%WER = 6.91 Errors: 192 insertions, 394 deletions, 673 substitutions, over 18226 reference words (17159 correct) Search below for sections starting with PER-UTT DETAILS:, SUBSTITUTIONS:, DELETIONS:, INSERTIONS:, PER-WORD STATS: PER-UTT DETAILS: corr or (ref->hyp) not when and not what you did after nowadays everything is very much up for grabs i teach wonderfully intelligent students and these risks (b->be) has these benefits and these risks what do you want to do and you say doc what should i do and the doc says all these shots were taken so you see elements here of of stabilized slide show or panoramic panoramic imaging now you must understand that the inuit did not fear the cold they took advantage of it the runners of their sleds were originally made of fish wrapped in caribou hide so so what this means this incredible freedom of choice we have with respect to work is that we have to make a decision again and again and again about whether and do you know what the answer to this question now is the answer is no it is not possible to buy a cell phone that doesn 't do too much so you 're supposed to read this cartoon and being a sophisticated person say (ah->*) what does this fish know you know nothing is possible in this (fishbowl->fish bowl) we take the pictures of those mini big bangs (inside->in size) detectors this is the one i work on it 's called the atlas detector forty four meters wide twenty two meters in diameter what is life is something that i think many biologists have been trying to understand at various levels we 've tried various approaches something as dramatic as our identity (has->is) now become a matter of choice as (this->the) slide all the proteins changed the membranes changed when we read the genetic code (it 's->is) exactly what we had transferred in i want to say just a word about (salad dressing a->saladdressing one) hundred and seventy five (salad dressings->saladdressings) in my supermarket if you don 't count (let me->they may) be clear about (it->*) al gore nancy (pelosi->policy) harry (reid->read) they don 't know what they 're talking about completely novel he just looked up at the sky and he said excuse me can you not see that i 'm driving and so these are all (these are all->*) flickr images and they 've all been related spatially in this way and we can just navigate in this very simple way assumption being that sub saharan africa had no religious beliefs well of course they did and (voodoo->vood) is simply the distillation of these very here 's what the future may begin to look like with changing now the evolutionary tree i (i->*) should just put it bluntly because we 're all sort of friends here now it 's exceedingly likely that my greatest success is behind me they won 't any longer grow readily (in e->any) coli it (exhausts->exhaust) all the modern tools of molecular biology in twenty five years it 's gone from this to this this is a problem because the warming the myths of the inuit elders (still->to) resonate with meaning or that in the himalaya the we have the ability now to build a large robot that can make a million chromosomes a day is this good news or bad news and the answer is yes the exciting phase came when we took this piece of (inert->innert) chemical and put it in (the->*) bacteria curious historical footnote when the (moors->moires) invaded southern spain they took this twelve to twenty four hours later it put it back together exactly as it was before we have thousands of organisms that can do this these organisms can be totally desiccated they can live in a vacuum is meant to indicate we get to we don 't inherit an identity we get to invent it and we get to (re invent->reinvent) ourselves as often as we like and that means that every day when you wake up in the morning you have to decide what kind of person second what economists call opportunity costs dan gilbert made a big point this morning of talking about how (how->*) much the the way in which we value things depends on what we compare them to but it doesn 't follow from that that more choice is better than some choice there 's some magical amount i don 't know what it is i 'm pretty confident that we have long since passed the point where options improve (and->*) so we think this is a situation where the software can actually build its own hardware in a biological system but we wanted to go much larger we wanted to build (the->an) entire bacterial chromosome and i 've argued that we 're about to perhaps create a new version of the cambrian explosion where there 's massive new (speciation->speciesation) based on this digital design the (official->offeral) dogma of what the official dogma of all western industrial societies and the official dogma runs like this if we are interested in maximizing the welfare of our citizens and link all of that together all of those photos become linked together and they make something emergent that 's greater than the sum of the parts you have a (a->*) model that emerges of the entire earth think of this as the long tail to (stephen lawler->steven loller) 's you will never be pleasantly surprised because your expectations my expectations have gone through the roof the secret to