{ "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "Denver", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "Denver", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "San Francisco Bay", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "Denver Broncos", "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "Arabic", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "\"Super Bowl", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "February 7, 2016,", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Super Bowl game with Roman numerals", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "\"Super Bowl", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "football game to determine the champion of the National Football", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "February 7, 2016,", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "Denver Broncos", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Francisco Bay", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "San Francisco", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "golden anniversary\" with various gold-themed initiatives, as well as temporarily suspending", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "champion", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "2016", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "San Francisco", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Arabic", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "24", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "February 7,", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "2016", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "San Francisco Bay", "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "San Francisco", "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "Denver Broncos", "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "champion", "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC)", "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "San Francisco Bay", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "National Football Conference (NFC)", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "National Football Conference (NFC)", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "The Broncos", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "20\u201318", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "1995", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "The Broncos", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "the New England Patriots", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "four", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "20", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "the AFC Championship", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "four", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "20", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995. The Broncos", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "The Broncos", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "1995", "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Broncos", "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "three", "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "Denver's defense,", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "three", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "seven times", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "The Broncos", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "seven times", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "seven times", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "Denver linebacker", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "tackles", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "five", "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "Broncos", "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "seven", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "three", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "three", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "tackles, 2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles", "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "Denver's defense,", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "three", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "seven", "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "CBS", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "$5 million", "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "British rock group", "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "CBS", "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars,", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "Coldplay", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "$5 million", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Mars,", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Mars,", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "CBS", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "Bruno", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "second", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "CBS", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "$5 million", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "rock", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "Bruno", "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno", "56d602631c85041400946eda": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56d602631c85041400946edb": "British rock group", "56d602631c85041400946edc": "rock group Coldplay", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "$5 million", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "British", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "CBS", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "$5", "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "game for us as a league", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger Goodell", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "2012", "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "Commissioner", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "Roger Goodell", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "Francisco Bay", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "Francisco Bay", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "Francisco Bay", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "San Francisco Bay", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "San Francisco Bay Area's", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "Sun Life Stadium,", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "Mercedes-Benz", "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "Mercedes-Benz", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "San Francisco Bay", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "Sun Life Stadium,", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "New Orleans'", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Mercedes-Benz", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "San Francisco Bay Area's", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Mercedes-Benz", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "May 3, 2013,", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "10 times", "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "Stanford, California, won by the home team 49ers.", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "1985", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "San Francisco Bay", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "1985", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "San Francisco", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "October 16, 2012,", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "1985", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "two", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "by the home team 49ers", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "16", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "49ers. The Miami bid depended on whether the stadium", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "10 times", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "San Francisco", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "October 16, 2012,", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "two", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "San Francisco", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "October 16, 2012,", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "home team 49ers", "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "2013", "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "San Francisco Bay", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "May 21, 2013,", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "$1.2 billion", "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Francisco", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "San Francisco", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "May 21, 2013,", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "$1.2 billion", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "Bay Area since Super Bowl", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Francisco", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "2013", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "21, 2013", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "$1.2 billion", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "2014", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl", "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "1985", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "May 21, 2013,", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "May 21, 2013,", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "the game to Levi's Stadium.", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "May 21, 2013,", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "May 21, 2013,", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "$1.2 billion", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "May 21, 2013,", "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "Denver Broncos", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "15", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "15", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "seeds from both conferences", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "loss, and one of only six", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "six", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "ten", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "met in the Super Bowl.", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "six teams to have acquired a 15", "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15\u20131", "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight", "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "seeds", "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "Denver Broncos", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "six", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "three", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "six", "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "Super Bowl. The Broncos", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "Benjamin to a torn ACL", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "DeAngelo", "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "16", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "13", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "13", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "ACL", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "NFL history, breaking the 13\u20130 record previously shared with the 2009 New Orleans Saints", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "DeAngelo", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "DeAngelo", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "2009", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "16", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "14", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "10", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "500", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "485 yards), rookie Devin Funchess (31", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "six", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "quarterback", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "six", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "boasting", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "boasting", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "Greg Olsen, who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn,", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "63", "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Ted Ginn,", "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "63", "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "500", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "seven", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "63", "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "500", "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six", "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "500", "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "636", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "6", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "6", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "four", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "308", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "Jared Allen,", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "three", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler", "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "three", "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "24 and boasting four", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "fumbles and recovering two. Fellow lineman", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "three", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "Thomas Davis", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "three", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "Gary Kubiak as the new head coach. Under Kubiak, the Broncos", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "divisional championships in his four years as Broncos", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "Denver Broncos", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "Kubiak as the new head coach. Under Kubiak, the Broncos", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Denver Broncos", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "13", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "new head coach. Under Kubiak, the Broncos", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "four", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "coaching changes, including a mutual parting with head", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes, including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Denver Broncos", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "divisional", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "four years", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "four", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "plantar fascii", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "1998", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Kubiak as the new head coach. Under Kubiak, the Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "low 67", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "67.9", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Ronnie Hillman", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "67.9", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "355", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "355", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "interceptions", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "863", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "interceptions", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "67.9", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Demaryius", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "nine", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "low 67", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "nine", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "interceptions", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "interceptions", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "two", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles,", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Derek Wolfe", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "two", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "second on the team with 7\u00bd sacks.", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Pro Bowl", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "three", "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Broncos'", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Broncos'", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "5", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "Derek Wolfe", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Malik Jackson each had 5\u00bd sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "fumbles", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "beat the Seattle Seahawks", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "the NFC", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "seven", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "487 yards and forcing seven", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "Seahawks", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "furious second half comeback attempt to win", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "0", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "48", "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "avenging their elimination from a year earlier. The Panthers then blew out the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC", "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "The Panthers", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "487 yards and forcing seven", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "furious", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "24", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "Arizona Cardinals in the NFC", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "48", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "The Broncos", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "23", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "The Broncos", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "three", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "11 points in the final three minutes", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "20", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "The Broncos", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "18", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "The Broncos", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "17", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "t throw any in their two playoff games", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "The Broncos", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "The Broncos", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "23", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "Thomas Davis,", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "a broken arm in the NFC Championship", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "three", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "three", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "ACL tears in his career, went down with a broken arm in the NFC", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "the NFC Championship", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "three", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "tears", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "three", "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "tears", "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "three", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis,", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "38", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway, who led the Broncos", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "38", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "Manager.", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "John Elway, who led the Broncos", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "Peyton Manning", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "John Elway,", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "39", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "John Elway,", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "38", "56d704430d65d214001982de": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "John Elway,", "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "John Elway, who led the Broncos", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "Elway,", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "John Elway,", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "39", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "Peyton Manning", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "in 2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "in 2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "48 days", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "13 years and 48 days", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Denver. Manning and Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "48 days", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "Manning", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "1", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "1", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "1 pick in their draft classes", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "1998", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "48 days", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "1", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "Bears in Super Bowl", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "linebacker", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "head coaches", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway at the end of the Broncos'", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "Super Bowl in which both head coaches", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "head coaches", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "the end of the Broncos'", "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "Elway at the end of the Broncos'", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "Elway at the end of the Broncos'", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "re-sodded multiple times", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "sodded multiple times", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "re-sodded", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Bermuda 419", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "re-sodded", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "As is customary for Super Bowl", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "re-sodded multiple times", "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "the field", "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "Super Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "a Super Bowl;", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "re-sodded the field with a new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "the Broncos", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "QB,", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons prior.", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "white", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "Super Bowl", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "white jerseys with matching", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "QB,", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons prior.", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "white jerseys", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "uniforms.\" The Broncos", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "the Broncos", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "Super Bowls when wearing orange jerseys, losing in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII.", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "white jerseys", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "white jerseys", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "white jerseys with matching", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "Santa Clara", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Santa Clara", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "Santa Clara", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "San Jose Marriott. The Broncos", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "Jose Marriott.", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "The Broncos", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "Marriott. The Broncos", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "Santa Clara", "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "Stanford University", "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "Jose Marriott. The Broncos", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "Santa Clara", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "Santa Clara", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Santa Clara", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "June 4, 2014,", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "Arabic", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Vince Lombardi", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "numerals", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Lombardi", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "2014", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Vince Lombardi", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Roman", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "Arabic", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "June 4, 2014,", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "large numerals, colored in gold", "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl games with Roman numerals,", "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "Arabic", "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "June 4, 2014,", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "gold", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "game would be named using Arabic numerals as Super Bowl", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "2015", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "tie", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "tie into the \"Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos", "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "gold-trimmed logos. Gold footballs", "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "tie into the \"Golden Super Bowl\";", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "\"Golden Super Bowl\";", "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl,", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "Bay Area's technology,", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "San", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Francisco city supervisor", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "January 30", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "$5 million", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "Moscone", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "the Moscone Center", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Embarcadero,", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Francisco city supervisor", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "\"Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero,", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "1 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Justin Herman Plaza", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "$5 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "will highlight the Bay Area's technology,", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "University,", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "$2 million", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "a week", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "$2 million", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "wine", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "Clara Convention Center,", "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "Clara Convention Center,", "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "city council", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "Santa Clara", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "$2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "Santa Clara", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "Tuesday", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "February 1, 2016", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "San Jose.", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "the Golden Gate Bridge.", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Monday", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "February 1,", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "Jose.", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "San Jose.", "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "February 1, 2016", "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Jose.", "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "Tuesday", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "traditional media", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "February 1, 2016", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "1, 2016", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Golden Gate Bridge.", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "1, 2016", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "Super Bowl", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "over $40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "Google,", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "$40 million", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "has already raised over $40 million through sponsors including Apple,", "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Intel, Gap,", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "over $40 million", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "50", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "Host Committee", "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "community investment", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money", "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "Super Bowl ever\",", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "Super Bowl ever\",", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "66", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "karat gold", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Vince Lombardi", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Vince Lombardi", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Lombardi", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit will weigh 33", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Vince Lombardi", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "the Vince Lombardi Trophy", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "karat gold-plated", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "Jim Nantz", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "three", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.)", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "three", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "the telecast, including pylon cameras", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "Jim Nantz and Phil Simms", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "CBS,", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "36", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "the game", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "Jim Nantz", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "Jim Nantz and Phil Simms", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "(An earlier version of EyeVision was last used in Super Bowl", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "Sutcliffe contributed English-language reports for ESPN's SportsCenter", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "ESPN", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "ESPN", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "December 28, 2015,", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Spanish-language", "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "Spanish-language", "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "John Sutcliffe. ESPN", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "Raul Allegre,", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "CBS", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "ESPN's SportsCenter", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "ESPN", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "exclusivity, streaming on smartphones", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "smartphones", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "streams of the game via CBSSports.com,", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "com", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "Mobile", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "ESPN Deportes", "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "CBSSports.com,", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "CBSSports.com,", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "Mobile", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "through WatchESPN.", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "Colbert", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50,", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "CBS", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "Late Show with James Corden.", "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break", "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "night talk shows", "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "Late Late Show with James Corden.", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "$5,000", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "Nintendo and The Pok\u00e9mon", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "$5,000", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "advertisers", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "30-second advertisement", "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "Anheuser-Busch", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "multi-year contract with Anheuser-Busch", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "base rate for a 30-second advertisement", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "Pok\u00e9mon", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "to create their own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game. Nintendo and The Pok\u00e9mon Company also made their Super Bowl", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "free advertisement", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "free advertisement", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30-second", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "nine", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "Coffee beat out nine other contenders", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "30", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "United States for the free advertisement.", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "30", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "United States for the free advertisement.", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "United States for the free advertisement.", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Lionsgate,", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Fox, Lionsgate,", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass.[citation", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Lionsgate,", "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "Fox paid for Deadpool,", "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "Cloverfield Lane, Universal", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "The Secret Life of Pets", "56d723560d65d214001983af": "trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl.", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Fox, Lionsgate,", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Super Bowl.", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "Lionsgate,", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "North America,", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Jim Gray", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "One", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Mark Malone as sideline", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Jim Gray", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Jim Gray", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "Malone as sideline", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "WBT will also simulcast the game on its sister station WBT-FM (99.3", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "Jim Szoke", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "Jim Szoke", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "(103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "radio networks will either carry the Westwood One", "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Jim Szoke", "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "Mick Mixon", "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)", "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "Jim Szoke", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "KRFX (103.5", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "BBC will carry its own British English broadcast, with Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman on commentary.", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "BBC", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "BBC", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "the United Kingdom, BBC", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII,", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII,", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "2001", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Broncos", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "39", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "quarterback)", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "39", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "43", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII,", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII,", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six-time", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "national anthem", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Lady Gaga performed the national anthem,", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "the national anthem, while Academy Award", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "Lady Gaga performed the national anthem,", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Lady Gaga", "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL)", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Lady Gaga", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six-time", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Lady Gaga", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "November 2015,", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "\"Hymn", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "British rock group Coldplay.", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "rock group", "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Mark Ronson", "56d725790d65d214001983da": "British rock group", "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Weekend\",", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Mark Ronson", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "rock", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Coldplay.", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "linebacker", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "J. Anderson", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "Caldwell.", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell.", "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "18", "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "Caldwell.", "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "J. Anderson", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "34", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "Peyton", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "J. Anderson", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "Caldwell.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "Thomas Davis tackled Anderson", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "linebacker Shaq", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Jerricho Cotchery,", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "referee Mike Carey", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "Mike Carey", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "Malik Jackson", "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "referee", "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "quarterback Cam Newton", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "1993", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Malik Jackson", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "Malik Jackson recovered it in the end zone for a Broncos", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "referee", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "1993", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "no resistance around him, he took off for a Super Bowl record 61-yard return before Mario Addison dragged him down on the Panthers 14-yard", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "Jonathan Stewart", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "33", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "twice", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "10", "56d729180d65d21400198426": "33", "56d729180d65d21400198427": "no resistance around him,", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "14", "56d729180d65d21400198429": "quarter. Later on, Broncos", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "51", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Jonathan", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "33", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "the Broncos 45-yard line. But with 11 seconds left, Newton", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "linebacker", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "fullback Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos 45-yard line. But with 11 seconds left, Newton", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "Denver punt, Carolina drove to the Broncos 45-yard line. But with 11 seconds left, Newton", "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "fullback Mike Tolbert lost a fumble", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "19", "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "end Kony", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "linebacker Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "the Broncos", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result of a Newton", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "35", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "Gano", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "Corey Brown.", "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result of a Newton", "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result of a Newton pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "the Broncos", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "J. Ward.", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "second offensive", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Corey Brown.", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result of a Newton pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "fourth, the Broncos", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "16-yard reception by Devin Funchess", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "fourth, the Broncos", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Devin", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310. The next three drives of the game would end in punts.", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Stewart", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "12-yard run by Stewart", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "16-yard reception by Devin", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "16\u201310. The next three drives of the game would end in punts.", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "50", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "10", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "Denver", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "the ball away from Newton,", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "mount a game-winning drive", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Norman gave the Broncos", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos a new set of downs. Then Anderson", "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos", "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller", "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "Josh Norman gave the Broncos a new set of downs. Then Anderson", "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "4", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "24-yard", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "51", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "pile", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "five", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Norman gave the Broncos a new set of downs. Then Anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "six receptions", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "13", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "13", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "tackles", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "13", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "13", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "13", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "yards. Miller", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "83 yards. Anderson was the game's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown, along with four receptions for 10 yards. Miller", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "tackles", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "fumble", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "the team's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries. Brown caught four passes for 80 yards, while Ginn", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "141", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "141", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "13", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "200 yards in a Super Bowl, and all of them had lost. The Broncos' seven", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "200", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Taylor", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Baltimore", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV.", "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "200", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "244", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "John", "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "Baltimore", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "seven", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "seven", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "315", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "Baltimore", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "315", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "Pulaski, a Polish general and hero of the American Revolutionary War,", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie,", "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie,", "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "60", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "over 100", "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "Caucasian", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "Krasi\u0144ski Palace", "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "Caucasian wingnut trees. With its benches, flower carpets, a pond with ducks on and a playground for kids, the Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "About 15 kilometres (9 miles)", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "Lake.", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "hundreds", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "a perfectly preserved ecosystem, with a habitat of animals", "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "the demographics of the city, and to this day", "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "30 percent of the city's total population. In 1933, out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500", "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34%", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born", "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "the city, and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of Warsaw's history. Most of the modern day", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "University of Warsaw, the largest medical school", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the National Defence University,", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1818", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Polish academic center,", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "Marek", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "more than 10,000", "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "University Library,", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Budzy\u0144ski", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "35 sq ft)", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "Union. In particular, the city's metro, roads, sidewalks, health care facilities and sanitation", "573399b54776f41900660e65": "the city", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "many cities in Central and Eastern Europe, infrastructure", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "rebuild Poland", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "East-Central Europe.", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "city is home to the Children's", "57339a554776f41900660e76": "education", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", "57339a554776f41900660e78": "out", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "the National Philharmonic", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "the events worth particular attention are: the International Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Piano", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre, as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and the Congress Hall", "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "National Theatre,", "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days,", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "\"", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Warsaw's", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "from 1870", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "Summer Theatre was in operation", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "was the best example of \"Polish monumental", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths", "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "thousands of people", "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "today. The city council organize concerts and other events.", "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "peaceful pagan ritual where maidens", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "the world's first Museum of Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "the Railway Museum.", "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "National Museum with a collection", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre,", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "tribute", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre,", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "art in many other ways. Since 2011 Warsaw Gallery Weekend", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways. Since 2011 Warsaw Gallery", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "Warsaw Gallery", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "2011", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "(PZPN)", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "twice", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "north from the Old Town.", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "Ekstraklasa Championship", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "city of Warsaw).", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "since at least the mid-14th century", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "mid-14th century", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "seal bordered with the Latin inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the city of Warsaw).", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "second mermaid", "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Copenhagen.", "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "port of Copenhagen.", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "second mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistula River and plunged into its waters.", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels:", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Polish", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Lempicka", "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "a major international", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "32nd", "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "international", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "steel", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1939", "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Polish\u2013Lithuanian", "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "October 1944.", "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King Sigismund III", "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "its buildings. On 9 November 1940, the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism,", "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "city-centre", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "Vistula)", "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "the gothic, renaissance", "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "every", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "Warsaw provides many examples of architecture", "57332442d058e614000b5720": "or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian \u2013 in Polish warszawiak (male), warszawianka (female),", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "Warsz\",", "57332442d058e614000b5722": "is Warszawa, approximately /v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars", "57332442d058e614000b5724": "his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Jazd\u00f3w", "57332562d058e614000b5731": "Jazd\u00f3w", "57332562d058e614000b5732": "beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of Masovian Duchy in 1413.", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1413", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "10th century", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "General Sejm,", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1529", "5733266d4776f41900660714": "the suburbs", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1529", "57332a734776f41900660726": "until 1796", "57332a734776f41900660727": "Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom", "57332a734776f41900660728": "Napoleon's army", "57332a734776f41900660729": "1796", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1796", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "4 August 1915", "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "what became the Second Polish Republic,", "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Pi\u0142sudski", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "4 August 1915 until November 1918. The Allied Armistice terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914,", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "Red Army", "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1 September 1939", "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "ghetto as part of Hitler's", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "30%", "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "19 April 1943,", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "almost a month", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the underground Home Army", "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "the idea of an independent Poland,", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "July 1944,", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "48 hours", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "63 days. Eventually the Home Army fighters and civilians", "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "\"", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "economic", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "\"Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "capital of Poland and the country's", "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "economic", "573330444776f41900660758": "Paul II's", "573330444776f41900660759": "a call to \"", "573330444776f4190066075a": "there. In 1979, less than a year", "573330444776f4190066075b": "Square", "573330444776f4190066075c": "anti-communist fervor there. In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope,", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "379", "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "160", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi)", "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "160 mi", "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "Carpathian Mountains", "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "20", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "Vistula", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "moraine plateau", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "moraine", "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "the Vistula old \u2013 riverbed.", "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "artificial ponds and also groups", "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the plain Vistula terraces", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "terrace still has visible valleys and ground depression", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "one contains former flooded terraces", "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "planned destruction", "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "1960s", "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "1960s", "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "liberation", "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "PRL.", "573361404776f4190066093c": "\"The Negro\" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture", "573361404776f4190066093d": "1411", "573361404776f4190066093e": "merchant family (1562), building called \"The Negro\"", "573361404776f4190066093f": "so-called Masovian gothic", "573361404776f41900660940": "the Royal Castle Curia", "573362b94776f41900660974": "1683", "573362b94776f41900660975": "1783", "573362b94776f41900660976": "rococo architecture", "573362b94776f41900660977": "Palace (1677\u20131683), Wilan\u00f3w Palace (1677\u20131696)", "573362b94776f41900660978": "(fa\u00e7ade 1761\u20131783)", "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "architecture. Some 19th-century buildings in the Praga district (the Vistula\u2019s right bank)", "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "rebuild the Saxon", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "the bourgeois architecture", "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Kronenberg Palace", "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "rebuild the Saxon", "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "statue of Little Insurgent located at the ramparts", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "an infamous German Gestapo prison now occupied by a Mausoleum", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "Martyrdom", "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "the impressive Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty", "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Wincenty", "573368044776f41900660a29": "palm", "573368044776f41900660a2a": "Mokotowskie (a big park", "573368044776f41900660a2b": "(Ogr\u00f3d Zoologiczny) was established on the park grounds, and in 1952 a bear", "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Sejm and John Lennon street), Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin, by the southern city border, Park Skaryszewski", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1927", "573368e54776f41900660a53": "Forest. It is home to rich fauna and flora.", "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Academy", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest", "573368e54776f41900660a56": "close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula)", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "three", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "300,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "420,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "1939", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013 only 420,000.", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons", "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Catholics,", "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "2.4", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "2,818 Mariavites (0.4%).", "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "35.7%", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "1909", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "a mayor \u2013 but in the communes", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "a mayor \u2013 but in the communes", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "gmina)", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "(Rada", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "every four years", "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "city government", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "60", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "Between 1975 and 1990", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "the district", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "Warsaw amounted to PLN", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "33 000). Total nominal GDP of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766", "573382d24776f41900660c39": "301,1 % of Polish average. Warsaw leads the region of East-Central Europe in foreign investment and in 2006, GDP growth met expectations", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "1%", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "304,016", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "April 1991,", "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE)", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "31 August 2009. From 1991", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "EUR", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "FSO 125p", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "AvtoZAZ,", "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "Matiz", "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Warszawa, Syrena,", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "Carpathian Mountains.", "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Warsaw", "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "Poland. It stands on the Vistula River", "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "160", "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "260", "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Warsaw", "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "1.740 million residents within a greater", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "160", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "260", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "Denmark,", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "10th and 11th centuries", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "Denmark, Iceland", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Charles III", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "Roger II", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Richard I", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French,", "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century) to mean \"Norseman, Viking\".", "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "9th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "10th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "northern part of present-day Upper Normandy down to the river Seine, but the Duchy would eventually extend west beyond the Seine.", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Neustria. The treaty offered Rollo and his men the French lands between the river", "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "Danes, Norwegians, Norse\u2013Gaels,", "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "Old Norse language with Catholicism (Christianity)", "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "Old Norse", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "fighting horsemen for more than a generation. Many Normans of Italy,", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "the Normans", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "Mezzogiorno).", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "Norman families to arrive in the Mediterranean were descendants of Tancred", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "the title of count", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "the Saracens,", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "1194", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "Sicily", "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of Jews,", "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "\"Tabula Rogeriana\", was written by the Andalusian", "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "establishing an Empire that would have encompassed Fatimid Egypt as well as the Crusader", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Pechenegs,", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1050s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Edessa,", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun", "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "general Philaretus", "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Kanina, Jericho", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "1081", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30,000", "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "in 1107", "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Robert's son, landed in Valona", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "the river", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "the road to a third attack in 1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "Norman army invaded Dyrrachium,", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "third attack in 1185, when a large Norman", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Normans", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "marriage", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Duke Richard II", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "Robert of Jumi\u00e8ges", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "1051", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Timid earl of Hereford.", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "England", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "1066", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "Normans", "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Latin", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "Ireland,", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "east of Ireland,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "William the Conqueror,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "William the Conqueror,", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "Malcolm III", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Scottish families of the names Bruce, Gray, Ramsay, Fraser, Ogilvie, Montgomery, Sinclair, Pollock,", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "the \"Davidian Revolution\".", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "into Wales.", "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Normans", "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales.", "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Wales", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1018", "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "1096", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Minor.", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Bohemond", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "the port of Limassol on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Limassol on Cyprus.", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "1191", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "the wrecks", "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Limassol", "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "the whole island, his troops being led", "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Guy against his rival Conrad", "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Joan,", "56de41504396321400ee2715": "12 May 1191", "56de41504396321400ee2716": "Lion-Heart", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1192", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "the Knights", "56de49564396321400ee277a": "islands", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "King of the Canary Islands, as vassal to Henry III", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "King", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "the islands to Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n,", "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "in the Channel Islands.", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "1235 and 1245", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Romanesque", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "a unique Romanesque", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Norman-Arab architecture", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture", "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "the Kingdom of Sicily.", "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "early 11th century", "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "the visual arts, the Normans", "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century and French Revolution", "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "Bishop of Bayeux", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "the Danish Vikings.", "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry, which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery. It was commissioned by Odo,", "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "baptismal fonts. In southern Italy, however, Norman artwork", "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "F\u00e9camp Abbey and Saint-Evroul", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "southern Italy,", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "de Grantmesnil,", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert de Grantmesnil,", "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "the choir achieved fame", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "1856", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "to the design", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "modern alternating current (AC)", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "modern alternating current (AC)", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "alternating current", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "1884", "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "AC induction motor and transformer", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "Thomas Edison in New York City.", "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "New York", "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "Edison in New York", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "1884", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "telephony and electrical engineering", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "United States", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "Thomas Edison", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "electric", "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "early (1893", "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "ray imaging", "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "Colorado Springs,", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "early (1893", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "wireless lighting and electricity", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "Colorado Springs,", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "1960", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "magnetic flux density", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "archetypal \"mad scientist", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "arch", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "a resurgence", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "1960", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "\"mad scientist", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1960", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "finance", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia).", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "priest", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "to his mother's genetics and influence. Tesla's progenitors", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence. Tesla's progenitors", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "a Serbian Orthodox priest.", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia). His father, Milutin", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "the village of Smiljan,", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence. Tesla's progenitors", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "Austrian Empire", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "five", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "German,", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1862", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "Milka,", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "\"Primary\" School in Smiljan", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "older brother named Dane", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Real Gymnasium\" or \"Normal School.\"", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "Real Gymnasium\" or \"Normal School.\"", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "Karlovac,", "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "German,", "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher Martin", "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "to Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Karlovac, to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium, where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "German,", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "1873", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "cholera; he was bed", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months and was near death multiple times", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "Smiljan.", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "if he recovered from the illness", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "Smiljan.", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "1873", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "near death", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine months", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "cholera", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "cholera", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "Tomingaj,", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Tomingaj,", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "Smiljan", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "Smiljan", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally. He read many books while in Tomingaj, and later said that Mark Twain's", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "Tomingaj,", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "physically and mentally. He read many books", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "Tomingaj,", "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1875", "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Austria,", "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1875", "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "Austria, on a Military Frontier scholarship.", "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "Military Frontier scholarship.", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "at Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria,", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "\"", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "Poeschl", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "left Graz and severed all relations", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "a nervous breakdown", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "florins", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "a", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "florins", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "March 1879,", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "a nervous breakdown at around the same time.", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "Mur River.", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "hide the fact", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "florins", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879,", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "old school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospi\u0107.", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "some sources say that he died of a stroke", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Tesla died at the age of 60", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospi\u0107 under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879,", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "Real Gymnasium,", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "old school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospi\u0107.", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "uncles", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "too late to enroll", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "illiterate", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "University; he never studied Greek,", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "Prague", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "January 1880,", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "lectures at the university", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "Gospi\u0107 for Prague", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Ferenc", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "Central", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "telephone", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "Telephone Exchange", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "Budapest", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "the Central Telegraph Office", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "a telegraph company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company,", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "June 1884,", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "France,", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "east side", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas Edison to work at his Edison", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "the Continental Edison Company in France,", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "the Continental Edison Company", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "France,", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "June 1884,", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "New York", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "64", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "direct current generators", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "64", "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "fifty thousand dollars in it for you\u2014if you can do it.\":54\u201357 :64", "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "US$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary;", "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "generators", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric", "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "Electric Light", "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "light based illumination systems", "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Vail,", "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "light based illumination", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "Benjamin Vail,", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "1886", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Benjamin Vail,", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "light based illumination systems", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "Benjamin Vail,", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "terrible", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "terrible headaches", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "a ditch", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "1887", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "tears", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "Tesla out leaving him penniless. He even lost control", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Alfred S. Brown,", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "1886", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "Western Union superintendent, and New York", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "Western Union", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "April 1887", "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "gain", "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Tesla at 89 Liberty", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "Western Union", "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "an agreement that profits", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "polyphase", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "1887", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "polyphase", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "voltage", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "alternating current", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "1882", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "high-voltage transmission. The motor used polyphase", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "spark", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "1882", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Thomas Commerford", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "alternating current system", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "1888", "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "a viable AC motor and related power", "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Thomas Commerford", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "George Westinghouse that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system \u2014 something for which Westinghouse", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "publicist", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "Commerford Martin", "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "1888", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "$2,000", "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "George Westinghouse", "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "Pittsburgh labs.", "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "$60,000", "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July 1888,", "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "George Westinghouse", "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Pittsburgh", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Pittsburgh, helping to create an alternating current system", "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "working frequency of Tesla's", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "AC current system", "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "cars", "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "streetcar", "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "they settled on a 60-cycle AC current system", "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison", "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "\"AC\" side of the so-called \"War", "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "incandescent lamps", "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company,", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "\"AC\" side of the so-called \"War of Currents,\" an electrical distribution battle being waged", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "Thomas Edison", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "1890", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "licensing of the patent, both in 1888, put Tesla firmly on the \"AC\"", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "Thomas Edison", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "General Electric", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "\"Tesla Polyphase", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "Fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was a key event in the history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability,", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "high-frequency", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "the \"Tesla Polyphase", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "Europe,:76", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "1893", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "electrical", "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams,", "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "two-phase and three-phase", "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Westinghouse", "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company", "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Niagara", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Richard Dean Adams,", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "1893", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "mid 1890s", "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "$200,000", "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "longer be in control of Westinghouse Electric and Tesla would have to \"deal with the bankers\" to try to collect future royalties.", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "$200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "AC patents in exchange for Westinghouse Electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $216,000; this provided Westinghouse", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "$2.50", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "$200,000", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "35", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "South Fifth Avenue laboratory,", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "wirelessly", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "wireless power transmission. In the same year, he patented the Tesla coil.", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "July 1891,", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "wireless power transmission. In the same year, he patented the Tesla coil.", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "35", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "electric", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "the forerunner (along with the Institute", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892", "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "Institute", "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1892", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "the Institute of Radio", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "invisible", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "what he referred to as radiant energy", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "1894", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "$50,000\u2014was lost in the 5th Avenue", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "Crookes", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "\"X-Rays\"). His early experiments were with Crookes", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "energy", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "invisible", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "cold cathode", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "X-ray imaging (radiography), Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging,", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "March 1896,", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "ray imaging", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "X-ray imaging", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "X-ray imaging", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896,", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "X-ray imaging", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "rays", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "the Roentgen rays,", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "rays", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "those produced in waves in plasmas", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "free magnetic fields", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "longitudinal waves", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "ozone generated", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "various causes. He believed early on that damage", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "longitudinal waves", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasma", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "AC", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Benjamin Lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor and Westinghouse", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "field in an induction", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "copper egg stand on end using a device he constructed known as the Egg of Columbus.", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "11 July 1934,", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "an event", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "his single-electrode vacuum tubes", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "tubes", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "go back", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Electric Light Association.", "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "Chicago,", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "\"Teleautomatics\"", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "teleau", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1901", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "John Stone. The court declared that their decision had no bearing on Marconi's", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1901", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1900", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "energy", "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "St. He chose this location because the polyphase", "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "17 May 1899,", "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "15 June 1899, Tesla performed his first experiments at his Colorado Springs lab; he recorded his initial spark length at five inches", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "atmospheric", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "atmospheric", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "Tesla was detecting from lightning", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "artificial lightning, with discharges", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "millions of volts", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "15 miles", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "were electrified, swirling in circles with blue halos of St.", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "swirling in circles with blue halos", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "Tesla explained what had happened in The Electrical Experimenter: \"As an example of what has been done with several hundred kilowatts", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "experimenting", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "high frequency energy", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "Electrical Experimenter: \"As an example of what has been done with several hundred kilowatts", "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "planet", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "receiver which he concluded may be communications", "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in Colorado\u2014or signals from another experimenter", "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "December 1899", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "$100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "$100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "system", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "1899", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "1904", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "a debt", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "7 January 1900,", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt", "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe", "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "The Colorado", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "a more powerful transmitter", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "fruitless. Morgan", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "by the Panic of 1901, which he (Morgan) had caused. Morgan was shocked by the reminder of his part in the stock market crash", "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "187 feet", "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "to wireless communication", "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "communication", "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "over 50 letters", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "5,000", "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "kilowatts) 16,000 rpm", "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1910\u20131911", "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "50th birthday", "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "two", "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Houston", "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "cracking", "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "oscillator", "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "mechanical", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'\" The plan", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "enhanced intelligence. In 1912, he crafted \"a plan", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "William H.", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "a plan", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "European countries.", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "he was receiving from his patents in European countries. Eventually, he sold", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "lost the funding", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "$20,000", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "the Edison Medal.", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "266", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "radar). Tesla was incorrect in his assumption that high", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "radar", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "the magazine Electrical Experimenter", "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.