-LD).", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "markets, such as Birmingham, Alabama (WBMA-LD), Lima, Ohio (WLQP-LP) and South Bend,", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "and Delaware are the only U.S. states where ABC does not have a locally licensed affiliate (New Jersey is", - "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "served by New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV; Rhode Island is served by New Bedford,", - "57276690708984140094dd01": "of", - "57276690708984140094dd02": "All of ABC's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates have had their own facilities and studios, but transverse entities", - "57276690708984140094dd03": "All of ABC's owned-and-operated stations", - "57276690708984140094dd04": "Television Center (now", - "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "ABC also owns the Times Square Studios at 1500 Broadway on land in Times Square owned by a development fund for the 42nd Street Project; opened in", - "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "Broadway on", - "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "also", - "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "six-story building occupying a 196 feet (60 m) \u00d7 379 feet (116 m) plot at 121\u2013135 West End Avenue. The block of", - "572768d9708984140094dd13": "service called", - "572768d9708984140094dd14": "Demand, which is carried on most traditional cable and IPTV providers. The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner", - "572768d9708984140094dd15": "ABC", - "572768d9708984140094dd16": "on demand services for", - "572769e85951b619008f8985": "The most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand", - "572769e85951b619008f8986": "their original broadcast. In addition, ABC on Demand (like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other U.S. broadcast networks)", - "572769e85951b619008f8987": "by the other U.S. broadcast networks) disallows", - "572769e85951b619008f8988": "most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand the day after", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "A", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "promotions for the", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "for the 2013", - "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "A revised version of the ABC", - "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "By 1954, all U.S.", - "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "Congress in", - "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "large enough", - "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "U.S.", - "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "As a result,", - "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "off-", - "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "stations", - "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "As a result, with the exception of the largest markets, ABC was relegated to secondary status on", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "September 3,", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "it became disassociated with the theme park of the same name. The movement in westerns, which ABC is credited for having", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "in westerns, which ABC is credited for having started, represented a fifth of all primetime series on American television in January 1959, at", - "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "westerns,", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "as the major networks began airing theatrically released films,", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "pressure", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production,", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production,", - "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "film studios wanting to increase their production,", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "management; the two companies agreed to the deal on April 27,", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "overseas ownership of ITT. ITT management promised that the company would allow ABC to retain autonomy in the publishing business. The merger was", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "On", - "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "Goldenson", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "chief executive officer of Capital Cities Communications, contacted Leonard Goldenson about a proposal", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "December", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "implemented by the FCC in January 1985, that", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "In December 1984,", - "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "S.", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "merger", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "The merger between ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986, the combined company \u2013 which became known", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5,", - "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "several changes in its management: Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division; Michael P. Millardi", - "57277585708984140094de2b": "programming is concerned, four of ABC's", - "57277585708984140094de2c": "of ABC's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s: Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983,", - "57277585708984140094de2d": "marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during", - "57277585708984140094de2e": "programming is concerned, four of ABC's", - "57277585708984140094de2f": "Happy Days and Three's Company ended in 1984 (with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year), while The", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "Funny\"). Many of the series featured during the run of the block were produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, a Warner Bros.-based studio that", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "success of these series, ABC revamped", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "revamped its Friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block", - "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the \"TGIF\" block (which promotions", - "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "to own a maximum of", - "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "Selmur Pictures. In July 1968, ABC continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of ABC", - "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "FCC ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations", - "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "KXYZ", - "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "KXYZ-FM for $1 million", - "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "not until the late", - "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "to", - "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "It was", - "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "U.S. population, as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than NBC and CBS.", - "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "was not until the late", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "competitors\", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks, which helped Goldenson give the network a", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "scheduled a half-hour before", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "programs presented ABC with an image of the \"philosophy of counterprogramming", - "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "These kinds of programs presented ABC with an image", - "57277af2708984140094dec3": "U.S. broadcast network). Similar to sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which originated the \"WATCH\"", - "57277af2708984140094dec4": "(the first such offering by a U.S. broadcast network). Similar to sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which", - "57277af2708984140094dec5": "stations in Boston, Kansas City,", - "57277af2708984140094dec6": "May", - "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total, owning or providing services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only", - "57277bfc708984140094deda": "of ABC stations by numerical total,", - "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of", - "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "The Sinclair Broadcast Group is", - "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates; Sinclair owns the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size, WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"Start Here\". Also developed by Troika,", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "and \"simplify and bring a lot", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"Start Here\". Also developed by Troika,", - "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "June 16,", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "Michigan (WZZM and WOTV), with an analogous situation arising in Kansas", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "The network has", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "signal from their market's primary ABC affiliate (in the case of WWSB,", - "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "The network has the", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": ",", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "came", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations \u2013 especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia", - "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast", - "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "Before", - "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "successor and split his empire into", - "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "Khan as his successor", - "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "Genghis Khan died, he assigned \u00d6gedei", - "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned \u00d6gedei Khan as", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "Tem\u00fcjin was", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia, not far", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia,", - "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Tem\u00fcjin was", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Tem\u00fcjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun,", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Tem\u00fcjin's", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "next", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "by Tem\u00fcjin", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "mother) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult. Temujin's", - "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother Hoelun (not Begter's mother)", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "a cangue, a sort of portable", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "around", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who", - "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis", - "5726a784708984140094ccff": "between the various confederations, all compounded by interference", - "5726a784708984140094cd00": "time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were", - "5726a784708984140094cd01": "confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Tem\u00fcjin grew up observing the tough political climate of", - "5726a784708984140094cd02": "At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances.", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "of his friend and future rival, Jamukha,", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "father", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "father, Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement", - "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes.", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "B\u00f6rte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241), \u00d6gedei (1189\u20141241),", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "had three more sons,", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "had", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "B\u00f6rte had", - "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "B\u00f6rte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187\u20141241),", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "title", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "began", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Tem\u00fcjin began his ascent to power by", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "to", - "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "offering himself as an ally (or, according", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "Jamukha, threatened by", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "As", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": ",", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "As Jamukha and Tem\u00fcjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power,", - "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Jamukha and Tem\u00fcjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became", - "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils. As", - "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "an", - "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "an", - "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "future", - "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "marriage", - "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "culture. This", - "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "One of the later ruptures", - "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha,", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "the", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "The next direct threat to Tem\u00fcjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols),", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "Khan,", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "s assumption of this title was", - "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "to", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "disloyal men in his army. Jamukha", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "According to the Secret History, Tem\u00fcjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha,", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "to the Secret History, Tem\u00fcjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side.", - "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in", - "5726b879708984140094cf01": "of", - "5726b879708984140094cf02": "Genghis Khan's", - "5726b879708984140094cf03": "deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified", - "5726b879708984140094cf04": "Genghis Khan's", - "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Jamukha (who", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "founder of the Yuan dynasty). This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "dynasty", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "Mongols, Keraites, Tatars,", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "a", - "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": ",", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan,", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "1211, after the", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": ",", - "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the", - "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "and", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Tem\u00fcjin defeated", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "Kuchlug,", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known", - "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "as", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Qara Khitai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result,", - "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "invading Mongols were forced to", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "With", - "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "change", - "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "1218,", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "early", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "partner using the", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "century, the Khwarazmian", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian", - "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "In the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": ", generals", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by", - "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "sons crossed the", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics.", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "The Shah's army was split", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "civilians", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "Khwarezmia's defeats,", - "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted", - "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "was moved to", - "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "their forces to", - "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "Samarkand", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "loyal supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel.", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "The Mongols attacked Samarkand", - "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "The Mongols attacked", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "army and the rest of", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "The city", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "The", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors", - "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit", - "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the", - "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars,", - "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "also may have", - "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "return", - "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe.", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory,", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "beyond the Bulgar", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire", - "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Hungary", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "Suzhou", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "siege", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "attack", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "crossed", - "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "Xiliang-fu[disambiguation needed]. One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols", - "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "In 1227, Genghis", - "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Liupanshan (Qingshui County,", - "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of", - "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went", - "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "Genghis Khan's", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "was voiced most strongly by", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "The", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "of", - "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he", - "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai", - "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he", - "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he would not follow", - "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "Genghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "died in 1226", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "1226,", - "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "1226, during", - "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers hee", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "Genghis Khan died. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia,", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "1227, during", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "hunting or battle. According to The Secret History of", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "version", - "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "variously", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "death, Genghis Khan", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "his tribe. After", - "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": ".", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo)", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "Chinese Nationalist soldiers", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in", - "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an", - "57273581708984140094daeb": "make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh", - "57273581708984140094daec": "'s palace", - "57273581708984140094daed": "-", - "57273581708984140094daee": "find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales state", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy.", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "Yassa,", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "The Mongol Empire", - "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "The Mongol", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "tax exemptions for", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "were tax exemptions", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and", - "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "There were tax", - "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "Modern", - "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example T\u00f6regene", - "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the", - "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals,", - "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Genghis", - "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "Genghis", - "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such", - "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "Genghis Khan realised that he needed people", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Genghis", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "Genghis", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his", - "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai,", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "The", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "Mongol military", - "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "siege warfare, cutting off resources", - "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part", - "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did", - "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "the Mongol Empire. At the time of his", - "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "1227. Under Genghis's successor \u00d6gedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak.", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "This", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "under one cohesive", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "Genghis", - "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted", - "5727404b708984140094db59": "especially among the younger generation. However, there is a chasm", - "5727404b708984140094db5a": "of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian", - "5727404b708984140094db5b": "In", - "5727404b708984140094db5c": "identity has had a powerful", - "5727404b708984140094db5d": "In the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "s", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "In Mongolia", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "In Mongolia today,", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "today, Genghis", - "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "In", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "Genghis", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under", - "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "Genghis", - "57275250708984140094dc25": "There", - "57275250708984140094dc26": "are", - "57275250708984140094dc27": "completed that conquest and established the", - "57275250708984140094dc28": "never", - "57275250708984140094dc29": "views", - "572753af708984140094dc2f": "In the", - "572753af708984140094dc30": "people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not", - "572753af708984140094dc31": "gen", - "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "The", - "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "Kiev, Vladimir", - "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan", - "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand,", - "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such", - "572756715951b619008f8877": "Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the", - "572756715951b619008f8878": "Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians,", - "572756715951b619008f8879": "famous", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "One", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "\"ocean\", \"oceanic\" or \"wide-spreading\". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": ", meaning \"ocean\"", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and", - "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written,", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": ",", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "Genghis Khan, the title is spelled in", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "variety of ways", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Genghis Khan, the title", - "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": ", the title is spelled in variety of", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharmacy is", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "pharmacy is", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "their", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term", - "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "The", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "Pharmacists", - "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists", - "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode", - "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "Technician in the UK", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "Technician in the UK is considered a", - "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "A Pharmacy Technician", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "of Carystus", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "In Ancient Greece, Diocles", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age.", - "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "In", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538\u2013710) and the early Nara period (710\u2013794),", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "In", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "(1868). In this", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "Japan, at the end of the", - "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "In", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "(Rhazes)", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "Zakar\u012bya R\u0101zi (Rhazes) (865\u2013915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds.", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "advances", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "al-Maridini", - "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "(1008\u20131074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "there are old", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "Dubrovnik, Croatia, located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "In Europe there are old pharmacies", - "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Ll\u00edvia,", - "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "countries", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "most", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist", - "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "Because of", - "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e.,", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "community", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "pharmacies can often be", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously.", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "specialized", - "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "Pharmacists provide direct patient", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "Pharmacists provide direct patient care services", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "Pharmacists", - "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "Pharmacists", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "clinical pharmac", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "The clinical", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "reviewing", - "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "dispensing and administration", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "ambulatory care ph", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "federal", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "In the U.S.", - "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "Health Service,", - "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "Consultant pharmacy", - "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "Consultant", - "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "Consultant", - "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication", - "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "pharmacy", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "2000,", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "Since", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "of Internet pharmacies", - "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "pharmacies (also known as online pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are home", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "While", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "valid", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "pharmacies sell", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription,", - "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "Internet", - "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "met.[citation needed] In the United States, in", - "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "a controlled substance to a \"patient\" s/he has never met.[citation needed] In the United", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "met.[citation needed] In the United States, in", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "people, youth in particular, can obtain", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone)", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone)", - "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": ", youth in particular, can", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "to legalize importation", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "In the United States, there has been a", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "the", - "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA)", - "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "informatics is", - "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or", - "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "informatics is the combination of", - "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "pharmacy", - "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "Pharmacy", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral,", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": ",", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "pharmacies", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer,", - "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": ".", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "In most", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "most", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "as", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "most", - "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "In most jurisdictions", - "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "that the GP practice", - "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "are allowed to both prescribe and dispense", - "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "rural areas in", - "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their", - "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "for the majority rule is the high risk of a", - "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that", - "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "The", - "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise,", - "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in \"diagnosing\" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "In the coming decades, pharmacists", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "the coming decades, pharm", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "the coming decades,", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "In the coming decades, pharmacists", - "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "to", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada,", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "in some countries; for instance, pharmac", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews.", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "prescribing", - "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance,", - "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "in", - "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "and", - "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "used in the Netherlands, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the green", - "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "mortar and pestle and the \u211e (recipere) character, which is often written as \"Rx\" in typed text.", - "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the \u211e (recipere) character,", - "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "immune", - "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "The immune system is a", - "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against", - "5726e65e708984140094d540": "healthy tissue. In many species,", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "immune", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "The immune system is a", - "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against", - "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an", - "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens,", - "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety", - "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "processes", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly,", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "a system of many biological structures", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "properly", - "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an", - "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve", - "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "and adapt", - "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved", - "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid", - "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "Pathogens", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize", - "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "Disorders of the immune system", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "of the immune system can result in", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "autoimmune", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "Immunodeficiency", - "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "the immune system can result", - "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as", - "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be", - "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases,", - "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "of the immune system can result in autoimmune", - "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune", - "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of", - "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "It originates from medicine and early studies", - "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "disease, such as the miasma theory. It was", - "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system.", - "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to", - "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease.", - "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "vertebrates", - "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "The", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": ",", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition", - "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "simple terms, physical", - "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to", - "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non", - "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "immunity depend", - "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "components of an organism'", - "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "and", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "Microorganisms", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "organism encounter the cells", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "enter an organism", - "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects,", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "chemical,", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "eject", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "barriers that are", - "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "Several", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "Chemical barriers also protect against infection.", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "The skin", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The", - "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the \u03b2-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase", - "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "infection). There is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora, such", - "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "good", - "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "intestinal", - "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "cases", - "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "chemotaxis; and interfer", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "one of the first responses of the immune", - "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "interferons", - "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the", - "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular", - "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "Phagocytosis", - "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "Phagocytosis", - "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes.", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils", - "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called che", - "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "Neutrophils and macrophages are", - "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Leukocytes", - "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": ", neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and", - "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "system.", - "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "Leukocytes", - "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "Dendritic", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": ", and", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues", - "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "Dendritic", - "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as \"", - "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "by a condition known as \"missing self.\" This term describes cells", - "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC", - "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "killer cells, or NK cells, are a component", - "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "The adaptive immune system evolved in early", - "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "The", - "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "antigen.", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "a \"non-self\" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen)", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules,", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "B", - "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "B", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "As", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "a sub-group of T", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are", - "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "are", - "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "pathogens),", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "Helper T", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "Class II MHC molecules.", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "Helper T cells express", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": ":antigen complex is", - "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "(TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (\u03b1\u03b2) T", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "delta", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "delta", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "Gamma", - "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "Gamma delta T cells (\u03b3\u03b4 T cells) possess an alternative T", - "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "A", - "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "antibodies", - "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific", - "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "B", - "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "T", - "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "When B cells and T cells are activated and begin", - "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response", - "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "to", - "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "Newborn", - "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is", - "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "IgG,", - "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be", - "5729f9953f37b31900478620": ", altering the sensitivity", - "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "Hormones can act", - "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "are", - "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations", - "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "active", - "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect", - "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function", - "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "notably thyroid hormone activity.", - "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "is conjectured", - "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "notably thyroid", - "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "a", - "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells also kill tumorous", - "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "The", - "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules", - "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can", - "5729fd111d046914007796a6": ", plants lack", - "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "Unlike", - "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "animals, plants lack ph", - "5729fd111d046914007796a9": ", whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant.", - "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self,", - "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "autoimmunity.", - "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "Overactive", - "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "Overactive immune", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "elderly, with", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "Immunodeficiencies", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "Immunodeficiencies", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at", - "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "the", - "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "infection by activation of B and T", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "by activation of", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "population", - "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "in the human population, vaccination represents the most effective manipulation", - "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "allow", - "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "The success of any pathogen depends", - "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "of", - "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "a hollow tube into the host cell, providing a", - "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "made by", - "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "In", - "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "mid-1950s, Frank Burnet,", - "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "-1950s", - "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Anti-inflammatory", - "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "drugs are", - "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids", - "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, os", - "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic", - "572a04d51d046914007796ce": ",", - "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "In contrast,", - "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "First, inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times. Second, inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor, in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin D, calcitriol,", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "When", - "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "receptor. This is essentially", - "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "receptors are proteins used", - "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of", - "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with", - "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "derived", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "of", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "ancestor of the jawed verte", - "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "hagfish. These animals", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "unicellular eukaryotes,", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": ", adaptive immune system arose with the first", - "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "Immunology is", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "experimental", - "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "experimental in everyday", - "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "phagocytes \u2013 that were responsible for immune responses. In", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "example by secreting the cy", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "Clearly,", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "on", - "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": ", some tumors evade", - "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "trigger Type III hypersensitivity", - "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "hyper", - "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "antigens, complement proteins, and IgG and IgM antibodies) deposited in various tissues trigger Type III hypersensitivity", - "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "is an immune response", - "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "antibodies bind to antigens on the patient", - "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "in many successful infections, e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia", - "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "(Plasmodium falciparum) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.).", - "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system", - "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "falciparum)", - "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "An evasion strategy", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "Trypanosoma", - "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "approach", - "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not", - "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on", - "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "cells of", - "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "that are not found on", - "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "viruses like human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer, while others are the organism's own proteins that occur at low levels in", - "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "Larger", - "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the", - "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "drugs (>", - "572a10cd6aef051400155225": ", the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound, as is sometimes the case for", - "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically", - "572a12386aef051400155234": "In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined", - "572a12386aef051400155235": "T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2", - "572a12386aef051400155236": "to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on im", - "572a12386aef051400155237": "addition", - "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "humans, this response is activated by", - "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "humans,", - "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "microbes. This recognition signal triggers", - "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "micro", - "57271c235951b619008f860b": "rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws. It has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's", - "57271c235951b619008f860c": "its earliest", - "57271c235951b619008f860d": "of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians against the British occupation in the 1919", - "57271c235951b619008f860e": "Revolution. Civil disobedience is one of the many ways", - "57271c235951b619008f860f": "massive implementations was brought about by Egyptians", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "One of its earliest massive implementations was", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "implementations was brought about by Egyptians against", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "deem to be", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "its", - "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "In South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing", - "57271f125951b619008f8635": "who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she", - "57271f125951b619008f8636": "of civil disobedience is in Sophocles' play Antigone,", - "57271f125951b619008f8637": "the", - "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King", - "57271f125951b619008f8639": "oldest depictions of civil", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in Sophocles'", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "a stirring speech in which she tells him", - "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "One of", - "5727213c708984140094da35": "Following", - "5727213c708984140094da36": "Following", - "5727213c708984140094da38": "the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his", - "5727213c708984140094da39": "the images", - "5727213c708984140094da37": "with", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "the Peterloo massacre", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "of", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "Peterloo massacre", - "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "the Peterloo massacre", - "572726c9708984140094da7b": "\"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly de", - "572726c9708984140094da7e": "has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\"", - "572726c9708984140094da7c": "to", - "572726c9708984140094da7d": "test-", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "It has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "Marshall Cohen notes, \"It has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "has been argued that the term \"civil disobedience\" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "to describe everything from bringing", - "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "It has been argued that the term \"civil", - "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": ".", - "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and", - "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "LeGrande", - "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "LeGrande writes that", - "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "specific", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "voluminous literature on the subject,", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "LeGrande", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "the voluminous literature on the subject, the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "the term is extremely difficult, if", - "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "writes", - "57280f974b864d1900164370": "is", - "57280f974b864d1900164371": "agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of", - "57280f974b864d1900164372": "'s relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially", - "57280f974b864d1900164373": "relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a", - "57280f974b864d1900164374": "Civil", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict.", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "is usually defined", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "is", - "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "is usually defined", - "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "However, this definition is disputed by Thoreau's political", - "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "his refusal to pay, Thoreau had advised, \u201cResign.\u201d If a man chose to be an agent of injustice, then", - "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "definition is disputed by", - "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "However,", - "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "through it", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "making a choice. But if government is \u201cthe voice of the people,\u201d as it", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "However, this definition is disputed by Thoreau's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective. The", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "wrong. More", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "good form of government is \u201cliable to be abused and perverted before the people can", - "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "on", - "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "of civil diso", - "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "argues", - "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience", - "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "di", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "Some", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks,", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience", - "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified", - "572818f54b864d190016446c": "is usually", - "572818f54b864d190016446d": "Stephen", - "572818f54b864d190016446e": "Eilmann", - "572818f54b864d190016446f": "be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience. But Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is", - "572818f54b864d1900164470": "It", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "if it is not done publicly, at", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "is usually", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "that if it is necessary to", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "recognized that", - "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "It", - "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "to", - "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "non-violence in its", - "57281c594b864d19001644a4": ", the", - "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "There have been debates as to whether civil disobedience", - "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects,", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "There", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "civil", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "states that", - "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "s encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "repeal", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "disobedience of", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "disobedience is a simple", - "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "is", - "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "unjust government", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "peaceable", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "Non-revolutionary", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "section of the social fabric).", - "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure", - "572822233acd2414000df555": "disobedience", - "572822233acd2414000df556": "civil disobedience, such as that committed by Thoreau, but these sometimes go unnoticed.", - "572822233acd2414000df557": "place during the", - "572822233acd2414000df558": "conditions, or the release of all the activists. This is a form of jail solidarity.[page needed] There", - "572822233acd2414000df559": "recorded", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions,", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "place", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "office, and Thoreau's", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "disobedience as a group collectively", - "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "Unarmed", - "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "of", - "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": ".g. trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation", - "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "disobedients", - "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly", - "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity.\" Bedau also notes, though, that", - "5728e5224b864d1900165032": ", that", - "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "chosen", - "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "bystander,", - "5728e5224b864d1900165035": ". trespassing at a nuclear", - "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "Civil disobedients", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "In", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "criminalized behavior is", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "In cases", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "engaging in the forbidden speech. An example would be WBAI's broadcasting the", - "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "cases", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "for its policies. For example, Joseph Haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can", - "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "WBAI's", - "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": ", refusals", - "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": ",", - "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "taxes, draft dodging,", - "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "refusals to", - "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "sit", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a system to function. In this way, they might be considered coercive.", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "disobedience,", - "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": ".", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "Many", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "and", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "of the same decisions and", - "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "Many", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "still", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "disobedients feel it is", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "Some", - "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "government still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "decision for civil disobedients is whether or not", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty. There is much debate", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty. There", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "An important", - "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "to plead guilty. There is much debate on this point, as some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "When the Committee for Non-Violent", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "the protesters attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest. At a pre-arranged announced time, one at a time they stepped across", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "to pleading either guilty or not-guilty. The arrested persons were", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "Non-Violent Action sponsored a protest in August 1957, at the Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las Vegas, Nevada, 13 of the protesters attempted", - "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "attempted to", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "as", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "it. To accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules' is to switch suddenly to a spirit of", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "Zinn", - "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "Howard", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "use", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "28, in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time. In", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in the case of", - "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "misdemeanor count and receive no jail time. In some mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "This action was upheld because, according to the U.S. Court", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "the members of the Navy\".", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "Some", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": ", or a", - "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution. In U.S. v.", - "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "if defendants plead not guilty,", - "5728facd4b864d1900165171": ", \"they", - "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "avoid imprisonment or", - "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "plead", - "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "Barkan", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "One", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "One", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "theory is that, while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "One theory is that, while disobedience may be helpful, any great amount of it would undermine the law", - "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "great amount", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "Courts have distinguished between", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "disobedience: \"Indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not,", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "denouncing their politically motivated acts, and to present their political", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence", - "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "punishment. Brownlee argues, \"Bringing", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "offender his \"just deserts", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "with giving the", - "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "giving the offender his \"just deserts\"", - "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "Construction is", - "57273a465951b619008f8700": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from", - "57273a465951b619008f8701": "is the process of constructing a building or", - "57273a465951b619008f8702": "Construction", - "57273a465951b619008f8703": "items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an", - "57273cca708984140094db33": "Large-scale", - "57273cca708984140094db34": "manages the job", - "57273cca708984140094db35": "Large-scale", - "57273cca708984140094db36": "architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises it. For the successful execution of", - "57273cca708984140094db37": "planning", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical,", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "there", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is usually", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": ", there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial", - "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": ",", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "Engineering News-Record", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40)", - "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "News-Record", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a", - "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": ".", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "construction is the process", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "The majority", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room,", - "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of", - "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "versus timber)", - "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "Residential", - "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "Residential", - "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "Residential construction practices, technologies,", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "the additive manufacturing techniques", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "building", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "New techniques", - "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and", - "572745c6708984140094db9a": "the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the", - "572745c6708984140094db99": "industrialized", - "572745c6708984140094db9b": "specifications, usually prepared by a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers,", - "572745c6708984140094db9c": "industrial", - "572745c6708984140094db9d": "the modern", - "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "from beginning to end.", - "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "specialties", - "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "design is toward integration of previously separated special", - "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill", - "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "Several project structures can assist", - "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "including design", - "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "Several", - "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "can", - "57274f67708984140094dbf6": ".", - "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "Construction", - "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "Underbids happen when builders ask", - "5727502f708984140094dc07": "financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in", - "5727502f708984140094dc08": "Mortgage bankers,", - "5727502f708984140094dc09": "bankers", - "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in", - "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Mortgage", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a", - "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "The project", - "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "of contracts", - "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "net", - "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "set of obligations between two or more parties,", - "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "legal obligations, each of", - "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "project is a complex net", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "is also", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative", - "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other", - "572753335951b619008f8853": "the", - "572753335951b619008f8854": "common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as", - "572753335951b619008f8855": "contract, tender the works, and manage the", - "572753335951b619008f8856": "This", - "572753335951b619008f8857": "recognized. In this arrangement, the architect", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "working together. Once these have been hired, they begin building the first phase of the", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "how to accomplish these goals", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "produces", - "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "a", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone,", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage,", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically", - "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens", - "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "the United", - "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "United States, the industry in 2014 has around $960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau, of which $680 billion", - "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "the", - "572755b7708984140094dc50": "the", - "572755b7708984140094dc51": "United States, the industry in 2014 has", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a326,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed", - "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment", - "572756fe708984140094dc71": "incurring", - "572756fe708984140094dc72": "Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations", - "572756fe708984140094dc73": "Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring", - "572756fe708984140094dc74": "Construction", - "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "than relying", - "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "part", - "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students", - "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "retain the right", - "57274712708984140094dbad": "In the", - "57274712708984140094dbae": "use of", - "57274712708984140094dbaf": "United Kingdom and several other", - "57274712708984140094dbb0": "other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "category includes university-preparatory schools or \"prep schools\", boarding schools and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "boarding", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "sixth). This category includes university-preparatory", - "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "denominational", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "Religiously", - "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "Religiously", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "Private schools in", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "favoured for many reasons: prestige and the", - "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "and the social status of the 'old school tie'; better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities (e.g. playing fields, swimming pools,", - "57274971708984140094dbbb": "and Presbyterian Church, but in most cases, they do not insist on their students\u2019 religious allegiance. These schools are typically viewed as 'elite", - "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, as well as Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College,", - "57274971708984140094dbbd": ",", - "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Although", - "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "create private schools in", - "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "The right to create private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz", - "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "Germany", - "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and cannot be suspended even in a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish", - "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private", - "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private individuals, private", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary)", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": ") schools, which are", - "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "list of legislative subjects in the constitution", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "only receipt of financial aid is considered, not land purchased from the government at a subsi", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "strict sense, a private school is", - "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school. So, in a strict sense, a private", - "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": ", only non-profit trusts", - "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India. They will have to satisfy a number", - "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate", - "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "Critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school", - "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "that has", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "The average fee is around \u20ac5,000", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": ",", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "paid for with school fees, which tend to be relatively low in Ireland compared to the", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees, which tend to", - "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "Ireland, private", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "schools", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Malaysia's independence in 1957, the", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "the schools would instead become \"National Type\" schools. Under such", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "instructed", - "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "Malaysia's independence in 1957, the government", - "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "have", - "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "schools are those run and partly or fully", - "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "The other category of schools are those", - "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "groups", - "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "category of", - "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "private schools in New Zealand are now", - "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "there are 88 private schools", - "57274eca5951b619008f8801": ", there are 88 private schools in", - "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "must", - "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "2014, there are 88 private schools in New Zealand, catering for around 28,000 students", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "for Girls", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch; or Presbyterian, such as", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St", - "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's", - "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "In", - "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "evident at the tertiary level. Government regulations have given private education more flexibility", - "5727500f708984140094dbff": "costs in", - "5727500f708984140094dc00": "about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80% of tertiary enrollment. Private schools have proven to be efficient in", - "5727500f708984140094dc01": "In the Philippines, the private sector has been a major provider of educational", - "572750df5951b619008f882f": "The", - "572750df5951b619008f8830": "and non-degree programmes, including vocational and technical courses. The Private Education Student Financial Assistance is made available to underprivileged,", - "572750df5951b619008f8831": "public high", - "5727515f708984140094dc11": "the oldest schools in", - "5727515f708984140094dc12": "Some of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church", - "5727515f708984140094dc13": "established by missionaries in the", - "5727515f708984140094dc14": "century. The private sector has grown ever since. After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed", - "5727515f708984140094dc15": "of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century. The private sector has grown ever since.", - "57275409708984140094dc35": "they are", - "57275409708984140094dc36": "In", - "57275409708984140094dc37": "form of \"Model C\" was abolished, however, the term continues to be", - "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "pupils are free to choose a private school and", - "572754dd708984140094dc3c": ", pupils are", - "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "In Sweden, pupils are", - "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "In Sweden,", - "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "In Sweden,", - "572756265951b619008f886d": "generally prefer to be called independent schools", - "572756265951b619008f886e": "GSCE level and 13 per", - "572756265951b619008f886f": "their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control. Some of these are also known as public schools. Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils aged", - "572756265951b619008f8870": "as", - "572756265951b619008f8871": "generally prefer to", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "many", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "United", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v.", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\", local families organized a wave of private \"Christian academies\".", - "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "1954", - "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "for private schools is generally provided through student tuition,", - "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "private individuals. Government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden, according to the courts' interpretation of the Establishment Clause", - "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "scholarship/voucher", - "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "Funding for", - "572759665951b619008f8883": "the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so long as states may", - "572759665951b619008f8884": "educators, lawmakers and parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education", - "572759665951b619008f8885": "schooling", - "572759665951b619008f8886": "of", - "572759665951b619008f8887": "parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": ",000 annually for day schools in", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "2012", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "nearly $50,000 for boarding schools. However, tuition did not cover operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The", - "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "operating expenses, particularly at boarding schools. The leading schools such as the Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions", - "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist", - "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered", - "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "and soon thereafter named for John", - "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor),", - "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "thereafter named for John Harvard (its first", - "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "Harvard is a large, highly", - "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "high, but the", - "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "a large, highly residential research university. The nominal cost of attendance is high,", - "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "cultural, and scientific museums, alongside the Harvard Library, which is the world's", - "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "nominal cost of attendance is high, but the University's large endowment", - "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "The University is organized", - "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "The", - "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and", - "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "University is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for", - "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "\u2014", - "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "by", - "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called \"New College\" or \"the college", - "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay", - "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "in", - "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1636 by vote of the Great and General Court", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust\"", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "College", - "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers.[citation", - "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance", - "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Throughout the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas of the power", - "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "Harvard Joseph Willard", - "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "understanding \"intellectual existences\". Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and", - "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "a person can grasp the", - "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz", - "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "the favored position of", - "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a", - "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "Christianity from", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather", - "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented", - "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "Radcliffe, though", - "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "Women remained", - "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "Women", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "libraries of the", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km)", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors,", - "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine", - "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre", - "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "the Longwood Medical and Academic Area approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston", - "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "and many of", - "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "in Allston than in Cambridge. Proposals to connect the Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle", - "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "Allston", - "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "has purchased", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869\u20131909), bought red bandanas for his", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": ", when", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students. The school color is crimson,", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "lecturers, and", - "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "magenta) by an 1875 vote of", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009.", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "has the", - "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "on Harvard Yard and blockaded", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "During the divestment from South Africa movement in the late 1980s, student activists", - "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "late 1980s", - "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "transfer-in\". Harvard College accepted 5.3%", - "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "College accepted 5.3% of applicants for the class of 2019, a record low and the second lowest acceptance", - "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "admission to Harvard", - "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "Harvard is characterized by the", - "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "time undergraduate", - "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "focus\". Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration.", - "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "at", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "four-course rate average to be considered full-time. In many concentrations, students can elect", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "reduced the number of students who", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "programs operate", - "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "four-course rate average to be considered", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "the 2012", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$57,000. Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend,", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "incomes. In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414 million across all", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "with", - "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%) and work-study (4", - "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "University", - "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener", - "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in", - "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "The Harvard University Library System", - "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "The", - "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "comprises", - "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "several arts, cultural, and", - "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic", - "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular,", - "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university", - "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "has", - "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "The", - "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "competes", - "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "Yale is intense", - "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "intense", - "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet,", - "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Harvard's", - "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "teams. The", - "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\", serves", - "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": ".", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "Game by 23 years,", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "in the", - "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "source of the athletic rivalry between the", - "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Politics: U.N. Secretary General", - "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Politics: U.N.", - "5727de862ca10214002d9862": ",", - "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Politics: U.N.", - "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson", - "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino,", - "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter;", - "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "Other:", - "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "scholars such as biologist E. O. Wilson, cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, physicists Lisa Randall and Roy Glauber, chemists", - "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Greenblatt,", - "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": ".", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "Jacksonville", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "Duval", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of", - "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "the First Coast region of northeast", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "is in the First Coast", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": ",", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "First", - "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "made Jacksonville a major military and", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "Harbor improvements since the late", - "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "The area of the", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "Hammock", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "The", - "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "French Huguenot", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "calling", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "French", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "Huguenot", - "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "narrow point, which the Seminole", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "British called the Cow Ford or Cowford;", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "in 1763 after the French and Indian", - "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered", - "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "the", - "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "fought", - "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause. The city was blockaded by Union forces, who gained control of the nearby Fort Clinch. Though no battles", - "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "During the American Civil War, Jacksonville was a", - "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "During the American", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "During Reconstruction and the", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism,", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "During Reconstruction", - "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad.", - "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "On", - "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to", - "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by", - "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "On", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "1910s, New York\u2013based filmmakers were attracted", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor. Over the course of the decade,", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "1910s,", - "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "the decade,", - "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "in the United States, suffered from negative", - "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "negative", - "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "negative", - "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "United", - "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "Jacksonville,", - "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "the city'", - "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "of", - "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition,", - "57281bb84b864d190016449d": ", leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within", - "57281d494b864d19001644be": "began", - "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "-", - "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "more support during", - "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "began to arise among", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "On October 1, 1968, the", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": ",", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": ", recreation, public works, and housing & urban development were all combined under", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "When a consolidation", - "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan.", - "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "has a total area of 874.3 square miles (2,264 km", - "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "km2) is land and ; 13.34%", - "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 874.3", - "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or", - "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "the city has a total area of 87", - "572821274b864d1900164510": "is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center.", - "572821274b864d1900164511": "tallest", - "572821274b864d1900164512": "in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617", - "572821274b864d1900164513": "tallest", - "572821274b864d1900164514": "The tallest building in", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "Like", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "of the", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "Cfa), with mild weather", - "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "from November through April. Due to", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "around 53 F in January", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures average 64 to 92 \u00b0F (18 to 33 \u00b0C) throughout the year.", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "temperatures", - "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "July.", - "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "has", - "572824f13acd2414000df590": "hurricane. The city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than", - "572824f13acd2414000df591": "Atlantic Ocean, or passing", - "572824f13acd2414000df592": "most other east", - "572824f13acd2414000df593": "inundated by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne, which made landfall south of the area.", - "572826634b864d19001645be": "Jacksonville is the most", - "572826634b864d19001645bf": "Jacksonville", - "572826634b864d19001645c0": "the", - "572826634b864d19001645c1": "populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "The average household size was 2.55", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": ",273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them,", - "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "], there were 36", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "Development", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined.", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "A study by the World Institute for", - "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "the", - "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016. An October 2014 study by Credit Suisse", - "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "global", - "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "global inequality continues to increase, and that half of the world'", - "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "on the basis of the", - "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "bottom 90 percent\". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a \"substantial head start\". In September 2012,", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth", - "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "Times", - "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "According", - "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans combined.\" According to the New York Times on", - "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "than half", - "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent\". Inherited wealth may help", - "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "of all", - "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "economics views inequalities", - "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "Neoclassical", - "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is", - "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "Neoclassical", - "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this", - "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "in", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "inequalities", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "distribution", - "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor,", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "increases", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": ") raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to", - "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "In", - "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "labor", - "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "In Marxian", - "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of", - "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "(workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits.", - "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "competitive pressure to reduce costs", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "consumers", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "(i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer,", - "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "production (i.e. where professional", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": ",", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "other good. Thus,", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "In a purely capitalist mode of", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "limit the number", - "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "of inequality, outcomes that", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "where", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "workers willing to work a", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "A", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "where there are many workers willing", - "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "the", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "to", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "in a low wage", - "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "A job where", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "hand", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "to", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is", - "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "the other", - "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity.", - "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": ", higher economic", - "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "hand", - "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "on necessity", - "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "On", - "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "the rate at", - "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "Another", - "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable", - "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "rate at which income", - "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "Another cause is", - "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "Another cause is", - "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.", - "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "Another", - "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality. As a result, those who are unable to afford an", - "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "area where there is a high demand for workers, creates", - "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": ", especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education", - "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "of inequality", - "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "increases in", - "5729e1101d04691400779641": "lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education", - "5729e1101d04691400779642": "of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and", - "5729e1101d04691400779643": "in", - "5729e1101d04691400779644": "creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality.", - "5729e1101d04691400779645": "factor", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "In 2014, economists with the Standard", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "the average United States worker", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "the U.S.'s", - "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "2014", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "with", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "with", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "the", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "In", - "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "with", - "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "education movement from 1910\u20131940,", - "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "During", - "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "which led to a decrease in", - "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "During the mass", - "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "and decreased inequality", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "the mass high school education movement from 1910\u20131940", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "During the mass high school education movement from", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "1910", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "During", - "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "high school education movement from 1910\u20131940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led", - "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "view that U.S.-style labor-market", - "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "popular prejudices to the contrary,", - "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "(2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as", - "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "and", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "Schmitt", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "mobility than all the continental", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the", - "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality. In", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly", - "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other", - "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "Jake Rosenfield of the", - "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of", - "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Rosenfield of", - "5729e4291d04691400779653": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts", - "5729e4291d04691400779654": "is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements", - "5729e4291d04691400779655": "Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "such as technological innovation, a view shared by other experts. Empirical economists Max Roser and Jesus Crespo-Cuaresma find support in", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "a global to", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "scale.", - "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "Trade liberalization may shift", - "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global", - "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich", - "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "liberalization may shift economic", - "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "may", - "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "domestic scale.", - "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "In many countries,", - "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "the labor market. Several factors other", - "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "In", - "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "many countries, there", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "In", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap. On average, women are more likely", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "In", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "many", - "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference. A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "Economist", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Economist", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "Kuznets argued", - "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "Economist Simon", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "Simon Kuznets", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "According", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "stages of development. According", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth. As a country", - "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to", - "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "Plotting", - "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "began to rise", - "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "Plotting", - "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "Plotting", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "relationship", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "Plotting the relationship between level of income", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "of this theory", - "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": ",", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according", - "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to this theory, those", - "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "is a theoretical", - "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": ",", - "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "concentration is", + "57269656708984140094cafe": "five", + "57269656708984140094caff": "the most expensive gallery", + "57269656708984140094cb00": "new \u00a343 million gallery", + "57269656708984140094cb01": "2015", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "the \"", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "the \"Brompton", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "Captain Francis", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "1862", + "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "1858-9 to house the eponymous collections (later transferred to the Tate Gallery)", + "57269c06708984140094cba1": "The last work by Fowke", + "57269c06708984140094cba2": "Industrial Arts", + "57269c06708984140094cba3": "Lord Leighton:", + "57269c06708984140094cba4": "the Museum Caf\u00e9", + "57269c06708984140094cba5": "Owen", + "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "glass, there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place.", + "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Sir Edward Poynter, the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling,", + "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "William Morris, and displays Elizabethan influences.", + "57269d68708984140094cbda": "Edward Burne-Jones.", + "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "William Morris,", + "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "the Royal Engineers.", + "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "balustrades", + "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA Drawings and Archives Collections);", + "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "the Henry Cole Wing", + "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "2008", + "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "terracott", + "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "Godfrey Sykes, although sgraffito", + "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "Godfrey Sykes,", + "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "final embell", + "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Moody, a final embellishment", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "mulli", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "220 m", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches", + "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "shallow", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "Prince Albert", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "four", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Prince Albert", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "white", + "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "twin entrances", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "part of the museum were redesigned, opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering Continental art 1600\u20131800 (late Renaissance,", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "neo-Classical). In 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the Henry Cole wing", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "the lower ground", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "Henry", + "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "neo-Classical).", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "the sculpture gallery", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery", + "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "the sculpture gallery", + "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "Metaphor.", + "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "Gareth Hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture, Softroom,", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden,", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "the north, east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "garden", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "formal; there is an elliptical water feature", + "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "Sweetgum tree; the southern, eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "the first permanent gallery", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "600,000", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "the RIBA Drawings and Archives", + "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "700,000", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "The RIBA's", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "Sir Christopher Wren,", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "four", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "Christopher Wren,", + "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Robert Cockerell,", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "the Great", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "the chateau of Montal.", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "1523", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600 from Bishopsgate with elaborately carved wood work and leaded windows, a rare survivor", + "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "Paul Pindar's", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "400", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "1909", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "the finest in the world", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "Afghanistan.", + "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "2006", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "nearly 60,000", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "nearly 60,000", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "nearly 60,000", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "1991", + "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "The Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art,", + "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "more than 70,000", + "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "China, Japan and Korea.", + "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "the majority of art", + "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": "1991", + "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "16,000 objects from China, dating from the 4th millennium BC", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "Hiroshige,", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "1986", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "Imari, Netsuke, woodblock prints including the work of Ando", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "December 1986.", + "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "Imari, Netsuke, woodblock prints including the work of Ando Hiroshige,", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "gleaming boxes", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "Indonesia", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "bronze sculptures", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "stone, terracott", + "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "stone", + "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "the great treasures in the library", + "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "Pindar, Sophocles", + "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "14,000 books", + "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "1876", + "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "1869", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "Missal from the Royal Abbey", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "Eadwine", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "the library", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "Pocket Book", + "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter.", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "The National Art Library", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "material at the National Art", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "the 1980s to the 1990s", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "a computer system", + "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "National Art Library", + "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "2007", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "digitization", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "Albert", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "15,000", + "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "the collection", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Laguerre, Antonio Verrio, Sir James Thornhill, William Kent,", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "Grinling", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "Grinling Gibbons, Daniel Marot, Louis Laguerre, Antonio Verrio,", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Thomas Beckford", + "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "Grinling Gibbons,", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "the first time since the reformation", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "age", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "Eleanor", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "the Industrial Revolution", + "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "19th", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "David and Verrocchio's", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "Michelangelo's", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "Donatello's David and Verrocchio's", + "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "full-scale", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "1909", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "M\u00f6llendorff", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "1909", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "1731", + "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "the Meissen Vulture", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "Bernard Palissy", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Spain.", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "jugs", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "Palissy", + "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "Palissy", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "over 6000", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "4000", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "the finest in the world", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "Art Nouveau", + "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Comfort Tiffany and \u00c9mile Gall\u00e9, the Art Deco style", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "1994", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "1994", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "Medieval & Renaissance galleries. The important 13th-century glass beaker", + "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "Medieval", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "10,000", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "over 10,000 British and 2,000", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "John Piper,", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "Lord Frederic Leighton, Sir Samuel Luke", + "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "Thomas Rowlandson,", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "14,000", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "the Talbot", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "1913", + "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "Harrods following its display at the nearby department", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "Balenciaga, Yves Saint Laurent, Guy Laroche, Irene", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "2002, the Museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes. Other famous designers", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "Zandra Rhodes, Hardy Amies,", + "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "Valentino Garavani, Norman Norell, Norman Hartnell, Zandra Rhodes, Hardy Amies, Mary", + "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "French Renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865, and includes several cassone. The John Jones Collection of French 18th-century", + "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "between 1859 and 1865", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "1865", + "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "\u00a3250,000", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "mahogany", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Adolf Loos", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "1861", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "Germany,", + "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Ernest Gimson, Edward William Godwin, Charles Voysey,", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "over 6000", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "the finest and most comprehensive collections", + "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "1951", + "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "154", + "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "Ramshaw,", + "5726ee28708984140094d656": "Anglican", + "5726ee28708984140094d657": "1800", + "5726ee28708984140094d658": "1817", + "5726ee28708984140094d659": "Paul de Lamerie", + "5726ee28708984140094d655": "over 10,000", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "Becket Casket dated c1180", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "Gloucester Candlestick,", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "Thomas Becket, made from gilt", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "1527", + "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "Gloucester Candlestick,", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "5,100", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "Chris Smith asking Parliament", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "the museum.", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "35", + "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "2010", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "seven", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "seven", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "seven", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "Sistine", + "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "Raphael", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "1857", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "233", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "'A National Gallery of British Art',", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "Carracci,", + "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "the museum with the intention of forming a 'A National Gallery", + "5726f755708984140094d737": "the galleries", + "5726f755708984140094d738": "Gaspard", + "5726f755708984140094d739": "Clouet, Gaspard", + "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Fran\u00e7ois de Troy, Jean-Baptiste Pater", + "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "John Thomson's", + "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "1876", + "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "more than 600", + "5726f90b708984140094d760": "fancy-dress ball held at Devonshire House in 1897 to celebrate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee.", + "5726f90b708984140094d761": "Ethiopian", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "ivory", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "400", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "the collection that cover the period", + "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "Spanish medieval statues and carvings,", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "Andrea della Robbia,", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Andrea Riccio, Antonio Rossellino, Andrea del Verrocchio,", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "the museum include: Bartolomeo Bon, Bartolomeo", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "Monti. An unusual sculpture is the ancient Roman statue of Narcissus", + "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "Medieval, Renaissance,", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "more than 20", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "Rodin", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "1902", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "Girardon, Michel Clodion,", + "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "Jean-Antoine Houdon,", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Cibber, Grinling", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "John Gibson, Edward Hodges Baily, Lord Leighton, Alfred Stevens, Thomas Brock,", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Edward Hodges Baily,", + "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Lord Leighton, Alfred Stevens, Thomas Brock, Alfred Gilbert, George Frampton,", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "so works by Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "1950", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "it was decided to extend the chronology", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "British patrons from the continental sculptors, such as Canova's Theseus", + "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "continental sculptors, such as Canova's Theseus", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "53,000", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "European tapestries and English medieval church", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "1st century AD", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "western", + "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "embroidery", + "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "Mortlake", + "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "16th", + "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "Florence.", + "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "Argonauts' dating from the 1750s.", + "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "St Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry.", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "late 14th-century", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "Marion Dorn. From the same period there is a rug designed by Serge Chermayeff.", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "1887", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "'The Forest' tapestry of 1887),", + "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "'The Forest' tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets,", + "57270817708984140094d8c7": "posters", + "57270817708984140094d8c8": "2009", + "57270817708984140094d8c9": "theatre", + "57270817708984140094d8ca": "national collection of material about live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's day,", + "57270817708984140094d8cb": "day, covering drama, dance, musical theatre, circus, music", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "assessments", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "providing advice on the handling of items", + "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "reinte", + "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "reintegration to strengthen fragile objects, reveal original surface decoration", + "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "preservation", + "57267b755951b619008f7433": "the Disney\u2013ABC Television Group,", + "57267b755951b619008f7434": "1957", + "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Manhattan,", + "57267b755951b619008f7436": "Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media", + "57267b755951b619008f7437": "American commercial broadcast television", + "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "1948", + "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "sports channel ESPN, the network's", + "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "12, 1943", + "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "cable sports channel", + "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "ESPN, the network's", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "eight", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "U.S.-based ABC affiliate,", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "eight", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "American station's", + "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "domestic programming rights", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "(RCA),", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "NBC Blue and NBC Red. The NBC Blue", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "National Broadcasting", + "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "National Broadcasting", + "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "NBC Red. The NBC Blue", + "572681ab708984140094c85d": "the Federal Communications", + "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1938", + "572681ab708984140094c85f": "1934", + "572681ab708984140094c860": "establishing new stations", + "572681ab708984140094c861": "NBC and CBS.", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "San Francisco and WENR-TV in Chicago), 60 affiliates, four operations facilities (in New York City,", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "the Blue Network being referred to on-air as either \"Blue\" or \"Blue Network\".", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets.", + "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "RCA president David Sarnoff.", + "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "$7.5 million", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "WMCA,", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "30, 1951", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "president and CEO of ABC until December 1949,", + "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "June 30, 1951.", + "57268739708984140094c8ed": "ABC made a name for itself", + "57268739708984140094c8ee": "Busters", + "57268739708984140094c8ef": "ABC", + "57268739708984140094c8f0": "Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters", + "57268739708984140094c8f1": "Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy,", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "$155 million", + "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "ABC is broadcast in the United States, although the network's", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "September 8, 2007,", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "$155 million in June 2000).", + "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "United States,", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1970s", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "ABC Films selling programs to networks not owned by ABC. The arrival of satellite television ended the need for ABC", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "syndication", + "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "all of its interests in international networks, mainly in Japan", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "coronation of Queen Elizabeth II", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "Japan", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "ABC's", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "due to respective issues", + "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "due to respective issues", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "Peanuts television", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "Peanuts television", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "1965", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "the television rights to most of the Peanuts television specials, having acquired the broadcast rights", + "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "ABC", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "2006", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Clark,", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "1974", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "2006", + "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "Eve", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "the Procter & Gamble-produced soap", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "1970", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "$10,000/$20,000 Pyramid,", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "The $10,000/$20,000 Pyramid, Family", + "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "1968", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "encore", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "2006", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "2006", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "Saturday", + "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "encores of primetime reality series", + "5726e860708984140094d579": "Frank Marx,", + "5726e860708984140094d57a": "VHF frequencies (corresponding to channels 2", + "5726e860708984140094d57b": "1947", + "5726e860708984140094d57c": "Los Angeles, Chicago,", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "over its third", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "over its third", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "the DuMont", + "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "St. Louis) had only one,", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "United Paramount Theatres (UPT)", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "Paramount Theatres (UPT)", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "five", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "the Prudential Insurance Company", + "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "the Prudential Insurance Company", + "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson, the president of UPT", + "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "William S. Paley;", + "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "1951", + "5726ed12708984140094d645": "February 9, 1953,", + "5726ed12708984140094d646": "1952", + "5726ed12708984140094d647": "American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc. and headquartered in the Paramount Building", + "5726ed12708984140094d648": "Chicago", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "1948", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "May 5, 1949.", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "San Francisco,", + "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "Studios,", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "September 30, 1960,", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "The 1960s", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "Hanna and Joseph Barbera", + "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "September 30, 1960,", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "Sunday", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "Goldenson said ABC could not counter the offer, because the network did not have the technical and financial resources to carry the program", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "1988", + "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "1988", + "572734af708984140094dae3": "yellow", + "572734af708984140094dae4": "dots", + "572734af708984140094dae5": "yellow", + "572734af708984140094dae6": "Troika", + "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "NBC chimes,", + "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "1998", + "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "an audio", + "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "CBS'", + "572736625951b619008f86d1": "Ten", + "572736625951b619008f86d2": "1983", + "572736625951b619008f86d3": "1983", + "572736625951b619008f86d4": "-screen", + "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "1977", + "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "white", + "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "white, blue", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "promos", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "enclosed in a single black circle.", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "Horatio,", + "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "the 1963", + "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Communications, and International Communications.", + "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "Between May and September 2005,", + "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "six", + "57273954708984140094db05": "2006", + "57273954708984140094db06": "of ABC Sports. On December 7, 2005, ABC Sports", + "57273954708984140094db07": "Anne Sweeney being named president of ABC parent Disney\u2013ABC Television Group, and ESPN president George Bodenheimer", + "57273954708984140094db08": "Disney", + "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "2002", + "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "Michael Eisner", + "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "spinoffs", + "57273a0d708984140094db10": "Soapnet and ABC prime time with ABC Family.", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "Warner Cable", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "KTRK", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "Los Angeles, KTRK in Houston and WTVD in Raleigh-Durham). The network", + "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "31, 1999", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "2000", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "WB in September 2000, beginning to wane", + "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "stal", + "57273c195951b619008f8721": "August 1999,", + "57273c195951b619008f8722": "Regis Philbin,", + "57273c195951b619008f8723": "Philbin,", + "57273c195951b619008f8724": "Philbin,", + "57273d19708984140094db3d": "4, 1996", + "57273d19708984140094db3e": "the four newspapers", + "57273d19708984140094db3f": "the four newspapers", + "57273d19708984140094db40": "Thomas S. Murphy", + "57273d19708984140094db41": "Saturday morning block. In 1998, ABC premiered the Aaron Sorkin-created sitcom Sports Night, centering", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "66", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "third", + "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "the battlefield was Wall Street\".", + "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "1959", + "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "West 66th Street, one block away from Central Park.", + "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "Westinghouse.", + "57273f9d708984140094db51": "Robert Kintner", + "57273f9d708984140094db52": "ABC and UPT.", + "57273f9d708984140094db53": "ABC-DuMont", + "57273f9d708984140094db54": "$5 million", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "acquaintances", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "acquaintances", + "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "the radio program", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Maverick.", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "\"", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "Wyoming Kid); Sugarfoot", + "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "the most iconic of ABC's relationships", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "4.5", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "$500,000", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "1954", + "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "the Disneyland", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "KXYZ)", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "Shaw,", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "seven", + "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "seven", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "1971", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "1960s and early 1970s", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "September 1969,", + "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "$400,000\u2013$450,000", + "572743fb708984140094db93": "early 1970s", + "572743fb708984140094db94": "NBC in the ratings to become the first place network.", + "572743fb708984140094db95": "behavioral and demographic data to better determine what types", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "league's marquee game. According to Goldenson,", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "1970", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "Sunday", + "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "16%", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1972", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "1972", + "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "the existing Worldvision Enterprises,", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "heart attack", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "April 1970,", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "Henry Plitt", + "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "Operating Officer of ABC a few months after Goldenson", + "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "1976", + "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "Looney", + "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "operas; however, Eisner's", + "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "Looney Tunes-Merrie Melodies library,", + "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Fred Silverman", + "572748745951b619008f87b2": "Fred Silverman", + "572748745951b619008f87b3": "Good Day!.", + "572748745951b619008f87b4": "show's success was not straightforward. One of its affiliates, WCVB-TV premiered morning show Good Day!.", + "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "president of NBC's entertainment", + "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "Hutch, Charlie's Angels, The Bionic Woman, Fantasy Island and Battlestar", + "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "NBC's entertainment", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Haley", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "Haley", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "nine", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "1976\u201377", + "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "Alex Haley", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Roone", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "warehouse", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "place is nicknamed \"7 Lincoln", + "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "1979", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "1979", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "Arledge created the newsmagazine", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "MCA", + "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "Barbara Walters).", + "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "news channel", + "57274cac708984140094dbde": "ABC Cable", + "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "WXYZ-TV (to replace WJBK,", + "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "WXYZ and WEWS, and switch four other stations, including two whose Fox affiliations were displaced by the New World deal, with the network).", + "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "the network", + "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "a minor success for the network", + "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Dirty Sexy Money, Pushing Daisies, Eli Stone and Samantha", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group announced a partnership", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group announced a partnership", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "iTunes.", + "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "Citadel. On December 22, Disney\u2013ABC Television Group announced a partnership with Apple Inc. to make individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs", + "57274f07708984140094dbed": "2010. That year, the sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004.", + "57274f07708984140094dbee": "2009", + "57274f07708984140094dbef": "lowest", + "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "sixth and final season of Lost became the drama's lowest-rated season", + "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "1970", + "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "Touchstone Television, a Disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed ABC Studios", + "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "Touchstone", + "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Touchstone Television, a Disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed ABC Studios in 2007.", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "international", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "Funniest Home Videos, General Hospital, and ABC News productions), although Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "Selznick library,", + "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "Selznick library,", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "television stations encompassing 49 states, the District of Columbia,", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "49 states, the District of Columbia, four", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "235", + "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "26%", + "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "1946", + "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "the Federal Communications Commission, with the letters \"ABC\" enclosed in a circular shield surmounted by the bald eagle.", + "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": "1957", + "57275573708984140094dc45": "2010", + "57275573708984140094dc46": "16:9", + "57275573708984140094dc47": "Shiny New Year", + "57275573708984140094dc48": "Supernanny,", + "57275650708984140094dc5f": "a primary feed ABC affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment", + "57275650708984140094dc60": "1080i HD, while 11", + "57275650708984140094dc61": "16", + "57275650708984140094dc62": "1080i HD, while 11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "second season", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "second season", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "spilled", + "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "forensic investigation drama", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "reviving the shows, failure to pay licensing fees and issues over ABC's use of certain characters from One Live to Live on General", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "the 18\u201349 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows (including freshmen", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "in turn canceled after only seven months. The 2011\u201312", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "suing one", + "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "show", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "2013\u201314", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "Last Man Standing and Shark Tank) and Suburgatory.", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "Fox", + "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "NBC,", + "57275a505951b619008f889f": "Sundays in the spring", + "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "comedy lineup", + "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "13", + "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "sleeper", + "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Robert Iger.", + "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Robert Iger.", + "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "Blue,", + "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "Thomas Murphy", + "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "ten", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "below the limit", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "French animation studio DIC", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "DIC Entertainment;", + "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "television production", + "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "Goldenson", + "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "During the 1960s,", + "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "ABC to consolidate its presence in the market.", + "57275e125951b619008f88da": "Canadian Radio-Television Commission", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "the executive producer", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "NBC and CBS,", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "Edgar Scherick", + "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "Sports Programs,", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "the ABC television network", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "the responses to their partner's", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "As ABC began to outgrow its facilities at 7 West 66th Street,", + "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "54th Street (now occupied by The Financial Times's New York", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "90%", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "cable channel operated as a joint venture with the Hearst Corporation", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "by the continued successes of Happy", + "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "U.S.). Several flagship series debuted on the network", + "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "ABC's executive committee", + "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "ABC's executive committee", + "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "transponder, ending its sharing agreement with Nickelodeon to become a 24-hour service. Meanwhile, ABC withdrew from the theme park", + "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "Nabisco. That year, ABC and Hearst reached an agreement", + "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Daniel B. Burke", + "572763a8708984140094dcda": "CEO.", + "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "$465 million", + "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "place", + "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "Ellen, which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star Ellen DeGeneres", + "572764855951b619008f8951": "Good", + "572764855951b619008f8952": "The Chew", + "572764855951b619008f8953": "along with one-hour weekend editions)", + "572764855951b619008f8954": "one-hour weekend editions); nightly", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "South Bend,", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "(WLQP-LP)", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "WPVI", + "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "South Bend,", + "57276690708984140094dd01": "East,", + "57276690708984140094dd02": "the ABC Television Center,", + "57276690708984140094dd03": "Touchstone Television beginning in 1985, before Touchstone", + "57276690708984140094dd04": "ABC", + "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "42nd", + "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "ABC", + "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "42nd Street", + "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "anchor of World", + "572768d9708984140094dd13": "ABC's programming", + "572768d9708984140094dd14": "ABC's programming through the streaming service", + "572768d9708984140094dd15": "July 6, 2009", + "572768d9708984140094dd16": "27%", + "572769e85951b619008f8985": "on January 7, 2014", + "572769e85951b619008f8986": "eight", + "572769e85951b619008f8987": "an ISP account via an authenticated user", + "572769e85951b619008f8988": "January 7, 2014", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "ESPN", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "four", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "four variants shading the respective color used with the circle design's native black coloring", + "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "Paul Rand's", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "$117 million", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "74", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "programs", + "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate, the only available commercial allocation", + "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "economic collapse). According to Goldenson, this meant that an hour of ABC programming", + "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "usually via off-hours clearances", + "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "Ohio,", + "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "1960s", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "detective", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "Desilu Productions pitched its detective series The Untouchables", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "Desilu Productions pitched", + "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "April 1959.", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "Hanna-Barbera,", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "$15.5 million", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "soap opera General Hospital,", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "the soap opera General Hospital,", + "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "Sunday nights", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "the journalistic", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "Justice,", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "United States", + "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "27, 1966", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "$3 million", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "$3.5 billion", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "E. W. Scripps Company (although Capital Cities/ABC", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "Berkshire", + "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "One). The remaining $500", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "February 1986, Thomas S. Murphy, who had been serving as CEO of Capital Cities since 1964,", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "WTVD/Raleigh)", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "(WPVI-TV/Philadelphia, KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno", + "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting, and president of ABC Owned Stations and ABC Video Enterprises; John B. Sias", + "57277585708984140094de2b": "Vice. To counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus", + "57277585708984140094de2c": "NBC, ABC decided to refocus", + "57277585708984140094de2d": "Vice. To counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus", + "57277585708984140094de2e": "Love Boat ended its run in 1986. After nearly a decade of ratings trouble,", + "57277585708984140094de2f": "Vice. To counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "the block were produced by Miller-Boyett", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "\"Thank Goodness It's Funny\").", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "later, Miller-Milkis-Boyett", + "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Miller-Milkis, and later, Miller-Milkis-Boyett Productions),", + "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "two", + "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "$1", + "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "Palomar Pictures International and Selmur Pictures. In July 1968, ABC continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector", + "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "1972", + "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "Redwood City,", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "locally produced variety show Bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the Philadelphia market on WFIL-TV;", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "10% and 18%", + "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "WFIL-TV; Treiz", + "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "NBC and CBS. In 1957, ABC Entertainment president Ollie Treiz", + "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "president Ollie Treiz", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "detective shows did the same in the fall of 1959. To captivate the network's", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "counterprogramming", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "Zorro) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by NBC and CBS in the fall of 1957, and its detective", + "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "Zorro)", + "57277af2708984140094dec3": "brand used by the streaming services", + "57277af2708984140094dec4": "(the first such offering by a U.S. broadcast network).", + "57277af2708984140094dec5": "ABC.com", + "57277af2708984140094dec6": "New York City", + "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "KNXV, Las Vegas affiliate KTNV-TV", + "57277bfc708984140094deda": "Cleveland, Phoenix, Detroit and Denver),", + "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "KTNV-TV", + "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "two", + "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "Four\"", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "continuity", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "continuity", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "the visual representation", + "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "the visual representation", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "Miami affiliate WPLG \u2013 which like WTSP, broadcast on VHF channel", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "signal", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "Miami affiliate WPLG \u2013 which like WTSP,", + "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "City despite being located within 55 miles (89 km) of one another, while WWSB", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "the Qara Khitai, Caucasus,", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "nomadic tribes", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "Western Xia and Jin dynasties.", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia.", + "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire,", + "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "Mongol Empire", + "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "1227", + "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "the Mongol Empire", + "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "Mongol Empire", + "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia.", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "Onon", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "Onon", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "1162", + "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Del\u00fc\u00fcn", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Begter and Belgutei.", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Tem\u00fclen, as well as two half-brothers", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "Hachiun,", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Tem\u00fcge, and one sister named Tem\u00fclen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei.", + "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Begter and Belgutei.", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "Khasar", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "Temujin's", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "Temujin's older half-brother, began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother", + "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "Genghis Khan),", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "widespread after his escape", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "general of Genghis Khan),", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "Genghis Khan),", + "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "Genghis Khan),", + "5726a784708984140094ccff": "none of the tribal", + "5726a784708984140094cd00": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726a784708984140094cd01": "thie", + "5726a784708984140094cd02": "politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances.", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "Keraite", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "Keraite", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Jochi (1185\u20131226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi,", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "Jamukha,", + "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "1185", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "six", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "the consorts of Genghis Khan.", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "1241", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "Genghis Khan.", + "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "six", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "ascent to power by offering himself", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "Jurchen", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Keraite warriors", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "20,000", + "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "B\u00f6rte was captured by the Merkits.", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "khan", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "s ambitions", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "1187", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "world for Tem\u00fcjin,", + "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "Blue Sky had set aside the world", + "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "Yassa code, Tem\u00fcjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils.", + "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "spoils. As he defeated rival tribes, he did not drive", + "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "abandon the rest. Instead, he took the conquered tribe", + "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Tem\u00fcjin's", + "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "a prelude to war. Toghrul", + "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Tem\u00fcjin,", + "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "son of Tem\u00fcjin,", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "Tem\u00fcjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols),", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "1206", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "Jamukha,", + "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "1201", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "' generals alive", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "to have boiled his opponents' generals alive", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.", + "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.", + "5726b879708984140094cf01": "Mongol tribes)", + "5726b879708984140094cf02": "ally), his son Jochi,", + "5726b879708984140094cf03": "spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies", + "5726b879708984140094cf04": "He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies", + "5726b879708984140094cf05": "spy network and Yam", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "1206", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "subdue the Merkits,", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "Merkits,", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "\"Genghis Khan\".", + "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, \u00d6gedei,", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "1233, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols under the reign", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "Ming-Tan, to the Mongol", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "1234", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Jin army was waiting on the other side", + "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Between 1232", + "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "the Naiman confederation that Tem\u00fcjin", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "two tumen (20,000", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "Khitai", + "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "the Liao dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea", + "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "west of Kashgar.", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "to inciting internal revolt", + "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire),", + "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "south.", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "Muhammad. Genghis Khan", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "Genghis", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "the caravan that came from Mongolia,", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "100,000", + "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "Silk", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "the Tien Shan mountains", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "three", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "Samarkand. The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui", + "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "the first division", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "decisive in Khwarezmia's", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "the Mongols,", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "silver", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "surrender. Genghis Khan ordered Subutai and Jebe to hunt him down, giving them", + "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan", + "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "Genghis", + "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire,", + "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "men, while Genghis", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "pyramids", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "they were killed and pyramid", + "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "shields.", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "Mongols, though a unit", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "the city to the ground. Genghis", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis", + "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "Mongol", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "1220", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "Armenia", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "the main army on a raid through Afghanistan", + "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "Genghis Khan", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "Genghis Khan", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "the abundant green pastures", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "Samarkand. The famous cavalry", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "1240", + "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Mongolia", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "1226", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "autumn", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "omen", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "the Yellow River,", + "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "Ganzhou, and Suzhou", + "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance", + "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Genghis Khan,", + "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "arrows", + "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "summer", + "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "to be executed", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "the Khwarezmid", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Jochi", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "The succession of Genghis", + "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "the Mongols,", + "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "Mongol culture,", + "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "temper and rash behavior", + "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "temper and rash behavior", + "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "\u00d6gedei was seen by Genghis Khan", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "1226", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Khorasan.", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "Khorasan.", + "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "Khorasan. Juzjani", + "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "because of the injury. He was already old and tired from his journeys.", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "boot", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "One chronicle", + "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "Western Xia in battle, while Marco Polo", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried.", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "River", + "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": "Kentii mountain range). According to legend,", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "Dian,", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "new temple was erected there to house them. In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "1968", + "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "(Mongolian: Edsen", + "57273581708984140094daeb": "October 6, 2004,", + "57273581708984140094daec": "long-lost burial site. Folklore", + "57273581708984140094daed": "stampede", + "57273581708984140094daee": "horses", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "Yassa, created by Genghis Khan.", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "Yassa, created by Genghis", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols", + "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "Muhammad", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "religious tolerance", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "Khan, Ong Khan,", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "religion", + "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "Buddhist", + "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "T\u00f6regene", + "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "under the Great", + "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "T\u00f6regene", + "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "legal equality of all individuals, including women.", + "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan.", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "Khitan rulers,", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "Mongol", + "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "Genghis Khan.", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "Genghis Khan", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "the Caucasus and Kievan", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "Muqali,", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Khagan on their own initiative. While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis", + "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "his generals, such as Muqali,", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "aid", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "siege warfare", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "larger group and defended position", + "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "the Western Xia", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "the Sea", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "\u00d6gedei", + "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "1279", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "tolerant of religions and explained his policies", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "Turkey,", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "his rule, was tolerant of religions and explained his policies", + "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "increased communication and trade", + "5727404b708984140094db59": "the perception of his brutality. Mongolians", + "5727404b708984140094db5a": "there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality. Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians", + "5727404b708984140094db5b": "uncommon", + "5727404b708984140094db5c": "historical records", + "5727404b708984140094db5d": "Mongolia\", to themselves as \"Genghis Khan's children\",", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "Genghis Khan's", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "Genghis", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "Mongolian t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "named Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament", + "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "Chinggis Khaan", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "the justice", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "Mongol", + "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "a time", + "57275250708984140094dc25": "China.", + "57275250708984140094dc26": "around 5 million", + "57275250708984140094dc27": "Kublai Khan", + "57275250708984140094dc28": "Kublai", + "57275250708984140094dc29": "his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest", + "572753af708984140094dc2f": "the Iranian Plateau,", + "572753af708984140094dc30": "almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal", + "572753af708984140094dc31": "15 million", + "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "southern Khuzestan", + "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "Vladimir among others caused mass murders,", + "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "Rashid-al-Din Hamadani,", + "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "1237", + "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "Hamadani,", + "572756715951b619008f8877": "Mughal Emperors directly patronized the legacies of Genghis", + "572756715951b619008f8878": "Khwarizim", + "572756715951b619008f8879": "Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "\u6b63", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "Mongols.", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": "\"right\", \"just\"", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "Turkic word tenggis, meaning \"ocean\",", + "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "oceanic", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": "Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz, Chinese: \u6210\u5409\u601d\u6c57;", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "\u94c1\u6728\u771f; traditional Chinese: \u9435\u6728\u771e; pinyin: Ti\u011bm\u00f9zh\u0113n.", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "Chingis", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz,", + "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "pharmakos imply sorce", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "Greek roots from pharmakos", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "to) often operated through a retail shop", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "sold", + "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy,", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors,", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "their patients through the quality", + "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "in which they practice. Since pharmacists", + "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "owning", + "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "owning the pharmacy in which they practice.", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "pharmacists", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "pharmacists", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist", + "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "Golden Age. The title coined the term materia", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "medica", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "Pedanius Dioscorides", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "Pedanius", + "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "Dioscorides", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "even pharmacist assistants\u2014were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "(701)", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "re-stated in the Y\u014dr\u014d Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "701", + "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "Imperial court", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "a large variety of drugs and remedies", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "(Abulcasis)", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "(Abulcasis)", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "Muhammad ibn Zakar\u012bya", + "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "Latin", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "a museum, dates back to the 15th century, keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "the Town Hall", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "in Ll\u00edvia,", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "a museum, dates back to the 15th century", + "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1317", + "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions", + "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "technicians while the pharmacist", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "neurology/epilepsy management,", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency", + "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "herbal medicine, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "in the community setting. Most hospital", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "technicians compound sterile products", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "(TPN),", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "total parenteral nutrition (TPN),", + "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "including total parenteral nutrition", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care.", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "pharmacists often collaborate with physicians", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "inside hospitals and clinics.", + "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "inside hospitals and clinics.", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "its efficacy", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "a drug therapy plan", + "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "Pharmacist", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "In 2011", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "pharmacist clinicians", + "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH)", + "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "independent business owners, though in the United States", + "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings.", + "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing", + "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "dispensing of drugs. Consultant", + "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "about the year 2000", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "(also known as online pharmacies", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "The primary difference is the method", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "their physicians if they are home", + "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "in fact, many of them", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindication", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "dispensing substand", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "pharmacies", + "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "a doctor or to obtain medications", + "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues", + "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid. Often, individual", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "individual state laws", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription, brokered by an Internet", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "hydrocodone", + "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "a prescription", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "to reduce consumer costs", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "United States,", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "Canada", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "no known case of any U.S.", + "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations", + "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "medication management system development", + "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "Pharmacists", + "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "informatics", + "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "a practice area", + "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "rheuma", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "rheuma", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "rheuma", + "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "fastest growing sector", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "(AMA)", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "only pharmacists", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "American Medical Association", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "10 percent of American physicians practices", + "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "regulated separately", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "Austria", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "in Austria", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away", + "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "4 kilometers away", + "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "the checks and balances system", + "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise,", + "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "many conditions", + "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "more medications", + "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "directly conflicts", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "the clinical services that pharmacists", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "an individual. The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "and decreased costs to the health care system.", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "the health care", + "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks in Ontario).", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition, consultant pharmacists,", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks in Ontario).", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)", + "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "some countries; for instance, pharmacists", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "English-speaking countries are the mortar", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "the mortar and pestle", + "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain,", + "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium,", + "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India, the increasingly rare Gaper in the Netherlands,", + "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "immune system", + "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "a system of many biological structures and processes", + "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents", + "5726e65e708984140094d540": "an organism that protects against disease.", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "immune system", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "a system of many biological structures and processes", + "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "many species, the immune system", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "the immune system can be classified into subsystems", + "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "neuroimmune", + "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity. In humans, the blood\u2013brain", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "cerebrospinal fluid barrier", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "innate immune system", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral", + "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "the immune system can be classified into subsystems", + "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system", + "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria", + "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins,", + "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity", + "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "neutralization by the immune system", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "rudimentary immune system", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "Pathogens can rapidly", + "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "phagocytosis", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "autoimmune diseases", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive", + "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency", + "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "Immunodeficiency", + "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "'s thyroiditis", + "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency", + "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "Thucydides", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "other observations of acquired immunity", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "Robert Koch's", + "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "Robert Koch's", + "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Robert Koch's", + "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "the disease", + "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau", + "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "1891", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "The immune system", + "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.", + "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "The immune system", + "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "One class of non-self molecules", + "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules", + "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "innate and adaptive immunity", + "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "innate and adaptive immunity", + "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "those recognized as foreign molecules", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen. The innate immune system is the dominant system", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "innate immune system", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "the dominant system", + "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "toxins", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "waxy", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "eject pathogens and other irritants", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "The waxy cuticle", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "eject pathogens", + "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "respiratory and gas", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "phospholipas", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "lysozyme and phospholipas", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "tears", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "phospholipas", + "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche,", + "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "unpas", + "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "bowel diseases, urinary tract", + "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "bacterial gastroenteritis, inflammatory", + "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness. However, since most antibiotics", + "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "the dilation", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "white blood cells; chemokines that promote chemotaxis", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation, and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells", + "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "the dilation", + "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "innate immunity performed by cells", + "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "burst that releases free radicals", + "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "The pathogen is killed by the activity of digestive enzymes or following a respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the phagolysosome.", + "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "cellular innate immunity performed by cells", + "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "host defense", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "within tissues", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "adaptive immune system", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "60%", + "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens", + "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "the site of inflammation in a process", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "eosinophils", + "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "basophils, and natural killer cells", + "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells)", + "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "phagocytes", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "the bodily tissues", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "the innate and adaptive immune systems", + "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems, as they present antigens to T cells,", + "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "activation in order to kill cells that are \"missing self.\" For many years it was unclear how NK cells", + "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "activation", + "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "activation", + "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "immunological memory", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "The ability to mount", + "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "specific pathogens", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "T cells recognize a \"non-self\"", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "third, minor subtype are the \u03b3\u03b4 T cells", + "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "third", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "B", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR)", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR)", + "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8. The T cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the MHC I receptors bear", + "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "co-receptor on the T cell, called CD8.", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "MHC:antigen complex than observed for killer T cells,", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the T cell's surface, such as CD40 ligand (also called CD154),", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "activation", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "activation", + "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "the T cell's", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "invariant", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "invariant TCRs, such as CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "CD4+", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "invariant TCRs,", + "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype. On the other hand, the various subsets", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "B cell and processed by proteolysis", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "A B cell identifies pathogens", + "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "B", + "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate,", + "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "to replicate", + "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory.", + "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a", + "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "passive immunity is usually short", + "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "milk", + "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "baby", + "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "medicine", + "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "immune system", + "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "puberty.", + "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "autoimmune diseases", + "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "as well, most notably prolactin", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "conditions", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "increase", + "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "conditions", + "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "vitamin D levels.", + "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB", + "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "less cholecalciferol via UVB", + "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "hormone", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells", + "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "MHC class I", + "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "fewer MHC class", + "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "lack phagocy", + "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "plant cells respond to molecules", + "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "apoptosis", + "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "a particular infectious agent. RNA", + "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "phagocytic cells", + "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "non-self, and attacks", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "autoim", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "bone marrow) is to present young lymphocytes", + "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "autoim", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity,", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "50 years", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "early age", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunode", + "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "genetic mutation", + "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "immune system", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "deliberate induction of an immune response", + "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity", + "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "a type II", + "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "hollow tube", + "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "they may insert a hollow tube into the host", + "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "secretion", + "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne,", + "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "\" activation", + "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "the self/nonself", + "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "\"two-signal\"", + "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "undes", + "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "immune response by killing dividing cells", + "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "immunosuppressive", + "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "the most powerful of these drugs", + "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "catecholamines", + "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "sleep times due to the presence of melatonin. Inflammation", + "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "sleep time. First, inflammation", + "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "stress", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "the steroid", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "vitamin D, calcitriol, but the T-cell expresses the gene CYP27B1,", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "vitamin D,", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "vitamin D.", + "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "vitamin D.", + "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "The complement system and phagocytic cells", + "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "peptides", + "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals", + "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "Pattern recognition receptors", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "pathogenic antigens in a similar way", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "in an ancestor of the jawed", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "a similar way", + "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "in jawed", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "vertebrates", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "restriction modification system", + "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "the restriction modification system", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "humors", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "humoral", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "von Behring, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism\u2019s \u201chumors\u201d", + "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "battle between \"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity", + "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "The end", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "killer T cells.", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "the immune system", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection", + "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "tumor antigens", + "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "IgE, which triggers degranulation", + "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "four", + "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I \u2013 IV)", + "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "I \u2013 IV)", + "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "IgM antibodies)", + "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "cystic fibrosis. Other bacteria generate surface proteins", + "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "pathogens", + "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "biofilms are present in many successful infections, e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia", + "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "e.g., the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia", + "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "aureus", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "the envelope", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "non-self\" structures.", + "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "sugar", + "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "papilloma", + "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "high levels in tumor cells. One example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that, when expressed at high levels, transforms certain skin cells", + "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "viruses", + "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes", + "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival, that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules", + "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "larger", + "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "peptide", + "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "co-administered with an immunogenic", + "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "immunogenicity", + "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "useful in designing therapeutic antibodies, assessing likely virulence of mutations", + "572a12386aef051400155234": "milieu is also thought to support the formation", + "572a12386aef051400155235": "interleukin-12, TNF-alpha", + "572a12386aef051400155236": "IFN-gamma. These cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells", + "572a12386aef051400155237": "gamma.", + "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "proteases", + "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "by disrupting", + "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "microbe", + "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "which in turn activates other complement proteases", + "57271c235951b619008f860b": "the 2004 Orange Revolution", + "57271c235951b619008f860c": "the 2004 Orange Revolution", + "57271c235951b619008f860d": "British Empire),", + "57271c235951b619008f860e": "2003", + "57271c235951b619008f860f": "South Africa", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "Orange", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "diso", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "Civil Rights", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "Civil Rights Movement,", + "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "nonviolent resistance", + "57271f125951b619008f8635": "Antigone, in which Antigone,", + "57271f125951b619008f8636": "former King of Thebes, Oedipus,", + "57271f125951b619008f8637": "Thebes,", + "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Antigone, one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus,", + "57271f125951b619008f8639": "giving her brother Polynices a proper burial. She gives a stirring speech", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "King of Thebes, Oedipus,", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "Sophocles'", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "a stirring speech", + "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "Antigone, one of the daughters", + "5727213c708984140094da35": "Henry David Thoreau", + "5727213c708984140094da36": "Thoreau", + "5727213c708984140094da38": "Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", + "5727213c708984140094da39": "to vast audiences", + "5727213c708984140094da37": "Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "poet", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "Disobedience,", + "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "Peterloo", + "572726c9708984140094da7b": "ambiguity and in modern times", + "572726c9708984140094da7e": "debase", + "572726c9708984140094da7c": "muggers, arsonists, draft evaders", + "572726c9708984140094da7d": "muggers, arsonists", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "muggers, arsonists", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "President Agnew", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "muggers", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "debased. Marshall Cohen", + "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "arson", + "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": "Wonderland,", + "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "Wonderland,", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "have.\" He encourages a distinction between lawful protest", + "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "extremely difficult, if not impossible", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "Alice in Wonderland,", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "extremely difficult", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "semantical problems and grammatical nice", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "semantical", + "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "grammatical", + "57280f974b864d1900164370": "citizen", + "57280f974b864d1900164371": "a decision of that country", + "57280f974b864d1900164372": "a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country", + "57280f974b864d1900164373": "in her or his capacity", + "57280f974b864d1900164374": "a decision of that country", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "refuse to enforce a decision of that country", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "civil", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "Civil disobedience", + "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "disobedience", + "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "More than this, since only individuals act,", + "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment,", + "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "the majority but it may also express", + "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "if government is \u201cthe voice of the people", + "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "Thoreau\u2019s", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "the collective. The individual is the final judge of right and wrong. More than this,", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "the form of a postman", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment, when a confused taxman", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "admits that government", + "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood. Before Thoreau\u2019s imprisonment,", + "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "governmental entities. Brownlee", + "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "the legal system", + "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "disobedience", + "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "law", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "Brownlee", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "to be taken\". The same principle, she argues, applies to breaches", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "universities", + "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken\". The same principle, she argues, applies to breaches", + "572818f54b864d190016446c": "disobedience rather than simply covert law", + "572818f54b864d190016446d": "It is usually recognized that lawbreaking,", + "572818f54b864d190016446e": "direct order of Pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it. (Exodus 1:", + "572818f54b864d190016446f": "civil disobedience rather than simply covert law", + "572818f54b864d1900164470": "German citizens when Hitler's secret police", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "law", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert law", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "law", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "law", + "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert", + "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "disobedients' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance", + "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "civil disobedience", + "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "constitutional defects", + "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "disobedients", + "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "disobedients' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "civil", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "disobedience", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal", + "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "non-violent. Black's Law", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "Austrian government. Thoreau also wrote of civil", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "disobedience", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "Austrian", + "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler,", + "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "social customs, religious beliefs", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "civil disobedience", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "alter or abolish", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "to a section", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "Non-revolutionary", + "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "Ferenc De\u00e1k directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian", + "572822233acd2414000df555": "during the Roman Empire[citation", + "572822233acd2414000df556": "days, weeks and months after it happened. The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher", + "572822233acd2414000df557": "Thoreau,", + "572822233acd2414000df558": "Roman", + "572822233acd2414000df559": "during the Roman Empire[citation", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "after the end", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists. This is a form of jail", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "solitary civil disobedience", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "Thoreau,", + "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks", + "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "diso", + "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick) while openly breaking the law. Julia Butterfly", + "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "Bedau", + "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "738", + "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "nuisance", + "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "diso", + "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "civil disobedience", + "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "acts", + "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "nuisance", + "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "the bystander", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "v. Pacifica", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "defiance toward the government and unwillingness", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "the criminalized behavior", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "\"Filthy", + "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "civil", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, \"Wise", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "New Hampshire city councilors", + "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience", + "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "it", + "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "coercion in order to get their issue onto the table.\" The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB", + "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "Some forms of civil", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "diso", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "refusals to pay taxes", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "large domes covering two satellite dishes.", + "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "it more difficult for a system", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "community, that a suspect's talking", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "his neighbor, for whom he has respect, as a neighbor and well-disposed man, or as a mania", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "a consent", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "arise also in civil", + "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "lack of understanding of the legal ramifications", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "government", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "to obey the laws that a government", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "government still don't believe", + "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "to bind all to obey the laws that a government", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "whether or not to plead guilty", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "whether or not to plead guilty", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "the right thing by violating this particular law", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "increase the possibility of changing the unjust law. It has also been argued that either choice", + "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "plead guilty. There is much debate", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "Tonopah, Nevada, and arraigned", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "the Camp", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "Peace,", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "\"line\"", + "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "arranged announced time", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "To accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules' is to switch", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "reminding their countrymen of injustice. But that is different than the notion that they must go to jail", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "the notion that they must go to jail", + "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience, to demean the seriousness of the protest", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "civil", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "pleading", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "civil disobedients", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "misdemeanor count", + "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "pleading", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "allocution", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on U.S. Navy", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "because, according to the U.S. Court of Appeals", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on U.S. Navy", + "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "a speech", + "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "defendants plead not guilty, \"", + "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "\"", + "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "if defendants plead not guilty", + "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "law", + "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "acquittal but make for more boring proceedings and reduced press", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "a law", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "It has also been argued that breaking the law", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution, or by denying having committed the crime", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "civil disobedience. Likewise, a protestor", + "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "a protestor who attempts to escape punishment", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "The necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "the Vietnam War;", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "illegal", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "civil", + "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "the basis of their challenging the legality", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "no right not to be punished. It is a matter", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "deserts\", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment. Brownlee argues, \"Bringing", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "the objector", + "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "\"In deciding whether or not to impose punishment,", + "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "the process", + "57273a465951b619008f8700": "domestic product", + "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine percent", + "57273a465951b619008f8702": "infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser,", + "57273a465951b619008f8703": "the process of constructing a building", + "57273cca708984140094db33": "public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc. The largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects.", + "57273cca708984140094db34": "the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises", + "57273cca708984140094db35": "budgeting, construction", + "57273cca708984140094db36": "project, effective planning", + "57273cca708984140094db37": "largest construction projects", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "non-residential (commercial/institutional)", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "heavy engineering. It includes large public works, dams,", + "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "(commercial/institutional). Infrastructure", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "the size of design and construction", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "a trade magazine for the construction", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014", + "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "the largest", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "the differences of companies in this sector", + "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "construction projects typically include various common elements, such as design", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "legal considerations, many projects of varying sizes", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "the property acts as laborer", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "the entire project. Although building construction projects typically include various common elements, such as design,", + "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience", + "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive", + "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespe", + "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "expensive to build) and the availability of skilled trades", + "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "dramatically based on site", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "one continuous build, using large 3D printers.", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "2 metres (6 ft", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "large 3D printers.", + "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "20 hours, with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities, in one continuous build, using large 3D printers.", + "572745c6708984140094db9a": "(i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system,", + "572745c6708984140094db99": "A formal design team", + "572745c6708984140094db9b": "a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers,", + "572745c6708984140094db9c": "Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers,", + "572745c6708984140094db9d": "a design team including Architect, civil engineers,", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "an \"architecture\" or \"construction management", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "separate companies", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as \"one-stop", + "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "a \"design build\" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification", + "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "the owner to integrate the services", + "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design", + "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies", + "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "having sufficient funds at a specific time,", + "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "preventable financial problems. Underbids", + "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "when builders ask for too little money", + "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "notoriously prevalent in the construction field. Financial planning for the project", + "5727502f708984140094dc07": "banker", + "5727502f708984140094dc08": "banker", + "5727502f708984140094dc09": "Accountants", + "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "accountants", + "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "process. Cost engineers", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "a matter of custom", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "a matter of custom", + "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "the owner", + "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "bottlenecks, the delay", + "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange", + "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "construction means that a delay costs money", + "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "collapse", + "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "legal obligations, each of which all parties", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs)", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "construction project", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "new forms of procurement", + "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "project", + "572753335951b619008f8853": "the architect or engineer", + "572753335951b619008f8854": "the main", + "572753335951b619008f8855": "the architect or engineer acts as the project", + "572753335951b619008f8856": "the architect or engineer", + "572753335951b619008f8857": "the most common method of construction procurement", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "The owner", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "owner", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "The owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often, it is not just one contractor, but a consortium", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "D&B contractors", + "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract, where the project", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "the foundation can be dug, contractors", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "the construction of a building,", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "the utilities themselves", + "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages", + "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "$960 billion", + "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "$960 billion", + "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "432,000 specialty); the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees", + "572755b7708984140094dc50": "about 667,000 firms employing 1 million", + "572755b7708984140094dc51": "680", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "$100,000", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "\u00a326,719", + "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "the UK.", + "572756fe708984140094dc71": "inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction", + "572756fe708984140094dc72": "fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders", + "572756fe708984140094dc73": "inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry.", + "572756fe708984140094dc74": "as harnesses", + "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "scholarships", + "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "right", + "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "mandatory taxation through public (government) funding; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper", + "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have (e.g. sport scholarship", + "57274712708984140094dbad": "$45,000 at several New England preparatory schools.", + "57274712708984140094dbae": "secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities", + "57274712708984140094dbaf": "Canada,", + "57274712708984140094dbb0": "North America", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "(upper sixth). This category includes university-preparatory schools or \"prep", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "higher salaries", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding schools", + "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "the best teachers", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Roman Catholic", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "academic subjects to impress their particular faith", + "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "academic subjects to impress their particular faith", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "infrastructure", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "uniforms", + "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "expensive", + "57274971708984140094dbbb": "St Ursula's", + "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Anglican", + "57274971708984140094dbbd": "St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown,", + "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Gregory's College, Campbelltown,", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "GDR).", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "Article 7, Paragraph 4", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "7.8%", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "1%", + "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "1%", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, compared to most other Western European countries.", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "low tuition fees", + "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "least the same wages as teachers at public schools,", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "German dual education system.", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "students tuition fees", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "rarely, religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools. Most of these schools are vocational schools.", + "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "German dual education", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "So, in a strict sense, a private school", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "an unaided school", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "30", + "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "government", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "private schooling", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "India.", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "system point out that this leads to corruption", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get Recognition (a form of license)", + "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "corruption", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "phr\u00edobh\u00e1ideach)", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "the Junior Certificate", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "\u20ac25,000", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "school fees, which tend to be relatively low in Ireland", + "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "rise up to \u20ac25,000 per year. The fee-paying schools", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "1957", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Chinese", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "Chinese", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "the school", + "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "60", + "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "subject, Nepali and/or the state's", + "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "\"Public School\"", + "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "in their own city", + "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "English,", + "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "children to such schools, which might be in their own city or far off, like boarding schools. The medium of education is English,", + "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "88", + "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "3.7%", + "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "3.7%", + "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "Catholic", + "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "teachers", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "Presbyterian, such as Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "New Zealand", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "Catholic schismatic group,", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Cambridge,", + "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "College and St Cuthbert's", + "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "5% of primary enrollment, 32%", + "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "32% of secondary enrollment and about 80%", + "5727500f708984140094dbff": "7.5% of primary enrollment, 32%", + "5727500f708984140094dc00": "August 1992.", + "5727500f708984140094dc01": "Philippines,", + "572750df5951b619008f882f": "deserving high school graduates", + "572750df5951b619008f8830": "vocational and technical courses. The Private Education Student", + "572750df5951b619008f8831": "assistance", + "5727515f708984140094dc11": "private church", + "5727515f708984140094dc12": "1996", + "5727515f708984140094dc13": "ever since. After the abolition of apartheid,", + "5727515f708984140094dc14": "laws governing private education", + "5727515f708984140094dc15": "early nineteenth century", + "57275409708984140094dc35": "South Africa (including both independent schools and public schools)", + "57275409708984140094dc36": "for white children.. These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups", + "57275409708984140094dc37": "higher school", + "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "10%", + "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "10,000", + "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "10,000", + "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "2008. Sweden is internationally", + "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "voucher model", + "572756265951b619008f886d": "aged up to 13", + "572756265951b619008f886e": "\u00a327", + "572756265951b619008f886f": "13 per cent", + "572756265951b619008f8870": "9 per cent", + "572756265951b619008f8871": "\u00a327,000", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "the landmark court case Brown", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "the 1970s", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "(see List of private schools in Mississippi).", + "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "African-American students (see List of private schools", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "Blaine", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "the First Amendment or individual state Blaine", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "Blaine", + "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "independent control of their student admissions and course", + "572759665951b619008f8883": "427", + "572759665951b619008f8884": "1972", + "572759665951b619008f8885": "1972", + "572759665951b619008f8886": "U.S.", + "572759665951b619008f8887": "McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976); Wisconsin v. Yoder,", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "$40,000", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "hundreds of millions of dollars", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "Groton School had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives.", + "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "$40,000", + "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "the Harvard Corporation", + "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "19th century", + "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "John Harvard (its first benefactor),", + "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "reform", + "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "Harvard", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "the world", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "eight", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "over 18 million volumes", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "18", + "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "18 million", + "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "Harvard", + "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "3 miles", + "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "University", + "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "eleven", + "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium,", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "1636", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "\"the college at New Towne\".", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "1638", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "1638", + "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1638", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "Cambridge\u2014\u200b\u200bbut", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "(A 1643", + "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "illiterate ministry to the churches", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "1803", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Congregationalist ministers,", + "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "1803", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "Dugald Stewart,", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "\"participation in the Divine Nature\" and the possibility of understanding \"intellectual existences\".", + "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "arch", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "William Ellery Channing", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction", + "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "God", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "James Bryant", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "well as the college level", + "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "1953", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "about four", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "1977", + "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "male", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "3 miles (5 km", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "three", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "Boston,", + "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "3 miles", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "downtown", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "ha) campus", + "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "south of the Cambridge", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "approximately fifty percent", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park", + "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "enhanced transit infrastructure", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "2,400", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "21st and longest-serving president (1869\u20131909)", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "14,000", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "1875", + "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "1869\u20131909", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$4.093 million", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "necessitating budget cuts. Later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure, a reduction of nearly 50%", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "loss to be in the range", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "necessitating budget cuts. Later reports", + "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "$4.093 million", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "late 1980s", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.", + "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "$230 million", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "3%", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "2007", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "to selective universities", + "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2019", + "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "eight", + "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "four", + "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "\"", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "four-course rate", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "four half-courses per term and must maintain a four", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "graduating in the top", + "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "laude, and the next 30%", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "$80,000", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "from institutional funds, $35 million", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "more than 10%", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "$340 million came from institutional funds, $35 million", + "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "10%", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "largest in the world", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "Harvard University Library System", + "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "three", + "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "three", + "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art.", + "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "ancient, Asian,", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "2009", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "2009", + "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "8th", + "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "two", + "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game, although the Harvard\u2013Yale Regatta predates the football", + "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "every two years", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "1920", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "1903", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "1906", + "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Harvard", + "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center,", + "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "the school's varsity", + "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "five", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "squash", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "National Championships", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Harvard", + "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "2003", + "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin", + "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "Theodore Roosevelt,", + "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Toledo; Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou;", + "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Murtaza Bhutto and Sanam Bhutto; Bangladesh Minister of Finance", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon,", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson;", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "William S.", + "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings;", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "Hoffmann,", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Baroness Shirley Williams", + "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Helen Vendler,", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010.", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "382", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "largest", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "the county", + "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "2014", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "St. Johns River,", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "about 25 miles", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "in the river", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "the continental United States. Under British rule,", + "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "the river", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "Navy", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "two", + "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "United States", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "North Florida", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve,", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "The area of the modern city", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "the beginning of the historical era", + "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "Mocama,", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Philip II", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France.", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "Huguenot explorer Jean", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "the Saturiwa. Philip II", + "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "stone column near present-day", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "Augustine to Georgia.", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "territory", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government,", + "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "9, 1832", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "the nearby Fort", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "Confederate forces.", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "Battle of Olustee resulting in a Confederate victory. Union forces", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "city was blockade", + "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "1862", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "Grover Cleveland", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "St. Augustine", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "city's tourism", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "tourism", + "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "the Florida Old Confederate", + "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "the flames could be seen in Savannah,", + "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "2,000", + "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "Jennings declare martial law", + "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "glow from the flames could be seen in Savannah,", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "Norman Studios.", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "cheap", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "site", + "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "Norman Studios,", + "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "middle class \"", + "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "8% in 1970 to 55.1%", + "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "non-Hispanic white, declined from 75.8%", + "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "city hall, civic auditorium, public", + "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War", + "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "funding education", + "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "outside the city", + "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "funding education, sanitation", + "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "county. Voters outside the city", + "57281d494b864d19001644be": "through the traditional old boy network.", + "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "11", + "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "public high schools lost their accreditation.", + "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "Daniel and Claude Yates,", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "blueprint", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "Hans Tanzler", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "the Consolidated City", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "the new border of the \"Bold New City", + "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "posed with actress Lee Meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the \"Bold New City of the South\"", + "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2) is water. Jacksonville surrounds the town of Baldwin. Nassau", + "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "Atlantic Ocean lies to the east, along with the Jacksonville Beaches. The St. Johns River divides the city. The Trout River,", + "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "the town of Baldwin. Nassau County", + "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km", + "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "the west, and Clay and St. Johns County", + "572821274b864d1900164510": "the tallest precast, post", + "572821274b864d1900164511": "Riverplace", + "572821274b864d1900164512": "617 ft", + "572821274b864d1900164513": "37-story Wells", + "572821274b864d1900164514": "the 28 floor Riverplace Tower", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "humid", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "from May through September, while the driest months", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "mild weather during winters and hot and humid", + "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "common.", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "92 \u00b0F", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "indices are common", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "high humidity", + "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "July", + "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "east coast", + "572824f13acd2414000df590": "more than a dozen", + "572824f13acd2414000df591": "The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds", + "572824f13acd2414000df592": "Jacksonville", + "572824f13acd2414000df593": "2004", + "572826634b864d19001645be": "United States Navy.", + "572826634b864d19001645bf": "25,033", + "572826634b864d19001645c0": "largest Filipino American community, with 25,033", + "572826634b864d19001645c1": "United States", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "15.2%", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "18", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "males", + "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "18", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "about 3.5 billion people. According to a Los Angeles Times analysis of the report, the wealthiest 1% owns 46%", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "10 million", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "40%", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "global population combined. Oxfam's claims", + "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined. Oxfam's", + "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "about 3.5 billion people. According to a Los Angeles Times analysis of the report, the wealthiest 1%", + "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "people in the world", + "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "1%", + "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "1%", + "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "the World Institute for Development Economics", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "60", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "of all Americans combined.\"", + "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "a \"substantial head start\". In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, \"over", + "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "the Institute for Policy Studies,", + "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "the top 400 richest Americans", + "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "to the Institute for Policy", + "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "60", + "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "the Institute for Policy", + "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "Neoclassical economics", + "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions", + "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities", + "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "differences", + "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "lower", + "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "highly-paid professions", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "lower", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities", + "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "economics", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "capitalist class", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "capitalist class", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "rising levels", + "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "class amidst rising levels", + "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "capitalist class", + "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "increasing unemployment (the \"reserve army of labour", + "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "capitalist class", + "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "capitalist class", + "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "capitalist class", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "good", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers", + "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "by the market. Wages work", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "the supply of the skilled worker. \"On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society,", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "demand", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "businessman", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "wages", + "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "society", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "shortage", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "Competition", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "jobs such as dish", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "workers drives", + "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "expendable nature of the worker", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills,", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "wages", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "require highly developed skills, rare", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "wages", + "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "by achievement-oriented motivation", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "entrepreneurship", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "entrepreneurship", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "entrepreneurship", + "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter (\"push\" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship", + "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "it", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "opportunity. Necessity-based", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "entrepreneurship", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship", + "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "foster technological progress", + "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "tax progressivity", + "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "the level of the top tax", + "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "the level of inequality within a society", + "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system,", + "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "the level of the top tax rate", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "the change in tax regime. Additionally, steeper tax progressivity", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "effects of such taxation.", + "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "the level of inequality within a society", + "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area", + "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "growth", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "education raises incomes and promotes growth", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "lower aggregate savings", + "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "education leads", + "5729e1101d04691400779641": "creation of inequality", + "5729e1101d04691400779642": "unleash", + "5729e1101d04691400779643": "creation of inequality", + "5729e1101d04691400779644": "access to education. Education, especially in an area", + "5729e1101d04691400779645": "education raises incomes and promotes growth", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "$105 billion", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school,", + "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "one more year of school", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "the 2008", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "2008", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "the wealth gap", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "from the 2008-2009", + "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education.", + "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "1910", + "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality", + "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality", + "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "workers", + "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910\u20131940", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "compression", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap.", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "mass high school education movement", + "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "poor and unequal educational outcomes,", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "Ben Zipperer", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "little", + "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "European liberalism, where unions", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "U.S.-style labor-market", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "decline of union", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "Anglo-American", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "dramatically improves labor", + "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Washington", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "low", + "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "low levels of inequality", + "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "by other industrialized", + "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist", + "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University", + "5729e4291d04691400779653": "-hand with weak labor movements", + "5729e4291d04691400779654": "pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa", + "5729e4291d04691400779655": "inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "inequality", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "inequality", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "liberalization", + "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "of the Stolper\u2013Samuelson theorem", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "Krugman", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "Lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations, and that wealthier", + "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "skilled workers", + "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "significant", + "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "inequality", + "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "53%", + "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "marriage or pregnancy", + "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "labor market. Several factors other than discrimination", + "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "men", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "women and men", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "women", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "women", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell,", + "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "due to marriage or pregnancy", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "low levels", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Kuznets, countries with low levels", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "Economist Simon Kuznets", + "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "lower levels of inequality", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "back to lower levels of inequality.", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "it acquires", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "inequality", + "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "equal distributions of wealth. As a country develops, it acquires", + "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "after the 1970s", + "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s.", + "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies", + "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "Kuznets' curve predicts", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "High school movement from 1910", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "the manufacturing sector to the service sector.[citation needed] This implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect", + "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "theory.[citation needed] It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "larger", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "wealth concentrates", + "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "wealth concentrates", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "wealth concentrates", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "Thomas Piketty", + "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "theory", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation", - "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates", - "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering", - "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-", - "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "by", - "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "Economist Joseph", - "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "-.907). A similar", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": ", a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "consumption", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "Effects", - "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "of", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "prize", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "most", - "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States", - "572a06866aef0514001551be": "Richard", - "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and", - "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental", - "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "researchers Richard", - "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "obesity,", - "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "most of", - "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "most of", - "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "has", - "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "For most of human", - "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "history higher material living standards \u2013", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "the", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "In recent years the characteristic that has", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "In recent", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "years", - "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "In recent years", - "572a0a391d046914007796df": "across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger.", - "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides \u2013 since", - "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "to", - "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "Crime rate", - "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "additional dollar", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "decreases as a person becomes richer. From this standpoint, for any given amount of wealth in society, a society with more", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "\"distributive efficiency\" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "Following the", - "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "Following the utilitarian", - "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "argued", - "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the", - "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "that", - "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should", - "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "Banking economist Raghuram", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "Financial crisis of 2007\u201308", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "Banking economist", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "Raghuram", - "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "economist Raghuram Rajan", - "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "International Monetary", - "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "to International Monetary", - "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "is", - "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "International Monetary Fund", - "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "income is negatively correlated", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "-", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because", - "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "to economists David Castells-Quintana", - "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "not only because it is a waste", - "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "economists", - "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "Stiglitz", - "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "Joseph", - "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "has become more widely held in recent years. ... The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development.", - "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "\"The view", - "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz", - "572a11663f37b31900478693": "In", - "572a11663f37b31900478694": "by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach,", - "572a11663f37b31900478695": "In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation", - "572a11663f37b31900478696": "In 1993, Galor and", - "572a11663f37b31900478697": "Both are reflected in higher rates of growth.", - "572a12381d0469140077972d": "between 1960 and 2000 found a", - "572a12381d0469140077972e": "Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is \"little overall relation between income inequality and rates of", - "572a12381d0469140077972c": "Barro, found that", - "572a12381d0469140077972b": "economist Robert Barro,", - "572a12381d0469140077972f": "in", - "572a13841d0469140077973b": "and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states", - "572a13841d0469140077973c": "have", - "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Studies on income", - "572a13841d0469140077973e": "Studies on income inequality", - "572a13841d0469140077973f": "and growth have", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "the", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "through which inequality may have a positive effect on", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "Some", - "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "through which inequality may have a", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "central", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "acknowledging", - "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "While", - "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system", - "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "developing countries", - "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic", - "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "unregistered", - "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "number", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing \u2013 at least in the US \u2013 is", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "rental units", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing \u2013 at least in the US \u2013 is caused", - "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "certain costs", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": ",", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "and are shared by everyone, such", - "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC).[not", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "(EKC).