happiness this is what you all came for the secret to happiness is low expectations in other aspects of life that are much more significant than buying things the same explosion of choice is true (health care->healthcare) it is no longer the case in the united states that you specifically about creative ventures that seems to make us really nervous about each other 's mental health in a way that other careers kind of don 't do you know like my dad for example was a chemical engineer i don 't know whether this got the biggest cheer or this when someone went (onto->on to) google and saw the front page was like that it means we made cultural impact as well as scientific impact about a week later we had a problem with the machine continue to show up for your piece of it whatever that might be if your job is to dance do your dance if the divine (cockeyed->cockide) genius assigned to your case decides to let some sort of wonderment be (glimpsed->glin) you know i don 't want to go there you know i would prefer to keep doing this work that i love and so the question becomes how you know and (and->*) so it seems to me upon a lot of reflection that that the way that i have to the way to maximize freedom is to maximize choice the more choice people have the more freedom they have and the more freedom they have the more welfare they have custom with them and the pronunciation changed over the centuries from (allah allah allah to ole ole ole->ala a la a la to olayoleo lay) which you still hear in (bullfights->bull fights) and in (flamenco->flaco) dances in spain when a performer has done something impossible and magic (allah ole ole allah->ala olayole all la) magnificent (bravo->bravoe) incomprehensible there it is a glimpse of god the poetry of the shaman was displaced by the (prose->pros) of the priesthood we created hierarchy specialization surplus is only ten thousand years ago the modern industrial world as we know it is barely three hundred years old now that shallow history doesn 't suggest to me that we have all the answers for all of the challenges that will confront us in the ensuing millennia and all of a sudden he would no longer appear to be (merely->nearly) human you know he would be (like->*) lit from within and lit from below and all (like->*) lit up on fire with divinity and when this happened back then people knew it for what it was you know they called it by (it 's->its) name they would put their hands together and they would start to chant paranormal i had this encounter recently where i met the extraordinary american poet (ruth stone->roothstone) who 's now in her (nineties->90s) but she 's been a poet her entire life and she told me that when she was growing up in rural virginia she would be (out working->outworking) in the fields and she said she would (*->like) feel and hear a poem coming at her (like->*) are you comfortable with that because you look at it even from an inch (away->way) and (you know->*) i 'm not at all comfortable with that assumption i think it 's odious and i also think it 's dangerous and i don 't want to see it perpetuated into the next century i think (it 's->*) better if we encourage (you know->*) our great creative minds to live every minute that we 're watching our kid mutilate a soccer game we are also asking ourselves should i answer this if (if->*) somebody bothered to to tag all of these saints and say who they all are then (then->*) my photo of so the alliance for climate protection has launched two campaigns this is one of them part of one of them finally the positive alternative meshes with our economic challenge and our national security challenge so our pace of digitizing life has been increasing at an exponential pace we can select for viability chemical or fuel production vaccine production (et cetera->etc) spatial reasoning is deeply connected to how we understand a lot of the world around us so (you know->*) i never i never thought that i ('d end->ended) up working at microsoft it ('s->was) very (it 's very->*) gratifying (to to have->of) this kind (this kind->*) of reception here and now finally i can (fade->feed) the whole sequence out using the volume siftable tilted to the left song that we will all (rediscover->redistover) the possibility of being what we are a fully you want to be in with respect to marriage and family i can speed up the whole sequence by tilting the tempo to one (one->*) way or the other i think that can be changed by building combinatorial vaccines (in->and) advance finally a solution that 's big enough to solve our problems repower america find out more and what i got was disappointing in comparison to what i expected adding options to people 's lives amazing (the->*) machinery is kind of loud but that 's the sound of clean (coal->cool) technology we designed these pieces so we can just chew back with enzymes there 's enzymes that repair them and put them together and we started making pieces starting with pieces that were five to seven thousand (seven thousand->*) letters fifty of the magnets we had to take them out which we did we (*->'ve) reconditioned them all fixed them they 're all on their way back underground now by the end of march the lhc will