\":245", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "Nobel Foundation said, \"Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "15", "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "animosity", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "the prize (although Edison", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1937", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "655,114", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "(VTOL", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "$1", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "biplane", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "per month", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "aversion to accept charity", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "$125 per month", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "charity", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "a method", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "an annual birthday celebration interview, Tesla announced", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "over any terrestrial distance, a", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "mechanical energy with minimal", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "1935", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "a street", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "wrenched", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "(the full extent of his injuries will never be known; Tesla refused to consult a doctor\u2014an", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "after midnight one night", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "1937", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "ray. Tesla described the weapon", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "a \"peace ray\" or death", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "Tesla described the weapon", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "a \"peace ray\" or death ray. Tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "infantry", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "In 1937,", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "\"", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "ray", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "ray", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "a lunch", "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "technical description of a \"superweapon", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "US War Department, the United Kingdom,", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "the United Kingdom,", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "a method of charging particles to millions", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "a treatise", "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "thieves, or spies, left empty-handed", "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "for he had at no time committed any part of it to paper; the blueprint for the teleforce", "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "the thieves, or spies, left empty-handed", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "7", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "86, Tesla died alone in room 3327", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "Alice Monaghan", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "Tesla's room, ignoring the \"do", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "long-time friend and supporter of Tesla, Hugo Gernsback,", "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "the National Defense", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "FBI", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "Warehouse Company", "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Fiorello", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "John", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "January", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "two thousand", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "New York", "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107,", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Kosanovi\u0107,", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107,", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "the United States to Belgrade. The ashes are displayed in a gold-plated", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "1957", "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "300", "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "300", "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "Canada,", "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "Canada,", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "8:10 p.m., at Delmonico's", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "every day", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "every day from 9:00", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "order to the headwaite", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "10 miles", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "it stimulated his brain cells", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "per day. He squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night, saying that it stimulated", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "night, saying that it stimulated his brain cells", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "I made up", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "telepathy,", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "at all", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "nurse back", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "$2,000", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "a specific injured white pigeon daily. Tesla spent over $2,000, including building a device", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "Near the end of his life, Tesla walked to the park", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "room", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "almost no weight variance from 1888 to about 1926.", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "6 feet", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "1888 to about 1926.:292", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "styl", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "33", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "life, Tesla was repeatedly stricken with illness. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "eight languages: Serbo-Croatian,", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "visions", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "polyglot, speaking eight languages: Serbo-Croatian,", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "48 hours", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "43", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "301", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "Kenneth Swezey,", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "3", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "did", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "my work ...\" There have been numerous accounts of women", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "very helpful to his scientific abilities.:33", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "appreciator", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "generosity", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "Fritz Lowenstein,", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein,", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "late 1920s", "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "a secretary", "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "secretary because of her weight", "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "to critic", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "subordinate to go home", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "fourth", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "immutable\u2014they could not change state or be split in any way. He was a believer", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "they could not change state or be split in any way.", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "Einstein's", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "Einstein's", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "the conversion of matter into energy.:247 He was also critical of Einstein's theory", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "the theory", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892, and in 1937", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "elucidation of his theory was never found in his writings.:309", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "81", "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "an imposed selective breeding", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "selective breeding version of eugenics", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "race", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "1937", "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "women", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "1926", "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "social subservience", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "remedy for the times and issues", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War\"", "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "(20 December 1914).", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "the War\" (20 December 1914).", "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Christian.", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Christian.", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "Tesla was raised an Orthodox", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "article", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "religious views remain uncertain due to other statements", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "\"A Machine to End", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "Tesla, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston;", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "David Hatcher", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston;", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "Researches", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "1900", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "High Potential And High Frequency,\" published in his book Inventions, Researches", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "science fiction", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "science fiction", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "several", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "Albert Einstein.", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "world's his power house", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "congratulatory", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "75th birthday", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "75th", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying", "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "mathematical steps, such as an algorithm.", "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "complexity theory", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do.", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other complexity measures", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "the amount of communication (used in communication complexity", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "in circuit complexity", "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "a number (e.g. 15", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "\"", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "the problem of primal", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "a rather concrete utterance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "a rather concrete utterance", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "15", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "complexity theory addresses computational problems", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "computational problems, a problem instance is a string over", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "i.e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "a problem instance is a string over an alphabet", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "computer", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "yes or no, or alternately", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "complexity theory", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "central objects of study in computational complexity", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "A decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no,", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "the central objects of study in computational complexity theory", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "language", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "for every input, but the output", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "a total function) is expected for every input", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "a computational problem where a single output", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "the integer factorization problem", "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "no", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "much richer", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "the multiplication of two integers", "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "the space required, or any measure of complexity)", "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "the difficulty of solving", "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "much more time", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "2n vertices", "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "the difficulty of solving", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "Cobham's", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "n", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "Cobham's", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "Cobham's", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "n)", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "general computing machine. It is a theoretical device that manipulates", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "pencil and paper", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "a problem", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "a theoretical device that manipulates", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "The ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently. Algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms.", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "the most basic Turing machine,", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "the problem in any of these branches, it is said to have solved the problem.", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "an extra supply of random bits.", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "fixed set of rules to determine its future actions. A probabilistic", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "all equally powerful in principle, but when resources (such as time or space)", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "such as deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "quantum Turing machines,", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for example random access machines.", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "the standard multi-tape Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for example random access machines.", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "The time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary.", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "random access machines.", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms, but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze,", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "we physically want to compute algorithms", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer (\"yes\" or \"no\"", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "a deterministic Turing machine M", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "\"", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "\"yes\" or \"", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "complexity", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "complexity", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "complexity resources", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "Blum complexity axioms.", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "Blum", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "complexity", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "complexity", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "complexity", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "faster to solve than others, we define the following complexities", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "deter", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "average time", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "n2", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "the most efficient algorithm solving", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "the algorithms", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "computation time (or similar resources", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "its worst-case complexity", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "7n2", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "the big O notation,", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "T(n) = O(n2).", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "complexity class has a definition like", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "complexity", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "a definition", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "f(n)", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "Cobham-Edmonds", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "Cobham-Edmonds", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "Cobham-Edmonds", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "\"the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related\" (Goldreich 2008, Chapter 1.2).", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "be defined by bounding", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "complexity classes of decision problems", "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "complexity", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "BQP", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "an important complexity class", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "#P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems).", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "class of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes like IP and AM are defined using Interactive proof systems.", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "complexity", "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "deduced such proper set inclusions, we can proceed to make quantitative statements", "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "if the inclusion is strict. For time", "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2),", "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "the time and space hierarchy theorems", "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "set of problems. In particular, although DTIME(n)", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "The time and space hierarchy theorems", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "the space", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "space hierarchy theorem", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "Karp reductions and Levin reductions, and the bound on the complexity of reductions,", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "the bound on the complexity of reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "complexity of reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "Karp reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "There are many different types of reductions, based on the method of reduction, such as Cook", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "multiplying two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "multiplying two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "two integers. This means an algorithm for multiplying two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "the multiplication algorithm. Thus we see that squaring", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "two integers. This means an algorithm for multiplying", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "class", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "an algorithm", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "C is harder than X,", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "harder than X, since an algorithm", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "X is one of the hardest problems in C.)", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "a known NP-complete problem, \u03a02,", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "time", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "a polynomial-time solution to \u03a01 would yield a polynomial-time solution to \u03a02.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "computational tasks that admit an efficient", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham\u2013Edmonds", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis.", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "admit an efficient", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "integer programming problems in operations research, many problems in logistics, protein", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "These include various types of integer programming", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "one of the Millennium Prize", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "the very few NP", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "Ladner", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "P or to be NP-complete.", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "The best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "the polynomial time hierarchy collapses", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "two finite graphs", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "second", "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "two finite graphs are isomorphic", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "quantum algorithm for this problem, Shor's algorithm,", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "the computational problem", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "(i.e., NP will equal co-NP). The best known algorithm for integer factorization is the general number field sieve,", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "RSA", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "MA, PH, etc., it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class.", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "all these complexity", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "all these complexity", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "a major breakthrough in complexity", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "yes/no answers reversed)", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "not equal", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "not equal to NP.", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "yes/no answers reversed) of NP problems. It is believed that NP", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "logarithmic space", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "logarithmic space", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space)", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "logarithmic space)", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "many complexity classes between the two, such as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes.", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "100, and assuming for the sake of example that the computer does 1012", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "complexity", "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "intractability means in", "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "in P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases. Similarly, algorithms", "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "a wide range of sizes", "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "in reasonable times", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "knapsack", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "Alan Turing", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Alan Turing", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "Alan Turing in 1936, which turned out", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Turing in 1936, which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification", "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "Hartmanis", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "Richard Stearns (1965),", "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "2003", "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Hartmanis", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "the USSR,", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "1960", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Boris Trakhtenbrot", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "the choice of encoding. This can be achieved by ensuring that different representations", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "different representations", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "Stephen Cook", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "complexity", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "speed-up theorem", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "21", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "teacher", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "teacher", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "many countries", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "a process known as continuing professional development. Teachers", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "a person", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "numeracy", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "life skills.", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "member", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "home schooling. Informal learning", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "a teacher", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "member", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "teacher", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "gurus, mullahs", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "Religious", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "Religious and spiritual teachers, such as gurus,", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lama", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "accountants (Chartered or CPA).", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "community. Formal teaching", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "Teaching may be carried out", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "the family, which is called homeschoolin", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "teachers", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "teacher", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "certifying, governing and enforcing the standards", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "teaching profession", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "the public interest through ce", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "the standards of practice for the teaching", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "may", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "may also require their teachers to be college peoples", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "teachers", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "teachers facilitate student learning", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "teachers", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "student learning", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "formal approach to learning", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "method to use teachers", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "method", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "field trips. The increasing use of technology, specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade, has begun to shape the way teachers", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "plan", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "teacher", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "The teacher may interact with students of different ages,", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "teacher", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "The function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky,", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "pedago", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "The function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky,", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "individual flaws,", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "pedagogy of the students", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "specialist teacher and surrogate", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "specialists", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "one class that moves from one", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "specialist", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "a teacher", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "subject. The advantage", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "United States", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "two or more teachers", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom. Co-teaching", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "full cognitive potential. Co-teachers", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "student", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "form of school discipline was corporal", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "corporal", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "corporal", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "child", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "corporal", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "physical", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "In past times, corporal punishment (spanking", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "(spanking", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "corporal punishment (spanking", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "paddling or caning", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "Tennessee and Texas.", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "the student's trousers", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "Tennessee and Texas.", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana,", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "African and Caribbean", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "individual countries see School", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "non-school day, e", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "school); or even to attend school on a non-school day, e.g. \"Saturday", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "Ireland,", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "one", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "school day (such as lunch, recess or after school); or even to attend school on a non-school", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "fair punishment for misbeha", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "class. Positive", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "fair punishment for misbe", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "academics, some teachers", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "school discipline and if teachers", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "discipline and if teachers", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "weakness in school", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "Japan,", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "Japan,", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "Japan,", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "Japan,", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "Where school class sizes are typically 40", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "40", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "university", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "The result of this is that motivated students,", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students", "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "whole, thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation, rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront", "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "Sudbury", "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments", "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "Sudbury", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "Sudbury", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "bored with the subject which in turn bores", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "rot", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "teacher/course evaluations, it was found that teachers", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "gesturing", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom. Controlled, experimental studies", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "nonver", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "gesturing", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "surprise", "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "intrinsic", "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "feed", "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "beneficial relations", "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "linking academic success with personal achievement", "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement", "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers.", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "teachers", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "humor", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "teachers", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "cares", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "cares", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "spark of excitement in the student as well.", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "matter", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "teacher", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "Association", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "administrator", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "by the American Association", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "teachers", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "England", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "\"", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "869", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "workers as well as teachers", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "United States", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "to outrage", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Women", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of being labelled a pedophile", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "a pedophile or hebephile has led", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "led to several men", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "occupational burnout", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "occupational burnout", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "fellow teachers", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "occupational hazards in their line", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "twice", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "the rate of anxiety, depression", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "42%", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "the rate of anxiety, depression", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "teachers", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "several ways", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "the occupational hazards", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "the work environment", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "occupational stress", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "mentoring, changing the work environment, and offering promotions", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "all countries", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "similarities", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school. In many countries, elementary school education certificate", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "certificate is earned after completion of high school. The high school student follows an education specialty track, obtain the prerequisite \"student-teaching\"", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "university or college. Governments", "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "Australia", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three", "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "primary schools), followed by secondary education", "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "individual states", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "individual states and territories. Generally, education", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "$40,000", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "a Bachelor of Education", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "the private sector", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "(Bundesbesoldungsordnung).", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Lehramtstudien", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "(Grundschule),", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "schools (Realschule)", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "(Bundesbesoldungsordnung).", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht area or on an island.", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "\u20ac53,423 for a teacher with 25 years", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "seniority", "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht", "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Oireachtas", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "the Teaching Council", "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the Teaching Council - may not be paid from Oireachtas", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "new entrants", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "Garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "an approved teacher education program", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn \u00a320,980", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "Salaries", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September 2007,", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "alternative", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "hard", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "secondary", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements,", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "Scotland,", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "the \"Standard", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route", "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "a year", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "from \u00a320", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "\u00a378,642", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "\u00a344,616; Deputy Head, and Head teachers earn from \u00a340,290 to \u00a378,642.", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "Deputy Head, and Head teachers earn from \u00a340,290 to \u00a378,642.", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "Teachers in Scotland can be registered members of trade unions with the main ones being the Educational Institute", "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium education", "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "United Kingdom.", "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "22 per cent", "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22 per cent", "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "United Kingdom.", "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "teachers in Wales", "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "average age", "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "between 2005 and 2010", "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "registered members of trade unions", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "Welsh schools", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "United States,", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years,", "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals.", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals.", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "$41,855", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "clock in at an estimated $21,000 in 2004", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "$51,009", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "$51,009", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "Federation", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "three", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "Protestant/Non-Denominational,", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "spiritual life", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "the \"spiritual teacher\" archetype. The role of \"spiritual teacher\"", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "\"spiritual teacher", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "Elder to Bishop, or no office at all. The emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the LDS Church is similar to that in the more \"low-church\"", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "the teacher", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "The role of \"spiritual teacher\" may be filled by many individuals", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "extremely high", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "the spiritual teacher", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "Hinduism the spiritual", "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "Bodhisattva", "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "A Lama who has through phowa", "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tulku.", "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow", "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "Bodhisattva vow", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "mullahs (the teachers at madrassas", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism, the position of spiritual teacher", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "mullahs", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "mullahs", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "mullahs", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "German:", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "18 February 1546)", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "the Late Medieval Catholic", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "retract all of his writings at the demand", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "the claim that freedom from God's", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "God and opposed sacerdotalism", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "Pope by teaching that the Bible", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "Pope by teaching that the Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "the German language,", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "German", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "Katharina von Bora set a model", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "the development", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "10 November 1483", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "Eisleben, Saxony,", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "Mansfeld in 1484,", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "Roman Empire. He was baptized as a Catholic", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "four every morning for what has been described as \"", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "four every morning for what has been described as \"a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises.\"", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "1505", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises.\"", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "1501", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "Jodocus Trutfetter,", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "God, he felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "Luther sought assurances", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "lead men to God, he felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "men to God,", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "lightning", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "2 July 1505,", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "university on horseback after a trip home. During a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "\"", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "divine judgment, he cried out", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "poor soul.\" Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "one of deep", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "one of deep", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Johann von Staupitz,", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "fasting", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "9 March 1508, and another bachelor's degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509.", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg, sent for Luther,", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "March 1508,", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "1507", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "March", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "21 October 1512,", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "Doctor of Theology and, on 21", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "University of Wittenberg,", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "Theology", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "faith as is active in charity", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "in charity", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "The benefits of good works", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "St. Peter's", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "31 October 1517,", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Hans Hillerbrand", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "The Ninety-Five Theses. Hans Hillerbrand", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church,", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "Luther wrote to his bishop,", "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "the soul from purgatory", "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "as 'into heaven", "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven')", "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven')", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "slacken", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "Christ on account", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "granted them salvation were in error. Christians,", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "God's alone", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences,", "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "this oft-quoted saying of Tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences,", "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "his teaching on indulgence", "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "on indulgences", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "little foundation", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause,", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause,", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "Wittenberg", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "history, has little foundation in truth", "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "1518", "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "Luther", "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "Luther", "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "two months", "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "two months", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "1520", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "the Psalms. This early part of Luther's", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "the Freedom", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "1519", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "Psalms.", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. \"This", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians.", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "\"This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification,\" he wrote, \"is", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. \"This", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "the books of Hebrews,", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "St. Paul's epistle", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "1525", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "teaching", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "the righteousness of Christ, imputed to Christians (rather than infused into them) through faith. \"That is why faith", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "2:8\u201310. Against the teaching of his day", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation.", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "the Reformation.", "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "St Peter's", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "1517", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "the revenue from the indulgences", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "one half", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "1517", "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "pope. Cajetan's", "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "anti-papal theology. First, the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a", "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "October 1518,", "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "biblical", "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "\"with great care as is proper.\"", "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "January 1519,", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine", "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "popes", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "Johann", "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "certain concessions to the Saxon,", "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "15 June 1520,", "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book", "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "December 1520,", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "15 June 1520,", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "the Diet", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "18 April 1521,", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a town on the Rhine.", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "Prince Frederick III,", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding. Prince Frederick III,", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck,", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "Johann Eck,", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "out on a table", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day:", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "next day", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "traditional salute of a knight", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "traditional salute", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "unreliable, since they were inserted before \"May God help me\" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings.", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "Luther", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "speech", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "free to believe that Luther would tend to select", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "a notorious heretic.\"", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "25 May 1521,", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "anyone to kill Luther", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "25", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "outlaw, banning his literature", "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg,", "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "Frederick III", "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "God's grace", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "the same theme: \"", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1 August 1521,", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "sin. All humans are sinners by nature,", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "\"", "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "1521", "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving", "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "mass is a sacrifice", "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "summer of 1521", "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "heart of Church practices.", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "2 Thessalonians", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "1521", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "1521", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy.", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "Little Horn of Daniel 7,", "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "Karlstadt,", "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "December 1521,", "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "prophets, arrived, preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man, adult baptism, and Christ's imminent return. When the town council", "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "magistracy", "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "envis", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March 1522.", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "my sheep", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold,", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "sermons, which became known as the \"Invocavit", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "6 March 1522.", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "every day misguided people into the way", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Jerome", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "the way", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "every day misguided people into the way of the truth", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation.", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "the Zwickau", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "revers", "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "a conservative force within the Reformation.", "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "banishing the Zwickau prophets,", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "afield. Preachers", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "the German Peasants' War", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "1524", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "led many peasants", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "the 15th century. Luther's", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "Luther", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Wittenberg,", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "Murderous, Thieving Hordes", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "Twelve Articles in May 1525,", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "grie", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "three", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "murderers", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "God", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "St. Paul had written in his epistle", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "opposition", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "the wing", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "the secular powers.", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "15 May 1525,", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "the anabaptist movement and other religious movements, while Luther's Reformation", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "execution, brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close. Thereafter, radicalism found a refuge in the anabaptist", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "41", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "barrels", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "26", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "April 1523,", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13 June 1525,", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "13 June 1525,", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "by Bugenhagen.", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "13 June 1525,", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Johannes Bugenhagen,", "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "my mind is averse to wed", "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "condemned", "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "a heretic", "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "the plain", "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "the death of a heretic", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "1525", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "riches of Croesus.\"", "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "six", "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "Katharina", "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "in boarders. Luther confided", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "confessional church", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "a confessional church based on personal faith and experience", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "a new form of worship service, and wrote a clear summary of the new faith", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "negation of every affirmation: as long as the cross is at the center", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "unworkable. According to Bainton: \"Luther's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church", "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "the forgiveness", "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "the Steadfast,", "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "power formerly exercised by bishops", "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "a church government under the temporal sovereign\". The elector authorised a visitation of the church, a power formerly exercised by bishops. At times, Luther's", "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "biographer Martin Brecht,", "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "1526", "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "vestments, altar, and candles", "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "smack", "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "German liturgy,", "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "ceremony. Some reformers, including followers of Huldrych", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "1527", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "Saxony,", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "Christian doctrine ... and unfortunately many pastors", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "standard of pastoral care and Christian education", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "\"Merciful God,", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "\"", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "1529", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "Lord's", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "Lord's", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper.", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "\" he wrote, \"", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "hymns", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "hymns and his translation", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "my writings in volumes", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "\" he wrote, \"", "56f86966aef2371900626053": "the catechumens", "56f86966aef2371900626054": "redeems", "56f86966aef2371900626055": "Lord's Prayer, which are also part of the Lutheran catechical teaching.", "56f86966aef2371900626056": "the Apostles' Creed must be understood in the context", "56f86966aef2371900626057": "the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known. The Father creates, the Son redeems,", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "28,", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "1534", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "the translation until the end of his life. Others had translated the Bible", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "Luther", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "the Bible", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "chancel", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "German spoken at the Saxon chancellery,", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "chancellery", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "impediments", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "impediments", "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "German language and literature. Furnished with notes and prefaces", "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "William Tyndale's", "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible", "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "William Tyndale's", "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "William Tyndale's", "56f87000aef2371900626071": "Mighty Fortress", "56f87000aef2371900626072": "children. His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena.", "56f87000aef2371900626073": "art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "komm ich her\" (\"From Heaven Above to Earth I Come\"), based on Luke 2:11\u201312. Luther connected high art", "56f87000aef2371900626075": "hymn", "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation.", "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church", "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "Lutheran views, prompting Luther to write the hymn", "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, the first individuals", "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "life and the unfolding Reformation.", "56f87392aef2371900626099": "early as 1525. Sixteenth-century", "56f87392aef237190062609a": "One True God\")", "56f87392aef237190062609b": "\"Wir", "56f87392aef237190062609c": "the catechetical hymns", "56f87392aef237190062609d": "as Trinitarian rather than catechetical,", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "1538", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "stanza", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "stanzas. The hymn", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "\"Vater unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to Luther's explanation", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "Lord's Prayer", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza", "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "the first Lutheran hymnal.", "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "a collaboration with Paul Speratus, this and seven other hymns", "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "the first Lutheran hymnal.", "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "Achtliederbuch, the first Lutheran hymnal.", "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "the main hymn", "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "the main hymn", "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "sieh darein\" (\"Oh God, look down from heaven\").", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "\"Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist\",", "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "a hymn", "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "Lord\")", "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "\"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam\" (\"To", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's", "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "zum Jordan kam\"", "56f88025aef237190062611e": "the ideas of the Reformation.", "56f88025aef237190062611f": "eight", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "eight", "56f88025aef2371900626121": "four of eight", "56f88025aef2371900626122": "hymnal Achtliederbuch,", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "lag in Todes Banden,", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "1724", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "1707", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "traditional interpretations of some Bible", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "penitential suffering after death. He affirmed the continuity of one's personal identity beyond death. In his Smalcald", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "traditional interpretations of some Bible", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "Christian's soul sleeps", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "traditional interpretations of some Bible", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Johann Gerhard.", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Johann Gerhard.", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "1755", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "Genesis contains a passage", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "Gottfried Fritschel", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "in 1765", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "intrat in cubiculum suum) and whose sleep", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "1529", "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "Philip I,", "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "the emerging Protestant states.", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fifteen", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "the emerging Protestant states.", "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "\"The flesh profiteth nothing\" (John 6.63), Zwingli said, \"This passage breaks your neck\".", "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "the Last", "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "\"", "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "\"", "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "\"The flesh profiteth nothing\" (John 6.63), Zwingli said, \"This passage breaks your neck\". \"Don't", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "1530", "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "the Schmalkaldic", "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "1530", "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "the Marburg Colloquy", "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "Schmalkaldic League", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "false", "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "no way contributes to faith. [...] For reason is the greatest enemy", "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "in no way contributes to faith. [...] For reason is the greatest enemy that faith has;", "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "illuminated by reason.", "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "coherence in the right exegetical method.", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "Christ. However, as the Reformation", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "anti-Jewish literature of the times,", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism,", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "Anabaptists,", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "1523", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "\"as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "to fight a secular war", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "a Holy War,", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "\"", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist, whom Luther believed to be the papacy,", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "the devil, he was indifferent", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "pamphlets", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "pamphlets on Islam, which he called \"Mohammedanism\"", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "\"Mohammedanism\" or \"the", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "a tool", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "Antinomians, and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year.", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "Luther's", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "God's moral law", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "Ten", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "the law offered in the gospel. Luther states", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "the law,\" that is, the law", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "the Holy Spirit's", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "l-a-w from the church \u2013 does not eliminate the accusing law. Claiming that the law \u2013 in any form \u2013 should not be preached", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "Christ's", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "law", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "the other hand, Luther also points", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "Ten Commandments,", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "the natural law", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "the law", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones,", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism,", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "waiting", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "if he was determined, he should marry", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "polygamy of the patriarchs", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "Martin Brecht,", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "controversy. In the view of Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, \"giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse was one of the worst mistakes", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "\"", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "Jews", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "stupidity", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "\"", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "his life", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "60,000", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "vom", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "Ihren", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "Josel of Rosheim,", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "Martin", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "urge his parish", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "1537", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Lewin", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "a prophet", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Michael, just about every anti-Jewish book printed in the Third Reich contained references", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Dr. E.H. Schulz and Dr. R. Frercks.", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "Heinrich Himmler wrote admiringly", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "1938", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "regional church confederations", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Kristallnacht,", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "German people, he urged, ought to heed these words \"of the greatest antisemite of his time,", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "\"", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "anti-Semitism", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history. Similarly, Roland Bainton, noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote \"One", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history. Similarly, Roland Bainton, noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote \"One", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "as opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht points", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "anti-Semitism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "new element to the standard", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "Christopher J. Probst", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "an ethnic group\u2014their violence lent a new element to the standard", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Ronald Berger writes that Luther", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "anti-Semitic policies", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against \"Turks\"", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "his book Luther's Last Battles: Politics", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "Catholics.", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "diatribes", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "the years", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "1933", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "Nazism", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "(Dick) Geary,", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "1933", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "1544", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident,", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "Philip of Hesse incident,", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "Philip of Hesse incident,", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "Katharina", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "Christmas.", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "three times", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "Katharina", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "three", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "German territory,\" according to L\u00e9on Poliakov.", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "fiery", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "fiery", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mansfeld,", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "Count Albrecht of Mansfeld", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "early 1546", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "late 1545", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "Albrecht of Mansfeld", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546.", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "154", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "Lord, faithful God\"", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "17 February 1546.", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "1546", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February 1546,", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "Wittenberg, beneath the pulpit. The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "V,", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from \"We are beggars,\"", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "Latin,", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "German.", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "crucial to the spread of Protestantism.", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "of Protestantism. In contrast to images of frail", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "1546", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "drinking\u2014behavior", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "1530s", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "18 February", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "(United States) Calendar of Saints. In the Church of England's", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "31 October.", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "(United States) Calendar of Saints. In the Church of England's", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States)", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county definition, including Kern and San Luis Obispo", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "10", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "economic center for the state", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "cultural region", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "cultural region", "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "Mexican border", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "one of the 11 megaregions", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "megaregions of the United", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "east into Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border", "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "Mexican border", "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Los Angeles and Orange counties; the Inland Empire,", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "22 million", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "22 million", "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "Inland Empire,", "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "12 million", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "Mexico\u2013United States", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "the border with the state of Nevada.", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "the border with the state of Nevada.", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Mojave", "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "eighth", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "3,792", "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "Los Angeles", "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "Los Angeles", "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "south", "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Riverside", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "Los Angeles,", "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino,", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "Riverside", "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "Los Angeles,", "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "picture", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Sony", "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Los Angeles,", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "major record companies", "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Fox, and Warner", "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "X Games,", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Huntington Beach, and Malibu, and it is second only to the island of Oahu", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Tim Curran, Bobby Martinez, Pat O'Connell, Dane Reynolds, and Chris Ward, and professional snowboarder Shaun", "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "Huntington", "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Rob Machado, Tim Curran, Bobby Martinez,", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "open spaces", "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "southern California", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "Palm Springs", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "the state is divided into two areas", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "35", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "\"", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "San Luis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino", "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "California.", "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "a division has existed from the time when Mexico ruled California, and political disputes raged between the Californios", "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "upper", "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "Monterey", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "United States, the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of Alta California at 36 degrees, 30 minutes,", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "Kern,", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "John B. Weller.", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "three times", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "75%", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "John B. Weller.", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "the Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1999", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "\"", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "seven", "5705f36452bb891400689718": "The state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern, central, and southern California regions.", "5705f36452bb891400689719": "the central valley and interior desert landscape.", "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "the central valley", "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "The state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "the California State Automobile Association", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis.", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "the third most populated megalopolis in the United States,", "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "megalopolis", "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "urban area spilling over into Baja California.", "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "high in the Bakersfield-Kern County, Santa Maria", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "15 and Interstate 215", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "Pendleton.", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "San Bernardino and Riverside Counties (the non-desert", "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "1980s and 1990s", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "Mediterranean", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "50", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "60's while as winters are 70-50's", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "60's while as winters are 70-50's, usually", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "90-60's while as winters are 70-50's", "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains,", "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "Ocean islands,", "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "deserts", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Pacific Ocean", "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "It caused the most property damage", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "most property damage of any earthquake in U.S.", "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "earthquakes", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "20 billion", "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "San Andreas Fault,", "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence in California.", "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "the San Andreas Fault,", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "The USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence in California.", "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "southern California atmosphere.", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "economic", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "a whole", "570603c475f01819005e7882": "2010", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "high growth rates", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "22,680", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "high growth", "570603c475f01819005e7886": "southern", "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San", "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "eight", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "Marcos metropolitan area form the Southern Border", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17,786,419", "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people)", "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "3.7 million", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "34", "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "Riverside.", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "Riverside.", "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "tourism", "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel", "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "the housing bubble 2001\u20132007", "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "petroleum, as opposed to other regions", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "The region was a leader in the housing bubble", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "the 1920s", "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "agricultural regions", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "military spending cutbacks", "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "richest agricultural", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "regions", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "Riverside.", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "major business districts. Central business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "many major business districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino,", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Los Angeles", "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Los Angeles", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown", "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Downtown", "57060df252bb891400689820": "Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts", "57060df252bb891400689821": "Downtown", "57060df252bb891400689822": "Business/Financial Centre, University Town which are in San Bernardino and Downtown", "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "Ana, the South Coast", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "Ana, the South Coast", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine", "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine.", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "city is filled with business districts", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Northern", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Heights, Mission Valley,", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "San Diego is the central", "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International Airport,", "570610b275f01819005e792b": "Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic);", "570610b275f01819005e792d": "Los Angeles International Airport,", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Ventura,", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Riverside, Orange,", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "the Port of San Diego.", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "the Port of San Diego.", "570611c475f01819005e793e": "the Port of Los Angeles, the United States' busiest commercial port; the adjacent Port of Long Beach,", "5706139252bb891400689864": "Mudd College, Pitzer College, Pomona College, and Scripps College),", "5706139252bb891400689865": "a descriptor for the region's diversified technology", "5706139252bb891400689866": "public and private institutions. Amongst these include 5 University", "5706139252bb891400689867": "12", "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "(Los Angeles", "5706143575f01819005e7951": "Los Angeles", "5706143575f01819005e7952": "(Los Angeles", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "(Los Angeles", "5706149552bb891400689880": "Los Angeles", "5706149552bb891400689881": "two", "5706149552bb891400689882": "2014", "5706149552bb891400689883": "Los Angeles", "5706149552bb891400689884": "2014", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "UCLA Bruins", "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "The UCLA Bruins", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "California. The UCLA Bruins", "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "Pac-12 Conference,", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "California. The UCLA Bruins", "5706155352bb891400689894": "a growing sport", "5706155352bb891400689895": "Rugby is also a growing sport", "5706155352bb891400689896": "California, particularly at the high school", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc.", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014", "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc.", "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "British Sky Broadcasting Group", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2015, Sky bid \u00a34.