[not", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "economic inequality, the more waste and pollution", - "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "many cases", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "or salary. In", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary.", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "attribute the vast disparities in", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production", - "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "disparities", - "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Nozick argued that government redistributes", - "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "distribution", - "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "taxation), and", - "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "Robert Nozick", - "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that", - "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "the human development approach", - "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "\u2019s choices and the level of their achieved well-being\u201d through increasing functionings (the things a person", - "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "\u201ccapability deprivation\u201d. Unlike neoliberalism, which \u201cdefines well-being as utility maximization\u201d, economic growth and income are considered a", - "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "capabilities", - "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "The capabilities", - "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "causes widespread panic, or there", - "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that", - "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "person\u2019s capabilities are lowered", - "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work", - "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "When", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations and help", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "The programme depicts the adventures", - "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid alien.", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "favourite.", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite.", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "show", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "The show is a significant part of British", - "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "the", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Doctor. The transition from one actor", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The transition from", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "Twelve actors", - "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species. Each actor's portrayal differs, but they are all intended", - "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "Who follows the adventures of the primary character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey,", - "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "has a \"chameleon circuit\" which normally allows", - "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "a", - "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "adventures of the primary character, a", - "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "primary character, a rogue", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "The Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans,", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth. He often finds events that", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures.", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth. He often finds events", - "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history,", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "Doctor Who first appeared on", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "permitted to contain any", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "appeared", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history. On 31 July 1963 Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation to", - "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "20", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1. Although (as series co-star Sophie Aldred reported in the documentary Doctor Who:", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "The", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1. Although (as", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "The BBC drama department's", - "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "'s", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "to a Doctor Who television film, broadcast on the Fox Network in 1996 as a co-production between Fox, Universal Pictures, the BBC and BBC", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "While", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "film", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "was", - "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "While in-house", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "in", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "Doctor", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "\"Rose\" on BBC One on 26", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "2005. No full series was filmed in 2009, although four additional specials starring David Tennant were made. In 2010, Steven", - "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "2016, Moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale, to be replaced by Chris Chibnall in 2018.", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "telefilm. This is similar to the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "note 2", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "telefilm.", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "a direct plot continuation", - "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963\u20131989 series[note 2] and the", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "F. Kennedy", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "minutes due to extended", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "been", - "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "has", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "phrase", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "\"Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa\" entered British pop culture,", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "\"Hiding behind", - "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "watching", - "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it.", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "very", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "injury, hurt or death to persons, animals or property, whether intentional or accidental\") Doctor Who was the", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "BBC audience research survey conducted in", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "in", - "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "conducted in 1972 found that, by their own", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "the idea of a police box as a time machine. In 1996, the BBC applied for a trade mark to use the TARDIS'", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "image of the TARDIS", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "to the show in the public", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "The image", - "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "firmly", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "run, each weekly episode formed part of a story (or \"serial\") \u2014 usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "Doctor Who originally ran for 26 seasons on BBC One, from 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989. During the original run, each weekly episode formed part", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "Who", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "One,", - "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "original", - "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "serial format changed for the 2005 revival, with each series", - "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "serial format changed for", - "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "The serial", - "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "notably, the episodes \"Journey's End\" from 2008 and \"The Eleventh Hour\" from 2010 exceeded an hour", - "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "usually consisting of 13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode", - "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "Resurrection of the", - "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "82", - "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "Time, was made in", - "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "eight", - "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "minutes", - "572803493acd2414000df229": "1973, large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries", - "572803493acd2414000df22a": "Between about 1964 and 1973, large amounts of older material stored in", - "572803493acd2414000df22b": "Between about 1964 and 1973,", - "572803493acd2414000df22c": "episodes", - "572803493acd2414000df22d": "were either", - "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "episodes have", - "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "have", - "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "episodes have been", - "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "Some episodes have been returned to the", - "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "to", - "572805363acd2414000df26d": "\"Official\"", - "572805363acd2414000df26e": "have also", - "572805363acd2414000df26f": "the BBC on VHS, on MP3 CD-ROM, and as special features on DVD. The BBC, in conjunction with animation studio Cosgrove", - "572805363acd2414000df270": "\"", - "572805363acd2414000df271": "CD-ROM, and as special features on", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character. This was first prompted by original star William", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "of the main character. This was first prompted by original star William", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character. This", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "the", - "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "s", - "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "the 1996", - "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "The", - "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "of 13 incarnations. This line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated, and was recognised by producers of the show", - "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "Mawdryn Undead and the 1996 TV film would", - "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "and the 1996 TV film would later establish that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations. This", - "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "addition to those actors who have headlined the series, others have", - "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "In", - "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "In addition to those", - "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": ".", - "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "addition", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "in 1985's The Two Doctors with Colin Baker. In 2007, Peter Davison", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "Fourth Doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher')", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "There have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific Doctor. In 1973's", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher') in the story Logopolis, the Ninth Doctor observes a former version", - "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "and interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher') in the", - "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "Additionally,", - "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "Additionally, multiple Doctors have returned in new adventures together in", - "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "released with additional archive recordings", - "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "series. Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy appeared together", - "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "multiple Doctors have returned in new adventures together in", - "57280e323acd2414000df349": "there have", - "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "the", - "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "programme's long history, there have been", - "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "the", - "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "the programme's long history, there have been revelations about the Doctor that have", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "1967 serial", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "The programme's", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed; in \"The Empty Child\" (2005),", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "The programme's", - "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "programme's first serial, An Unearthly", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "surrogates, through which the audience would discover information about the Doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure. The only story from the original", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "return home or find new causes \u2014 or loves \u2014 on worlds they have visited. Some have died during", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton (William Russell). These characters were", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "in 1963. One of the roles of the companion is to remind the Doctor of his \"moral duty\". The Doctor's first", - "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "Russell). These characters were intended to act as audience surrogates, through which the audience would discover", - "572811434b864d190016438c": "Since the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a", - "572811434b864d190016438d": "the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies", - "572811434b864d190016438e": "2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female", - "572811434b864d190016438f": "of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors were Rose Tyler (Billie Piper),", - "572811434b864d1900164390": "revival", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "in", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "With", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "With the", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "'", - "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "Doctor Who one step at a time:", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second serial", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand, and a directed", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "is to \"exterminate\" all non-Dalek beings.", - "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "the series plot, as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices,", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule the universe. Conceived as \"Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes\",", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "'s archene", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Master is the Doctor's archenemy,", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy,", - "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires", - "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "\"Utopia\". During", - "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "the character", - "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "the 2007 episode", - "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "revival in 2005", - "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "tenure. As of the 2014 episode", - "572816213acd2414000df429": "composed", - "572816213acd2414000df42a": "end of season 17 (1979", - "572816213acd2414000df42b": "mixers. Each note was individually created by cutting, splicing, speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of", - "572816213acd2414000df42c": "1979\u201380)", - "572816213acd2414000df42d": "The original theme was composed by Ron Grainer", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "for", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "for season 18 (1980),", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "A different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980),", - "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's arrangement for the season-long", - "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's arrangement for", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "Christmas special \"The Snowmen\", and a", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "A new arrangement of the theme, once again by", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "November 2013.[citation", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers. In 2011, the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station Classic", - "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "some viewers. In 2011, the theme tune charted at number", - "572819864b864d190016447e": "\"Who Is the Doctor\".[note 6] In 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia", - "572819864b864d190016447f": "Versions", - "572819864b864d1900164480": "CD-single remix versions of \"Doctorin'", - "572819864b864d1900164481": "In the early 1970s, Jon Pertwee, who had played the Third Doctor, recorded a version of", - "572819864b864d1900164482": "Pertwee,", - "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "musical", - "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "The most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson, who is also", - "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of The Tomorrow People. Simpson's first Doctor Who score was Planet", - "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "'s 7, and for his haunting theme", - "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson,", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "whilst", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "in", - "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "soundtrack releases have been", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "soundtrack", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008\u20132010 specials (The Next Doctor to End of Time Part 2).", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "have been", - "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "The", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "Doctor's final season and for the majority of the Fourth Doctor's tenure. The following", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "The", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "remained", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": ") was", - "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "for the Second Doctor)", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "programme's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades, with three notable periods of high ratings. The first of these was the \"Dalekmania\"", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "the day after the assassination", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "Premiering the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the first episode of Doctor Who was repeated", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "assassination of", - "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "week. Doctor Who has always appeared initially on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel, where it is regarded as a family show, drawing audiences", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "the", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "in 2005 (the third notable period of high ratings), it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "the", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "the ITV network strike of", - "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "was off the air for 18 months. Its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "Only four episodes", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "PBS stations two days prior to its BBC One broadcast. The 1988 story Silver Nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "on channels other than BBC One. The 1983 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors had its d\u00e9but on 23 November (the actual date of the anniversary)", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "Only four episodes have ever had their", - "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "had their premiere", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "available revived episodes in 2013 for the show's 50th anniversary. The ABC broadcasts the modern series first run on ABC1, with repeats on ABC2.", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": ", the", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "In Australia, the show has had a strong fan base since its inception, having", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "Australia, the show has had a strong fan base since its inception, having been exclusively first run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)", - "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "In Australia, the show has", - "572825714b864d1900164590": "racist; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station YTV.", - "572825714b864d1900164591": "TVOntario picked up the show", - "572825714b864d1900164592": "TVOntario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with The Three Doctors and aired each series (several", - "572825714b864d1900164593": "up the show in 1976 beginning with The Three Doctors and aired each series (several years late) through to series 24", - "572825714b864d1900164594": "TVOntario", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "part of a viewer contest) and excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary were played over the closing credits; for the broadcast of \"The Christmas Invasion\"", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "on 9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "For", - "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "For the", - "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "For", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "Kingdom,", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "Video", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been released on VHS,", - "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "A", - "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous", - "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Doctor Who", - "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Doctor Who has appeared", - "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "Doctor Who has appeared on", - "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times.", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "the success of the 2005 series produced", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "the success of the 2005 series produced by", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "Gwyneth in the 2005 Doctor Who episode \"The", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "Russell", - "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "her Doctor Who role of Martha Jones.", - "57282f204b864d190016468a": "full series began on 24 September 2007. A second series followed in 2008, notable for (as noted", - "57282f204b864d190016468b": "was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day 2007 and a full series began on 24 September 2007. A second series followed", - "57282f204b864d190016468c": "Sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith, was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's", - "57282f204b864d190016468d": "The Sarah Jane Adventures, starring Elisabeth Sladen", - "57282f204b864d190016468e": "her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith, was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day 2007 and a full series began", - "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "In 1993, for the franchise's 30th anniversary, another", - "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "Time was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving", - "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "Time was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving actors who played the Doctor and a number of previous companions. It also featured a crossover", - "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "of previous companions.", - "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "In 1993,", - "572831512ca10214002da04a": "Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley. The script was written by Steven Moffat, later to", - "572831512ca10214002da04b": "Fatal Death,", - "572831512ca10214002da04c": "special, Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS. An affectionate parody of the", - "572831512ca10214002da04d": "In 1999, another special, Doctor", - "572831512ca10214002da04e": "the", - "572833662ca10214002da086": "been many references", - "572833662ca10214002da087": "There", - "572833662ca10214002da088": "to", - "572833662ca10214002da089": "There", - "572833662ca10214002da08a": "in", - "572834524b864d1900164716": "was", - "572834524b864d1900164717": "The", - "572834524b864d1900164718": "Pescatons featuring the Fourth Doctor.", - "572834524b864d1900164719": "was", - "572834524b864d190016471a": "audio", - "572835854b864d190016472e": "Big Finish Productions has released", - "572835854b864d190016472f": "Doctor", - "572835854b864d1900164730": "Baker's", - "572835854b864d1900164731": "series", - "572835854b864d1900164732": "McGann's", - "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures. Since the relaunch of the programme in 2005, a new range of novels", - "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "been", - "572836732ca10214002da0de": "mid-sixties through to the present day. From 1965 to 1991 the books", - "572836732ca10214002da0df": "been published from the mid-sixties", - "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction", - "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC, there have also been novels, comics, short stories, audio books,", - "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "of stories have been published about Doctor Who, in different media: apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be", - "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "BBC", - "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "early", - "572838323acd2414000df737": "has", - "572838323acd2414000df738": "producer. In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor and in 2016, Michelle", - "572838323acd2414000df739": "as", - "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Britain's finest television programmes, winning the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005\u20132010) awards at", - "572838323acd2414000df73b": "received recognition as one of Britain's", - "57283a392ca10214002da118": "In 2013, the Peabody Awards honoured Doctor Who with an Institutional Peabody \"for evolving", - "57283a392ca10214002da119": "\u2014 and", - "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "\"for evolving with", - "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "Awards", - "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "2013, the Peabody Awards honoured Doctor Who with an Institutional Peabody \"for", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "60 years of BBC television broadcasting, where Doctor Who was voted as the \"Best Popular Drama\" the corporation had ever produced, ahead of such", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "Channel 4 countdown in 2001), the 1963\u20131989 run was placed at number", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "Drama\" the corporation had ever produced, ahead of such ratings heavyweights as EastEnders and Casualty. In 2000, Doctor Who was ranked third in a list", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "1975, Season 11 of the series", - "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "Britain award", - "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, with 25 wins overall including Best Drama", - "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "revived series", - "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "received recognition from critics", - "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "overall including Best Drama Series (twice),", - "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "series has ever been nominated. It was very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, with 25 wins overall including", - "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "Dramatic Presentation,", - "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "won the", - "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "has won the Short Form", - "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "has won the Short Form of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for", - "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series, six times (every year since 2006, except", - "57283e652ca10214002da166": "satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom", - "57283e652ca10214002da167": "satirised", - "57283e652ca10214002da168": "satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades", - "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Doctor Who", - "57283e652ca10214002da169": "Henry. Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in", - "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "a", - "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "The", - "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "Chicago, or U of C) is a private research university in Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The", - "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C)", - "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "Chicago. The university, established in 1890, consists of The College, various graduate programs, interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools.", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "of", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "in", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "academic", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines, including:", - "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics, the Chicago school of sociology,", - "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied", - "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "by", - "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest", - "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon", - "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "University of Chicago was created and incorporated as", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "The", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational,", - "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Chicago", - "572843304b864d1900164848": "send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree", - "572843304b864d1900164849": "College, Butler University, and Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the", - "572843304b864d190016484a": "1890s", - "572843304b864d190016484b": "for all", - "572843304b864d190016484c": "University of Chicago, fearful that its", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "eliminated varsity football", - "57284456ff5b5019007da060": ",", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "university's fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many changes during", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "In 1929, the university's", - "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "Hutchins, took office; the university underwent many", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "Hyde Park", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college; in addition, students enrolled at Shimer", - "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "the early 1950s, student applications declined as a", - "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "The university experienced its", - "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy", - "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "The university experienced", - "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "of", - "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "1960s", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "$100 million or more, was underway. Since 2011, major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "the mid-2000s", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "From the", - "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "From the mid-2000s, the university began a number", - "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb,", - "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The", - "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "the", - "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles,", - "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a \"master plan\" conceived by two University of", - "57284d484b864d1900164900": "After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to", - "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which", - "57284d484b864d1900164902": "Saarinen was contracted", - "57284d484b864d1900164903": "the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen", - "57284d484b864d1900164904": "Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": ", hosts various undergraduate and graduate study", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "campus. The university's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago.", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "a center in Beijing, near Renmin University's campus in Haidian District. The most recent additions are a center in", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various", - "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The", - "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "Fermilab, the Secretary of the university, and the Student Ombudsperson.", - "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "The", - "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "Andrew Alper, and the President of the university is Robert Zimmer.", - "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of", - "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "of Argonne National", - "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "The academic bodies", - "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "The", - "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "university also contains a library system, the University of Chicago Press, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, and the University of Chicago Medical Center,", - "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "The", - "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "The College of the University", - "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "The College", - "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "courses", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "Undergraduate students", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "opposed to a teaching assistant). As of the 2013\u20132014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core.", - "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "2012-2013, the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 students, and are generally led by a full-time", - "572855973acd2414000df925": "schools. It operates the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (a private day school for", - "572855973acd2414000df926": "runs a number of academic institutions and", - "572855973acd2414000df927": "Chicago", - "572855973acd2414000df928": "The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It", - "572855973acd2414000df929": "used in urban primary and secondary schools. The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced", - "572856beff5b5019007da190": "total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th most among library systems in the United States. The university's main library is the Regenstein Library,", - "572856beff5b5019007da191": "of", - "572856beff5b5019007da192": "The University of Chicago Library", - "572856beff5b5019007da193": "States. The university's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print", - "572856beff5b5019007da194": "a total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago also operates or is affiliated", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper. The university partially", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "institutes", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "The", - "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "has a joint stake in Fermilab, a nearby particle physics laboratory, as well as a stake in", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "The", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "of the Manhattan Project),", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the Chicago school of economics,", - "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played", - "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre,", - "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the", - "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in", - "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the", - "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "including the", - "572863363acd2414000df985": ",", - "572863363acd2414000df986": "quarter of 2014", - "572863363acd2414000df987": "quarter", - "572863363acd2414000df988": "the fall quarter of 2014, the University", - "572863363acd2414000df989": "SAT scores for the undergraduate class of 2015, excluding the writing", - "572864542ca10214002da2de": "participated", - "572864542ca10214002da2df": "The Maroons compete", - "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the", - "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "The Maroons", - "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "member of the Big Ten Conference and", - "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "clubs and", - "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "University of Chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as", - "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "and 15 national championships, leading both categories internationally.", - "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "the University", - "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "both categories internationally. The university's competitive Model United Nations team was the top ranked team", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "Recognized", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "Student", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "academic unit. It is led by an Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration", - "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "in addition to academic teams, sports", - "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "are", - "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "fraternities", - "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "Phi Omega. Four of the sororities", - "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "There are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at", - "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "seven", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "May", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "and", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "list. Since 1963, the Festival of the Arts (FOTA) takes over campus for 7\u201310 days of exhibitions", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "to obtain", - "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "since 1987, the University of Chicago has held", - "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "man", - "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": ",", - "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "In business, notable", - "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "In", - "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "In business,", - "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political", - "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Axelrod, Attorney General and federal judge Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark,", - "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "organizing Saul Alinsky,", - "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "of", - "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod, Attorney General and", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Times bestseller Before", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "the New York Times", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller Before I Fall Lauren Oliver, Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth, Canadian-born Pulitzer Prize and Nobel", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "author of the New York Times bestseller Before I", - "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "In literature, author of", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "minimalist", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series Alex Seropian, Serial host Sarah Koenig, actor Ed Asner,", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director,", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "In the arts and entertainment, minimalist composer Philip Glass, dancer, choreographer and leader in the", - "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "in the field of dance anthropology Katherine Dunham, Bungie", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "astronomers Carl Sagan, a prominent contributor to the", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "researcher Stanton Friedman, who worked on", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "Hubble,", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "In science, alumni include astronomers Carl Sagan, a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial", - "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "In science,", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "economics, notable Nobel", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "George Stigler,", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "notable Nobel Memorial Prize", - "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Stigler,", - "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.", - "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P.", - "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber", - "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "A. Michelson, elementary charge calculator Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton, the creator", - "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "faculty in", - "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator", - "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Robert A. Millikan,", - "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Michelson,", - "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize", - "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Past faculty", - "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and", - "5728742cff5b5019007da249": ", mathematician", - "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Calder\u00f3n, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Sahlins,", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty,", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "Sereno, evolutionary biologist", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "Current faculty include", - "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Current faculty include the anthropologist", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "The Yuan dynasty", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "(Chinese:", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "Yuan", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d;", - "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "Yuan dynasty (Chinese: \u5143\u671d; pinyin: Yu\u00e1n Ch\u00e1o), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: \u5927\u5143; pinyin: D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n;", - "572860e03acd2414000df977": "Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division", - "572860e03acd2414000df978": "following the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather", - "572860e03acd2414000df979": "dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of M\u00f6ngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan", - "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan,", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "Yeke Mongghul Ulus", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "Khan imposed the name", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "imposed", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "In 1271, Kublai", - "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143) is from the sentence \"\u5927\u54c9\u4e7e\u5143\" (d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Genghis", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206.", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "Genghis Khan united the", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes", - "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "steppes and became", - "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Og\u00f6dei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies", - "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan", - "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier", - "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "Mongols", - "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "at this", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Shi Tianze was a Han", - "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "Jurchen", - "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The", - "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "successor. Kublai returned from fighting the", - "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "Ariq B\u00f6ke was", - "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a", - "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire.", - "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "domain. The", - "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "Kaidu", - "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "troubled", - "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "years of Kublai Khan's reign.", - "572867d72ca10214002da300": "Kublai Khan's reign. Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the", - "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands", - "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He", - "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and", - "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat", - "572869b84b864d19001649af": "Kublai's", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "Kublai", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "capital", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "changed", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266.", - "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum", - "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "promoted", - "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "cultural growth", - "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal system, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation", - "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "Kublai", - "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific,", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "there were", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "(1115\u20131234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "to Quzhou,", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius", - "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "During", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "After", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "in", - "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "Annam, Champa, and Java, but won a Pyrrhic", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon. Kublai", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "raise", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "127", - "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "Kublai's", - "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the", - "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "1253, the former ruling Duan", - "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan", - "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "the conquest of Dali in", - "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "Kublai's", + "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "persistence of inequality within society", + "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "etc", + "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "wealth and income", + "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies", + "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies", + "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "inequality", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "from resources devoted on high-end", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "-.907). A similar relationship exists among US states", + "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "Nobel prize winner", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "self-esteem promoting social dislocation", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "liquidity", + "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "unrest", + "572a06866aef0514001551be": "(Mississippi", + "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "incarceration", + "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "teenage births", + "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "23", + "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "social goods", + "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "living standards \u2013 full stomachs", + "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "down among middle income countries", + "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years", + "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden", + "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "warmth from fuel", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "income inequality", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "nine", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "Kate Pickett", + "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "an index of \"Health and Social Problems\"", + "572a0a391d046914007796df": "about half of all", + "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "correlated with inequality", + "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "fifty", + "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "inequality", + "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "about half", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "luxury", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "distributive", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "necessities like food, water, and healthcare; while, an additional dollar", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "inequality", + "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "good", + "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "income inequality,\" and consumption is more important than income. According to Johnson, Smeeding, and Tory, consumption inequality", + "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "Conservative", + "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001", + "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality, and the CBO's", + "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality,", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "financial 'fault lines", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "lower and middle income earners", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go \"from bubble to bubble\" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go \"from bubble to bubble\" fueled by unsustainable", + "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "homes", + "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "income share of the top 20 percent (the rich) increases, then GDP growth", + "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality", + "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "over the medium", + "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "over the medium", + "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "IMF", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "promoting social dislocation, unrest", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "promoting social dislocation", + "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "David Castells-Quintana", + "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "promoting social dislocation", + "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "redist", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "\"The view that income inequality harms growth", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it", + "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "mattered most,", + "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "to growth", + "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "\"The view that income inequality", + "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993", + "572a11663f37b31900478694": "capital", + "572a11663f37b31900478695": "lower levels of growth", + "572a11663f37b31900478696": "Zeira showed that inequality", + "572a11663f37b31900478697": "credit", + "572a12381d0469140077972d": "no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data", + "572a12381d0469140077972e": "relation between income inequality and rates of growth", + "572a12381d0469140077972c": "fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth", + "572a12381d0469140077972b": "Harvard", + "572a12381d0469140077972f": "1999", + "572a13841d0469140077973b": "inequality", + "572a13841d0469140077973c": "Piketty", + "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Thomas Piketty", + "572a13841d0469140077973e": "the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states", + "572a13841d0469140077973f": "world since the 1970s", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "the 1950s to 2011", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "risen with increased income", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "economic development", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "a few years", + "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality.", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "economic growth", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "inequality", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "inequality", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "growth", + "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "growth", + "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "property", + "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "over 200 steps", + "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "unre", + "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "14", + "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "various associations and other arrangements. Reasons", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "valor", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "caused in part by income inequality", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "Janna", + "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "property", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "lower", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "the costs", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "costs", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "as the costs", + "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "lower", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level (1/3", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "inequality", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "lower", + "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "property", + "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "rectify this situation, socialists", + "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes", + "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "Nozick argued that government redistributes", + "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "distribution", + "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "increased innovations under capitalism; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy Rawls's theory of justice.", + "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members. Rawls does not discuss the full implications", + "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "income inequality", + "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "economic growth and income", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "to an end rather than the end itself. Its goal is to \u201cwid[en] people\u2019s", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "through increasing functionings", + "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "the human development approach", + "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "that people aren\u2019t denied their functioning", + "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "reduce the gap without additional aid. To prevent such inequality,", + "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "To prevent such inequality,", + "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "economic inequality increases, and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap", + "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "economic inequality increases, and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "1963", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "the Doctor", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord\u2014a space", + "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "a British science-fiction", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "(2006\u20132011) and The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007\u20132011),", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "Christopher Eccleston", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "Jane Adventures (2007\u20132011), both created by Russell", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "Christopher Eccleston", + "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "Jane Adventures (2007\u20132011), both created by Russell T Davies;", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Twelve", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Matt Smith's", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "the role after Matt Smith's exit in the 2013 Christmas", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "the role after Matt Smith's", + "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "the character of the Doctor", + "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "a \"chamel", + "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "Lord", + "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "the adventures of the primary character", + "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "\"The Doctor\". He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS \u2013 \"Time and Relative Dimension in Space\"", + "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS \u2013 \"Time", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "as his versatile sonic screwdriver", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "mortally damaged,", + "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "23 November 1963.", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "BBC TV", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "the only script", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert", + "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "25 minutes", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "26", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "Jonathan Powell,", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "BBC 1. Although (as series co-star Sophie Aldred", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "of BBC 1. Although (as series", + "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "Jonathan Powell,", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "Philip Segal, a British", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "BBC hoped to find an independent production company", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "1 million", + "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "the UK", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "Moffat replaced Davies", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "2018", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "2017", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "David Tennant were made. In 2010, Steven Moffat replaced Davies", + "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "Moffat replaced Davies as head writer and executive producer. In January 2016, Moffat", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "1963", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "(for example, Battlestar Galactica", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "1963", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "The Next Generation", + "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "which have either been reboots (for example, Battlestar Galactica", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "November 1963,", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "ten minutes", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "President John F. Kennedy", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "a series of power blackout", + "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "the assassination, as well as a series of power blackout", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "frightening parts of a television programme", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "Sofa\".", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "sofa\" entered British", + "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "the time.", + "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "the sofa", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "or accidental\") Doctor", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "3%", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "Dr Who, sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare,", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "Philip Howard maintained that, \"to compare the violence of Dr Who, sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare,", + "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "BBC audience research", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "Anthony Coburn,", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "public's consciousness", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "to the show in the public's consciousness; BBC scriptwriter", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who.", + "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "1998", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "seven", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "December 1989.", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "12", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "s", + "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "BBC", + "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2010", + "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "60 minutes", + "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "era, each episode,", + "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "the early \"classic\" era", + "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "2010", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "EastEnders set.", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "eight minutes", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "Five", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "Five Doctors and the 1996", + "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "2011", + "572803493acd2414000df229": "William Hartnell", + "572803493acd2414000df22a": "six", + "572803493acd2414000df22b": "253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the BBC's archives (most notably seasons 3, 4,", + "572803493acd2414000df22c": "Between about 1964 and 1973,", + "572803493acd2414000df22d": "Between about 1964 and 1973,", + "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "acquired them by various means.", + "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast, or by private individuals", + "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "Short clips from every story", + "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "private individuals who acquired them by various means. Early colour videotape recordings", + "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "all of the lost episodes exist", + "572805363acd2414000df26d": "CD-ROM,", + "572805363acd2414000df26e": "Theta-Sigma,", + "572805363acd2414000df26f": "1968", + "572805363acd2414000df270": "CD-ROM,", + "572805363acd2414000df271": "Theta-Sigma,", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "\"regeneration\"", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "Hartnell's", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "\"regeneration\"", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting", + "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting", + "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "12", + "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "13", + "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations.", + "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "Lord can only regenerate 12", + "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "1996", + "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "John Hurt guest-starred as a hitherto", + "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "50th anniversary special \"The Day", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "John", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "\"The Night of the Doctor\"", + "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "Doctor known as the War", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "William Hartnell", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "Children in Need short \"Time Crash\" alongside David Tennant, and most recently in 2013's 50th anniversary special episode, \"The Day", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "William Hartnell", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "William Hartnell", + "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "50th anniversary special episode, \"The Day", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "The Sirens", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "Paul McGann", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "Sylvester McCoy", + "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "1999", + "57280e323acd2414000df349": "Doctor similarly calls himself \"the Eleventh\" in \"The Lodger\". In the 2013 episode \"The Time of the Doctor,\"", + "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "Doctor.", + "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "enquires", + "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "Fifth", + "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "1976", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "Dr. Constantine states that,", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "Constantine", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "2008", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "father and a grandfather. Now I am neither.\" The Doctor remarks in response, \"Yeah, I know the feeling.\" In \"Smith", + "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "\"Smith and Jones\"", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "Ian Chesterton", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "Russell). These characters were intended to act as audience surrogates,", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "Russell).", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton", + "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "only story from the original series in which the Doctor", + "572811434b864d190016438c": "(Billie Piper),", + "572811434b864d190016438d": "Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) with Mickey Smith", + "572811434b864d190016438e": "Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams", + "572811434b864d190016438f": "(Catherine Tate)", + "572811434b864d1900164390": "Donna Noble (Catherine Tate)", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "Specials. Davies'", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "2005", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "Time Lords", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "the Time Lords (Rassilon)", + "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "one step at a time: the Autons", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The actual creatures resemble octopi", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "non-Dalek beings. They even attack the Time Lords", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "-energy weapon", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "octopi", + "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "\"The Witch's Familiar\"", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Moriarty", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley", + "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "\"Professor Moriarty", + "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Derek Jacobi", + "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "\"Missy\" (short for Mistress, the feminine equivalent of \"Master\").", + "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "2007", + "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "\"Utopia\".", + "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "assumed by John Simm", + "572816213acd2414000df429": "Dick Mills.", + "572816213acd2414000df42a": "Derbyshire", + "572816213acd2414000df42b": "commercial", + "572816213acd2414000df42c": "1979", + "572816213acd2414000df42d": "the BBC Radiophonic Workshop,", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Lord in season 23 (1986). Keff", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "Peter Howell", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "Doctor Who in 1996. For the return of the series in 2005, Murray", + "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "John Debney created a new arrangement of Ron Grainer's", + "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "Ron Grainer's", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "Christmas", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "Christmas special \"The Snowmen\",", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "a further revision", + "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "Christmas special \"The Snowmen\",", + "572819864b864d190016447e": "Mu", + "572819864b864d190016447f": "Jon Pertwee,", + "572819864b864d1900164480": "the Third", + "572819864b864d1900164481": "Gary Glitter", + "572819864b864d1900164482": "Mu Mu (later known as The KLF) released the single \"Doctorin'", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "Pertwee/Tom Baker periods, ending with The Horns of Nimon (1979). He also made a cameo appearance in The Talons of Weng-Chiang", + "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "Jon Pertwee/Tom", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "Jon Pertwee/Tom", + "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "Jon Pertwee/Tom", + "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "Weng-Chiang (as a Music hall", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode \"Music of the Spheres\", written by Russell T Davies", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "Christmas Day 2006.", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray", + "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "2). The soundtrack for Series 5", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "Christmas Carol\",", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "specials (The Next Doctor", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "special: \"A Christmas", + "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "December 2011 the soundtrack for Series 6 was released,", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "the Eighth Doctor", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "Ninth Doctor", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "Doctor's run. The logo", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "reused", + "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "reused", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "The programme's popularity has waxed", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "BBC Three. The programme's", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "1964\u20131965", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "1964\u20131965)", + "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "BBC", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "BBC Board", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "high ratings), it has consistently had high viewership levels", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "Board of Control,", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "poor at the time and was, according to the BBC Board", + "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "the time and was, according to the BBC Board of Control,", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "the United States.[citation", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "United States.[citation", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "Canada,", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "four", + "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "1988", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "ABC", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors in 1983.", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "ABC2. The ABC also provided partial funding for the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors in 1983. Repeats", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "having been exclusively first run by the Australian Broadcasting", + "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "modern series have also been shown on subscription television channels BBC UKTV,", + "572825714b864d1900164590": "1979", + "572825714b864d1900164591": "as an educational channel. Its airing of The Talons of Weng-Chiang", + "572825714b864d1900164592": "TVO", + "572825714b864d1900164593": "TVO's status as an educational channel. Its airing of The Talons of Weng-Chiang", + "572825714b864d1900164594": "educational channel. Its airing of The Talons of Weng-Chiang", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador),", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "a viewer contest", + "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "26 December 2005,", + "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "Billie Piper", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "the United Kingdom, Australia,", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "BBC Video on DVD,", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead", + "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "DVD. The 2005", + "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee", + "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "Jon Pertwee", + "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee", + "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "Doctor", + "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "John Barrowman", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "2005", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "2005", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "T Davies,", + "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "Mori who reprised her role as Toshiko Sato first seen in \"Aliens of London\".", + "57282f204b864d190016468a": "Jane Smith,", + "57282f204b864d190016468b": "24 September 2007.", + "57282f204b864d190016468c": "2011", + "57282f204b864d190016468d": "2011", + "57282f204b864d190016468e": "in 2009 featured a crossover appearance", + "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "the soap opera EastEnders,", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "all of the surviving actors", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "all of the surviving actors", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich", + "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich effect", + "572831512ca10214002da04a": "Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.", + "572831512ca10214002da04b": "four segments", + "572831512ca10214002da04c": "Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.", + "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent,", + "572831512ca10214002da04e": "Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.", + "572833662ca10214002da086": "EastEnders,", + "572833662ca10214002da087": "(\"The Neutral Zone\") and Leverage. In the Channel 4 series Queer as Folk (created by later Doctor Who executive producer Russell T. Davies),", + "572833662ca10214002da088": "EastEnders,", + "572833662ca10214002da089": "Russell T. Davies),", + "572833662ca10214002da08a": "Russell T. Davies),", + "572834524b864d1900164716": "Chase", + "572834524b864d1900164717": "21-minute", + "572834524b864d1900164718": "The first commercially available audiobook was an abridged", + "572834524b864d1900164719": "1966", + "572834524b864d190016471a": "Pescatons", + "572835854b864d190016472e": "Paul McGann's", + "572835854b864d190016472f": "Paul McGann's", + "572835854b864d1900164730": "Paul McGann's", + "572835854b864d1900164731": "2013", + "572835854b864d1900164732": "1999", + "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "1965", + "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "mid-sixties", + "572836732ca10214002da0de": "mid-sixties", + "572836732ca10214002da0df": "Panini,", + "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "Doctor Who books have been published from the mid-sixties", + "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the early 1960s,", + "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "game books, webcast", + "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "BBC takes no position", + "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "BBC takes no position", + "572838323acd2414000df737": "Best Supporting Actress nomination for her work as Missy.", + "572838323acd2414000df738": "(2005\u20132010) awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer. In 2011,", + "572838323acd2414000df739": "2005", + "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Matt Smith", + "572838323acd2414000df73b": "British Academy Television Award", + "57283a392ca10214002da118": "iTunes", + "57283a392ca10214002da119": "the known television universe", + "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "BBC Radiophonic", + "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "2013", + "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "iTunes", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "EastEnders", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "EastEnders", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "the corporation", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "the corporation", + "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "EastEnders", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "Vincent van Gogh.", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "4", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "25", + "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "2010", + "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "\"Vincent and the Doctor\" was shortlisted", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "Best Actress. Doctor Who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "six times", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "six times", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "Matt Smith", + "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "Matt Smith", + "57283e652ca10214002da166": "BBC Dead Ringers", + "57283e652ca10214002da167": "BBC Dead Ringers", + "57283e652ca10214002da168": "soap sponge at it)", + "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates", + "57283e652ca10214002da169": "hurls", + "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "private", + "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "1890", + "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "four", + "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "around 15,000", + "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "four", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "economics", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "Stagg", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university and include both the Obama", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "school of sociology, the law and economics", + "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "2020", + "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "Baptist Education Society", + "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association", + "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "William Rainey", + "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "1892", + "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1892", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "the Ryerson", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "trustees and donor of the Ryerson", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "$100,000", + "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "C. Walker of the Walker", + "572843304b864d1900164848": "Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer", + "572843304b864d1900164849": "1896", + "572843304b864d190016484a": "Des Moines College,", + "572843304b864d190016484b": "Kalamazoo College, Butler University,", + "572843304b864d190016484c": "1896", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "Robert Maynard Hutchins,", + "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "Center) finished construction and enrolled its first", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "his term, the University of Chicago", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "24-year", + "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "1933", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "early 1950s", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "early 1950s", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "Shimer were enabled to transfer", + "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "became a major sponsor of a controversial", + "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "1962", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures.\"", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "1967", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "two", + "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "'s policy in \"", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "2008", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "the Chicago", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "$300 million", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "medical campus of the University of Chicago Medical Center.", + "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "Booth", + "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "Gothic styles, patterned on the colleges of the University of Oxford. (Mitchell Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's", + "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "six", + "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Oxford.", + "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "Gothic styles,", + "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic styles,", + "57284d484b864d1900164900": "1940s", + "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Saarinen", + "57284d484b864d1900164902": "the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the largest building on campus,", + "57284d484b864d1900164903": "Gerald Ratner Athletics Center (2003), the Max Palevsky Residential Commons (2001), South Campus Residence Hall", + "57284d484b864d1900164904": "1955", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "Hong Kong", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "downtown Streeterville", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "2015", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Chicago", + "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2015", + "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "board of trustees", + "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "50", + "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "fourteen", + "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Zimmer.", + "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "Robert Zimmer.", + "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "University of Chicago", + "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "four", + "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "four", + "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "28", + "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five", + "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "50", + "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "The college's", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "USA, \"Among the academic cream of American universities \u2013 Harvard,", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "at Chicago were limited to 17", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "Uni in the USA, \"Among the academic", + "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "cream", + "572855973acd2414000df925": "University of Chicago Laboratory", + "572855973acd2414000df926": "the University of Chicago", + "572855973acd2414000df927": "12", + "572855973acd2414000df928": "a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Humanities, which administers interdisciplinary workshops", + "572855973acd2414000df929": "University", + "572856beff5b5019007da190": "one of the largest collections of print volumes", + "572856beff5b5019007da191": "one of the largest collections of print volumes", + "572856beff5b5019007da192": "The John Crerar Library", + "572856beff5b5019007da193": "2013", + "572856beff5b5019007da194": "one of the largest collections of print volumes", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "12", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "12", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "the Center for Middle Eastern Studies.", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "Chicago", + "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "the Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "academic movements. In economics,", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "life", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "Chicago Pile-1", + "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "1953", + "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "2000", + "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "1996", + "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "1959", + "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "1959", + "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "five", + "572863363acd2414000df985": "four", + "572863363acd2414000df986": "four graduate divisions, 5,984", + "572863363acd2414000df987": "four graduate divisions, 5,984", + "572863363acd2414000df988": "four graduate divisions, 5,984", + "572863363acd2414000df989": "15,244 students overall. In the 2012 Spring Quarter, international students", + "572864542ca10214002da2de": "the Men's Basketball tournament.", + "572864542ca10214002da2df": "Sweet Sixteen. In 1935, Chicago Maroons", + "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "University of Chicago", + "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "Chicago", + "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "its home games", + "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "over 400", + "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "the University of Chicago College", + "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "Scavenger", + "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "Chicago", + "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "the University of Chicago", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "UN, in addition to academic teams, sports club, arts groups, and more are funded by The University of Chicago Student Government.", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "The University of Chicago Student Government. Student Government", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "two", + "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "$2 million", + "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "ten", + "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "fifteen", + "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "the National Panhellenic", + "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "fifteen", + "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "8", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "January,", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "1963", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, in", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "the Festival", + "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "the University of Chicago has held the University", + "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "the first management accounting textbook James O. McKinsey, Arley D. Cathey,", + "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "Joe Mansueto, Chicago Cubs owner and chairman Thomas S.", + "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "Nadella, Oracle Corporation", + "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man", + "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "Nadella, Oracle Corporation", + "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Alinsky, Obama", + "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "modern community", + "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Clinton David Axelrod,", + "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "field of government and politics", + "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "modern community organizing Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod,", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Philip Roth,", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Comparative Literature Richard Rorty,", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "Saul Bellow, political", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize for Literature winning writer Saul Bellow,", + "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Saul Bellow,", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "Philip Glass,", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Sarah Koenig,", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "Pulitzer", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "Alex Seropian,", + "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Mike Nichols,", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "Carl Sagan,", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "Ernest Everett Just and Lynn Margulis,", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "the Hamming Code,", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "Just and Lynn Margulis,", + "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "Ernest Everett Just and Lynn Margulis,", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "the Nobel Memorial", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Ronald Reagan", + "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "American", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "National Security Council", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis,", + "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "David Graeber", + "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "the twentieth century", + "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton, the creator of the first nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi,", + "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Robert A. Millikan,", + "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Walter Alvarez, Murray", + "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Enrico Fermi, \"the father of the hydrogen bomb\" Edward Teller,", + "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton", + "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper,", + "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists", + "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "Henry Breasted, mathematician", + "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "Egyptologist", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "Neil Shubin", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "Barack Obama's", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty,", + "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "Mongolian Borjigin clan.", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "the empire or ruling dynasty", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "Kublai Khan,", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "Kublai Khan", + "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "1271", + "572860e03acd2414000df977": "Taizu.