be intact again we will switch it on and we expect to take data in june or july so that 's reassuring you know but it would be worse except for that i (i happen->happened) to remember that over twenty years ago when i first started telling people when i was a teenager that i wanted to be a writer i was met with this same kind of (sort of->*) fear based reaction and people would say she would catch the poem by its tail and she would pull it backwards into her body as she was transcribing on the page and in these instances the poem would come up on the page perfect and intact but backwards from the last word to the first you and i both know that if this book isn 't brilliant that is not entirely my fault right (cause->because) you can see that i am putting everything i have into this you know i don 't have (anymore->any more) than this so if you want it to be better then you 've got to show up and do your part of the deal (ok->*) but if you don 't do that maybe this is a kind of an artificial way to read an e book i wouldn 't recommend it this is a more realistic case this is an issue of the guardian every large image is the beginning of a section and this really gives you the (the the->*) joy and the good experience of reading the real paper version of and the disasters around the world have been increasing at an absolutely extraordinary and unprecedented rate four times as many in the last thirty years as in the previous seventy five this is a completely unsustainable pattern if you look at (*->it) in the context of history you can see and as these tools become more physical more aware of their motion aware of each other and aware of the nuance of how we move them we can start to explore some new and fun interaction styles so i 'm going to start with some simple examples this (siftable->shiftable) is configured to show video and if i tilt (it->*) in one direction (it 'll->with a) roll the video this way if i tilt it the other way the flows have increased but when they go away so (does->do as) much of the drinking water in california there (has->'s) been a forty percent decline in the sierra (snowpack->of snow pack) this is hitting the reservoirs and the predictions as you 've read are serious this (drying->drawing) around the world has (lead->led) to a dramatic increase in fires blowing that snuff up their noses that that substance they make from a different set of species is also contains five (methoxydimethyltryptamine->mathoxy diame for trip imine) to have that powder blown up your nose is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity (*->it doesn 't) (like->*) check it out i 'm pretty young i 'm only about forty years old i still have maybe another four decades of work left in me and it 's exceedingly likely that anything i write from this point forward is going to be judged by the world as the work that came after the freakish success of my last book (right->*) rubbing fairy juice on their projects and stuff like i (i->*) 'm not probably going to bring you all along with me on this but the (the->*) question that i (kind of->*) want to pose is (you know->*) why not why not think about it this way because it makes as much sense as anything else i have ever heard if we (print->*) printed out at a ten font with no spacing (it->that) takes (a->one) hundred and forty two pages just to print this genetic code well how do we boot up a chromosome how (how->*) do we activate this obviously with a virus it 's pretty simple it 's much more complicated dealing with bacteria but the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally because they 're denatured by an enzyme found naturally in the human gut called (monoamine oxidase->mono amunoxidase) they can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction with some other chemical that denatures the mao now the fascinating (things are->is) that (the beta carbolines->debate of carbolanes) found within now if you begin to look at the idea that these cultures could create different realities you (could->can) begin to understand some of their extraordinary discoveries take this plant here (it 's->this is) a photograph i took in the northwest amazon just last april this is (ayahuasca->aawasca) which many of you have heard about the most powerful (psychoactive preparation of->psychoactives) and the bacteria started to read this genetic code made the viral particles the viral particles (then->and) were released from the cells (then->and) came back and killed the e coli i was talking to the oil industry recently and i said they clearly understood that model but here 's what you 're supposed to be thinking here 's this couple on the hamptons very expensive real estate gorgeous beach beautiful day they have it all to themselves what could be better well damn it this guy is thinking it 's august one effect paradoxically is that it produces paralysis rather than liberation with so many options to choose from people find it very difficult to choose at all on the one hand (this woody liana->there 's woodi lianna) which has (in it->into) a series of beta (carbolines harmine harmaline->carbllines harming harmally and) mildly hallucinogenic to take the vine alone is rather to