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016.", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "by staff cuts, increased subscription prices (including 9%", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "the Irish broadcaster Setanta", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a34.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016. This represented an increase of 70%", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "Sky Travel to the service.", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "BSkyB channels were available on this platform: Sky News, Sky Three, and Sky", "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Sky", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "as 'Pick", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "March 2008,", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "In February 2011", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "Sky+HD Box", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "(PVR)", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "utilises", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "BSkyB utilises", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "a Cisco Systems company.", "57094d489928a8140047150e": "the same user interface look", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "Sky channels on cable TV.", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "the basic channels from the network on 1 March 2007.", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "removing the basic channels from the network on 1", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "Sky", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "27 January 2014,", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "confidential\". On 27 January 2014, Microsoft announced \"that SkyDrive will soon become OneDrive\"", "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "OneDrive\" and \"SkyDrive Pro\" becomes \"OneDrive for Business\".", "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "\"Sky\" trademark. On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement, in which Microsoft will not appeal the ruling,", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "BSkyB's", "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "September 1993", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's", "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "3.5 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB)", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "a British telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "television and broadband internet services", "57096505ed30961900e84082": "new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, Power-line and Bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control. The Sky", "57096505ed30961900e84083": "a household to share recordings and other media.", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media.", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016.", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "On 18 November 2015,", "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "Sky Box", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "top boxes including modems for a return path", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "interactive service", "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "the proprietary OpenTV system,", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "OpenTV system, with set-top boxes including modems", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "(now Eutelsat 33C) at 28.5\u00b0E), enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service, Sky,", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "the company to launch a new all-digital service", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "19", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "33C)", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "May 2006.", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "with Sky+HD was 4,222,000.", "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "Sky+", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "4,222", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "Thursday 18 May 2006, and continuing through the weekend before launch, people", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "February 2007,", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "8 February 2007,", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football),", "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "Premier League Football), films,", "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "re-branded as Virgin Media.", "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "air and unencry", "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "user's contract with Sky and invalidates the user's rights", "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "other services) needs", "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "the free to air channels", "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "air and unencry", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "from \u00a318", "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "the rights.", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken.", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "BSkyB", "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a318m to \u00a334m", "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "\u00a315\u2013100,000. Third-party channels", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "\u00a315", "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "from reduced", "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "does not", "57097051ed30961900e84132": "May 1999.", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service", "57097051ed30961900e84134": "made an important distinction between the new service", "57097051ed30961900e84135": "an interactive service", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "had been sold, which help bolstered", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "30 November 2006", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "ITV", "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "BBC HD, after the conclusion of the ITV HD trial. Virgin Media", "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "an option to carry Channel 4", "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "an option to carry Channel 4", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "36%", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "2004", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", "57097b50200fba1400368051": "Media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth", "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Alec Shelbrooke", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "living alone\"", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a \"Welfare", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "Alec Shelbrooke", "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "a man'", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "the agreements, both BSkyB", "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "Virgin Media agreed to terminate all High Court", "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "Virgin Media", "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "Virgin Media agreed to terminate all High Court", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "diversified: service", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "second", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "Melbourne,", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "Ireland", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "South Wales.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "China.", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "1,000", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China.", "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "proportional representation", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "two", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote.", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "the Legislative Council", "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "lower house members\u2014four years.", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "regional areas. The Greens,", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "North Western and Eastern rural regional areas. The Greens, who won their first lower house", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "Melbourne.", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "regional centres. The Nationals", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "Greens,", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Anglicans and members of the Uniting Church. Buddhism", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "168", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "South Australia", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "Geographically the smallest", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "second-largest city. Geographically the smallest", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne,", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "Geographically the smallest", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "Great Britain", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1836", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Phillip District in 1836,", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "Phillip District in 1836, an administrative division of New South Wales.", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "1836", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "50%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "33%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "50%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "50%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "26,000 square kilometres (10,000", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "in 1975", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the United Kingdom Parliament", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "a written constitution enacted in 1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "the Victoria Constitution Act", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "Mallee and upper Wimmera", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "(4\u201313 \u00b0F)", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "around Melbourne (see chart). Victoria's highest", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "48.8 \u00b0C (119.8 \u00b0F)", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "summer and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F)", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "state or government schools", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "the Roman Catholic Church", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "Private schools also receive some public funding. All schools", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "the Roman Catholic Church", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied. Private fee-paying schools include parish schools", "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "Victorian plants\u2014in Broadmeadows", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "October 2016).", "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "October 2016).", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "October 2016).", "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Victorian plants\u2014in Broadmeadows", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "516 ft", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "King River, Campaspe", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "1,986 m (6,516 ft)", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "temperate climate of Gippsland in", "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft).", "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "The Alps", "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "Victoria. The Alps", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "east-west", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "less than 9 \u00b0C", "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "(32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of \u221211.7 \u00b0C", "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "a concentrated service", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "private and public railway operators", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "the Victorian Government,", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "private and public railway", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "public railway", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "12", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "33", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "the Labor Party,", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Daniel Andrews the current Premier. The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria,", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Daniel Andrews the current Premier.", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "1 July 1851,", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "July 1851, writs", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "20 million ounces of gold, one third", "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548 public schools, 489", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "48", "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "462", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "63", "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Australia's", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "4 million", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "dairy farming in Australia.", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "interstate trunk", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "standard", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "Victorian lines", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "five formerly government", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "Daniel Woodriff,", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1855", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament.", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "Victorian Parliament.", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament.", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "the Australian Constitution, such as education, health and law enforcement. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "Daniel Andrews.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Daniel Andrews.", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "either house of parliament", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "17%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "17%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "463 farms occupied around 136,000", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "$8.7 billion", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "17%", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island,", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Phillip Island,", "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "the popular Port Fairy Folk Festival, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bells Beach", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island, the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "eighth", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "eighth", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "1562", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "French Catholics. As Huguenots", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "political concessions and edicts of toleration from the French crown. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion,", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "housemates", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Swiss", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Huguenot has unclear origins.", "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "Swiss republicanism", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "1532", "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "the Reformed church", "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1294", "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "Jean de R\u00e9ly, was printed in Paris", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "the Protestant Reformation", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "Paris", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "the Huguenots.", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "university", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "Paris", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "Montpellier", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "1598", "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Fran\u00e7ois Villion", "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Fran\u00e7ois Villion", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "Fran\u00e7ois Villion", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Fran\u00e7ois Villion", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1671", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "1624", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Jess\u00e9", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest,", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "Jess\u00e9", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "France,", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Pons in France,", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger.", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Texas,", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "1697", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "Charleston,", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "the French state. Consequently, many Huguenots", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "the French state. Consequently, many Huguenots", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "Stadtholder William III of Orange, who later became King of England,", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "the French", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state.", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "the 1620s", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "1620s", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Fontainebleau", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "nearly three-quarters", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "The Catholic Church in France", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "Huguenots.", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "30,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "The height of this persecution", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "congre", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "1620 the Huguenots were on the defensive,", "57108073b654c5140001f926": "death of Henry IV, a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism,", "57108073b654c5140001f928": "Louis XIII,", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "southwestern France,", "57108073b654c5140001f925": "Marie de' Medici, became more intolerant of Protestantism.", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "Approximately one million", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2%", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "south, who still regard themselves as Huguenots", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "C\u00e9vennes", "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "France", "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "Paltz.", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "Paltz.", "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "Paltz.", "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "New York Harbor, for which the current neighborhood", "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "New York,", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "1700", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "2 million", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "2 million", "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "the village of Fraissinet-de-Loz\u00e8re.", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot.[citation needed] In 1705,", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "France", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "the gate of King Hugo,", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "King Hugo, was haunted by the ghost of le roi Huguet (regarded by Roman Catholics", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "1560", "571090abb654c5140001f995": "earlier use.)", "571090abb654c5140001f996": "Huguenots", "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Maidstone\u2014towns", "571090abb654c5140001f998": "Huguenots", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Huguenots", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "D'Olier Street in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland.", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "Dublin, named after a High Sheriff", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Dublin,", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "Portarlington", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "18th centuries", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "non-Catholics to settle in New France may help to explain that colony's", "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "Huguenots", "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "New France in 1759-60.", "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "(the North", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "quarter", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "1598", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "reaffirmed", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "Catholic-controlled regions.[citation", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Navarre,", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "New York and Virginia, especially. The English welcomed the French refugees, providing money", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "Four", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "hundreds of thousands", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "the Huguenots", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "Prussia,", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "France Antarctique.", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Antarctique.", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "1560", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Huguenot ancestry.", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "(Nell),Naude',", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "South Africa", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "(Nell),Naude',", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "American Revolution", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Paul Revere", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "South Carolina;", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "South Carolina; Jack Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "South Carolina;", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "Europe.", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "Dover,", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "19th century", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "18th century", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki,", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt.", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "new neighbourhoods", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1700", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "(Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg,", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "Denmark,", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "Netherlands,", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "burning churches and killing clergy. It took French troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards,", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "St. Augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the Spanish encampment at Fort Matanzas.", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean Ribault established the small colony", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "St. Augustine", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Huguenots", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "1565", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island,", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Charlesfort on Parris", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "1565", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "Florida", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "Chesterfield County. On 12 May 1705,", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "in Powhatan County.", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "James River,", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "148", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "May 1705,", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1609", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Prinsenhof is one of the 14 active Walloon churches of the Dutch Reformed Church. The ties between Huguenots", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "New Netherland in North America.", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "lord of Villiers.", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "lord", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "England,", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "1708", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50,000", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andr\u00e9 Lortie),", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "Naturalization", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "Williamite", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "Crown's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, many Huguenots settled in Ireland", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "Orange", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9, along with his sons Daniel and Osias,[citation needed] arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "mercantilism", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "Cond\u00e9, along with his sons Daniel and Osias,[citation", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "1890s", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "the Holy Roman Empire,", "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Protestant European nations such as England, Wales,", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "Roman Empire,", "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Huguenot \u00e9migr\u00e9s", "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies,", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "Hugos,", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "Hugo.", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "French language. The \"Hugues", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos,", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos,", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "William Farel was a student of Lefevre", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "the whole Bible", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "1536", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "Jacques Lefevre", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "Jacques Lefevre", "57111428b654c5140001faff": "August,", "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "the Massacre were Aix, Bordeaux,", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "between about 2,000 and 3,000", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "August,", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "3,000 Protestants were killed in Paris and between 3,000", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "closed", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "1643", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "Huguenots to convert. At first he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism. Then he imposed penalties, closed", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "Escalating,", "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "Saturday", "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "New York.", "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "the coastline peninsula", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler.", "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "be the great location of the Huguenots", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "French communities, which led to their assimilation. Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "surname", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier,", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "for their children well into the nineteenth century", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "The Huguenots", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Pierre Bayle.", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Netherlands", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "the most prominent Huguenot refugees", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "finished", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Saint Nicolas, similar to the Dutch Sint Nicolaas (Sinterklaas)", "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "Soho Square.", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "The French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located at Soho Square.", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "The French Protestant Church", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "1550", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Hesse-Kassel, Duchy of W\u00fcrttemberg, in the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts, in the Palatinate and Palatinate-Zweibr\u00fccken,", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Potsdam)", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Altpreu\u00dfische", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Potsdam)", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Maizi\u00e8re,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Arnauld de la Peri\u00e8re. The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Frederick William,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Hermann von Fran\u00e7ois, the hero of the First World War Battle of Tannenberg,", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "political figures were ethnic Huguenot, including poet", "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped", "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "boiler.", "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "the Rankine cycle.", "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "Steam engines are external combustion engines,", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "commercially successful true engine", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "1712", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "that it could generate power", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Thomas Newcomen", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "Wales.", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February 1804,", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "south Wales.", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "south Wales.", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "north-east", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "boilers", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "steam engines have a water pump", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "pumps", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "steam engines have a water pump", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "water", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "four", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "compound engine", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "19th", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "inline", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "variable cutoff", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Stephenson,", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "cams profiled", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "fire. Except in the smallest of boilers", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "the fire", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "fire", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "larger", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "Watt", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "Watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced, but high pressure steam", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "10,000", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "1883", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion.", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "1606", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "Giovanni Branca in 1629. Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "steam engine being the aeoli", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1629", "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "compound engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "coal carried. Steam engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "coal carried. Steam engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "turbine", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "20th century", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower),", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "heat", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "heat", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "steam can be derived from various sources", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "steam", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "London", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1862", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Charles Porter", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "the groups", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "the individual pistons within the group", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "(the first type of Vauclain compound),", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "the valves", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "reciprocating piston", "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "rotary", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "steam engine where steam intakes", "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "remedy", "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "steam engine which does not require valves", "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves,", "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "valves", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "port face or in the pivot", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle.", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "boiler is supplied.", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "565 \u00b0C (the creep", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "42%", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "a gas turbine)", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "stainless steel)", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "30 \u00b0C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63%", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "steamboats", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "steamboats", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "tractors, motorcycles (without much success)", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "Industrial Revolution", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success)", "571153422419e3140095557d": "Trevithick", "571153422419e3140095557e": "George Stephenson built the Locomotion", "571153422419e3140095557f": "Matthew Murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion", "571153422419e31400955580": "the Stockton", "571153422419e31400955581": "Darlington", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf,", "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British", "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "(LP) cylinders.", "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine,", "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", "571154c72419e31400955588": "turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia", "571154c72419e31400955589": "Turbinia), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia", "571154c72419e3140095558a": "Turbinia),", "571154c72419e3140095558b": "propellers", "571155ae2419e31400955591": "water", "571155ae2419e31400955592": "steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and utilizes the phase", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "1990s", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn", "571155ae2419e31400955595": "steam", "571156152419e3140095559b": "much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds", "571156152419e3140095559f": "one bushel (94 pounds)", "571156152419e3140095559e": "steam engine", "571156152419e3140095559d": "Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient", "571156152419e3140095559c": "Watt", "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "electric motors and internal combustion engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "steam engines", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "Thomas Savery. It used condensing", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "Thomas Savery. It used condensing", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "1698", "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Thomas Savery. It used condensing", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Richard Trevithick", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1802", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "Trevithick", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "steam engine reaches some 27-30% on high-pressure engines", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "27", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "30", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "27-30%", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "towers often have visible plumes", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "A dry type cooling tower", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "condensate, which circulates in a closed system and returns to the boiler. Such towers often have visible plumes", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "automobile", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "700", "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable", "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw one at a flour", "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "a set speed", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "Watt\u2019s", "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "steam cut off, good speed", "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", "57115e532419e314009555b0": "loading gauge (particularly in Britain,", "57115e532419e314009555b1": "popular in railway", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b3": "railway", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "gears", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "give events of fixed length during the engine", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "momentum", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "lengthens the expansion period", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "condens", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Spanish", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "2000", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "1712", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1698", "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "rotors", "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "blades", "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades", "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction.", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "1800 RPM", "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover. This is becoming known as the Advanced Steam", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines", "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "electric power is generated using steam turbine plant, so that indirectly", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "boilers", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "internal combustion engines", "571161092419e314009555d7": "the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines", "571161092419e314009555d8": "a piston", "571161092419e314009555d9": "a piston", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "1763", "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "\"", "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "had to be large because the only usable force acting on them", "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "The engine cylinders", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "coal", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "two", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms", "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "Steam", "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "a weight", "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "steam pressure. Early valves", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "the Rumford medal", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "efficiency", "571163172419e314009555e7": "boilers", "571163172419e314009555e8": "boilers", "571163172419e314009555e9": "the boiling point of water with pressure", "571163172419e314009555ea": "boilers", "571163172419e314009555eb": "the development", "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature. Gas turbines,", "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "1500 \u00b0C.", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "1% to 3%", "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1%", "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "a supply bin (bunker", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "latent heat of vaporisation", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "recircula", "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "water to the boiler during operation, condensers", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "1905", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "British", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "steam engines could exhaust", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "ocean liners", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", "571166352419e314009555f1": "generators", "571166352419e314009555f2": "steam that drives", "571166352419e314009555f3": "steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done.[citation needed", "571166352419e314009555f4": "turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured. Some non-condensing", "571166352419e314009555f5": "turbine", "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "isobaric (constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle", "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet", "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "cycle. In this cycle", "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "isobaric", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "8%", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "chalco", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "8", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "8%", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "third-most abundant element in the universe", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "20.8%", "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "Oxygen", "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8%", "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide, making up almost half of the crust's mass.", "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "8%", "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group", "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "Oxygen", "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "atoms", "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "monitoring", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "in living organisms", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "oxygen", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "photosynthesis", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "fats", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis, which uses the energy", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "fats", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "chemist John Mayow", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "(1641", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "air that he called spirit", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "17th", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "air", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "John Mayow", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "gas he named \"dephlogist", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "Priestley", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "Priestley", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "British clergyman Joseph", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "mercuric oxide", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "dephlogist", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1775", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "mercuric", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "tube", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Pneumatica,", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "the vessel", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century BCE", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "2nd century", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "Philo of Byzantium.", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "some water rising into the neck. Philo incorrectly", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "Philo of Byzantium.", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica,", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "later Leonardo da Vinci built on Philo's work by observing that a portion", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "oxygen promote rapid combustion.", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "heat", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "donate oxygen to a fire.", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "donate", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "peroxide", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "Oxygen", "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "energy released in combustion. Combustion hazards", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "oxygen with a high oxidative potential, such as peroxides", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "k", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "O 2", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "liquid", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "liquid oxygen will act", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "atmospheric", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "liquid oxygen", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "Apollo", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "silicon", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "(iron(III)", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "(iron(III) oxide Fe 2O 3, in hematite and rust),", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "silicon (silica SiO 2, as found in granite and quartz), aluminium (aluminium oxide Al 2O", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "carbonate", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "iron (iron(III) oxide Fe 2O", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "dioxide", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "one volume of oxygen; and by 1811", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "one another", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example,", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "oxygen", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "coal", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "gaseous combustion products. Indeed, one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals, too, gain", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "coal", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "iron", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "phlogiston;", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "perpendicular", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "low-to-high energy, or Aufbau,", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "O-O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "2", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "oxygen atoms", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1774", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1774", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire,", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele,", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, in oxygen therapy", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "i", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "electronic ground state. An electron configuration", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "organic molecules", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "air is a mixture of two gases", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "in his book", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "the air", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "1777", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "air", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "ozone and is a very reactive allotrope", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "(UV) radiation.", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "ultraviolet (UV) radiation.", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "(UV) radiation.", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "oxygen", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "dioxy", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "O2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "double bonds or pairs of single bonds", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "oxygen", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "temperature", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1895", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "1891", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "oxygen", "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "in water is temperature", "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "(101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "9.0 mL (50%", "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "Oxygen", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 \u00b0C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "third", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "1015", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "9%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "sea", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "third most abundant chemical element in the universe", "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "19th", "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "liquefy it. He sent a telegram on December 22, 1877 to the French Academy of Sciences", "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "Jagiellonian University, Zygmunt Wr\u00f3blewski", "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "22, 1877", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "Mars, and meteorites,", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "the Earth. The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth.", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "Planetary geologists", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "geologists have measured different abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the Earth, the Moon, Mars, and meteorites,", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "photosynthesis", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "ozone by light of short wavelength,", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "tissues", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "ozone by light", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "water during photosynthesis", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "the ratio of oxygen", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18; this disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures,", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "12%", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "global temperatures,", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "oxygen", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "687 and 760 nm", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "carbon cycle", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "the carbon cycle", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "Oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpa", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "laboratory demonstrations, a bridge", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "triplet form, O 2", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "oxygen", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "(O\u2212 2)", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "ion (O\u2212 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "Oxygen", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "(\u2212182.95 \u00b0C,", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "condenses at 90.20 K (\u2212182.95", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "Oxygen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "oxygen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "light", "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "O 2 at lower temperatures (see Physical properties) has important implications for ocean", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "lower temperatures (see Physical properties)", "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "water bodies. The increased solubility of O 2 at lower temperatures", "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "life, as polar oceans support a much higher density", "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "life due to their higher oxygen content. Water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "3.5 billion years ago", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "sinks", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "sinks became saturated", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "2.3 billion years ago", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "3.5 billion years ago", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "lithosphere", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "oxygen", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "reservoirs", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "biosphere", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O 2. Simultaneously, nitrogen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "93%", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "absorbs the nitrogen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "93%", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "made about the molecular formulae", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "electrocatalytic O 2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in chemical oxygen", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "oxygen", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "water", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "water is H2O", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "masks in order to get a \"", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "enriched", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "performance. The pharmacological", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "doubtful; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation. Available studies support a performance boost from enriched O 2 mixtures", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "oxygen", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "bends", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "Oxygen", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "Hyperbaric", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "Oxygen", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "heart. Oxygen therapy", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "medicine", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "heart. Oxygen therapy", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "easing", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "non-stoichiometric compounds", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "xO, where x is usually around 0.05.", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "oxygen", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "slows further corrosion", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "climb mountains", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "climb mountains", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "climb mountains", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "cabin safety instructions dictate, forces", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "liquid in specially insulated tankers", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "liquid into gas before it enters the building", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "before it enters the building.", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "high pressure oxygen tanks", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "oxygen", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "(R-O-R); ketones", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "\"R\" is an organic group): alcohols (R-OH); ethers", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "phenol (C 6H 5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "(R-C(O)-NR 2). There are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen, including: acetone, methanol, ethanol,", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters", "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "common complex biomolecules", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "(PO3\u2212", "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "DNA, and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite.", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "fats", "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "all biomole", "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "scuba diving and surface supplied diving", "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving. Prolonged breathing", "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis.", "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "divers)", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "lungs", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level O 2", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "kPa", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "4 times", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "30 kPa (1.4 times normal),", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "kPa (1.4", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "at standard pressure or 2.5 times", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "volume (about 30 kPa at standard pressure). (although this figure also is subject to wide variation, depending on type of mask).", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "toxic at elevated partial pressures", "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "kPa.", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50%", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "$3", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC,", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "embargo", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United States", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "this, the Nixon Administration", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "18, 1974", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "18, 1974", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "float\"", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "the Bretton Woods", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "by less than two percent", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1971", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1947", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "two percent", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "1973", "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Shah of Iran said in an", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "more for oil. Let's say ten times", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Kippur.", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "a surprise attack", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "did not exhaust Nixon's eagerness", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "1973", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "to Israel, including $1.5 billion in outright grants. George Lenczowski notes, \"Military supplies did not exhaust Nixon's eagerness", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "$2.2 billion", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output", "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion dollars", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "al-Haramain Foundation,", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "extremist", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "production, distribution and price disruptions", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "United States,", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "US than oil. Further, interest groups and government", "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security.", "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases changed competitive positions", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "automobiles", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "ten years", "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "Israel", "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "France", "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "UK and France", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "France", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "Harold Wilson's government supported the Israelis during the Six-Day War. His successor, Ted", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "Switzerland", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil. The Netherlands", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Switzerland", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "UK", "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "old oil was withdrawn from the market, creating greater scarcity. The rule", "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "oil exploration. Scarcity was addressed by rationing (as in many countries). Motorists faced long lines at gas stations", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "long lines at gas", "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "higher price", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E.", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "1973", "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo. Simon allocated states", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "88 km", "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "National Highway Designation Act, ending the federal 55 mph (89 km/h)", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "1974", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "November 28, 1995,", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "renewable energy", "572650325951b619008f6faa": "expedient, but whose prospects", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "promise", "57265200708984140094c237": "Kuwait,", "57265200708984140094c238": "Kuwait,", "57265200708984140094c239": "10 years", "57265200708984140094c23a": "a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger and British", "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "Kuwaiti", "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "Japan", "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 7, 1973,", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "22, Japan issued a statement \"asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967", "57265526708984140094c2bd": "Afghanistan", "57265526708984140094c2be": "The USSR's", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "The USSR's invasion of Afghanistan", "57265526708984140094c2c0": "November 1979", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "1979", "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "Colt), the Subaru DL, and later the Honda Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8", "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "V8", "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "B210,", "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "V8", "572659535951b619008f703f": "1973", "572659535951b619008f7040": "steering, AM-FM radios,", "572659535951b619008f7041": "air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios,", "572659535951b619008f7042": "central", "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Compact trucks", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Ford", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Truck (sold as the Ford Courier), and the Isuzu-built", "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Chevrolet", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "luxury oriented sedans", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "17.4 miles per gallon,", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1985", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "Omni / Plymouth Horizon from Chrysler, the Ford Fiesta and the Chevrolet Chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Dodge Omni", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1979", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1979", "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury and Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1981", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "1979", "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "high-cost producers. The world price, which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis at nearly $40 per barrel,", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$10", "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA),", "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1972", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "John F. Kennedy's", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "two", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "1962", "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets", "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program", "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Apollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project,", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "oxygen", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "oxygen tank explosion in transit", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "13", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "lunar rocks", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "842", "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center.", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "the grand scale of the proposed program.\"", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960,", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "1960", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "three", "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "Soviet Union", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing. When Kennedy's", "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "John F. Kennedy", "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "\"", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "Yuri Gagarin", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "fly", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "12", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "a meeting of the US", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "April 20,", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Lyndon B. Johnson, asking Johnson", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "week", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "America's space program,", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Langley", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "NASA's Langley", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "Robert R. Gilruth's", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Texas,", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Texas,", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "IB rockets at the northernmost end:", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "Apollo", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Center (LOC)", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "IB rockets at the northernmost end:", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "76", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "LOC", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "250,000 feet", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "3.7 million", "5725c123271a42140099d131": "Robert Seamans", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "23, 1963", "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Apollo", "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Robert Seamans", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the United States", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "OMSF program controller. Phillips'", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969,", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "United States Air Force,", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "wilderness,\" Houbolt", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "1961", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "John Houbolt at Langley", "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Nicholas E. Golovin", "5725c604271a42140099d186": "late 1961 and early 1962", "5725c604271a42140099d187": "LOR. The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)", "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR. The engineers", "5725c604271a42140099d189": "NASA's mission mode decision. This committee", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Jerome Wiesner,", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "Seamans,", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and even Webb to defend themselves, delaying its formal announcement to the press", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "1962", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "NASA announced the selection of Grumman", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was \"still subject to final review\". Webb", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "good\" in front", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "no single reasonable CSM", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "1964 MSC study concluded, \"The", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power. The Lunar Module provided propulsion, electrical power", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "(LEM, later shortened to Lunar Module, LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM.", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "landing goal became official, detailed design began of a Command/Service Module (CSM)", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "two", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "48", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "conical crew cabin", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "conical crew cabin", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "42 feet", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "liquid", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "scientific instrument", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "54,000 pounds (24,000", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "liquid oxygen", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized", "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "CSM", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight.", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "34 hours. An Extended Lunar Module weighed over 36,200 pounds (16,400", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "Lunar Module (LM)", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "over 3 days", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "over 36,200 pounds (16,400 kg), and allowed surface stays of over 3 days", "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "the MSFC", "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "the Marshall Space Flight Center.", "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11, 1962,", "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105)", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "1965", "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "Pegasus", "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "CSMs", "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "the S-IVB-200,", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "(890 kN)", "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "kN) of thrust.", "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "40,000 pounds (18,100 kg) into low Earth orbit, sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM.", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg)", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "800", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "hydrogen, and the third stage was a modified", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "Dr. Harrison Schmitt,", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "three", "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "the Project Mercury", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "the lunar geology", "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "7", "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "NASA", "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "1969", "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "Earth", "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "Service", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "1966", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "142", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "13,900", "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean.", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "AS-207/208, or AS-278", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "AS-278 (each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "lunar extravehicular activity (EVA). The traditional visor helmet", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "fly the first Block II CSM", "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "James McDivitt and David Scott,", "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.", "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "Walter Cunningham", "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "the prime crew for AS-205.", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "promoted to the prime AS-258 crew,", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "August", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "AS-205 mission was canceled, since the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight, and AS-205", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "1967. McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart were promoted to the prime AS-258", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Samuel Phillips", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "George Mueller to appoint program", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "1965", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "Samuel Phillips", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "Kennedy Space Center.", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Kennedy", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "pad-supplied to internal power. If successful, this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown", "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "countdown", "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "January 27, 1967,", "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "a hold in the simulated countdown. During this hold, an electrical fire", "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "that the cabin burst and the fire", "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "frustrating", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "board", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "NASA Administrator Webb,", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "by both houses of Congress.", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "oxygen", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "oxygen", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "cabin", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "The Block II design", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "oxygen", "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "A missions", "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "using the Saturn IB; C was manned CSM Earth orbit validation", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "258", "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "lunar reentry", "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "fire", "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "501", "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "fly", "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "George Low decided the next LM", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "flight of LM in Earth orbit,", "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "the-hole", "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "firing. The ascent engine was fired in abort mode, known as a \"fire-in-the-hole\"", "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "the-hole\" test", "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart,", "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "George", "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "1968", "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "the feat with human cosmonauts", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "crewe", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "Armstrong and Aldrin", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "Neil Armstrong,", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "July 20, 1969. They spent a total of 21 hours,", "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "Sun. They made two EVAs totaling 7", "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "Alan L. Bean", "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "two EVAs", "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "Surveyor, photographed", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "lift", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "the exploration area and allowing televised lift", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "eight", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "over three days", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the LM. Also, the Block II spacesuit", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies.", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "a liquid oxygen tank exploded, disabling the Service Module and forcing the crew to use the LM", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "a \"life boat\" to return to Earth. Another NASA review", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "the Service Module and forcing the crew to use the LM", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "April", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "light", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, George C.", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1971", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "they represent samples", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "2 billion years", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "old compared to rocks", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "rock found during the Apollo Program", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "breccia", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "all the rocks", "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "$109 billion in 2010 dollars", "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "109 billion", "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "$20.4 billion, or $109 billion in 2010 dollars", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "NASA", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "lunar landings", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "NASA", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "February 8, 1974,", "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "Mount, the solar telescope that would have been used on the Apollo Telescope Missions. Skylab's", "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "1973", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "solar", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "Lunar Module blast", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the lunar surface. In 2009, NASA's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, while orbiting 50 kilometers (31 mi)", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "the lunar surface, and photographed each site where manned Apollo flights landed. All of the U.", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "one-quarter of the population of the world", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "the ninth orbit", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "one-quarter", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "1968", "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "magnetic telemetry tapes. During the following years, a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "satellite", "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "satellite", "5725f239271a42140099d360": "Apollo TV", "5725f239271a42140099d361": "Nafzger", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "News archive,", "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings", "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "white, contains conservative digital enhancements", "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "white, contains conservative digital enhancements", "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "Regulations and Directives,", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "European Union member states.", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "European Union member states. The three sources", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states. The three sources", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "Parliament and the Council of the European Union,", "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "European Union member states.", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "direct effect or indirect effect on the laws", "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "Regulations and Directives,", "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "the laws of European Union member states. The three sources", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "the laws", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "European Union member states. The three sources", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "the laws of European Union member states. The three sources", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "the courts of member states and the Court", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "applied by the courts", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "the Court of Justice", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "the Court of Justice", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "Court of Justice of the European Union.", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "applied by the courts", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "the Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "Court of Justice of the European Union.", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "the courts", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "the Court of Justice", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "highest court able to interpret European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "the ordinary legislative procedure, the Council (which are ministers", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "the Council, made up of different government Ministers)", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "the European Union (TFEU),", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "European Union (TEU)", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "The \"European Council\" (rather than the Council, made up of different government Ministers)", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "the European Union institutions", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "the European Union", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "the European Union institutions", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "the Treaty on European Union", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "the jurisdiction", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "The TEU", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "Treaty on European Union", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "between themselves before the treaty", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "the French overseas departments. European Union", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "complete and formal institutions", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "Maastricht", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1985", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the EU institutions in the Treaty of Nice", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Poland,", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "atomic energy", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "1997", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1986", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1992 (now: TFEU).", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1972", "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "2004", "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "Europe", "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "the constitutional law", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "European Union", "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "significantly", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document.", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "constitutional document.", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty,", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "the European Union. Article 17(1)", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the unelected", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "European Union. Article 17(1)", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Jean-Claude Juncker)", "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Jean-Claude", "572691545951b619008f76e2": "general interest of the Union\" while Article 17(3)", "572691545951b619008f76e3": "usually through a \"written procedure\" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.