[b]", + "572860e03acd2414000df978": "Ming dynasty. The dynasty", + "572860e03acd2414000df979": "Ming dynasty. The dynasty", + "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "the khan", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "1271", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "establishing the Yuan", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "(d\u00e0 zai Qi\u00e1n", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty", + "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "establishing the Yuan dynasty.", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, \u00d6gedei", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "1251", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "\u00d6gedei Khan,", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "1251", + "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals,", + "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Og\u00f6dei", + "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Khitan defected to the Mongols", + "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Han Chinese and Khitan", + "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "10,000", + "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "three", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Shi Gang married a Kerait", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "Jin dynasty.", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "(\u53f2\u79c9\u76f4, Shih", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "Bingzhi", + "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "high ranking Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty", + "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan", + "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "the cooperation", + "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "1256", + "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "the three western khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate", + "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "B\u00f6ke,", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "Kublai", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "in the south. Kublai secured the northeast border", + "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai", + "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "the northeast border", + "572867d72ca10214002da300": "1262", + "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "the local administrative structure", + "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative", + "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank. Kublai's", + "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "three", + "572869b84b864d19001649af": "monopolies", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "new city", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "Khublai", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "1272", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "new era of Chinese history.", + "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "Mandate of Heaven", + "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "commercial, scientific, and cultural growth", + "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "commodities, and culture", + "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "southern China", + "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "court", + "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Kublai Khan.", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused,", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "1234", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "1234", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao", + "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "two Duke Yanshengs,", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "the rich Yangzi River basin.", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "1276", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated", + "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "1279", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "prince Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n (later King Tr\u1ea7n", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288). The Chinese region of Fujian", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "Annam,", + "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "after 1279", + "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "Qing-era", + "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "Tem\u00fcr Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Tem\u00fcr Khan", + "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "1253", + "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "the former ruling Duan dynasty", + "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "1253", "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "Kublai,", - "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "Kublai,", - "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "The fourth", - "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada),", - "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "emperor, Buyantu", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju.", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "Khan,", - "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "in Shangdu", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "s", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "Tem\u00fcr died in Shangdu in", - "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Qipchaq", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "(Chinese: \u594e\u7ae0\u95a3\u5b78\u58eb\u9662), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake \"a number of", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "the fact that", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "was dominated by El Tem\u00fcr, Tugh Tem\u00fcr is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucianism", - "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "El", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Tem\u00fcr", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "of", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "1332 and subsequent death of", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "After the", - "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "After the death of Tugh Tem\u00fcr in 1332", - "572872822ca10214002da374": "they", - "572872822ca10214002da375": "final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among", - "572872822ca10214002da376": "lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while", - "572872822ca10214002da377": "years of", - "572872822ca10214002da378": "years of the", - "57287338ff5b5019007da232": ", people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective", - "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "the late", - "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "famines,", - "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "late 1340s onwards, people in", - "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "From", - "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "A", - "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central Asia promoted trade between", - "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "achievements", - "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular. The political unity of China and much of central", - "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period", - "572879574b864d1900164a15": "numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism)", - "572879574b864d1900164a16": "to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the", - "572879574b864d1900164a17": "instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam,", - "572879574b864d1900164a18": "in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "trip", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "China", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as", - "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "Europeans to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Kublai", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "Yuan undertook extensive", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "extensive public", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "works.", - "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "The Yuan undertook", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "The Yuan dynasty was the first time that", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "known", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "generally", - "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "non-native Chinese people ruled all of China. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire.", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "various", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "in", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": ",", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "Tibetan Buddhists.", - "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While", - "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance", - "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "the existence of these central government", - "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was", - "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected", - "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in", - "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "1269,", - "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued", - "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "of", - "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "Since its invention in", - "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese", - "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "dynasty seems", - "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "incorporation", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "In the China of the Yuan, or Mongol era, various important developments in the arts occurred or", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "arts occurred or continued in their development, including the areas of painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater, with many great artists and writers", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "In the China", - "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "In", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "the western khan", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since", - "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "dynasty had dramatically increased the", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "(", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "polynomial", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314) solved simultaneous equations with up", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "Advances", - "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "unknown. His method is described in the", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "Shoujing applied mathematics to the", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "the construction of calendar", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula", - "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was", - "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "applied mathematics to the construction of", - "572881022ca10214002da416": "otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols", - "572881022ca10214002da417": "shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage", - "572881022ca10214002da418": "shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians", - "572881022ca10214002da419": "traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies,", - "572881022ca10214002da41a": "The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures.", - "572881704b864d1900164a50": "medical", - "572881704b864d1900164a51": "had \"Four Great Schools\"", - "572881704b864d1900164a52": "schools", - "572881704b864d1900164a53": "The Chinese", - "572881704b864d1900164a54": "The", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "Western medicine was also practiced in China", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "Western", - "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "Western", - "572882242ca10214002da420": "to the Mongols through Kingdom", - "572882242ca10214002da421": "first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the", - "572882242ca10214002da422": "of Qocho", - "572882242ca10214002da423": "the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office. The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China. Local schools and government agencies", - "572882242ca10214002da424": "rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry.", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "One of the more notable applications of printing", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "One", - "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to", - "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "Politically,", - "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "Politically,", - "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between", - "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism", - "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "China, the Mongols also", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Muslim", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve", - "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "worked as artisans and farmers. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called \"Right Alan Guard\" which was combined with \"recently", - "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "Emperors severely discriminated against them,", - "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "ci", - "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "fighting the Mongols, among", - "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "high", - "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Despite", - "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "wrote that the usage of the term \"social classes\" for this system was misleading and", - "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "the term \"social classes\"", - "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "W. Mote wrote that the usage of the", - "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "the term", - "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "the", - "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "of", - "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "classes", - "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "reason", - "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "saying that", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "When the Mongols placed", - "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "Korean King, saying that the Uighur", - "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "The Central Region, consisting", - "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "of", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "The", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Region, consisting of present-day Hebei,", - "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "(/\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/; locally [\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a] ( listen", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "/\u02c8k\u025bn", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "officially", - "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "(/\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/;", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "on its peaks. Further inland, in the Nyanza region, there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "climate", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Kenya has a warm and", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "its", - "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "Lake Victoria,", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "African Great", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "Kenya", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established", - "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "in Africa.", - "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "clear", - "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "then the British may not so much have mispronounced", - "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "Kamba", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "of a correct African pronunciation /\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/. An 1882", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "Ludwig Krapf", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Krapf", - "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "Ludwig Krapf", - "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "The \"Big", - "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "\" game", - "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "\"", - "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "that is the", - "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "(1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for", - "5728fa576aef051400154920": "by Kamoya Kimeu discovered the Turkana Boy, a 1.6-million-year-old", - "5728fa576aef051400154921": "2.5 million years ago) and", - "5728fa576aef051400154922": "area more than", - "5728fa576aef051400154923": "that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent findings near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as Homo habilis", - "5728fa576aef051400154924": "suggest that primates roamed the area more than", - "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail", - "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "The Swahili", - "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "a", - "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": ",", - "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "Throughout the centuries,", - "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the City of Malindi. It has remained an important Swahili settlement since the 14th", - "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "At the outbreak of World War I in August", - "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young", - "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "capturing", - "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities.", - "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "of World War I in August 1914, the", - "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "The central highlands were", - "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "The central", - "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "dwindled. There were 80,000 white settlers living", - "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "were already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu people, most of whom had no land claims in European terms and lived as itinerant", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces like the British Army and King's African Rifles. By", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "of", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "a better", - "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "Itote (aka General China)", - "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "The", - "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957.", - "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "The", - "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "Kenya", - "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "The first", - "572909406aef0514001549dc": "a", - "572909406aef0514001549dd": "advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system, where voters", - "572909406aef0514001549de": "the mlolongo (queuing", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "is a presidential", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "republic. The President", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "party system.", - "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive", - "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "Transparency", - "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "139", + "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "law", + "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "emperor, Buyantu Khan", + "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "the Department", + "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "after the reign", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "\"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"),", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "Confucian reforms. They placed Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "\"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"),", + "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "five", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "Kusala", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "Kusala", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "four days", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "emperor (Emperor Wenzong)", + "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Tem\u00fcr was recalled to Khanbaliq", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "\u7d93\u4e16\u5927\u5178). Tugh Tem\u00fcr", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "\u7d93\u4e16\u5927\u5178). Tugh Tem\u00fcr", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "\u7ae0", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values.", + "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "Chinese cultural values. His most concrete", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "1349.", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Tem\u00fcr (Emperor Huizong),", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "nine", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "1345", + "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "Ningzong)", + "572872822ca10214002da374": "Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest.", + "572872822ca10214002da375": "too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China", + "572872822ca10214002da376": "the Mongols", + "572872822ca10214002da377": "Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army", + "572872822ca10214002da378": "dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening", + "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "late 1340s", + "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "the late 1340s onwards, people", + "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene", + "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "Zhu Yuanzhang in the south. He had tried to regain Khanbaliq,", + "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "1354", + "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "the written vernacular. The political unity of China", + "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East Asia.", + "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "The Muslims of the Yuan dynasty introduced Middle Eastern cartography, astronomy, medicine, clothing, and diet in East", + "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "European contacts produced a fair", + "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Roman Catholicism", + "572879574b864d1900164a15": "Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature,", + "572879574b864d1900164a16": "Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism)", + "572879574b864d1900164a17": "scientific", + "572879574b864d1900164a18": "Roman Catholicism", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "the capital of the Great Khan,", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299. Some argue over the accuracy of Marco Polo's", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "the women in capital of the Great Khan. Some suggest that Marco Polo", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "the Venetian Marco Polo,", + "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "the year", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop,", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "the empire", + "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "Yuan undertook extensive public works.", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "Mongol Empire. Mongols", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "historiography", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be \"the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be \"the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power,", + "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "traditional", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "first decade of Kublai's reign. This government", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "as well as Khitan", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Bingzhong", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "top", + "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "The Chinese-style", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "the Ministry of Justice,", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "as the real military authority in Yuan times", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "Semuren,", + "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "the insign", + "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "1269", + "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "Tibetan, and Chinese", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "a few other Yuan", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "the 'Phags-pa", + "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "pa script, a unified script for spelling", + "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "1290", + "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "1290", + "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "qu", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "qu. One of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "the Yuan dynasty there were many famous painters. In the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the Yuan dynasty era.", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "poetry", + "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "poetry", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "the founder of the Yuan dynasty,", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "Buddhism,", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Buddhism", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "the Yuan dynasty,", + "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "Mongolian", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "1249", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "1249\u20131314", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "Zhu Shijie (1249\u20131314)", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "Zhu Shijie", + "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "1249\u20131314", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "spherical trigonometry. Gou", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "Muslim influences in the Shoushi", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "Arabic numerals", + "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "or Calendar", + "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "1281", + "572881022ca10214002da416": "physicians", + "572881022ca10214002da417": "the Imperial Academy of Medicine", + "572881022ca10214002da418": "high income and medical ethics", + "572881022ca10214002da419": "the Imperial Academy of Medicine", + "572881022ca10214002da41a": "it ensured a high income and medical ethics", + "572881704b864d1900164a50": "\"Four", + "572881704b864d1900164a51": "Several medical advances were made in the Yuan", + "572881704b864d1900164a52": "Great Schools\"", + "572881704b864d1900164a53": "All four schools", + "572881704b864d1900164a54": "1277", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "humoral system", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "Nestorian", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "1263", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui", + "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian", + "572882242ca10214002da420": "Local schools and government agencies were funded to support", + "572882242ca10214002da421": "\u00d6gedei's", + "572882242ca10214002da422": "12th century", + "572882242ca10214002da423": "\u00d6gedei's", + "572882242ca10214002da424": "1273", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "Il-khanate court", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "1275", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "Il-khanate government issued paper", + "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "1294", + "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "the western end of the empire", + "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "the educated", + "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government", + "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "the mainstream", + "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "the traditional Chinese elite", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Han Chinese and Khitans", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "The Mongol appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Qara-Khitay (Khitan),", + "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans", + "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "Hui Muslims claim", + "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "circumcision", + "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "semu", + "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "\"thanks\"", + "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim", + "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "Frederick W. Mote", + "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "so a person's standing", + "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "the position", + "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "the position of people within the four-class system", + "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "Northern", + "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "Northern", + "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "higher", + "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher", + "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "the Mongols,", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "the Mongol Emperor Kublai", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "Karluks", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "ranked last, because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols", + "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "because the Uighurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks", + "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas", + "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "the most important region of the dynasty", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "rule over the whole of modern-day Tibet", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "Qinghai", + "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "north-west, Ethiopia", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "Nairobi.", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "Nairobi. Kenya's", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Tanzania", + "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "309 km2 (224,445", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "humid tropical climate", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "temperate and forested hilly areas", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "the border with Somalia and Ethiopia", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia", + "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "Tsavo National Park, the Maasai", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "1895", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "Great Lakes", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "December 1963.", + "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "1895", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Kamba", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "\"", + "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "volcanic", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "the mountain's name became widely accepted, pars", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "word Kenya", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Kenia and Kegnia", + "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "1882", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "birds", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "reptiles and birds", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant", + "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "between June and September", + "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "Two million", + "5728fa576aef051400154920": "2.5 million years ago", + "5728fa576aef051400154921": "20 million years ago", + "5728fa576aef051400154922": "sapiens", + "5728fa576aef051400154923": "20 million years ago", + "5728fa576aef051400154924": "Homo erectus", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "voyager Duarte Barbosa", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "voyager Duarte Barbosa", + "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "Melinde", + "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "Kenyan", + "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "Swahili", + "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "1414", + "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "August 1914,", + "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "Lettow-Vorbeck took command of the German military forces,", + "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "British", + "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "the land, capturing British supplies,", + "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia)", + "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "highlands", + "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "introduced a hut", + "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour", + "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "over a million", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "April 1954,", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "British Army and King's African Rifles.", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "October 1956", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "4,686", + "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "command structure. Operation Anvil opened on 24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council. The operation", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "October 1963,", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "Kenyans", + "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "October 1963,", + "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "October 1963,", + "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "National Union (KANU)", + "572909406aef0514001549dc": "Daniel arap Moi", + "572909406aef0514001549dd": "the mlolongo (queuing) system", + "572909406aef0514001549de": "arap Moi", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "a multi-party system", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "the affairs", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "president Daniel arap Moi's", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "Kenya", + "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "Executive power is exercised by the government.", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "Anti-Corruption Commission", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries. In 2012, the nation", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "Kenya", - "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "Kenya ranks low on Transparency International's", - "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "later. This led to protests and open discrediting of the ECK for complicity and to Odinga", - "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "from the ODM to the", - "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "Presidential elections,", - "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "that they were below international standards. After a", - "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "organisations", - "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "the election", - "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "and the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process was started.", - "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "Since", - "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers. After debates,", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal,", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "two deputy Prime Ministers.", - "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "February", - "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "-ordinate and supervise", - "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "new office", - "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "elected MP who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament.", - "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "by", - "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament. The world watched Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya", - "572913626aef051400154a30": "change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held", - "572913626aef051400154a31": "a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was", - "572913626aef051400154a32": "President.", - "572913626aef051400154a33": "considered", - "572913626aef051400154a34": "considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4", - "572914441d04691400779025": "In December 2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters of the", - "572914441d04691400779026": "In", - "572914441d04691400779027": "In December 2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed", - "572914441d04691400779028": "collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law'", - "572914441d04691400779029": "December 2014,", - "572914f46aef051400154a46": "International Criminal Court", - "572914f46aef051400154a47": "election aftermath, US President Barack Obama", - "572914f46aef051400154a48": "Obama visited Kenya, as the", - "572914f46aef051400154a49": "trip. Later in the", - "572915621d0469140077902f": "The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence", - "572915621d04691400779030": "The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world.", - "572915621d04691400779031": ", commended its readiness and adjudged it", - "572915e43f37b31900478005": "Kenya\u2019s", - "572915e43f37b31900478006": "Kenya\u2019s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally", - "572915e43f37b31900478007": "Kenya\u2019s", - "572915e43f37b31900478008": "been less in", - "572916f16aef051400154a56": "is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central Africa, and has an affluent urban minority, it has a Human Development Index (HDI)", - "572916f16aef051400154a57": "economy in east and central Africa, and", - "572916f16aef051400154a58": "advanced", - "572916f16aef051400154a59": "Although Kenya is", - "572917743f37b3190047800d": "East and Central Africa's biggest", - "572917743f37b3190047800f": "from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75% of the labour force (a consistent characteristic of", - "572917743f37b31900478010": "the labour force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security \u2013 an important catalyst", - "572917743f37b3190047800e": "East and Central", - "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "and West Tsavo National Park 20,808", - "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "Kenya's", - "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number", - "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "Kenya's services sector, which contributes 61% of GDP, is dominated by tourism. The tourism sector has", - "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number", - "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp", - "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24%", - "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "Agriculture is the", - "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service", - "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "by", - "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties,", - "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of", - "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20\u201325% in", - "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "led by the", - "57291b461d04691400779049": ", a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid.", - "57291b461d0469140077904a": "grown", - "57291b461d0469140077904b": "pyrethrum,", - "57291b461d0469140077904c": "Tea,", - "57291b461d0469140077904d": ",", - "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Although Kenya is the most industrially", - "57291beb1d04691400779054": "the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around", - "57291beb1d04691400779055": "is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still", - "57291beb1d04691400779056": "developed", - "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "'s inclusion among", - "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the", - "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "of", - "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana", - "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "on the coast", - "57291f153f37b31900478043": "of oil", - "57291f153f37b31900478044": "deposits of oil", - "57291f153f37b31900478045": "has proven deposits of oil in Turkana and the commercial viability was just discovered. Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be", - "57291f153f37b31900478046": "Tullow Oil estimates Kenya's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels. Exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves. Kenya", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "trip. Base Titanium, a", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "investment, and ... bilateral trade ... reached $2.84 billion\" in 2012. Kenyatta", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "Published comments on", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "Kenya, at the time of President Kenyatta's 2013 trip to Beijing,", - "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "million, representing Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment, and ... bilateral trade ... reached $2.84", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "2030", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "2007, the Kenyan government unveiled", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "2007", - "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway'", - "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "Network, sets out the Government of Kenya's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient", - "572920d73f37b31900478055": "Kilifi, and Diani were subject to prostitution. Most of the prostitutes in Kenya are aged 9\u201318.", - "572920d73f37b31900478056": "Child labour is common", - "572920d73f37b31900478057": "is common in Kenya. Most", - "572920d73f37b31900478058": "active in agriculture. In 2006, UNICEF estimated that up to 30% of girls in the coastal areas of Malindi, Mombasa, Kilifi,", - "572921646aef051400154a78": "within their own communities. The two official languages, English", - "572921646aef051400154a79": "is", - "572921646aef051400154a7a": "is widely", - "572921646aef051400154a7b": "communication", - "572922206aef051400154a8a": "highest", - "572922206aef051400154a8b": "vast majority", - "572922206aef051400154a8c": "The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%),", - "572922206aef051400154a8d": "Kenya has the highest number of Quakers in the world, with around 133,000 members. The only Jewish synagogue in the", - "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "Sizeable", - "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "Region", - "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "Ahmadiyya,", - "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "non-denominational Muslims, while 73% are Sunni. Western areas of the Coast Region are mostly Christian. The upper part of Kenya's", - "572924b53f37b31900478067": "Nurses treat 80% of the population who visit dispensaries, health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served", - "572924b53f37b31900478068": "of the population", - "572924b53f37b31900478069": "are", - "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "Nurses treat", - "572925491d046914007790c3": "corre", - "572925491d046914007790c4": "directly correlate with a country", - "572925491d046914007790c5": "correlate with a country's", - "572925491d046914007790c6": "diarrhoea and malnutrition", - "572925491d046914007790c7": "Diseases of poverty directly correlate", - "572925a81d046914007790cd": "Kenya's first system of education was introduced by British colonists. After Kenya's", - "572925a81d046914007790ce": "system", - "572925a81d046914007790cf": ",", - "572925a81d046914007790d0": "'s first", - "572925a81d046914007790d1": "Kenya's first system of education was introduced", - "572926086aef051400154ac2": "Presidential", - "572926086aef051400154ac3": "committee recommended that", - "572926086aef051400154ac4": "of setting up a", - "572926086aef051400154ac5": "the", - "572926653f37b31900478079": "In January 2003, the Government of Kenya announced the introduction of free primary education. As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", - "572926653f37b3190047807a": "primary school enrolment increased by about 70%. Secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still", - "572926653f37b3190047807b": "8\u20134\u20134 system was launched in January", - "572926653f37b3190047807c": "8", - "572926653f37b3190047807d": "current 8\u20134\u2013", - "572926d23f37b31900478083": "Basic", - "572926d23f37b31900478084": "their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn", - "572926d23f37b31900478085": "education starts at age six years and lasts", - "572926d23f37b31900478086": "12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.", - "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "6/", - "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is", - "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "The country's literacy level stands at 85%", - "5729276c1d046914007790da": "targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and", - "5729276c1d046914007790db": "age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At", - "572927d06aef051400154ade": "than", - "572927d06aef051400154adf": "learning, there are also National and Public Library Services led by the Kenya", - "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "are", - "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "the", - "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "Kenya is", - "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and", - "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "active", - "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "two-time world champion Catherine Ndereba,", - "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot", - "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "Pamela", - "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo,", - "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "to win", - "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "and", - "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.[citation", - "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.[citation needed] The women's team has competed at the Olympics and World Championships but", - "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "has been a dominant force in women's", - "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "in women's volleyball within Africa,", - "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national", - "57292994af94a219006aa131": "in and", - "57292994af94a219006aa132": "part of the World", - "57292994af94a219006aa133": "In the motor", - "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "the afternoon (chakula cha mchana) and supper in the evening (", - "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "generally have", - "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "Kenyans", - "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "generally have three meals in a day \u2013 breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa", - "57293b843f37b31900478133": ",", - "57293b843f37b31900478134": "Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific", - "57293b843f37b31900478135": "Climate", - "57293b843f37b31900478136": "(IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental", - "57293b843f37b31900478137": "The Intergovernmental", - "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated", - "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "election of the new IPCC", - "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Rajendra K. Pachauri", - "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "IPCC", - "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "Chair after", - "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "IPCC Panel is composed", - "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "The", - "57293c246aef051400154bba": "of", - "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989 by the United Nations Environment Programme", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "The IPCC", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "is also responsible for considering and adopting by consensus the annual budget. The organisation is required to comply with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "(WMO), Costs of the Secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the WMO,", - "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "through", - "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "of IPCC", - "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the", - "57293d116aef051400154bca": "The", - "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer", + "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "independent Ethics", + "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "party", + "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "Movement-Kenya", + "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "elections", + "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "count the votes, Kibaki", + "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "the Truth,", + "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "Justice and Reconciliation Commission", + "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "the election riots, the government", + "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "executive director of TAABCO", + "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "February 2008,", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "two deputy Prime Ministers. After debates, it was passed by Parliament, the coalition", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "the deal, the president would appoint cabinet", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws", + "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "until the end of the current Parliament", + "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "the steps of Nairobi's Harambee", + "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "Kenyan", + "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "March 2008, aimed at salvaging", + "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "February 2008,", + "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony", + "572913626aef051400154a30": "wide", + "572913626aef051400154a31": "August 2010", + "572913626aef051400154a32": "A constitutional change", + "572913626aef051400154a33": "August 2010,", + "572913626aef051400154a34": "euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park,", + "572914441d04691400779025": "December 2014,", + "572914441d04691400779026": "it infringed on democratic freedoms.", + "572914441d04691400779027": "President Uhuru", + "572914441d04691400779028": "it infringed on democratic freedoms. The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany", + "572914441d04691400779029": "President Uhuru", + "572914f46aef051400154a46": "the summer, Kenyatta visited China", + "572914f46aef051400154a47": "Russia", + "572914f46aef051400154a48": "Jinping after a stop in Russia and not having visited the United States", + "572914f46aef051400154a49": "July 2015", + "572915621d0469140077902f": "Mandera", + "572915621d04691400779030": "peacekeeping", + "572915621d04691400779031": "serious", + "572915e43f37b31900478005": "prudence of certain decisions of procurement", + "572915e43f37b31900478006": "allegations", + "572915e43f37b31900478007": "Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption", + "572915e43f37b31900478008": "prudence of certain decisions of procurement", + "572916f16aef051400154a56": "0.519, ranked 145", + "572916f16aef051400154a57": "Kenya", + "572916f16aef051400154a58": "less than 3%", + "572916f16aef051400154a59": "3%", + "572917743f37b3190047800d": "tremendous growth", + "572917743f37b3190047800f": "tremendous growth", + "572917743f37b31900478010": "Industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector,", + "572917743f37b3190047800e": "22%", + "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "$699 million", + "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "pick-up in the country's economic growth. Tourism is now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earning", + "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "expansive East and West Tsavo National Park 20,808", + "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "flowers", + "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "Kenya's", + "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "18%", + "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "corn", + "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "corn", + "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture,", + "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers", + "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "to increase local producer prices", + "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock", + "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them", + "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "drought", + "57291b461d04691400779049": "north and east", + "57291b461d0469140077904a": "pyre", + "57291b461d0469140077904b": "north and east. Coconuts, pineapples, cashew nuts, cotton, sugarcane, sisal,", + "57291b461d0469140077904c": "53%", + "57291b461d0469140077904d": "the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Livestock predominates", + "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Kenya", + "57291beb1d04691400779054": "14%", + "57291beb1d04691400779055": "milling", + "57291beb1d04691400779056": "milling", + "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "removal of duty on capital equipment", + "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "Kenya's", + "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "the Turkwel Gorge", + "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "the name of Kenya Power Company,", + "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "1997", + "57291f153f37b31900478043": "east Africa's", + "57291f153f37b31900478044": "around 10 billion barrels", + "57291f153f37b31900478045": "no strategic reserves and relies solely on oil marketers' 21-day", + "57291f153f37b31900478046": "10 billion", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "$2.5 billion", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "\"", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "billion\" in 2012. Kenyatta was \"[a]ccompanied", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "Uganda,", + "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "business people [and hoped to] ... gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "the Action Plan and ensure climate change is treated as an economy-wide", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "omitting climate as a key", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "the Action Plan", + "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "The 200-page Action Plan, developed with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, sets out", + "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "the renewed Medium Term Plan", + "572920d73f37b31900478055": "Malindi, Mombasa,", + "572920d73f37b31900478056": "30%", + "572920d73f37b31900478057": "9\u201318. The Ministry of Gender and Child Affairs employed 400", + "572920d73f37b31900478058": "Mombasa,", + "572921646aef051400154a78": "English", + "572921646aef051400154a79": "The two official languages,", + "572921646aef051400154a7a": "Bantu languages, such as Swahili and Kikuyu. It has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of American English.", + "572921646aef051400154a7b": "Kenyan", + "572922206aef051400154a8a": "Christian", + "572922206aef051400154a8b": "Protestant and 23.5% as Roman Catholic of the Latin Rite. The Presbyterian Church", + "572922206aef051400154a8c": "3 million", + "572922206aef051400154a8d": "Kenyans are Orthodox Christians. Notably, Kenya has the highest number of Quakers", + "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "around 300,000", + "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "50%", + "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "(Muslim", + "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%", + "572924b53f37b31900478067": "the actual number of these workers", + "572924b53f37b31900478068": "private clinics", + "572924b53f37b31900478069": "43 million", + "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "43 million", + "572925491d046914007790c3": "Kenyans", + "572925491d046914007790c4": "15 million", + "572925491d046914007790c5": "poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame", + "572925491d046914007790c6": "diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers", + "572925491d046914007790c7": "15\u201324) and pregnant women. Kenya had an estimated 15 million", + "572925a81d046914007790cd": "Ominde Commission", + "572925a81d046914007790ce": "1985", + "572925a81d046914007790cf": "Ominde", + "572925a81d046914007790d0": "introduce changes", + "572925a81d046914007790d1": "identity and unity", + "572926086aef051400154ac2": "education in Kenya", + "572926086aef051400154ac3": "university education). The table under Present-day education", + "572926086aef051400154ac4": "the reforming of the entire education system", + "572926086aef051400154ac5": "in 1992", + "572926653f37b31900478079": "January 1985.", + "572926653f37b3190047807a": "enrolment", + "572926653f37b3190047807b": "the government footing all tuition fees", + "572926653f37b3190047807c": "1985", + "572926653f37b3190047807d": "As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.", + "572926d23f37b31900478083": "six years and lasts 12", + "572926d23f37b31900478084": "carpentry, motor vehicle", + "572926d23f37b31900478085": "bachelor's degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies", + "572926d23f37b31900478086": "higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training, or join the university", + "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "85%", + "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "three to five", + "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "the education", + "5729276c1d046914007790da": "an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade).", + "5729276c1d046914007790db": "an integral component of the education system", + "572927d06aef051400154ade": "Nairobi County operates four libraries within their network, which included the McMillan Memorial Library located at the central business district of Nairobi.", + "572927d06aef051400154adf": "A public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective", + "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "their regions. Nairobi County operates four libraries within their network, which included the McMillan Memorial", + "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "their network, which included the McMillan Memorial Library located at the central business district", + "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "sports, among them cricket", + "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union", + "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "the marathon. Kenyan", + "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "Ethiopia has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's", + "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "800", + "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "2008 Olympics.", + "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "2008 Olympics.", + "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "because of economic or financial factors. Some elite", + "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's", + "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "soccer", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "Nairobi", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "2006", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "captain is Rakep Patel. They participated in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011. Kenya is represented by Lucas Onyango", + "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "2007", + "57292994af94a219006aa131": "drivers in the world", + "57292994af94a219006aa132": "the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally, such as Bj\u00f6rn Waldeg\u00e5rd,", + "57292994af94a219006aa133": "Waldeg\u00e5rd,", + "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three", + "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "cha mchana) and supper", + "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "milk, meat, fish or any other stew is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch", + "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "Kenyans generally have three meals", + "57293b843f37b31900478133": "the United Nations,", + "57293b843f37b31900478134": "the WMO and UNEP.", + "57293b843f37b31900478135": "Climate Change", + "57293b843f37b31900478136": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental", + "57293b843f37b31900478137": "the WMO and UNEP.", + "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "K.", + "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "Korean", + "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri", + "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "Lee is the chair", + "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "February 2015.", + "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives", + "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "seven", + "57293c246aef051400154bba": "Intergovernmental", + "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "350 government", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "WMO,", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "the WMO,", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "The IPCC receives funding", + "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "the World Meteorological Organization (WMO),", + "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "further research is required.", + "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "improved since the previous report and also notes areas", + "57293d116aef051400154bca": "it monitor climate related", + "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "information about climate change", "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "fifteen", - "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "\"lead authors\", and a somewhat larger number of \"contributing authors\". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the", - "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "\"coordinating lead authors", - "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "responsible for assembling the", - "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "are responsible for writing and editing the material.", - "57293e221d046914007791d5": "says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing", - "57293e221d046914007791d6": "summary of the WG", - "57293e221d046914007791d7": "summary of the WG I Summary", - "57293e221d046914007791d8": "The executive summary", - "57293e221d046914007791d9": "air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with", - "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the", - "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "2001,", - "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by", - "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "Lincei", - "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was", - "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "IPCC author Richard Lindzen", - "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "IPCC", - "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "chair", - "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report.", - "57293f353f37b3190047819f": ",", - "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "In addition", - "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special", - "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special", - "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "In addition", - "572940246aef051400154bec": "UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function,", - "572940246aef051400154bed": "IPCC concentrates", - "572940246aef051400154bee": "The", - "572940246aef051400154bef": "and", - "572940973f37b319004781a5": "This", - "572940973f37b319004781a6": "projection", - "572940973f37b319004781a7": "in", - "572940973f37b319004781a8": "This projection was not included", - "572941273f37b319004781ad": "-chair", - "572941273f37b319004781ae": "IPCC", - "572941273f37b319004781af": "the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at", - "572941273f37b319004781b0": "worrying", - "572941273f37b319004781b1": "\"What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour", - "57294209af94a219006aa201": "third", - "57294209af94a219006aa202": "E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been", - "57294209af94a219006aa203": "2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen", - "57294209af94a219006aa204": "report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on", - "57294279af94a219006aa209": "period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage,", - "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy", - "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period", - "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "widely presented", - "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99", - "572943ab1d04691400779219": "from Mann, Bradley and Hughes.", - "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "its National Research Council to set up a special investigation. The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some", - "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "On", - "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "U.S. National Academy of Sciences arranged for its National Research Council to set up a special investigation. The National Research Council's", - "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full", - "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "(AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR);", - "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstruction", - "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "(", - "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "IPCC", - "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "addition, analysis of the Medieval Warm Period cited reconstructions by Crowley &", - "572945b11d0469140077922f": "1 February 2007,", - "572945b11d04691400779230": "1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's", - "572945b11d04691400779231": "On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate,", - "572945b11d04691400779232": "On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's", - "572949306aef051400154c68": "by the", - "572949306aef051400154c69": "Another", - "572949306aef051400154c6a": "previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating", - "572949306aef051400154c6b": "suggests that previous estimates by the", - "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "Magazine's State", - "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's", - "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the", - "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone", - "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed.", - "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global", - "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "According", - "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "lay persons \"with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture\" and related to \"", - "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard", - "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "persons \"with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture\" and related to \"immediate", - "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "Since the IPCC does not carry", - "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "does not carry out its own", - "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "Since the", - "572951f16aef051400154cce": "in the journal", - "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "in favor of a small permanent body, or even turning", - "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in", - "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding", - "572953013f37b3190047824d": "Chloroplasts'", - "572953013f37b3190047824e": "plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like", - "572953013f37b3190047824f": "Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight", - "572953013f37b31900478250": "Chloroplasts'", - "572953013f37b31900478251": "Chloroplasts'", - "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "Chloroplasts are highly", - "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "are moved around", - "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "intensity. Chloroplasts,", - "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "Chloroplasts are highly dynamic\u2014they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior", - "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "are moved around within plant", - "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria", - "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "cyanobacteria", - "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They", - "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "one of", - "572956c86aef051400154d1e": ".", - "572957361d046914007792cf": "chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments,", - "572957361d046914007792d0": "considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green", - "572957361d046914007792d2": "Cyanobacteria", - "572957361d046914007792d3": "bacteria", - "572957361d046914007792d1": "Cyanobacteria are", - "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium", - "572957ad1d046914007792da": "Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an", - "572957ad1d046914007792db": "around", - "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "but managed to escape the", - "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite,", - "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast", - "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "(\"plastid\" in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast).", - "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages\u2014the glaucophyte chloroplast", - "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor, are known as primary pl", - "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "These chloroplasts,", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "alga", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "one of the", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species,", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "primary chloroplast lineages, being found in", - "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids, which surround a carboxysome", - "57295a116aef051400154d44": "Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "fifteen", + "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "fifteen", + "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs. Lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters. Contributing", + "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting", + "57293e221d046914007791d5": "the enhanced greenhouse effect", + "57293e221d046914007791d6": "the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming", + "57293e221d046914007791d7": "0.6 \u00b0C", + "57293e221d046914007791d8": "they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming", + "57293e221d046914007791d9": "half", + "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "1990", + "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "1.4 and 5.8 \u00b0C above 1990 levels by 2100\".", + "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK).", + "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "Geosciences", + "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "90%", + "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Lindzen", + "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "that the WGI Summary for Policymakers", + "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen", + "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "the SPM understates the uncertainty", + "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "climate", + "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "the same procedures", + "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "2011", + "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "2011", + "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "the same procedures", + "572940246aef051400154bec": "National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme,", + "572940246aef051400154bed": "it also supports other activities, such as the Data", + "572940246aef051400154bee": "the assessment", + "572940246aef051400154bef": "UNFCCC. This involves publishing default emission factors, which are factors used to derive emissions estimates", + "572940973f37b319004781a5": "summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures", + "572940973f37b319004781a6": "the WWF report,", + "572940973f37b319004781a7": "the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.", + "572940973f37b319004781a8": "2035", + "572941273f37b319004781ad": "it seem like climate", + "572941273f37b319004781ae": "the impact. That is worrying.", + "572941273f37b319004781af": "unfounded and also marginal to the assessment\"", + "572941273f37b319004781b0": "it happened\". Martin Parry, a climate", + "572941273f37b319004781b1": "\"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment\"", + "57294209af94a219006aa201": "2.21 of the IPCC report.", + "57294209af94a219006aa202": "Raymond S.", + "57294209af94a219006aa203": "Warm", + "57294209af94a219006aa204": "Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick", + "57294279af94a219006aa209": "between 1000 and 1900", + "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Karl\u00e9n", + "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "United States", + "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "July 2000.", + "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "Karl\u00e9n", + "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Joe Barton,", + "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee", + "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "23 June 2005,", + "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Ed Whitfield,", + "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Joe Barton,", + "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "1999", + "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "1999", + "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "three", + "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report", + "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "three", + "572945b11d0469140077922f": "2001", + "572945b11d04691400779230": "by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level", + "572945b11d04691400779231": "the last IPCC report in 2001.", + "572945b11d04691400779232": "the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations.", + "572949306aef051400154c68": "the researchers' analysis", + "572949306aef051400154c69": "the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\".", + "572949306aef051400154c6a": "the 9\u201388 cm", + "572949306aef051400154c6b": "1990 levels. These values are much greater than the 9\u201388 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\".", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "Michael Oppenheimer,", + "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "author of the Fifth Assessment", + "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "global warming", + "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "Ozone depletion", + "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "Kyoto", + "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "Sheldon Ungar's", + "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "bridging metaphor", + "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "the Kyoto Protocol,", + "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "Sheldon Ungar's", + "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report", + "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "science", + "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "an area of science", + "572951f16aef051400154cce": "five", + "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "Fourth", + "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated \"", + "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "the selection of lead authors and contributors, to dumping", + "572953013f37b3190047824d": "energy from sunlight", + "572953013f37b3190047824e": "energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules", + "572953013f37b3190047824f": "carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle.", + "572953013f37b31900478250": "photosynthesis", + "572953013f37b31900478251": "1 in algae up to 100", + "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "pinch", + "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor\u2014a", + "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color", + "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "an early eu", + "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor\u2014a", + "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "biologist", + "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "Russian", + "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis\u2014when", + "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "1883", + "572956c86aef051400154d1e": "Konstantin Mereschkowski", + "572957361d046914007792cf": "chlorophyll a.", + "572957361d046914007792d0": "prokaryotes", + "572957361d046914007792d2": "the ancestors of chloroplasts", + "572957361d046914007792d3": "chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae", + "572957361d046914007792d1": "thicker", + "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "living", + "572957ad1d046914007792da": "around a billion years ago", + "572957ad1d046914007792db": "escape the phagocytic vacuole it", + "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "escape the phagocy", + "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "negative cell wall,", + "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "one that contains the land plants", + "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "three", + "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "one that contains the land plants", + "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "primary chloroplasts belong to one", + "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "chloroplast lineages", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "a chloroplast", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "chloroplast. The glaucophyte", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "unstacked", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "glaucophyte", + "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "primary chloroplast lineage", + "57295a116aef051400154d44": "an adaptation to help red algae", "57295a116aef051400154d45": "Rhodoplasts", - "57295a116aef051400154d46": "phycoerytherin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color. However, since they also contain the", - "57295a116aef051400154d47": "membrane", - "57295a116aef051400154d48": "algae that live in shallow water have less phy", - "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "The", - "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "ch", - "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "chloroplastidan", - "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "chloroplast", - "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "ch", - "572961f61d04691400779359": "alga but failed to digest it\u2014much like the cyanobacterium", - "572961f61d0469140077935a": "chloroplast,", - "572961f61d0469140077935b": "chloroplast with three", - "572961f61d0469140077935c": "While primary chloroplasts have a double", - "572961f61d0469140077935d": "chloroplasts have", - "572962953f37b319004782f5": "Euglenophytes are a", - "572962953f37b319004782f6": "protists that contain chloroplasts", - "572962953f37b319004782f7": "of common", - "572962953f37b319004782f8": "contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes\u2014it is thought", - "572962953f37b319004782f9": "Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from", - "572963221d04691400779385": "Cryptophytes,", - "572963221d04691400779386": "nucleomorph", - "572963221d04691400779387": "Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are", - "572963221d04691400779388": "or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts", - "572963221d04691400779389": "Cryptophytes,", - "572963876aef051400154dd2": "have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. They were", - "572963876aef051400154dd3": "another group of chromalveolates. Like the helicosproidia, they're", - "572963876aef051400154dd4": "parasite.", - "572963876aef051400154dd5": "Apicomplexans", - "572963876aef051400154dd6": "have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. They were once thought to be related to the", - "5729645b3f37b31900478321": ",", - "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chloroplast carries out important functions other", - "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "and contain", - "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "important functions other than photosynthesis. Plant chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar, and apicoplasts", - "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "empty", - "572965566aef051400154e00": "most common dinophyte chloroplast", - "572965566aef051400154e01": "other group of chloroplasts. The peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes (occasionally two),", - "572965566aef051400154e02": "chloroplast, characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts, along with chlorophyll", - "572965566aef051400154e03": "contain a pyrenoid, and have triple", - "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "dinophyte's phagosomal vacuole.", - "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "and Karenia)", - "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes, tertiary endosymbiosis", - "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "haptophyte chloroplast", - "572966626aef051400154e13": "nucleomorph and outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast. Cryptophyte", - "572966626aef051400154e14": "ch", - "572966626aef051400154e12": "Dinophysis", - "572966626aef051400154e15": "chloroplast seems to have been", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "dinophy", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "(heterokontophyte)", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "dinophytes, like Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia", - "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "been reduced relatively little\u2014it still retains its original mitochondria, and has endoplas", - "572967e31d046914007793b1": "dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more", - "572967e31d046914007793b2": "green alga containing a primary chloroplast (", - "572967e31d046914007793b3": "Lepidodinium viride and its", - "572967e31d046914007793b4": "are dino", - "572967e31d046914007793b5": "has a", - "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "chloroplasts originate from that first set", - "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "While", - "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "chloroplasts", - "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "endosymbiont more recently. It is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes.", - "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic", - "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "existence", - "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "Chloroplasts have their", - "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "Chloroplasts", - "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "Chloroplasts", - "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs", - "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "The inverted", - "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "conserved", - "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "conserved", - "572969f51d046914007793dd": "mechanism", - "572969f51d046914007793de": "chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has", - "572969f51d046914007793e0": "for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication has not been conclusively determined, but two main models have been proposed. Scientists have", - "572969f51d046914007793df": "double displacement loop (D-loop). As the D-loop moves through the circular DNA, it adopts a theta intermediary form,", - "572969f51d046914007793e1": "chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s. The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replicates", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory today; however, a second", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "are", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "however, a second theory suggests that most cpDNA is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination. It", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "\u2192 G deamination. Therefore, gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that", - "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "When", - "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "circles,", - "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "of competing model for cpDNA replication asserts", - "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "that", - "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "does not expand the multiple A --> G", - "57296b151d046914007793f1": "chloroplasts", - "57296b151d046914007793f2": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts", - "57296b151d046914007793f3": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages.", - "57296b151d046914007793f4": "is how we know about the lost chloroplas", - "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "the protein products of transferred genes aren'", - "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein", - "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "routing, and even disease resistance. A", - "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "cell membrane, just like if you were headed", - "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "in the cytosol", - "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "After a chloroplast", - "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chlorop", - "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation", - "57296cb21d04691400779403": "land plants", - "57296cb21d04691400779404": "(e.g., Sirogonium). Some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell; they are star-shaped in Zygnema,", - "57296cb21d04691400779405": "ch", - "57296cb21d04691400779406": "\u03bcm in diameter and 1\u20133 \u03bcm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among", - "57296cb21d04691400779407": "plants, chlorop", - "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often", - "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanoba", - "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane. This is not", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "chloroplast", - "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "across to generate ATP energy. The only chloroplast", - "57296d8d1d04691400779420": ", in terms of function, the inner chloroplast membrane, which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials, has no", - "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "of chloroplast H+ ion", - "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common", - "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "chloroplas", - "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "chloroplas", - "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "sometimes", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "Some chloroplasts contain", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast. Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast's", - "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is", - "57296eb01d04691400779435": "Chloroplasts", - "57296eb01d04691400779436": "Chloroplasts have their", - "57296eb01d04691400779437": "Chloroplasts have", - "57296eb01d04691400779438": "Chloroplasts", - "57296eb01d04691400779439": "Chloroplasts", - "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "Plastoglobuli", - "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "are found in all chlorop", - "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "(", - "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "plast", - "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "etioplasts, but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "that", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "stroma, but it is", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "to occur in linked groups or chains, still always anchored to a thy", - "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "Plastoglobuli", - "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "ch", - "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "The chloroplasts", - "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "and algae contain structures called", - "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "hornwo", - "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants.", - "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "In", - "57296fd71d04691400779440": "helical thylakoid", - "57296fd71d04691400779441": "In", - "57296fd71d04691400779442": "thylakoids,", - "57296fd71d04691400779443": "consist", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis.", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "much", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "thylakoid", - "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "Embedded in the thylakoid", - "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "and turning it acidic. ATP synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid", - "572970916aef051400154eba": "\u2014", - "572970916aef051400154ebb": "stroma. Granal", - "572970916aef051400154ebc": "two types", - "572970916aef051400154ebe": "in", - "572970916aef051400154ebd": "grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the st", - "57297103af94a219006aa423": "yellow\u2013orange pigment", - "57297103af94a219006aa424": "red-orange carotenoid found in nearly", - "57297103af94a219006aa425": "di", - "57297103af94a219006aa426": "in nearly all chloroplasts, like chlorophyll a. Xanthophylls,", - "57297103af94a219006aa427": "In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow\u2013orange pigments called carotenoids are also found", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "Phycobilins", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "algal, and crypt", - "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes.", - "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "found", - "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "Cryptophyte", - "572971af6aef051400154ede": "fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, ch", - "572971af6aef051400154edf": "of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem\u2014it", - "572971af6aef051400154ee0": ", ch", - "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced. This is a big problem, since", - "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "an enzyme", - "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "As a result, chloroplasts", - "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "rubisco activity. Because of this,", - "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "NADPH, as well as oxygen. They store CO2 in a four-carbon", - "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "As", - "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "in", - "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "cells", - "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "more specifically", - "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "chloroplasts. All green parts of a", - "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "all cells", - "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "cells", - "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "some plants such as", - "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "though", - "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "only around 8\u201315 per cell, as well as much", - "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "In some plants", - "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "some plants", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet\u2014maximizing", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "The", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "the available light", - "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in", - "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "chlor", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "hypersensitive", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "infected", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "warning the", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "hypersensit", - "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "have two", - "57297427af94a219006aa453": "don't leave the chloroplast, but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule. All these molecules initiate retrograde signaling\u2014signals", - "57297427af94a219006aa454": "Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors.", - "57297427af94a219006aa455": "serve", - "57297427af94a219006aa456": "Chloroplasts", - "572974923f37b3190047840b": "One of", - "572974923f37b3190047840c": "One of", - "572974923f37b3190047840d": "made, using light energy. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages\u2014the light reactions,", - "572974923f37b3190047840e": "cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate", - "572974923f37b3190047840f": "food in the", - "572975073f37b31900478415": "energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems", - "572975073f37b31900478416": "mitochondria,", - "572975073f37b31900478417": "water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons'", - "572975073f37b31900478418": "stored", - "572975073f37b31900478419": "transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the", - "572975511d046914007794a7": "thylakoid space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation", - "572975511d046914007794a8": "space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation is", - "572975511d046914007794a9": "While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem", - "572975511d046914007794aa": "are taken by NADP+, though sometimes", - "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "starts by using the enzyme", - "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules", - "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme Rubisco", - "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate", - "572976183f37b31900478431": ", glucose mono", - "572976183f37b31900478432": "Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch", - "572976183f37b31900478433": "linked together to make starch, which accumulate", - "572976183f37b31900478434": "Alternatively, glucose monomers in the", - "572976183f37b31900478435": "stimulates", - "572976791d046914007794af": "can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2", - "572976791d046914007794b0": "Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between", - "572976791d046914007794b1": "Photorespiration can occur when the", - "572976791d046914007794b2": "Photorespiration", - "572976791d046914007794b3": "when", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "(the proplastid too) but", - "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and", - "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "zygote, or fertilized egg. Proplastids are commonly found in an adult", - "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "Chloroplasts", - "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "plant are", - "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "Chloroplasts", - "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast", - "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamella", - "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "not", - "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "If angiosperm", - "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etio", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "Plastid differentiation", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "other", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "Plastid", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "Plastid", - "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "Plastid differentiation is not permanent,", - "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "or less evenly. The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments. Another protein", - "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "process starts", - "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6,", - "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "The division process starts when the", - "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "starts when the", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": ".", + "57295a116aef051400154d46": "intermembrane space and phycobilin", + "57295a116aef051400154d47": "intermembrane space and phycobilin", + "57295a116aef051400154d48": "a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments", + "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "chloroplasts", + "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "for use in chloroplas", + "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "green", + "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "accessory pigments that override", + "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "chloroplasts", + "572961f61d04691400779359": "chlorop", + "572961f61d0469140077935a": "cyanobacterium", + "572961f61d0469140077935b": "nonphoto", + "572961f61d0469140077935c": "cyanobacterium", + "572961f61d0469140077935d": "a chloroplast-containing alga but failed", + "572962953f37b319004782f5": "phagosomal", + "572962953f37b319004782f6": "green alga", + "572962953f37b319004782f7": "secondary", + "572962953f37b319004782f8": "a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups", + "572962953f37b319004782f9": "Euglenophyte chloroplasts", + "572963221d04691400779385": "chloroplast. Cryptophyte", + "572963221d04691400779386": "rough endoplas", + "572963221d04691400779387": "chloroplast", + "572963221d04691400779388": "algal derived chloroplast", + "572963221d04691400779389": "alga's cytoplasm. Inside cryptophyte chloroplasts", + "572963876aef051400154dd2": "Cryptosporidium", + "572963876aef051400154dd3": "chromalveolates", + "572963876aef051400154dd4": "chromalveolates", + "572963876aef051400154dd5": "chloroplast called an apicoplast, which they inherited from their ancestors. Other apicomplexans like Cryptosporidium", + "572963876aef051400154dd6": "chloroplast", + "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "photosynthesis", + "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "nonphotosynt", + "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar, and apicoplasts are no different\u2014they synthes", + "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "photosynthesis", + "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "four", + "572965566aef051400154e00": "thylakoids. Starch", + "572965566aef051400154e01": "dinophyte chlor", + "572965566aef051400154e02": "occasionally two),", + "572965566aef051400154e03": "triplet-stacked thylakoids. Starch", + "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes", + "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "a haptophyte endosymbiont. Karlodinium", + "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "six", + "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "dino", + "572966626aef051400154e13": "Dinophysis", + "572966626aef051400154e14": "Dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts", + "572966626aef051400154e12": "chloroplasts", + "572966626aef051400154e15": "an endosymbio", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "starch is found in granules in the dinophyte", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "three", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "starch is found in granules in the dinophyte", + "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "dino", + "572967e31d046914007793b1": "dinophytes", + "572967e31d046914007793b2": "Lepidodinium", + "572967e31d046914007793b3": "dinophytes", + "572967e31d046914007793b4": "prasinophyte). Lepidodinium", + "572967e31d046914007793b5": "Lepidodinium viride", + "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "in the early stages of endosymbiosis", + "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "DNA to the nucleus of their host. About 0.3\u20130.8% of the nuclear DNA", + "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "150,000", + "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "850 protein encoding genes\u2014far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000", + "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "150,000", + "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "algae, and other algal", + "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "Chloroplasts", + "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "1962", + "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "1986", + "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "Chloroplasts", + "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "inverted", + "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyce\u00e6)", + "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "inverted repeats (making them direct repeats", + "572969f51d046914007793dd": "(D-loop). As the D-loop moves through the circular DNA, it adopts", + "572969f51d046914007793de": "two", + "572969f51d046914007793e0": "DNA replicates", + "572969f51d046914007793df": "DNA replicates", + "572969f51d046914007793e1": "up", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "strand", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory today; however, a second theory", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "recombination. It further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched, linear,", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "indicate that replication forks were most likely present", + "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "most likely nearest the start site", + "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "homologous recombination", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "circular and most likely replicates", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "the same time, homologous recombination does not expand the multiple A --> G gradients", + "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "the same time, homologous recombination does not expand the multiple A --> G gradients", + "57296b151d046914007793f1": "diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor (probably the ancestor of all chromal", + "57296b151d046914007793f2": "if a chloroplast", + "57296b151d046914007793f3": "diatoms", + "57296b151d046914007793f4": "too) had a green algal derived chloroplas", + "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "extracellular space. In those cases, chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory", + "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "A few", + "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "the chloroplast. Many became exaptations,", + "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "half of the protein products of transferred genes", + "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "place", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "they have to keep just enough shape", + "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast.", + "57296cb21d04691400779403": "slightly twisted bands at the cell edges", + "57296cb21d04691400779404": "half", + "57296cb21d04691400779405": "slightly twisted bands at the cell edges (e", + "57296cb21d04691400779406": "Zygnema, or may follow the shape of half the cell in order Desmidiales. In some algae,", + "57296cb21d04691400779407": "star-shaped in Zygnema,", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "cyanobacterium\u2014which is not true\u2014both chloroplast", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes", + "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "infolding", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "direction of chloroplast H+ ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "the direction of chloroplast H+", + "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "mitochondrial double membrane", + "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "ion", + "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "to run proton pumps", + "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic retic", + "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "surface area", + "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists", + "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962,", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "membrano", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "vesicles", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "C3", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "fluid of the chloroplast. Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane", + "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "stromal fluid of the chloroplast", + "57296eb01d04691400779435": "chloroplast-unique features. Small subunit ribosomal RNAs", + "57296eb01d04691400779436": "two-thirds", + "57296eb01d04691400779437": "17 nm", + "57296eb01d04691400779438": "shine-dalgarno sequence", + "57296eb01d04691400779439": "considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplas", + "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "lipid", + "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "lipids and proteins about 45\u201360 nanometers", + "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "greater size variation", + "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "about 45\u201360 nanometers", + "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "a greater size variation", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "old or stressed chloroplasts", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "once", + "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "once thought to be free-floating in the stroma", + "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "around the pyrenoids", + "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "around the pyrenoids when CO2", + "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "higher plants. Pyrenoids", + "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "the pyrenoids", + "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "the pyrenoids when CO2 is scarce.", + "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal", + "57296fd71d04691400779440": "circular granal thylakoids", + "57296fd71d04691400779441": "two to a hundred", + "57296fd71d04691400779442": "two to a hundred", + "57296fd71d04691400779443": "granal thylakoids", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "electrons. Molecules", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "electrons", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll", + "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "light-harvesting", + "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "the thylakoid membranes", + "572970916aef051400154eba": "two", + "572970916aef051400154ebb": "increasing stability", + "572970916aef051400154ebc": "increasing stability and surface area for light", + "572970916aef051400154ebe": "circular", + "572970916aef051400154ebd": "300\u2013600", + "57297103af94a219006aa423": "thirty", + "57297103af94a219006aa424": "dissipate excess energy", + "57297103af94a219006aa425": "They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors", + "57297103af94a219006aa426": "group of yellow\u2013orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic", + "57297103af94a219006aa427": "dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red.", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "cy", + "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "large protein complexes about 40 nanometers", + "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "third group of pigments", + "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40", + "572971af6aef051400154ede": "high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar", + "572971af6aef051400154edf": "a problem\u2014it has trouble", + "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "high oxygen", + "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end result of ATP energy", + "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "rubisco. Rubisco", + "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "Calvin cycle", + "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow, a light-driven method of synthesizing ATP to power the Calvin cycle", + "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "compound, which is why the process is called C4 photosynthesis.", + "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "oxygen", + "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "oxygen", + "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts", + "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "All green parts of a plant", + "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "plant cells", + "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "in collenchyma tissue. A plant", + "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts", + "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "from the epidermis", + "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells", + "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "half", + "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "30", + "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "Palisade mesophyll", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "closely", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "why land plants", + "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones", + "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "regulated stimulus-response systems", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "two", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "The reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "any pathogens within the cell. Lower levels of reactive oxygen species", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "directly kill any pathogens", + "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence. Chloroplasts", + "57297427af94a219006aa453": "Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors.", + "57297427af94a219006aa454": "After detecting stress", + "57297427af94a219006aa455": "reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules, so they probably don't leave the chloroplast,", + "57297427af94a219006aa456": "acid, jasmonic acid", + "572974923f37b3190047840b": "Photosynthesis", + "572974923f37b3190047840c": "photosynthesis", + "572974923f37b3190047840d": "chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis", + "572974923f37b3190047840e": "(ATP) and nicotinamide", + "572974923f37b3190047840f": "adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide", + "572975073f37b31900478415": "hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space", + "572975073f37b31900478416": "stroma", + "572975073f37b31900478417": "reactions", + "572975073f37b31900478418": "the photosystems", + "572975073f37b31900478419": "energy. The two photosystems", + "572975511d046914007794a7": "depleted electrons", + "572975511d046914007794a8": "photophosphorylation", + "572975511d046914007794a9": "new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes", + "572975511d046914007794aa": "new electrons", + "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "G3P sugar", + "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "the enzyme Rubisco", + "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "one out of every six produced leaves the cycle", + "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "three", + "572976183f37b31900478431": "chloroplast", + "572976183f37b31900478432": "to low photosynthesis", + "572976183f37b31900478433": "the plant", + "572976183f37b31900478434": "these starch grains may grow very large, distorting the grana", + "572976183f37b31900478435": "monomers", + "572976791d046914007794af": "increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, or CCMs. These include Crassulacean acid metabolism,", + "572976791d046914007794b0": "when the oxygen concentration", + "572976791d046914007794b1": "increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms,", + "572976791d046914007794b2": "up to half", + "572976791d046914007794b3": "the efficiency", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "crossing membranes", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "all of a plant cell's amino acids", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "to get to where it is needed.", + "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "unclear", + "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "Chloroplasts", + "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "starch-storing amyloplasts", + "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "in an adult plant's", + "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "plant's apical", + "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "the required", + "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "the required light", + "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "If angiosperm", + "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "form a lattice of tubes", + "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "chlorophyll, and has inner membrane inva", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "absolute states\u2014intermediate forms", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "other plastids", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "many interconversions", + "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a", + "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "the Z-ring,", + "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "the proteins", + "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "chloroplast, MinE inhibits", + "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "the chloroplast", + "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "Min system", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "plastid-dividing ring", "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "two", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "PD rings form. The inner", - "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "chloroplast's intermembrane", - "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "of the chloroplast's inner membrane, and is formed first. The outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the", - "572978e66aef051400154f76": "shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction", - "572978e66aef051400154f78": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division.", - "572978e66aef051400154f79": "Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division. Chloroplasts can grow and", - "572978e66aef051400154f77": "been shown to be a", - "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "Recently,", - "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": ", chloroplas", - "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While", - "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "Recently,", - "57296d571d04691400779413": "natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime", - "57296d571d04691400779414": "A natural number greater than", - "57296d571d04691400779415": "A prime number (or a prime)", - "57296d571d04691400779416": "A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1", - "57296d571d04691400779417": "other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is", - "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "is", - "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test, which always produces the correct answer in", - "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "or not)", - "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n", - "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "fast methods are available for numbers of special forms, such as Mersenne numbers. As of January 2016[update], the largest known", - "572970c11d04691400779463": "composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled.", - "572970c11d04691400779464": "are infinitely", - "572970c11d04691400779465": "from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes", - "572970c11d04691400779466": "that a given, randomly chosen number n is", - "572970c11d04691400779467": "primes, as", - "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "the sum", - "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes)", - "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "Many questions regarding", - "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "primes", - "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "'s conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime", - "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "Hence,", - "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 \u00b7", - "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is", - "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "that", - "572973f76aef051400154f0e": ", when written in the usual", - "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a", - "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By", - "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "it", - "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "Most", - "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- who did not agree.", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "A large body", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "A large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "large body of mathematical work would", - "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "large body of", - "572978f91d046914007794d3": "primes, including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euclid also", - "572978f91d046914007794d4": "different forms for primes and for composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks.", - "572978f91d046914007794d5": "composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks. Euclid's Elements (circa", - "572978f91d046914007794d6": "are hints in", - "572978f91d046914007794d7": "hints", - "57297a276aef051400154f88": "little", - "57297a276aef051400154f89": "Greeks, little happened", - "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "in fact no further Fermat numbers are known to be prime. The French monk Marin Mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p", - "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "After", - "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "until", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "trial divisions are by m = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. None of these", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "dividing n by each integer", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "numbers divides", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "primality of 37, only three divisions are necessary (m", - "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "division. This routine consists of dividing n by", - "57297d421d046914007794e5": "primality tests for general numbers n can be", - "57297d421d046914007794e6": "Modern", - "57297d421d046914007794e7": "Modern primality tests for", - "57297d421d046914007794e8": "tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed correctly, it", - "57297d421d046914007794e9": "given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a", - "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "A", - "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "particularly simple example of a proba", - "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "example of", - "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little", - "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "of a pro", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "\u2212 1 is of a particular shape include the Sophie Germain primes (primes of the form 2p + 1 with p", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "(prime", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes. Other primes where either p", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as", - "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "are known as factorial prime", - "572982e66aef051400154f92": "largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some of these primes have been found using distributed computing. In 2009, the Great", - "572982e66aef051400154f93": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some", - "572982e66aef051400154f94": "The following table gives the largest", - "572982e66aef051400154f95": "computing. In 2009, the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project was awarded a US$100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at", - "572982e76aef051400154f96": "The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some of these primes have been found using", - "572985011d04691400779501": "number", - "572985011d04691400779502": "number n > 3. However, computing A or \u03bc requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes", - "572985011d04691400779503": "all other primes", - "572985011d04691400779504": "2n \u2212 2,", - "572985011d04691400779505": "are prime for", - "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "can have infinitely many", - "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "have", - "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common di", - "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "numbers. What is more, the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run\u2014the density of all primes congruent", - "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "and", - "572989846aef051400154fc0": ": if there were", - "572989846aef051400154fc1": "example", - "572989846aef051400154fc2": "+ 1", - "572989846aef051400154fc3": "The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers. For", - "572989846aef051400154fc4": "The", - "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "1859, states that except for s =", - "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "unproven", - "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "1859, states that except for s = \u22122, \u22124, .", - "57298ef11d04691400779530": "have real part equal to 1/2. The connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly", - "57298ef11d04691400779531": "unproven Riemann hypothesis, dating from 1859, states that except for s =", - "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum", - "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof", - "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "to the Riemann hypothesis,", - "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "In addition", - "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "semiprime, the product of two primes. Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes.", - "572991943f37b319004784a1": "primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture).", - "572991943f37b319004784a2": "of the distribution of primes. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many", - "572991943f37b319004784a3": "A third type of conjectures", - "572991943f37b319004784a4": "primes. It is conjectured that there are", - "572991943f37b319004784a5": "A third type", - "57299326af94a219006aa515": "time", - "57299326af94a219006aa516": "time, number theory in general, and the study of prime numbers in particular, was seen as", - "57299326af94a219006aa517": "time", - "57299326af94a219006aa518": "the exception of use of", - "57299326af94a219006aa519": "a long time, number theory", - "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "a prime factor of", - "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "Fermat's little theorem is the following: if p is a prime number", - "572995d46aef051400154fea": "Giuga's", - "572995d46aef051400154feb": "Giuga's", - "572995d46aef051400154fec": "conjecture", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "the outer chloroplast membrane. It consists of filaments", + "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "two", + "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "It", + "572978e66aef051400154f76": "under poor quality green light", + "572978e66aef051400154f78": "white light", + "572978e66aef051400154f79": "stimulate these chloroplasts to divide and reduce the population", + "572978e66aef051400154f77": "white light", + "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "biologically contained, thus posing significantly lower environmental risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture.", + "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability", + "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "pollen", + "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability", + "57296d571d04691400779413": "divisors", + "57296d571d04691400779414": "g., 3, 1 \u00b7 3, 1 \u00b7 1 \u00b7 3, etc. are all valid factorizations", + "57296d571d04691400779415": "composite number. For example, 5", + "57296d571d04691400779416": "greater", + "57296d571d04691400779417": "divis", + "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "primality", + "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "large numbers. These include the Miller\u2013Rabin", + "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "AKS primality", + "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "AKS primality", + "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "22,338,618", + "572970c11d04691400779463": "300", + "572970c11d04691400779464": "Euclid", + "572970c11d04691400779465": "simple", + "572970c11d04691400779466": "prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability", + "572970c11d04691400779467": "300 BC.", + "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "the development", + "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2)", + "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors", + "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "key crypt", + "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "open, such as Goldbach's", + "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "4. No even number greater than 2", + "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "greater", + "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "right illustrates that 12", + "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "12 = 3 \u00b7 4", + "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "distinct", + "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1", + "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "his famous correspondence with Leonhard", + "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "as its first prime. Henri Lebesgue", + "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "1 to be a prime. For example, Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of primes up to 10,006,721,", + "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "Goldbach", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "Euclid's fundamental theorem", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "prime: a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "A large body of mathematical work", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "as the relationship of the number to its corresponding value", + "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "3 \u00b7 5 and 1", + "572978f91d046914007794d3": "papyrus", + "572978f91d046914007794d4": "the Ancient Greeks.", + "572978f91d046914007794d5": "Mersenne prime. The Sieve of Eratosthenes, attributed to Eratosthenes,", + "572978f91d046914007794d6": "Eratosthenes,", + "572978f91d046914007794d7": "simple method to compute primes, although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way", + "57297a276aef051400154f88": "After the Greeks, little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century. In", + "57297a276aef051400154f89": "1). However, the very next Fermat number 232", + "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "little theorem (later", + "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "numbers", + "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "(they are called Fermat numbers) and he verified this up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1).", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "primality of 37", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "if a complete list of primes up to is known\u2014then trial", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "the square", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "three", + "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "If the result of any", + "57297d421d046914007794e5": "two", + "57297d421d046914007794e6": "composite. Probabilistic", + "57297d421d046914007794e7": "composite. Probabilistic", + "57297d421d046914007794e8": "a way", + "57297d421d046914007794e9": "random", + "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "Carmichael numbers. Carmichael", + "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "no way", + "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "simple", + "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "primality, then", + "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "primality, then", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "Mersenne", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "Sophie Germain primes (primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime), primorial primes, Fermat", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "Mersenne", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "p prime), primori", + "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "p prime), primorial primes, Fermat", + "572982e66aef051400154f92": "computing", + "572982e66aef051400154f93": "2009", + "572982e66aef051400154f94": "primes not known to have any particular form (that is, no simple formula", + "572982e66aef051400154f95": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", + "572982e76aef051400154f96": "project", + "572985011d04691400779501": "any natural number n. Here represents the floor function,", + "572985011d04691400779502": "prime number p with n < p < 2n \u2212 2", + "572985011d04691400779503": "2", + "572985011d04691400779504": "2, for any natural number", + "572985011d04691400779505": "2", + "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "s theorem", + "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "q = 9: the numbers are \"wrapped around\"", + "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "can have infinitely many primes", + "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "there are infinitely many prime numbers. What is more, the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run\u2014the", + "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "s theorem on arithmetic progression", + "572989846aef051400154fc0": "\u03b6", + "572989846aef051400154fc1": "there were only finitely", + "572989846aef051400154fc2": "the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory", + "572989846aef051400154fc3": "zeta", + "572989846aef051400154fc4": "e., exceeds any given number), so there must be infinitely many primes", + "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes", + "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "no significant irregularities without good reason", + "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "a physical viewpoint, it roughly states", + "57298ef11d04691400779530": "The connection", + "57298ef11d04691400779531": "unproven Riemann", + "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "Riemann", + "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "1912", + "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "two", + "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "Goldbach's", + "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "Riemann", + "572991943f37b319004784a1": "twin primes", + "572991943f37b319004784a2": "there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture). Polignac's", + "572991943f37b319004784a3": "primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2. Legendre's", + "572991943f37b319004784a4": "twin prime conjecture)", + "572991943f37b319004784a5": "twin", + "57299326af94a219006aa515": "public key cryptography", + "57299326af94a219006aa516": "shattered in the 1970s", + "57299326af94a219006aa517": "1970s", + "57299326af94a219006aa518": "prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms", + "57299326af94a219006aa519": "canonical example of pure mathematics,", + "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "recurring", + "572995d46aef051400154fe9": ">", + "572995d46aef051400154fea": "has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem says that an integer p >", + "572995d46aef051400154feb": "has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem says that an integer p >", + "572995d46aef051400154fec": "s theorem", "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes", - "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman", - "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on", - "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms,", - "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit", - "572998673f37b319004784d5": "used", - "572998673f37b319004784d6": ",", - "572998673f37b319004784d7": "genus Magicicada make use of", - "572998673f37b319004784d8": "strategy used by cicadas of the", - "572998673f37b319004784d9": "outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas", - "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "elements, whence the name. Often a second,", - "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "sense. For example, the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is either Q or the finite field", - "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of", - "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "of prime number", - "57299a6f6aef051400155018": ", a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot", - "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements", - "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "to two more", - "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "to", - "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units. In the", - "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "give", - "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "domains. An example", - "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to", - "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "continues to", - "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "to hold in unique factorization domains. An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z[i], that is,", - "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "Gaussian", - "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "with", - "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "algebraic geometry. The prime", - "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "In ring theory, the notion of", - "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of", - "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "notion of number", - "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "a ring. Arithmetic geometry", - "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "ideals are the points", - "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "geometric", - "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "ideals are", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "norm", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": ", in", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": ",", - "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as", - "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Prime", - "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "Prime numbers have influenced many artists and", - "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "Prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers. The French composer Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical", - "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "influenced many artists", - "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "have influenced", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "m3", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch:", - "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually", - "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "(Romansh: Rein,", - "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": ":", - "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "Ripuarian Rhing,", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name R\u0113nos, which", - "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "the", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "(Rh\u0113nos),", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos),", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "geography (1st century BC) as Greek \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin", - "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "R\u012b(n) retaining the older vocalism,[note 4] as does Ripuarian Rhing, while", - "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "kilometers", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "(Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "introduced", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "(Rheinkilometer),", - "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.[note", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "of the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\"", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "conventionally", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance (0 km) to Hoek van Holland (1036.20", - "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "Rhine is conventionally", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur.", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "Near Tamins-Reichenau the", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "Tamins-Reichenau", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "Near", - "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "Near Tamins-Reichenau", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "Near Tamins-Reichenau the", - "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "official name containing this element.", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized section.", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\") and in the East by a modern canalized", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "The mouth of the", - "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "The", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "is pronounced \"Isel\" and this is also the local pronunciation", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta.", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "forms", - "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "forms", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "an upper canal near Diepoldsau", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "Fu\u00dfach, in order to counteract the constant flooding", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": ",", - "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "of", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "of the", - "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "Obersee (\"upper", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "Lake Constance consists of", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": ", called", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Obersee (\"upper lake\"),", - "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "Lake", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "Obersee (\"upper", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "of", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "consists", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "states of Bavaria", - "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "(\"upper lake\"), the Untersee", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": ", at the", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "The flow of cold, gray mountain", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water", - "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "reappears on the", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "r", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "The", - "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "of cold, gray mountain water continues for", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "emerges", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "Rhine emerges from", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "Falls, and is joined by its major tributary, the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "'s", - "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "Rhine", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "The", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "The", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance, flows generally", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "by its major tributary, the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge,", - "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "cu ft/s", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge is the", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "city in the course of the stream", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "located", - "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "In", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "centre of Basel,", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "\"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine knee\";", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "flows through", - "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "stream, is located the \"Rhine", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side, the", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "Rhine", - "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": ", which carries a significant part of the river water, and all", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "the", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "Upper Rhine", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "Rhine", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "The Upper Rhine region was", - "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "was", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "The", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "The Rhine is the", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The Rhine is the longest", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "The", - "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "The", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "is", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "Rhine", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "The Rhine", - "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "The", - "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "Bingen and Bonn,", - "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge,", - "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "Between Bingen and Bonn,", - "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "Between", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "Between Bingen and Bonn,", - "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as \"the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "Duisburg is the", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "1980s, industry was a", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "water pollution. Although many", - "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "many plants", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "Until", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "1980s, industry was a major", - "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source", - "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "The", - "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": ".", - "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "sectors", - "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "The dominant", - "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "The dominant economic sectors", - "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "vines", - "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "The dominant", - "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "am", - "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "in the Middle Rhine area are viniculture and tourism.", - "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "located the western end of the second", - "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "Lower", - "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "cities", - "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal,", - "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "The Lower", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg,", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "cities in", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "North", - "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "Rhine", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "no longer coincides with the main flow of water", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "From here, the situation becomes more complicated,", - "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "From", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": ",", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Two thirds of the water flow volume", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "Merwede", - "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "here, the situation becomes more complicated, as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "of", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "The", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "The", - "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "IJsselmeer (a former bay),", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "The other", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "IJssel branch carries", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the", - "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "The other third of the", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "sea levels within the various ice ages, the Rhine took a left", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "but are used for draining the surrounding land and pol", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained the", - "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained", - "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "Delta, the", - "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt", - "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "Rhine-Meuse", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "shape of the Rhine delta is determined by", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "as Boven", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "northern flow keeps the name IJssel", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel", - "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "an", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "St.", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "archipelago-like estuary with Waal and Lek.", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "the North Sea and formed an archipelago-like", - "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "Merwede-Oude", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "sea, or into former marine bays now separated from the sea", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "by", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "the delta", - "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed\") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders.", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "-", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "The Rhine-Meuse", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong", - "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "The Rhine-Meuse", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "Europe,", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean,", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "In", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "the stage was set in the Triassic Period of", - "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "MBP and 220", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "ongoing", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "the Eocene onwards, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a N\u2013S rift system to", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "of this rift are the Upper Rhine Graben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and", - "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "time, it did not yet carry discharge from the Alps; instead, the watersheds of the", - "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "capture, the", - "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "Through stream capture,", - "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "stream capture", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Around", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": ",600 years", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "600 years ago) was the geological", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the", - "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "Pleistocene, the Rhine followed a course to the northwest, through the", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "BP). In northwest Europe,", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "~74,", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": ",", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "Present), until the end of the Pleistocene", - "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "BP.", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "of", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "the last Ice Age;", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "Most", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "during the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra, with Ice Age flora and fauna,", - "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "000\u2013", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated. Meltwater,", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "As", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": ",000", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "re-inundated", - "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "22,", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago, a", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "sea-level rise had dropped so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea;", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7500 yr ago, a situation with tides and currents, very similar", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "y", - "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": ", a", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "At the", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "the", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "At the", - "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "the begin of the Holocene (~11,700 years ago), the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany),", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "(central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up. This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, ending peat", - "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "sped up. This caused increased", - "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "~", - "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "on the floodplain (termed avulsion), was the main process distributing sediment", - "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam.", - "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "Waal and Nederrijn-Lek", - "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "branches", - "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "branch flows to", - "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "(6/9 of total discharge), the River Nederrijn", - "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical", - "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "was not known to Herodotus and first enters the", - "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "The", - "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "not known to Herodotus and first", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "Black", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "slopes of the Black Forest and a few scattered bridge-heads. The northern section of this frontier, where the Rhine is deep and broad, remained", - "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "XX Valeria (Pannonian", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "threat of war existed. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as follows: for the army of Germania Inferior, two", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "The", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "The Romans kept", - "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "any base or in all, depended on whether a state or threat of war existed. Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "in medieval legend, such as the Nibelungenlied which tells of the hero Siegfried killing a dragon on the", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "the", - "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "Germanic tribes crossed", - "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "Burgundians", - "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine. The mouths of the", - "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "Western Francia, but in the", - "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "6th", - "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "6th century, the Rhine was within", - "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "By", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "Since the Peace of", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "French", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "Since the", - "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte,", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "in general, caused much resentment in Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The allies left the Rhineland,", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "demilitarised", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "Rhineland", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "World War I, the", - "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "to", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "that", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "War II, it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "was recognised that the", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "surprise \u2013 after the Germans failed to demolish it. This also became the subject of a film, The Bridge at Remagen.", - "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "War II, it", - "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "Until", - "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "accepted", - "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "the", - "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres", - "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles). In 1932 the German", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "the legislative competence of the Parliament \u2013 the areas in which it can make laws \u2013 by explicitly specifying powers that are \"reserved\" to the Parliament", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "1997,", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "Following a referendum in 1997, in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998, which sets out its powers as a", - "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster. The British Parliament retains the", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster,", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "outbreak of the First World War. A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity. Suggestions for a 'devolved'", - "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "Labour government of Harold Wilson", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "discovery of oil in the North", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "following \"It's Scotland's oil\" campaign of the", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "Scotland's oil\" campaign of the Scottish National", - "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "During this time, the", - "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "assembly would be", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "51.6% in", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "Under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that", - "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "1978", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "Throughout the 1980s and", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "Throughout", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "taking part", - "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament grew, in part because the government", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "Since September 2004, the", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Since", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "2004, the official", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "Since September", - "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "September 2004, the", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "held in the courtyard", - "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile", - "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General", - "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "building", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh (originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 Midlothian", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "addition", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "the General Assembly Hall, the Parliament also used", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh", - "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "Holyrood", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Scottish Parliament,", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "After", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": ",", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer,", - "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "of", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "operate", - "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body,", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "chamber of the Scottish", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "in a hem", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "The", - "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "The", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom,", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and", - "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "In", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "advance is recommended due to limited", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "typically", + "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "the discrete logarithm is thought", + "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "two", + "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "modular exponent", + "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "modular", + "572998673f37b319004784d5": "non-prime number intervals,", + "572998673f37b319004784d6": "emergences", + "572998673f37b319004784d7": "small, this advantage appears to have been enough", + "572998673f37b319004784d8": "higher", + "572998673f37b319004784d9": "12 years, then predators appearing every 2, 3, 4, 6, or 12 years would be sure to meet them. Over a 200-year", + "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "mathematics", + "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "a prime knot", + "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "Any knot", + "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots. Any knot", + "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "smallest", + "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units. In the ring Z", + "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "a product of two ring elements that are not units", + "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "a product of two ring elements that are not units", + "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "An element p of R is called prime element", + "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "An element", + "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "in the bigger ring Z[i], 2 factors into the product of the two Gaussian primes (1 + i) and (1", + "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "i], 2", + "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "(i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k", + "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "[i], that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i", + "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "factorization", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "0), (2), (3)", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "ideal generated", + "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "algebra", + "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "the ideals (0", + "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "arithmetic general", + "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "the solvability", + "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "both geometry and number theory. For example, factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field, a basic problem", + "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity,", + "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "a basic problem of algebraic number theory, bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry. Such ramification", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "the importance of primes to number", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "p-adic norm |\u2212|p yields the field", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "local) fields. This local-global principle again underlines the importance of primes", + "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "p-adic numbers. These are essentially all possible ways to complete Q, by Ostrowski's theorem.", + "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "Messiaen", + "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "rythmiques\". According to Messiaen this way", + "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "prime numbers to create amet", + "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "Messiaen this way of composing was \"inspired by the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal", + "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "primes", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "in the Netherlands. The biggest city", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "the river Rhine", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "the river", + "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "(after the Danube),", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "the North Sea in the Netherlands.", + "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "(after the Danube),", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "the Germanic vocalism Rin-,", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "The spelling with Rh-", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "\u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (Rh\u0113nos), Latin Rhenus.[note", + "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "1st century", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "the Rhine in modern languages", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "the name of the Rhine", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "the name of the Rhine", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "(Rh\u0113nos), Latin Rhenus.[note", + "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "all derived from the Gaulish", + "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "(Rheinkilometer), a scale", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "1939", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "The river length is significantly shortened from the river's", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "The river length is significantly shortened from the river's", + "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "the Rhine\",", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "the Rhine\", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine", + "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "(1036.20 km). The river", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "the East.", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal).", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley", + "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "the West and Liechtenstein", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal).", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal).", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "Graub\u00fcnden,", + "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "the Rhine.", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "Rhine\")", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "the singular is pronounced \"Isel\"", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "the singular is pronounced \"Isel\"", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "the West by the Alter Rhein (\"Old Rhine\")", + "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "The delta", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "(\"Donkey\").", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "a modern canal", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "a nature", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "small islands", + "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "(\"Old Rhine\")", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "the mountains", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "the constant flooding and strong sedimentation", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach, in order", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized", + "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "lighter suspended load comes from higher", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "the mountains", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "the mountains", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach", + "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "darker color than the Rhine;", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "three", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "three bodies of water: the Obersee (\"upper lake\"),", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "Austrian state of Vorarlberg,", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Austrian state of Vorarlberg,", + "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "three bodies", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "three", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "south following the Swiss-Austrian border.", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "south following the Swiss-Austrian border.", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "in Germany, Switzerland", + "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "Austrian state of Vorarlberg,", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "the island of Lindau.", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", + "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "the Rheinrinne", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "the lake, off the island", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen.", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "the Rhine", + "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "the island of Lindau.", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "north", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "the highest point of the Rhine basin.", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "1,000 m3/s (35,000", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "Basel-Stadt, until it turns north at the so-called Rhine knee at Basel, leaving Switzerland.", + "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "the river Aare.", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "the highest point of the Rhine basin.", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the highest point of the Rhine basin.", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "more than a fifth", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "the cantons of Z\u00fcrich and Basel-Stadt,", + "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "the so-called Rhine knee at Basel, leaving Switzerland.", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "to 40 km", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "the Upper Rhine Valley", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "about 300 km long and up to 40 km", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide.", + "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "40 km", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "about 300 km long and up to 40 km", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "\"Rhine knee\";", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin.", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "about 300 km", + "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "the Mainz Basin.", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "19th", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "increased and the ground water level fell", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace.", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "Plobsheim", + "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "traffic. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "The Upper Rhine region", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "the 19th Century.", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace.", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead", + "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water,", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "the Rhine via the Moselle. As it approaches", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "1,300 ft)", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands. Most of Luxembourg", + "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "France", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "the Moselle,", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "France", + "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "11,000", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "the Middle Rhine", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "\"the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002)", + "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "The gorge", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "the Middle Rhine", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "in the region", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "\"the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40 castles and fortresses", + "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "Bingen", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg,", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "port and functions as a hub to the sea", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "Antwerp", + "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "Switzerland,", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river,", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "heavy industry", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "the Rhine up into Switzerland,", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Rotterdam,", + "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "Rhine.", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "The Rhine Gorge", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "the Rhine romanticism.", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "the steep slopes, the Middle Rhine Valley", + "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "Near Sankt Goarshausen,", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "Sankt Goarshausen,", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "the Middle Rhine Valley", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "Sankt Goarshausen,", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World", + "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "Near Sankt Goarshausen,", + "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "agglomerations Cologne,", + "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "port in Europe (Duisport).", + "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "Duisburg", + "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "Lippe. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine", + "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "30 km", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "the Uerdingen line, the line", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", + "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "30 km", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "The Beneden Merwede branches off, near Hardinxveld-Giessendam", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "estuaries, into the North Sea.", + "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Two thirds", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "the North", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "the Hollands", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "the Nieuwe Waterweg,", + "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the North Sea. The Oude Maas branches off,", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "The other third", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay),", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "Sea.", + "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "the Nederrijn", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "The other third", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "Maas and to the North Sea.", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "The other third", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay),", + "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "the IJsselmeer (a former bay),", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "first Leidse Rijn (\"Rhine of Leiden\") and then, Oude Rijn (\"Old Rhine\").", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "first Leidse Rijn (\"Rhine", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "Rijn,", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "the Rhine is called Kromme", + "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "first Leidse", + "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake", + "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "the river", + "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "the river delta", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "Merwede\"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "two", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "Kanaal,", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "(\"the Rip\") and Nieuwe Waterweg (\"New Waterway\").", + "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "Maas\", then Amer", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "1904", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "Maas to the North Sea", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "1421 to 1904", + "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "reasons", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "Rhine", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "Linge,", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "Vecht, etc.) and smaller rivers", + "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "second half of the 20th Century", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "high tide", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "Brakel", + "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "tide acts far inland. At the Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "the Eurasian and African tectonic plates,", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "Jurassic Period,", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps,", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "Jurassic Period,", + "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "Orogeny", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "the Miocene, a river system", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "the Miocene, a river system", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "the Eocene onwards,", + "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "Lower Rhine", + "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "By the early Pleistocene period, the Rhine had captured most of its current Alpine watershed from the Rh\u00f4ne, including the Aar.", + "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "the early Pleistocene period,", + "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "Meuse, to its watershed.", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "major Ice Ages", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "11,600", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "600,000 years", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "the northern part of the present North Sea", + "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "the northern part", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP).", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases,", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The English", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "(~11,600 BP).", + "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "the space", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "Rhine's", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "22,000\u201314", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "space", + "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra, with Ice Age", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "22,000 years ago", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "cover, ocean water", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "thaw", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "22,000 years ago", + "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "22,000 years ago", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea; in the last 7000 years, the coast line", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7500 yr ago", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "the same location. In the southern North Sea, due to ongoing tectonic subsidence, the sea", + "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "roughly at the same location", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "11,700 years ago", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "11,700 years ago", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley.", + "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "Netherlands,", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "11\u201313th century AD.", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries", + "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "salt and fuel", + "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "11\u201313th century", + "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "80", + "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "the help of weirs in the Nederrijn river.", + "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "the help of weirs in the Nederrijn river.", + "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "This discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709,", + "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "1709", + "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "three", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "the historical period in the 1st century BC", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "the Rhine", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "1st century BC,", + "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "Herodotus", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "14 until after AD", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "The upper Rhine and upper Danube", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "14 until after AD", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "southern part was different. The upper", + "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "the fertile plain", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "Between about AD 14 and 180, the assignment of legions was as follows: for the army of Germania Inferior,", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "the other side of the empire", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "(\"town of the Ubii\"),", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "a state or threat of war", + "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "two legions at oppidum Ubiorum (\"town of the Ubii\"),", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the Migration period,", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "the Nibelungenlied", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "a dragon on the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) (\"dragons", + "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "(Siebengebirge)", + "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "(Siebengebirge)", + "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "1469", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "By the 6th century,", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "the Rhine,", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "Western Francia, but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire,", + "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "between Middle and Western Francia, but in the 10th century,", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "the Peace of Westphalia,", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "a wave of nationalism in Germany.", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "Napoleon Bonaparte,", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "1806", + "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "in 1806 and lasted until 1814", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "1935", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "1930", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "Adolf Hitler's", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "army forbidden to enter. The Treaty of Versailles", + "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "1935", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "Germany,", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "at Remagen. Seven Days", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944.", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "The Rhine", + "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "the River Rhine was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War.", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "820 miles", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "authoritative Brockhaus Enzyklop\u00e4die,", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "it became generally accepted and found its way", + "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "1,232 kilometres (766", + "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1932", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "May 1999.", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "the Scotland Act 1998,", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "Parliament", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas", + "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Parliament", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "both seated at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity.", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "1973", + "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "set up the Kilbrandon Commission", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "Scottish National Party (SNP)", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "oil\" campaign", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1978", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "The combined effect", + "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "1974", + "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "1 March 1979 that represented at least 40%", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "40%", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "the total electorate threshold", + "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "40%", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "its blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "Parliament.", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "1989", + "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "a Scottish Assembly was initiated as a pressure group,", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "new building", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "gabion", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Scottish", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "Scottish Parliament building", + "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Minister. Crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the Garden Lobby, complete the unique architecture. Queen Elizabeth II", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "the former Strathclyde", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", + "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", + "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "Royal Mile in Edinburgh.", + "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "George IV", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "George IV", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "the main hall was used as the Parliament's", + "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "George IV Bridge was used for the MSP's", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott).", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott).", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "standing orders", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "elects", + "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "the Scottish Parliament.", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "the Parliament.", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "staff, property and resources", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "five", + "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "the Standing Orders of the Parliament", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "sit opposite members at the front", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "front", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "129", + "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "the beginning of each sitting in the chamber", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "the Parliament", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "the meetings of Parliament,", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "panned from Scottish rivers", + "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "the first words of the Scotland Act,", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "January to late June and from early September", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "am to 6 pm. Chamber debates and committee", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Parliament", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "typically sits", - "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "Parliament", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "item of business on Wednesdays", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "perspective on", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "for", - "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "The first item", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "number of members wish to participate in the debate. Debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems. Members may call each other directly by", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "Presiding Officer)", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "chamber", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who", - "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "Presiding Officer (or", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "pm, MSPs", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "day, normally at 5 pm, MSPs", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "and", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "to which the", - "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "day, normally at 5 pm,", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright. Thus, as", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote.", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "The", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "known as whips", - "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "outcome of most votes can be", - "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "Immediately after Decision Time a \"Members Debate\" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a", - "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "'s own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other", - "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "is held, which lasts for 45", - "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "area", - "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "to", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of committees is stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "Much", - "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "Committees comprise", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated", - "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "Committees comprise", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically each committee corresponds with one (or", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "Subject", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "Committees", - "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "Subject Committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of", - "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "type of committee is normally set", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence. The Scotland Act 2012 extends", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "the United Kingdom and given royal assent", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Scotland Act", - "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "The specific devolved matters are all subjects which", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "are", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the", - "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "The specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the", - "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": ", nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy,", - "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the", - "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with", - "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament.", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "in a", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "by an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party.", - "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer.", - "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "bill will formally", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "Stage 1", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "the costs and savings associated with it. Statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "1", - "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "is considered", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament.", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "at", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "fall without a final vote being taken. After", - "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "the final stage of", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "royal", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament. However he cannot do so until a 4-week period has elapsed,", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "assent: After the bill has", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament.", - "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "Officer submits it to the Monarch", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "parties, that hold the", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister,", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament", - "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": ",", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "Act", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on). The date", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "dissolved by the Queen by", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "Under the Scotland Act 1998, ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in", - "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "in favour), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within 28 days of a General Election or of", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Several", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "enable", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise", - "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "Several procedures enable the Scottish", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A \"General Question", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "First Minister and then supplementary questions. Such a practice enables a \"lead-in\" to the questioner,", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "of the Scottish Government. At 2.30pm, a 40-minute long themed \"Question", - "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "Parliamentary time", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "constituency comprises 55,", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "Of the 129", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "member to represent", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as \"Constituency MSPs\". Voters choose one member to represent", - "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "which each return their own constituency MSP. Currently, the average Scottish Parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors. Given", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "The total number", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "in the", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "seat", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method. For example, to determine who", - "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "total", - "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply", - "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "one of the countries", - "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "in", - "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must", - "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "in the", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "key figures", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Labour, with many of their key figures not returned", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "East Lothian by 151 votes. The SNP took a further eight seats from the Liberal Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives. The SNP", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "The", - "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "time", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "Conservatives,", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP.", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "five", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the", - "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. Cameron congratulated the", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "A", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Scottish", - "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "A procedural consequence", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "siy\u0101s\u012b),", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "often", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "Islamism,", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "is an Islamic revival movement", - "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "\"to implement Islamic values in all", - "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda", - "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Moderate and reformist Islamists", - "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "and reformist Islamists who accept and work within", - "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "Israel. Radical Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda and", - "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "tradition\" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "(Salafis,", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "fundamentalist \"guardians of the tradition\" (Salafis, such as those in", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "major division within", - "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "institutions,\" and", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include Fred Halliday,", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "a controversial concept not just", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Islamism is a controversial concept not just because", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it", - "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "Islam and Islamism", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "Islamism, not [just] Islam?\"", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "asked the question, \"If", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "\"If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic,", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "asked the question, \"If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social,", - "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "Group maintains that \"the conception of", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "leftist/communist/nationalist", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "the 1970s and", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "governments", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks", - "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "During the 1970s", - "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "governments", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "(infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah);", - "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "President", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "or Salafism.", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "of Islam promoted by this funding was the", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "\"in every way,\" but \"hate them for their religion ..", - "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "of Islam promoted by", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": ",", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": ", housing assistance to students from out of town, student", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "Islamist movements such", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "Islamist", - "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "While studying", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "While", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "While", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "Germany,", - "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "philosophy in England", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Palestine and Syria, he promoted ideas of", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "Iqbal was elected president", - "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "society, but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt,", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Sayyid", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "more", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "Sayyid", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "-century figure", - "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism, and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about Islam and Islamic law.", - "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "writing", - "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "in the Islamic revival in India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose", - "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "-century figure", - "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism, and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about Islam and Islamic law.", - "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "and khilafa (caliphate). Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolution, by \"revolution\" he meant not the violence or populist", - "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Maududi also believed that Muslim", - "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a \"theo-democracy,\"", - "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state.", - "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a \"theo-democracy,\" based on the principles of:", - "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\" it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing", - "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Roughly", - "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al", - "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "contempor", - "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "Roughly contemporaneous", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "the", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders,", - "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "its founder Al-Banna", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "\"semi-legal\" and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections. In the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011\u20132012,", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the Islamic world, particularly in the Arab world. For many years it", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "and liberal Islamist Al-Wasat Party) won 75% of the total seats. Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood, was the", - "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "periodic", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "and Sayyid", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries,", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "nationalism suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb", - "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Islamic", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "between", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "The views of", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Iranian", - "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "The", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "maintained its", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "vehement opposition to the United States and his call that Israel", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "Islamic Republic has also maintained", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia", - "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah) (two Muslim", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahideen)", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "In 1979, the", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "Union deployed its", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "super", - "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "In 1979, the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "when Saddam, secularist and Ba'athist", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Arabian soil to put an end to Saddam Hussein's occupation", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "US", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "the", - "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "factor", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "resonated with", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "with", - "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "These attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam's", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "increasingly", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "s", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "ideas", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s (particularly the manifesto Milestones, a.k.a.", - "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "leadership", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "group directed its attacks against what it believed were \"apostate\" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "The path of violence and military struggle was", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "into Islamic societies. Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "and", - "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "what it believed were \"", - "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "groups which employed", - "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "employed violence in their struggle for", - "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in", - "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle", - "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "their struggle for", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "Islamic state in Palestine. It was soon competing with and then overtaking the PLO for control of the intifada. The Brotherhood's", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "towards Israel, focusing on preaching, education and social services, and benefiting from Israel's \"indulgence\" to build up a network", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "First", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "decades prior", - "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "decades prior to the First Palestine Intifada in 1987, the Muslim Brotherhood in", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "operations\". In the January 2006 legislative election\u2014its first foray", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "the", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "of the Gaza Strip,", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "in 140", - "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "54", - "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members", - "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi.", - "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "Turabi", - "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "For", - "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry", - "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "After al-Nimeiry", - "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "Osama bin Laden for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to", - "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "the elected post-", - "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to", - "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "After", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "young", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "(", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "movement", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Abbassi", - "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by Abbassi Madani, and a charismatic Islamist young preacher,", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "mujahideen's victory against the", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "of mujahdeen founded the Islamic State of Afghanistan. In 1996, a more conservative and anti-democratic Islamist movement known as", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "warlords, making Afghanistan one of the poorest countries on", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between", - "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "In Afghanistan, the mujahideen's", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "madrasahs the", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading \"an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs\" under the", - "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "1977, General Zia-ul-Haq", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "ul Haq was an admirer of Mawdudi", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "overthrown. Zia-ul-Haq", - "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "July", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "\"The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" and before that as the \"Islamic State of", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "\"", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "\"", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "\"The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic", - "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "2014, (which complained of its failure to consult and", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "al-Tawhid wal-Jihad", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "Originating as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004, participated in the Iraqi insurgency that followed the", - "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "Originating", - "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "In its focus on the Caliphate,", - "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "takes", - "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames \"the", - "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames \"the", - "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "HT", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "\"", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "HT", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "both countries. But many HT members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists", - "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "HT does not", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "imam of the Finsbury", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "Waltham", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "free rein, heightened by expos\u00e9s such as the 2007 Channel 4 documentary programme Undercover Mosque, has given rise to the term Londonistan.", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "Greater London has", - "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "Hamza al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park Mosque, was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused", - "57303048947a6a140053d254": "Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001.", - "57303048947a6a140053d255": "U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates called", - "57303048947a6a140053d256": "The U.S. government has engaged", - "57303048947a6a140053d257": "been calls to create an independent agency in", - "57303048947a6a140053d258": "Christian Whiton, an official in the George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of \"political", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "is a type of advocacy of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\",", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Imperialism is a", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is \"a policy of", - "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word \"imperium\", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is \"a policy of", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "is defined as \"A policy of extending a country\u2019s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.\"", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "\"A policy of extending a", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "\"informal\" imperialisms. \"Formal imperialism\" is defined as \"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\". \"Informal imperialism\" is less direct;", - "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "is", - "57306797396df919000960ee": "general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on, some writers[who?] used the term", - "57306797396df919000960ef": "of", - "57306797396df919000960f0": "of", - "57306797396df919000960f2": "was", - "57306797396df919000960f1": "of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen", - "573081c2069b531400832133": "which the", - "573081c2069b531400832134": "\"that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland", - "573081c2069b531400832135": "comes from the", - "573081c2069b531400832136": "\"The", - "573081c2069b531400832137": "\"The word", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "Young writes that", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism\", however many scholars", - "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "dictate the", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "and colonialism", - "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "Imperialism", - "5730876a396df9190009617a": "one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism. The purportedly scientific", - "5730876a396df9190009617c": "empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds. J. A. Hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as: \"It", - "5730876a396df9190009617b": "A", - "5730876a396df9190009617d": "controversial aspect", - "5730876a396df9190009617e": "A controversial aspect of", - "573088da069b53140083216b": "travellers to share these", - "573088da069b53140083216c": "geographical societies in Europe", - "573088da069b53140083216d": "Geographical Society", - "573088da069b53140083216e": "Geographical Society", - "573088da069b53140083216f": "The Royal Geographical", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "the \u201cother\u201d. According to Siad, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "Geographical theories such as environmental determinism", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "can be paralleled with Edward Said\u2019s Orientalism as the west\u2019s construction of the east as the \u201cother\u201d.", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "theories such as environmental", - "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "Geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance. For instance,", - "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "are often general", - "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "\"during the last generation, and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical", - "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British", - "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire \"during", - "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "stems from Roman", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "we", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "Orientalism, as", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the", - "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "developed an imaginative geography", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "\"scramble for Africa\". He states that maps \"contributed to empire by", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "To better", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "century", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": ",", - "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "during the \"scramble for", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of Genghis Khan during the Mongol Empire, and of other war-lords.", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of Japan, Korea,", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "Empire, India, and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "played an important role in the histories of Japan,", - "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "played", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing their own expectations", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "social", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "moral,", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "when", - "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "of", - "57309446396df919000961b8": "imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term \"Age of Imperialism\" generally", - "57309446396df919000961b9": "Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700, saw (generally", - "57309446396df919000961ba": "Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700,", - "57309446396df919000961bb": "saw (generally European) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in", - "57309446396df919000961bc": "colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power.[citation needed] Although imperialist practices have existed for", - "57309564069b5314008321a5": "During the 20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919\u20131980) and Ronald Robinson (1920\u20131999) constructed a framework for", - "57309564069b5314008321a6": "maps of the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to", - "57309564069b5314008321a7": "Gallagher (1919\u20131980) and Ronald Robinson", - "57309564069b5314008321a8": "Because of the resources made available by imperialism, the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before", - "57309564069b5314008321a9": "their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary.'\"[at", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "of", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "Europe's", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "was largely focused on", - "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "'", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "had become an effective battlefield weapon. This technology gave European armies an advantage over their opponents, as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows,", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "continued", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "developed", - "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "chemists made deadly explosives that", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "anglophone", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "In", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "experience. The term \"Imperialism\" was originally introduced into English", - "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "In", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "debated", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "debated among historians", - "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "Schumpeter (1883\u20131950), Thorstein Veblen (1857\u20131929), and Norman Angell (1872\u20131967).", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were seen as \"less civilized\" therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of", - "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and", - "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the", - "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "geographic", - "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "According to geographic scholars under colonizing", - "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "colonizing empires, the world", - "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "aid in the governing", - "5730a40f396df91900096234": "Britain's", - "5730a40f396df91900096235": "Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East", - "5730a40f396df91900096236": "Britain's imperialist", - "5730a40f396df91900096237": "'", - "5730a40f396df91900096238": "in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "in North and West Africa, as", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "Catholicism. It", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "rebuild", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "of", - "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "Algeria in", - "5730a951069b531400832213": "It", - "5730a951069b531400832214": "lift the world up to French standards by", - "5730a951069b531400832215": "French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: \"The higher races", - "5730a951069b531400832216": "leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: \"The higher races have", - "5730a951069b531400832217": "a moral justification to lift the world up to", - "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "by", - "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the", - "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in", - "5730aa52069b531400832220": "World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free", - "5730aa52069b531400832221": "the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate", - "5730ab63396df91900096260": "holy, not Roman, and not an empire\", as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation.", - "5730ab63396df91900096263": "Scandinavia", - "5730ab63396df91900096261": "Scandinavia", - "5730ab63396df91900096262": "Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete,", - "5730ab63396df91900096264": "homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "Holy Roman Empire,", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "Not", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "Not a maritime", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "nation-state, as it would eventually become, Germany\u2019s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century. The participation of Austria", - "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "Habsburg control", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": ",", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "However,", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "Germany", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "that", - "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "1883\u201384 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the", - "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took", - "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "During the First Sino-Japanese", - "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result", - "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed", - "5730b255396df919000962b0": "a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin", - "5730b255396df919000962b1": "Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished", - "5730b255396df919000962b2": "1932. After World War II, the Soviet", - "5730b255396df919000962b3": "reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist", - "5730b255396df919000962b4": "non-", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "and others, believed that the revolution could", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": ", believed that the revolution could", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin", - "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": ", believed that the", - "5730b541396df919000962c2": "on mercantilism, and involved colonies", - "5730b541396df919000962c3": "The First British Empire was", - "5730b541396df919000962c5": "Its growth was reversed by the loss of the American", - "5730b541396df919000962c4": "The First", - "5730b541396df919000962c6": "the", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "resurgence", - "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "resurgence came in", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "least in a", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "from its", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "to Imperialism,", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "s mission", - "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "early", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "One key", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "in", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order.", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "figure in", - "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "One key", - "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "Some have described the", - "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": ", whom", - "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "distinct", - "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "colonialism\". Participation in the African slave", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "that", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "The Ottoman", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe,", - "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "that lasted from", - "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "European", - "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "With Istanbul", - "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I, leading to the emergence of the", - "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into", - "5730982f396df919000961e2": "denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism.", - "5730982f396df919000961e3": "Methodist denomination.", - "5730982f396df919000961e4": "of John and Charles Wesley in England as well as the Great", - "5730982f396df919000961e5": "orientation", - "5730982f396df919000961e6": "in", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "population, or 9 million adult", - "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant", - "57309921396df919000961f6": "mid", - "57309921396df919000961f7": "become The United Methodist", - "57309921396df919000961f8": "mid-18th century within the Church of England.", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "at all events; and, wherever they", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "In 1735,", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to", - "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "to teach the gospel to", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "Though", - "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "Wesley", - "57309adb396df919000961fc": "St. George's", - "57309adb396df919000961fd": "States, beginning in 1769. The", - "57309adb396df919000961fe": "St. George's United Methodist Church, located at", - "57309adb396df919000961ff": "at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States,", - "57309adb396df91900096200": "the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning", - "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led most", - "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "first African", - "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "Church. They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial", - "57309d31396df91900096210": "In", - "57309d31396df91900096211": "Methodist Episcopal Church over the issue of laity having", - "57309d31396df91900096212": "ones", - "57309d31396df91900096213": "States, like many other Protestant denominations, has seen a number of divisions and mergers.", - "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "(represented by Bishop", - "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "1968, the United", - "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "On April 23,", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "holy catholic (or universal) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "Church,\" meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible, while the United Methodist Church is a branch of the", - "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "understands itself to", - "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "Some argue that The United", - "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "his lay preachers as presbyters, Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat. Dr. Thomas Coke, already an Anglican priest,", - "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "Some", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "many United", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "traditions. Although United Methodist", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "(Anglicans), but also Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm (United Brethren), and Jacob Albright (Evangelical", - "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm (United Brethren), and Jacob Albright (Evangelical", - "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "grace, or the grace that", - "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "Prevenient", - "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "Prevenient", - "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "or the grace that \"goes before\" us,", - "5730aeba069b531400832241": "Grace", - "5730aeba069b531400832242": "Justifying", - "5730aeba069b531400832243": "Grace or", - "5730aeba069b531400832244": "by", - "5730aeba069b531400832245": "through the", - "5730afed069b53140083225f": "Sanctifying", - "5730afed069b531400832260": "Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying", - "5730afed069b531400832261": "a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like", - "5730afed069b531400832262": "that", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "stands at a", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "charismatic", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints", - "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "at", - "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "san", - "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "affirm abortion as an acceptable practice,\" and condemns the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except", - "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "Church upholds the sanctity of human life both of", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "In continuity with past", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "The", - "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "The church", - "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was an attempt to withdraw the", - "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "Abortion and", - "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "Church states that it \"affirms", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon,", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "the", - "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "warned against the dangers of", - "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life.", - "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also", - "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "The", - "5730b54c069b531400832290": "condemns capital punishment,", - "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "or", - "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "In addition, the", - "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "Methodist Church prohibits", - "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "Nevertheless, The United", - "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "Nevertheless,", - "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "Nevertheless, The", - "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "pastors.", - "5730b776069b5314008322be": "In 1987,", - "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "In", - "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to", - "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve", - "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "with the", - "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war", - "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to", - "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "Church rejects war as an instrument", - "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "and", - "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "is harmful and is generally addictive. Persons who are addicted to pornography are physiologically altered, as is their perspective, relationships with", - "5730bdfe396df91900096310": ",", - "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "research", - "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "The UMC supports federal funding", - "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "The UMC supports federal funding", - "5730c059069b531400832305": "comes", - "5730c059069b531400832306": "comes from John Wesley,", - "5730c059069b531400832307": "is no Liturgy in the world, either in ancient or modern language, which breathes more of a solid, scriptural,", - "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "Like other historic", - "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "liturgies for services of Holy Communion, baptism,", - "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "other", - "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "after a biblical figure (e.g., \"St. James UMC\").", - "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "(e.g., \"St. James UMC\").", - "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "Methodists also honor notable heroes and heroines of the Christian faith and look to these prominent saints as providing examples of holy living and commitment to Christ that", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "The", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church. The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium). Legislative changes", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "(quadrennium).", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "Church", - "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "Legislative changes are recorded in The Book of Discipline which is revised after each General Conference. Non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "to the General Conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States is divided into five", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "The United States is divided into five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western. Outside the United States the church is divided into seven central conferences: Africa, Congo,", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "Subordinate to the General Conference are", - "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "General", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "-between", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "2007", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "Decisions in-between", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "the decision should or could be", - "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "approval by the Southern Jurisdictional Conference at its July 2008", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "The", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy,", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "The Judicial Council", - "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "The Judicial Council is the highest", - "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "Annual Conference,", - "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "Lutheran denominations such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,", - "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "are members of their Annual Conference rather than of any local congregation, and are appointed to a local church or other", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "The", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "nominations committee, a finance committee and a church council or administrative council. Other committees are suggested but not required such as", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "and no more than", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "committee", - "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "guidebook for", - "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "its history, the United", - "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "Throughout its history, the", - "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "has", - "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "clergy were", - "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "first Methodist clergy", - "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "the", - "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "generally serve as pastor", - "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "bishop", - "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "ministries, such as military chaplaincy, campus ministry, missions, higher education and other ministries beyond the", - "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "of the Annual Conference, no appointments are officially", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "by", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the local church,", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order", - "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "ordained by a", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons are called by", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "church.They", - "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "are", - "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "the 1996 General Conference the ordination order of", - "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "1996", - "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "At the 1996", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "called by", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "God, affirmed by the church, and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. The Local Pastor are", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. The Local Pastor are given the authority to preach", - "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "ordained. When elders are not available to be appointed to a local church, either through", - "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "United Methodist Church (UMC) practices infant and adult", - "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "who", - "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "have not subsequently professed their own faith. These Baptized Members become Professing Members through confirmation and", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Unlike confirmation and profession of", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "UMC. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "UMC. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people, including", - "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "confirmation and profession of faith, Baptism is a sacrament in the UMC. The", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "in the", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "the United Methodist Church is that of the lay servant.", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "Another position in the United Methodist", - "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "in", - "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "Churches, Churches Uniting in Christ, and Christian Churches Together. In addition, it voted to seek observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals and in the", - "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "other Christian groups and denominations. It is a member of the National Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, Churches Uniting in Christ, and Christian", - "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "Methodist Church is one tradition within the Christian Church. The United Methodist", - "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. A Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union formed in 2000 to", - "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "has", - "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "Cooperation and Union formed in 2000 to carry out work on such a merger. In May 2012, The United Methodist Church entered into full communion", - "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "Like many", - "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "Protestant denominations in", - "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "mainline Protestant denominations", - "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades.", - "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and", - "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "2008", - "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "By the opening of the 2008 General", - "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "U.S. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week\u2014it has been estimated that Africans", - "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "The UMC", - "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "is also a", - "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "UMC", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "between the", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "America and", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental", - "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared", - "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "North. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers,", - "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "between New France and the British", - "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "war", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "In", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "attack on the", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "way", - "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "the", - "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "After the disastrous 1757 British", - "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "1757 British campaigns", - "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "Pitt", - "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "in", - "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west", - "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally", - "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "The", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. As", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "names. In British America,", - "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "The conflict is known", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "name. The", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "Seven", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "theater of the Seven", - "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded", - "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "population", - "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs,", - "5733d5704776f41900661310": "The", - "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "Scotia", - "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1", - "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "outnumbered", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "tribes. To the north,", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "kmaq and", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "the", - "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "them", - "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "Choctaw,", - "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "south the Southeast interior was", - "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Southeast interior was dominated", - "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "At the start", - "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "(some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local", - "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": ",", - "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June", - "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "C\u00e9loron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and", - "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "C\u00e9loron's", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "C\u00e9loron's", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "When", - "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "C\u00e9loron's", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "wrote, \"All I can say is that the Natives of these", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "his", - "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "English. I don't", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "gave land", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "In 1749 the British government gave land", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "and opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown.", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "But, as the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, both", - "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "In", - "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were", - "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "War", - "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers", - "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "March 17, 1752, the Governor-General", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "March 17,", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "17,", - "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "Governor-General of New", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Lake Erie's south", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "Valley from the British. Marin followed the route that C\u00e9loron had mapped out four years earlier, but where C\u00e9loron", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "of 1753, Paul Marin", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania), designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf", - "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "de la Malgue", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "expansion. When Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, Chief Hendrick said that the \"Covenant Chain\", a long-standing friendly relationship", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "The", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "\"He who does", - "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker of their tribal", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Company,", - "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "if the French held", - "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Saint-Pierre,", - "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "Saint-Pierre,", - "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier.", - "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "succeeded", - "5733f1784776f41900661575": "Even before Washington", - "5733f1784776f41900661576": "Pecaudy", - "5733f1784776f41900661577": "forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrec\u0153ur", - "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's", - "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "had returned to Williamsburg,", - "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "in", - "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the", - "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "News of the two battles", - "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.", - "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military", - "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "and July, 1754. The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade", - "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "trade", - "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "early important political response to the opening of hostilities was", - "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "convening", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It was attacked by French and Indian soldiers ambushing them", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne. The expedition was a disaster. It", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "Braddock", - "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "Braddock", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams (the latter two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "French acquired", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "bogged down in logistical difficulties", - "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "French acquired a copy of the British", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "and had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. When Johnson was seen as the larger", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. When Johnson was seen as the larger threat, Vaudreuil sent", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat. Dieskau planned to attack", - "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "by New", - "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Monckton,", - "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "year", - "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's", - "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "1756. In addition to renewing the efforts to capture Niagara,", - "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing the", - "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition", - "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing", - "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major", - "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as", - "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": ",", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "addition to his", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "who harboured ambitions to become the French", - "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "new British command was", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "new British", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Montcalm", - "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga,", - "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "capable", - "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving", - "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "for the", - "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the", - "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "French irregular forces", - "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "French irregular forces (Canadian scouts", - "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "the", - "57340111d058e614000b677d": "Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of", - "57340111d058e614000b677e": "resupplied in 1758, as the British blockade of", - "57340111d058e614000b677f": "from trading in 1758. While many parties to", - "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "failures", - "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "Cumberland. Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which", - "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning.", - "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "the Duke of Cumberland.", - "573403394776f419006616dd": "Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British", - "573403394776f419006616de": "in which 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia", - "573403394776f419006616df": "Bradstreet", - "573403394776f419006616e0": ",", - "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "In", - "57340549d058e614000b67de": "poor French", - "57340549d058e614000b67df": "Years'", - "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760", - "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "victories continued", - "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "British", - "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "Ticonderoga,", - "573407d7d058e614000b6813": ", and before any hostilities", - "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "Vaudreuil", - "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition,", - "573408ef4776f41900661757": "The war in", - "573408ef4776f41900661758": "The war in North America officially ended with", - "573408ef4776f41900661759": "in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of", - "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "The", - "57340a094776f4190066177d": "in land made available to migrants from Europe and the colonies further south. The British resettled many Acadians throughout its", - "57340a094776f4190066177e": "Britain", - "57340a094776f4190066177f": "gained control of French Canada and Acadia, colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of", - "57340a094776f41900661780": "sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands; these latter efforts were unsuccessful.", - "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "treaty", - "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "Following the treaty, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which", - "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "George", - "57340d124776f419006617c3": "For many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a", - "57340d124776f419006617c0": "in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country", - "57340d124776f419006617c1": "of French power in North America meant the", - "57340d124776f419006617c2": "many", - "57340d124776f419006617bf": "elimination of", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "of stationary", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "the concept", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "used", - "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "in", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed.", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "and", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "light,", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of", - "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": ",", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "the innate tendency of objects to find their \"natural place\" (e.g., for heavy bodies to fall), which led to \"natural", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "as an integral part of Aristotelian", - "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "provided", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "Aristotelian physics would not", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "The shortcomings", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "Galilei,", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "shortcomings", - "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "shortcomings", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "law is an", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "of constant velocity unless", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "Newton's", - "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's First", - "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "para", - "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "moving. This is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a", - "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "while", - "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "For", - "573749741c4567190057445d": "air next to himself, it", - "573749741c4567190057445e": "that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space", - "573749741c4567190057445f": "concept of", - "573749741c45671900574460": "inertia can", - "573749741c45671900574461": "inertia", - "573750f51c45671900574467": "Newton's", - "573750f61c45671900574468": "kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described", - "573750f61c45671900574469": "what is the proper definition of mass", - "573750f61c4567190057446a": "Newton's", - "573750f61c4567190057446b": "of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "Newton's Third Law is", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "F on a second body, the second body exerts a force \u2212F on the first body. F and \u2212F are equal", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "result of applying", - "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "different", - "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a", - "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "This means that", - "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is,", - "573766251c45671900574471": "Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can", - "573766251c45671900574472": "perceived as", - "573766251c45671900574473": ", the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent", - "573766251c45671900574474": "and compared to a", - "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as \"vector quantities\". This means that forces follow a", - "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "upon", - "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "and have sizes", - "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as \"vector quantities\". This means that forces follow a different", - "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "act in a particular direction and", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": ", forces were first", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "were", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "Historically,", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "Historically,", - "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": ".", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "the", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "added", - "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "As", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "the applied", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "does", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table", - "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "Pushing", - "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "static equilibrium between two forces is", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "Archimedes'", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "object's weight. Using such tools, some quantitative force laws were discovered: that the force of", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "static equilibrium between two forces is the", - "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "which equals the object's weight. Using such tools,", - "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "first described", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "Dynamic equilibrium was first described", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Dynamic equilibrium was", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "a constant velocity, Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down", - "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "equilibrium", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "equilibrium occurs in constant", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with", - "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the", - "57377aac1c45671900574479": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes \"quantized\",", - "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "notion", - "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead", - "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "\"force\" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics,", - "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "of", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "fermi", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "spin, identical particles split into two different classes, fermions and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g.", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "However, already in quantum mechanics there is one \"caveat\", namely the particles acting onto each other do not", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "do not only possess", - "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymme", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "particle", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "annihilates) virtual", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "(4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum", - "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bo", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "All of", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "All", - "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "between electric charges", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "a possibility", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate", - "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of", - "573784fa1c45671900574483": "describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-", - "573784fa1c45671900574484": "a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for", - "573784fa1c45671900574485": "to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by", - "573784fa1c45671900574486": "the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-", - "573784fa1c45671900574487": "What we now call gravity", - "573786b51c4567190057448d": "Newton came to realize", - "573786b51c4567190057448e": "of gravity might be", - "573786b51c4567190057448f": "Newton", - "573786b51c45671900574490": "Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "In this", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance; this was widely reported in", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "This constant has come to", - "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's", - "5737898f1c45671900574495": "Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet", - "5737898f1c45671900574496": "only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's", - "5737898f1c45671900574497": "was", - "5737898f1c45671900574498": "the", - "5737898f1c45671900574499": "It was only the orbit of", - "57378b141c4567190057449f": "Since", - "57378b141c456719005744a0": "then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In", - "57378b141c456719005744a1": ", and so far", - "57378b141c456719005744a2": "space-time \u2013 defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events. From the perspective of the object,", - "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "multiplication", - "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "multiplication", - "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be", - "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "on", - "57378e311c456719005744af": "The origin", - "57378e311c456719005744b0": "The", - "57378e311c456719005744b1": "scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These \"Maxwell Equations\" fully described", - "57378e311c456719005744b2": "the interactions of the fields themselves. This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be \"self-generating\"", - "57378e311c456719005744b3": "theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These", - "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "electromagnetic", - "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all", - "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using", - "573792ee1c456719005744bc": ", the", - "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": ", there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "characteristics", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "It", - "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them", - "5737958b1c456719005744c3": ", there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", - "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "characteristics", - "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "It", - "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "the virtual pi and r", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucle", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "only acts directly upon", - "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "strong", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances.", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances.", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "force", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately", - "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "strength is", - "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "The normal force is due", - "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "atoms at close contact. When", - "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force,", - "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "to", - "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal", - "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "Ideal strings transmit tension", - "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects", - "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "strings that are massless, frictionless,", - "57379ed81c456719005744d9": ",", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "Newtonian mechanics in general", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "Newton's", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "Newton's", - "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "particles", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "relevant", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated", - "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism", - "5737a4511c456719005744df": "their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second", - "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "unbalanced", - "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As", - "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving", - "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is", - "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "of an object, and therefore", - "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "where is", - "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "component", - "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "only", - "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "A", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "9:15 am to 6 pm. Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public. Entry is free,", + "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "limited space", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection,", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "four minutes", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "representations", + "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "speaker addresses", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "or party leaders", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "Deputy Presiding Officer)", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "may call each other directly by name", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "Scottish Parliament", + "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "constituency or cabinet position, and hand clapping is allowed. Speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in English, but members may use Scots, Gaelic,", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "the console, identifies them and allows them to vote. As a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds.", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "Time\" is heralded", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "\"There will be a division\" and members vote", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "by means of electronic consoles on their desks", + "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases,", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "entrust some MSPs, known as whips,", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "the independence of Members of the Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "s policies", + "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "their parties outright. Thus, as with many Parliaments, the independence", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "after all other participants.", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to \"winds", + "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "45 minutes. Members", + "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "time. As well as the proposer,", + "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "any other item which would otherwise not be accorded", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "revising chamber", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "The role of committees", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "scrutinise legislation. Committee", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "chamber. The principal role of committees in the Scottish Parliament", + "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "The principal role of committees", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "Public Appointments; and Delegated", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "balance of parties", + "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "Scottish Parliament", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "the beginning of each parliamentary session", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "one", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "parliamentary", + "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "Culture; Health", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "Parliament", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "Airdrie-Bathgate", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate", + "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "legislation", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "The Scotland Act 2012", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "United Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland. However, under the terms of the Scotland", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "Parliament. Such \"devolved matters\" include education, health, agriculture", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Scottish Parliament", + "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland. However, under the terms of the Scotland", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "unconnected", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "economic development", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "as setting speed limits and control of air guns", + "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "5", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "common markets for UK goods", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "National Lottery, protection of borders,", + "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "gas, nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy, employment, foreign policy and relations", + "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "gas, nuclear energy", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "a bill", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "an outside proposer", + "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", + "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "Parliament.", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "in the relevant committee or committees", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "Parliament.", + "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "its accompanying documents", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "general", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "two", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "the bill, designed to thwart further progress and take up", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "thwart further progress and take up parliamentary", + "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "After a general", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "Scottish Government", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "they begin with a phrase that reads: \"The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "4-week", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "the Scottish Government or UK", + "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "a conventional enacting formula. Instead they begin with a phrase that reads: \"The", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "Scottish Ministers", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "First Minister", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "the largest party is returned as First Minister, and head", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "each parliamentary", + "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "the Scottish Government.", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "Thursday in May every four years (1999,", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "the Scotland Act 1998, ordinary general", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "proclamation. Extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election,", + "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "four", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "legislative programme for the forthcoming year. After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "a statement to the chamber", + "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year.", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction. Opposition leaders ask a general question of the First Minister and then supplementary", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "Thursday", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "sitting, First Minister's", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "a Thursday between 11:40", + "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "12", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "55,000", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "2005", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "129", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "a smaller area in the Central Lowlands, where the bulk of Scotland's population live,", + "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "MSP.", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "the number of list votes", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "one plus the number of seats", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "constituency seats). The party", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "constituency seats). The party", + "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "in the second vote", + "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "armed forces", + "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "1975", + "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "over the age", + "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "Scottish Parliament", + "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "Disqualification Act", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority.", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "Democrats and one seat from the Conservatives.", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "16", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "16", + "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "a referendum", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "the Lothian", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "a net loss of five seats", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "McLetchie", + "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "McLetchie,", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "\"", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West Lothian", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "House of Commons", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "English", + "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "Ireland", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "one end is a strategy of Islamization", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "end is a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "conservatism, literalism, and the attempt \"to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.\"", + "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "the other \"reformist\" pole Islamists", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami", + "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami", + "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "Vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup", + "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "Jamaat-e-Islami", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "half of the 20th century", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "movement", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "the Muslim Brotherhood", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "pan-Islamism", + "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "its focus on Islamisation", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "apolitical is an error", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "Esposito", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "a political role for Islam but also because its supporters", + "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam,", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism,", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism,", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism,", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "1970", + "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970\", and it is quietist/non-political Islam,", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "time\u2014more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition, which Islamists", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "1970s", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "their prestige, \"experience", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan", + "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "Western and pro-Western", + "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "their prestige, \"experience", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah);", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "struggle against leftists", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "Islamists", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "1990s", + "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "movement\" was said to have been \"imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed.\" This \"gentlemen's", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "s sake,\" that democracy", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "Wahhabism or Salafism.", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "Wahhabism", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "Allah's", + "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "Wahhabism", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "Muslim Brotherhood,", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": "sports facilities", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "fa", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood, \"are well known for providing shelters,", + "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "the All India Muslim League.", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "the Muslim League.", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "Johar", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "1934", + "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "the role of Islam as a religion", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "fears", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "northwestern India. This address later inspired the Pakistan movement.", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "December 1930,", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "29 December 1930,", + "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "his Allahabad Address on 29 December", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Abul", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "the Jamaat-e-Islami party", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "1941", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "Abul", + "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "Jamaat-e-Islami", + "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "Jamaat-e-Islami", + "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "Islamists", + "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "Abul", + "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "Jamaat-e-Islami", + "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "the top of society", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Sharia,", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "an educational process or da'wah.", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "Muslim society", + "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "Islamic revolution, by \"revolution\" he meant not the violence", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "1928", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Shariah", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "Hassan", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "political/religious organization. Under the motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\"", + "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "political/religious organization. Under the motto", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "repression", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1949", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "Mahmud Fami Naqrashi", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "1949", + "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "president Gamal Abdul Nasser,", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "75", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "many years", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "Mohamed Morsi,", + "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi,", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "Six-Day", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "Six-Day", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "Qutb", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "with economic stagnation", + "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "Ba'athism, Arab socialism, and Arab nationalism", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Sharia law was essential to Islam,", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Mohammad Iqbal,", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "Western interests, and that the acts such as \"plundering\" of Muslim lands", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Mohammad Iqbal,", + "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "Shariati,", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "Shia", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "Shia", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "Shia", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "2006", + "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "(SCIRI)", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "the Soviet Union", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "to go themselves to fight for their faith.", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the Afghan Civil War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahideen)", + "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "35,000", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "groups that received its aid", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Saddam, secularist and Ba'athist", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait. Prior to 1990 Saudi Arabia", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "Saddam, secularist and Ba'athist", + "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "Saddam Hussein's", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "attacks", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "Egypt, a bloody civil war in Algeria and Osama bin Laden's terror attacks climaxing", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "Algeria", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "Egypt,", + "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "a campaign of attacks on government officials", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "al-Hudaybi,", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "1966", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "the Brotherhood,", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "imprisonment", + "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "the 1970s", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "al-Salaam", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "1981", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "al-Salaam", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were \"", + "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "Anwar Sadat", + "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "parliamentary speaker (Rifaat al-Mahgoub), dozens of European", + "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya", + "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "1990s", + "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "a parliamentary speaker", + "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "al-Mahgoub), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police.", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "Palestine", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "Muslim Brotherhood", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "Islamic state in Palestine. It was soon competing with and then overtaking the PLO", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "Brotherhood's", + "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "Palestine took a \"quiescent\" stance towards Israel,", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "the PLO", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "542", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "martyr", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "2006", + "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "loss of life", + "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "economic base with money", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "cadre", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "economic base with money", + "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "Saudi Arabia.", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "1985", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "poorly in national elections", + "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "post-al-Nimeiry", + "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "Turabi", + "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "mass imprisonment", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "FLN government, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following Sharia law, economic liberalization", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "1991", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "Afghanistan,", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Muslim", + "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "legal system following Sharia law, economic liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "mujahdeen", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "Islamist elements of mujahdeen", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "1980s", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "political and tribal warlords", + "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "80%", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "neofundamental", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "village customs\" under the label of Sharia", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "Pakistan.", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "Pakistan.", + "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "the Deobandi", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977,", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "Islamism,", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "Jamaat-e-Islami became the \"regime's ideological and political arm\". In Pakistan this Islamization", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "or implementation of Islamic law,", + "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "July 1977,", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate,", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "the Levant\"", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "over territory occupied by ten million", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "Afghanistan.", + "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "Afghanistan.", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "March 2003", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "1999", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "to consult and \"", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "1999", + "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey,", + "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "as Muhammad Qutb.", + "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "1924", + "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "1924", + "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "HT sees Islam's", + "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "Islamists such as Muhammad Qutb. HT", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "public", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "through \"ideological struggle", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "in both countries. But many HT members", + "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "terrorists", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "900,000", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "the 2007 Channel", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "a strong Islamist outlook. Their presence,", + "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "the 2007", + "57303048947a6a140053d254": "2001", + "57303048947a6a140053d255": "Department.", + "57303048947a6a140053d256": "George W. Bush", + "57303048947a6a140053d257": "U.S. Information Agency,", + "57303048947a6a140053d258": "violent Islamism,", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia and Africa", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "imperium", + "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia and Africa", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "the control that one group", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "diplomacy or military force.\" Imperialism", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "physical control or full-fledged colonial rule\".", + "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "control or full-fledged colonial rule\".", + "57306797396df919000960ee": "enforcing land officials into large debts", + "57306797396df919000960ef": "imperialism", + "57306797396df919000960f0": "forcefully.", + "57306797396df919000960f2": "out this confusion about the definition of imperialism", + "57306797396df919000960f1": "centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers", + "573081c2069b531400832133": "sea and trade routes", + "573081c2069b531400832134": "European seaborne empires\". European expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems", + "573081c2069b531400832135": "\"The word \u2018empire\u2019", + "573081c2069b531400832136": "empire", + "573081c2069b531400832137": "the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products. European empires in Asia and Africa", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "each have their own distinct definition", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "a degree of geographic separation between the colony", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "financial reasons,", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "people.", + "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "the development for settlement or commercial intentions.", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "colonialism", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "imperial nation begins a conquest", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "the process of a country taking physical control of another", + "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "imperialism", + "5730876a396df9190009617a": "defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds.", + "5730876a396df9190009617c": "state", + "5730876a396df9190009617b": "its purpose, for example throughout Latin America \"whiteness\" is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento", + "5730876a396df9190009617d": "Great Britain", + "5730876a396df9190009617e": "building based on seemingly rational grounds", + "573088da069b53140083216b": "Royal Geographical Society of London", + "573088da069b53140083216c": "Germany", + "573088da069b53140083216d": "back with tales of their discoveries. These societies also served as a space for travellers", + "573088da069b53140083216e": "Germany", + "573088da069b53140083216f": "the discipline", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "geographer Ellen Churchill Semple argued that even though human beings", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "s construction", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "its dominance over", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "tropical", + "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "orientalism", + "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "Roman law", + "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "during the last generation", + "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "Australia", + "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "generalizable to the policies", + "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "stems from Roman law", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "as an ideological justification of early Western imperialism, as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "a negative vision of itself, as its inferior", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "the East,", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "visual works of early European studies", + "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "the West and \"them\" the East,", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "Bassett", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "to fill in blank spaces", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "\"information to fill in blank spaces", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "space to denote unknown or unexplored territory. This provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain \"information to fill in blank spaces", + "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "French and British", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "the European colonial era,", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "the Persian Empire,", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era, for example the Ethiopian Empire,", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "the Incan Empire.", + "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "dozens. Sub-Saharan Africa", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "opulent", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "the internet and unauthoris", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "soap opera Dallas during the Cold War changed the expectations of Romanians;", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "North Korea.", + "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama", + "57309446396df919000961b8": "around 1700,", + "57309446396df919000961b9": "to gain political power.[citation needed] Although imperialist practices", + "57309446396df919000961ba": "thousands of years", + "57309446396df919000961bb": "the middle of the 20th century", + "57309446396df919000961bc": "\"Age of Imperialism\"", + "57309564069b5314008321a5": "1980", + "57309564069b5314008321a6": "20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919\u20131980)", + "57309564069b5314008321a7": "government", + "57309564069b5314008321a8": "the world with regions colored red. The bulk of British emigration, trade, and capital went to areas", + "57309564069b5314008321a9": "Ronald Robinson", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "expansion", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "mid-18th century", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "economic growth by collecting resources", + "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "economic and administrative", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "the 1880s, the machine", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "improved firearms. By the 1880s,", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "the machine", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "made deadly explosives", + "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "European armies an advantage over their opponents,", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "the British", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "the late 1870s", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "philanthropy", + "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest,", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "rise of the military-political complex in the United States from the 1950s.", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "1940", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "1883\u20131950", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "A. Hobson (1858\u20131940),", + "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "combined work informed the study of imperialism and it's impact on Europe,", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "orientalism", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "justify", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "environmental determinism", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "Africa),", + "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "justifying colonial control as a civilizing", + "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "scholars", + "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "European empire", + "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "social structure", + "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "exotic culture", + "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "climatic zones. These scholars", + "5730a40f396df91900096234": "1767", + "5730a40f396df91900096235": "1767", + "5730a40f396df91900096236": "East India Company", + "5730a40f396df91900096237": "bankruptcy", + "5730a40f396df91900096238": "India Company", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "1830", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1850", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "Catholicism.", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "South-East Asia,", + "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "1850", + "5730a951069b531400832213": "Britain, France", + "5730a951069b531400832214": "Jules Ferry", + "5730a951069b531400832215": "citizenship rights", + "5730a951069b531400832216": "the leading exponent of colonialism", + "5730a951069b531400832217": "on the distant horizon. Contrasting from Britain, France", + "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "French leader at the time,", + "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "Charles de Gaulle", + "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "in Africa", + "5730aa52069b531400832220": "Charles de Gaulle", + "5730aa52069b531400832221": "1960", + "5730ab63396df91900096260": "northern Europe,", + "5730ab63396df91900096263": "the first German Empire.", + "5730ab63396df91900096261": "1000 CE,", + "5730ab63396df91900096262": "800 CE,", + "5730ab63396df91900096264": "Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and \"Germany\"", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "the First Empire, the Spanish throne,", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "late 19th century", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "1862", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "long-time Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck", + "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "a nation", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "sudden and short-lived move.", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "1883", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "He was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders,", + "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "Friedrichsruh. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly,", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "invaded central China", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "1894", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Japan", + "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea", + "5730b255396df919000962b0": "Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished", + "5730b255396df919000962b1": "1921", + "5730b255396df919000962b2": "Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished", + "5730b255396df919000962b3": "korenizatsii", + "5730b255396df919000962b4": "the Soviet Union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919\u201320 in the old Tsarist Empire", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "Stalin established 'socialism", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Nikita Khrushchev", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Joseph Stalin", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "Joseph Stalin", + "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "common to both multinational empires", + "5730b541396df919000962c2": "mercantilism", + "5730b541396df919000962c3": "20th century", + "5730b541396df919000962c5": "American colonies in 1776. Britain", + "5730b541396df919000962c4": "1815", + "5730b541396df919000962c6": "1776", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "Africa", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "Social Darwinism and theories of race", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General Kitchner, Lord Milner, and the writer Rudyard", + "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "\"", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "\"make the world safe for democracy\"", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "its own", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "Philippines", + "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "of hegemony and imperium of historical empires. In 1898, Americans", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "President Wilson", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "1917", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "President Wilson", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "a result of his role in the inquiry, Isiah Bowman", + "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "world' which was to be characterized by geographical order. As a result of his role in the inquiry,", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "external imperialism.", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "external", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "15 million", + "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million Africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of America's", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "1299", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "Suleiman", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "1299", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "North Africa,", + "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "1299 to 1923", + "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "Istanbul", + "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "Ottoman Empire was at the center", + "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "European powers,", + "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "Turkey", + "5730982f396df919000961e2": "United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination.", + "5730982f396df919000961e3": "The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination.", + "5730982f396df919000961e4": "1968", + "5730982f396df919000961e5": "John and Charles Wesley", + "5730982f396df919000961e6": "the union of the Methodist Church", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "the Southern Baptist Convention,", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "12 million", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "the largest mainline Protestant denomination,", + "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "6%", + "57309921396df919000961f6": "mid-18th century", + "57309921396df919000961f7": "the Oxford University", + "57309921396df919000961f8": "\"the Methodists\", being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "1735", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "John Wesley", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "Anglican", + "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "the Church of England.", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "the Church of England, the American Revolution", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "1784", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "the Lovely Lane", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "England,", + "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "the Mother Church of American Methodism.", + "57309adb396df919000961fc": "congregation", + "57309adb396df919000961fd": "the oldest Methodist church", + "57309adb396df919000961fe": "1769", + "57309adb396df919000961ff": "in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia,", + "57309adb396df91900096200": "1769", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "Allen and Absalom Jones", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "the Mother Bethel", + "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "1920s", + "57309d31396df91900096210": "1830", + "57309d31396df91900096211": "the power of bishops", + "57309d31396df91900096212": "1830", + "57309d31396df91900096213": "because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops", + "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "April 23, 1968,", + "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "United Methodist Church was created when the Evangelical United Brethren", + "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "United Brethren Church (represented by Bishop Reuben H. Mueller) and The Methodist Church (represented by Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke)", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "God is preached and the Sacraments", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "the Word of God", + "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used frequently in services of worship. The Book of Discipline", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "ancient opinion from the Church of Alexandria, which held that bishops and presbyters constituted one order and therefore, bishops", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "Methodist activities there. In defense", + "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "his action to ordain, Wesley", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "1968", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "Charles Wesley (Anglicans),", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "United Methodist Church", + "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "William Otterbein", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. This grace is the present work of God to turn us", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "us, is given to all people. It is that power", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "us to love", + "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "God's", + "5730aeba069b531400832241": "one transforming moment, such as an altar", + "5730aeba069b531400832242": "forgiven", + "5730aeba069b531400832243": "love God", + "5730aeba069b531400832244": "The justifying grace cancels our guilt", + "5730aeba069b531400832245": "\"accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior,\"", + "5730afed069b53140083225f": "God by leading a Spirit-filled", + "5730afed069b531400832260": "man can lose all inclination to evil", + "5730afed069b531400832261": "a man would ever reach a state in this life", + "5730afed069b531400832262": "us", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "sacred tradition, reason", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "Anglo-Catholic", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "United Methodist Church", + "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "the Holy Bible", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "2008", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "The denomination", + "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "the denomination is pro-choice and also \"", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "cautions that \"", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "Methodist Church", + "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "United Methodist Women.", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at their General Conference,", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "2012", + "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "a petition that passed through the legislative subcommittee and committee", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "one time, Methodist ministers", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "2012", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's", + "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "the United Methodist Church uses unfermented grape juice", + "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "social vengeance as a reason", + "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7.", + "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "social vengeance as a reason", + "5730b54c069b531400832290": "Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "sex", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "1999", + "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "1999", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "position by voting", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "United Methodist Church \"implore[s]", + "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "UMC.", + "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "2005", + "5730b776069b5314008322be": "1987", + "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "UMC Judicial Council, in 2008, ruled that conferences can determine their own policy related to transgender pastors,", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service.", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that \"as", + "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "the United Methodist Church", + "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "military", + "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "United Methodist Church", + "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "brutal suppression of human rights", + "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "United Methodist Church", + "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "commercialization, abuse", + "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "girls and women", + "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "to the creation of embryos for the sake of research", + "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "sake of research", + "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "It supports research", + "5730c059069b531400832305": "England.\" When the Methodists", + "5730c059069b531400832306": "Sunday", + "5730c059069b531400832307": "piety", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "United Methodist Church in Africa.", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "Ash Wednesday, Maundy", + "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "special services", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "\"St. James UMC\").", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "James UMC\"). Methodists", + "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "Saint Matthew, Lutheran theologian and martyr to the Nazis", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "the church", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "United Methodist Church", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "U.S. jurisdictions of the church. The 2016 General Conference will be in Portland, Oregon. Bishops, Councils, Committees,", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "highest", + "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "every four years", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "four", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "every four years", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "to the General Conference", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "the chief administrators of the church", + "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "the General Conference", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "the Mission Council (usually consisting of church bishops).", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "the George W. Bush Presidential Library. The decision generated controversy in light of Bush's support of the Iraq War which the church", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36 acres (150,000", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "One of the most high profile decisions in recent years", + "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "in Dallas, Texas,", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "nine", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "General Conference.", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "eight-year term", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "nine", + "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "The ratio of laity to clergy", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "United Methodist Church operates in a connectional organization", + "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "Church or a synod", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "exclusive power to set pastors", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "three", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "three", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "trustees", + "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "church council", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "sixty", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "sixty", + "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "great emphasis on the importance of education", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "John Wesley,", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "American Revolution", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "Church of England, because of the crisis", + "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "Church of England", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "the Districts of the Annual Conference. Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference,", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "several District Superintendents", + "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "the Districts of the Annual Conference.", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "the epis", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "the sacraments", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "a term", + "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "a term of 2\u20133 years as provisional Elders", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "3", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "world. Deacons assist elders", + "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "Baptism,", + "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "1996", + "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "1996 General Conference", + "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "\"provisional elder\" or \"", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "pastor has the authority of a pastor only within the context and during the time of the appointment and shall not extend beyond it. Local pastors", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "bishop may appoint a \"local pastor\" to serve the pastoral appointment. Local Pastors", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "five", + "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "bishop may appoint a \"local pastor\" to serve the pastoral appointment. Local Pastors", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "United Methodist Church", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "Baptized Members", + "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "United Methodist Church", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "Methodist-Christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "offer membership", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "Methodist-Christian theological tradition", + "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "their ultimate faith", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "who serve in their own churches", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "as local church", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "every three years", + "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "three", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "it voted to seek observer", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "Evangelicals", + "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "theological and confessional", + "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "1985", + "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "May 2012,", + "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "1985", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "34,000", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "34,000", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million", + "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "Oklahoma,", + "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "up at least 30% of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40% of the delegates", + "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "overseas", + "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%. During the conference,", + "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "the World Methodist Council", + "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "an interdenominational group composed of various churches in the tradition of John Wesley to promote the Gospel throughout the world.", + "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "July 18, 2006,", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "1754\u20131763", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "as Native American allies.", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "2 million", + "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "2 million", + "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia", + "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers,", + "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol.", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "poor management, internal divisions", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces,", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "1756", + "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "In 1755,", + "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "France. France", + "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "1760", + "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "Canada.", + "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "France.", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "Anglo-French conflict. France", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain", + "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "1740", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars", + "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "the Seven Years' War,", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "Seven Years' War.", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "Seven Years'", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "1760", + "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America,", + "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "about 75,000", + "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "\u00cele Royale", + "5733d5704776f41900661310": "along the St. Lawrence River valley,", + "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "about 1.5 million", + "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia", + "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "in the north, to Georgia", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "Algonquian-speaking", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "as Iroquoian-speaking", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "the Ohio", + "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingo.", + "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "the \"other side\" of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements, as most tribes", + "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758.", + "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Iroquoian-speaking", + "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "woodland combat experience)", + "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "3,000 troupes", + "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "New France", + "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "the northern shore of Lake Ontario,", + "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "or fur-traders, C\u00e9loron", + "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "the northern shore", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "warning", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "warning. Disappointed,", + "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "\"Old Briton\" ignored the warning. Disappointed, C\u00e9loron returned to Montreal in November 1749.", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "either side", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "European colonial captives", + "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "through raiding parties that included Indian allies, had taken place for decades, leading to a brisk trade in European colonial captives", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "late 17th century", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "Pennsylvania,", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "Iroquois", + "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "the Ohio", + "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "Aix-la-Chapelle.", + "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "Aix-la-Chapelle.", + "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "Grand Banks off Newfoundland.", + "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "it reached no decision. Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "Charles le Moyne de Longueuil.", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "three", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "1752", + "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "ritual", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians.", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "(near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania)", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania)", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Erie, Pennsylvania) on Lake Erie's south shore. He had a road built to the headwaters", + "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania), designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "the \"Covenant Chain\",", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "the \"Covenant Chain\",", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "the other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker of their tribal council,", + "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "colonel of the Iroquois. Later he was commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia. They met at Albany, New York with Governor Clinton", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist,", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company,", + "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "1753", + "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie", + "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "French withdrawal from the Ohio", + "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "the Ohio Country.", + "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "obey it.\" He told Washington that France's", + "5733f1784776f41900661575": "16", + "5733f1784776f41900661576": "1754", + "5733f1784776f41900661577": "Pecaudy de Contrec\u0153ur", + "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "larger force to assist Trent in his work.", + "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "British, Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne", + "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "to assist Trent in his work.", + "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "to send an army", + "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "February 1755, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.", + "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "They chose Major General Edward Braddock", + "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "the command of Baron Dieskau", + "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "unfolding. The plan that the delegates", + "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding. The plan", + "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding. The plan", + "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "unfolding. The plan", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "The remaining 500 British troops, led by George Washington, retreated to Virginia. Two future opponents", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "1,000", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "1,000", + "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining 500 British troops, led by George Washington, retreated to Virginia. Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War,", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Shirley's", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "French were massing", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "Rome, New York).", + "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "Shirley and Johnson.", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "Henry,", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "Dieskau", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "William Henry. The battle ended inconclusively,", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Indian support was reluctant to attack.", + "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric to meet that threat. Dieskau", + "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians,", + "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "ongoing frontier raids (against Dartmouth and Lunenburg among others).", + "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "\u00cele Saint-Jean), the only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757.", + "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "William Johnson and New York's", + "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "New York's", + "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Lake Ontario", + "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "1756", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "James Abercrombie", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "James Abercrombie", + "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "1756", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "French forces in the Ohio valley", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "reinforcements", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "45,000 pounds", + "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "supply chain", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed a strategic feint", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "the Oswego", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "Oswego garrison,", + "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "the Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "a massacre", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "to attack", + "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "at Fort William Henry.", + "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "capitulated with an agreement", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "children, and slaves", + "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "raid against the position", + "57340111d058e614000b677d": "many of them to stay away from trading in 1758. While many parties to the conflict blamed others (the Indians blamed the French for bringing \"bad medicine\"", + "57340111d058e614000b677e": "the British blockade", + "57340111d058e614000b677f": "St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg,", + "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "Louisbourg", + "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces.", + "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "The British failures in North America, combined with other failures", + "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops, supported by the provincial militias, aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France. Two", + "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600", + "573403394776f419006616de": "3,600", + "573403394776f419006616df": "western forts and furs destined for Europe. Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.", + "573403394776f419006616e0": "the French called Carillon", + "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "the mainland, Prussia, and the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos", + "57340549d058e614000b67de": "poor French results in most theaters of the Seven Years' War in 1758,", + "57340549d058e614000b67df": "the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.", + "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "the lives of both commanders)", + "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "the arrival of French", + "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "the Restigouche", + "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "James Wolfe defeated Montcalm", + "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "General Amherst. Amherst granted Vaudreuil's", + "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed", + "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "General Amherst. Amherst granted Vaudreuil's", + "573408ef4776f41900661757": "10 February 1763,", + "573408ef4776f41900661758": "10 February 1763,", + "573408ef4776f41900661759": "easier to defend than the furs", + "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "to regain Cuba, also gained Louisiana, including New Orleans,", + "57340a094776f4190066177d": "80,000", + "57340a094776f4190066177e": "80,000 primarily French-speaking Roman Catholic residents. The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755", + "57340a094776f4190066177f": "Falkland Islands;", + "57340a094776f41900661780": "\"Cadien\", then to \"Cajun\".)", + "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "the First Nations.", + "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "newly conquered territory, and to some extent continues to govern relations between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations.", + "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "west of the Appalachian Mountains", + "57340d124776f419006617c3": "The Ohio", + "57340d124776f419006617c0": "The Ohio", + "57340d124776f419006617c1": "1769)", + "57340d124776f419006617c2": "French power in North America", + "57340d124776f419006617bf": "the Louisiana territory", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "the nature of natural motion. A fundamental error was the belief that a force", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "nature", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "Sir Isaac Newton", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "three hundred years", + "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "Sir Isaac Newton", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "bosons", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "quantum mechanics", + "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "bosons", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "that motionless", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "four", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "in their natural place", + "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "the elements earth and water", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "early in the 17th century.", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "Aristotelian", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "a force, for example friction.", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "Galileo Galilei,", + "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "Aristotelian theory", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "Newton", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "the Aristotelian", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "Newton's", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "the first law", + "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "the vehicle is moving. This is true even though another person who", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable. Inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "pass", + "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "a constant", + "573749741c4567190057445d": "the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity", + "573749741c4567190057445e": "the length of a year", + "573749741c4567190057445f": "Albert Einstein", + "573749741c45671900574460": "Newton's", + "573749741c45671900574461": "no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings", + "573750f51c45671900574467": "kinematics", + "573750f61c45671900574468": "lacking a coherent", + "573750f61c45671900574469": "the relative units", + "573750f61c4567190057446a": "deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass. General relativity", + "573750f61c4567190057446b": "mass, but lacking a coherent theory", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "equal in magnitude", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "the action-reaction law", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "unidirectional", + "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "a force \u2212F on the first body. F and \u2212F are equal in magnitude", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "mass of the system", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "mass", + "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "19-1", + "573766251c45671900574471": "temperature", + "573766251c45671900574472": "experimentation", + "573766251c45671900574473": "experimentation", + "573766251c45671900574474": "Through experimentation,", + "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "the same direction. In this simple one-dimensional", + "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "a different set of mathematical rules", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force", + "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "the crucial properties that forces", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes", + "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "the angle between their lines", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "three-dimensional with the third", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "three", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "the other. Choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors", + "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "the third component being at right", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "the applied force", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "the applied force", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "the applied force", + "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "limit determined by the characteristics", + "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "Archimedes' principle for buoyancy;", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the \"spring reaction force\", which equals the object's weight", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "spring", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "millennia to define standard weights", + "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "equilibrium", + "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Aristotle's", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "constant velocity", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "contradicted by observations and", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct. For example, if a mariner", + "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "mast", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "non-zero velocity, it continues to move with a non-zero velocity", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "it is clear that there is no net force", + "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "Aristotle", + "57377aac1c45671900574479": "quantized\", i", + "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Schr\u00f6dinger", + "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "by the Schr\u00f6dinger equation", + "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "physics", + "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "the physics", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "fermions and bosons", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "e. for antiparallel spins the position variables", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "i.e. they exclude each other from their places", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "there is one \"cave", + "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "g.", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "vertex", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "the Feynman", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics", + "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "modern particle physics, forces", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "four", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "Pauli", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "The electromagnetic force", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "fundamental interactions. For example, friction", + "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "James Clerk Maxwell", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th century", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "electromagnetism", + "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "the force responsible for objects falling", + "573784fa1c45671900574483": "Isaac Newton. Before Newton,", + "573784fa1c45671900574484": "Isaac Newton.", + "573784fa1c45671900574485": "9.81 meters", + "573784fa1c45671900574486": "the center", + "573784fa1c45671900574487": "free-fall was constant and independent of the mass", + "573786b51c4567190057448d": "Earth to the gravitational acceleration:", + "573786b51c4567190057448e": "inverse square law", + "573786b51c4567190057448f": "the acceleration", + "573786b51c45671900574490": "Newton determined that the acceleration", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "his law of gravity had to be universal. Succinctly stated, Newton's Law of Gravitation", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry Cavendish", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "1798", + "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "Henry Cavendish", + "5737898f1c45671900574495": "(GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's", + "5737898f1c45671900574496": "general relativity", + "5737898f1c45671900574497": "the first time that Newton's Theory", + "5737898f1c45671900574498": "Einstein", + "5737898f1c45671900574499": "Mercury's", + "57378b141c4567190057449f": "the extra ct dimension is added) is almost a straight line,", + "57378b141c456719005744a0": "the ground moves in a parabola, as it is in a uniform gravitational field. Its space-time", + "57378b141c456719005744a1": "the order of few light-years). The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as \"gravitational force\".", + "57378b141c456719005744a2": "the curvature of space", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "the time rate", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field). Fully stated, this is the law:", + "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force", + "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "Lorentz's Law", + "57378e311c456719005744af": "James Clerk Maxwell", + "57378e311c456719005744b0": "20 scalar", + "57378e311c456719005744b1": "4", + "57378e311c456719005744b2": "4", + "57378e311c456719005744b3": "Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard", + "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "ultraviolet catastrophe", + "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory", + "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force", + "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "photoelectric", + "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "the work of leading theoretical physicists", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "stiffness and rigidity", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "a structural force", + "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", + "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges", + "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "stiffness and rigidity", + "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "a structural force", + "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "atomic nuclei", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "rho mesons", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "a residual of the force is observed between hadrons", + "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "indirectly, transmitted", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "the heavy W and Z bosons.", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "strong force. Still, it", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "1013 times", + "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "excess of approximately 1015", + "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "electrons", + "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "electrons", + "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "fermionic nature of electrons", + "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "forces", + "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "reaction", + "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force", + "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "the load", + "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "any force", + "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "ideal pulleys", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "three-dimensional objects. However, in real life,", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "contract", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "in real life", + "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "formalism", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "formalism", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "formalism", + "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism", + "5737a4511c456719005744df": "the rotation equivalent of force", + "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "Newton's First Law", + "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "the same way that angle", + "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "perpendicular to the path", + "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "slowing it down or speeding it up, and the radial (centripetal)", + "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "radial direction outwards", + "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "radial direction outwards", + "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "perpendicular to the path, and one that is tangent", + "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "contour map of the elevation", + "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "the elevation", "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system,", - "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is", - "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "is impossible to model forces as being", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This", - "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "For", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "nonconservative forces act to change the internal", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "nonconservati", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "The", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "forces", - "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": ")", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity", - "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "a metric counterpart, less", - "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf)" + "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "energy", + "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "conservative force acts on the system", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "numerous electrostatic potentials", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "average of microstates", + "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "Nonconservative forces other than friction", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "heat. According to the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "heat. According to the Second law", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "heat. According to the Second law", + "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "heat", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m\u00b7s\u22122 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "1000", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "1000", + "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.", + "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "1000" }