have (sort of->*) blue (hazy->hazey) smoke drift across your consciousness but it 's mixed with (the->*) this man 's grandfather was not intimidated by the arctic night (or->*) the blizzard (that->it) was blowing he simply slipped outside pulled down his (sealskin->seal skin) trousers and defecated into his hand and as (the feces->a thesis) began to freeze valuable worthwhile essential to being human and because if people have freedom then each of us can act on our own to do the things that will maximize our welfare and no one has to decide on our behalf the ten (extra virgin->extroversion) olive oils and twelve (balsamic->ball samc) vinegars you could buy to make a very large number of your own (salad dressings->saladdressings) in the off chance that none of the (*->one) hundred (*->and) seventy five the store has (on offer suit you->unoffered suitu) we should or shouldn 't be working we can go to watch our kid play soccer and we have our cell phone on one hip and our blackberry on our other hip and our laptop presumably on our laps and even if they 're all shut off dramatically now i 've argued this is not genesis this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution the new chromosome went into the cell in fact we thought this might be as far as it went but we tried to design the process a little bit further (now->*) that 's more impressive when you consider those magnets (weigh->way) over twenty tons and they moved about a foot so we damaged about as one species and then you (ask->asked) them how they (establish their->established your) taxonomy and they (say did->said didn 't) i thought you knew something about plants i mean don 't you know anything to ask some of these most fundamental questions and so we started down the road of can we synthesize into a new phase of biology with designing and synthesizing life so we 've always been trying to ask big questions do i (do i->*) understand this do (i->you) understand (*->us on) this right that what (what->*) your software is going to allow is that at some point really within the next few years collected not just from from overhead flights and from satellite images and so on but from the collective memory thank you so much hits on our website every month (*->one) hundred and fifty six nations carry our television channel our magazines are read by millions basically everyone here knows does not always behave rationally and in fact can sometimes feel downright for every ten mutual funds the employer offered rate of participation went down two percent better off not just poor people because of how all this excess choice (plagues->plays) us so to conclude now together the myriad cultures of the world make up a a (*->a) web of spiritual life and cultural life that (envelops the->envelopes a) planet and (is->it 's) as important to the well being of the planet as indeed (is the->as a) biological web of life that you know as a biosphere and you might think of this cultural web of life as being an ethnosphere and you might define the ethnosphere as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams myths ideas inspirations intuitions brought into being by the human human (*->human human) imagination since (the->a) dawn of consciousness the ethnosphere is humanity 's great legacy it 's (the->a) symbol of all that we are and all that we can be as an (astonishingly->astonishing and) inquisitive species and just as the noble savage which is an idea racist in its simplicity or alternatively we (invi->invite) invoke thoreau and say these people are closer to the earth than we are well indigenous people are neither sentimental (nor weakened->norwaken) by nostalgia there 's not a lot (not a lot->*) of room for either in the malarial swamps of the (asmat->asthmat) or in the chilling winds of tibet but they have nevertheless through time and ritual forged a traditional mystique of the earth that is based not (on->in) the idea of being self consciously close to it but on a far subtler intuition the idea that the earth itself can only exist because it (is->has) breathed (into->in the) being by human consciousness now what does that mean are inculturated into the values of their society values that maintain the proposition that their prayers and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic or we might say the ecological balance and at the end of this amazing initiation one day they 're suddenly taken out and for the first time in their lives (at->*) the age of eighteen they see a sunrise and in that crystal moment of awareness (of->the) first light as the sun begins to (bathe->bay) the slopes of (the->this) stunningly beautiful landscape suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract is (affirmed in->a firm and) stunning glory into the mountains of tibet where i 'm doing a lot of research recently you 'll see it 's a crude face of political domination you know genocide the physical extinction of a people is universally condemned but (ethnocide->ethnicide) the destruction of (*->a) people 's way of life is not only not condemned it 's universally in many quarters celebrated as part of a development strategy and you cannot understand the pain of tibet until you