[citation needed] Since Ireland", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "the Treaty on European Union", "572691545951b619008f76e5": "the elected Parliament, was not adopted in the Treaty of Lisbon. This means Commissioners are, through the appointment process, the unelected subordinates", "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "Cresson where the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner", "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "a Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings,", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission", "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "Commissioners", "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "it eventually resigned due to corruption", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "EU taxes),", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "corruption", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "1999", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "veto", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "more voice: from being an unele", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament on issues which affect them. Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "European Parliament and the Council", "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "the Commission", "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1999", "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "more voice: from being an unele", "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "a \"European Council\"", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Donald", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "define the general political directions", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "six months", "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "74", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the member states in decisions. When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size, so smaller member states", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "352 votes", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "six months", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "Kompetenz-Kompetenz question: who ultimately has the \"competence\"", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "all MEPs", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "can only act within its power set out in the Treaties.", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "Kompetenz-Kompetenz question: who ultimately has the \"competence\" to define the EU's", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "the Council,", "572695285951b619008f774b": "the Treaties. TEU", "572695285951b619008f774c": "a joint text: if this works, it will be sent back to the Parliament and Council", "572695285951b619008f774d": "TFEU", "572695285951b619008f774e": "the Court", "572658435951b619008f7025": "judicial branch", "572658435951b619008f7026": "Treaty", "572658435951b619008f7027": "three", "572658435951b619008f7028": "the EU court for a preliminary ruling. The CJEU's duty is to \"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law", "572658435951b619008f7029": "Civil Service Tribunal to deal with EU staff issues, and then a separate Court of Auditors. Under the Treaty", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "with cases that contain more public importance, and a General Court", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "three years. Under TEU article 19(3)", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "the European Union", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "Civil Service Tribunal to deal with EU staff issues, and then a separate Court of Auditors. Under the Treaty", "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "an energy", "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "\"", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "1968", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "Community law,\" said the Court of Justice, the \"directly applicable measures", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1968", "5726975c708984140094cb21": "national law, and the court", "572699db5951b619008f7799": "whether it wishes to expressly legislate against EU law.", "572699db5951b619008f779a": "the EU. It was held", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "agreed in the Treaties,", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "to expressly legislate against EU law.", "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "general legal right or \"standing\" (locus standi)", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "the Treaties and Regulations, if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations. However, under Directives, citizens or corporations", "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "principles", "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "article 30 prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities charging tariffs, when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics", "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "Gend en Loos", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "law", "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "not all EU laws", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "the Treaties", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "three", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "three", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "early 1990s", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "a business called CIA Security could defend", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "British Gas plc,", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "28, for Swedex GmbH & Co KG before her dismissal. She claimed that the law not counting her years", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "British Gas plc", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "62", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "First Company", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "the Italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "the Court itself)", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "unwritten rules which are not expressly", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "since the 1950s", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "Justice since the 1950s.", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "European Court", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "since the 1960s", "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "European Court of Justice", "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "legal basis. Legislation in member states which implements European Union law", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "principles of European Union law", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "first recognised by the European Court", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "on which the member states", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European Union draws a list of fundamental rights from the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration on Fundamental Rights produced by the European Parliament", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1989", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "The European Court", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "on Human Rights in 1950", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007,", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under European Union law,", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "the European Union has become an integral part of European Union", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "the \"social partners", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1997", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "30", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "30", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "Maastricht", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "the Social Charter being included as the \"Social Chapter\"", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1989", "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "Council Directive, which required workforce", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1994", "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "the Agreement", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1994", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "main legislation", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands,", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1951", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "the agreement banned cartels", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "article 85", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "in 1951", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "Article 101(3)", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "\"fair share\"", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Lisbon", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Article 101(1),", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "1957", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "European development", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "comparative advantage, two countries", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "the standard theory", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "Autobahn,", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "34", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "Autobahn, en route to Italy. Although many companies, including Mr Schmidberger's", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "article 36 justification", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "A13,", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "34", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France,", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "Justice", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "importers, because Italian companies did not make trailers. This was not a product requirement,", "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "presum", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "claimed that their prosecution under a French competition law, which prevented them", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "Picon beer under wholesale price, was unlawful. The aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition, not to hinder", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Mithouard", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "citizenship\", so that people had rights", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project,", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "Treaties", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in TFEU articles 18 to 21. According to the Court", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "tax", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "USL", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "Justice", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Li\u00e8ge", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "case", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "negative bearing on the decision of migrant workers to exercise their right to freedom of movement\", because the charge", "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship", "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "Citizenship", "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Austria", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court", "5726c002708984140094d073": "life \"on a stable and continuous basis\",", "5726c002708984140094d074": "a claim under for establishment freedom, rather than service freedom", "5726c002708984140094d075": "an enterprise without unjustified restrictions. The Court of Justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom", "5726c002708984140094d076": "Consiglio dell\u2019Ordine degli Avvocati", "5726c002708984140094d077": "TFEU article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others' freedom", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2006", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "Freedom", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "2005", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "2006", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "Bedrijfvereniging voor", "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "unnecessary", "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "cold calling customers. The Court of Justice held the Dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent \"undesirable", "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "a legitimate aim to prevent \"undesirable developments in securities", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "the Court of Justice", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u20ac27,000", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u20ac27,000", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "shifting its residence", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc)", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "Amazoneregenwoud),", "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "2,700,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "2,100,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "2,700,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "10%", "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta", "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "Amazon rainforest (Portuguese:", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "Colombia", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "2,700,000 sq mi)", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "2,700,000 sq mi)", "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "(Portuguese: Floresta", "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "2,100,000", "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "2,100,000", "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia", "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "100,000 sq mi)", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "Oligocene,", "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "extinction event, the extinction", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "34 million years", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "extinction event", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene,", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "34 million years", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, the extinction", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event,", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the Pacific across the Amazonas", "5725c071271a42140099d128": "west", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "the continent by the Purus", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "as the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years,", "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "the mid-Eocene,", "57283d173acd2414000df790": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the Amazonas Basin.", "57283d173acd2414000df793": "the Andes Mountains", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "the eastern", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "the Andes Mountains", "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin.", "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "the drainage basin", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "the Solim\u00f5es", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "changes in Amazon rainforest", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "reduced", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "deglaciation. Analyses", "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21,000 years", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "Glacial Maximum (LGM)", "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "lower than for the present, and this", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "over the last 21,000", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "small, isolated refugia", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "reduced to small, isolated refugia", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "because the practical limitations", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "Amazon basin,", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "132 million tons", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "NASA's CALIPSO satellite", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "1,600 miles", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600 km)", "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "1,600 miles", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the Atlantic),", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "182 million tons", "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "182 million tons", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "dust fall over the Amazon basin,", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA's", "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the Atlantic),", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600 miles", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "182 million", "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "2 inhabitants per square kilometre", "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "dwellers", "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "Maraj\u00f3, and inland dwellers.", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "200,000", "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "Paradise. She claimed that a population density", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "the poor soil. Archeologist", "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "a Counterfeit Paradise. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "Amazon rainforest was only ever", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "ever sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "52/sq mi)", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "2 inhabitants per square kilometre", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "Francisco de Orellana", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "Since the 1970s,", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "the spread of diseases", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "over Acre. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "the 1970s", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre.", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "1977", "5729edd56aef051400155114": "geoglyphs", "5729edd56aef051400155115": "geoglyphs", "5729edd56aef051400155116": "at least 11,000", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "bridges and large plazas", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "over large areas in the Amazon forest,", "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "large settlements", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management,", "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "Florida.", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "fertile soil allowed agriculture and silvic", "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "large plazas.", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "preta", "5729ef266aef051400155120": "agriculture", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "427", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "1,294 birds, 427", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "428", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "428", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "1,294 birds, 427", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "428 amphibians,", "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "294 birds, 427", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "428", "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "90,790", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "(62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres)", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "247 acres", "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "(62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres)", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "Earth with one 2001 study", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "438,000", "5729f2646aef051400155132": "247", "5729f2646aef051400155133": "one square kilometer (247 acres)", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one", "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "Vampire bats", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "their flesh.", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "the black caiman, jaguar, cougar", "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh. There are also numerous parasites and disease vectors. Vampire bats dwell in the rainforest", "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "anaconda. In the river, electric", "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "of deforestation", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "Amazon are human settlement and development of the land.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "environmental damage. Deforestation is considerable, and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "the naked eye from outer space.", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "deforestation", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "587,000", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "587", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "deforested since 1970, is used for livestock", "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States.", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "91%", "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "increased settlement and deforestation. The mean", "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation", "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "343 sq mi per year).", "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "increase to the present day.", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "18%", "572a020f6aef051400155198": "destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "the order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "the vegetation, which could accelerate", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian", "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "ranging from weak increases to strong decreases. The result indicates", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "by 2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "decreases.", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "rainfall", "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "cultural", "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "indigenous", "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "primates", "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "Urarina", "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "indigenous peoples' rainforest communities", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "indigenous tribes of the basin", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "indigenous tribes", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "Suriname,", "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "rainforests", "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "to protect their tribal lands", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "forest", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "Tatiana Kuplich", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "forest", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2006", "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian", "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "Amazon basin", "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "a \"", "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "Amazonian", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2005", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "734,000", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "3,000,000", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "2005", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "734", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "cilia. Adults", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "on the outside and another lining the internal cavity", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "5 m", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "Coelenterata,", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "phylum, Coelenterata, as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "5 m", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature", "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "cilia. Adults", "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "5 m", "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies)", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "phylum of animals that live in marine waters", "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "on the outside and another lining the internal cavity", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "100\u2013150 species", "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "150 species", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "150", "5725c337271a42140099d163": "150 species", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "rotifers", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten times", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "sticky cells that capture prey. The phylum has a wide range of body forms,", "5725c337271a42140099d167": "the same area, because they specialize in different types of prey, which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "100\u2013150 species", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "the exceptions are juveniles", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "lack combs", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "100", "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "cydippids", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "egg", "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "not needing a mate", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch.", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "sperm, meaning", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "times. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids'", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "The combination of hermaphroditism", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "kept there until they hatch. The young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids,", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate.", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids'", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "the bottom and rapidly metamorphos", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "predation", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "fish", "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "small zoo", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "small zoo", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "high numbers", "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "the phytoplankton", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "the phytoplankton", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish", "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "predation", "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "locations", "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66 million years ago", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "the evolutionary family tree of animals", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "515 million years", "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores. A recent molecular phylogenetics", "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "as the early Cambrian, about 515 million", "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Evidence", "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago.", "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "molecular phylogenetics", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "cnidarians (jellyfish", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "nervous systems", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "cell connections and carpet", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "jellyfish", "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "nervous systems; and some have sensory organs", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "jellyfish, sea anemones", "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "animals", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "complex than bilaterians", "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "sponges", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "nervous systems", "572647d0708984140094c14b": "a type of muscle that, in more complex animals", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "three main cell layers", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "sponges", "572647d0708984140094c14e": "two main layers", "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "5 meters", "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "use cilia (\"hairs", "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "length of their bodies", "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "Pleurobrachia,", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "the mesoglea", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "the gastrodermis. The mouth and pharynx have both cilia", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "internal cavity", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "the aboral", "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "swimming", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "the direction in which the mouth", "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "part of the distance from the aboral", "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "a 9 +", "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "less", "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "buoyancy", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "how ctenophores control", "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "water, the ciliary rose", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "trailing tentacles captures prey, it will often put some comb rows into reverse, spinning", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "the opposite end", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "The largest single sensory feature is the aboral", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "Cydippid", "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "the common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia,", "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "Some species of cydippids have bodies that are flattened to various extents,", "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "nearly spherical and other times", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "at the narrow end", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "the genus Haeckelia, which feed mainly on jellyfish,", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "striated muscle. The wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles,", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "40", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "specialized mushroom-shaped", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave. From each balancer", "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "rhythm", "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body. The \"combs\"", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "the corners", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth. This combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey.", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "direct microscopic", "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "direct microscopic prey toward the mouth. This combination of structures enables lobates", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "contribute", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "contribute", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "Lobates", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "eight comb-rows,", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "The Beroida,", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "animal", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "on the mouth \"lips\" in some species of Beroe, is a pair of narrow strips", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "This tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it", "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "darting", "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "aboral edge, and tentilla", "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "aboral", "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "Cestida (\"belt animals\")", "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "long tentacles with many sidebranches", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "tentilla", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "long tentacles with many sidebranches", "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "the body", "572683075951b619008f7513": "sperm are released via pores", "572683075951b619008f7514": "sperm are released via pores", "572683075951b619008f7515": "hermaphrodites", "572683075951b619008f7516": "all species are hermaphrodites", "572683075951b619008f7517": "fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until", "572684365951b619008f753f": "fertilized eggs", "572684365951b619008f7540": "sheaths", "572684365951b619008f7541": "tentacle sheaths", "572684365951b619008f7542": "eggs", "572684365951b619008f7543": "direct, in other words", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "biolum", "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "as depth or whether they live in coastal or mid-ocean", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "biolum", "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "bioluminescence", "5726887e708984140094c917": "sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles", "5726887e708984140094c918": "do. This variety explains the wide range of body forms", "5726887e708984140094c919": "sticky drop", "5726887e708984140094c91a": "planktonic animals) ranging in size from the microscopic, including mollusc", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "jellyfish and incorporate their prey's nematocysts", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "poor diet for other animals", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "\"dead ends\"", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "Red Sea.", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "large seasonal variations in population, most fish that prey", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "large seasonal variations in population,", "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "American ctenophore Beroe", "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations", "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal \u2013 and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis", "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "late 1980s", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "a wide range of water temperatures and salinities", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "crown group, from the early Devonian (Emsian)", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "(Emsian) period.", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "the crown group, from the early Devonian", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "about 505 million years", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "crown group, from the early Devonian (Emsian) period. Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "515 million years", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Chengjiang", "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris", "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "cilia, used for filter feeding. They suggested that Stromatoveris", "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Vendobionta", "57269016708984140094ca41": "Placozoa", "57269016708984140094ca42": "absence of members of gene families and signalling pathways (e.", "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "cydippid-like or beroid-like. A molecular phylogeny", "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "extinction event 65.5 million years ago while other lineages", "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "2001", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "cydipp", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "San Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) northwest of Los Angeles,", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "220 miles", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "which contains the San Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km)", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "San Francisco. The name Fresno means \"ash tree\" in Spanish, and an ash", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "220 miles", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "the Fresno Traction Company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "49 miles", "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "the station", "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "2.7%", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center.", "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center.", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town,", "5725d183271a42140099d241": "Fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center.", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "creator resigned, BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA Jamboree\"", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bill Aken", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "Fresno\", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous \"WWVA", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "as a child.", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Jamboree\"", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "three", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "Shinzen Japanese Gardens,", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Joaquin River", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Joaquin River Parkway.", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park,", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "Between the 1880s and World War II,", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "the San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished),", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "Joaquin Light & Power Building", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "Pacific Southwest Building,", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "Fresno", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "reopening", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "Downtown Fresno", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "heyday,", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "new home construction. It is also the home of the Sunnyside Country Club,", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "William P.", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "Fresno's", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "Avenue", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "William P.", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "heart of the Tower District.", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "Fresno", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "Tower District.", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District.", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "one-half", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "late 1960s and 1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "third run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "Tower", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita", "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "live theater and nightclubs", "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "Fresno's", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "the Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses. Today, the Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "near Olive Avenue,", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "spra", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Spanish Colonial Revival", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "early", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "Fresno.", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "Huntington", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "alfalfa", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "half", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Stranahan for the Pacific Improvement Corporation,", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "Asian-American", "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "\"Southwest", "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "Mexican-American", "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "the center of Fresno's African-American community.", "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "Fresno's African-American community. It is culturally diverse and also includes significant Mexican-American and Asian-American", "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "revitalize the neighborhood's image. The isolated subdivision was for years known as the \"Dogg Pound\"", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "high levels of violent crime", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "west to Kerman, California. A small, two-lane", "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "\" in reference to a local gang, and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime", "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "two-lane rural road", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "between the 1960s", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "revitalize the neighborhood, including the construction of a modern", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "new section", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "revitalize the neighborhood", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "strawberry", "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph Woodward,", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "300", "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "95 km2), combined with additional acres", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "Fresno,", "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "Fresno resident. He bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "United States and around the world. Developer William Smilie", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "William Smilie", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads. Sierra Sky Park", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned interest and similar communities nationwide.", "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "355", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "August,", "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "3550", "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "northwest", "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "July", "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "(\u22128 \u00b0C),", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "July 8, 1905,", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "1983", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "(242.3 mm) in November 1885 and the most rainfall in", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "one", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "(1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "0.4%", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "494", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%)", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "494", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "68,511 (43.3%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "43.3%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "158,34", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "30,547 (19", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "4,097", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "39.9%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "652 people, 140,079", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "(1,582.2/km\u00b2). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9", "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "Univision O&O KFTV, and MundoFox", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "VHF", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "1, 1953", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "KAIL, PBS affiliate KVPT, Telemundo O&O KNSO, Univision", "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "KFRE,", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "Huntington Lake. State Route 41", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "Huntington Lake.", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "National Park", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Interstate 5", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "Fresno", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "west side", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "interstate system, most likely as Interstate 9.", "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Bakersfield-Stockton", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "San Joaquins.", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "Santa Fe Railroad Depot", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton", "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "Department of Defense.", "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "telecommunications", "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "packet", "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Department of Defense.", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "a method", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "a constant bit rate and latency", "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication", "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "rate and latency", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "a constant bit rate and latency", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "allocates", "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers", "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers", "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "asynchronously", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers", "5726356938643c19005ad300": "without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers", "5726356938643c19005ad301": "fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets", "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air", "5726249538643c19005ad080": "US Air Force into survivable communications", "5726249538643c19005ad081": "2626 described a general architecture", "5726249538643c19005ad082": "US Air", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "P-2626", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "2626 described a general architecture", "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "Baran. He called it packet", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies", "5726378238643c19005ad314": "the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System", "5726378238643c19005ad315": "a person from the Ministry of Defence", "5726385e271a42140099d797": "to help the packet", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "do in connection set-up, but with less information as to the application's requirements", "5726385e271a42140099d799": "complete addressing information. The packets", "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "It may also be labeled with the sequence number", "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "the parameters of communication. The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "so that they are delivered in order and with error checking. Address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "The packet", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "a packet", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "handshakes", "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "early 1990s, to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks. Some implementations used X.25", "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "handshakes", "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "25 protocol", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "1969. Before the introduction of X.25", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "call system, the network guarantees sequenced", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. The User Datagram Protocol", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "AppleTalk", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "a centralized router", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": "Louis Pouzin.", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a3": "Louis Pouzin.", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a4": "the early ARPANET design and to support network", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a5": "end protocol", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3": "Digital Equipment", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4": "DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5": "seven", "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6": "peer-to-peer network architecture", "57263fd138643c19005ad37b": "a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's", "57263fd138643c19005ad37c": "the world", "57263fd138643c19005ad37d": "instigation", "57263fd138643c19005ad37e": "a time-sharing system", "5726414e271a42140099d7e5": "to the CDC mainframe at Michigan", "5726414e271a42140099d7e6": "packet", "5726414e271a42140099d7e7": "Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf5": "ARPANET technology", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf6": "Larry Roberts", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf7": "former ARPA IPTO director", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf8": "changed the host interface", "57264228ec44d21400f3dcf9": "standardize them in the CCITT. Telenet", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd13": "The private networks", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd14": "dedicated networks", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd15": "ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd16": "dedicated networks", "5726431aec44d21400f3dd17": "(mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks", "572643de5951261400b5195a": "25", "572643de5951261400b5195b": "Deutsche", "572643de5951261400b5195c": "the DNIC of the remote network", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404d": "an Australian public X.25 network", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404e": "the Australian Tax Office made use of AUSTPAC \u2014 and remote terminal access to academic institutions, who maintained their connections to AUSTPAC", "5726446a89cfff1900a8404f": "by linking a permanent X.25", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac6": "PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex service used the network and modified", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac7": "the main Videotex", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac8": "PTT", "57264586f1498d1400e8dac9": "PAD", "5726462b708984140094c117": "the global Internet.", "5726462b708984140094c118": "spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet.", "5726462b708984140094c119": "Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments", "5726472bdd62a815002e8042": "a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2", "5726472bdd62a815002e8043": "United States computer networking consortium", "5726472bdd62a815002e8044": "United States computer networking consortium", "5726472bdd62a815002e8045": "United States computer networking consortium", "5726472bdd62a815002e8046": "the National LambdaRail (NLR)", "572647e2dd62a815002e805c": "National Science Foundation", "572647e2dd62a815002e805d": "Foundation Network", "572647e2dd62a815002e805e": "National Science Foundation (NSF)", "572648d1708984140094c15d": "The Very high-speed Backbone Network", "572648d1708984140094c15e": "national points of presence", "572648d1708984140094c15f": "States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. By 1998, the vBNS", "572648d1708984140094c160": "48", "572648d1708984140094c161": "the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research", "57264684708984140094c123": "Central Asia,", "57264684708984140094c124": "by Oriental rat fleas", "57264684708984140094c125": "30\u201360%", "57264684708984140094c126": "17th century", "57264684708984140094c127": "until the 19th century", "572647935951b619008f6ec9": "natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague", "572647935951b619008f6eca": "25 million", "572647935951b619008f6ecb": "Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia,", "572647935951b619008f6ecc": "2010", "572647935951b619008f6ecd": "25 million", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0a": "the city walls of Kaffa", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0b": "the city walls of Kaffa", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0c": "the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0d": "south of Europe,", "57264845f1498d1400e8db0e": "Black Death.", "572648ed5951b619008f6f03": "east", "572648ed5951b619008f6f04": "England", "572648ed5951b619008f6f05": "Bj\u00f8rgvin (modern Bergen)", "572648ed5951b619008f6f06": "Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands,", "572648ed5951b619008f6f07": "1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2e": "the pandemic, leading to serious depop", "57264991f1498d1400e8db2f": "1348", "57264991f1498d1400e8db30": "trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea. During 1347, the disease travelled eastward", "57264991f1498d1400e8db31": "southern Russia also. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria", "57264a74708984140094c18b": "Pontanus: \"Vulgo", "57264a74708984140094c18c": "Pontanus: \"Vulgo", "57264a74708984140094c18d": "J.I. Pontanus: \"Vulgo", "57264a74708984140094c18e": "the mid 14th-century", "57264a74708984140094c18f": "that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book", "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa": "stag", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab": "the medical faculty in Paris", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac": "the recur", "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad": "the recurrence of outbreaks", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c6": "starvation", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c7": "southern China", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c8": "Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis", "57264c42dd62a815002e80c9": "the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis", "57264c42dd62a815002e80ca": "Black Death is the plague theory,", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e4": "The historian Francis Aidan", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e5": "He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e6": "1908", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e7": "the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas", "57264cc6dd62a815002e80e8": "\"", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7b": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7c": "30\u201375%", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7d": "80 percent die within eight days. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent.", "57264d58f1498d1400e8db7e": "sputum", "57264e2f708984140094c1e1": "October 2010,", "57264e2f708984140094c1e2": "Black Death", "57264e2f708984140094c1e3": "by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis", "57264e2f708984140094c1e4": "south of France and Germany,", "57264e2f708984140094c1e5": "a multinational team", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae": "genetic branches)", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf": "medieval mass graves", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0": "op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1": "1350", "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2": "1349", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa1": "plague victims and indicated that the strain", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa2": "England,", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa3": "Death", "57264fe65951b619008f6fa4": "October 2011", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a": "K. Cohn, Jr. (2002),", "5726509bdd62a815002e815b": "the identity", "5726509bdd62a815002e815c": "F. D. Shrewsbury", "5726509bdd62a815002e815d": "D. Shrewsbury", "5726509bdd62a815002e815e": "K. Cohn, Jr.", "5726516a708984140094c223": "Domesday Book and the year 1377.", "5726516a708984140094c224": "lack of reliable statistics", "5726516a708984140094c225": "over 100%", "5726516a708984140094c226": "1377", "5726516a708984140094c227": "1377", "57265285708984140094c25b": "lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks", "57265285708984140094c25c": "high; that, while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease, the Black Death indiscriminately", "57265285708984140094c25d": "lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks", "57265285708984140094c25e": "cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas; that, despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death", "57265285708984140094c25f": "15", "5726534d708984140094c26d": "no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance. Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent", "5726534d708984140094c26e": "Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront", "5726534d708984140094c26f": "pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic", "5726534d708984140094c270": "alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance. Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent", "5726534d708984140094c271": "25", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc28": "50%", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc29": "50 thousand in 1351. At least 60%", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2a": "death", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b": "1350, there were about 170,000", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c": "Syria,", "572654e2708984140094c2b7": "63; 1374; 1400; 1438", "572654e2708984140094c2b8": "every year between 1346", "572654e2708984140094c2b9": "39; 1456\u201357; 1464\u201366; 1481", "5726559edd62a815002e81c8": "high as 20%. The most general outbreaks", "5726559edd62a815002e81c9": "20%. The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England seem to have begun in 1498, 1535,", "5726559edd62a815002e81ca": "a postincident population figure as low as 2 million", "5726559edd62a815002e81cb": "1563", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68": "40,000", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69": "Venice", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b": "Paris", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c": "1466", "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a": "40,000 people", "57265700dd62a815002e820e": "1.25 million", "57265700dd62a815002e820f": "1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000", "57265700dd62a815002e8210": "1.7 million", "57265700dd62a815002e8211": "the Great Northern War (1700\u201321, Sweden v.", "57265700dd62a815002e8212": "(1700\u201321, Sweden v. Russia and allies) killed about 100,000", "5726577f708984140094c301": "1701", "5726577f708984140094c302": "1740", "5726577f708984140094c303": "every year between 1500", "5726577f708984140094c304": "1500", "572657d9dd62a815002e8230": "magma", "572657d9dd62a815002e8231": "igneous rock. This rock can be weathered", "572657d9dd62a815002e8232": "rock, and magma. When a rock", "572657d9dd62a815002e8233": "metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock", "572657d9dd62a815002e8234": "an igneous", "57265d08708984140094c397": "the 1960s", "57265d08708984140094c398": "uppermost portion of the upper", "57265d08708984140094c399": "crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically defor", "57265d08708984140094c39a": "upper", "57265d08708984140094c39b": "the 1960s", "57265f605951b619008f70db": "hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, where two plates", "57265f605951b619008f70dc": "tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere", "57265f605951b619008f70dd": "geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries", "57265f605951b619008f70de": "Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegener's", "57265f605951b619008f70df": "hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, where two plates move apart. Arcs", "57266193dd62a815002e832a": "a much more dynamic model", "57266193dd62a815002e832b": "discontinuities", "57266193dd62a815002e832d": "inner core", "57266193dd62a815002e832e": "More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images", "57266193dd62a815002e832c": "doctor", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2": "scale. The Pleistocene (P) epoch.", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4": "short epochs, it is further expanded in the fourth scale.", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5": "the most recent eon", "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6": "the most recent era", "572665ff708984140094c4c3": "younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates", "572665ff708984140094c4c4": "the fault", "572665ff708984140094c4c5": "the fault is a normal fault", "572665ff708984140094c4c6": "fault", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de90": "igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de91": "a result, xenoliths", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de92": "clasts)", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de93": "A similar situation with igneous", "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94": "the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them", "572669a9dd62a815002e8416": "Charles Darwin's", "572669a9dd62a815002e8417": "William Smith", "572669a9dd62a815002e8418": "time", "572669a9dd62a815002e8419": "in sedimentary rocks. As organisms", "572669a9dd62a815002e841a": "Charles Darwin's", "57266c015951b619008f7237": "20th century", "57266c015951b619008f7238": "absolute ages to rock", "57266c015951b619008f7239": "ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotope", "57266c015951b619008f723a": "geologic events using radioactive isotopes", "57266c015951b619008f723b": "the beginning of the 20th century", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8c": "variety", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8d": "not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8e": "pluton", "57266e72f1498d1400e8df8f": "do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques", "5726701add62a815002e84c8": "shallow", "5726701add62a815002e84c9": "in the center", "5726701add62a815002e84ca": "top of younger ones. Movement", "5726701add62a815002e84cb": "top of younger ones. Movement", "5726701add62a815002e84cc": "shallow", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe4": "drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older units. Stretching", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe5": "thinner.", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe6": "into lenses, known as boudins, after the French word for \"sausage\",", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe7": "Belt", "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8": "the rock units", "572673f5708984140094c69b": "the rock unit", "572673f5708984140094c69c": "sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational", "572673f5708984140094c69d": "Volcanic", "572673f5708984140094c69e": "Volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface, and igneous intrusions", "572673f5708984140094c69f": "the movement", "57267640f1498d1400e8e074": "folded. Even older rocks, such as the Acasta", "57267640f1498d1400e8e075": "foli", "57267640f1498d1400e8e076": "a single", "57267640f1498d1400e8e077": "the southwestern United States", "57267640f1498d1400e8e078": "United States,", "572677e7708984140094c723": "to decipher Earth history", "572677e7708984140094c724": "petrology (the study of rocks", "572677e7708984140094c725": "numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history", "572677e7708984140094c726": "geophysical", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec": "birefringence, pleochroism,", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ed": "individual crystals. Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ee": "lens", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ef": "microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope,", "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0": "electron micropro", "57267b3c5951b619008f7423": "through igneous", "57267b3c5951b619008f7424": "through igneous", "57267b3c5951b619008f7425": "high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous", "57267d52708984140094c7d9": "measurements", "57267d52708984140094c7da": "numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small settings", "57267d52708984140094c7db": "numerical", "57267d52708984140094c7dc": "geologic", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872c": "horizontal layers", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872d": "erosion and the shape of the mountain range. These studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure, temperature, space,", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872e": "structural geology", "57267ebfdd62a815002e872f": "more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt", "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730": "horizontal layers", "57268066708984140094c821": "Geophysical data and well logs", "57268066708984140094c822": "geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs", "57268066708984140094c823": "geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs", "57268066708984140094c824": "Stratigraphers", "57268066708984140094c825": "logs", "57268220f1498d1400e8e218": "igneous", "57268220f1498d1400e8e216": "Geochronologists", "57268220f1498d1400e8e219": "Geochronologists", "57268220f1498d1400e8e217": "ign", "572683f95951b619008f7525": "stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean", "572683f95951b619008f7526": "the Muslim conquests", "572683f95951b619008f7527": "the science of geology", "572683f95951b619008f7528": "Kuo", "572683f95951b619008f7529": "sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests,", "57268527708984140094c8bf": "James Hutton", "57268527708984140094c8c0": "the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order", "57268527708984140094c8c1": "1795", "57268527708984140094c8c2": "his theory that the Earth", "572686ac5951b619008f75a9": "William Smith's", "572686ac5951b619008f75aa": "1807", "572686ac5951b619008f75ab": "1807", "572686ac5951b619008f75ad": "the Geology of the United States", "572686ac5951b619008f75ac": "antedates William Smith's", "57268882f1498d1400e8e306": "Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism.", "57268882f1498d1400e8e307": "the doctrine", "57268882f1498d1400e8e308": "book, Principles of Geology,", "57268882f1498d1400e8e309": "Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine", "57268882f1498d1400e8e30a": "Charles Darwin,", "5726642f5951b619008f7157": "5 mi (13.7", "5726642f5951b619008f7158": "166", "5726642f5951b619008f7159": "(RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l", "5726642f5951b619008f715a": "Edinburgh", "5726642f5951b619008f715b": "Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/\u02ccnju\u02d0k\u0251\u02d0s\u0259l", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de30": "Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31": "Newcastle", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de32": "port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de33": "16th", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de34": "port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards", "5726660d5951b619008f71b1": "Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne.", "5726660d5951b619008f71b2": "fort and bridge across the River", "5726660d5951b619008f71b3": "2,000", "5726660d5951b619008f71b4": "fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian,", "5726660d5951b619008f71b5": "fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian,", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b4": "Scotland.", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b5": "William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b6": "25-foot (7.6 m", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b7": "the 14th century, and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff", "572666d9dd62a815002e83b8": "three", "57266783f1498d1400e8de86": "eccentric", "57266783f1498d1400e8de87": "eccentric", "57266783f1498d1400e8de88": "Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside,", "57266783f1498d1400e8de89": "monopoly in the coal", "57266783f1498d1400e8de8a": "Tyne", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def6": "knit community of keelmen", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def7": "by the Society", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8": "7,000", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def9": "47%", "57266a15f1498d1400e8defa": "so called because they worked on the keels, boats", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8434": "Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots,", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8435": "King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8436": "\"Fortiter", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8437": "(\"Triumphing by a brave defence\")", "57266ab3dd62a815002e8438": "Newcastle", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df53": "Rocket, Lord Armstrong's artillery, Be-Ro flour, Joseph Swan's electric light", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df54": "Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df55": "staith", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df52": "the 19th century, shipbuilding", "57266cc9f1498d1400e8df56": "St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral.", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df78": "riverside.", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df79": "'chares'", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7a": "Derwentwater", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7b": "medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares',", "57266dd4f1498d1400e8df7c": "Stairs", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a0": "Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a1": "BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a2": "Monument towards the valley of the River", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a3": "1830s", "57266ec2dd62a815002e84a4": "Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa4": "Alan Shearer,", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa5": "Robson,", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa7": "James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground,", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa8": "June.", "57266fa1f1498d1400e8dfa6": "Bobby Robson,", "57267076708984140094c601": "the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council", "57267076708984140094c602": "the Turner", "57267076708984140094c603": "the venue for the Turner", "57267076708984140094c604": "As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner \"NewcastleGateshead\",", "57267076708984140094c605": "ten", "572671165951b619008f72b7": "The historic heart of Newcastle", "572671165951b619008f72b8": "244", "572671165951b619008f72b9": "four", "572671165951b619008f72ba": "four", "572671e55951b619008f72d7": "latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger", "572671e55951b619008f72d8": "2000", "572671e55951b619008f72d9": "one of the largest", "572671e55951b619008f72da": "Laing", "572671e55951b619008f72db": "Laing", "57267383dd62a815002e8552": "milder than some other locations in the world", "57267383dd62a815002e8553": "milder", "57267383dd62a815002e8554": "mild", "57267383dd62a815002e8555": "August 1990", "57267383dd62a815002e8556": "Newcastle is oceanic (K\u00f6ppen Cfb)", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03a": "2010", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03b": "Newcastle", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03c": "Newcastle", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03d": "demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped. This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a flagship Debenhams", "572674f6f1498d1400e8e03e": "2010", "5726769c708984140094c711": "Newcastle.", "5726769c708984140094c712": "MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead.", "5726769c708984140094c713": "Newcastle,", "5726769c708984140094c714": "United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle.", "5726769c708984140094c715": "Newcastle", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ac": "Tyne. Tyneside", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ad": "the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0ae": "South Heaton", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0af": "Tyneside", "5726778df1498d1400e8e0b0": "flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms", "572678c0dd62a815002e863e": "7.8%", "572678c0dd62a815002e863f": "in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest", "572678c0dd62a815002e8640": "one of few authorities", "572678c0dd62a815002e8641": ".9%", "572678c0dd62a815002e8642": "proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%", "572679c35951b619008f73db": "189,863", "572679c35951b619008f73dc": "Newcastle", "572679c35951b619008f73dd": "conurbation (population circa 880,000). The metropolitan county of Tyne", "572679c35951b619008f73de": "282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of North Tyneside", "572679c35951b619008f73df": "conurbation (population circa 880,000). The metropolitan county of Tyne", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e122": "37", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e123": "Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames,", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e124": "Scottish", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e125": "37.8", "57267a94f1498d1400e8e126": "2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, forming up to 1%", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a6": "dialect", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a7": "Newcastle is known as Geordie,", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a8": "pronunciation", "57267b65dd62a815002e86a9": "\"hoos\" and \"strang\"\u2014which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie", "57267b65dd62a815002e86aa": "dialect", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d6": "a versatile word meaning \"good\", \"nice\" or \"very\"), \"hacky\" (\"dirty\"), \"netty", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d7": "home", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d8": "hack", "57267c63dd62a815002e86d9": "go away", "57267c63dd62a815002e86da": "Norwegian", "57267ce7708984140094c7c9": "decibels. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's", "57267ce7708984140094c7ca": "arbit", "57267ce7708984140094c7cb": "80", "57267ce7708984140094c7cc": "readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's", "57267ce7708984140094c7cd": "in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access.", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e194": "'The Pink Triangle'", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e195": "the city centre", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e196": "12-screen Empire multiplex cinema.", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e197": "the Centre for Life and has a range", "57267de1f1498d1400e8e198": "a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants", "57267f695951b619008f74bd": "John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre", "57267f695951b619008f74be": "Newcastle", "57267f695951b619008f74bf": "John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle", "57267f695951b619008f74c0": "1791", "57267f695951b619008f74c1": "Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street. It was demolished to make way for Grey Street,", "5726800add62a815002e8750": "Benjamin Green.", "5726800add62a815002e8751": "The Mill Volvo Tyne", "5726800add62a815002e8752": "NewcastleGateshead", "5726800add62a815002e8753": "Other theatres in the city include the Live Theatre, the People's Theatre and the Jubilee Theatre.", "5726800add62a815002e8754": "Royal on Grey Street,", "572680865951b619008f74e7": "The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne", "572680865951b619008f74e8": "150,000", "572680865951b619008f74e9": "Tyne", "572680865951b619008f74ea": "the largest independent library outside London,", "572680865951b619008f74eb": "Newcastle upon Tyne", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fa": "Newcastle Beer Festival,", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fb": "April. In May,", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fc": "a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fd": "Newcastle Beer Festival,", "57268109f1498d1400e8e1fe": "2 weeks each year", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23c": "Newcastle Community Green Festival,", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23d": "during the early 1880s", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23e": "Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a \"Family Fun Day\" and \"Carnival Day\",", "57268341f1498d1400e8e23f": "Community Green Festival,", "57268341f1498d1400e8e240": "Hoppings,", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24c": "holiday weekend, is an annual two-day", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24e": "Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24f": "NewcastleGateshead", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e250": "Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead", "572683e6f1498d1400e8e24d": "Mela,", "5726847f708984140094c8ab": "Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal", "5726847f708984140094c8ac": "1961", "5726847f708984140094c8ad": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group", "5726847f708984140094c8ae": "Geordie", "5726847f708984140094c8af": "Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie", "57268525dd62a815002e8806": "May 2008", "57268525dd62a815002e8807": "May 2008 the Tyneside", "57268525dd62a815002e8808": "three", "57268525dd62a815002e8809": "United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema", "57268525dd62a815002e880a": "the Old Town Hall,", "57268692dd62a815002e8826": "Newcastle,", "57268692dd62a815002e8827": "a museum highlighting life on Tyneside,", "57268692dd62a815002e8828": "a museum dedicated to children's books", "57268692dd62a815002e8829": "2009", "57268692dd62a815002e882a": "the Centre for Life with its Science", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e2": "Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e3": "Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e4": "Newcastle", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e5": "Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.", "57268731f1498d1400e8e2e6": "Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones,", "572687e1dd62a815002e8852": "Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park.", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853": "Brough", "572687e1dd62a815002e8854": "Newcastle", "572687e1dd62a815002e8855": "Central complex at Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL).", "572687e1dd62a815002e8856": "Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual Great North Run,", "57268885dd62a815002e886a": "20 minutes", "57268885dd62a815002e886b": "6 miles (9.7 km)", "57268885dd62a815002e886c": "five million passengers per year", "57268885dd62a815002e886d": "10 million", "57268885dd62a815002e886e": "6 miles", "572689385951b619008f761b": "Glazing", "572689385951b619008f761c": "six", "572689385951b619008f761d": "Robert Stephenson. The station", "572689385951b619008f761e": "John Dobson,", "572689385951b619008f761f": "Glazing", "572689b6dd62a815002e8890": "about three hours", "572689b6dd62a815002e8891": "three", "572689b6dd62a815002e8892": "Manchester and Liverpool.", "572689b6dd62a815002e8893": "hourly", "572689b6dd62a815002e8894": "Virgin Trains East Coast", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce": "Newcastle city centre. A bridge", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf": "five", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0": "first urban light rail transit system", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1": "tunnels", "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2": "37 million", "57268bb25951b619008f7645": "refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example North Shields).", "57268bb25951b619008f7646": "All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket", "57268bb25951b619008f7647": "an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system", "57268bb25951b619008f7648": "Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead, South Tyneside and Sunderland.", "57268bb25951b619008f7649": "smart ticket", "57268d1b708984140094c9cd": "Tynemouth", "57268d1b708984140094c9ce": "Darlington; and the A1058", "57268d1b708984140094c9cf": "the A696, which becomes the A68 heads past Newcastle Airport", "57268d1b708984140094c9d0": "Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road", "57268d1b708984140094c9d1": "Middlesbrough to York and Doncaster; the A69 heading west to Carlisle; the A696, which becomes the A68", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6": "two", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e7": "two", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e8": "Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station. Arriva", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9": "south of the river in Gateshead, South Tyneside,", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3ea": "Arriva", "57269120708984140094ca59": "1998", "57269120708984140094ca5a": "local networks", "57269120708984140094ca5b": "social aims and objectives", "57269120708984140094ca5c": "cut city congestion", "57269120708984140094ca5d": "the local networks", "5726934f5951b619008f771d": "Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden", "5726934f5951b619008f771e": "October 2006", "5726934f5951b619008f771f": "Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008.", "5726934f5951b619008f7720": "October 2006", "5726934f5951b619008f7721": "Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4e": "seven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a4f": "seven", "57269526dd62a815002e8a50": "Manor School, St Cuthbert's High School,", "57269526dd62a815002e8a51": "LEA-funded", "57269526dd62a815002e8a52": "Newcastle", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c": "two", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d": "Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e": "Northumbria University has its origins in the Newcastle", "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f": "independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle", "57269698dd62a815002e8a70": "University has its origins in the School of Medicine", "572699b55951b619008f778f": "three", "572699b55951b619008f7790": "1882", "572699b55951b619008f7791": "Anglican St. Nicholas,", "572699b55951b619008f7792": "the only parish church", "572699b55951b619008f7793": "St Thomas", "57269b165951b619008f77b3": "St Andrew,", "57269b165951b619008f77b4": "1726", "57269b165951b619008f77b5": "a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs", "57269b165951b619008f77b6": "The present building", "57269b165951b619008f77b7": "the River", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ca": "Newcastle.", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cb": "new facility on The Watermark business park", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cc": "Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead.", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4cd": "over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park", "57269c26f1498d1400e8e4ce": "ITV Tyne Tees", "57269d745951b619008f77d7": "Royal Victoria Infirmary.", "57269d745951b619008f77d8": "Royal Victoria", "57269d745951b619008f77d9": "8 June 2007, the first full-time", "57269d745951b619008f77da": "Newcastle", "57269d745951b619008f77db": "Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e520": "1770", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e521": "steam railways", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e522": "Charles Avison,", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e523": "Lowthian Bell", "57269e80f1498d1400e8e524": "Thailand", "57269fab5951b619008f7807": "Knopfler,", "57269fab5951b619008f7808": "Hunnam and James Scott, entertainers", "57269fab5951b619008f7809": "Charlie Hunnam", "57269fab5951b619008f780a": "Marvin and Bruce Welch were both former pupils of Rutherford Grammar School, actors Charlie Hunnam and James Scott, entertainers Ant and Dec and international", "57269fab5951b619008f780b": "Knopfler,", "5726710b708984140094c61d": "the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in an area that has become known as \"Albertopolis\"", "5726710b708984140094c61e": "over 4.5 million", "5726710b708984140094c61f": "2001", "5726710b708984140094c620": "the Science Museum and the Royal Albert", "572680ac708984140094c83d": "the Royal Borough of Kensington", "572680ac708984140094c83e": "2001", "572680ac708984140094c83f": "Albert, the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated. These include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert", "572680ac708984140094c840": "the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in an area that has become known as \"Albertopolis\"", "572680ac708984140094c841": "2001", "57268294708984140094c877": "51,000", "57268294708984140094c878": "51,000", "57268294708984140094c879": "12.5 acres", "57268294708984140094c87a": "ironwork, jewellery, furniture", "57268294708984140094c87b": "The holdings", "572685cd5951b619008f7573": "German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum,", "572685cd5951b619008f7574": "V&A", "572685cd5951b619008f7575": "Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning;", "572685cd5951b619008f7576": "Park", "572685cd5951b619008f7577": "Marlborough House, but by September had been transferred to Somerset", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e378": "\"High Art\" at the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis (1811\u20131891),", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e379": "22 June 1857. In the following year, late night", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37a": "Queen Victoria", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37b": "the museum collections.", "57268d02f1498d1400e8e37c": "1857", "57268f2c708984140094ca25": "1946", "57268f2c708984140094ca26": "nearly a million", "57268f2c708984140094ca27": "the planning of the Festival of Britain (1951).", "57268f2c708984140094ca28": "the Festival", "57268f2c708984140094ca29": "1951", "572691d7708984140094ca6d": "mediaeval music and instrumentation", "572691d7708984140094ca6e": "the first museum", "572691d7708984140094ca6f": "Roy Strong and was subsequently emulated by some other British museums.", "572691d7708984140094ca70": "Gryphon, who explored the lineage of mediaeval", "57269656708984140094cafd": "expensive", "57269656708984140094cafe": "\u00a343 million", "57269656708984140094caff": "in Scotland.", "57269656708984140094cb00": "the most expensive gallery", "57269656708984140094cb01": "be funded through and operated independently. As of 2015,", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a98": "\"Brompton Boilers\",", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a99": "Brompton Park", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9a": "Captain Francis Fowke,", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9b": "1857", "572698d7dd62a815002e8a9c": "temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the Sheepshanks Gallery.", "57269c06708984140094cba1": "Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton (astronomy); James Watt", "57269c06708984140094cba2": "the time the ceramics gallery", "57269c06708984140094cba3": "Lord Leighton:", "57269c06708984140094cba4": "Owen Jones,", "57269c06708984140094cba5": "Lord Leighton:", "57269d68708984140094cbd7": "The Centre Refreshment Room", "57269d68708984140094cbd8": "Sir Edward Poynter,", "57269d68708984140094cbd9": "the occasional figure, with moulded plaster foliage", "57269d68708984140094cbda": "James Gamble, the walls and even the Ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile,", "57269d68708984140094cbdb": "moulded ceramic tile,", "5726a0205951b619008f781b": "the Royal Engineers.", "5726a0205951b619008f781c": "Captain Francis Fowke,", "5726a0205951b619008f781d": "stone", "5726a0205951b619008f781e": "north", "5726a0205951b619008f781f": "1867", "5726a2445951b619008f7861": "the terracotta embellishments were again the work of Godfrey Sykes,", "5726a2445951b619008f7862": "Sir John Taylor designed the book shelves and cases,", "5726a2445951b619008f7863": "two Cast Courts", "5726a2445951b619008f7864": "through the building. Scott also designed the two Cast Courts", "5726a2445951b619008f7865": "Godfrey Sykes, although sgraffito", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5fe": "Aston Webb", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e5ff": "Scotland,", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e600": "from red brick and Portland stone, stretches 720 feet", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e601": "720 feet (220 m)", "5726a5b5f1498d1400e8e602": "720 feet (220 m)", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4b": "twin entrances, Queen Victoria", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4c": "four", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4d": "Prince Albert", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4e": "Victoria", "5726a9ff708984140094cd4f": "Prince Albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances,", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9e": "south-west part of the museum were redesigned, opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering Continental art 1600\u20131800 (late Renaissance,", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8c9f": "neo-Classical).", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca0": "little in the way of building work", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca1": "Henry Cole", "5726ace8dd62a815002e8ca2": "new galleries covering Continental art 1600\u20131800 (late Renaissance, Baroque through Rococo and neo-Classical).", "5726afeb708984140094cdd7": "the main silverware gallery", "5726afeb708984140094cdd8": "the main silverware", "5726afeb708984140094cdd9": "Shop,", "5726afeb708984140094cdda": "British Galleries,", "5726afeb708984140094cddb": "Islamic Middle East, the new caf\u00e9, sculpture galleries. Several designers and architects have been involved in this work. Eva Ji\u0159i\u010dn\u00e1", "5726b12f5951b619008f7aaf": "Kim Wilkie and opened as the John", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0": "the bronze doors leading to the refreshment rooms, a central path flanked by lawns", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab1": "elliptical water", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab2": "orange and lemon trees", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab3": "John Madejski", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e4": "2004", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e5": "British Architects opened the first permanent gallery in the UK", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e7": "600,000", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e6": "the world", "5726b2fcf1498d1400e8e7e8": "600,000", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b99": "the world", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9a": "Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9b": "four", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9c": "Barry, Charles Robert Cockerell, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough", "5726b6e05951b619008f7b9d": "Sir John Soane, Sir Charles Barry, Charles Robert Cockerell, Augustus Welby Northmore", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6a": "the main architecture gallery", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6b": "brick", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6c": "fireplace", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6d": "survivor of the Great Fire of London, there is a brick portal from a London house of the English Restoration period and a fireplace from the gallery", "5726ba83dd62a815002e8e6e": "survivor", "5726bc505951b619008f7c79": "19,000", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a": "1909", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7b": "The Jameel Gallery", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7c": "The displays in this gallery", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7d": "1909", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c0": "10,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c1": "10,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c2": "10,000", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c4": "1991", "5726bdc6f1498d1400e8e9c3": "the Mughal Empire and the Marathas, including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd": "70,000", "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe": "China,", "5726bf325951b619008f7cff": "Ming and Qing", "5726bf325951b619008f7d00": "1991", "5726bf325951b619008f7d01": "4th millennium BC", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd8": "koro", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fd9": "1550", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fda": "Netsuke,", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdb": "13th-century sculpture of Amida Nyorai. Examples of classic Japanese armour from the mid-19th century,", "5726c4b5dd62a815002e8fdc": "steel sword blades (Katana),", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de7": "South East Asia. Korean displays include green-glazed", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de8": "South East Asia. Korean displays include green-glazed", "5726c80c5951b619008f7de9": "ivory", "5726c80c5951b619008f7dea": "silver", "5726c80c5951b619008f7deb": "silk embroideries", "5726c9a4708984140094d16f": "Leonardo da Vinci's", "5726c9a4708984140094d170": "Homer, Livy,", "5726c9a4708984140094d171": "Leonardo da Vinci's", "5726c9a4708984140094d172": "Vinci's", "5726c9a4708984140094d173": "1490", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9086": "16th centuries", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9087": "the 12th to 16th centuries", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9088": "the library", "5726cc11dd62a815002e9089": "Illuminated manuscripts in the library", "5726cc11dd62a815002e908a": "Saint Denis, Paris;", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc4": "National Art Library is using Encoded Archival Description (EAD).", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc5": "A computer system called MODES cataloging system", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc6": "the National Art Library", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc8": "National Art Library", "5726ce11f1498d1400e8ebc7": "Albert", "5726cfa3708984140094d209": "2007", "5726cfa3708984140094d20a": "A large scale digitization", "5726cfa3708984140094d20b": "the collection.", "5726cfa3708984140094d20c": "15,000", "5726cfa3708984140094d20d": "digit", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f69": "Sir James Thornhill, William Kent,", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6a": "European", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b": "British", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6c": "Robert Adam, Josiah Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton, Canova, Thomas Chippendale,", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6d": "European artists", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdb": "Georgian", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecda": "tea", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecde": "link", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdc": "Anglican", "5726d7faf1498d1400e8ecdd": "the Industrial Revolution", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed16": "David. Replicas of two earlier Davids by Donatello's", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed17": "to fit under the ceiling", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed18": "David. Replicas of two earlier Davids by Donatello's", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed19": "Donatello's David and Verrocchio's", "5726d993f1498d1400e8ed1a": "the ceiling. The other includes reproductions", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e4": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e5": "M\u00f6llendorff", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e6": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e7": "1909", "5726dba1dd62a815002e92e8": "Worcester", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd8": "maiolica", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edd9": "Turkey", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8edda": "William De Morgan and Bernard Leach as well as Mintons", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddb": "Holland,", "5726dd71f1498d1400e8eddc": "Britain and Holland,", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ab": "over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia.", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ac": "4000 years", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ad": "Egypt", "5726de7a5951b619008f80af": "Comfort Tiffany and \u00c9mile Gall\u00e9, the Art", "5726de7a5951b619008f80ae": "Comfort Tiffany and \u00c9mile Gall\u00e9, the Art Deco style", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee52": "13th-century", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee53": "Danny Lane, the gallery", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee54": "2004", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee55": "The important 13th-century glass beaker", "5726e06df1498d1400e8ee56": "12th", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c4": "over 10,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c5": "10,000 British and 2,000", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c6": "John Russell,", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c7": "Paul Sandby, John Russell, Angelica Kauffman, John Flaxman, Hugh Douglas Hamilton,", "5726e1fcdd62a815002e93c8": "Antonio Verrio, Paul Sandby, John Russell, Angelica Kauffman, John Flaxman, Hugh Douglas Hamilton,", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8": "14,000", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9": "Harrods", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda": "department. Because everyday clothing", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb": "1913", "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc": "outfits plus accessories, mainly dating from 1600 to the present. Costume", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9438": "2002", "5726e4eedd62a815002e9439": "Guy Laroche, Irene Galitzine,", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943a": "178", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943b": "Saint Laurent, Guy Laroche, Irene Galitzine,", "5726e4eedd62a815002e943c": "Christian", "5726e680dd62a815002e946e": "The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance", "5726e680dd62a815002e946f": "between 1859 and 1865", "5726e680dd62a815002e9470": "The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance", "5726e680dd62a815002e9471": "1859", "5726e680dd62a815002e9472": "\u00a3250,000", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a4": "1867", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a5": "Ernest Gimson,", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a6": "1861", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a7": "Germany,", "5726e834dd62a815002e94a8": "Ernest Gimson, Edward William Godwin, Charles Voysey, Adolf Loos", "5726e9c65951b619008f8247": "800", "5726e9c65951b619008f8248": "Peter Chang, Gerda Flockinger, Lucy Sarneel, Dorothea", "5726e9c65951b619008f8249": "1806", "5726e9c65951b619008f824a": "800", "5726e9c65951b619008f824b": "Marie Antoinette,", "5726ee28708984140094d656": "Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels", "5726ee28708984140094d657": "1900", "5726ee28708984140094d658": "1817", "5726ee28708984140094d659": "Paul de Lamerie", "5726ee28708984140094d655": "10,000", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959e": "Becket", "5726ef12dd62a815002e959f": "Gloucester Candlestick, dated to c1110, made from gilt", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a0": "Thomas Becket,", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a1": "Becket", "5726ef12dd62a815002e95a2": "claw", "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa": "35", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad": "35", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab": "British Galleries,", "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac": "35", "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9": "2010", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bc": "about 1130", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bd": "about 1130", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0be": "6800", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0bf": "the museum holds the national collection. Also on loan to the museum, from Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II,", "5726f2bcf1498d1400e8f0c0": "Raphael", "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9": "1857", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea": "since taken on by Tate Britain; artists represented are William Blake, James Barry, Henry Fuseli, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, Sir David Wilkie,", "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb": "Mulready,", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec": "Sir David Wilkie, William", "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed": "National Gallery", "5726f755708984140094d737": "de Pompadour", "5726f755708984140094d738": "Fran\u00e7ois, Duc d'Alen\u00e7on", "5726f755708984140094d739": "Boucher including his portrait of Madame de Pompadour dated 1758, Jean Fran\u00e7ois de Troy, Jean-Baptiste Pater", "5726f755708984140094d73a": "Fran\u00e7ois Clouet, Gaspard", "5726f90b708984140094d75d": "John Thomson's", "5726f90b708984140094d75e": "1887, this consists of 781", "5726f90b708984140094d75f": "781", "5726f90b708984140094d760": "fancy-dress ball held at Devonshire House", "5726f90b708984140094d761": "John Thomson's", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96ce": "Anglo Saxon ivory", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96cf": "22,000", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d0": "about 400 AD to 1914.", "5726fb18dd62a815002e96d1": "wood carving)", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9706": "Riccio, Antonio Rossellino, Andrea del Verrocchio, Antonio Lombardo, Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi,", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9707": "Riccio, Antonio Rossellino, Andrea del Verrocchio,", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9708": "Lombardo, Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi, Andrea della Robbia,", "5726fc63dd62a815002e9709": "Giovanni Pisano, Donatello,", "5726fc63dd62a815002e970a": "Medieval, Renaissance,", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9732": "20", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9733": "Jean-Antoine Houdon,", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9734": "1914", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9735": "John", "5726fe95dd62a815002e9736": "John", "572700c8dd62a815002e976a": "Lord Leighton, Alfred", "572700c8dd62a815002e976b": "John Gibson,", "572700c8dd62a815002e976c": "Lord Leighton, Alfred", "572700c8dd62a815002e976d": "Flaxman, Sir Francis Chantrey,", "572702a3dd62a815002e9790": "Jacob Epstein", "572702a3dd62a815002e9791": "1950", "572702a3dd62a815002e9792": "was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950; this has involved loans", "572702a3dd62a815002e9793": "French sculptors such as Dalou who spent several years in Britain", "572702a3dd62a815002e9794": "British sculptors, works by continental sculptors", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23c": "53,000", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23d": "East, lace, European tapestries and English medieval church", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23e": "1st century AD", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f23f": "European though all populated continents", "572703fdf1498d1400e8f240": "1st century AD", "57270541dd62a815002e97c8": "the hunting of various animals; not just their age", "57270541dd62a815002e97c9": "16th", "57270541dd62a815002e97ca": "the collection is the four Devonshire", "57270541dd62a815002e97cb": "the hunting of various animals; not just their age", "57270541dd62a815002e97cc": "St Gereon,", "57270676dd62a815002e97f0": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f1": "rugs", "57270676dd62a815002e97f2": "1887", "57270676dd62a815002e97f3": "'The Forest' tapestry of 1887),", "57270676dd62a815002e97f4": "rugs", "57270817708984140094d8c7": "day, covering drama, dance, musical theatre, circus, music", "57270817708984140094d8c8": "2009", "57270817708984140094d8c9": "dance, musical theatre", "57270817708984140094d8ca": "March 2009.", "57270817708984140094d8cb": "music", "57270ab9708984140094d8f7": "V&A Museum", "57270ab9708984140094d8f8": "all the collections held by the V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood. The conservators", "57270ab9708984140094d8f9": "light", "57270ab9708984140094d8fa": "comprehensible", "57270ab9708984140094d8fb": "Conservation", "57267b755951b619008f7433": "The American Broadcasting", "57267b755951b619008f7434": "1957", "57267b755951b619008f7435": "Disney", "57267b755951b619008f7436": "The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue", "57267b755951b619008f7437": "Burbank,", "57267ca75951b619008f7469": "1996", "57267ca75951b619008f746a": "NBC Blue Network,", "57267ca75951b619008f746b": "12, 1943", "57267ca75951b619008f746c": "the successor to the NBC Blue Network,", "57267ca75951b619008f746d": "the network's parent merged with Capital Cities Communications, owner of several print publications, and television and radio", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8740": "eight", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8741": "cable, satellite or IPTV provider, although most ABC programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8742": "eight", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8743": "substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission", "57267f1cdd62a815002e8744": "satellite or IPTV provider,", "5726808bdd62a815002e8776": "National Broadcasting Company", "5726808bdd62a815002e8777": "Columbia Broadcasting System", "5726808bdd62a815002e8778": "Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting", "5726808bdd62a815002e8779": "Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting", "5726808bdd62a815002e877a": "(NBC).", "572681ab708984140094c85d": "give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue.", "572681ab708984140094c85e": "1934", "572681ab708984140094c85f": "1938", "572681ab708984140094c860": "a complaint with the Federal Communications", "572681ab708984140094c861": "Mutual filed a complaint with the Federal Communications", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fc": "San Francisco and WENR-TV in Chicago), 60 affiliates, four operations facilities (in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and Washington", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fd": "New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and Washington D.C.), contracts with actors,", "572684f5dd62a815002e87fe": "divor", "572684f5dd62a815002e87ff": "Dillon,", "572684f5dd62a815002e8800": "$7.5 million", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29e": "the owner of Life Savers candy,", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e29f": "June 30, 1951.", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a0": "the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a1": "the FCC's approval. The Commission", "572685d1f1498d1400e8e2a2": "June 30, 1951.", "57268739708984140094c8ed": "public", "57268739708984140094c8ee": "jazz", "57268739708984140094c8ef": "ABC became an aggressive competitor to NBC and CBS when, continuing NBC", "57268739708984140094c8f0": "Paul Whiteman,", "57268739708984140094c8f1": "jazz concerts", "57269260dd62a815002e89ea": "33% stake in European sports channel Eurosport", "57269260dd62a815002e89eb": "ESPN network", "57269260dd62a815002e89ec": "the ESPN network in the 1990s, and policies enacted in the 2000s", "57269260dd62a815002e89ed": "the ESPN network", "57269260dd62a815002e89ee": "Disney,", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43e": "1959", "57269344f1498d1400e8e43f": "network", "57269344f1498d1400e8e440": "Japan", "57269344f1498d1400e8e441": "to rebroadcast the network", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5c": "international market. Leonard Goldenson said that ABC's first international", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5d": "United Paramount Theatres", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5e": "United Paramount Theatres", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb5f": "new domestic networks, the Mainichi Broadcasting System", "5726caaaf1498d1400e8eb60": "Japan in the early 1950s, acquiring a 5% stake in two new domestic networks, the Mainichi Broadcasting System", "5726e5ac708984140094d51b": "Charlie Brown Christmas (other Peanuts specials broadcast annually by ABC, including A Charlie Brown Christmas, include It's", "5726e5ac708984140094d51c": "specials", "5726e5ac708984140094d51d": "1965", "5726e5ac708984140094d51e": "Charlie Brown Christmas (other Peanuts specials", "5726e5ac708984140094d51f": "Charlie Brown Christmas (other Peanuts specials broadcast annually by ABC, including A Charlie Brown Christmas,", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef30": "2006", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef31": "Eve on New Year's Eve (hosted first by its creator Dick Clark,", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef32": "1974", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef33": "1974", "5726e5b1f1498d1400e8ef34": "international", "5726e671dd62a815002e9464": "opera General Hospital, the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment", "5726e671dd62a815002e9465": "1963", "5726e671dd62a815002e9466": "television network, having aired since 1963. ABC also broadcasts the morning news program Good Morning America", "5726e671dd62a815002e9467": "Loving, The City", "5726e671dd62a815002e9468": "1963", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6e": "00 a.", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6c": "2006", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6b": "late afternoons (featuring various ESPN-produced documentaries), and on Sundays either encores", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6a": "Sundays,", "5726e773f1498d1400e8ef6d": "encores", "5726e860708984140094d579": "Frank Marx, then ABC's", "5726e860708984140094d57a": "VHF channel 7,", "5726e860708984140094d57b": "1947", "5726e860708984140094d57c": "low-band VHF frequencies", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa0": "108 existing television stations", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa1": "1952", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2": "DuMont", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa3": "strange period where television flourished in certain areas and network radio remained the main source of broadcast entertainment", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950a": "CBS.", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950b": "the Prudential Insurance Company", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950c": "nine", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950d": "bankruptcy", "5726ea06dd62a815002e950e": "CBS.", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff2": "Leonard Goldenson,", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff3": "William", "5726ec6ff1498d1400e8eff4": "1951", "5726ed12708984140094d645": "1952", "5726ed12708984140094d646": "February 9, 1953,", "5726ed12708984140094d647": "Sixth Report", "5726ed12708984140094d648": "new station", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f024": "1948", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f025": "October 9, 1948. In October 1948,", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f026": "San Francisco,", "5726edeff1498d1400e8f027": "WABC-TV),", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c6": "30, 1960", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c7": "The 1960s", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c8": "the network", "5726efdbdd62a815002e95c9": "On September 30, 1960,", "5726f0865951b619008f82e5": "1959", "5726f0865951b619008f82e6": "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color).", "5726f0865951b619008f82e7": "1988", "5726f0865951b619008f82e8": "1996", "572734af708984140094dae3": "dots and stripes in various promotional and identification spots.", "572734af708984140094dae4": "the Troika", "572734af708984140094dae5": "yellow", "572734af708984140094dae6": "\"the dot\", in which comic book character Little Dot prompted visitors to \"download", "572735a15951b619008f86bf": "Pittard", "572735a15951b619008f86c0": "2015, ABC is stopped with its 1998\u20132002", "572735a15951b619008f86c1": "Pittard", "572735a15951b619008f86c2": "three-note soundmarks", "572736625951b619008f86d1": "gloss", "572736625951b619008f86d2": "1983", "572736625951b619008f86d3": "1983", "572736625951b619008f86d4": "60 seconds at the beginning of an act", "572736fc5951b619008f86d9": "1977", "572736fc5951b619008f86da": "white", "572736fc5951b619008f86db": "pink, rainbow neon and glittering", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4be": "graphic designer Paul Rand", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4bf": "letters", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c0": "Paul Rand", "57273799f1498d1400e8f4c1": "1963", "5727387b5951b619008f86e9": "Kids Communications, News Communications, Corporate Communications,", "5727387b5951b619008f86ea": "May and September 2005,", "5727387b5951b619008f86eb": "six", "57273954708984140094db05": "2004", "57273954708984140094db06": "new series such as Desperate Housewives,", "57273954708984140094db07": "Disney\u2013ABC Television Group, and ESPN president George Bodenheimer", "57273954708984140094db08": "Disney\u2013ABC", "57273a0d708984140094db0d": "2002", "57273a0d708984140094db0e": "a spinoff, The Bachelorette, which premiered the following year, as well as two additional spinoffs", "57273a0d708984140094db0f": "prime time with ABC Family. 2002 saw the debut of the network's", "57273a0d708984140094db10": "the ABC broadcast network", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4da": "the cable provider's systems in four markets (WABC-TV", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4db": "KTRK in Houston and WTVD", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dc": "KTRK", "57273abef1498d1400e8f4dd": "December 31, 1999.", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d6": "2000", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d7": "Sabrina,", "57273b69dd62a815002e99d8": "Sabrina,", "57273c195951b619008f8721": "August 1999,", "57273c195951b619008f8722": "in the ratings during a single television season. Millionaire ended its run on the network's primetime lineup after three years in 2002, with Buena Vista", "57273c195951b619008f8723": "Vieira) in September of that year.", "57273c195951b619008f8724": "Philbin,", "57273d19708984140094db3d": "January 4, 1996,", "57273d19708984140094db3e": "A&E Television Networks,", "57273d19708984140094db3f": "A&E Television Networks, and Lifetime Entertainment; and Capital Cities/ABC's magazine", "57273d19708984140094db40": "sitcom Sports Night, centering on the travails of the staff of a SportsCenter-style", "57273d19708984140094db41": "A&E Television Networks, and Lifetime Entertainment; and Capital Cities/ABC's magazine and newspaper properties into the company. As FCC ownership rules", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f508": "third place", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f509": "third", "57273dbbf1498d1400e8f50a": "grow itself into a major competitor. However, ABC's issues with its transition to color became secondary compared to the network's", "57273ef15951b619008f8751": "May 1, 1953,", "57273ef15951b619008f8752": "at 7 West 66th Street,", "57273ef15951b619008f8753": "at 7", "57273f9d708984140094db51": "DuMont", "57273f9d708984140094db52": "ABC", "57273f9d708984140094db53": "CEO, a position he would hold until his death in 1958. Despite the promise", "57273f9d708984140094db54": "$5 million", "5727403af1498d1400e8f526": "Hollywood's film production studios,", "5727403af1498d1400e8f527": "the network", "5727403af1498d1400e8f528": "the network", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1c": "Wyoming", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1d": "the Disney studio,", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1e": "Maverick.", "57274118dd62a815002e9a1f": "the 1954 film", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53e": "the budget", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f53f": "$500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $4.5 million", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f540": "1953", "572741aaf1498d1400e8f541": "the next 50", "572742daf1498d1400e8f550": "Allen Shaw, a former program manager", "572742daf1498d1400e8f551": "Shaw, a former program manager at WCFL in Chicago who was approached by ABC Radio president Harold L.", "572742daf1498d1400e8f552": "Shaw, a former program manager", "572742daf1498d1400e8f553": "seven", "5727436af1498d1400e8f558": "1969", "5727436af1498d1400e8f559": "a weekly showcase aimed at capitalizing on the growing success of made-for-TV movies since the early 1960s. The Movie of the Week", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55a": "1969", "5727436af1498d1400e8f55b": "$450,000", "572743fb708984140094db93": "1970s", "572743fb708984140094db94": "the decade", "572743fb708984140094db95": "full", "5727448b5951b619008f87a1": "just six days,", "5727448b5951b619008f87a2": "2006", "5727448b5951b619008f87a3": "Monday Night", "5727448b5951b619008f87a4": "six days, as opposed to seven on competing networks. 1970 also saw the premieres", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4e": "1970", "57274633dd62a815002e9a4f": "1972", "57274633dd62a815002e9a50": "syndication, and ABC Circle Films as a production unit. Worldvision was sold to a consortium", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a66": "advertising from all television and radio", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a67": "January 17, 1972,", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a68": "all television and radio networks", "572746d3dd62a815002e9a69": "Elton Rule was named President and Chief Operating Officer of ABC a few months after Goldenson", "572747dd5951b619008f87a9": "In the early 1970s,", "572747dd5951b619008f87aa": "the rights", "572747dd5951b619008f87ab": "Super Friends, based on DC Comics' Justice League of America series.", "572747dd5951b619008f87ac": "Super Friends, based on DC Comics' Justice League of America series. Eisner", "572748745951b619008f87b1": "Fred Pierce,", "572748745951b619008f87b2": "Fred Pierce,", "572748745951b619008f87b3": "Entertainment, created from the network's namesake programming division. In 1974, ABC premiered the detective series", "572748745951b619008f87b4": "1974", "5727492f708984140094dbb5": "Silverman,", "5727492f708984140094dbb6": "several successful comedy, fantasy, action", "5727492f708984140094dbb7": "Charlie's", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a90": "Alex Haley", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a91": "the network", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a92": "13", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a93": "13", "572749d7dd62a815002e9a94": "Alex Haley", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b4": "Roone", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b5": "an impressive 15-story building", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b6": "66th Street to 149 Columbus Avenue,", "57274a8cf1498d1400e8f5b7": "1979", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dc": "June 1978,", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5dd": "Hugh Downs appointed as its anchor (later", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5de": "MCA Inc. for $20 million; the label was discontinued by March 5 of that year, and all of its 300 employees", "57274baff1498d1400e8f5df": "Hugh Downs appointed as its anchor (later paired alongside his former Today colleague Barbara Walters).", "57274cac708984140094dbdd": "news channel", "57274cac708984140094dbde": "news channel", "57274cac708984140094dbdf": "news channel", "57274cac708984140094dbe0": "news channel", "57274d905951b619008f87e1": "season affected the network in 2007", "57274d905951b619008f87e2": "sixteen", "57274d905951b619008f87e3": "Disney", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f1": "iTunes.", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f2": "a new division, ABC Entertainment", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f3": "News continued to provide news content for Citadel.", "57274e6a5951b619008f87f4": "news content for Citadel.", "57274f07708984140094dbed": "2004", "57274f07708984140094dbee": "2009", "57274f07708984140094dbef": "fourth season in the fall of 2009; an attempt to boost ratings by moving the dramedy to Wednesdays failed,", "57274f07708984140094dbf0": "fourth", "5727504b5951b619008f881d": "1973", "5727504b5951b619008f881e": "Ruby-Spears and Hanna-Barbera", "5727504b5951b619008f881f": "syndication", "5727504b5951b619008f8820": "Worldvision sold portions of its catalog, including the Ruby-Spears and Hanna-Barbera libraries, to Turner Broadcasting System", "57275273dd62a815002e9b16": "International Television", "57275273dd62a815002e9b17": "television distribution.", "57275273dd62a815002e9b18": "television distribution.", "57275273dd62a815002e9b19": "Cinerama Productions/Palomar theatrical library", "57275339dd62a815002e9b28": "two stations to carry the network's programming", "57275339dd62a815002e9b29": "(or 300", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2a": "157", "57275339dd62a815002e9b2b": "96.26%", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b44": "1953", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b45": "a vertical ABC microphone in the center,", "572754b5dd62a815002e9b46": "1953", "57275573708984140094dc45": "2005", "57275573708984140094dc46": "specials produced prior to 2005 \u2013 such as the Peanuts", "57275573708984140094dc47": "run. The affiliate-syndicated Saturday", "57275573708984140094dc48": "the first children's program", "57275650708984140094dc5f": "1080i HD, while 11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i", "57275650708984140094dc60": "480", "57275650708984140094dc61": "16", "57275650708984140094dc62": "16 ABC-affiliated stations transmit the network's", "57275743f1498d1400e8f680": "a second", "57275743f1498d1400e8f681": "a second season. The network also struggled to establish new comedies", "57275743f1498d1400e8f682": "new hits spilled", "57275743f1498d1400e8f683": "debuts", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b6": "suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows, failure to pay licensing fees", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b7": "long-running soap operas All My Children", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b8": "pay licensing fees and issues over ABC's use of certain characters from One Live to Live on General Hospital during the transition). The talk/lifestyle", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6b9": "My Children and One Life to Live after 41", "5727590df1498d1400e8f6ba": "18", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6ca": "Friday", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cb": "the cancellations of holdovers The Neighbors (which languished in its new Friday time slot despite being bookended by Last Man", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cc": "Friday", "572759c1f1498d1400e8f6cd": "lagged behind ABC for eight years, finished the season in first place in the 18\u201349 demographic for the first time since 2004,", "57275a505951b619008f889f": "sitcoms that anchored the network", "57275a505951b619008f88a0": "sitcoms", "57275a505951b619008f88a1": "13", "57275a505951b619008f88a2": "midseason", "57275bfb708984140094dc97": "Thomas Murphy", "57275bfb708984140094dc98": "Daniel Burke departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994,", "57275bfb708984140094dc99": "television", "57275bfb708984140094dc9a": "Daniel Burke departed from Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994,", "57275bfb708984140094dc9b": "ten seasons", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6da": "1993", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6db": "French animation studio DIC", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dc": "DIC", "57275cb3f1498d1400e8f6dd": "television production studios", "57275e125951b619008f88d7": "programming", "57275e125951b619008f88d8": "1950s", "57275e125951b619008f88d9": "the project before the station's launch.", "57275e125951b619008f88da": "the 1920s", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f4": "CBS,", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f5": "Arledge", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f6": "his company", "57275e95f1498d1400e8f6f7": "CBS, ABC's management believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network's market", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f706": "American Broadcasting Companies, while its cinema", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f707": "66th Street,", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f708": "three", "57275f6ef1498d1400e8f709": "54th", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8": "90%", "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9": "new hits in Too Close for Comfort, Soap spinoff Benson and Happy", "57276166dd62a815002e9bda": "a midseason series in 1981, five months", "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb": "Angels", "5727623a5951b619008f8921": "a single cable channel called Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E);", "5727623a5951b619008f8922": "merge ARTS and competing arts service, The Entertainment", "5727623a5951b619008f8923": "Silver", "5727623a5951b619008f8924": "Infinity", "572763a8708984140094dcd9": "Ellen, which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star Ellen DeGeneres", "572763a8708984140094dcda": "the coming out of series star", "572763a8708984140094dcdb": "$465 million", "572763a8708984140094dcdc": "CEO. Capital Cities/ABC reported revenues of $465", "572763a8708984140094dcdd": "a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star Ellen DeGeneres (as well as her character in the series)", "572764855951b619008f8951": "a one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. Eastern/Pacific for stations", "572764855951b619008f8952": "a.m. weekdays (along with one-hour weekend editions)", "572764855951b619008f8953": "along with one-hour weekend editions); nightly editions", "572764855951b619008f8954": "one-hour weekend editions)", "57276576dd62a815002e9c18": "Massachusetts-licensed", "57276576dd62a815002e9c19": "a few markets, such as Birmingham, Alabama (WBMA-LD),", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1a": "(WBMA-LD), Lima, Ohio (WLQP-LP)", "57276576dd62a815002e9c1b": "WABC-TV", "57276690708984140094dd01": "national programming. As a result, television series were produced by ABC Circle Films beginning in 1962 and by Touchstone", "57276690708984140094dd02": "ABC Television Center (now The Prospect Studios) on Prospect Avenue in Hollywood, California,", "57276690708984140094dd03": "Touchstone Television beginning in 1985, before Touchstone", "57276690708984140094dd04": "Touchstone Television beginning in 1985, before Touchstone", "5727678e5951b619008f8973": "ABC News building was renamed Peter", "5727678e5951b619008f8974": "News", "5727678e5951b619008f8975": "West 66th Street,", "5727678e5951b619008f8976": "the ABC News building was renamed Peter Jennings Way", "572768d9708984140094dd13": "NBCUniversal and 21st Century Fox),", "572768d9708984140094dd14": "NBCUniversal and 21st Century Fox),", "572768d9708984140094dd15": "July 6, 2009", "572768d9708984140094dd16": "a 27%", "572769e85951b619008f8985": "January 7, 2014", "572769e85951b619008f8986": "eight", "572769e85951b619008f8987": "disallows fast forwarding of accessed content", "572769e85951b619008f8988": "January 7, 2014", "57276a8f5951b619008f8995": "identity", "57276a8f5951b619008f8996": "14", "57276a8f5951b619008f8997": "gloss", "57276a8f5951b619008f8998": "Rand's", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b2": "30% ($100 million", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b3": "30% ($100 million", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b4": "U.S. networks", "57276c64f1498d1400e8f7b5": "third", "57276d7f708984140094dd3f": "existing stations", "57276d7f708984140094dd40": "two decades; several smaller markets would not grow large enough to support a full-time ABC affiliate until", "57276d7f708984140094dd41": "lower viewership than its competitors. However, the network's intake of money", "57276d7f708984140094dd42": "1960s", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd0": "rejected the show because of its use of violence", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd1": "series", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd2": "become \"immensely", "57276f82dd62a815002e9cd3": "September 3, 1958,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f3": "Movie,", "5727705f5951b619008f89f4": "a man on the run after being accused of committing a murder he did not commit.", "5727705f5951b619008f89f5": "theatrically released films, ABC joined CBS and NBC in broadcasting", "5727705f5951b619008f89f6": "a drama series centering", "5727705f5951b619008f89f7": "1962", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f840": "Goldenson announced a merger proposal with ITT", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f841": "canceled after the trial's conclusion on January 1,", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f842": "the United States Department of Justice,", "572771a5f1498d1400e8f843": "7, 1965", "57277373dd62a815002e9d24": "E. W. Scripps Company (although Capital Cities/ABC originally intended to seek a cross-ownership", "57277373dd62a815002e9d25": "$3.5 billion", "57277373dd62a815002e9d26": "executive", "57277373dd62a815002e9d27": "Leonard Goldenson", "57277373dd62a815002e9d28": "500 million", "572774cf5951b619008f8a51": "5, 1985", "572774cf5951b619008f8a52": "president of ABC Owned Stations and ABC Video Enterprises; John B. Sias was appointed president of the ABC Television Network; Brandon", "572774cf5951b619008f8a53": "Brandon", "572774cf5951b619008f8a54": "Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram). It also initiated several changes in its management: Frederick S. Pierce", "572774cf5951b619008f8a55": "Frederick S. Pierce", "57277585708984140094de2b": "House", "57277585708984140094de2c": "counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus", "57277585708984140094de2d": "NBC, ABC decided to refocus", "57277585708984140094de2e": "counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus", "57277585708984140094de2f": "Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983, Happy Days", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c4": "the \"", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c5": "the \"TGIF\"", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c6": "Going Places joining Family Matters, Full House and Perfect Strangers on the \"TGIF\" schedule) and through its development", "57277632f1498d1400e8f8c7": "Miller-Milkis, and later, Miller-Milkis-Boyett Productions), had earlier produced Happy Days", "572776e85951b619008f8a7f": "1 million", "572776e85951b619008f8a80": "radio stations KXYZ and KXYZ-FM", "572776e85951b619008f8a81": "Palomar Pictures International and Selmur Pictures.", "572776e85951b619008f8a82": "1968", "572776e85951b619008f8a83": "Redwood City, California; that park", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9d": "a deal", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9e": "10%", "5727780a5951b619008f8a9f": "Treiz", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa0": "president Ollie Treiz", "5727780a5951b619008f8aa1": "locally produced variety show Bandstand", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90a": "as series such as the actioner Zorro) went up against", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90b": "western series (as well as series such as the actioner Zorro)", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90c": "as series such as the actioner Zorro)", "57277944f1498d1400e8f90d": "a continuum between film and television", "57277af2708984140094dec3": "\"", "57277af2708984140094dec4": "\"", "57277af2708984140094dec5": "pay television providers in certain markets.", "57277af2708984140094dec6": "\"WATCH\"", "57277bfc708984140094ded9": "KTNV-TV", "57277bfc708984140094deda": "Four\"", "57277bfc708984140094dedb": "numerical", "57277bfc708984140094dedc": "two", "57277bfc708984140094dedd": "two", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e76": "new imaging", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e77": "\"", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e78": "phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"", "57277cf6dd62a815002e9e79": "phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007\u201308 season, \"", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea4": "City despite being located within 55 miles", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea5": "Florida (WFTS-TV and WWSB)", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea6": "City despite being located within 55 miles", "57277de9dd62a815002e9ea7": "Kansas", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f5": "Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f6": "\"Genghis Khan\",", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7": "Eurasia.", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f8": "the Mongol invasions", "57269e8a5951b619008f77f9": "Xia", "5726a00d708984140094cc25": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "5726a00d708984140094cc26": "1227", "5726a00d708984140094cc27": "Xia.", "5726a00d708984140094cc28": "\u00d6gedei", "5726a00d708984140094cc29": "1227 after defeating the Western Xia.", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e578": "1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579": "Yes\u00fcgei,", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57a": "1162", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b": "Tem\u00fcjin was probably born in 1162 in Del\u00fc\u00fcn", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbc": "Belgutei.", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbd": "Tem\u00fcjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun,", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe": "Belgutei.", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbf": "Tem\u00fcjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Tem\u00fcge, and one", "5726a340dd62a815002e8bc0": "Tem\u00fcjin had three brothers", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb7": "poverty", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb8": "her children lived in poverty", "5726a4a9708984140094ccb9": "Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses,", "5726a4a9708984140094ccba": "when he became an adult. Temujin's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that Tem\u00fcjin", "5726a5f65951b619008f7903": "Genghis Khan),", "5726a5f65951b619008f7904": "yu", "5726a5f65951b619008f7905": "yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice", "5726a5f65951b619008f7906": "yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice", "5726a5f65951b619008f7907": "yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevic", "5726a784708984140094ccff": "compounded by interference from foreign forces", "5726a784708984140094cd00": "Hoelun", "5726a784708984140094cd01": "thie", "5726a784708984140094cd02": "tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34": "16", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35": "father, Tem\u00fcjin", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36": "Jochi (1185\u20131226), nine months later, clouding", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37": "Tem\u00fcjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits", "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38": "1185\u20131226", "5726a9ed5951b619008f7969": "1187\u20141241", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796a": "Khan.", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796b": "(1187\u20141241), \u00d6gedei (1189\u20141241),", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796c": "\u00d6gedei", "5726a9ed5951b619008f796d": "Chagatai", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a2": "an ally", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a3": "support, and in response, Toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his Keraite", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a4": "Merkits.", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a5": "20,000", "5726ab47f1498d1400e8e6a6": "had himself become Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran.", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca": "the traditional Mongolian", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb": "Blue", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc": "1186", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd": "Blue", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce": "merit", "5726ae32708984140094cdab": "absolute obedience and following his rule of law", "5726ae32708984140094cdac": "orphans", "5726ae32708984140094cdad": "rival tribes, he did not drive", "5726ae32708984140094cdae": "law", "5726af765951b619008f7a51": "Mongolian culture. This act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha,", "5726af765951b619008f7a52": "the Mongolian culture. This act", "5726af765951b619008f7a53": "Jochi, the eldest son of Tem\u00fcjin, a sign of disrespect", "5726af765951b619008f7a54": "desertion", "5726b0985951b619008f7a91": "Khitai.", "5726b0985951b619008f7a92": "1206", "5726b0985951b619008f7a93": "The Naimans", "5726b0985951b619008f7a94": "Jelme's", "5726b0985951b619008f7a95": "1201", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acd": "Jamukha,", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ace": "the back. Jamukha requested this form of death,", "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf": "to die without spilling", "5726b1d95951b619008f7ad0": "Jamukha,", "5726b879708984140094cf01": "a ruler of Mongol tribes)", "5726b879708984140094cf02": "conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes)", "5726b879708984140094cf03": "Mongol tribes)", "5726b879708984140094cf04": "the tribes led by Jamukha.", "5726b879708984140094cf05": "Genghis Khan's", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf1": "1206", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf2": "Merkits, Naimans,", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf3": "1206 Tem\u00fcjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans,", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf4": "Uyghurs,", "5726b9e15951b619008f7bf5": "\"Khan\"", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b": "the Jin dynasty. The commander of the Jin dynasty", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c": "Genghis Khan", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3d": "1211", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3e": "Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan,", "5726bb645951b619008f7c3f": "\u00d6gedei", "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f": "Genghis Khan", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca0": "usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca1": "two tumen (20,000", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2": "usurped the khan", "5726bd655951b619008f7ca3": "Xia and Jin dynasty.", "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9": "bordered the Khwarezmia", "5726bf135951b619008f7cea": "the Caspian Sea", "5726bf135951b619008f7ceb": "a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire", "5726bf135951b619008f7cec": "the Mongol Empire", "5726bf135951b619008f7ced": "'s army and executed", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f76": "\u00d6gedei", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f77": "\u00d6gedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to Khwarezmia.", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f78": "the Khwarezmian", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f79": "100,000", "5726c0c5dd62a815002e8f7a": "looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators. Genghis", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa6": "The third division", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa7": "three groups", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8": "into the northeast of Khwarezmia.", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa9": "Khan", "5726c20fdd62a815002e8faa": "Tien Shan mountains by entering the area", "5726c3b3708984140094d0cf": "feuds", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d0": "Genghis Khan ordered Subutai", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1": "Mongol", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d2": "the Shah fled rather than surrender.", "5726c3b3708984140094d0d3": "Jebe to hunt him down, giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this. The Shah died under mysterious circumstances", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5": "capital Samarkand", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f6": "Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards,", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7": "brutal. After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae2": "enemies as body shields. After several days", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3": "several days", "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4": "shields.", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd": "the Mongolian army", "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde": "the gates to the Mongols,", "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddf": "the gates", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0": "for another twelve days", "5726c7a85951b619008f7de1": "the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9046": "1220", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9047": "Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048": "Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9049": "the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia", "5726c9b0dd62a815002e904a": "Genghis Khan", "57272bcb5951b619008f8683": "Genghis Khan", "57272bcb5951b619008f8684": "Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai", "57272bcb5951b619008f8685": "Samarkand. The famous cavalry", "57272bcb5951b619008f8686": "1240", "57272bcb5951b619008f8687": "Mongolia", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43a": "1226", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43b": "1226", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43c": "Genghis Khan", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43d": "the Tangut city Lingzhou and crossed the Yellow River, defeating the Tangut relief army. According to legend,", "57272ce1f1498d1400e8f43e": "the Yellow River,", "57272dd55951b619008f8697": "Hia", "57272dd55951b619008f8698": "Genghis Khan,", "57272dd55951b619008f8699": "capital of Ning Hia", "57272dd55951b619008f869a": "Tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the Mongols, and the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after.", "57272dd55951b619008f869b": "the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after. Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e": "Jochi among the brothers. According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai.", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44f": "Khan", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f450": "tension", "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f451": "\u00d6gedei", "57272ff2708984140094dabd": "the throne to \u00d6gedei.", "57272ff2708984140094dabe": "Genghis Khan's", "57272ff2708984140094dabf": "one of his sons as his successor. Chagatai", "57272ff2708984140094dac0": "Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died. He therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them Khan", "5727311d5951b619008f86ab": "1226", "5727311d5951b619008f86ac": "Khorasan.", "5727311d5951b619008f86ad": "Urgench from destruction,", "5727311d5951b619008f86ae": "Ratchnevsky,", "5727311d5951b619008f86af": "to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46a": "early 17th century", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46b": "The Galician\u2013Volhynian", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46c": "that he died after the infection of an arrow wound", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46d": "an arrow wound he received during his final campaign. Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis'", "57273249f1498d1400e8f46e": "Marco Polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f474": "Genghis Khan", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475": "before his death, Genghis Khan", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f476": "Khan", "572732f8f1498d1400e8f477": "Khentii", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c": "Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops.", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d": "Khan's", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e": "in Mongolia", "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f": "1968", "57273455f1498d1400e8f490": "the Nationalist soldiers", "57273581708984140094daeb": "October 6, 2004,", "57273581708984140094daec": "Khan's", "57273581708984140094daed": "stampede", "57273581708984140094daee": "Hun).", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b5": "Turks", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b4": "Yassa, created by Genghis", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6": "The Mongol Empire", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b7": "the Yassa, created by Genghis", "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8": "Genghis", "57273887dd62a815002e99a2": "had long held that religion", "57273887dd62a815002e99a3": "Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian", "57273887dd62a815002e99a4": "long held that religion", "57273887dd62a815002e99a5": "tax exemptions", "572739a75951b619008f86f7": "T\u00f6regene", "572739a75951b619008f86f8": "Pax", "572739a75951b619008f86f9": "the end of his life, Genghis Khan", "572739a75951b619008f86fa": "Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica", "57273b1a5951b619008f8709": "prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty", "57273b1a5951b619008f870a": "power by displacing Khitan. Genghis", "57273b1a5951b619008f870b": "Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire", "57273b1a5951b619008f870c": "Genghis", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e2": "lieutenant, was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty while Genghis Khan", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e3": "absolute trust in his generals,", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e4": "Karakorum. Muqali,", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e5": "Genghis Khan", "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6": "the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f6": "lure small enemy groups", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f7": "army", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8": "larger group", "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f9": "by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa": "the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb": "the Khwarezmids,", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd": "1279", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51e": "Genghis", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f51f": "Turkey,", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520": "West, Middle East", "57273eecf1498d1400e8f521": "three cultural areas", "5727404b708984140094db59": "1990s", "5727404b708984140094db5a": "Mongolia\", to themselves as \"Genghis Khan's children\", and to Genghis Khan as the \"father", "5727404b708984140094db5b": "positively", "5727404b708984140094db5c": "positively", "5727404b708984140094db5d": "one of the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively", "57274126dd62a815002e9a24": "Genghis Khan's", "57274126dd62a815002e9a25": "Mongolian t\u00f6gr\u00f6g (\u20ae). Mongolia's", "57274126dd62a815002e9a26": "Genghis Khan's", "57274126dd62a815002e9a27": "have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name", "57274126dd62a815002e9a28": "Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar is named Chinggis Khaan International Airport.", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a": "Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b": "illegal", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63c": "Zasag", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63d": "Tsakhiagiin", "57275250708984140094dc25": "the Inner Mongolia", "57275250708984140094dc26": "around 5 million", "57275250708984140094dc27": "Genghis Khan", "57275250708984140094dc28": "Genghis", "57275250708984140094dc29": "5 million", "572753af708984140094dc2f": "R. Ward", "572753af708984140094dc30": "15 million", "572753af708984140094dc31": "15 million people", "572754cd5951b619008f8863": "Khuzestan were completely destroyed. His descendant Hulagu", "572754cd5951b619008f8864": "Hamadani,", "572754cd5951b619008f8865": "the Mongols killed more than 70,000 people in Merv", "572754cd5951b619008f8866": "1237", "572754cd5951b619008f8867": "Mamluks", "572756715951b619008f8877": "the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur", "572756715951b619008f8878": "Timur,", "572756715951b619008f8879": "the famous Mughal emperors", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a": "Baikal and ocean were called tenggis", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69b": "\"Genghis\".", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69c": "adjectival modifier", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d": "\"wide-spreading\". (Lake Baikal and ocean", "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e": "\", which in medieval romanization", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b78": "\u6210\u5409\u601d\u6c57;", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b79": "Chinghis, and Chingiz,", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7a": "ways", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7b": "Xan, \u00c7ingiz", "572758c3dd62a815002e9b7c": "Chinghis, and Chingiz, Chinese: \u6210\u5409\u601d\u6c57;", "5726d8bd708984140094d35b": "midwifery", "5726d8bd708984140094d35c": "medicines", "5726d8bd708984140094d35d": "large extent. The pharmas", "5726d8bd708984140094d35e": "surgery and midwifery", "5726d8bd708984140094d35f": "\", \"medicine\" (or \"poison\").[n 1", "5726d9935951b619008f7fed": "Pharmacists", "5726d9935951b619008f7fee": "its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play", "5726d9935951b619008f7fef": "ensure optimal", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff0": "particular drug, and its metabolism", "5726d9935951b619008f7ff1": "owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2": "the UK", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3": "more time working with patients", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4": "pharmacist (if employed in a hospital", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5": "in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants", "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6": "in their expert field as medication consultants", "5726db5add62a815002e92d5": "the term", "5726db5add62a815002e92d6": "The title coined the term materia", "5726db5add62a815002e92d7": "(Concerning medical substances)", "5726db5add62a815002e92d4": "Dioscorides", "5726db5add62a815002e92d8": "Dioscorides", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9320": "the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists\u2014and even pharmacist assistants\u2014were", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9321": "early Nara period (710\u2013794),", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9322": "fields", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9323": "The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in", "5726dcbddd62a815002e9324": "Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538\u2013710) and the early Nara period", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04": "Muhammad ibn Zakar\u012bya", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05": "Al-Biruni", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06": "(Abulcasis)", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08": "Al-Biruni", "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07": "Middle East in botany and chemistry led medicine", "5726deed5951b619008f80c5": "the 16th and 17th centuries", "5726deed5951b619008f80c6": "the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia,", "5726deed5951b619008f80c7": "Ll\u00edvia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerd\u00e0,", "5726deed5951b619008f80c8": "the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422.", "5726deed5951b619008f80c9": "1317; and in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422.", "5726e08e5951b619008f810f": "technicians are now more dependent upon automation", "5726e08e5951b619008f8110": "technicians are now more dependent upon", "5726e08e5951b619008f8111": "increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time", "5726e08e5951b619008f8112": "increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients.", "5726e08e5951b619008f8113": "pharmacy legislation; with requirements", "5726e179dd62a815002e93ae": "coagulation clinics", "5726e179dd62a815002e93af": "pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b0": "compliance issues", "5726e179dd62a815002e93b1": "at home) many pharmacists", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb2": "specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb3": "the hospital. Hospital", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb4": "the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb5": "cost", "5726e313f1498d1400e8eeb6": "specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting.", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9404": "They often participate in patient care", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405": "pharmacists", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9406": "Clinical pharmacists", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9407": "movement initially began inside hospitals", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9408": "inside hospitals and clinics", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cb": "monitor", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cc": "assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan.", "5726e5c95951b619008f81cd": "creating a comprehensive drug therapy", "5726e5c95951b619008f81ce": "assess patient drug aller", "5726e985dd62a815002e94da": "exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists", "5726e985dd62a815002e94db": "Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dc": "2011", "5726e985dd62a815002e94dd": "North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians", "5726e985dd62a815002e94de": "diagnostic authority.", "5726ea985951b619008f8261": "revers", "5726ea985951b619008f8262": "Omnicare,", "5726ea985951b619008f8263": "primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists", "5726ea985951b619008f8264": "\"", "5726ea985951b619008f8265": "PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826b": "about the year 2000", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826c": "physicians", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826d": "brick", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826e": "they take. Internet pharmacies (also known as online", "5726eb4b5951b619008f826f": "traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take. Internet pharmacies (also known", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c": "individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d": "doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e": "pharmacies dispensing substandard products", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f": "pharmacies", "5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010": "drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs", "5726edecdd62a815002e957e": "issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor", "5726edecdd62a815002e957f": "a doctor", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05e": "issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f": "a doctor", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060": "(e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone)", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061": "(e.g., Vicodin,", "5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062": "(e.g., Vicodin,", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f7": "Food", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f8": "United States,", "5726f0e35951b619008f82f9": "push to legalize importation of medications from Canada", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fa": "There is", "5726f0e35951b619008f82fb": "(FDA) regulations", "5726f2375951b619008f830f": "health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development,", "5726f2375951b619008f8310": "optimization.", "5726f2375951b619008f8311": "international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists", "5726f2375951b619008f8312": "science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas", "5726f2375951b619008f8313": "for healthcare information technology vendor companies", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe": "or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex", "5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff": "19", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9600": "19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9601": "19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.", "5726f36cdd62a815002e9602": "drugs", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da": "from physicians. These jurisdictions", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db": "Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc": "the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd": "7 to 10 percent", "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de": "the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians", "5726f635dd62a815002e9657": "Austria", "5726f635dd62a815002e9656": "between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy. This law also exists in Austria", "5726f635dd62a815002e9658": "more than 4 kilometers", "5726f635dd62a815002e9659": "4 kilometers away, or where none", "5726f7715951b619008f838d": "in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary", "5726f7715951b619008f838e": "because he or she can then sell more medications", "5726f7715951b619008f838f": "directly conflicts with the patient's interest", "5726f7715951b619008f8391": "more medications", "5726f7715951b619008f8390": "directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective", "5726f868dd62a815002e9684": "all medication (prescription, non-prescription,", "5726f868dd62a815002e9685": "(MTM) includes the clinical services that pharmacists", "5726f868dd62a815002e9686": "a reconciliation of medication and patient education", "5726f868dd62a815002e9687": "decreased costs to the health care", "5726f868dd62a815002e9688": "thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual.", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9698": "British Columbia) or are remunerated by their provincial government", "5726f96ddd62a815002e9699": "years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition, consultant pharmacists,", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969a": "the doctor is unavailable. In the United States,", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969b": "one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition, consultant pharmacists,", "5726f96ddd62a815002e969c": "use", "5726fa525951b619008f83f7": "France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India, the increasingly rare Gaper", "5726fa525951b619008f83f8": "English-speaking", "5726fa525951b619008f83f9": "France, Argentina,", "5726fa525951b619008f83fa": "United Kingdom,", "5726fa525951b619008f83fb": "the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India, the increasingly rare Gaper in the Netherlands,", "5726e65e708984140094d53d": "a system of many biological structures and processes", "5726e65e708984140094d53e": "the immune system", "5726e65e708984140094d53f": "biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", "5726e65e708984140094d540": "the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efda": "a system of many biological structures and processes", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdb": "the immune system", "5726eb76f1498d1400e8efdc": "biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease", "5728eff82ca10214002daadc": "can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system", "5728eff82ca10214002daadd": "healthy tissue. In many species,", "5728eff82ca10214002daade": "cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid\u2013brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system", "5728eff82ca10214002daadf": "blood", "572a14af3f37b319004786c1": "cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid\u2013brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune", "572a14af3f37b319004786c3": "blood\u2013brain barrier,", "572a14af3f37b319004786c2": "an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system", "572a14af3f37b319004786c4": "or humoral immunity", "5726eb785951b619008f8275": "basic immune mechanisms", "5726eb785951b619008f8276": "descendants, such as plants and invertebrates. These mechanisms include phagocytosis,", "5726eb785951b619008f8277": "phagocytosis", "5726eb785951b619008f8278": "a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response", "572a135daf94a219006aa79f": "phagocytosis", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a0": "rudimentary immune system", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a1": "phagocytosis", "572a135daf94a219006aa7a2": "Jawed", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2": "systemic lupus erythe", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3": "if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5": "autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases", "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6": "if they were foreign organisms", "5728f2e26aef051400154896": "they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis,", "5728f2e26aef051400154897": "autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus", "5728f2e26aef051400154898": "diseases", "5728f2e26aef051400154899": "recurring and life-threatening infections", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166": "originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167": "originates from medicine", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168": "Robert Koch's", "5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169": "Pierre-Louis Moreau", "5728f3724b864d1900165116": "Robert Koch's", "5728f3724b864d1900165117": "a previous bout of the disease", "5728f3724b864d1900165118": "the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau", "5728f3724b864d1900165119": "18th century", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e": "specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f": "the immune system", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170": "increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens", "5728f6446aef0514001548e4": "pathogens such as bacteria", "5728f6446aef0514001548e5": "The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses", "5728f6446aef0514001548e6": "immediate,", "5728f6446aef0514001548e7": "the organism. If a pathogen breaches", "5728f7774b864d190016512e": "short for antibody generators", "5728f7774b864d190016512f": "the immune system", "5728f7774b864d1900165130": "innate and adaptive immunity", "5728f7774b864d1900165131": "adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system", "5728f7774b864d1900165132": "those recognized as foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules are called antigens", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5a": "a generic way. This system does not confer long-lasting", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5b": "conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when damaged, injured or stressed cells", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5c": "innate immune system is the dominant system", "5728f9882ca10214002dab5d": "a generic way. This system does not confer long-lasting", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6a": "chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6b": "the lungs", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6c": "shells and membranes", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6d": "barriers. The waxy", "5728fb002ca10214002dab6e": "first line of defense against infection. However, as organisms cannot be completely sealed from their environments, other systems act", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7": "secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the \u03b2-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8": "the \u03b2-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9": "zinc to kill pathogens", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca": "phospholipas", "5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb": "\u03b2-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears,", "5728fd206aef05140015494c": "gastroenteritis, inflammatory bow", "5728fd206aef05140015494d": "iron", "5728fd206aef05140015494e": "food and space", "5728fd206aef05140015494f": "\"", "572900f73f37b31900477f69": "blood", "572900f73f37b31900477f6a": "swelling, heat, and pain", "572900f73f37b31900477f6b": "eico", "572900f73f37b31900477f6c": "(leukocytes). Common cytokines include interleukins", "572900f73f37b31900477f6d": "immune cells", "572905ce1d04691400778f83": "Phagocytosis", "572905ce1d04691400778f84": "Phagocytosis", "572905ce1d04691400778f85": "radicals", "572905ce1d04691400778f86": "by cytokines", "572905ce1d04691400778f87": "phagolysosome", "5729081d3f37b31900477fab": "Neutrophils", "5729081d3f37b31900477fac": "macrophages are phagocytes", "5729081d3f37b31900477fad": "60%", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae": "phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leuk", "5729081d3f37b31900477faf": "phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process", "572908c13f37b31900477fbd": "innate immune system", "572908c13f37b31900477fbe": "second arm", "572908c13f37b31900477fbf": "killer cells", "572908c13f37b31900477fc0": "celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system", "5729efab3f37b319004785cf": "the skin, nose", "5729efab3f37b319004785d0": "projections, but dendritic cells", "5729efab3f37b319004785d1": "adaptive immune systems", "5729efab3f37b319004785d2": "phagocytes in tissues", "5729f06f1d04691400779674": "activation", "5729f06f1d04691400779673": "unclear how NK cells recognize tumor cells and infected", "5729f06f1d04691400779675": "killer", "5729f06f1d04691400779676": "activation", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e1": "the body by \"memory", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e2": "self\" antigens", "5729f12e3f37b319004785e3": "\"remembered\"", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3": "receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a \"non-self\" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4": "non-self\" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5": "self\" receptor called a major histo", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6": "\u03b3\u03b4 T cells", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7": "T cells which have a role in modulating immune response. Killer T cells only recognize antigens", "5729f39a6aef05140015514c": "I receptor of another cell. Recognition of this MHC:antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the T", "5729f39a6aef05140015514e": "(TCR)", "5729f39a6aef05140015514d": "\"", "5729f39a6aef051400155150": "pathogens", "5729f39a6aef05140015514f": "activation", "5729f4b41d0469140077968b": "activation", "5729f4b41d0469140077968c": "200", "5729f4b41d0469140077968d": "around 200", "5729f4b41d0469140077968e": "activation", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f": "activation", "5729f5a03f37b31900478605": "TCR or NK receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors. For example, large numbers of human V\u03b39/V\u03b42", "5729f5a03f37b31900478606": "(TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+", "5729f5a03f37b31900478607": "(TCR)", "5729f5a03f37b31900478608": "Killer", "5729f5a03f37b31900478609": "CD1d-restricted", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9": "B", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa": "divide", "5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb": "bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them", "5729f799af94a219006aa707": "Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response", "5729f799af94a219006aa708": "a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is \"adaptive\"", "5729f799af94a219006aa709": "can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory.", "5729f799af94a219006aa70a": "the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory", "5729f8516aef05140015516c": "Breast milk or colostrum", "5729f8516aef05140015516d": "fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies\u2014it only borrows", "5729f8516aef05140015516e": "babies have high levels of antibodies even at birth, with the same range of antigen specificities as their mother. Breast milk", "5729f8516aef05140015516f": "antibodies. This is passive immunity because the fetus", "5729f9953f37b3190047861f": "vitamin D.", "5729f9953f37b31900478620": "lupus erythematosus", "5729f9953f37b31900478621": "innate immune responses. Some autoimmune", "5729f9953f37b31900478622": "adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus", "5729fa40af94a219006aa70f": "as NFIL3,", "5729fa40af94a219006aa710": "natural light and dark cycles through instances of sleep deprivation, shift", "5729fa40af94a219006aa711": "active immunizations", "5729fb003f37b31900478627": "negatively affect their vitamin D levels. First, they stay indoors", "5729fb003f37b31900478628": "UVB", "5729fb003f37b31900478629": "hormone activity. The age-related", "5729fb003f37b3190047862a": "sun and therefore produce less chole", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969d": "I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells also kill tumorous", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969e": "I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens.", "5729fc3d1d0469140077969f": "T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens", "5729fc3d1d046914007796a0": "tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells", "5729fd111d046914007796a5": "apoptosis", "5729fd111d046914007796a6": "molecular", "5729fd111d046914007796a7": "plant cells", "5729fd111d046914007796a8": "localized", "5729fd111d046914007796a9": "molecular patterns", "5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f": "non-self, and attacks part", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478630": "autoim", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478631": "the thymus and bone", "5729fe5c3f37b31900478632": "self\" peptides", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa739": "removal", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a": "beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b": "Immunodeficiencies", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c": "cell-mediated immunity, complement activity, phagocyte", "5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d": "immunosenescence", "5729ffda1d046914007796af": "immunization", "5729ffda1d046914007796b0": "through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination", "5729ffda1d046914007796b1": "response", "5729ffda1d046914007796b2": "natural specificity of the immune system", "572a019f3f37b31900478643": "elude", "572a019f3f37b31900478644": "type", "572a019f3f37b31900478645": "move from the pathogen to the host. These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses.", "572a019f3f37b31900478646": "elude", "572a02483f37b3190047864b": "Frank Burnet,", "572a02483f37b3190047864c": "clonal selection theory (CST)", "572a02483f37b3190047864d": "the complex \"two-signal\" activation", "572a02483f37b3190047864e": "the clonal selection theory (CST)", "572a03086aef0514001551a2": "Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs", "572a03086aef0514001551a3": "of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side", "572a03086aef0514001551a4": "undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, oste", "572a03086aef0514001551a5": "undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglyce", "572a04d51d046914007796cd": "cytoto", "572a04d51d046914007796ce": "cortisol and catecholamines", "572a04d51d046914007796cf": "physical impairments", "572a04d51d046914007796d0": "any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines,", "572a058aaf94a219006aa751": "a signaling", "572a058aaf94a219006aa752": "a foreign pathogen", "572a058aaf94a219006aa753": "a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen,", "572a058aaf94a219006aa754": "vitamin D, calcitriol,", "572a058aaf94a219006aa755": "a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D,", "572a06af3f37b31900478667": "peptides called defensins are an evolution", "572a06af3f37b31900478668": "main form of invertebrate systemic immunity", "572a06af3f37b31900478669": "pathogens", "572a06af3f37b3190047866a": "all eukaryotes, and are thought to play", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc": "(e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors)", "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd": "jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules", "572a07fc6aef0514001551de": "classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g.", "572a07fc6aef0514001551df": "g., immunoglobulins", "572a096e6aef0514001551e4": "contact", "572a096e6aef0514001551e5": "phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication", "572a096e6aef0514001551e6": "simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogen", "572a096e6aef0514001551e7": "themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity,", "572a0a686aef0514001551ec": "phagocytes", "572a0a686aef0514001551ed": "Robert Koch", "572a0a686aef0514001551ee": "the cellular theory of immunity", "572a0a686aef0514001551ef": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\"", "572a0a686aef0514001551f0": "humor", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6": "so the immune system", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7": "system no longer attacks", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8": "no longer attacks the tumor", "572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9": "tolerance may develop against tumor antigens, so the immune system", "572a0bf96aef051400155204": "basophils", "572a0bf96aef051400155205": "four", "572a0bf96aef051400155206": "bind to antigens", "572a0bf96aef051400155207": "hypersensitivity) usually takes between two and three days to develop. Type IV reactions are involved in many autoimmune", "572a0bf96aef051400155208": "mast cells and basophils", "572a0ce11d046914007796fd": "cells, antibodies and complement. Some examples of intracellular", "572a0ce11d046914007796fe": "falciparum) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.). Other bacteria, such as Mycobacterium", "572a0ce11d046914007796ff": "Staphylococcus aureus (protein A),", "572a0ce11d04691400779700": "falciparum) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania spp.).", "572a0ce11d04691400779701": "viruses", "572a0e4b6aef051400155214": "mutates rapidly, so the proteins", "572a0e4b6aef051400155215": "may explain the failures of vaccines directed", "572a0e4b6aef051400155216": "failures", "572a0e4b6aef051400155217": "HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins", "572a0f073f37b3190047867f": "eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system,", "572a0f073f37b31900478680": "g. melanocytes) into tumors called melanomas", "572a0f073f37b31900478681": "g. melanocytes", "572a0f073f37b31900478682": "viruses", "572a0f073f37b31900478683": "viruses like", "572a10cd6aef051400155222": "assessing", "572a10cd6aef051400155223": "Da).", "572a10cd6aef051400155224": "the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da).", "572a10cd6aef051400155225": "epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids; however, more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases", "572a10cd6aef051400155226": "the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da).", "572a12386aef051400155234": "slow-wave-sleep", "572a12386aef051400155235": "T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2", "572a12386aef051400155236": "one that supports Th1,", "572a12386aef051400155237": "cortisol, epine", "572a142e3f37b319004786b9": "activate their protease activity, which in turn activates", "572a142e3f37b319004786bc": "that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation", "572a142e3f37b319004786ba": "activation", "572a142e3f37b319004786bb": "activate their protea", "57271c235951b619008f860b": "nonviolent resistance", "57271c235951b619008f860c": "Orange", "57271c235951b619008f860d": "South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union,", "57271c235951b619008f860e": "Soviet Union,", "57271c235951b619008f860f": "Soviet Union,", "5728d4c03acd2414000dff9f": "Soviet Union, recently with the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2004 Orange", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa0": "Orange", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa1": "nonviolent resistance movements in India (Gandhi's campaigns for independence from the British Empire),", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa2": "communist governments, In South Africa", "5728d4c03acd2414000dffa3": "American Civil Rights Movement, in the Singing Revolution", "57271f125951b619008f8635": "Oedipus, defies", "57271f125951b619008f8636": "Sophocles' play Antigone, in which Antigone,", "57271f125951b619008f8637": "One of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience", "57271f125951b619008f8638": "Creon, the current King of Thebes,", "57271f125951b619008f8639": "brother Polynices", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb3": "King of Thebes,", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb4": "former King of Thebes,", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb5": "in Sophocles'", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb6": "will smite", "5728d5793acd2414000dffb7": "civil disobedience", "5727213c708984140094da35": "the stirrings", "5727213c708984140094da36": "doctrine of Satyagraha.", "5727213c708984140094da38": "the Peterloo", "5727213c708984140094da39": "Percy Shelley wrote the political", "5727213c708984140094da37": "David Thoreau", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18": "Peterloo", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19": "Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience,", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a": "Percy Shelley wrote the political poem", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c": "Percy Shelley wrote the political poem", "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b": "David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience, and later by Gandhi in his doctrine of Satyagraha. Gandhi's Satyagraha", "572726c9708984140094da7b": "arson", "572726c9708984140094da7e": "debase", "572726c9708984140094da7c": "war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins", "572726c9708984140094da7d": "war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90e": "civil disobedience", "5728d6f02ca10214002da90f": "President Agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers,", "5728d6f02ca10214002da910": "arson", "5728d6f02ca10214002da911": "Agnew", "5728d6f02ca10214002da912": "assassins", "572807802ca10214002d9bf8": "Alice in Wonderland,", "572807802ca10214002d9bf9": "semantical", "572807802ca10214002d9bfa": "have.