move through it at the ground level i once (travelled->traveled) six thousand miles from (chengdu in->chndu and) western china over this in many ways is a symbol of the resilience of the inuit people and of all indigenous people around the world the canadian government in april of (nineteen->one thousand nine hundred and) ninety nine gave back to total control of the inuit an area of land larger than california and texas put together it 's our new homeland it 's called (nunavut->noon of) it 's an independent territory they control all mineral resources an amazing example of how a nation state can reach (reach->*) seek restitution with its people tried to look behind the face to (find->fly) the form (or->of) the figure found nothing and concluded that these were calling cards from the devil (*->and) so they speared the five missionaries to death but the (waorani->wrani) didn 't just spear outsiders they speared each other fifty four percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other we (traced->trace) genealogies back (eight->aid) generations and we found two instances of natural death and when we pressured the (people->peoples) a little bit about it they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old that he died getting old so we speared him anyway or one of the most fascinating tribes i ever lived with the (waorani->wrani) of (northeastern ecuador an->north eastern ecuadora and) astonishing people first contacted peacefully in (nineteen->one thousand nine hundred and) fifty eight in (nineteen->one thousand nine hundred and) fifty seven five missionaries attempted contact (and->*) made a critical mistake they dropped from the air eight by (ten->10) glossy photographs of themselves (in->and) what we would say to be friendly gestures (forgetting that->for getting it) these people of the rainforest had never seen anything two dimensional in their lives they picked up these photographs (from->on) the (forest->fourth) floor morphologically unrelated plants that when combined in this way created a kind of biochemical version of the (whole being greater than->hole and grid in) the sum of the parts well we use that great euphemism trial and (*->the) error which is exposed to be meaningless but you ask the indians and they say the plants talk to us well what does that mean (*->well) this tribe the (cofan->cofon) has seventeen varieties of (ayahuasca->aawasca) all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest all of which are referable to our eye like pouring a color the way we might pour (a->*) liquid so in this case we 've got three (siftables->symptomols) configured to be paint buckets and i can use them to pour color into that central one where they get mixed if we overshoot we can pour a little bit back work now in order to continue writing is that i have to create some sort of protective psychological construct (right->*) i have to sort of find some way to have a a safe distance you know between me as i am writing and my so i spent an hour trying on all these damn (jeans->genes) and i walked out of the store truth with the best fitting (jeans->genes) i had ever had i did better all this choice made it possible for me to do better better and (saner->sane or) ideas than we have about how to help creative people sort of manage the inherent emotional risks of of creativity and that search has led me to ancient greece (and->*) ancient rome so the last example i have time to show you today is a music sequencing (and->a) live performance tool that we 've built recently in which (siftables->symptoms) act as sounds like lead (bass->base) and drums there 's somewhere in here there (is->'s) actually (there->a) there (is->'s a) series of photographs here we go this is actually a poster of (notre dame->militra dumb) that registered correctly (here->so if) we (*->you know we) can dive in from the poster to a physical view (*->preparation of) the shaman 's repertoire what makes (ayahuasca->awasca) fascinating is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation but the elaboration of it it 's made really of two different sources related actually to these bits of wire here these gold wires those wires carry thirteen thousand (amps->ants) when the (machine is working->machines work) in (*->at) full power now the engineers amongst you will look at them and say no they don 't (*->when) they 're small wires compared to (ours->mars) trust me this is simple but when we look at all the genes that we can knock out one at a time it 's very unlikely that this would yield a living cell and of course we all share the same adaptive imperatives we 're all born we all bring our children into the world we go through initiation (rites->rights) we have to deal with the (inex inexorable->inexible) separation of death so it shouldn 't surprise us that we all sing this is a screen snapshot of some true design software that we 're working on to actually be able to sit down and design species in the computer the electronics industry only had a dozen or so components and look at the diversity that came out of that (we 're->were) limited here primarily by (a->*) biological reality and our imagination when there are hundreds of different styles of (jeans->genes) available and you buy one that is disappointing and you ask why who 's responsible it is equally clear that the answer to the question is you the question becomes (you know->*) what now you know can we do this differently maybe go back to some more ancient understanding about the relationship between humans and the creative mystery so everywhere we look big things and small things material things and lifestyle things life is a matter of choice and the world we used to live in looked like this and so we turned to other mechanisms we knew there 's a mechanism called homologous recombination that biology uses to repair dna that can put pieces together and realized that this didn 't have to be this internalized tormented thing it could be this peculiar wondrous bizarre collaboration kind of conversation between tom and the strange external thing that was not quite tom (and->laughter) and this (this->*) really this really gets at some of these ideas about really doing (away->a way) with with those limits on on screen real estate we hope that this means no more no more pop ups (and->no) other kind of rubbish like that (shouldn 't->should) be necessary this is a fibonacci sequence that i 'm making with a simple equation program here we have a word game that 's kind of like a (mash up->mashup) between scrabble and boggle basically in every round you get a randomly assigned letter on each siftable (coalergy->energy) we view climate change as a very serious threat to our business that 's why we 've made (it->*) our primary goal to spend a large sum of money on an advertising effort to help bring out and complicate the truth about (coal->goal) to show you what i think is really the (the->*) punchline behind this this technology the (photosynth->photosonth) technology and it 's not necessarily so apparent from looking at the environments that we 've put up on the website we (we->*) had to worry about the lawyers and so on very natural anxiety about what the reaction to that writing is (gonna->going to) be from now on and (and->*) as i 've been looking over the last year for (like->*) models for how to do that i 've been sort of looking across time and i 've been trying to find (like->*) other societies to see if they might have had (it->*) 's not at all (*->with) my creative process i 'm not the pipeline you know like i 'm a mule and the way that i have to work is that i have to get up at the same time every day and (like->*) sweat and labor and (like->*) barrel through it really awkwardly but even i in my mulishness even i have brushed up against that thing in one of the (joints->joins) between over nine thousand magnets in lhc there was a manufacturing defect so the (wire->way) heated up slightly and (its->it 's) thirteen thousand (amps->damps) suddenly encountered electrical resistance this was the result (*->now) margaret mead the great anthropologist said before she died that her greatest fear that was (was->that) as we drifted (towards->toward) this blandly amorphous generic (world view->worldview) not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination reduced to a more narrow and one point two million people killed by the (cadres->codra) during the cultural revolution this young man 's father had been ascribed (to->for) the (panchen->patch in) lama that meant he was instantly killed at the time of the chinese invasion his uncle fled with his holiness in the diaspora that took the people to (a->*) chromosome can chemistry permit making these really large molecules where we 've never been before and if we do can we boot up a chromosome a chromosome by the way is just a piece of (inert->innert) chemical material because in the end it 's like this ok centuries ago in the deserts of north africa people used to gather for these perhaps even for the fish certainly for us but the absence of some metaphorical (fishbowl->fish bowl) is a recipe for misery and i suspect disaster thank you very much if by some chance you haven 't seen that in your store yet you can rest assured that one day soon you will and what this does is it leads people to walk into their stores asking this question not only would those people 's lives be improved but (ours->hours) would be improved also this is what economists call a (pareto->paradeo) improving move income redistribution will make everyone and and (and->*) cross user social experience that way and of course a (by product->byproduct) of all of that is immensely rich virtual models of of every interesting part of the earth chant god 's name again as he (spins->spends) and what is he then to do with the rest of his life this is hard this is one of the most painful reconciliations to make in a creative life part of the design is designing pieces that are fifty letters long that have to overlap with all the other fifty letter pieces to build smaller (sub units->subunits) we all know what 's good about it so i 'm going to talk about what 's bad about it all of this choice has two effects two negative effects on people and it 's a degenerate process so the longer you (*->'d) make the piece the more errors there are so we had to create a new method for putting these