\" He encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent", "572807802ca10214002d9bfb": "the subject, the student of civil disobedience", "572807802ca10214002d9bfc": "intends it to have.\" He encourages a distinction", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4c": "Wonderland,", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4d": "semantic", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4e": "semantical problems and grammatical niceties", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f4f": "impossible. In reviewing the voluminous literature", "5728d7c54b864d1900164f50": "LeGrande", "57280f974b864d1900164370": "citizen", "57280f974b864d1900164371": "would be acting in her or his capacity", "57280f974b864d1900164372": "state and its laws", "57280f974b864d1900164373": "a decision of that country's highest court", "57280f974b864d1900164374": "a country", "5728d9403acd2414000e001b": "enforce a decision", "5728d9403acd2414000e001c": "state and its laws", "5728d9403acd2414000e001d": "civil", "5728d9403acd2414000e001e": "government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government", "5728d9403acd2414000e001f": "court, it would not be civil disobedience, since the head of government", "572812e74b864d19001643ce": "Thoreau's", "572812e74b864d19001643cf": "more than the will", "572812e74b864d19001643d0": "the conscience", "572812e74b864d19001643d1": "If a man chose to be an", "572812e74b864d19001643d2": "shouldn", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005d": "Thoreau's", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005e": "express the voice", "5728dafe3acd2414000e005f": "the conscience vs. the collective", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0060": "a man", "5728dafe3acd2414000e0061": "people", "5728151b4b864d1900164428": "governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions", "5728151b4b864d1900164429": "civil", "5728151b4b864d190016442a": "trade unions, banks, and private universities", "5728151b4b864d190016442b": "civil disobedience", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0080": "disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0081": "trade unions", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e007f": "non-governmental agencies such as trade unions", "5728dc2d3acd2414000e0083": "governmental entities. Brownlee", "572818f54b864d190016446c": "form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert law", "572818f54b864d190016446d": "natural rights, he might, for instance, find that assisting in fabric", "572818f54b864d190016446e": "Eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality, we might ask why disobedience", "572818f54b864d190016446f": "did it. (Exodus 1: 15-19)", "572818f54b864d1900164470": "disobedience", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d2": "police", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d3": "we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert law", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d4": "law", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d5": "Fully Informed Jury Association's publication \"A Primer for Prospective Jurors\" notes,", "5728dddc2ca10214002da9d6": "covert", "57281c594b864d19001644a2": "civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects", "57281c594b864d19001644a3": "disobedience", "57281c594b864d19001644a4": "Black's Law Dictionary", "57281c594b864d19001644a5": "destructive; therefore, the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying", "57281c594b864d19001644a6": "destructive; therefore, the defects", "5728df634b864d1900164fe2": "Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience. Christian Bay's encyclopedia article states that civil", "5728df634b864d1900164fe3": "civil disobedience", "5728df634b864d1900164fe4": "justify", "5728df634b864d1900164fe6": "to constitutional defects, rebellion is much more destructive; therefore, the defects", "5728202c4b864d19001644ec": "a section of the social fabric", "5728202c4b864d19001644ed": "Austrian government.", "5728202c4b864d19001644ee": "Austrian", "5728202c4b864d19001644ef": "Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler,", "5728202c4b864d19001644f0": "beliefs", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9": "t have to be political", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea": "to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb": "accomplishing \"peaceable revolution.\" Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler, and others have identified the right espoused in The Declaration", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec": "Non-revolutionary", "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed": "De\u00e1k", "572822233acd2414000df555": "after the end of the Mexican War.", "572822233acd2414000df556": "some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions", "572822233acd2414000df557": "tax", "572822233acd2414000df558": "political", "572822233acd2414000df559": "during the Roman Empire[citation", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0131": "Roman Empire[citation needed].", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0132": "research", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0133": "tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0134": "Temple in Jerusalem.[citation needed][original research?] In modern times, some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group", "5728e3c33acd2414000e0135": "months", "572825a92ca10214002d9efe": "Civil disobedients", "572825a92ca10214002d9eff": "medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness, which brought medicine to Iraq without the permission of the U.S. Government,", "572825a92ca10214002d9f00": "Redwood tree for 738 days, successfully preventing it from being cut down.", "572825a92ca10214002d9f01": "55 m)-tall, 600", "572825a92ca10214002d9f02": "propaganda", "5728e5224b864d1900165032": "propaganda", "5728e5224b864d1900165033": "medicine", "5728e5224b864d1900165034": "propaganda", "5728e5224b864d1900165035": "Bedau also notes, though, that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests", "5728e5224b864d1900165036": "Redwood tree for 738", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cd": "forbidden speech", "5728284e3acd2414000df5ce": "Pacifica Foundation.", "5728284e3acd2414000df5cf": "Pacifica Foundation. Threatening government officials is another classic way", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d0": "the 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation.", "5728284e3acd2414000df5d1": "1978", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0171": "disobedience", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0172": "an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, \"Wise", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0173": "government and unwillingness to stand for its policies", "5728e5f43acd2414000e0174": "pure speech, civil disobedience", "57282dfb4b864d1900164668": "large domes covering two satellite", "57282dfb4b864d1900164669": "Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB", "57282dfb4b864d190016466a": "Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles", "57282dfb4b864d190016466b": "civil disobedience", "57282dfb4b864d190016466c": "pay taxes, draft dodging,", "5728e715ff5b5019007da914": "refusals", "5728e715ff5b5019007da916": "necessary", "5728e715ff5b5019007da917": "refusals to pay taxes", "5728e715ff5b5019007da918": "it more difficult for a system", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6c": "police", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6d": "mania", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6e": "civil disobedients seek to use the arrest", "5728e8212ca10214002daa6f": "civil disobedience", "5728e8212ca10214002daa70": "suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful. However, some civil disobedients", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5": "bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6": "in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7": "a government", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8": "'t believe in the legitimacy of their particular government", "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9": "accept punishment", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01d9": "whether or not to plead guilty", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01da": "disobedients", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01db": "to plead", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc": "I don't deny it; in fact, I am proud", "5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dd": "I am proud of it. I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law; I am guilty as charged,\" but that pleading", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650aa": "Las Vegas,", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ab": "Camp Mercury nuclear test site near Las Vegas,", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ac": "the arrested persons, advising them to plead \"nolo contendere\", as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty. The arrested persons", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ad": "as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty. The arrested persons", "5728ec6a4b864d19001650ae": "pre-arranged announced time, one at a time they stepped across the \"line", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97c": "to a spirit of subservience, to demean the seriousness of the protest", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97d": "a spirit", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97e": "countrymen of injustice. But that is different than the notion that they must go to jail", "5728ed94ff5b5019007da97f": "to demean the seriousness of the protest", "5728eef92ca10214002daab0": "disobedients", "5728eef92ca10214002daab1": "count and receive no jail time. In some mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics", "5728eef92ca10214002daab2": "cheerfully", "5728eef92ca10214002daab3": "mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics", "5728eef92ca10214002daab4": "pleading", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e55": "defiant", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e56": "a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e57": "because, according to the U.S. Court", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e58": "a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing", "5728f50baf94a219006a9e59": "speech, or a speech", "5728facd4b864d1900165170": "an acquittal and avoid imprisonment", "5728facd4b864d1900165171": "a political defense", "5728facd4b864d1900165172": "an acquittal and avoid imprisonment", "5728facd4b864d1900165173": "the Vietnam War", "5728facd4b864d1900165174": "the proceedings as a forum", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef5": "social benefit. Therefore, conscientious lawbreakers", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef6": "general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit. Therefore, conscientious", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef7": "constitutionality", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef8": "committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution, or by denying having committed the crime", "5728fb6a1d04691400778ef9": "to create a test case as to the constitutionality", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f11": "beliefs", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f12": "the existence of a particular law by breaking that law", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f13": "two types of civil disobedience", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f14": "civil disobedients", "5728fc9e1d04691400778f15": "direct civil disobedience involves protesting", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b": "\"just deserts\", achieving crime", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2d": "criminal punishment", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2e": "a major goal of criminal punishment. Brownlee", "5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f": "incapacitation and deter", "57273a465951b619008f86ff": "infrastructure", "57273a465951b619008f8700": "the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning,[citation", "57273a465951b619008f8701": "six to nine percent", "57273a465951b619008f8702": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.", "57273a465951b619008f8703": "a building", "57273cca708984140094db33": "megaprojects", "57273cca708984140094db34": "megaprojects", "57273cca708984140094db35": "megaprojects", "57273cca708984140094db36": "a construction manager, design engineer", "57273cca708984140094db37": "largest construction projects", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4fe": "construction: buildings", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f4ff": "heavy civil or heavy engineering", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f500": "non-residential (commercial/institutional)", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f501": "construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional)", "57273d8bf1498d1400e8f502": "industrial. Building", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02": "a list", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03": "other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04": "2014", "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05": "(Top-250,", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a": "without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project)", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b": "g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c": "American Industry Classification System have a classification system", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d": "recognize the differences of companies in this sector,", "57274046dd62a815002e9a12": "as design, financial, estimating and legal considerations, many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable", "57274046dd62a815002e9a13": "construction of buildings.", "57274046dd62a815002e9a14": "end", "57274046dd62a815002e9a15": "project", "57274046dd62a815002e9a16": "positive outcome.", "572742bd5951b619008f8785": "are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled trades", "572742bd5951b619008f8786": "regulations and codes", "572742bd5951b619008f8787": "construction)", "572742bd5951b619008f8788": "conform to local building authority regulations and codes", "572744aff1498d1400e8f588": "printers. Working versions of 3D-printing building technology", "572744aff1498d1400e8f589": "3D printers. Working versions of 3D-printing building technology", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58a": "3.5 metres", "572744aff1498d1400e8f58b": "5 metres (11 ft)", "572745c6708984140094db9a": "industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team", "572745c6708984140094db99": "translation", "572745c6708984140094db9b": "A formal design team", "572745c6708984140094db9c": "civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers", "572745c6708984140094db9d": "a design team", "57274e0d708984140094dbe5": "an \"architecture\" or \"construction management", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6": "separate companies", "57274e0d708984140094dbe7": "a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance", "57274e0d708984140094dbe8": "end. This is designated as a \"design build\" contract where the contractor is given a performance", "57274e975951b619008f87f9": "design-build, partnering and construction management.", "57274e975951b619008f87fa": "Several project", "57274e975951b619008f87fb": "construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone", "57274f67708984140094dbf5": "matter", "57274f67708984140094dbf6": "the project", "57274f67708984140094dbf7": "matter", "57274f67708984140094dbf8": "happen", "5727502f708984140094dc07": "Accountants", "5727502f708984140094dc08": "accountants", "5727502f708984140094dc09": "Accountants", "5727502f708984140094dc0b": "the building construction project.", "5727502f708984140094dc0a": "Accountants", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0": "a matter of custom", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1": "the land where the building", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3": "seek changes or exemptions in the law", "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4": "a rule is inapplica", "572751b4708984140094dc1b": "net of contracts and other legal obligations", "572751b4708984140094dc1c": "poorly drafted contracts lead", "572751b4708984140094dc1d": "confusion", "572751b4708984140094dc1e": "set out.", "572751b4708984140094dc1f": "construction means that a delay", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0e": "adversarial", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b0f": "\" alliances and \"impure\" or \"", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b10": "new forms of procurement", "5727526cdd62a815002e9b11": "project", "572753335951b619008f8853": "the most common method of construction procurement", "572753335951b619008f8854": "the project", "572753335951b619008f8855": "architect or engineer", "572753335951b619008f8856": "acts as the project", "572753335951b619008f8857": "works, and manage the works", "57275411dd62a815002e9b30": "a project", "57275411dd62a815002e9b31": "just one contractor, but a consortium", "57275411dd62a815002e9b32": "the project's goals. Several D&B contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals. The owner selects", "57275411dd62a815002e9b33": "D&B contractors", "57275411dd62a815002e9b34": "he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often, it", "572754fff1498d1400e8f660": "themselves or through a company", "572754fff1498d1400e8f661": "construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspect", "572754fff1498d1400e8f662": "ensure that the construction adheres", "572754fff1498d1400e8f663": "the foundation can be dug, contractors", "572754fff1498d1400e8f664": "the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water,", "572755b7708984140094dc4d": "$960 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4e": "$960 billion", "572755b7708984140094dc4f": "around $960", "572755b7708984140094dc50": "approximately 828,000", "572755b7708984140094dc51": "between residential and nonresidential) and the remainder is government. As of 2005, there were about 667,000", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f674": "\u00a342,090", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f675": "US/Canada have made more than $100,000", "5727565ef1498d1400e8f676": "the UK.", "572756fe708984140094dc71": "occupational fatalities than any other sector", "572756fe708984140094dc72": "the most dangerous occupations in the world,", "572756fe708984140094dc73": "one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incur", "572756fe708984140094dc74": "incur", "572746addd62a815002e9a5e": "not administered by local, state or national governments", "572746addd62a815002e9a5f": "funding; at some private schools", "572746addd62a815002e9a60": "talent the student may have (e.g.", "572746addd62a815002e9a61": "a talent", "57274712708984140094dbad": "$45,000", "57274712708984140094dbae": "pre-school", "57274712708984140094dbaf": "United Kingdom", "57274712708984140094dbb0": "'tuition-free' schools to more than $45,000 at several New England", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59a": "day schools.", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59b": "or \"prep schools\", boarding schools and day schools", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59c": "boarding schools and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59d": "Some private schools are boarding schools and many military academies", "5727478cf1498d1400e8f59e": "student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding schools and many military", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a4": "Orthodox", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a5": "Roman Catholic schools. Other religious groups represented in the K-12 private education sector include Protestants,", "5727482bf1498d1400e8f5a6": "private education sector", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a82": "power of expulsion, a tool not readily available to government", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a83": "private schools offer a higher quality of education", "5727490bdd62a815002e9a84": "more expensive", "57274971708984140094dbbb": "St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, St Aloysius' College (Sydney)", "57274971708984140094dbbc": "Ignatius'", "57274971708984140094dbbd": "Normanhurst", "57274971708984140094dbbe": "Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, as well as Loreto Kirribilli,", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9a": "0.5%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b": "Germany", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9c": "0.5% to 6.1% in the former GDR). Percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1%.", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9d": "11.1%", "57274a1edd62a815002e9a9e": "1%", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bc": "100%", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5bd": "lack the freedom to operate completely outside of government regulation. Teachers", "57274a8ff1498d1400e8f5be": "Western European countries. However, it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees,", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4": "type of education", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5": "schools. However, these vocational schools are not part of the German dual", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6": "by charging their students tuition fees", "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7": "German dual education system. Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4": "an unaided school. So, in a strict sense, a private school", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5": "aid", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6": "30", "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7": "government", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa4": "inspectors", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa5": "India.", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa6": "point out that this leads to corruption", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa7": "to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get Recognition (a form of license)", "57274ca8dd62a815002e9aa8": "license) from the government. Critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aae": "salaries", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9aaf": "with school fees", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab0": "\u20ac25,000 per year", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab1": "minimum education; Irish private schools", "57274d1cdd62a815002e9ab2": "the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f6": "1957", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7": "Chinese", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8": "English-medium", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f9": "the National School", "57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5fa": "60", "57274e145951b619008f87e7": "private organizations and religious groups", "57274e145951b619008f87e8": "subject", "57274e145951b619008f87e9": "the name \"Public School\"", "57274e145951b619008f87ea": "standard and the quality of education", "57274e145951b619008f87eb": "'un-aided' schools are fully funded by private parties. The standard and the quality of education is quite high.", "57274eca5951b619008f87ff": "around 28,000", "57274eca5951b619008f8800": "around 28,000", "57274eca5951b619008f8801": "7%", "57274eca5951b619008f8802": "New Zealand,", "57274eca5951b619008f8803": "New Zealand,", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61e": "in Hamilton, St Peter's", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f61f": "Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington,", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f620": "in Auckland, Scots College and Queen Margaret College in Wellington,", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f621": "Marsden", "57274f49f1498d1400e8f622": "St Andrew's College and Rangi", "5727500f708984140094dbfd": "80%", "5727500f708984140094dbfe": "80%", "5727500f708984140094dbff": "80%", "5727500f708984140094dc00": "August 1992.", "5727500f708984140094dc01": "1992", "572750df5951b619008f882f": "deserving high school graduates", "572750df5951b619008f8830": "programmes, including vocational and technical courses. The Private Education Student", "572750df5951b619008f8831": "school graduates", "5727515f708984140094dc11": "laws governing private education in South Africa", "5727515f708984140094dc12": "1996", "5727515f708984140094dc13": "South Africa are private church", "5727515f708984140094dc14": "the laws governing private education", "5727515f708984140094dc15": "the early nineteenth century", "57275409708984140094dc35": "the term continues to be used to describe government", "57275409708984140094dc36": "higher school fees", "57275409708984140094dc37": "much higher school fees", "572754dd708984140094dc3b": "10%", "572754dd708984140094dc3c": "10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3d": "10,000", "572754dd708984140094dc3e": "voucher model", "572754dd708984140094dc3f": "the opportunity to choose the school", "572756265951b619008f886d": "9", "572756265951b619008f886e": "per cent at A-level.[citation needed] Many independent schools are single-sex (though this is becoming less common). Fees", "572756265951b619008f886f": "13", "572756265951b619008f8870": "approximately 9 per cent", "572756265951b619008f8871": "\u00a327,000", "572757bef1498d1400e8f690": "the landmark court case Brown", "572757bef1498d1400e8f691": "\"with all deliberate speed\"", "572757bef1498d1400e8f692": "speed", "572757bef1498d1400e8f693": "College Preparatory. Since the 1970s, many of these \"segregation", "572757bef1498d1400e8f694": "segregation academies\" have shut down, although some continue to operate.", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6ae": "to restrictions or possibly forbidden, according to the courts", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6af": "the advantages of independent control of their student admissions and course content", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0": "through student tuition, endowment", "572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b1": "either subject to restrictions", "572759665951b619008f8883": "Supreme Court precedent", "572759665951b619008f8884": "1976", "572759665951b619008f8885": "1972", "572759665951b619008f8886": "262", "572759665951b619008f8887": "U.S. 160 (1976);", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b94": "millions of dollars", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b95": "student body drawn from throughout the country, indeed the globe", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b96": "did not cover operating expenses", "572759dbdd62a815002e9b97": "exceeds their capacity.", "5727aa413acd2414000de921": "John Harvard (its first benefactor),", "5727aa413acd2414000de922": "18th century", "5727aa413acd2414000de923": "John Harvard (its first benefactor),", "5727aa413acd2414000de924": "Harvard College)", "5727aa413acd2414000de925": "John", "5727aeac3acd2414000de987": "the Harvard Library, which is the world's largest academic and private library", "5727aeac3acd2414000de988": "over 18 million volumes. Harvard's alumni include eight", "5727aeac3acd2414000de989": "18 million", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98a": "18 million volumes", "5727aeac3acd2414000de98b": "over 18 million volumes. Harvard's alumni include eight", "5727aec03acd2414000de991": "University is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties", "5727aec03acd2414000de992": "3 miles (5 km)", "5727aec03acd2414000de993": "the Radcliffe Institute", "5727aec03acd2414000de994": "eleven", "5727aec03acd2414000de995": "Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c2": "1636", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3": "Harvard Corporation", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c4": "1636", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c5": "1636", "5727afa82ca10214002d93c6": "1636", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e8": "Cambridge\u2014\u200b\u200bbut conformed Puritanism.", "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9": "Cambridge\u2014\u200b\u200bbut", "5727b0892ca10214002d93ea": "1643 publication said the school's purpose was \"to advance learning and perpetuate it", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea99": "1803", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a": "Joseph Willard", "5727b8df3acd2414000dea9b": "1803", "5727c0402ca10214002d9564": "John Norrisand,", "5727c0402ca10214002d9565": "\"participation in the Divine Nature\" and the possibility of understanding \"intellectual existences\".", "5727c0402ca10214002d9566": "the possibility of understanding \"intellectual existences\". Agassiz's perspective on science", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95ba": "Ralph", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb": "the secularization of American", "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bc": "God", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94ce": "Conant", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94cf": "the most influential manifestos", "5727c55bff5b5019007d94d0": "1933", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec13": "four", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec14": "1977", "5727c69d3acd2414000dec15": "more diverse in the post-World War", "5727c8863acd2414000dec49": "3 miles", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4a": "three", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b": "Harvard", "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c": "3 miles", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576": "Harvard Business School and many of the university's", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577": "Harvard Business School", "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578": "Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium,", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d72": "fifty percent", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d73": "new and enlarged bridges", "5727cd0f4b864d1900163d74": "land", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f0": "14,000", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f1": "magenta)", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f2": "2,400", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3": "1858", "5727cebc2ca10214002d96f4": "1909", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c4": "$32 billion", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c5": "from $28 billion", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6": "Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world.", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c7": "in the range of $12 billion", "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c8": "$32 billion in 2011, up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13": "1980s", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14": "Harvard Management Company", "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15": "$230 million", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f": "3%", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40": "2019", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41": "for the class of 2016 an Early Action program was reintroduced.", "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42": "2019", "5727d3843acd2414000ded69": "1978", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6a": "four", "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b": "Understanding, Culture", "5727d4922ca10214002d977c": "4\u20135% of the class are awarded degrees summa", "5727d4922ca10214002d977d": "four", "5727d4922ca10214002d977e": "honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa", "5727d4922ca10214002d977f": "laude, students in the next 15% of the class are awarded magna cum laude, and the next 30%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e34": "$80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year, and families", "5727d6154b864d1900163e35": "$180,000 pay no more than 10%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e36": "$80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year, and families earning between $120,000 and $180,000", "5727d6154b864d1900163e37": "more than 10%", "5727d6154b864d1900163e38": "$35 million from federal support, and $39 million from other outside support. Grants total 88%", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969a": "central locations. There are rare books,", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969c": "Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969d": "Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library", "5727d6faff5b5019007d969b": "over 18 million volumes", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5e": "three", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e5f": "European art,", "5727d88b4b864d1900163e60": "French", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17": "2013", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee18": "2013", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee19": "14th", "5727da564b864d1900163e8e": "two years", "5727da564b864d1900163e8f": "a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.", "5727da564b864d1900163e90": "the Harvard\u2013Yale Regatta predates the football game. This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc": "1875", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fd": "1906", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe": "1906", "5727db85ff5b5019007d96ff": "Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale", "5727dc473acd2414000dee43": "The Malkin Athletic Center,", "5727dc473acd2414000dee44": "the university's primary recreation facility", "5727dc473acd2414000dee45": "three", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163eba": "two", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebb": "Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc": "Harvard-Yale Regatta", "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebd": "2003", "5727de862ca10214002d9860": "John Adams,", "5727de862ca10214002d9861": "John Adams,", "5727de862ca10214002d9862": "Theodore Roosevelt,", "5727de862ca10214002d9863": "Muhith; President of Puntland Abdiweli Mohamed Ali; U.S.", "5727e0474b864d1900163f08": "Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman;", "5727e0474b864d1900163f09": "Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0a": "Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian,", "5727e0474b864d1900163f0b": "David Thoreau;", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f34": "N. Gregory Mankiw, Robert Barro, Stephen A. Marglin,", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f35": "Glauber, chemists Elias", "5727e21e4b864d1900163f36": "Glauber, chemists Elias", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a": "Jacksonville is the principal city", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b": "382", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c": "most populous", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d": "the principal city", "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e": "1968", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676": "the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed, known as Wacca", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677": "about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km)", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678": "the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States.", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679": "the United States gained Florida from Spain; it was named after Andrew Jackson, the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States.", "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a": "The Jacksonville", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e": "19th", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958f": "United States Navy", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9590": "two", "5727cd7dff5b5019007d9591": "the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bec": "thousands of years", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed": "Timucua people.", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bee": "North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States,", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bef": "the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University", "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0": "the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa,", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26": "Ribault charted the St.", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27": "St. Johns River", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28": "Ribault charted the St.", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29": "the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline,", "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a": "Augustine's", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06": "Florida area prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish.", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d07": "the United States in 1821, American settlers", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08": "the northeastern Florida", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d09": "British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber.", "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a": "1783", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c76": "Jacksonville proper resulted in the first Confederate victory in Florida.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c77": "in Florida. In February 1864 Union forces left Jacksonville and confronted a Confederate Army", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c78": "a Confederate victory.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c79": "the Battle of Olustee resulting in a Confederate victory.", "5728128cff5b5019007d9c7a": "1862", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbc": "the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd": "Grover Cleveland", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe": "the state as a worthy place for tourism", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbf": "tourism", "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cc0": "the Florida Old Confederate", "5728170d3acd2414000df443": "North Carolina. Known as the \"Great", "5728170d3acd2414000df444": "2,000", "5728170d3acd2414000df445": "the flames", "5728170d3acd2414000df446": "Henry John Klutho", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44": "Norman", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45": "cheap", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d46": "exotic locations", "57281940ff5b5019007d9d47": "the World\".", "57281ab63acd2414000df493": "W. Haydon", "57281ab63acd2414000df494": "1%", "57281ab63acd2414000df495": "Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund", "57281ab63acd2414000df496": "ethnic group, non-Hispanic", "57281ab63acd2414000df497": "The construction of highways", "57281bb84b864d190016449a": "tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation", "57281bb84b864d190016449b": "code enforcement. In 1958, a study recommended that the city", "57281bb84b864d190016449c": "city limits. In addition, residents in unincorporated", "57281bb84b864d190016449d": "education, sanitation", "57281d494b864d19001644be": "In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum", "57281d494b864d19001644bf": "11", "57281d494b864d19001644c0": "city's officials", "57281d494b864d19001644c1": "suburbs", "57281edd3acd2414000df4eb": "a sign marking the new border of the \"Bold New City of the South\"", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ec": "Hans Tanzler posed with actress Lee", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ed": "the governments merged to create the Consolidated City of Jacksonville. Fire, police, health & welfare,", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee": "new border of the \"Bold New City", "57281edd3acd2414000df4ef": "a sign marking the new border of the \"Bold New City of the South\"", "572820512ca10214002d9e72": "the east, along with the Jacksonville Beaches. The St. Johns River divides the city. The Trout River,", "572820512ca10214002d9e73": "River, a major tributary of the St. Johns River,", "572820512ca10214002d9e74": "the town of Baldwin. Nassau", "572820512ca10214002d9e75": "7 sq mi or 1,962 km2)", "572820512ca10214002d9e76": "Clay and St. Johns County lie to the south; the Atlantic Ocean", "572821274b864d1900164510": "the 28 floor Riverplace", "572821274b864d1900164511": "Jacksonville's", "572821274b864d1900164512": "617 ft", "572821274b864d1900164513": "28", "572821274b864d1900164514": "Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower,", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4": "humid subtropical climate", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5": "summer", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6": "coastal location", "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc7": "thunder", "57282358ff5b5019007d9dde": "July. High temperatures average 64 to 92 \u00b0F", "57282358ff5b5019007d9ddf": "around 53 F in January to 82", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0": "the year. High heat indices", "57282358ff5b5019007d9de1": "July 28, 1872.", "572824f13acd2414000df58f": "the north or south in the Atlantic and brushing", "572824f13acd2414000df590": "one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times", "572824f13acd2414000df591": "Floyd,", "572824f13acd2414000df592": "brushing", "572824f13acd2414000df593": "1871", "572826634b864d19001645be": "Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population,", "572826634b864d19001645bf": "273 households", "572826634b864d19001645c0": "366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest", "572826634b864d19001645c1": "Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb": "females", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc": "366,273 households out of which 11.8%", "572827fc3acd2414000df5bd": "females", "572827fc3acd2414000df5be": "2%", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee": "85 richest people, a small part of the wealthiest 1%", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ef": "48", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f0": "40%", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f1": "the world", "5727e6cbff5b5019007d97f2": "the lowest 48 nations combined. The combined wealth", "5729d36b1d04691400779607": "7%", "5729d36b1d04691400779608": "people in the world", "5729d36b1d04691400779609": "10 million", "5729d36b1d0469140077960a": "1% of adults alone owned 40%", "5729d36b1d0469140077960b": "that the top 1% now own nearly half of the world", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc0": "400", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1": "the New York Times", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc2": "richest 1", "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3": "privilege", "5729d44b1d04691400779611": "richest", "5729d44b1d04691400779612": "60 percent\" of the Forbes", "5729d44b1d04691400779613": "the bottom 90 percent\". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans", "5729d44b1d04691400779614": "400", "5729d44b1d04691400779615": "New York Times", "5727e9523acd2414000def95": "wages and profits", "5727e9523acd2414000def96": "inequalities in the distribution of income", "5727e9523acd2414000def97": "different classifications", "5727e9523acd2414000def98": "differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits", "5727e9523acd2414000def99": "labor, capital and land. Within labor", "5729d51d3f37b3190047858f": "landlord). Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap", "5729d51d3f37b31900478590": "differences", "5729d51d3f37b31900478591": "a reflection of the productivity gap", "5729d51d3f37b31900478592": "income", "5729d51d3f37b31900478593": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e": "worker", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f": "capitalist firms", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9870": "increases the organic composition", "5727ea45ff5b5019007d9871": "organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment", "5729d609af94a219006aa661": "a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class", "5729d609af94a219006aa662": "less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment", "5729d609af94a219006aa663": "the capitalist class", "5729d609af94a219006aa664": "capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment", "5729d609af94a219006aa665": "capitalist firms", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b6": "high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair.\" Employers who offer a below market", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b7": "the demand", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8": "a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market", "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9": "the law", "5727ec062ca10214002d99ba": "Under the law", "5729d878af94a219006aa66b": "any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market", "5729d878af94a219006aa66c": "a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality", "5729d878af94a219006aa66d": "purely capitalist", "5729d878af94a219006aa66e": "environmental costs on to society", "5729d878af94a219006aa66f": "any other good.", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df001": "customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002": "such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df003": "jobs such as dish-washing", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df004": "demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives", "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005": "An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service.", "5729da0faf94a219006aa675": "corruption", "5729da0faf94a219006aa676": "competition", "5729da0faf94a219006aa677": "because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs", "5729da0faf94a219006aa678": "willing", "5729da0faf94a219006aa679": "the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec": "entrepreneurship", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed": "food and shelter (\"push\" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ee": "Necessity-based", "5727ee372ca10214002d99ef": "economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redist", "5727ee372ca10214002d99f0": "food and shelter (\"push\" motivations)", "5729de24af94a219006aa689": "Necessity-based", "5729de24af94a219006aa68a": "Necessity-based", "5729de24af94a219006aa68b": "necessity", "5729de24af94a219006aa68c": "inequality", "5729de24af94a219006aa68d": "former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redist", "5727ef664b864d1900164060": "tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference between the Gini", "5727ef664b864d1900164061": "increases", "5727ef664b864d1900164062": "system. A progressive tax is a tax", "5727ef664b864d1900164063": "increases. In a progressive tax system,", "5729e02f1d04691400779639": "increases. In a progressive tax", "5729e02f1d0469140077963a": "the Gini index", "5729e02f1d0469140077963b": "system. A progressive tax is a tax", "5729e02f1d0469140077963c": "increases. In a progressive tax", "5727f05b4b864d1900164068": "income inequality", "5727f05b4b864d1900164069": "inequality", "5727f05b4b864d190016406a": "workers, creates high wages for those with this education", "5727f05b4b864d190016406b": "income inequality", "5727f05b4b864d190016406c": "helps to unleash", "5729e1101d04691400779641": "high wages for those with this education", "5729e1101d04691400779642": "lower wages", "5729e1101d04691400779643": "lower aggregate savings and investment. Conversely, education raises incomes and promotes growth", "5729e1101d04691400779644": "inequality is variation", "5729e1101d04691400779645": "creates high wages for those with this education", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b": "more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c": "$105 billion", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05d": "the country's economy", "5727f16c3acd2414000df05e": "the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles", "5729e1e36aef0514001550ba": "the 2008-2009", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bb": "2014", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bc": "slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker", "5729e1e36aef0514001550bd": "2009", "5729e1e36aef0514001550be": "the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008", "5727f2714b864d1900164072": "1910", "5727f2714b864d1900164073": "inequality", "5727f2714b864d1900164074": "increase in skilled", "5727f2714b864d1900164075": "mass high school education movement", "5727f2714b864d1900164076": "inequality", "5729e2b76aef0514001550ce": "1910", "5729e2b76aef0514001550cf": "High school education", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d0": "labor. High school education", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d1": "inequality", "5729e2b76aef0514001550d2": "gender inequality", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7": "inequality", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8": "inequality", "5727f6723acd2414000df0ea": "little", "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9": "U.S.-style", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69d": "CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69e": "high levels of income inequality,", "5729e38daf94a219006aa69f": "Ben Zipperer", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a0": "labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor", "5729e38daf94a219006aa6a1": "lower", "5727f7523acd2414000df10d": "Sociologist", "5727f7523acd2414000df10e": "cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand", "5727f7523acd2414000df10f": "significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes", "5727f7523acd2414000df110": "high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes \"the historical pattern", "5729e4291d04691400779651": "Sociologist", "5729e4291d04691400779652": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield", "5729e4291d04691400779653": "gap than technological changes and globalization", "5729e4291d04691400779654": "Jake", "5729e4291d04691400779655": "inequality", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18": "may", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a19": "5-15%", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1a": "skilled", "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a1b": "15", "5729f1283f37b319004785d7": "Max", "5729f1283f37b319004785d8": "Stolper\u2013Samuelson", "5729f1283f37b319004785d9": "international trade is increasing income inequality", "5729f1283f37b319004785da": "increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production, resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable. However, he concedes", "5729f1283f37b319004785db": "shift economic inequality", "5727fd123acd2414000df185": "Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor", "5727fd123acd2414000df186": "Gender", "5727fd123acd2414000df187": "due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy, but income", "5727fd123acd2414000df188": "women and men.", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e7": "a Gender", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e8": "travel or relocate. Thomas Sowell,", "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9": "males", "5729f1c13f37b319004785ea": "Thomas Sowell,", "5729f1c13f37b319004785eb": "more likely than men to consider factors", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab": "income and introducing inequality", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac": "Economist", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad": "inequality", "5727ff083acd2414000df1ae": "inequality. Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd": "wealth. As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6de": "inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6df": "wealth. As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e0": "inequality", "5729f24baf94a219006aa6e1": "Kuznets, countries with low levels", "57287b322ca10214002da3be": "1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s.", "57287b322ca10214002da3bf": "1970s", "57287b322ca10214002da3c0": "middle-income developing economies", "57287b322ca10214002da3c1": "middle-income developing economies", "5729f3883f37b319004785f1": "Kuznets", "5729f3883f37b319004785f2": "Kuznets curve.", "5729f3883f37b319004785f3": "middle-income developing economies level of inequality", "5729f3883f37b319004785f4": "the United States during its High school movement", "5729f3883f37b319004785f5": "level of inequality", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26c": "persistence of inequality within society", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26d": "U.S. university endowment size", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26e": "inequality within society", "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f": "process", "5729f4273f37b319004785fb": "wealthy individuals or entities", "5729f4273f37b319004785fc": "Thomas Piketty", "5729f4273f37b319004785fd": "persistence of inequality within society. Thomas Piketty in his book Capital", "5729f4273f37b319004785fe": "Thomas Piketty", "5729f4273f37b319004785ff": "higher returns [pp. 384 Table", "5729f4e46aef051400155157": "Stiglitz,", "5729f4e46aef051400155156": "fostering competition", "5729f4e46aef051400155158": "growing inequality", "5729f4e46aef051400155159": "rent-seeking", "5729f4e46aef05140015515a": "excess profits", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6ef": "social problems, and lower rates of social goods", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f0": "lower level of economic growth", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f1": "inequality", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2": "-.907). A similar relationship exists among US states", "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f3": "-.907). A similar relationship exists among US states (r = -.620).", "572a05eb3f37b31900478653": "2013", "572a05eb3f37b31900478654": "Economics Nobel prize", "572a05eb3f37b31900478655": "increases, has a negative effect", "572a05eb3f37b31900478656": "dislocation, unrest and conflict", "572a05eb3f37b31900478657": "negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources,", "572a06866aef0514001551be": "British", "572a06866aef0514001551bf": "drug use), and lower rates of social goods", "572a06866aef0514001551c0": "mental illness, homicides", "572a06866aef0514001551c2": "teenage", "572a06866aef0514001551c1": "Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births,", "572a070c6aef0514001551c8": "stomachs", "572a070c6aef0514001551c9": "richest thirty or so countries in the world", "572a070c6aef0514001551ca": "full stomachs", "572a070c6aef0514001551cb": "stomach", "572a070c6aef0514001551cc": "richest thirty or so countries", "572a07a86aef0514001551d2": "nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson", "572a07a86aef0514001551d3": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett", "572a07a86aef0514001551d4": "22", "572a07a86aef0514001551d5": "countries", "572a07a86aef0514001551d6": "inequality. Creating an index", "572a0a391d046914007796df": "U.S States", "572a0a391d046914007796e0": "correlated with inequality", "572a0a391d046914007796e1": "fifty", "572a0a391d046914007796e3": "Among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides", "572a0a391d046914007796e2": "2002) found a similar relationship", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765": "water", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766": "water", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa767": "necessities like food, water, and healthcare; while, an additional dollar", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa768": "marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility. An additional dollar spent by a poor", "572a0bafaf94a219006aa769": "water", "572a0c541d046914007796f3": "US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato", "572a0c541d046914007796f4": "Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality", "572a0c541d046914007796f5": "2001", "572a0c541d046914007796f6": "the libertarian Cato", "572a0c541d046914007796f7": "Tory,", "572a0d21af94a219006aa783": "\"systematic economic inequalities, within the United States", "572a0d21af94a219006aa784": "lower and middle income", "572a0d21af94a219006aa785": "fault", "572a0d21af94a219006aa786": "Raghuram", "572a0d21af94a219006aa787": "Banking economist Raghuram", "572a0e0e1d04691400779707": "20 percent", "572a0e0e1d04691400779708": "income share of the top 20 percent (the rich)", "572a0e0e1d04691400779709": "top 20 percent (the rich)", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a": "20 percent", "572a0e0e1d0469140077970b": "IMF staff economists,", "572a0ecb1d04691400779717": "unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects", "572a0ecb1d04691400779718": "self-esteem", "572a0ecb1d04691400779719": "labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971a": "promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment", "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b": "unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment", "572a1046af94a219006aa78d": "in 2001 that, \"The view that income inequality harms", "572a1046af94a219006aa78e": "mattered most, savings and investments", "572a1046af94a219006aa78f": "mattered most, savings and investments", "572a1046af94a219006aa790": "\"", "572a1046af94a219006aa791": "the poor and invest it in physical capital. But now that human capital", "572a11663f37b31900478693": "1993", "572a11663f37b31900478694": "human capital formation", "572a11663f37b31900478695": "Zeira showed that inequality", "572a11663f37b31900478696": "imperfections", "572a11663f37b31900478697": "Zeira showed that inequality", "572a12381d0469140077972d": "positive impact of inequality", "572a12381d0469140077972e": "ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations", "572a12381d0469140077972c": "negative", "572a12381d0469140077972b": "Harvard economist", "572a12381d0469140077972f": "1999", "572a13841d0469140077973b": "inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis,", "572a13841d0469140077973c": "economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars", "572a13841d0469140077973d": "Kuznets", "572a13841d0469140077973e": "wars and \"", "572a13841d0469140077973f": "long run, cannot account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df": "2013", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0": "risen with increased income inequality", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1": "reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2": "a few years", "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3": "risen with increased income inequality.", "572a1a5c6aef051400155284": "special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth. The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction \u2013 the growth", "572a1a5c6aef051400155285": "economic growth", "572a1a5c6aef051400155286": "economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty.\"", "572a1a5c6aef051400155287": "poverty reduction and the achievement", "572a1a5c6aef051400155288": "2%", "572a1ba46aef05140015528e": "land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property", "572a1ba46aef05140015528f": "poor", "572a1ba46aef051400155290": "transaction", "572a1ba46aef051400155291": "14 years", "572a1ba46aef051400155292": "property and building, In some countries", "572a1c943f37b319004786e1": "increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units. The ad valorem", "572a1c943f37b319004786e2": "valor", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3": "for higher quality", "572a1c943f37b319004786e4": "Jacob Vigdor, and Janna", "572a1c943f37b319004786e5": "increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5": "pensions, education and health care. If the state", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6": "greater inequality and potential economic instability", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7": "the process of middle income earners", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f8": "greater inequality and potential economic instability", "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9": "incomes", "572a1f086aef0514001552c0": "filtering", "572a1f086aef0514001552c1": "carbon emissions", "572a1f086aef0514001552c2": "lower", "572a1f086aef0514001552c3": "poor", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d0": "differential", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d1": "reflective of individual contributions to the social product", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d2": "disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3": "property", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d4": "where a small portion of the population", "572a20816aef0514001552e4": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes", "572a20816aef0514001552e5": "inequal", "572a20816aef0514001552e6": "capitalism since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy Rawls's", "572a20816aef0514001552e7": "as a whole, including the poorest members. Rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice. Some see Rawls's", "572a20816aef0514001552e8": "since even the poorest members", "572a213e6aef0514001552ee": "human development approach \u2013 looks at income inequality", "572a213e6aef0514001552ef": "economic growth", "572a213e6aef0514001552f0": "form of \u201ccapability", "572a213e6aef0514001552f1": "an end rather than the end itself. Its goal is to \u201cwid[en] people\u2019s", "572a213e6aef0514001552f2": "end itself", "572a2224af94a219006aa823": "increases, and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid", "572a2224af94a219006aa824": "an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence", "572a2224af94a219006aa825": "customs", "572a2224af94a219006aa826": "as much income", "572a2224af94a219006aa827": "lowered", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2": "Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling humanoid alien.", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e3": "1963", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e4": "the Doctor combats", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e5": "a Time Lord\u2014a space and time-travelling", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e6": "Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963.", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f2": "Jane Adventures (2007\u20132011), both created by Russell T Davies; K-9 (2009\u20132010);", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f3": "Jane Adventures (2007\u20132011), both created by Russell T Davies;", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f4": "Christopher Eccleston", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f5": "Christopher Eccleston", "5727f0b1ff5b5019007d98f6": "the 21st century featured Christopher Eccleston", "5727f18c3acd2414000df063": "Twelve", "5727f18c3acd2414000df064": "Peter Capaldi", "5727f18c3acd2414000df065": "Christmas", "5727f18c3acd2414000df066": "the role after Matt Smith's", "5727f18c3acd2414000df067": "Christmas", "5727f2583acd2414000df087": "Lord", "5727f2583acd2414000df088": "Lord from the planet Gallifrey,", "5727f2583acd2414000df089": "the adventures of the primary character", "5727f2583acd2414000df08a": "Doctor's TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British Police box", "5727f2583acd2414000df08b": "the planet Gallifrey, who simply goes by the name \"The Doctor\".", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5": "changing history, using only his ingenuity and minimal resources, such as his versatile sonic screwdriver.", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6": "His companions are usually humans,", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7": "Master, another renegade Time Lord.", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8": "mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality.", "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9": "new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks,", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a32": "17:16:20 GMT, eighty seconds", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a33": "BBC TV", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a34": "to be a regular weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a35": "Donald Wilson and staff writer C. E. Webber.", "5727f44c2ca10214002d9a36": "by Newman", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a44": "26", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a45": "Jonathan Powell,", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a46": "co-star", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a47": "transmission slot saw production", "5727f5622ca10214002d9a48": "BBC 1.", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9956": "a Doctor Who television film, broadcast", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9957": "a British", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9958": "Philip", "5727f678ff5b5019007d9959": "1 million", "5727f678ff5b5019007d995a": "the United States,", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9960": "Christmas special broadcast", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9961": "Moffat", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9963": "specials", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9964": "Chris Chibnall in 2018. In addition, Series 10 will debut in Spring 2017, with a Christmas special broadcast in 2016.", "5727f746ff5b5019007d9962": "Christmas special broadcast", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7c": "1989 series[note 2] and the 1996", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7d": "telefil", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7e": "1963", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a7f": "The Next Generation", "5727f8342ca10214002d9a80": "The Next Generation", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164160": "John F. Kennedy", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164161": "eighty seconds", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164162": "John F. Kennedy", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164163": "after", "5727fc7f4b864d1900164164": "out after a delay of eighty", "5727fdb94b864d190016417c": "frightening", "5727fdb94b864d190016417d": "sofa\" entered British pop culture, signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening", "5727fdb94b864d190016417e": "frightening", "5727fdb94b864d190016417f": "behaviour of children", "5727fdb94b864d1900164180": "sofa\" entered British", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a1": "unsuitable", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a2": "3%", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a3": "BBC", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a4": "Monopoly with the property market in London: both are fantasies, but one", "5727fed73acd2414000df1a5": "bleed", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8c": "the resort of Herne Bay, Kent,", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8d": "a time machine", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8e": "the public's consciousness; BBC scriptwriter", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a8f": "one of the people who conceived the idea of a police box", "5727ffb5ff5b5019007d9a90": "2002", "572800b03acd2414000df1f1": "six", "572800b03acd2414000df1f2": "December 1989.", "572800b03acd2414000df1f3": "one", "572800b03acd2414000df1f4": "Black", "572800b03acd2414000df1f5": "BBC One,", "572801823acd2414000df1fb": "2005", "572801823acd2414000df1fc": "60 minutes", "572801823acd2414000df1fd": "The serial format changed for the 2005", "572801823acd2414000df1fe": "the early \"classic\" era", "572801823acd2414000df1ff": "2005", "5728023a4b864d19001641f4": "25-minute", "5728023a4b864d19001641f5": "25-minute episodes (the most common format)", "5728023a4b864d19001641f6": "826", "5728023a4b864d19001641f7": "826", "5728023a4b864d19001641f8": "1963", "572803493acd2414000df229": "William Hartnell", "572803493acd2414000df22a": "six", "572803493acd2414000df22b": "4, & 5, from which 79", "572803493acd2414000df22c": "1972,", "572803493acd2414000df22d": "1964", "572804522ca10214002d9b94": "from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show.", "572804522ca10214002d9b95": "BBC from the archives", "572804522ca10214002d9b97": "BBC from the archives", "572804522ca10214002d9b96": "BBC", "572804522ca10214002d9b98": "\"", "572805363acd2414000df26d": "Theta-Sigma, in collaboration with Big Finish, and became available for purchase in May 2013 through Amazon.com. Subsequent animations", "572805363acd2414000df26e": "Amazon.com. Subsequent animations", "572805363acd2414000df26f": "2013", "572805363acd2414000df270": "Theta-Sigma,", "572805363acd2414000df271": "4 of The Invasion (1968),", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b42": "\"regeneration\" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b43": "the show's history", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b44": "Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a \"renewal,\" and the Second Doctor", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b45": "Doctor underwent a \"change", "57280757ff5b5019007d9b46": "Doctor underwent a \"change", "572808bf4b864d190016429a": "12 times, for a total of 13", "572808bf4b864d190016429b": "13", "572808bf4b864d190016429c": "Lord can only regenerate 12 times,", "572808bf4b864d190016429d": "13", "572808bf4b864d190016429e": "1996", "572809ab4b864d19001642ae": "John", "572809ab4b864d19001642af": "John Hurt guest-starred as a hitherto", "572809ab4b864d19001642b0": "John Hurt guest-starred as a hitherto", "572809ab4b864d19001642b1": "\"", "572809ab4b864d19001642b2": "50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\".", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c66": "Jon Pertwee. For 1983's The Five Doctors, Troughton and Pertwee returned to star with Peter Davison,", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c67": "Hartnell.", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c68": "Patrick Troughton returned alongside Jon Pertwee.", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c6a": "Tom Baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted Shada episode. For this episode, Richard Hurndall replaced William Hartnell.", "57280b2b2ca10214002d9c69": "Peter Davison,", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca8": "Zagreus featuring Paul McGann,", "57280cac2ca10214002d9ca9": "Sylvester McCoy", "57280cac2ca10214002d9caa": "new adventures together in audio dramas", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cab": "Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann", "57280cac2ca10214002d9cac": "1999", "57280e323acd2414000df349": "fifth", "57280e323acd2414000df34a": "excitedly replies \"Goodness me.", "57280e323acd2414000df34b": "excitedly", "57280e323acd2414000df34c": "long history, there have been revelations", "57280e323acd2414000df34d": "1983", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b": "the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed; in \"The Empty Child\" (2005),", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c": "the Doctor has a granddaughter,", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d": "2006", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e": "Lord,", "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f": "Dr.", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c30": "\"moral duty\". The Doctor's", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c31": "\"", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c33": "(Elisabeth Sladen); and Jo Grant (Katy Manning).", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c34": "Hill)", "5728103eff5b5019007d9c32": "(William Russell).", "572811434b864d190016438c": "Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill),", "572811434b864d190016438d": "(Billie Piper),", "572811434b864d190016438e": "Amy Pond (Karen Gillan)", "572811434b864d190016438f": "(Noel Clarke)", "572811434b864d1900164390": "Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams", "572812142ca10214002d9d2a": "T Davies", "572812142ca10214002d9d2b": "2005", "572812142ca10214002d9d2c": "Ice", "572812142ca10214002d9d2d": "new recurring aliens: Slitheen (Raxacoricofallapatorian),", "572812142ca10214002d9d2e": "(Raxacoricofallapatorian), Ood, Judoon,", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c80": "The actual creatures resemble octopi with large, pronounced brains. Their armour", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c81": "Genesis", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c82": "Daleks are Kaleds", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c83": "The actual creatures resemble octopi with large, pronounced brains. Their armour", "572812eaff5b5019007d9c84": "Daleks are Kaleds", "572813b52ca10214002d9d68": "Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley", "572813b52ca10214002d9d69": "the role has been portrayed by several actors", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6a": "Moriarty", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6b": "\"Professor Moriarty", "572813b52ca10214002d9d6c": "\"Professor Moriarty", "572814882ca10214002d9d72": "Derek Jacobi", "572814882ca10214002d9d73": "the series", "572814882ca10214002d9d74": "2007", "572814882ca10214002d9d75": "the name of \"Missy\" (short for Mistress, the feminine equivalent of \"Master\").", "572814882ca10214002d9d76": "\"", "572816213acd2414000df429": "Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic", "572816213acd2414000df42a": "the BBC Radiophonic Workshop,", "572816213acd2414000df42b": "string and individual test oscillators", "572816213acd2414000df42c": "1979", "572816213acd2414000df42d": "The original theme was composed by Ron Grainer and realised by Delia", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db0": "Lord in season 23 (1986). Keff", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db1": "Lord in season 23 (1986). Keff", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db2": "John Debney", "5728177f2ca10214002d9db3": "John Debney", "572817802ca10214002d9db4": "new arrangement which featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added; in the 2005 Christmas", "5728185f3acd2414000df45b": "the 2007 Christmas special episode, \"Voyage", "5728185f3acd2414000df45d": "Christmas", "5728185f3acd2414000df45c": "hostile reception from some viewers. In 2011, the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station Classic FM's Hall", "5728185f3acd2414000df45e": "a survey of classical music tastes. A revised version of Gold's", "5728185f3acd2414000df45f": "the 2007 Christmas", "572819864b864d190016447e": "Jon Pertwee,", "572819864b864d190016447f": "Jon Pertwee,", "572819864b864d1900164480": "Fourplay,", "572819864b864d1900164481": "KLF) released the single \"Doctorin'", "572819864b864d1900164482": "KLF) released the single \"Doctorin'", "57281a952ca10214002d9dea": "Jon Pertwee/Tom Baker", "57281a952ca10214002d9deb": "Dudley Simpson, who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for Blake's 7,", "57281a952ca10214002d9dec": "Jon Pertwee/Tom", "57281a952ca10214002d9ded": "Jon Pertwee/Tom", "57281a952ca10214002d9dee": "(as a Music hall", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfa": "the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfb": "Ben Foster", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfc": "Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfd": "the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies", "57281bbc2ca10214002d9dfe": "Ben Foster", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1e": "Six", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e1f": "soundtrack for Series 6 was released, both by Silva Screen Records.", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e20": "Doctor to End of Time Part 2). The soundtrack for Series 5 was released", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e21": "as a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008\u20132010 specials (The Next Doctor", "57281cb22ca10214002d9e22": "December 2011", "57281f203acd2414000df4f5": "Eighth", "57281f203acd2414000df4f6": "Eighth", "57281f203acd2414000df4f7": "Doctor (and briefly for the Second Doctor)", "57281f203acd2414000df4f8": "Eighth", "57281f203acd2414000df4f9": "\"DW\" TARDIS", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9c": "the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel, where it is regarded as a family show,", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9d": "a family show, drawing audiences of many millions of viewers; episodes are now repeated on BBC Three.", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9e": "1964\u20131965", "57282036ff5b5019007d9d9f": "1965", "57282036ff5b5019007d9da0": "BBC One channel, where it is regarded as a family show,", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db2": "the programme's 1989 suspension. Some fans considered this disingenuous,", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db3": "high ratings), it has consistently had high viewership", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db4": "the programme's 23rd series", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db5": "ITV network", "572821ceff5b5019007d9db6": "late 1980s", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd4": "instalments", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd5": "United States.[citation", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd6": "New Zealand", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd7": "Five", "5728231fff5b5019007d9dd8": "1983", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed6": "Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed7": "modern series have also been shown on subscription", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed8": "first run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation", "5728245b2ca10214002d9ed9": "exclusively", "5728245b2ca10214002d9eda": "modern series have also been shown on subscription television channels BBC UKTV,", "572825714b864d1900164590": "1981", "572825714b864d1900164591": "in keeping with TVO's", "572825714b864d1900164592": "in an educational context in keeping with TVO's", "572825714b864d1900164593": "place it in an educational context in keeping with TVO's", "572825714b864d1900164594": "The Talons of Weng-Chiang", "572826762ca10214002d9f2c": "Christopher Eccleston", "572826762ca10214002d9f2d": "Billie Piper", "572826762ca10214002d9f2e": "Newfoundland", "572826762ca10214002d9f2f": "26 December 2005,", "572826762ca10214002d9f30": "a trivia", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e26": "BBC", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e27": "Blu-ray,", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e28": "Blu-ray,", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e29": "UMD", "5728274cff5b5019007d9e2a": "2000. One", "572828383acd2414000df5c3": "Jon Pertwee", "572828383acd2414000df5c4": "the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday. In the late 1980s, Jon Pertwee", "572828383acd2414000df5c5": "Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker", "572828383acd2414000df5c6": "the Daleks in the Seven Keys", "572828383acd2414000df5c7": "Colin Baker", "572829532ca10214002d9fa2": "John Barrowman", "572829532ca10214002d9fa3": "October 2006.", "572829532ca10214002d9fa4": "Following the success of the 2005 series produced by Russell T Davies, the BBC commissioned Davies to produce a 13-part", "572829532ca10214002d9fa5": "\"", "572829532ca10214002d9fa6": "as Toshiko Sato first seen in \"Aliens", "57282f204b864d190016468a": "Sarah Jane Adventures, starring Elisabeth Sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith,", "57282f204b864d190016468b": "2011", "57282f204b864d190016468c": "2011", "57282f204b864d190016468d": "2007.", "57282f204b864d190016468e": "Tennant as the Tenth Doctor. In 2010, a further such appearance", "5728303e4b864d19001646aa": "BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich effect", "5728303e4b864d19001646ab": "Doctor", "5728303e4b864d19001646ac": "EastEnders,", "5728303e4b864d19001646ad": "one", "5728303e4b864d19001646ae": "darkened lens; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses", "572831512ca10214002da04a": "Jim Broadbent,", "572831512ca10214002da04b": "four", "572831512ca10214002da04c": "(Jonathan Pryce) and the Daleks.", "572831512ca10214002da04d": "Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley.", "572831512ca10214002da04e": "Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent,", "572833662ca10214002da086": "Steven Moffat) is portrayed as a Doctor Who collector and enthusiast.", "572833662ca10214002da087": "(\"The Neutral Zone\")", "572833662ca10214002da088": "Brisingr and High Wizardry,", "572833662ca10214002da089": "Brisingr", "572833662ca10214002da08a": "references appearing many times", "572834524b864d1900164716": "the Pescatons featuring the Fourth", "572834524b864d1900164717": "21-minute narrated abridge", "572834524b864d1900164718": "Pescatons featuring the Fourth Doctor. The first commercially available audiobook was an abridged", "572834524b864d1900164719": "1966", "572834524b864d190016471a": "narrated abridge", "572835854b864d190016472e": "Paul McGann's", "572835854b864d190016472f": "Doctor joining the line in 2001. Tom Baker's Fourth Doctor began appearing for Big Finish in 2012. Along with the main range, adventures", "572835854b864d1900164730": "Paul McGann's", "572835854b864d1900164731": "2013", "572835854b864d1900164732": "1999", "572836732ca10214002da0dc": "1991", "572836732ca10214002da0dd": "day. From 1965", "572836732ca10214002da0de": "original", "572836732ca10214002da0df": "newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979. This is published by Panini,", "572836732ca10214002da0e0": "a dedicated Doctor Who Magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979. This is published by Panini,", "572837402ca10214002da0f4": "the early 1960s", "572837402ca10214002da0f5": "Who, in different media:", "572837402ca10214002da0f6": "the BBC, there have also been novels, comics, short stories, audio books, radio plays, interactive video games, game books, webcasts,", "572837402ca10214002da0f7": "the BBC, there have also been novels, comics, short stories, audio books, radio plays, interactive video games, game books, webcasts,", "572838323acd2414000df737": "Russell T Davies'", "572838323acd2414000df738": "2016", "572838323acd2414000df739": "2006", "572838323acd2414000df73a": "Russell T Davies'", "572838323acd2414000df73b": "Television Award", "57283a392ca10214002da118": "the world", "57283a392ca10214002da119": "iTunes", "57283a392ca10214002da11a": "BBC Radiophonic", "57283a392ca10214002da11b": "2013", "57283a392ca10214002da11c": "BBC Radiophonic", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa4": "EastEnders", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa5": "the 100", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa6": "the 1963\u20131989 run was placed at number eight.", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa7": "BBC television held the \"Auntie", "57283b91ff5b5019007d9fa8": "third", "57283ce72ca10214002da14c": "the 2000s by Channel 4, behind Top Gear and The Apprentice.", "57283ce72ca10214002da14d": "five", "57283ce72ca10214002da14e": "25 wins overall including Best Drama Series (twice), Best Screenplay/Screenwriter (thrice) and Best", "57283ce72ca10214002da14f": "2010", "57283ce72ca10214002da150": "Vincent van Gogh.", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc6": "six times", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc7": "six times", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc8": "six times", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fc9": "Smith won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards alongside Karen Gillan", "57283dbeff5b5019007d9fca": "science fiction/fantasy", "57283e652ca10214002da166": "Guy, American Dad!,", "57283e652ca10214002da167": "Henry. Jon Culshaw", "57283e652ca10214002da168": "Dad!, Futurama, South Park, Community", "57283e652ca10214002da16a": "Henry. Jon Culshaw", "57283e652ca10214002da169": "the BBC Dead Ringers series. Doctor Who fandom has also been lampooned", "57283c464b864d19001647c8": "Law School,", "57283c464b864d19001647c9": "1890", "57283c464b864d19001647ca": "seven", "57283c464b864d19001647cb": "seven", "57283c464b864d19001647cc": "5,000", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbc": "academic disciplines, including: the Chicago school of economics, the Chicago school of sociology, the law and economics movement in legal analysis,", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbd": "Stagg", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbe": "both the Obama", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fbf": "department", "57283db6ff5b5019007d9fc0": "2020", "57283f014b864d19001647e8": "Baptist Education Society", "57283f014b864d19001647e9": "John D. Rockefeller, the University", "57283f014b864d19001647ea": "William Rainey", "57283f014b864d19001647eb": "1900", "57283f014b864d19001647ec": "1900", "57284142ff5b5019007da00a": "who provided the funds for the campus' first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall", "57284142ff5b5019007da00b": "John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field.", "57284142ff5b5019007da00c": "Chicagoans", "57284142ff5b5019007da00d": "$100,000", "57284142ff5b5019007da00e": "Bartlett and Leon Mandel, who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall, and George C. Walker of the Walker", "572843304b864d1900164848": "Butler University,", "572843304b864d1900164849": "1896", "572843304b864d190016484a": "University of Chicago,", "572843304b864d190016484b": "University of Chicago,", "572843304b864d190016484c": "1896", "57284456ff5b5019007da05c": "Robert Maynard Hutchins,", "57284456ff5b5019007da060": "an unsuccessful plan", "57284456ff5b5019007da05f": "an unsuccessful", "57284456ff5b5019007da05e": "24-year", "57284456ff5b5019007da05d": "1929", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a8": "1950s", "57284618ff5b5019007da0a9": "crime and poverty in the Hyde Park", "57284618ff5b5019007da0aa": "the early 1950s", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ab": "a controversial", "57284618ff5b5019007da0ac": "very young students to attend", "572847ff3acd2414000df869": "1962", "572847ff3acd2414000df86a": "an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures.\" The report", "572847ff3acd2414000df86b": "1962", "572847ff3acd2414000df86c": "1967", "572847ff3acd2414000df86d": "an extraordinary environment", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f2": "2008", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f3": "university's Booth School", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f4": "$300 million", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f5": "the medical campus", "572849b4ff5b5019007da0f6": "the same year", "57284b904b864d19001648e2": "Holabird & Roche, and other architectural firms in a mixture of the Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic styles, patterned on the colleges of the University", "57284b904b864d19001648e3": "Quadrangles,", "57284b904b864d19001648e4": "Rutan", "57284b904b864d19001648e5": "The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb, Shepley,", "57284b904b864d19001648e6": "Henry Ives", "57284d484b864d1900164900": "1940s", "57284d484b864d1900164901": "Saarinen", "57284d484b864d1900164902": "Saarinen);", "57284d484b864d1900164903": "the Regenstein", "57284d484b864d1900164904": "1940s", "57284e9fff5b5019007da150": "Paris, a campus located on the left bank", "57284e9fff5b5019007da151": "Booth School", "57284e9fff5b5019007da152": "2014", "57284e9fff5b5019007da153": "Paris,", "57284e9fff5b5019007da154": "2010", "5728501aff5b5019007da166": "The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees.", "5728501aff5b5019007da167": "50 members including the university President. Directly beneath the President are the Provost, fourteen", "5728501aff5b5019007da168": "fourteen", "5728501aff5b5019007da169": "Isaacs, would become Provost. Isaacs was replaced as Provost in", "5728501aff5b5019007da16a": "The University of Chicago", "5728510f4b864d1900164936": "a number of independent academic institutions, including Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory, and the Marine Biological Laboratory.", "5728510f4b864d1900164937": "seven", "5728510f4b864d1900164938": "seven", "57285213ff5b5019007da180": "five", "57285213ff5b5019007da181": "five", "57285213ff5b5019007da182": "five", "57285213ff5b5019007da183": "Collegiate Division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one", "572853e8ff5b5019007da188": "University", "572853e8ff5b5019007da189": "15", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18a": "MIT,", "572853e8ff5b5019007da18b": "15 courses", "572855973acd2414000df925": "K-12 students and day care),", "572855973acd2414000df926": "Chicago", "572855973acd2414000df927": "12", "572855973acd2414000df928": "emotional problems), and four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education", "572855973acd2414000df929": "Chicago has maintained the University of Chicago", "572856beff5b5019007da190": "9.8 million volumes", "572856beff5b5019007da191": "9.8 million volumes", "572856beff5b5019007da192": "the D'Angelo Law Library, the Social Service Administration Library, and the Eckhart Library", "572856beff5b5019007da193": "2011", "572856beff5b5019007da194": "1.3 million", "57285841ff5b5019007da19a": "12", "57285841ff5b5019007da19b": "12", "57285841ff5b5019007da19c": "the Center", "57285841ff5b5019007da19d": "Energy's", "57285841ff5b5019007da19e": "Middle Eastern Studies. Chicago", "57286010ff5b5019007da1ca": "academic movements. In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cb": "university was the site of the Chicago Pile-1", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cc": "free", "57286010ff5b5019007da1cd": "1953", "572861cc4b864d190016495e": "2000", "572861cc4b864d190016495f": "2002", "572861cc4b864d1900164960": "2002", "572861cc4b864d1900164961": "2002", "572861cc4b864d1900164962": "five years after a $35 million", "572863363acd2414000df985": "3,468", "572863363acd2414000df986": "3,468 students in its four graduate divisions, 5,984", "572863363acd2414000df987": "5,792", "572863363acd2414000df988": "5,792", "572863363acd2414000df989": "the average MCAT", "572864542ca10214002da2de": "games", "572864542ca10214002da2df": "the Heisman Trophy.", "572864542ca10214002da2e0": "Maroons", "572864542ca10214002da2e1": "Maroons", "572864542ca10214002da2e2": "a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament. In 1935,", "5728659f4b864d190016498a": "at the University of Chicago run over 400", "5728659f4b864d190016498b": "the University of Chicago run over 400 clubs", "5728659f4b864d190016498c": "United Nations team was the top ranked team in North America", "5728659f4b864d190016498d": "Maroon,", "5728659f4b864d190016498e": "(RSOs).", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fc": "All Recognized Student Organizations,", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fd": "a President", "5728667eff5b5019007da1fe": "two", "5728667eff5b5019007da1ff": "$2 million", "572867543acd2414000df9a1": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a2": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a3": "sororities are members of the National Panhellenic", "572867543acd2414000df9a4": "fifteen", "572867543acd2414000df9a5": "Four", "5728683b3acd2414000df9af": "January,", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b0": "1987", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b1": "large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list.", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b2": "long winter festival,", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3": "Chicago Scavenger", "57286951ff5b5019007da20e": "James O. McKinsey,", "57286951ff5b5019007da20f": "James O. McKinsey,", "57286951ff5b5019007da210": "James O. McKinsey,", "57286951ff5b5019007da211": "James O. McKinsey, Arley D.", "57286951ff5b5019007da212": "James O. McKinsey,", "57286ab72ca10214002da31e": "Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark, Prohibition agent Eliot Ness, Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon", "57286ab72ca10214002da31f": "Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign", "57286ab72ca10214002da320": "Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign", "57286ab72ca10214002da321": "Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod,", "57286ab72ca10214002da322": "Court Justice", "57286bf84b864d19001649d4": "Richard Rorty,", "57286bf84b864d19001649d6": "Richard Rorty,", "57286bf84b864d19001649d2": "''The Good War\" author Studs", "57286bf84b864d19001649d5": "the American Mind\" Allan Bloom, ''The Good War\"", "57286bf84b864d19001649d3": "Saul Bellow,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e0": "Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and Carl Van Vechten,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e1": "Alex Seropian, Serial host Sarah Koenig,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e2": "comedian Mike Nichols, film director", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e3": "Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman,", "57286d7d4b864d19001649e4": "Mike Nichols,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d1": "In science,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d2": "Grunsfeld, geneticist James Watson,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d3": "the Hamming", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d4": "Carl Sagan,", "57286ec63acd2414000df9d5": "lithium-ion battery", "572870b2ff5b5019007da222": "Milton Friedman,", "572870b2ff5b5019007da223": "Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker,", "572870b2ff5b5019007da224": "Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan", "572870b2ff5b5019007da225": "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences", "572871bc4b864d1900164a04": "American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication", "572871bc4b864d1900164a05": "David Graeber", "572871bc4b864d1900164a06": "Harold Innis, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky,", "572872dd2ca10214002da37e": "Walter Alvarez, Murray", "572872dd2ca10214002da37f": "Enrico Fermi, \"the father of the hydrogen bomb\" Edward Teller,", "572872dd2ca10214002da380": "Enrico Fermi, \"the father of the hydrogen bomb\" Edward Teller,", "572872dd2ca10214002da381": "Enrico Fermi, \"the father of the hydrogen bomb\" Edward Teller,", "572872dd2ca10214002da382": "Arthur H. Compton,", "5728742cff5b5019007da246": "Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow,", "5728742cff5b5019007da247": "meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists", "5728742cff5b5019007da248": "political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard", "5728742cff5b5019007da249": "James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calder\u00f3n,", "5728742cff5b5019007da24a": "classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists", "5728759cff5b5019007da25b": "John Mearsheimer", "5728759cff5b5019007da25a": "biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize winning physicist Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel prize", "5728759cff5b5019007da25c": "physicist James Cronin,", "5728759cff5b5019007da25d": "faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins,", "5728759cff5b5019007da25e": "Cronin, Nobel Prize", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b6": "point, isolated from the other khanates", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b7": "Yuan dynasty", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b8": "Mongolian Borjigin", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1b9": "Mongolian Borjigin clan.", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba": "1271", "572860e03acd2414000df977": "the Ming dynasty. The dynasty", "572860e03acd2414000df978": "the khan", "572860e03acd2414000df979": "the khan", "572860e03acd2414000df97a": "Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dc": "1271", "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd": "establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143)", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de": "Ta-Y\u00fcan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"D\u00e0 Yu\u00e1n\" (\u5927\u5143)", "57286192ff5b5019007da1df": "\u00d6n Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan \u00dcls", "57286192ff5b5019007da1e0": "\"Great is Qi\u00e1n,", "572863c72ca10214002da2d4": "\u00d6gedei", "572863c72ca10214002da2d5": "1234", "572863c72ca10214002da2d6": "Great Khan", "572863c72ca10214002da2d7": "1234", "572863c72ca10214002da2d8": "the reign of Genghis'", "572864dd4b864d1900164976": "Og\u00f6dei", "572864dd4b864d1900164977": "Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin.", "572864dd4b864d1900164978": "Han Chinese and Khitan", "572864dd4b864d1900164979": "10,000", "572864dd4b864d190016497a": "four", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8": "Shi Bingzhi", "5728661e2ca10214002da2e9": "(\u53f2\u79c9\u76f4, Shih", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ea": "(\u53f2\u79c9\u76f4, Shih Ping-chih). Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen", "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb": "(\u53f2\u79c9\u76f4, Shih", "5728661e2ca10214002da2ec": "(\u53f2\u79c9\u76f4,", "572867212ca10214002da2f2": "M\u00f6ngke Khan", "572867212ca10214002da2f3": "Song dynasty in southern China.", "572867212ca10214002da2f4": "1259", "572867212ca10214002da2f5": "Great Khan.", "572867212ca10214002da2f6": "B\u00f6ke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai", "572867d72ca10214002da2fc": "the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage", "572867d72ca10214002da2fd": "Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai", "572867d72ca10214002da2fe": "Ogedei's", "572867d72ca10214002da2ff": "northeast border", "572867d72ca10214002da300": "1262", "572869b84b864d19001649ae": "administrative", "572869b84b864d19001649b0": "administrative", "572869b84b864d19001649b2": "Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese", "572869b84b864d19001649b1": "three", "572869b84b864d19001649af": "monopolies", "57286b003acd2414000df9c1": "new city", "57286b003acd2414000df9c2": "Karakorum", "57286b003acd2414000df9c3": "1272", "57286b003acd2414000df9c4": "Khublai", "57286b003acd2414000df9c5": "\"origin of the universe", "57286bb84b864d19001649c8": "commercial, scientific", "57286bb84b864d19001649c9": "peace", "57286bb84b864d19001649ca": "the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West. Kublai expanded the Grand Canal from southern China", "57286bb84b864d19001649cb": "the merchants of the Silk Road", "57286bb84b864d19001649cc": "Christopher Columbus to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth.", "57286c8cff5b5019007da218": "Duke Yanshengs,", "57286c8cff5b5019007da219": "1115", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21a": "1115", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21b": "Duke Yanshengs,", "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c": "30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius'", "57286d4f2ca10214002da328": "Yangzi River basin.", "57286d4f2ca10214002da329": "1276", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a": "wealthiest city of China. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32b": "Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276,", "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c": "drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China", "57286dfa2ca10214002da332": "1279", "57286dfa2ca10214002da333": "(Chen) clan before they migrated under Tr\u1ea7n Kinh (\u9673\u4eac, Ch\u00e9n J\u012bng) to Dai Viet and whose descendants established the Tr\u1ea7n dynasty", "57286dfa2ca10214002da334": "Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's", "57286dfa2ca10214002da335": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288).", "57286dfa2ca10214002da336": "1279", "57286ead2ca10214002da346": "1253", "57286ead2ca10214002da347": "Tem\u00fcr Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates", "57286ead2ca10214002da348": "1253", "57286ead2ca10214002da349": "an intractable problem, later causing much strife", "57286ead2ca10214002da34a": "1294 to 1307", "57286f373acd2414000df9db": "The fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada),", "57286f373acd2414000df9dc": "imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge", "57286f373acd2414000df9dd": "emperor, Buyantu Khan", "57286f373acd2414000df9de": "the Department", "57286f373acd2414000df9df": "\u66f8", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5": "Emperor Gegeen Khan,", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6": "1321 to 1323", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7": "(or Taidingdi)", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8": "the government", "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9": "1321", "5728705c2ca10214002da35a": "in Khanbaliq,", "5728705c2ca10214002da35b": "the throne. Tugh Tem\u00fcr also managed to send delegates", "5728705c2ca10214002da35c": "four days", "5728705c2ca10214002da35d": "Tem\u00fcr was recalled to Khanbaliq", "5728705c2ca10214002da35e": "Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and announced Khanbaliq's", "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef": "Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism.", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f0": "Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism.", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1": "\u594e\u7ae0\u95a3\u5b78\u58eb\u9662),", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f2": "first established in the spring", "5728710c3acd2414000df9f3": "Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism.", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03": "1332", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa04": "Huizong),", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa05": "1340", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa06": "1340", "572871bd3acd2414000dfa07": "Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Tem\u00fcr (Emperor Huizong),", "572872822ca10214002da374": "The final", "572872822ca10214002da375": "intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested", "572872822ca10214002da376": "the Mongols", "572872822ca10214002da377": "Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army", "572872822ca10214002da378": "Kublai", "57287338ff5b5019007da232": "1354", "57287338ff5b5019007da233": "rapid", "57287338ff5b5019007da234": "droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy", "57287338ff5b5019007da235": "Zhu Yuanzhang in the south. He had tried to regain Khanbaliq,", "57287338ff5b5019007da236": "1351", "572878942ca10214002da3a2": "the development of drama", "572878942ca10214002da3a3": "The political unity", "572878942ca10214002da3a4": "great influence in the Yuan government, and the Tibetan-rite Tantric Buddhism had significantly influenced China during this period. The Muslims", "572878942ca10214002da3a5": "much of central Asia promoted trade", "572879574b864d1900164a14": "Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism", "572879574b864d1900164a15": "Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism) flourished, although Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. Confucian", "572879574b864d1900164a16": "Roman Catholicism", "572879574b864d1900164a17": "Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism", "572879574b864d1900164a18": "Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia,", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a28": "capital of the Great Khan,", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29": "accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China,", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2a": "his trip to \"Cambaluc,\"", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b": "Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to \"Cambaluc,\"", "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c": "much of his knowledge through contact with Persian traders since many of the places he named were in Persian.", "57287c142ca10214002da3d0": "Kublai Khan's", "57287c142ca10214002da3d1": "crop", "57287c142ca10214002da3d2": "an accuracy", "57287c142ca10214002da3d3": "The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks.", "57287c142ca10214002da3d4": "artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks.", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3da": "Han", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db": "dream", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dc": "people", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd": "people", "57287ccb2ca10214002da3de": "the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty. Note, however, Yuan dynasty", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4": "Buddhists.", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5": "Khitans,", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6": "Buddhists.", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7": "bureaucracy", "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8": "civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f": "the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa40": "since the Sui and Tang dynasties)", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa41": "Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.", "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42": "the Sui and Tang dynasties)", "57287e512ca10214002da3f8": "1269", "57287e512ca10214002da3f9": "the reign of Tugh", "57287e512ca10214002da3fa": "as nomads at times.", "57287e512ca10214002da3fb": "pa script, a unified script for spelling", "57287e512ca10214002da3fc": "written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274": "1290", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da275": "1290", "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276": "the Mongol Empire commoners", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa51": "sanqu type of qu. One of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa52": "poetry", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa53": "poetry, and calligraphy", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa54": "poetry, and theater, with many great artists and writers being famous today. Due to the coming together of painting, poetry,", "57287f6a3acd2414000dfa55": "poetry", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3c": "Yuan", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3d": "Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3e": "Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.", "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f": "Kublai", "57287fec4b864d1900164a40": "western khan", "5728804b4b864d1900164a46": "1303", "5728804b4b864d1900164a47": "1249", "5728804b4b864d1900164a48": "Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303.", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49": "algebra", "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a": "1249", "5728809f2ca10214002da40c": "Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers brought Arabic numerals", "5728809f2ca10214002da40d": "Gou", "5728809f2ca10214002da40e": "the Shoushi", "5728809f2ca10214002da40f": "the Shoushi", "5728809f2ca10214002da410": "in 1281", "572881022ca10214002da416": "Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers", "572881022ca10214002da417": "herbal remedies", "572881022ca10214002da418": "Mongol shamans.", "572881022ca10214002da419": "medical treatises and the education of new doctors. Confucian", "572881022ca10214002da41a": "to manage medical treatises and the education", "572881704b864d1900164a50": "\"Four", "572881704b864d1900164a51": "by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west.", "572881704b864d1900164a52": "The physician Wei Yilin (1277\u20131347)", "572881704b864d1900164a53": "anesthetics. The Mongol physician Hu Sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330", "572881704b864d1900164a54": "1277\u20131347", "572881d34b864d1900164a5a": "Interpreter", "572881d34b864d1900164a5b": "Nestorian Christians", "572881d34b864d1900164a5c": "1263", "572881d34b864d1900164a5d": "huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office", "572881d34b864d1900164a5e": "Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office", "572882242ca10214002da420": "through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries.", "572882242ca10214002da421": "\u00d6gedei's", "572882242ca10214002da422": "12th century", "572882242ca10214002da423": "\u00d6gedei's", "572882242ca10214002da424": "1273", "5728827b2ca10214002da42a": "public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.", "5728827b2ca10214002da42b": "woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates", "5728827b2ca10214002da42c": "1275", "5728827b2ca10214002da42d": "trees", "5728827b2ca10214002da42e": "1275", "572883153acd2414000dfa6f": "autocratic-bureaucratic system", "572883153acd2414000dfa70": "Kublai", "572883153acd2414000dfa71": "the government", "572883153acd2414000dfa72": "the mainstream", "572883153acd2414000dfa73": "Central Asia", "572883a33acd2414000dfa79": "the same time the Mongols", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a": "Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7b": "Central Asia,", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7c": "local peoples of both lands.", "572883a33acd2414000dfa7d": "Alan Guard\" which was combined with \"recently surrendered\" soldiers,", "57288428ff5b5019007da28e": "slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision,", "57288428ff5b5019007da28f": "the end, corruption", "57288428ff5b5019007da290": "Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu", "57288428ff5b5019007da291": "high position", "57288428ff5b5019007da292": "Muslim", "5728848cff5b5019007da298": "the four-class", "5728848cff5b5019007da299": "four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth", "5728848cff5b5019007da29a": "system was misleading and that the position", "5728848cff5b5019007da29b": "system was misleading and that the position", "572885023acd2414000dfa83": "the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese", "572885023acd2414000dfa84": "they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese", "572885023acd2414000dfa85": "higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China", "572885023acd2414000dfa86": "because southern China", "572885023acd2414000dfa87": "the Mongols,", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8d": "the Uighurs, and the Koreans", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8e": "Karluks", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa8f": "Qocho", "5728855d3acd2414000dfa90": "over the Koreans at the court the Korean King objected, then the Mongol Emperor", "572885c44b864d1900164a78": "Shandong, Shanxi,", "572885c44b864d1900164a79": "Sheng) at Khanbaliq", "572885c44b864d1900164a7a": "Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern", "572885c44b864d1900164a7b": "(modern Beijing); similarly, another top-level administrative department", "572885c44b864d1900164a7c": "Inner Mongolia and the Henan", "5728dab94b864d1900164f96": "[\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a]", "5728dab94b864d1900164f97": "[\u02c8k\u025b\u0272a]", "5728dab94b864d1900164f98": "(EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator", "5728dab94b864d1900164f99": "Kenya,", "5728dab94b864d1900164f9a": "445 sq mi), and had a population of approximately 45 million", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dc": "tropical", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9dd": "permanently on its peaks", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9de": "Kenya", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9df": "eastern regions along the border", "5728de0e2ca10214002da9e0": "Mount Kenya,", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac2": "since the Lower Paleolithic", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac3": "December 1963.", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac4": "Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, governed by elected governors.", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac5": "1963", "5728ef8d2ca10214002daac6": "December 1963.", "5728f5376aef0514001548c4": "Mount Kenya. The origin", "5728f5376aef0514001548c5": "volcanic", "5728f5376aef0514001548c6": "mean", "5728f9342ca10214002dab52": "correct African pronunciation /\u02c8k\u025bnj\u0259/. An 1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons,", "5728f9342ca10214002dab53": "to be a corruption", "5728f9342ca10214002dab54": "Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia,", "5728f9342ca10214002dab55": "1862", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165166": "Kenya and in the Masai", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165167": "The \"Big Five\"", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165168": "The \"Big Five\" game animals of Africa,", "5728f9cf4b864d1900165169": "elephant", "5728f9cf4b864d190016516a": "1,802 mi", "5728fa576aef051400154920": "more than 20 million years ago", "5728fa576aef051400154921": "20 million years ago", "5728fa576aef051400154922": "Kimeu discovered the Turkana Boy, a 1.6-million-year-old fossil belonging to Homo erectus.", "5728fa576aef051400154923": "more than 20 million", "5728fa576aef051400154924": "hominids", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3b": "Mombasa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3c": "\"Mombasa", "5728fd9b3f37b31900477f3d": "port city and established trade", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef5": "Kenyan", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef6": "Chinese trader and explorer", "5728fea1af94a219006a9ef7": "1414", "5729024f1d04691400778f5f": "August 1914,", "5729024f1d04691400778f60": "British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia)", "5729024f1d04691400778f61": "young colonies out of direct hostilities. Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck", "5729024f1d04691400778f62": "Germany, von Lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign, living", "5729024f1d04691400778f63": "East Africa", "572903d96aef0514001549a4": "the cities ensued as their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled. There were 80,000 white settlers", "572903d96aef0514001549a5": "a living from the land dwindled. There were 80,000 white settlers living in Kenya in the 1950s.", "572903d96aef0514001549a6": "for their labour", "572903d96aef0514001549a7": "over a million", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4d": "April 1954,", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4e": "British Army and King's African Rifles.", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f4f": "21 October 1956", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f50": "4,686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42%", "5729046aaf94a219006a9f51": "siege", "572906e23f37b31900477f8d": "December 1963", "572906e23f37b31900477f8e": "(KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta", "572906e23f37b31900477f8f": "December 1963", "572906e23f37b31900477f90": "Kenyatta", "572906e23f37b31900477f91": "United Kingdom", "572909406aef0514001549dc": "the advent of the mlolongo", "572909406aef0514001549dd": "the mlolongo (queuing)", "572909406aef0514001549de": "Daniel arap Moi won re-election.", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc5": "independent", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc6": "the affairs", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc7": "The President", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc8": "a presidential representative democratic republic", "572909ebaf94a219006a9fc9": "the affairs", "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf": "Kenya", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0": "curbing corruption", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1": "Kenya", "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2": "total countries", "57290d811d04691400778fcf": "(ODM-K)'s candidate, Kalonzo", "57290d811d04691400778fd0": "count the votes, Kibaki", "57290d811d04691400778fd1": "(ODM-K)'s candidate, Kalonzo Musyoka, the race tightened between ODM candidate Raila", "57290d811d04691400778fd2": "count the votes, Kibaki", "57290e153f37b31900477fd9": "Lutheran Church in Kenya started peace", "57290e153f37b31900477fda": "community dialogues, the Evangelical Lutheran Church", "57290e153f37b31900477fdb": "executive director of TAABCO", "57290e153f37b31900477fdc": "peace meetings and the Kenya", "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff": "Odinga", "57290ee2af94a219006aa000": "Kenya's", "57290ee2af94a219006aa001": "Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps", "57290ee2af94a219006aa002": "two", "57290ee2af94a219006aa003": "February 2008,", "57290f963f37b31900477feb": "the functions", "57290f963f37b31900477fec": "chairman Jakaya Kikwete", "57290f963f37b31900477fed": "the steps of Nairobi's", "57290f963f37b31900477fee": "Odinga's", "57290f963f37b31900477fef": "the functions of the Government", "572913626aef051400154a30": "the position", "572913626aef051400154a31": "August 2010,", "572913626aef051400154a32": "a 21-gun salute. The event", "572913626aef051400154a33": "4 August 2010,", "572913626aef051400154a34": "in Nairobi's Uhuru Park,", "572914441d04691400779025": "December 2014,", "572914441d04691400779026": "Britain, Germany and France", "572914441d04691400779027": "President Uhuru", "572914441d04691400779028": "19 December in the National Assembly under acrimonious", "572914441d04691400779029": "National Assembly", "572914f46aef051400154a46": "the invitation of President Xi Jinping", "572914f46aef051400154a47": "Russia", "572914f46aef051400154a48": "Kenya,", "572914f46aef051400154a49": "July 2015", "572915621d0469140077902f": "Mt Elgon area", "572915621d04691400779030": "the district of Mandera", "572915621d04691400779031": "Mt Elgon area", "572915e43f37b31900478005": "prudence of certain decisions of procurement", "572915e43f37b31900478006": "allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces", "572915e43f37b31900478007": "allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces", "572915e43f37b31900478008": "public view", "572916f16aef051400154a56": "519, ranked 145", "572916f16aef051400154a57": "Kenya", "572916f16aef051400154a58": "less than 3%", "572916f16aef051400154a59": "urban minority", "572917743f37b3190047800d": "tremendous growth in the service sector", "572917743f37b3190047800f": "East and Central Africa's", "572917743f37b31900478010": "rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity", "572917743f37b3190047800e": "22%", "572917ff6aef051400154a5e": "up from US$699 million", "572917ff6aef051400154a5f": "Tourism", "572917ff6aef051400154a60": "the country's economic growth", "572917ff6aef051400154a62": "tourism", "572917ff6aef051400154a61": "Kenya.", "572918bd3f37b31900478016": "18%", "572918bd3f37b31900478017": "Agriculture", "572918bd3f37b31900478015": "corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food", "572918bd3f37b31900478018": "corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid\u2014for example, in 2004 aid", "57291a7b1d0469140077903f": "the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics", "57291a7b1d04691400779040": "to increase local producer prices by 20\u201325% in Nairobi and Mombasa.", "57291a7b1d04691400779041": "annual", "57291a7b1d04691400779042": "local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing.", "57291a7b1d04691400779043": "Semi-Arid Tropics", "57291b461d04691400779049": "Kenyans", "57291b461d0469140077904a": "semi-arid savanna to the north and east. Coconuts, pineapples,", "57291b461d0469140077904b": "fertile highlands", "57291b461d0469140077904c": "53%", "57291b461d0469140077904d": "agriculture", "57291beb1d04691400779053": "Kenya", "57291beb1d04691400779054": "14%", "57291beb1d04691400779055": "Great Lakes region,", "57291beb1d04691400779056": "Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts", "57291d9e3f37b31900478035": "United States increased from US$44 million to US$270", "57291d9e3f37b31900478036": "Kenya's", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09b": "Uganda", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09c": "upper Tana River,", "57291dfaaf94a219006aa09d": "between 2001", "57291f153f37b31900478043": "Kenya,", "57291f153f37b31900478044": "10 billion barrels", "57291f153f37b31900478045": "Turkana and the commercial viability", "57291f153f37b31900478046": "25%", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b1": "$2.5 billion", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b2": "investment", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b3": "$2.84 billion\"", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b4": "Kenyan", "57291fb4af94a219006aa0b5": "investment", "57292046af94a219006aa0bb": "Kenya's vision for a 'low carbon", "57292046af94a219006aa0bc": "omitting climate as a key", "57292046af94a219006aa0bd": "omitting climate as a key development issue", "57292046af94a219006aa0be": "pathway'. At the launch in March", "57292046af94a219006aa0bf": "development pathway'. At the launch in March 2013, the Secretary of the Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision", "572920d73f37b31900478055": "coastal areas", "572920d73f37b31900478056": "30%", "572920d73f37b31900478057": "9\u201318. The Ministry of Gender and Child Affairs employed 400", "572920d73f37b31900478058": "Child labour is common in Kenya. Most working children", "572921646aef051400154a78": "English,", "572921646aef051400154a79": "British English", "572921646aef051400154a7a": "Peri-urban", "572921646aef051400154a7b": "Peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas", "572922206aef051400154a8a": "Kenyans", "572922206aef051400154a8b": "Latin", "572922206aef051400154a8c": "3 million", "572922206aef051400154a8d": "The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%),", "57292449af94a219006aa0dd": "around 300,000", "57292449af94a219006aa0de": "11.2%", "57292449af94a219006aa0df": "Muslim", "57292449af94a219006aa0e0": "Sixty percent", "572924b53f37b31900478067": "Kenya National Bureau of Statistics,", "572924b53f37b31900478068": "practitioners. According to the Kenya", "572924b53f37b31900478069": "Kenya", "572924b53f37b3190047806a": "65,000", "572925491d046914007790c3": "Kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006.", "572925491d046914007790c4": "15 million", "572925491d046914007790c5": "diarrhoea", "572925491d046914007790c6": "the biggest burden, major child-killers", "572925491d046914007790c7": "15 million", "572925a81d046914007790cd": "British colonists.", "572925a81d046914007790ce": "December 1963,", "572925a81d046914007790cf": "identity", "572925a81d046914007790d0": "subject content of history", "572925a81d046914007790d1": "identity and unity", "572926086aef051400154ac2": "Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education", "572926086aef051400154ac3": "the entire education", "572926086aef051400154ac4": "The committee", "572926086aef051400154ac5": "the 7\u20134", "572926653f37b31900478079": "January 1985.", "572926653f37b3190047807a": "more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure", "572926653f37b3190047807b": "because payment is still required for attendance. In 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008, secondary education", "572926653f37b3190047807c": "January 1985.", "572926653f37b3190047807d": "by about 70%", "572926d23f37b31900478083": "12 years", "572926d23f37b31900478084": "six years", "572926d23f37b31900478085": "their own", "572926d23f37b31900478086": "can then join the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma", "5729276c1d046914007790d7": "three to five", "5729276c1d046914007790d8": "age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four", "5729276c1d046914007790d9": "vocational training. The result of this examination", "5729276c1d046914007790da": "an integral component", "5729276c1d046914007790db": "(KCPE),", "572927d06aef051400154ade": "Nairobi. A public library is seen as a peoples", "572927d06aef051400154adf": "Nairobi. A public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective", "572927d06aef051400154ae0": "the central business district", "572927d06aef051400154ae1": "A public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy", "5729281baf94a219006aa11f": "m, 10,000 m and the marathon. Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin) continue to dominate the world of distance", "5729281baf94a219006aa120": "Ethiopia", "5729281baf94a219006aa121": "women", "5729281baf94a219006aa122": "Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying,", "572928bf6aef051400154af0": "six", "572928bf6aef051400154af1": "2008 Olympics.", "572928bf6aef051400154af2": "men's marathon. Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion Kipchoge Keino helped usher in Kenya's", "572928bf6aef051400154af3": "women's 800m gold medalist", "572928bf6aef051400154af4": "United States.", "5729293d3f37b3190047809f": "soccer", "5729293d3f37b319004780a0": "national team", "5729293d3f37b319004780a1": "powerhouse", "5729293d3f37b319004780a2": "Nairobi and participated in the World T20. Their current captain is Rakep", "5729293d3f37b319004780a3": "1996", "57292994af94a219006aa131": "Safari Rally,", "57292994af94a219006aa132": "the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties", "57292994af94a219006aa133": "the best rally drivers", "572929d56aef051400154b0a": "three", "572929d56aef051400154b0b": "the afternoon (chakula cha mchana) and supper", "572929d56aef051400154b0c": "10 o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 pm", "572929d56aef051400154b0d": "the morning (kiamsha", "57293b843f37b31900478133": "the United Nations,", "57293b843f37b31900478134": "Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental", "57293b843f37b31900478135": "Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations,", "57293b843f37b31900478136": "a scientific intergovernmental", "57293b843f37b31900478137": "Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental", "57293bc91d0469140077919b": "Pachauri", "57293bc91d0469140077919c": "economist", "57293bc91d0469140077919d": "Pachauri,", "57293bc91d0469140077919e": "K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson", "57293bc91d0469140077919f": "2015", "57293c246aef051400154bb8": "the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental", "57293c246aef051400154bb9": "350", "57293c246aef051400154bba": "IPCC Panel is composed of representatives", "57293c246aef051400154bbb": "eighth", "57293ca73f37b3190047815b": "1989", "57293ca73f37b3190047815c": "United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)", "57293ca73f37b3190047815e": "organisation is required to comply with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO.", "57293ca73f37b3190047815f": "Meteorological Organization", "57293ca73f37b3190047815d": "United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)", "57293d116aef051400154bc8": "reviewed sources", "57293d116aef051400154bc9": "government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals.", "57293d116aef051400154bca": "related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change", "57293d116aef051400154bcb": "data. Lead authors", "57293d6d1d046914007791b7": "fifteen", "57293d6d1d046914007791b8": "two \"coordinating lead authors\",", "57293d6d1d046914007791b9": "two", "57293d6d1d046914007791ba": "the Working Group chairs. Lead authors", "57293d6d1d046914007791bb": "\"lead authors\"", "57293e221d046914007791d5": "enhanced", "57293e221d046914007791d6": "the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions", "57293e221d046914007791d7": "0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C", "57293e221d046914007791d8": "the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced", "57293e221d046914007791d9": "half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU)", "57293e983f37b3190047818b": "2001", "57293e983f37b3190047818c": "5.8 \u00b0C above 1990 levels by 2100\".", "57293e983f37b3190047818d": "the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic", "57293e983f37b3190047818e": "\"", "57293e983f37b3190047818f": "90%", "57293f353f37b3190047819b": "Lindzen", "57293f353f37b3190047819c": "has responded to Lindzen's", "57293f353f37b3190047819d": "the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states", "57293f353f37b3190047819e": "faithfully", "57293f353f37b3190047819f": "does not faithfully summar", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde": "Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment", "57293f8a6aef051400154bdf": "2011", "57293f8a6aef051400154be0": "2011", "57293f8a6aef051400154be1": "requested by governments", "572940246aef051400154bec": "the National Greenhouse Gas", "572940246aef051400154bed": "The IPCC concentrates", "572940246aef051400154bee": "WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions", "572940246aef051400154bef": "Council resolutions", "572940973f37b319004781a5": "reaffirming", "572940973f37b319004781a6": "an ICSI report \"Variations of Snow", "572940973f37b319004781a7": "an ICSI report \"Variations of Snow", "572940973f37b319004781a8": "2035", "572941273f37b319004781ad": "mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change", "572941273f37b319004781ae": "working group", "572941273f37b319004781af": "mistakes", "572941273f37b319004781b0": "climate change", "572941273f37b319004781b1": "it happened\". Martin Parry,", "57294209af94a219006aa201": "1995", "57294209af94a219006aa202": "Raymond S. Bradley", "57294209af94a219006aa203": "variations over the past 1000 years", "57294209af94a219006aa204": "(TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley", "57294279af94a219006aa209": "1000 and 1900, and the MBH99", "57294279af94a219006aa20a": "Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick,", "57294279af94a219006aa20b": "mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that \"Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report,", "57294279af94a219006aa20c": "18 July 2000. Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990", "57294279af94a219006aa20d": "mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report,", "572943ab1d04691400779219": "Bradley and Hughes.", "572943ab1d0469140077921a": "the U.S. National Academy of Sciences arranged for its National Research Council", "572943ab1d0469140077921b": "23 June 2005,", "572943ab1d0469140077921c": "Bradley and Hughes. Sherwood", "572943ab1d0469140077921d": "Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee", "572944e03f37b319004781e2": "2001", "572944e03f37b319004781e1": "2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001", "572944e03f37b319004781e4": "three", "572944e03f37b319004781e5": "a variety of statistical methods. The section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring", "572944e03f37b319004781e3": "1,000", "572945b11d0469140077922f": "1 February 2007,", "572945b11d04691400779230": "by IPCC's 2001", "572945b11d04691400779231": "by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level", "572945b11d04691400779232": "by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level", "572949306aef051400154c68": "Climate Change", "572949306aef051400154c69": "[50\u2013140 cm] above 1990 levels. These values are much greater than the 9\u201388 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third", "572949306aef051400154c6a": "9\u201388 cm", "572949306aef051400154c6b": "2001", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26b": "limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26c": "Michael Oppenheimer,", "57294baaaf94a219006aa26d": "coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment", "57294e6b1d04691400779275": "Change,", "57294e6b1d04691400779276": "Ozone depletion and global warming).", "57294e6b1d04691400779277": "Kyoto", "5729506d6aef051400154cac": "Sheldon Ungar's", "5729506d6aef051400154cad": "ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties", "5729506d6aef051400154cae": "global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties", "5729506d6aef051400154caf": "Sheldon", "5729517d6aef051400154cc8": "our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science", "5729517d6aef051400154cc9": "the ultimate authority on the science", "5729517d6aef051400154cca": "an area of science", "572951f16aef051400154cce": "Fourth", "572951f16aef051400154ccf": "a range", "572951f16aef051400154cd0": "lead IPCC report", "572951f16aef051400154cd1": "climate science assessment", "572953013f37b3190047824d": "energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP", "572953013f37b3190047824e": "energy", "572953013f37b3190047824f": "cell varies from 1 in algae", "572953013f37b31900478250": "photosynthesis", "572953013f37b31900478251": "1 in algae up to 100", "5729544c3f37b31900478257": "environmental", "5729544c3f37b31900478258": "cell division", "5729544c3f37b31900478259": "by the plant", "5729544c3f37b3190047825a": "cell", "5729544c3f37b3190047825b": "like", "572956c86aef051400154d1a": "cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria", "572956c86aef051400154d1b": "Russian", "572956c86aef051400154d1c": "plant", "572956c86aef051400154d1d": "1905", "572956c86aef051400154d1e": "Konstantin", "572957361d046914007792cf": "cell wall", "572957361d046914007792d0": "Cyanobacteria", "572957361d046914007792d2": "carrying out photosynthesis", "572957361d046914007792d3": "cell wall", "572957361d046914007792d1": "a peptidogly", "572957ad1d046914007792d9": "all chloroplasts", "572957ad1d046914007792da": "around a billion years ago", "572957ad1d046914007792db": "the nucleus", "572957ad1d046914007792dc": "an internal parasite", "572957ad1d046914007792dd": "became an advantage", "5729582b1d046914007792e3": "chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast", "5729582b1d046914007792e4": "two", "5729582b1d046914007792e5": "primary plastids (\"", "5729582b1d046914007792e6": "two are the largest, and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land", "5729582b1d046914007792e7": "primary plastids", "572958cc6aef051400154d2a": "chloroplasts that retain a peptidog", "572958cc6aef051400154d2b": "be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplasts", "572958cc6aef051400154d2c": "three primary chloroplast lineage", "572958cc6aef051400154d2d": "concentric unstacked thylakoids, which surround a carboxysome", "572958cc6aef051400154d2e": "glaucophyte", "57295a116aef051400154d44": "phycobilin pigments", "57295a116aef051400154d45": "the thylakoid membranes, preventing their thylakoids from stacking. Some contain pyrenoids. Rhodoplasts", "57295a116aef051400154d46": "chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments", "57295a116aef051400154d47": "an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments", "57295a116aef051400154d48": "phycobilin", "57295b5b1d04691400779315": "double membrane, and have replaced it with an", "57295b5b1d04691400779316": "due to accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors", "57295b5b1d04691400779317": "double membrane, and have replaced it with an intermembrane space. Some plants", "57295b5b1d04691400779318": "chloroplasts", "57295b5b1d04691400779319": "algae", "572961f61d04691400779359": "digest", "572961f61d0469140077935a": "alga was broken down, leaving only its chloroplast", "572961f61d0469140077935b": "membranes", "572961f61d0469140077935c": "cell membrane and nucleus, forming", "572961f61d0469140077935d": "sometimes the eaten", "572962953f37b319004782f5": "Euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid", "572962953f37b319004782f6": "Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga.", "572962953f37b319004782f7": "three", "572962953f37b319004782f8": "endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes", "572962953f37b319004782f9": "Euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid", "572963221d04691400779385": "Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads", "572963221d04691400779386": "Cryptophytes,", "572963221d04691400779387": "a group of algae", "572963221d04691400779388": "end", "572963221d04691400779389": "four", "572963876aef051400154dd2": "Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. Many apicomplexans", "572963876aef051400154dd3": "malaria", "572963876aef051400154dd4": "related to the helic", "572963876aef051400154dd5": "The apicomplexans include Plasmodium,", "572963876aef051400154dd6": "in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm, even though they are nonphotosynt", "5729645b3f37b31900478321": "nonphotosynthetic chloroplast", "5729645b3f37b31900478322": "photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids", "5729645b3f37b31900478323": "thylakoids. They are bounded by four membranes,", "5729645b3f37b31900478324": "the chloroplast", "5729645b3f37b31900478325": "four", "572965566aef051400154e00": "peridinin in their chloroplasts", "572965566aef051400154e01": "peridinin", "572965566aef051400154e02": "Peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts.", "572965566aef051400154e03": "dino", "572965e73f37b3190047832b": "chloroplast", "572965e73f37b3190047832c": "The fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages", "572965e73f37b3190047832d": "four", "572965e73f37b3190047832e": "dino", "572966626aef051400154e13": "Dinophysis", "572966626aef051400154e14": "Dinophysis species", "572966626aef051400154e12": "Dinophysis", "572966626aef051400154e15": "Dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast\u2014if so, Dinophysis", "572966ebaf94a219006aa391": "dinophytes, like Kryptoperidinium", "572966ebaf94a219006aa392": "Kryptoperidinium", "572966ebaf94a219006aa393": "three", "572966ebaf94a219006aa394": "dinophyte", "572966ebaf94a219006aa395": "endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, a nucleus", "572967e31d046914007793b1": "to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis\u2014the endosymbiont", "572967e31d046914007793b2": "dinophytes", "572967e31d046914007793b3": "chloroplast", "572967e31d046914007793b4": "dinophyte", "572967e31d046914007793b5": "chloroplast", "5729686d1d046914007793c1": "outside their host. Chromatophore DNA is about a million base", "5729686d1d046914007793c2": "sausage shaped", "5729686d1d046914007793c3": "150,000", "5729686d1d046914007793c4": "150,000", "5729686d1d046914007793c5": "150,000", "572968cf1d046914007793cb": "plastome", "572968cf1d046914007793cc": "chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs", "572968cf1d046914007793cd": "1962", "572968cf1d046914007793ce": "1962", "572968cf1d046914007793cf": "the chloroplast", "57296977af94a219006aa3bd": "glaucophyta and rhodophyce\u00e6)", "57296977af94a219006aa3be": "DNAs", "57296977af94a219006aa3bf": "lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged", "572969f51d046914007793dd": "forks", "572969f51d046914007793de": "two", "572969f51d046914007793e0": "electron microscopy since the 1970s. The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast", "572969f51d046914007793df": "chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)", "572969f51d046914007793e1": "intermediary form", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c3": "single stranded for the longest amount of time)", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c4": "amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c5": "start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time). This mechanism is still the leading theory", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c6": "minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched, linear, or other complex", "57296a65af94a219006aa3c7": "G deamination gradients. DNA becomes susceptible to deamination events", "57296ab93f37b31900478369": "bacteriophage T4. It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA, such as maize, and that more species", "57296ab93f37b3190047836a": "bacteriophage", "57296ab93f37b3190047836b": "in cpDNA experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular DNA or broken circles, then a D-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient", "57296ab93f37b3190047836c": "in cpDNA experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular DNA or broken circles, then a D-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient", "57296b151d046914007793f1": "in many chromalveolate lineage", "57296b151d046914007793f2": "a red algal derived chloroplas", "57296b151d046914007793f3": "chromal", "57296b151d046914007793f4": "many chromal", "57296bf96aef051400154e52": "became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance", "57296bf96aef051400154e53": "half", "57296bf96aef051400154e54": "a few tRNA", "57296bf96aef051400154e55": "routing, and even disease resistance. A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome\u2014most became nonfunctional", "57296c5c3f37b3190047837f": "chloroplast proteins from assuming their active", "57296c5c3f37b31900478380": "in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation", "57296c5c3f37b31900478381": "all) of them in their transit sequences", "57296c5c3f37b31900478382": "not all) of them", "57296cb21d04691400779403": "a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges", "57296cb21d04691400779404": "8 \u03bcm", "57296cb21d04691400779405": "a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell)", "57296cb21d04691400779406": "algae have two chloroplasts", "57296cb21d04691400779407": "diversity in chloroplast shapes", "57296d1b1d0469140077940d": "cyanobacterium", "57296d1b1d0469140077940e": "'s cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacter", "57296d1b1d0469140077940f": "the outer chloroplast membrane is the product of the host's cell membrane", "57296d8d1d0469140077941d": "metabolite passage and synthes", "57296d8d1d0469140077941e": "metabolite passage and synthes", "57296d8d1d0469140077941f": "the internal thylakoid system", "57296d8d1d04691400779420": "proton pumps", "57296d8d1d04691400779421": "proton pumps", "57296de03f37b3190047839b": "dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional,", "57296de03f37b3190047839c": "a stromule, or stroma", "57296de03f37b3190047839d": "they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962,", "57296de03f37b3190047839e": "endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962,", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e5": "stroma and the cell cytoplasm", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e6": "stroma", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e7": "cell", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e8": "fluid", "57296e43af94a219006aa3e9": "stroma", "57296eb01d04691400779435": "the chloroplast", "57296eb01d04691400779436": "two-thirds", "57296eb01d04691400779437": "two-thirds", "57296eb01d04691400779438": "cytoplasmic", "57296eb01d04691400779439": "They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein.", "57296eee6aef051400154e8e": "plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45\u201360 nanometers", "57296eee6aef051400154e8f": "etioplasts, but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into chloroplasts", "57296eee6aef051400154e90": "lipids and proteins about 45\u201360 nanometers", "57296eee6aef051400154e91": "singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule", "57296eee6aef051400154e92": "lipids and proteins", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fb": "stroma", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fc": "free-floating in the stroma", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fd": "singular", "57296f3caf94a219006aa3fe": "stroma", "57296f85af94a219006aa403": "around the pyrenoids when CO2", "57296f85af94a219006aa404": "around the pyrenoids when CO2", "57296f85af94a219006aa405": "rubisco is found in the pyrenoids. Starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when CO2", "57296f85af94a219006aa406": "around the pyrenoids when CO2", "57296f85af94a219006aa407": "around the pyrenoids when CO2", "57296fd71d0469140077943f": "helices ascend at an angle of 20\u201325\u00b0,", "57296fd71d04691400779440": "slit", "57296fd71d04691400779441": "two to a hundred", "57296fd71d04691400779442": "two to a hundred", "57296fd71d04691400779443": "stack of flattened circular granal", "5729703d3f37b319004783bb": "electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane use", "5729703d3f37b319004783bc": "pump hydrogen ions", "5729703d3f37b319004783bd": "absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules", "5729703d3f37b319004783be": "protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis", "5729703d3f37b319004783bf": "energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized", "572970916aef051400154eba": "two", "572970916aef051400154ebb": "thylakoids\u2014granal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids", "572970916aef051400154ebc": "thylakoids", "572970916aef051400154ebe": "stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma", "572970916aef051400154ebd": "around grana. The flat tops and bottoms of granal thylakoids", "57297103af94a219006aa423": "thirty photosynthetic carote", "57297103af94a219006aa424": "leaves", "57297103af94a219006aa425": "They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors", "57297103af94a219006aa426": "some land plants change color", "57297103af94a219006aa427": "a. Xanthophylls, especially the orange-red zeaxanthin, are also common. Many other forms of carotenoids", "5729714daf94a219006aa42d": "cyanobacteria", "5729714daf94a219006aa42e": "red", "5729714daf94a219006aa42f": "Phycobilins", "5729714daf94a219006aa430": "Phycobilins", "5729714daf94a219006aa431": "about 40", "572971af6aef051400154ede": "high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors", "572971af6aef051400154edf": "rubisco. Rubisco has a problem\u2014it has trouble", "572971af6aef051400154ee0": "a problem\u2014it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen", "572971af6aef051400154ee1": "wasted and CO2", "572971af6aef051400154ee2": "photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubis", "5729723c6aef051400154ee8": "mesophyll cells, chloroplasts", "5729723c6aef051400154ee9": "specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana", "5729723c6aef051400154eea": "oxygen", "5729723c6aef051400154eeb": "CO2 in a four-carbon", "5729723c6aef051400154eec": "oxygen", "5729729a1d0469140077948b": "plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant", "5729729a1d0469140077948c": "multicellular plant contain chloroplasts", "5729729a1d0469140077948d": "chloroplasts", "5729729a1d0469140077948e": "in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts\u2014the", "5729729a1d0469140077948f": "The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells,", "572972f46aef051400154ef2": "millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts", "572972f46aef051400154ef3": "mill", "572972f46aef051400154ef6": "30", "572972f46aef051400154ef4": "half", "572972f46aef051400154ef5": "millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts", "5729735c3f37b319004783fb": "along the plant", "5729735c3f37b319004783fc": "in a sheet\u2014maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning", "5729735c3f37b319004783fd": "intense light", "5729735c3f37b319004783fe": "to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns", "5729735c3f37b319004783ff": "light. Under intense light,", "572973ccaf94a219006aa449": "two", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44a": "The reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44b": "Chloroplasts", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44c": "in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance, where infected cells", "572973ccaf94a219006aa44d": "oxygen species", "57297427af94a219006aa453": "cellular sensors. After detecting stress", "57297427af94a219006aa454": "as cellular", "57297427af94a219006aa455": "a pathogen, chloroplas", "57297427af94a219006aa456": "salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric", "572974923f37b3190047840b": "chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars", "572974923f37b3190047840c": "photosynthesis", "572974923f37b3190047840d": "triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide", "572974923f37b3190047840e": "Photosynthesis", "572974923f37b3190047840f": "Photosynthesis", "572975073f37b31900478415": "energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain", "572975073f37b31900478416": "inside the thylakoid system", "572975073f37b31900478417": "dark", "572975073f37b31900478418": "system", "572975073f37b31900478419": "energy", "572975511d046914007794a7": "thylakoid", "572975511d046914007794a8": "cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation", "572975511d046914007794a9": "Cyclic photophosphorylation", "572975511d046914007794aa": "hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation", "572975a3af94a219006aa465": "The Calvin cycle", "572975a3af94a219006aa466": "the cycle", "572975a3af94a219006aa467": "The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break", "572975a3af94a219006aa468": "five", "572976183f37b31900478431": "The starch", "572976183f37b31900478432": "as high atmospheric CO2", "572976183f37b31900478433": "the efficiency of photosynthesis, and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis", "572976183f37b31900478434": "the grana and thylakoids. The starch", "572976183f37b31900478435": "chloroplast", "572976791d046914007794af": "the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen", "572976791d046914007794b0": "between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2", "572976791d046914007794b1": "to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency", "572976791d046914007794b2": "up to half", "572976791d046914007794b3": "RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis\u2014it consumes", "572976cfaf94a219006aa493": "cysteine and methionine", "572976cfaf94a219006aa494": "methionine. Cysteine", "572976cfaf94a219006aa495": "made in the chloroplast (the prop", "572976cfaf94a219006aa496": "unclear", "57297725af94a219006aa49b": "cell organelle called a plastid", "57297725af94a219006aa49c": "type of a plant", "57297725af94a219006aa49d": "or fertilized egg. Proplastids", "57297725af94a219006aa49e": "plastid", "5729779b6aef051400154f62": "do not require light to form chloroplas", "5729779b6aef051400154f63": "chloroplast formation, proplastids", "5729779b6aef051400154f64": "chloroplast", "5729779b6aef051400154f65": "stroma", "5729779b6aef051400154f66": "stroma,", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ad": "not permanent, in fact many interconversions", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4ae": "interconversions", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4af": "permanent, in fact many interconversions", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b0": "chromoplas", "572977fbaf94a219006aa4b1": "many interconversions", "5729784b1d046914007794c9": "a protein", "5729784b1d046914007794ca": "stroma", "5729784b1d046914007794cb": "Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved", "5729784b1d046914007794cc": "The Min system", "5729784b1d046914007794cd": "a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma.", "5729789b6aef051400154f6c": "PD rings form.", "5729789b6aef051400154f6d": "two plastid-dividing rings", "5729789b6aef051400154f6e": "4 nanometers apart, and shrinks", "5729789b6aef051400154f6f": "third plastid-dividing ring", "5729789b6aef051400154f70": "chloroplas", "572978e66aef051400154f76": "stages under poor quality green light", "572978e66aef051400154f78": "light", "572978e66aef051400154f79": "dumb", "572978e66aef051400154f77": "light", "57297991af94a219006aa4b7": "conventional and organic agriculture", "57297991af94a219006aa4b8": "chloroplasts", "57297991af94a219006aa4b9": "pollen.", "57297991af94a219006aa4ba": "chloroplasts", "57296d571d04691400779413": "composite number. For example, 5", "57296d571d04691400779414": "a prime", "57296d571d04691400779415": "composite because it has the divisors 2", "57296d571d04691400779416": "greater", "57296d571d04691400779417": "to ordering. The uniqueness", "57296f293f37b319004783a3": "n is a multiple of any integer between 2", "57296f293f37b319004783a4": "n is a multiple of any integer between 2", "57296f293f37b319004783a5": "n is known as trial division. It consists of testing", "57296f293f37b319004783a6": "n is known as trial division. It consists of testing", "57296f293f37b319004783a7": "more efficient", "572970c11d04691400779463": "around 300", "572970c11d04691400779464": "Euclid", "572970c11d04691400779465": "statistical behaviour of primes", "572970c11d04691400779466": "the statistical behaviour of primes", "572970c11d04691400779467": "around 300 BC.", "5729727baf94a219006aa437": "s conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2", "5729727baf94a219006aa438": "various branches of number theory", "5729727baf94a219006aa439": "number theory", "5729727baf94a219006aa43a": "large numbers into their prime factors. Prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains, mainly algebra, such as prime elements", "5729727baf94a219006aa43b": "two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes", "572973f76aef051400154f0a": "3, 7", "572973f76aef051400154f0b": "12 = 3 \u00b7 4. No even number greater than 2", "572973f76aef051400154f0c": "6", "572973f76aef051400154f0d": "5", "572973f76aef051400154f0e": "prime: 12 = 3 \u00b7 4. No even number greater than 2", "57297547af94a219006aa45b": "Ages and Renaissance", "57297547af94a219006aa45c": "Norman Lehmer's", "57297547af94a219006aa45d": "Norman Lehmer's", "57297547af94a219006aa45e": "1 is not a prime number, but rather forms", "57297547af94a219006aa45f": "prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach", "57297781af94a219006aa4a3": "prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers)", "57297781af94a219006aa4a4": "a prime, but Euclid's fundamental theorem", "57297781af94a219006aa4a6": "3 \u00b7 5 and 1 \u00b7 3 \u00b7 5; if 1", "57297781af94a219006aa4a5": "the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output", "57297781af94a219006aa4a7": "a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers)", "572978f91d046914007794d3": "papyrus", "572978f91d046914007794d4": "primes", "572978f91d046914007794d5": "arithmetic. Euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a Mersenne prime. The Sieve", "572978f91d046914007794d6": "compute", "572978f91d046914007794d7": "large primes found today with computers are not generated this way", "57297a276aef051400154f88": "1640", "57297a276aef051400154f89": "the form 22n", "57297a276aef051400154f8a": "(one of its prime factors is 641), as Euler discovered later, and in fact", "57297a276aef051400154f8c": "prime. The French monk Marin Mersenne", "57297a276aef051400154f8b": "French monk Marin Mersenne looked at primes", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c7": "method", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c8": "equal", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9": "basic method of checking the primality", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4cb": "6", "57297bc9af94a219006aa4ca": "necessary (m", "57297d421d046914007794e5": "two", "57297d421d046914007794e6": "general numbers n", "57297d421d046914007794e7": "general numbers n", "57297d421d046914007794e8": "Carlo\") and deterministic", "57297d421d046914007794e9": "two", "57297ed93f37b3190047845f": "mod b) for a random value", "57297ed93f37b31900478460": "mod p) for any n if p is a prime number", "57297ed93f37b31900478461": "composite", "57297ed93f37b31900478462": "nb", "57297ed93f37b31900478463": "nb", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d1": "Sophie Germain", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d2": "a particular shape include the Sophie", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d3": "Mersenne prime since the dawn", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d4": "p + 1", "572980f9af94a219006aa4d5": "p + 1", "572982e66aef051400154f92": "$100,000 prize", "572982e66aef051400154f93": "2009", "572982e66aef051400154f94": "a US$100,000 prize", "572982e66aef051400154f95": "primes)", "572982e76aef051400154f96": "Prime Search project", "572985011d04691400779501": "e., largest", "572985011d04691400779502": "any natural number n.", "572985011d04691400779503": "number", "572985011d04691400779504": "there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n \u2212 2, for any natural number", "572985011d04691400779505": "there always", "572987e46aef051400154fa2": "run\u2014the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9", "572987e46aef051400154fa3": "arithmetic progressions", "572987e46aef051400154fa4": "picture below", "572987e46aef051400154fa5": "1/6", "572987e46aef051400154fa6": "3, 6, or 9 contain at most one prime number. In all other rows (a = 1, 2, 4, 5,", "572989846aef051400154fc0": "series", "572989846aef051400154fc1": "modern algebraic number theory is the following identity", "572989846aef051400154fc2": "\u03b6(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3", "572989846aef051400154fc3": "a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory", "572989846aef051400154fc4": "\u03b6", "57298ef11d0469140077952d": "from 1859", "57298ef11d0469140077952e": "primes should have no significant irregularities", "57298ef11d0469140077952f": "that the irregularity in the distribution of primes", "57298ef11d04691400779530": "log x of numbers less than x are primes, the prime number theorem)", "57298ef11d04691400779531": "mathematical", "57299021af94a219006aa50c": "Riemann hypothesis, many more conjectures", "57299021af94a219006aa50b": "February 2011[update],", "57299021af94a219006aa50d": "six", "57299021af94a219006aa50e": "Riemann hypothesis, many more conjectures", "57299021af94a219006aa50f": "Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved. One of them is Goldbach's", "572991943f37b319004784a1": "primes greater than 2. Legendre's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2", "572991943f37b319004784a2": "there are infinitely many primes of the form n2", "572991943f37b319004784a3": "conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2. Legendre's", "572991943f37b319004784a4": "Cram\u00e9r's", "572991943f37b319004784a5": "Cram\u00e9r's conjecture.", "57299326af94a219006aa515": "canonical example of pure mathematics", "57299326af94a219006aa516": "public key cryptography algorithms", "57299326af94a219006aa517": "in the 1970s", "57299326af94a219006aa518": "public key cryptography algorithms", "57299326af94a219006aa519": "creation", "572995d46aef051400154fe8": "prime", "572995d46aef051400154fe9": "not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only", "572995d46aef051400154fea": "a prime number other", "572995d46aef051400154feb": "a prime number other", "572995d46aef051400154fec": "s little theorem", "572996c73f37b319004784b3": "Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange,", "572996c73f37b319004784b4": "Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange,", "572996c73f37b319004784b5": "two", "572996c73f37b319004784b6": "primes", "572996c73f37b319004784b7": "two", "572998673f37b319004784d5": "grubs", "572998673f37b319004784d6": "a 200-year period, average predator", "572998673f37b319004784d7": "at most. The logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences", "572998673f37b319004784d8": "specialize as predators on Magicicadas. If Magicicadas", "572998673f37b319004784d9": "2%", "57299a6f6aef051400155016": "0 and 1. It is either Q or the finite field", "57299a6f6aef051400155017": "second,", "57299a6f6aef051400155019": "two nontrivial knots. Any knot", "57299a6f6aef05140015501a": "components. For example, in knot theory,", "57299a6f6aef051400155018": "written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots. Any knot", "57299c2c6aef051400155020": "commutative ring", "57299c2c6aef051400155021": "two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring", "57299c2c6aef051400155022": "R, an algebraic structure", "57299c2c6aef051400155023": "two ring", "57299c2c6aef051400155024": "elements equals the set of irreducible elements", "57299d1c1d04691400779581": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization", "57299d1c1d04691400779582": "The fundamental theorem", "57299d1c1d04691400779583": "arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization", "57299d1c1d04691400779584": "The fundamental theorem", "57299d1c1d04691400779585": "b are arbitrary integers", "57299ec43f37b3190047850d": "5), (7", "57299ec43f37b3190047850e": "algebra", "57299ec43f37b3190047850f": "prime ideal, are an important tool and object of study in com", "57299ec43f37b31900478510": "0), (2), (3), (5), (7)", "57299ec43f37b31900478511": "commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals, which are the appropriate generalizations", "5729a03f1d04691400779593": "the ring", "5729a03f1d04691400779594": "via the notion of the spectrum", "5729a03f1d04691400779595": "concerns", "5729a03f1d04691400779596": "bears some resemblance with ramification", "5729a26d6aef05140015505a": "the gaps) with respect", "5729a26d6aef05140015505b": "sharp contrast to the usual absolute value", "5729a26d6aef05140015505c": "absolute value", "5729a26d6aef05140015505d": "p-adic norm |\u2212|", "5729a3716aef05140015506a": "La Nativit\u00e9 du Seigneur (1935) and Quatre", "5729a3716aef05140015506b": "Nativit\u00e9", "5729a3716aef05140015506c": "47 and 53", "5729a3716aef05140015506d": "(1935) and Quatre", "5729a3716aef05140015506e": "47 and 53 appear in the third \u00e9tude, \"Neumes", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55b": "the North Sea", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55c": "the North Sea", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55d": "The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French:", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55e": "the North Sea", "572f5533a23a5019007fc55f": "1] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s (100,000 cu ft", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e37": "in the Netherlands.", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3a": "the North Sea in the Netherlands.", "572fe1d404bcaa1900d76e3b": "1] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s (100,000 cu ft", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56b": "the Gaulish", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56c": "-i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *R\u012bnaz,", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56d": "the Gaulish name R\u0113nos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC)", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e": "3", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad7": "the Gaulish", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad8": "The spelling with Rh-", "572fe288a23a5019007fcada": "the name of the Rhine in modern languages", "572fe288a23a5019007fcad9": "Greek orthography, while the vocalisation -i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *R\u012bnaz,", "572fe288a23a5019007fcadb": "Greek", "572f567cb2c2fd140056803f": "a scale", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568040": "1939", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568041": "Hoek van Holland (1036.20 km). The river", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568042": "The river", "572f567cb2c2fd1400568043": "the Rhine is conventionally measured in \"Rhine-kilometers\" (Rheinkilometer),", "572fe393947a6a140053cdba": "the Rhine\",", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbb": "1939", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbc": "the Old Rhine Bridge", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbe": "to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively; it was cited as 1,232", "572fe393947a6a140053cdbd": "Old Rhine Bridge", "572f5703a23a5019007fc573": "a height of 599 m to 396 m", "572f5703a23a5019007fc574": "nearly 86 km", "572f5703a23a5019007fc575": "the border between Switzerland to the West", "572f5703a23a5019007fc576": "a natural dam, only a few metres", "572f5703a23a5019007fc577": "Switzerland", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4b": "the Rhine Valley", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4c": "nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4d": "a natural dam, only a few metres", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4e": "the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river", "572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f": "Austria to the East.", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686d": "a modern canalized section. Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gai\u00dfau,", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686e": "\"", "572f57c704bcaa1900d7686f": "\"", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76870": "precipitating sediments. In the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced \"Isel\"", "572f57c704bcaa1900d76871": "(\"", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e55": "least two arms", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e56": "Rhine", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e57": "Rhine", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e58": "small islands", "572fe4a304bcaa1900d76e59": "the singular is pronounced \"", "572f5875947a6a140053c89a": "the mountains", "572f5875947a6a140053c89b": "strong sedimentation", "572f5875947a6a140053c89c": "to the former", "572f5875947a6a140053c89d": "the canalized", "572f5875947a6a140053c89e": "flooding", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e69": "upper canal near Diepoldsau", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6b": "to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6a": "mountains", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6c": "western Rhine", "572fe53104bcaa1900d76e6d": "upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fu\u00dfach, in order", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57d": "three", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc580": "lake\"", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57e": "Untersee", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc581": "Swiss-Austrian border.", "572f58d9a23a5019007fc57f": "three bodies", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858b": "three", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858c": "Austria", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858d": "south", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858e": "Switzerland", "572fe60fb2c2fd140056858f": "47.650; 9", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc587": "The water then follows the northern shore", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58a": "the depths because of the greater density", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc588": "the island", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc58b": "Rheinrinne (\"Rhine Gutter\")", "572f59b4a23a5019007fc589": "the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e95": "northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96": "the lake, off the island", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e97": "A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98": "the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off", "572fe92204bcaa1900d76e99": "the northern (German) shore of the lake,", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5af": "the Rhine basin.", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b0": "the Dutch border. The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn,", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b1": "1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b2": "the river", "572f609ca23a5019007fc5b3": "the highest point", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde0": "1,000 m3", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde1": "the Dutch border. The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn,", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde2": "35,000 cu ft/s)", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde3": "Aare", "572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4": "the Rhine Falls,", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ea": "the \"Rhine", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8eb": "the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the \"Rhine", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ec": "the Neckar in Mannheim and the Main across from Mainz. In Mainz, the Rhine", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ed": "about 300 km", "572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee": "about 300 km", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf2": "the \"Rhine knee\"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf3": "the Main across from Mainz. In Mainz, the Rhine", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf4": "the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf5": "up to 40 km wide. The most important tributaries in this area are the Ill below of Strasbourg, the Neckar", "572fec30947a6a140053cdf6": "the \"Rhine", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b7": "19th", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b8": "there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace.", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680b9": "the ground water level fell", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680ba": "straightening", "572f64ccb2c2fd14005680bb": "French", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5b": "the river", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5c": "the 19th Century.", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5d": "The rate of flow was increased", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5e": "sharply.", "572feddda23a5019007fcb5f": "Upper Rhine", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cc": "the Dutch border,", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cd": "2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) and an average width of 400 m (1,300 ft)", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cb": "Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680ce": "The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine", "572f65e9b2c2fd14005680cf": "1,300 ft)", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef5": "Rhine", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef6": "Germany.", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7": "the Rhine via the Moselle; smaller rivers", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef8": "France", "572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef9": "11,000 cu ft/s)", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb": "Romantic Rhine\",", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec": "the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion.", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed": "by erosion. The rate", "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee": "\"the Romantic Rhine\",", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff": "Rhine flows through the Rhine", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00": "the uplift in the region", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02": "the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine", "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03": "Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge,", "572f6c85947a6a140053c940": "joins the Rhine in Duisburg,", "572f6c85947a6a140053c942": "D\u00fcsseldorf and Duisburg. Duisburg", "572f6c85947a6a140053c943": "D\u00fcsseldorf", "572f6c85947a6a140053c944": "joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river,", "572f6c85947a6a140053c941": "D\u00fcsseldorf", "572ff293947a6a140053ce52": "bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities", "572ff293947a6a140053ce53": "the river passes the major cities of Cologne, D\u00fcsseldorf", "572ff293947a6a140053ce54": "Amsterdam.", "572ff293947a6a140053ce55": "Switzerland,", "572ff293947a6a140053ce56": "D\u00fcsseldorf", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc621": "The Rhine Gorge", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc622": "full of vines", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc623": "the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei. With its outstanding architectural monuments, the slopes full of vines,", "572f6ec7a23a5019007fc624": "Middle Rhine Valley", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce66": "The Rhine Gorge", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce67": "Rhine romanticism.", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce68": "vines, settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes, the Middle Rhine Valley", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce69": "The Rhine Gorge between R\u00fcdesheim", "572ff35f947a6a140053ce6a": "around the famous rock Lorelei. With its outstanding architectural monuments, the slopes full of vines,", "572f7588947a6a140053c984": "North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572f7588947a6a140053c985": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572f7588947a6a140053c986": "Rhine", "572f7588947a6a140053c987": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572f7588947a6a140053c988": "30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west", "572ff430a23a5019007fcba9": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbaa": "the Rhine-Ruhr", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbab": "The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia.", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbac": "conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr", "572ff430a23a5019007fcbad": "Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High German are spoken.", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568154": "branches", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568153": "Het Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the North Sea. The Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht,", "572f76d1b2c2fd1400568155": "Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water. Two thirds", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f24": "west", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f25": "Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg, to the North Sea. The Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht,", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f26": "the water flow volume", "572ff4ca04bcaa1900d76f27": "Sea.", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a2": "into the IJsselmeer (a former bay),", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a3": "the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea.", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a4": "The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5": "the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay),", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2d": "the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn.", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2e": "the Noord", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f": "the Waal. However, at Wijk bij Duurstede, the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek.", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f30": "the Nederrijn", "572ff56304bcaa1900d76f31": "through the Pannerdens Kanaal", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568657": "The latter flows", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568658": "which the Limes Germanicus were built. During periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages,", "572ff5fcb2c2fd1400568659": "the surrounding land and polders. From Wijk bij", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865a": "\"", "572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b": "the various ice ages", "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669": "The Rhine-Meuse", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a": "near Millingen", "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b": "the Rhine into Waal and Nederrijn. Since the Rhine", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51": "the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often.", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f52": "two", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f53": "Maas (\"New Meuse\"),", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f55": "(\"Upper Merwede\"), Beneden Merwede (\"Lower Merwede\"), Noord River (\"North River\"),", "572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f54": "Pannerdens", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681": "a lock and diverted into a new outlet called \"Bergse Maas\",", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568682": "1904", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683": "Maas\", then Amer and then flows into the former bay Hollands", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568685": "1421 to 1904", "572ff83ab2c2fd1400568684": "Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbce": "Many rivers have been closed (\"dammed\") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders. The construction of Delta", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcf": "the current delta is characterized by the delta's main arms", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbcd": "the delta's main arms", "572ff890a23a5019007fcbd0": "the 20th Century", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869b": "high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869c": "tidal currents could tear", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869d": "most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel", "572ff935b2c2fd140056869e": "Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbe9": "Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbeb": "between about 240 MBP and 220", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbec": "the Alpine Orogeny", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbea": "the Mesozoic Era,", "572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed": "Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates,", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b7": "the Miocene, a river", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b8": "Rhone", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686b9": "the Eocene onwards,", "572ffb02b2c2fd14005686ba": "the Miocene, a river system had developed in the Upper Rhine Graben, that continued northward and is considered the first Rhine river.", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0": "Pliocene", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef1": "the early Pleistocene period,", "572ffc0f947a6a140053cef2": "Vosges Mountains,", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc15": "Ice Ages", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc16": "Around 2.5 million", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc17": "600 years ago)", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc18": "interglacials, when sea level rose to approximately the present level, the Rhine built deltas, in what is now the Netherlands.", "572ffce5a23a5019007fcc19": "the present North Sea.", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5": "Before", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6": "Before Present),", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7": "North", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8": "120 m (390 ft)", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9": "cold phases, peaking", "572fff45947a6a140053cf26": "Rhine's", "572fff45947a6a140053cf27": "the last Ice Age; although, its source must still have been a glacier. A tundra,", "572fff45947a6a140053cf28": "BP,", "572fff45947a6a140053cf29": "dust over that tundra, settled in and around the Rhine", "572fff45947a6a140053cf2a": "tundra", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef": "22,000 years ago", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0": "cover, ocean water", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1": "thaw", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2": "22,000 years ago", "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3": "22,000 years ago", "573003dd947a6a140053cf42": "7500 yr ago", "573003dd947a6a140053cf43": "so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together, could compensate the transgression by the sea;", "573003dd947a6a140053cf44": "7000 years", "573003dd947a6a140053cf45": "the coast", "573003dd947a6a140053cf46": "3 cm (0.39\u20131.18 in) per century (1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years)", "5730042804bcaa1900d77011": "11,700 years ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014": "11,700 years ago", "5730042804bcaa1900d77012": "Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago). Coeval absolute sea-level", "5730042804bcaa1900d77013": "Netherlands,", "57300580b2c2fd140056874d": "BP (= years Before Present),", "57300580b2c2fd140056874f": "increased and delta growth", "57300580b2c2fd140056874e": "flooding", "57300580b2c2fd1400568751": "13th century", "57300580b2c2fd1400568750": "80 avulsions", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702d": "Rotterdam. The river", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702e": "discharge of the Rhine", "5730069004bcaa1900d7702f": "the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. The river", "5730069004bcaa1900d77030": "6/9 of total discharge)", "5730069004bcaa1900d77031": "since 1709, by river engineering works, including the digging of the Pannerdens", "57300761947a6a140053cf9a": "the 1st century BC", "57300761947a6a140053cf9b": "Germania.", "57300761947a6a140053cf9c": "1st century BC,", "57300761947a6a140053cf9d": "La T\u00e8ne culture covered almost its entire length, forming a contact zone with the Jastorf", "573007fab2c2fd140056876b": "14 until after AD", "573007fab2c2fd140056876c": "Moguntiacum (Mainz),", "573007fab2c2fd140056876d": "From the death of Augustus in AD", "573007fab2c2fd140056876f": "Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress of Moguntiacum (Mainz),", "573007fab2c2fd140056876e": "Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress of Moguntiacum (Mainz),", "57300888b2c2fd1400568775": "eight", "57300888b2c2fd1400568777": "Ubii\"),", "57300888b2c2fd1400568778": "whether a state", "57300888b2c2fd1400568776": "The actual number", "57300888b2c2fd1400568779": "(Xanten),", "57300911947a6a140053cfb6": "the 5th century", "57300911947a6a140053cfb7": "the Burgundians", "57300911947a6a140053cfb8": "the Rhine by Hagen.", "57300911947a6a140053cfb9": "Alemannia", "57300911947a6a140053cfba": "Kriemhild's", "573009a004bcaa1900d7704f": "1469", "573009a004bcaa1900d77050": "1469", "573009a004bcaa1900d77051": "the 15th century; Holland remained contentious territory throughout the European wars", "573009a004bcaa1900d77052": "Western Francia,", "573009a004bcaa1900d77053": "1469", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc97": "Adolphe", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc98": "\"natural borders\"", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc99": "Napoleon Bonaparte,", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9a": "1814", "57300a25a23a5019007fcc9b": "1814", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063": "1935", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064": "1930 and the German army re-occupied it in 1936,", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065": "France", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066": "Treaty of Versailles.", "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067": "1936", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77087": "The bridges", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77088": "the Rhine,", "57300bf504bcaa1900d77089": "September 1944.", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708a": "the Rhine at Remagen, became famous, when U.S. forces were able to capture it intact", "57300bf504bcaa1900d7708b": "the River Rhine was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War.", "57300c67947a6a140053cff0": "766 miles", "57300c67947a6a140053cff1": "Brockhaus", "57300c67947a6a140053cff3": "the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length", "57300c67947a6a140053cff2": "820 miles", "57300c68947a6a140053cff4": "1932", "572fac17947a6a140053cb54": "1999", "572fac17947a6a140053cb55": "Scotland Act", "572fac17947a6a140053cb56": "Parliament,", "572fac17947a6a140053cb57": "Act 1998,", "572fac17947a6a140053cb58": "Scotland Act 1998,", "572facb0a23a5019007fc863": "Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament", "572facb0a23a5019007fc864": "three", "572facb0a23a5019007fc865": "to set up the Kilbrandon", "572facb0a23a5019007fc866": "1973", "572facb0a23a5019007fc867": "domestic Scottish affairs.", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86d": "Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence,", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86e": "1974. However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament.", "572fad30a23a5019007fc870": "1974", "572fad30a23a5019007fc86f": "rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting", "572fad30a23a5019007fc871": "1978", "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329": "pass the measure, as 32.", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a": "40%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c": "1 March 1979 that represented at least 40%", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b": "as 32.9% of the eligible voting", "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d": "32.9%", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76bdf": "the 1979", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be0": "Scottish Constitutional Convention with various organisations such as Scottish churches, political parties and representatives of industry taking part. Publishing its blueprint for devolution", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be1": "1989", "572fae4b04bcaa1900d76be2": "the Conservative Party, while Scotland itself elected relatively few Conservative MPs.", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568333": "Parliament Building,", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568334": "Tony Kettle.", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568335": "Edinburgh. The Scottish Parliament building was designed by Spanish", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568336": "Scottish Parliament building", "572faec7b2c2fd1400568337": "Scottish Parliament building", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568349": "General Assembly Hall of the Church", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568347": "Glasgow, and to the University of Aberdeen in May 2002.", "572faf74b2c2fd1400568348": "University of Edinburgh. This building", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834b": "University of Edinburgh. This building", "572faf74b2c2fd140056834a": "Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber", "572fb059947a6a140053cb80": "City of Edinburgh Council.", "572fb059947a6a140053cb81": "High Street and George IV", "572fb059947a6a140053cb82": "demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge", "572fb059947a6a140053cb83": "demolished. The former Midlothian County Buildings facing Parliament Square,", "572fb059947a6a140053cb84": "MSP's", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c15": "ballot conducted in", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16": "John Scott).", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c17": "parliamentary session", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c18": "two", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c19": "Smith", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f7": "the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f8": "the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8f9": "five", "572fbb04a23a5019007fc8fa": "Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5b": "Lord Advocate and the Solicitor", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5c": "total 131 seats", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5d": "129", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5e": "131", "572fbea404bcaa1900d76c5f": "desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members. There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats,", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc938": "Scottish Parliament,", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc937": "Justice", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93a": "a Scottish Parliament,", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc939": "parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid", "572fbf21a23a5019007fc93b": "the words: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c73": "June and from early September", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c74": "Parliament", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c75": "Parliament", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76": "free", "572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c77": "parliamentary channel BBC Parliament.", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95d": "four", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95e": "four minutes", "572fc043a23a5019007fc960": "Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament", "572fc043a23a5019007fc95f": "contrasts", "572fc043a23a5019007fc961": "parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc80": "constituency or cabinet", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc81": "allowed to speak. Normally, the Presiding Officer tries", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc82": "less time. The Presiding Officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate. Debate", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc83": "ministers", "572fc41f947a6a140053cc84": "English,", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccb": "is known in seconds", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccc": "a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccd": "a microchip which, when inserted into the console, identifies them and allows them to vote. As a result, the outcome of each division", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce": "a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76ccf": "outcome of each division is known in seconds", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8a": "predicted beforehand", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8b": "vote. Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that party members", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8c": "Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8e": "\"free votes\", which allows Members to vote as they please. This is typically done on moral", "572fc5a1947a6a140053cc8d": "they please.", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568447": "motions", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568449": "otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time", "572fc659b2c2fd1400568448": "motions", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844a": "Members", "572fc659b2c2fd140056844b": "constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5": "Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses,", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6": "Tuesday,", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7": "scrutinise legislation. Committee meetings take place on Tuesday,", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8": "stronger in the Scottish Parliament", "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9": "stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary systems,", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d07": "Parliament.", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d08": "Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remits and proceedings. The current Mandatory Committees in the fourth Session", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d09": "Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remits", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0a": "remits", "572fc78d04bcaa1900d76d0b": "Scottish Parliament are: Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance;", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d11": "beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d12": "Subject Committees in the fourth", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d13": "parliamentary session", "572fc80b04bcaa1900d76d14": "parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f": "the use of land or property", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20": "National Gallery", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21": "Bill Committees", "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22": "an outside party", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568473": "United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998,", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568474": "Scottish Parliament and delimits", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568475": "education, health, agriculture", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568476": "Scottish Parliament has the power", "572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477": "delimits", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f1": "the ability to alter income tax in Scotland", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f2": "local government", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f3": "food standards, health, home affairs, Scots law \u2013 courts, police and fire", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f4": "pence in the pound. The 2012 Act conferred further fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits", "572fcb6da23a5019007fc9f5": "agriculture", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d": "National Lottery,", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e": "The Scottish Parliament", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f": "National Lottery,", "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480": "National Lottery,", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccda": "an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdb": "government", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdc": "a private member; or a private bill", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccdd": "governing party", "572fcd86947a6a140053ccde": "a number of stages", "572fce12a23a5019007fca11": "Parliament", "572fce13a23a5019007fca12": "Parliament", "572fce13a23a5019007fca13": "out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum", "572fce13a23a5019007fca14": "Parliament. Stage 1 usually takes place, initially, in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole Parliament", "572fce13a23a5019007fca15": "place, initially, in the relevant committee", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02": "a meeting of the whole Parliament.", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd03": "two", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd04": "a general debate", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd05": "table \"wrecking amendments\" to the bill, designed to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary", "572fd1c4947a6a140053cd06": "fall", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684a9": "it to the Monarch", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684aa": "for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament.", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab": "4", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ac": "the United Kingdom", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ad": "a phrase that reads: \"The Bill for this Act", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca55": "a vote", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca57": "Minister, and head of the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca56": "Minister chooses the ministers \u2013 and may decide to remove them at any time \u2013 the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the Sovereign.", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca58": "each parliamentary term (after a general election", "572fd47fa23a5019007fca59": "Chief Law Officers: the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General.", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76d9f": "Thursday in May every four years", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da0": "May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da1": "Thursday in May every four years (1999,", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da3": "in May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on).", "572fd6aa04bcaa1900d76da2": "six", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd32": "Parliament upon which MSPs", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd33": "a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd34": "Government's", "572fd73e947a6a140053cd35": "the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3a": "four", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3b": "Thursday", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3c": "p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on Thursdays, when Parliament", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3d": "A \"General Question Time\"", "572fd7b8947a6a140053cd3e": "four", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684f9": "55,000", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fb": "Orkney", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fa": "129", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fd": "most votes is returned as a constituency MSP. The 73 Scottish Parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the UK Parliament constituencies", "572fd8efb2c2fd14005684fc": "55", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b": "one plus the number", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850c": "d'Hondt method.", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850d": "Parliament", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850e": "The party", "572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f": "second seat. This is repeated iteratively until all available list seats", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d": "insane under the terms", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e": "1981", "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f": "18", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520": "MSP.", "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521": "the British Nationality Act 1981.", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dd9": "16 seats", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76dda": "referendum on Scottish independence.", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddb": "eight", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddc": "eight", "572fdbb004bcaa1900d76ddd": "there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca93": "Annabel", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca94": "David McLetchie,", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca95": "a net loss of five seats, with leader", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca96": "McLetchie", "572fdc34a23a5019007fca97": "down as leader of the party. Cameron", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9d": "vote", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9e": "Conservative", "572fdd03a23a5019007fca9f": "vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland \u2013 whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa0": "Scottish Parliament.", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1": "Conservative victory in the 2015 UK election, standing orders of the House of Commons", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8e": "state", "572ff626947a6a140053ce8f": "invasion; at the other \"reformist\" pole Islamists", "572ff626947a6a140053ce90": "state power seized by revolution or invasion; at the other \"reform", "572ff626947a6a140053ce91": "\"", "572ff626947a6a140053ce92": "society through state", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568677": "socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'\u00e9tat", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568678": "Pakistan", "572ff760b2c2fd1400568679": "Tunisian Ennahda Movement.", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867a": "al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and groups such as the Taliban, entirely reject democracy, often declaring as kuffar", "572ff760b2c2fd140056867b": "Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65": "Salafi", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f66": "\"Sunni", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f67": "20th century\" when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f68": "interdependent\" with democracy in much of the Arab", "572ff86004bcaa1900d76f69": "\"sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,\" and rejection of Shia Islam. Following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5": "progressive moderates", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6": "failure", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7": "John Esposito", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8": "posits", "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9": "failure", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76f9f": "life", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0": "era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970\", and it is quietist/non-political", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa1": "heyday of secular Arab nationalism", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa2": "1945", "572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa3": "International Crisis Group maintains that \"the conception of 'political Islam'\"", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee7": "their prestige, \"experience, ideology", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee6": "enemies", "572ffbaa947a6a140053ceea": "home with their prestige, \"experience", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee9": "US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union,", "572ffbaa947a6a140053cee8": "Afghanistan enemies", "572ffbaab2c2fd14005686cd": "home with their prestige, \"experience", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6": "Anwar Sadat \u2013 whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah);", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef7": "leftist", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef8": "leftist", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef9": "Israel", "572ffc99947a6a140053cefa": "charity", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc7": "interpretation", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc8": "conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism or Salafism.", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fc9": "Wahhabism", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fca": "Salafism.", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb": "Salafism.", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef": "medical", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2": "rhetoric", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0": "shelters", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3": "justice", "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1": "sports facilities", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14": "dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15": "London branch", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17": "Johar", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16": "Iqbal", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18": "a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686f9": "weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fa": "secularism", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fb": "northwestern", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fc": "29 December 1930, Iqbal", "572fffb1b2c2fd14005686fd": "a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India.", "5730005db2c2fd1400568703": "Abul", "5730005db2c2fd1400568704": "law. Maududi founded the Jamaat-e-Islami", "5730005db2c2fd1400568705": "1972", "5730005db2c2fd1400568706": "Abul", "5730005db2c2fd1400568707": "Abul", "57300137b2c2fd1400568717": "Ala Maududi", "57300137b2c2fd1400568718": "Islam", "57300137b2c2fd140056871a": "Abul", "57300137b2c2fd140056871b": "Abul", "57300200b2c2fd1400568729": "tawhid (unity of God), risala", "57300200b2c2fd140056872a": "Sharia,", "57300200b2c2fd140056872b": "minds of individuals from the top of society", "57300200b2c2fd140056872c": "Muslim society", "57300200b2c2fd140056872d": "tawhid (unity of God), risala", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77001": "1928", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77002": "Ismailiyah, Egypt", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77003": "Hassan", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77004": "basic community services", "5730035e04bcaa1900d77005": "motto \"the Qur'an is our constitution,\"", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4c": "Fami Naqrashi", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4d": "1948", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4e": "Gamal Abdul Nasser,", "5730040f947a6a140053cf4f": "1949", "5730040f947a6a140053cf50": "Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood", "573004bf947a6a140053cf56": "Al-Wasat", "573004bf947a6a140053cf59": "75%", "573004bf947a6a140053cf57": "75%", "573004bf947a6a140053cf58": "liberal", "573004bf947a6a140053cf5a": "Mohamed Morsi, an Islamist democrat of Muslim Brotherhood,", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6a": "The defeat along with economic stagnation", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6b": "the secular Arab nationalism", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6c": "Qutb", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6d": "anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb", "573005b9947a6a140053cf6e": "anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by Maududi and Sayyid Qutb", "5730088e947a6a140053cfad": "Sunni", "5730088e947a6a140053cfac": "Sharia law was essential to Islam,", "5730088e947a6a140053cfae": "Western interests, and that the acts such as \"plundering\"", "5730088e947a6a140053cfaf": "Mohammad Iqbal,", "5730088e947a6a140053cfb0": "Mohammad Iqbal,", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b7": "US economic sanctions,", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b9": "power", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770b8": "economic sanctions", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770ba": "2006", "57300e2604bcaa1900d770bb": "President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's vehement", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004": "the Soviet Union", "57300ec0947a6a140053d005": "an allied Marxist regime", "57300ec0947a6a140053d006": "these \"Afghan Arabs\" was marginal, an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 Muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in Afghanistan.", "57300ec0947a6a140053d007": "Arabs\" was marginal, an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 Muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in Afghanistan.", "57300ec0947a6a140053d008": "35,000", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d1": "an important role in restraining the many Islamist groups", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d2": "Saudi regime", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d3": "Saddam, secularist", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d4": "secularist", "57300f8504bcaa1900d770d5": "Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait.", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d7": "American", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d9": "Osama bin Laden's terror attacks climaxing", "573010fab2c2fd14005687d8": "Egypt,", "573010fab2c2fd14005687da": "Egypt,", "573010fab2c2fd14005687db": "Saddam's", "573011de04bcaa1900d770f9": "fi-l-Tariq)", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fa": "in the mid-1960s", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fb": "the Brotherhood,", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fc": "activism", "573011de04bcaa1900d770fd": "1966", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd09": "Anwar Sadat", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0a": "1981", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0b": "al-Salaam", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0c": "the extremist group directed its attacks", "5730126ba23a5019007fcd0d": "Anwar Sadat", "5730131c947a6a140053d052": "wal-Hijra, and these groups have variously been involved in activities", "5730131c947a6a140053d053": "al-Islamiyya", "5730131c947a6a140053d055": "1990s", "5730131c947a6a140053d054": "assassinations of political figures", "5730131c947a6a140053d056": "al-Gama'a", "5730208fa23a5019007fcded": "Hamas", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdee": "Muslim Brotherhood", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdef": "\"quiescent\" stance towards Israel, focusing on preaching, education and social services, and benefiting from Israel's \"indulgence\"", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf1": "Hamas", "5730208fa23a5019007fcdf0": "Palestine", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f7": "Hamas has been praised by Muslims for driving Israel", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8": "542", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f9": "\"martyrdom", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fa": "2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or \"martyrdom operations\". In the January 2006", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688fb": "martyrdom operations", "57302700a23a5019007fce89": "al-Nimeiry", "57302700a23a5019007fce8a": "Hassan al-Turabi.", "57302700a23a5019007fce8b": "al-Nimeiry", "57302700a23a5019007fce8c": "al-Nimeiry", "57302700a23a5019007fce8d": "Saudi Arabia. He also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9d": "1989", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9e": "the help of the military. Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support", "573027d6a23a5019007fce9f": "liberal government before coming to power, but strict application of sharia", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea0": "Turabi", "573027d6a23a5019007fcea1": "American attack", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77270": "high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men. The FIS won sweeping victories in local elections", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726f": "1991", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726e": "Front) in Algeria.", "5730285a04bcaa1900d7726d": "Muslim Brotherhood,", "5730285a04bcaa1900d77271": "liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77287": "mujahdeen", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77288": "Soviet Union", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728a": "1980s", "573028fa04bcaa1900d77289": "mujahide", "573028fa04bcaa1900d7728b": "80%", "57302a3aa23a5019007fcecf": "neofundamental", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced0": "religious groups in neighboring Pakistan.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced1": "impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced2": "impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan.", "57302a3aa23a5019007fced3": "the Deobandi", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772af": "July 1977,", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b0": "Jamaat-e-Islami", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b1": "Islamism", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b2": "symbols", "57302ad804bcaa1900d772b3": "July 1977,", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db": "\"Islamic State", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc": "led by and mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de": "over territory occupied by ten million", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df": "Syria. In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate,", "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd": "the group proclaimed itself a caliphate", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d7": "2004", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d8": "1999", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772da": "a \"historic scale\". The group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, the European Union", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772d9": "1999", "57302cd004bcaa1900d772db": "Syrian Civil War beginning in March", "57302e45947a6a140053d22e": "\"the disbelieving (Kafir)", "57302e45947a6a140053d22f": "1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d230": "1924", "57302e45947a6a140053d231": "HT", "57302e45947a6a140053d232": "(Kafir)", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f5": "democratic", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f6": "ideological struggle", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f7": "Muslim public", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f8": "1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt, and is now banned in both countries. But many HT members have gone on to join", "57302efe04bcaa1900d772f9": "HT", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77311": "over 900,000", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77312": "al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77313": "2007", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77314": "al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park", "57302faa04bcaa1900d77315": "Abu Hamza al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park Mosque, was arrested and charged with incitement", "57303048947a6a140053d254": "since 2001", "57303048947a6a140053d255": "counter Islamism, or violent Islamism,", "57303048947a6a140053d256": "George W. Bush", "57303048947a6a140053d257": "counter", "57303048947a6a140053d258": "violent Islamism,", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c6": "imperium", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c7": "colonization, use of military force", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4c9": "Western", "573060b48ab72b1400f9c4ca": "colonization, use of military force", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf7": "through diplomacy or military force.\" Imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one group,", "573062662461fd1900a9cdf8": "rule\". \"Informal imperialism\" is less direct; however, it", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfa": "through diplomacy or military force", "573062662461fd1900a9cdfb": "control that one group, often a state", "57306797396df919000960ee": "confusedly seen to represent the policies", "57306797396df919000960ef": "colonial", "57306797396df919000960f0": "enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area, or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements", "57306797396df919000960f2": "general-purpose aggressiveness", "57306797396df919000960f1": "confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers", "573081c2069b531400832133": "trade routes", "573081c2069b531400832134": "Lenin", "573081c2069b531400832135": "Lenin", "573081c2069b531400832136": "empire", "573081c2069b531400832137": "A distinction about empires", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d": "influence", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6e": "power.", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6f": "a political focus.", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce70": "people. Robert Young writes that while imperialism operates from the center, is a state policy", "573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71": "definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's superiority,", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54c": "an other, if colonialism refers to the process of a country", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54d": "an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled. Colonialism's", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54e": "the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c550": "it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two. Although imperialism and colonialism", "573085ea8ab72b1400f9c54f": "control", "5730876a396df9190009617a": "the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds", "5730876a396df9190009617c": "rational justification for imperialism", "5730876a396df9190009617b": "peopled, governed, and developed, as far as possible, by the races", "5730876a396df9190009617d": "people", "5730876a396df9190009617e": "Hobson", "573088da069b53140083216b": "Royal Geographical Society of London", "573088da069b53140083216c": "Royal Geographical Society of London", "573088da069b53140083216d": "Royal Geographical Society", "573088da069b53140083216e": "stories.Political geographers", "573088da069b53140083216f": "a space for travellers to share these stories", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c576": "the tropics", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c577": "as the superior and the norm", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c578": "the tropics", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c579": "environmental determinism", "57308cf88ab72b1400f9c57a": "environmental determinism", "57308ddc396df919000961a5": "(Latin expression which stems from Roman law", "57308ddc396df919000961a7": "the eighteenth century", "57308ddc396df919000961a4": "(Latin expression which stems from Roman law meaning 'empty land'). The country of Australia", "57308ddc396df919000961a6": "Terra nullius", "57308ddc396df919000961a8": "Roman law meaning 'empty land'). The country of Australia", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580": "Orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early Western imperialism, as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581": "the East as a negative", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582": "the East. Rather, by essentializing the East,", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583": "social reality of the East.", "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584": "East,", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58a": "power into West Africa\". During his analysis of nineteenth-century", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58b": "cartographic", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58c": "Bassett", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58d": "\"", "5730909d8ab72b1400f9c58e": "British", "573092088ab72b1400f9c595": "dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era,", "573092088ab72b1400f9c594": "the conquests", "573092088ab72b1400f9c597": "dozens", "573092088ab72b1400f9c598": "Roman Empire, Greece, the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire,", "573092088ab72b1400f9c596": "Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire,", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae": "the internet and unauthoris", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af": "North Korea. The importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0": "the influence of smuggled South Korean", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1": "The importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans", "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2": "internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc. Nor is such a usage of culture recent, as part of Roman imperialism local elites", "57309446396df919000961b8": "the early 18th century", "57309446396df919000961b9": "to gain political power", "57309446396df919000961ba": "thousands", "57309446396df919000961bb": "the middle of the 20th century", "57309446396df919000961bc": "\"", "57309564069b5314008321a5": "1919", "57309564069b5314008321a6": "1999", "57309564069b5314008321a7": "European imperialism. They claim that European imperialism was influential, and Europeans", "57309564069b5314008321a8": "Ronald Robinson", "57309564069b5314008321a9": "John Gallagher", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2": "India", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4": "mid-18th century", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3": "markets", "573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5": "administrative incorporation of local elites", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc": "European chemists", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd": "an advantage over their opponents, as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de": "chemists", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df": "Anglo-Zulu War of 1879).", "573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0": "chemists", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e6": "the British", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e7": "late 1870s", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e8": "British experience.", "57309bfb8ab72b1400f9c5e9": "designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600": "capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602": "1883\u20131950", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601": "1883\u20131950", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603": "(1857\u20131929), and Norman Angell (1872\u20131967).", "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604": "they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it's impact on Europe,", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a": "colonial control as a civilizing mission. Across the three waves of European colonialism", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b": "environmental determinism", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c": "racial hierarchy", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d": "a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples.", "5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e": "racial hierarchy.", "5730a314069b5314008321eb": "the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working,", "5730a314069b5314008321ec": "Northern Europe", "5730a314069b5314008321ed": "geographical", "5730a314069b5314008321ee": "orientalism", "5730a314069b5314008321ef": "Northern Europe", "5730a40f396df91900096234": "1767", "5730a40f396df91900096235": "1767", "5730a40f396df91900096236": "British East India Company", "5730a40f396df91900096237": "political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering", "5730a40f396df91900096238": "India", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29": "1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a": "1830", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d": "French civilization and language as well as Catholicism.", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b": "Asia, with other conquests", "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c": "1830", "5730a951069b531400832213": "French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism,", "5730a951069b531400832214": "colonialism", "5730a951069b531400832215": "citizenship", "5730a951069b531400832216": "French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism,", "5730a951069b531400832217": "horizon", "5730aa52069b53140083221d": "France.", "5730aa52069b53140083221e": "French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France.", "5730aa52069b53140083221f": "Algeria", "5730aa52069b531400832220": "France retained great financial and diplomatic influence. It has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in Africa", "5730aa52069b531400832221": "1962", "5730ab63396df91900096260": "Scandinavia and northern Europe,", "5730ab63396df91900096263": "Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe", "5730ab63396df91900096261": "the middle period", "5730ab63396df91900096262": "late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE,", "5730ab63396df91900096264": "Italy)", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf73": "it would eventually become, Germany\u2019s participation", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf74": "late 19th century", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf75": "1862", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf77": "Holy Roman Empire,", "5730ac782461fd1900a9cf76": "the First Empire,", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682": "Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683": "Guinea in 1884.", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685": "1884", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684": "move.[verification needed] Bismarck", "5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686": "German prestige. He was influenced by Hamburg merchants", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4": "Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa3": "1894", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa6": "Russia", "5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa5": "Sakhalin Island", "5730b255396df919000962b0": "Bolshevik leaders", "5730b255396df919000962b1": "1921", "5730b255396df919000962b2": "Bolshevik leaders", "5730b255396df919000962b3": "the old Tsarist Empire in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union and the People\u2019s Republic of China", "5730b255396df919000962b4": "an internationalist ideology: Lenin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc5": "Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc6": "Stalin", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc9": "Stalinist", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc8": "Stalinist", "5730b4282461fd1900a9cfc7": "the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist", "5730b541396df919000962c2": "mercantilism", "5730b541396df919000962c3": "about 1820", "5730b541396df919000962c5": "mercantilism", "5730b541396df919000962c4": "1815", "5730b541396df919000962c6": "1776", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf": "Africa", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0": "Darwinism", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2": "Milner,", "5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1": "East.", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c3": "policies", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c4": "\"", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c6": "\"make the world", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c5": "United States", "5730b7ce069b5314008322c7": "\"make the world safe for democracy\"", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704": "President Wilson", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705": "1917", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706": "President Wilson", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707": "Three years later in 1917,", "5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708": "The point of this inquiry", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d011": "an", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d012": "the internal strife between various people", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d013": "12 to 15 million", "5730bb522461fd1900a9d015": "other that enlightenment and democracy are concepts that not all will agree upon\".", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73c": "from 1299", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d": "the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73e": "1299", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f": "North Africa,", "5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740": "from 1299 to 1923", "5730bd00069b5314008322d7": "Istanbul", "5730bd00069b5314008322d9": "Turkey", "5730bd00069b5314008322db": "Mediterranean basin,", "5730bd00069b5314008322da": "Turkey", "5730982f396df919000961e2": "United Methodist Church", "5730982f396df919000961e3": "The United Methodist Church (UMC)", "5730982f396df919000961e4": "1968", "5730982f396df919000961e5": "John and Charles Wesley", "5730982f396df919000961e6": "The United Methodist Church", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee5": "the World Methodist Council,", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6": "12 million", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee7": "the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council,", "573098c12461fd1900a9cee8": "6%", "57309921396df919000961f6": "the mid-18th century", "57309921396df919000961f7": "Church of England.", "57309921396df919000961f8": "so-called Methodists", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef7": "1735", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef8": "England", "573099f42461fd1900a9cef9": "the gospel to the American", "573099f42461fd1900a9cefa": "old, Bible", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff": "Methodist Church, considered the Mother Church of American Methodism.", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00": "1784", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01": "the Mother", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf02": "the Church of England", "57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03": "American Revolution", "57309adb396df919000961fc": "the Methodist Episcopal Church", "57309adb396df919000961fd": "Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church", "57309adb396df919000961fe": "1763", "57309adb396df919000961ff": "Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States,", "57309adb396df91900096200": "1769", "57309cd6069b5314008321c3": "Richard Allen", "57309cd6069b5314008321c4": "A.M.E. Church", "57309cd6069b5314008321c5": "Sunday", "57309d31396df91900096210": "1784", "57309d31396df91900096211": "over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church, insisting that clergy", "57309d31396df91900096212": "220 years since 1784", "57309d31396df91900096213": "the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church", "5730a97a396df9190009625a": "April 23, 1968,", "5730a97a396df9190009625b": "the constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas.", "5730a97a396df9190009625c": "\"Lord of the Church,", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d": "Nicene", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e": "God", "5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f": "Chalcedonian", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64e": "the succession of bishops in the Church of Alexandria was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone and was considered valid by the ancient church.", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c650": "bishops", "5730aaa88ab72b1400f9c64f": "(bishop) by Wesley and dispatched with Vasey", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c655": "1968", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c654": "John Wesley and Charles Wesley (Anglicans), but also Philip William Otterbein and Martin Boehm (United", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c656": "John Wesley", "5730ab288ab72b1400f9c657": "Charles Wesley (Anglicans),", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c670": "grace that \"goes before\"", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c672": "Christ. This grace is the present work of God", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671": "with God through Jesus Christ.", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c673": "Prevenient grace, or the grace that \"goes before\"", "5730aeba069b531400832241": "sin", "5730aeba069b531400832242": "the believer of sin. It is in justifying grace", "5730aeba069b531400832243": "grace, offered by God", "5730aeba069b531400832244": "Justifying", "5730aeba069b531400832245": "the power of sin and to fully love God", "5730afed069b53140083225f": "a genuine love", "5730afed069b531400832260": "sustains", "5730afed069b531400832261": "God which sustains", "5730afed069b531400832262": "Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696": "prima script", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697": "sacred tradition, reason", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c698": "United Methodist theology is at once \"catholic, evangelical, and reformed.\" Today, the UMC is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant", "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c699": "the Holy Bible", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69f": "2008", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c69e": "human life both of the child and the mother", "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0": "the church is \"reluctant to affirm abortion as an acceptable practice,\" and condemns", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6ae": "The church", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6af": "the United Methodist Church are part of the Religious Coalition", "5730b1e28ab72b1400f9c6b0": "the need to be in supportive ministry with all women", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad": "General Conference,", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae": "2012", "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf": "Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth,", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3": "the Methodist Church", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6": "2011", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4": "our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's", "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5": "standing support of abstinence from alcohol", "5730b54c069b53140083228d": "lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39", "5730b54c069b53140083228e": "human life. The Church also holds that the death", "5730b54c069b53140083228f": "vengeance", "5730b54c069b531400832290": "death", "5730b5cc396df919000962d2": "union ceremonies. It forbids any United Methodist board,", "5730b5cc396df919000962d3": "1999", "5730b5cc396df919000962d4": "1999", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd7": "a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd8": "sex weddings, and it would allow conferences to ordain", "5730b6bd2461fd1900a9cfd9": "a governing committee", "5730b776069b5314008322bd": "1987", "5730b776069b5314008322be": "1987", "5730b776069b5314008322bf": "the Judicial Council,", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9": "its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa": "God.\"", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb": "the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70e": "Methodist Church endorses", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c70f": "the United Methodist Church endorses", "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710": "the militarization of society", "5730bdfe396df9190009630e": "all forms of commercialization, abuse, and exploitation of sex.\" The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church states", "5730bdfe396df9190009630f": "all forms of commercialization, abuse, and exploitation of sex.", "5730bdfe396df91900096310": "addictive. Persons", "5730bf03069b5314008322eb": "its earliest stages, commands our reverence.", "5730bf03069b5314008322ed": "the sake", "5730bf03069b5314008322ec": "the research purposes", "5730c059069b531400832305": "Liturgy", "5730c059069b531400832306": "Sunday", "5730c059069b531400832307": "North America. Wesley's Sunday Service has shaped the official liturgies", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc46": "United Methodist Hymnal and The United Methodist Book of Worship (1992).", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc47": "Christian", "5730c52fb54a4f140068cc48": "Common", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4c": "Booth,", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4d": "James UMC\").", "5730c6d3b54a4f140068cc4e": "David Livingstone and Methodism's revered founder John Wesley", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc52": "United Methodist Church is organized into conferences. The highest level is called the General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church.", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc54": "The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium).", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc55": "The Book of Discipline which is revised after each General Conference.", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc53": "the Book of Resolutions, which is published after each General Conference,", "5730c737b54a4f140068cc56": "every four years (quadrennium)", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa7": "five", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa8": "four", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aa9": "to the General Conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aaa": "the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops", "5730c810aca1c71400fe5aab": "the jurisdictions and central conferences", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c": "Library.", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449d": "the Iraq War which the church", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449e": "36 acres (150,000", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449f": "over whether the decision", "5730c8a1f6cb411900e244a0": "bishops", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac2": "nine", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac1": "General Conference", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3": "eight-year", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac4": "eight", "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac5": "between sessions of General Conference, and during General Conference, the Judicial Council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by General Conference.", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154a": "the Anglican Communion and the Roman Catholic Church", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154b": "a synod in some Lutheran denominations such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church", "5730cb0fb7151e1900c0154c": "the Annual Conferences, and actions taken by one conference", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2": "pastors", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3": "2/3 majority. All churches must also have a nominations committee, a finance committee", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c4": "a finance committee", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c5": "a nominations committee, a finance committee", "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c6": "committee, a finance committee", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66": "three", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc67": "sixty", "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc68": "education", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94": "women", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95": "pastors", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96": "its sacraments", "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97": "of the crisis caused by the American Revolution which isolated the Methodists in the States", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af5": "Superintendents", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6": "one year", "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af7": "fixed annually", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155a": "episco", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155b": "the church", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155c": "2\u20133 years", "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d": "the church", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b03": "a local church. Deacons serve a term of 2\u20133 years", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b04": "Deacons", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b05": "bishop to servant leadership within the church", "5730d523aca1c71400fe5b06": "Baptism,", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d6": "1996", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d7": "provisional elder\" or \"provisional deacon\"", "5730d597f6cb411900e244d8": "\"provisional deacon\" for those who seek to be ordained in the respective orders. The provisional elder/deacon is a seminary", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01562": "a pastor only within the context and during the time of the appointment and shall not extend beyond it. Local pastors", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01563": "church. The Local Pastor are given the authority to preach the Word of God, administer the sacraments", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01564": "five", "5730d6fcb7151e1900c01565": "preach the Word of God, administer the sacraments", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dc": "own faith", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244dd": "through confirmation and sometimes the profession", "5730d77ef6cb411900e244de": "the profession", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fc": "class", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fd": "confirmation classes to all people", "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe": "Methodist-Christian theological tradition", "5730de74f6cb411900e244ff": "local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b61": "local church lay servant", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b62": "in their own churches, in other churches, and through district or conference projects and programs", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b63": "They must report and reapply annually; and they must complete at least one advanced course every three years.", "5730e936aca1c71400fe5b64": "three", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b73": "World Council", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74": "ecumenism", "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b75": "ecumenical relations", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce4": "2000", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce5": "May 2012,", "5730ea71b54a4f140068cce6": "1985", "5730eb5b497a881900248a3f": "1 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a40": "1 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a41": "1 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a42": "1 million", "5730eb5b497a881900248a43": "the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma,", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae5": "the conference", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae6": "at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40% of the delegates will be from outside the U.S. One Congolese", "5730ebe0a5e9cc1400cdbae7": "UMC", "5730ec85e6313a140071caba": "the World", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabb": "a member of the Wesleyan", "5730ec85e6313a140071cabc": "1999", "5733cf61d058e614000b62e9": "1754\u20131763", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ea": "The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole", "5733cf61d058e614000b62eb": "60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million", "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec": "60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million", "5733cff84776f419006612b4": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "5733cff84776f419006612b5": "1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old", "5733cff84776f419006612b6": "1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old", "5733d13e4776f419006612c4": "in 1755, 1756 and 1757", "5733d13e4776f419006612c5": "both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty, were expelled.", "5733d13e4776f419006612c6": "poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces,", "5733d13e4776f419006612c7": "French", "5733d13e4776f419006612c8": "Battle of the Monongahela", "5733d249d058e614000b6331": "France", "5733d249d058e614000b6332": "Henry, which was followed by Indian torture and massacres of British victims),", "5733d249d058e614000b6333": "France. France concentrated its forces against Prussia", "5733d249d058e614000b6334": "France", "5733d2dbd058e614000b6339": "east", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633a": "Louisiana west of the Mississippi River", "5733d2dbd058e614000b633b": "the islands", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ea": "1740", "5733d3cb4776f419006612eb": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ec": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars", "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed": "the United States,", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353": "the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354": "Seven Years'", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355": "1754", "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356": "Battle of Jumonville Glen", "5733d5704776f4190066130e": "75,000", "5733d5704776f4190066130f": "St. Lawrence River valley,", "5733d5704776f41900661310": "New Orleans, Biloxi,", "5733d68ed058e614000b637f": "1.5 million", "5733d68ed058e614000b6380": "eastern coast of the continent, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia", "5733d68ed058e614000b6381": "eastern coast", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab": "Le Loutre's", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac": "Loutre's", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ad": "the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of present-day Maine. The Iroquois Confederation", "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ae": "Father Le Loutre's War", "5733da01d058e614000b63f9": "the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creek and Cherokee", "5733da01d058e614000b63fa": "a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations.", "5733da01d058e614000b63fb": "Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking", "5733dab4d058e614000b6409": "de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience)", "5733dab4d058e614000b640a": "3,000 troupes", "5733dab4d058e614000b640b": "to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.", "5733db8dd058e614000b6428": "the expedition", "5733db8dd058e614000b6429": "the northern shore of Lake", "5733db8dd058e614000b642a": "There C\u00e9loron buried lead plates", "5733dc95d058e614000b644a": "warning", "5733dc95d058e614000b644b": "south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami", "5733dc95d058e614000b644c": "warning", "5733dc95d058e614000b644d": "Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief", "5733dd4f4776f419006613aa": "French, and are entirely", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab": "through raiding", "5733dd4f4776f419006613ac": "European colonial captives", "5733e5a14776f4190066145b": "Ohio", "5733e5a14776f4190066145c": "1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians, through their \"Half-King\" Tanacharison", "5733e5a14776f4190066145d": "\"Half-King\" Tanacharison", "5733e5a14776f4190066145e": "Iroquois", "5733e5a14776f4190066145f": "Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley,", "5733e771d058e614000b6545": "King George's War)", "5733e771d058e614000b6546": "King George's War)", "5733e771d058e614000b6547": "Atlantic Ocean, where both powers", "5733e771d058e614000b6548": "Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a6": "Jonqui\u00e8re,", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a7": "three", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a8": "an officer in the Troupes de la Marine. Langlade", "5733e8ae4776f419006614a9": "ritual", "5733ea04d058e614000b6594": "Marin followed the route that C\u00e9loron had mapped out four years earlier, but where C\u00e9loron", "5733ea04d058e614000b6595": "Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania)", "5733ea04d058e614000b6596": "present-day Erie,", "5733ea04d058e614000b6597": "Iroquois. Tanaghrisson, a chief of the Mingo,", "5733ea04d058e614000b6598": "Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000-man", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cc": "the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown, was broken.", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cd": "the Western New York", "5733eb34d058e614000b65ce": "the Iroquois. Later he was commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia. They met at Albany,", "5733eb34d058e614000b65cf": "the Western New York Militia.", "5733ef47d058e614000b662b": "the way Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist,", "5733ef47d058e614000b662c": "the area; and a few Mingo led by Tanaghrisson. On December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf.", "5733ef47d058e614000b662d": "Boeuf.", "5733ef47d058e614000b662e": "1753", "5733f062d058e614000b6633": "Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie", "5733f062d058e614000b6634": "French forces after the latter died", "5733f062d058e614000b6635": "Washington to dine", "5733f062d058e614000b6636": "French forces", "5733f1784776f41900661575": "40", "5733f1784776f41900661576": "1754", "5733f1784776f41900661577": "men under William Trent", "5733f309d058e614000b6648": "the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson's", "5733f309d058e614000b6649": "lead a larger force to assist Trent", "5733f309d058e614000b664a": "larger force to assist Trent in his work.", "5733f410d058e614000b6663": "to dislodge", "5733f410d058e614000b6664": "the two battles reached England in August. After several months", "5733f410d058e614000b6665": "to intercept the French.", "5733f410d058e614000b6666": "dislodge", "5733f5264776f419006615a3": "Albany", "5733f5264776f419006615a4": "to formalize a unified front", "5733f5264776f419006615a5": "various Indians,", "5733f5264776f419006615a6": "the format of the congress and many specifics", "5733f5f24776f419006615c1": "Braddock", "5733f5f24776f419006615c2": "1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured. The remaining 500 British troops,", "5733f5f24776f419006615c3": "Approximately 1,000 British soldiers", "5733f5f24776f419006615c4": "Washington,", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66a9": "Fort Niagara. As a response, Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66aa": "the Mohawk River and Wood Creek", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ab": "fortify Oswego", "5733f7b9d058e614000b66ac": "bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f7": "encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River, but Johnson", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f8": "it, and Dieskau's Indian support was reluctant to attack.", "5733f8dc4776f419006615f9": "inconclusive", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fa": "Fort William Henry, and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point,", "5733f8dc4776f419006615fb": "Vaudreuil sent Dieskau", "5733f9fa4776f4190066161f": "French-speaking Acadian population", "5733f9fa4776f41900661620": "many who resisted, and sometimes committing atrocities.", "5733f9fa4776f41900661621": "(ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St.", "5733faaf4776f4190066162f": "Crown Point and Duquesne,", "5733faaf4776f41900661630": "Duquesne,", "5733faaf4776f41900661631": "Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudi\u00e8re River to attack", "5733faaf4776f41900661632": "Ontario", "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff": "James Abercrombie", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700": "General Louis-Joseph", "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701": "1756", "5733fc6ed058e614000b670f": "fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario,", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710": "the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6711": "45,000 pounds", "5733fc6ed058e614000b6712": "the weakness of the British supply chain,", "5733fd66d058e614000b6735": "Abercrombie", "5733fd66d058e614000b6736": "inertia", "5733fd66d058e614000b6737": "inertia. Building", "5733fd66d058e614000b6738": "The new British command", "5733fe73d058e614000b673d": "Montcalm,", "5733fe73d058e614000b673e": "awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg.", "5733fe73d058e614000b673f": "William", "5733fe73d058e614000b6740": "a fleet outnumbering the British one awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg. Faced with this strength,", "5733ffa7d058e614000b674f": "raid", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750": "smallpox", "5733ffa7d058e614000b6751": "smallpox", "57340111d058e614000b677d": "the St. Lawrence, with primary defenses", "57340111d058e614000b677e": "His schemes to supply the colony", "57340111d058e614000b677f": "St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, while Vaudreuil", "5734025d4776f419006616c3": "power of Newcastle", "5734025d4776f419006616c4": "Cumberland. Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt", "5734025d4776f419006616c5": "New France. Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces.", "5734025d4776f419006616c6": "three", "573403394776f419006616dd": "3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000", "573403394776f419006616de": "3,600", "573403394776f419006616df": "Fort Frontenac, including caches", "573403394776f419006616e0": "Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies", "57340549d058e614000b67dd": "The invasion failed both militarily", "57340549d058e614000b67de": "New France, and sent funds to Britain's ally", "57340549d058e614000b67df": "foreign minister, the duc de Choiseul,", "573406d1d058e614000b6801": "all theaters", "573406d1d058e614000b6802": "the lives of both commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west", "573406d1d058e614000b6803": "the lives of both commanders)", "573406d1d058e614000b6804": "Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm", "573407d7d058e614000b6813": "General Amherst. Amherst", "573407d7d058e614000b6814": "Roman Catholic tradition,", "573407d7d058e614000b6815": "General Amherst. Amherst", "573408ef4776f41900661757": "10 February 1763,", "573408ef4776f41900661758": "1763", "573408ef4776f41900661759": "a few acres", "573408ef4776f4190066175a": "France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain,", "57340a094776f4190066177d": "80,000", "57340a094776f4190066177e": "beginning in 1755", "57340a094776f4190066177f": "(The French word \"Acadien\"", "57340a094776f41900661780": "the Haitian Revolution.", "57340b1bd058e614000b6869": "the treaty, King", "57340b1bd058e614000b686a": "its provisions was the reservation", "57340b1bd058e614000b686b": "the government of modern Canada", "57340d124776f419006617c3": "leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio", "57340d124776f419006617c0": "the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769)", "57340d124776f419006617c1": "1769", "57340d124776f419006617c2": "Choctaw", "57340d124776f419006617bf": "The change of control in Florida", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e71": "Sir Isaac Newton. With his mathematical insight,", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e72": "the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by Galileo Galilei", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e73": "Sir Isaac Newton.", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e74": "three hundred years", "573735e8c3c5551400e51e75": "Sir Isaac Newton", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7b": "a more fundamental", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7c": "smaller than atoms. The Standard Model predicts", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7d": "quantum mechanics and technology", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7e": "quantum mechanics and technology", "57373a9fc3c5551400e51e7f": "accelerate particles", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85": "Aristotle", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86": "\"", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87": "four", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88": "\"natural places\" therein. Aristotle believed that motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth", "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89": "that motionless", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e8f": "the 17th century", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e90": "Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e91": "cannonballs", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e92": "Galileo Galilei,", "57373f80c3c5551400e51e93": "Galileo", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e99": "Newton's", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9a": "insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below)", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9b": "net force (see a more detailed description of this below). Newton", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9c": "velocity", "5737432bc3c5551400e51e9d": "state", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea3": "air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving. This is true", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea4": "a curving parabolic path", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea5": "air and catch it as it falls down without worrying", "5737477bc3c5551400e51ea6": "air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction", "573749741c4567190057445d": "constancy", "573749741c4567190057445e": "a year", "573749741c4567190057445f": "Einstein", "573749741c45671900574460": "an object with mass in mid-air", "573749741c45671900574461": "a year", "573750f51c45671900574467": "measurements. However, while kinematics", "573750f61c45671900574468": "direct", "573750f61c45671900574469": "deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition", "573750f61c4567190057446a": "an equivalence between space-time", "573750f61c4567190057446b": "unclear as to how or whether this connection", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eab": "the action-reaction law", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eac": "the action-reaction law", "5737534ec3c5551400e51ead": "unidirectional", "5737534ec3c5551400e51eae": "a result of applying symmetry to situations", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb3": "the action-reaction force", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb4": "accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate", "573755afc3c5551400e51eb5": "magnitude of the external force divided by the mass of the system.", "573766251c45671900574471": "intuitive understanding for describing forces", "573766251c45671900574472": "conceptual definition of force", "573766251c45671900574473": "intuitive understanding for describing forces", "573766251c45671900574474": "the conceptual definition of force", "57376828c3c5551400e51eb9": "direction (denoted scalar quantities). For example, when determining what happens when two forces", "57376828c3c5551400e51eba": "direction. In this simple one-dimensional example, without knowing the direction of the forces", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebb": "the same direction", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebc": "the net force is the result of adding the two force", "57376828c3c5551400e51ebd": "for each force", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec3": "the resulting force", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec4": "the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec5": "equilibrium where several forces", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec6": "two forces to their sum, depending on the angle between their lines of action.", "57376a1bc3c5551400e51ec7": "the addition of two vectors", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecd": "the original force. Resolving force", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ece": "the scalar addition of the components", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ecf": "the same direction as one of the forces is desirable, since that force", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed0": "the forces is desirable,", "57376c50c3c5551400e51ed1": "the original force. Resolving force", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed7": "force", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed8": "no acceleration", "57376df3c3c5551400e51ed9": "against", "57376df3c3c5551400e51eda": "contact between the surface", "57377083c3c5551400e51edf": "quantitative force", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee0": "quantitative force", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee1": "quantitative", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee2": "force\", which equals the object's weight. Using such tools,", "57377083c3c5551400e51ee3": "Archimedes' analysis of the lever; Boyle's law for gas pressure; and Hooke's law for springs.", "573776eec3c5551400e51ee9": "Galileo", "573776eec3c5551400e51eea": "velocity", "573776eec3c5551400e51eeb": "Aristotle's", "573776eec3c5551400e51eec": "only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls. Thus, no force", "573776eec3c5551400e51eed": "no force is required to keep the cannon", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef3": "velocity", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef4": "Aristotle misinterpreted", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef5": "motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes", "57377862c3c5551400e51ef6": "velocity. Aristotle", "57377aac1c45671900574479": "Newtonian", "57377aac1c4567190057447a": "Schr\u00f6dinger equation instead of Newtonian", "57377aac1c4567190057447b": "the context", "57377aac1c4567190057447c": "Newtonian equations.", "57377aac1c4567190057447d": "imagine in the context of \"forces\". However, the potentials V(x,y,z)", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efb": "\"caveat\"", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efc": "a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables, whereas for two bosons (e.g. quanta of electromagnetic waves, photons", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efd": "the \"", "57377c98c3c5551400e51efe": "a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the \"spin\"", "57377c98c3c5551400e51eff": "a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the \"", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f05": "(4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06": "4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrody", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07": "carrying gauge bosons", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f08": "quantum electrodynamics", "57377ec7c3c5551400e51f09": "relativity", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f0f": "11", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f10": "principle, which does not permit atoms to pass through each other. Similarly, the forces in springs, modeled by Hooke's", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f11": "the Pauli exclusion principle, which does not permit atoms to pass through each other. Similarly, the forces in springs, modeled by Hooke's", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f12": "subatomic particles", "5737804dc3c5551400e51f13": "friction", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19": "James Clerk Maxwell", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a": "20th century", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b": "electroweak theory", "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c": "modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity", "573784fa1c45671900574483": "Isaac Newton.", "573784fa1c45671900574484": "Galileo", "573784fa1c45671900574485": "motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in", "573784fa1c45671900574486": "about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location)", "573784fa1c45671900574487": "may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's", "573786b51c4567190057448d": "the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways", "573786b51c4567190057448e": "if the acceleration", "573786b51c4567190057448f": "the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:", "573786b51c45671900574490": "the radius", "57378862c3c5551400e51f21": "the relative strength", "57378862c3c5551400e51f22": "Henry Cavendish", "57378862c3c5551400e51f23": "since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion, his law of gravity had to be universal. Succinctly stated, Newton's Law", "57378862c3c5551400e51f24": "Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's", "5737898f1c45671900574495": "astrophysicists", "5737898f1c45671900574496": "Mercury's orbit and found that his theory", "5737898f1c45671900574497": "existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies;", "5737898f1c45671900574498": "Mercury that Newton's", "5737898f1c45671900574499": "Albert Einstein", "57378b141c4567190057449f": "the extra ct dimension is added)", "57378b141c456719005744a0": "the motion", "57378b141c456719005744a1": "the ballistic trajectory", "57378b141c456719005744a2": "the shortest space-time path between two space-time events", "57378c9b1c456719005744a8": "The connection between electricity", "57378c9b1c456719005744a9": "the time rate of change of electric charge,", "57378c9b1c456719005744a7": "the law", "57378c9b1c456719005744aa": "Lorentz's Law", "57378e311c456719005744af": "Clerk Maxwell", "57378e311c456719005744b0": "1864", "57378e311c456719005744b1": "20", "57378e311c456719005744b2": "4", "57378e311c456719005744b3": "\"Maxwell", "573792ee1c456719005744b9": "the electromagnetic force.[Note 4]", "573792ee1c456719005744ba": "photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism", "573792ee1c456719005744bb": "all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave\u2013particles", "573792ee1c456719005744bc": "modification to electromagnetic theory", "573792ee1c456719005744bd": "modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED),", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f29": "the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2a": "the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2b": "electrons", "5737958ac3c5551400e51f2c": "the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states", "5737958b1c456719005744c3": "the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy", "5737958b1c456719005744c4": "the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons", "5737958b1c456719005744c5": "electrons", "5737958b1c456719005744c6": "the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states", "573796edc3c5551400e51f33": "that the elementary particles", "573796edc3c5551400e51f34": "a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force", "573796edc3c5551400e51f35": "strong force", "573796edc3c5551400e51f36": "not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.", "573796edc3c5551400e51f37": "quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3d": "strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3e": "decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word \"weak\"", "57379829c3c5551400e51f3f": "accelerators", "57379829c3c5551400e51f40": "over", "57379829c3c5551400e51f41": "1013", "57379a4b1c456719005744cd": "repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact", "57379a4b1c456719005744ce": "repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts", "57379a4b1c456719005744cf": "repulsive forces", "57379a4b1c456719005744d0": "repulsive forces", "57379ed81c456719005744d5": "massless, friction", "57379ed81c456719005744d6": "first object is accompanied by a force", "57379ed81c456719005744d7": "every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force", "57379ed81c456719005744d8": "a corresponding increase in", "57379ed81c456719005744d9": "using ideal", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f47": "an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f48": "the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids,", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f49": "pressure result in forces", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4a": "the way forces", "5737a0acc3c5551400e51f4b": "contract, expand, or otherwise change", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51": "the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52": "stresses and compressions", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53": "volume for which the stress", "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54": "134:38-1\u201338-11", "5737a4511c456719005744df": "the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity", "5737a4511c456719005744e0": "the instantaneous angular acceleration", "5737a4511c456719005744e1": "rotational equivalent for position", "5737a5931c456719005744e7": "the path. This yields both the tangential force, which accelerates", "5737a5931c456719005744e8": "by either slowing it down or speeding it", "5737a5931c456719005744e9": "that is tangential to the path. This yields both the tangential force, which accelerates", "5737a5931c456719005744ea": "The unbalanced force that accelerates", "5737a5931c456719005744eb": "velocity", "5737a7351c456719005744f1": "kinetic", "5737a7351c456719005744f2": "contour", "5737a7351c456719005744f3": "conservative force", "5737a7351c456719005744f4": "conservative force", "5737a7351c456719005744f5": "water", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f59": "macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5a": "the gradients of microscopic", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5b": "a force", "5737a84dc3c5551400e51f5c": "electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f61": "macroscopic nonconservative", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f62": "macroscopic", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f63": "macroscopic closed systems", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f64": "macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system", "5737a9afc3c5551400e51f65": "macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change", "5737aafd1c456719005744fb": "kilogram-force (kgf)", "5737aafd1c456719005744fc": "a part", "5737aafd1c456719005744fd": "1000", "5737aafd1c456719005744fe": "one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force", "5737aafd1c456719005744ff": "1000 lbf." }