little pieces together and correct all the errors asking themselves should i get married or not should i get married now should i get married later should i have kids first or a career first so one of the interesting implications on interaction we started to realize was that we could use everyday gestures on data so that 's one effect the second effect is that even if we manage to overcome the paralysis and make a choice (she 's->gees) okay the question is whether we will be and one reason is this enormous heat sink heats up greenland from the north and the so called (permanent ice->permanentized) five years old or older you can see (is->it 's) almost like blood spilling out of the body here (and->*) while burning coal is one of the leading causes of global warming the remarkable (clean coal->clinical) technology you see here changes everything so when i heard that i was like (that 's->*) you know (that->it) 's uncanny that 's exactly what my creative process is like you really want to get the decision right if it 's for all eternity right you don 't want to pick the wrong mutual fund or even the wrong (salad dressing->scientist) the biggest single cause of global warming along with deforestation which is twenty percent of it is the burning of fossil fuels oil is a problem i can rearrange the sequence while it plays i don 't have to plan it out in advance but i can improvise changing it making it longer (or->as) shorter as i go it rolls it backwards and these interactive portraits are aware of each other so if i put them next to each other they get interested choosing not to do other things and those other things may have lots of attractive features and it 's going to make what you 're doing less attractive third this is a reconstruction of (notre dame->mutradome) cathedral that was done entirely computationally from images scraped from flickr (you just->it was) type (notre dame->metradigm) into flickr (you know->*) and i (and i i->*) definitely know that in (in->*) my case in my situation it would be very dangerous for me to start (sort of->*) leaking down that dark path of assumption you know particularly given the circumstance that i 'm in right now in my career which is (you know->*) speeding up evolution with synthetic bacteria (archea->archaea) and eventually (eukaryotes->you carryots) we 're (a->*) ways away from improving people our goal is (just->is) to make sure that we have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that thank you very much more narrow modality of thought but that we would wake from a dream one day having forgotten that there were even other possibilities and it 's humbling to remember that our species has perhaps been around for six hundred thousand years the neolithic revolution which gave us agriculture at which time we succumbed (to->*) the cult of the seed and coal is the most serious problem the united states is one of the two largest emitters along with china and the proposal has been to build a lot more coal plants but we 're beginning to see a sea change here are the ones that have been (cancelled->canceled) in the last few years with some green alternatives proposed (and->*) this was our first attempt starting with the digital information of the genome of phi x one (*->hundred and) seventy four it 's a small virus that kills bacteria we designed the pieces (*->and) went through our (error->air) correction and had a dna molecule (of->*) about five thousand letters and what happens is this imagined alternative induces you to regret the decision you made and this regret subtracts from the satisfaction you get out of the decision you made even if it was a good decision a rapid fast forward of what 's happened over the last twenty five years the permanent ice is marked in red and as you see it expands to the dark blue that 's the annual ice in winter and it contracts in summer there was a time when the default assumption that almost everyone had is that you got married as soon as you could and then you started having kids as soon as you could the only real choice was who what if when we used a computer instead of having this one mouse cursor that was (a->*) like a digital fingertip moving around a flat desktop what if we could reach in with both hands and grasp information physically arranging it the way we wanted we are blessed as (carl was->coral as) pointing out with the technology that enables us to work every minute of every day from any place on the planet except the (randolph->randolf) hotel that 's very high resolution much higher than you 'd (be->*) able to get in an ordinary (ad->*) and we 've embedded extra content (if->*) you (want->'ve got) to see the features of this car you can see it here or other models or even technical specifications for eighteen years (two->to) nine year periods deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation they spend in their natural mother 's womb now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother and for this entire time they land through southeastern tibet to lhasa with a young colleague and it was only when i got to that make (*->it) you less satisfied with the alternative that you 've chosen here (is->'s) an example the thread that links them all (our->are) addiction to carbon based fuels like dirty coal and foreign oil in a short period of time we think that we might be able to increase you wouldn 't all know what this was about the truth is more like this one point in this new design space and a few of the possibilities that we 're working to bring out of the laboratory this question was so compelling that we decided to explore the answer by building (siftables->shiftables) america is in crisis the economy national security the climate crisis and we 've been trying to just see if we can come up with an even smaller genome which is great (cause->because) the romans did not actually think that a genius was a particularly clever take a good long look this is today 's clean (coal->cold) technology (clean->being) coal (you->we) 've heard a lot about it so let 's take a tour of (this->the) state of the art clean coal facility yes what this is really doing is discovering it 's creating hyperlinks if you will between between images extend it add a little more lead now i put a (bassline->baseline) in (*->laughter) this is how people thought about creativity in the west for a really long time so by shaking the (siftables->shipsibles) and putting them next to each other he can make the characters interact (and->laugh) and his whole work process changed after that not the work the work was still (*->the) now we 're trying to ask can we regenerate life into two sequence (siftables->systems) arrange them into a (*->a) series heats up the frozen ground around the arctic ocean where there is a massive amount of frozen carbon which when it (thaws->falls) is turned into methane by microbes compared to the total amount of global warming pollution in the atmosphere that amount could double if we cross this tipping point from over the landscape and she said it was like a (thunderous->thundrous) train of air and it would come barreling down at her over the landscape and when she felt it coming because it would (*->like) shake the earth under her feet she knew that she had only one thing to do at that point and that was (to->two) in her words run like hell and she would (*->like) run like hell to the house but in our discovery around the world we have all kinds of other methods this is an organism we described in (nineteen->one thousand nine hundred and) ninety six it lives in the deep ocean about a mile and a half deep almost at boiling water temperatures it takes (co two->co2) to methane moonlight dances of sacred dance (and->in) music that would go on for hours and hours until dawn and they were always magnificent because the dancers were professionals and they were terrific right but every once in a while very rarely something would happen and one of these performers would actually become transcendent biosphere (has been->is being) severely eroded so too is the ethnosphere and if anything at a far greater rate no (biologists->biologist) for example would dare (suggest->suggests) that fifty percent of all species (or->are) more (have been or->but) are on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true and yet that the most apocalyptic scenario in the realm of last year i showed these two slides so that demonstrate that the arctic ice cap which for most of the last three million years has been the size of the lower forty eight states has shrunk by forty percent well the truth is the (twentieth->20th) century three hundred years from now (is->it 's) not going to be remembered for its wars or its technological innovations but rather (as->*) the (era->air) in which we stood by and either actively endorsed or we started this over fifteen years ago it took several stages in fact starting with a bioethical review before we did the first experiments of a magazine or a newspaper which is an inherently multi scale kind of medium we 've also done a little something with the corner of of this particular issue of the (guardian->garden) we 've made up a fake ad the way to do that is to maximize individual freedom the reason for this is both that freedom is in and of itself good children and yet that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody somewhere on earth roughly every two weeks because every two (weeks->week) some elder dies and carries with (him->them) into the (grave->grade of) the last syllables we 're able to knock out on the order of (a->one) hundred genes out of the five hundred or so that are here but when we look at its metabolic map (it 's->its) relatively simple (notre dame->tra on) cathedral suddenly gets enriched with all of that data and i can use it as an entry point to dive into that space (into that meta verse->and it ' that metaverse) using everybody else 's photos and (and->*) do a kind of a cross (modal->model) opportunity costs subtract from the satisfaction we get out of what we choose even when what we choose is terrific and the more options there are to consider virtual (earth work->earthwork) and this is something that grows in complexity as people use it and whose benefits become greater to the users as they as they use it their own photos are getting tagged with (meta data->metadata) that somebody else (entered->centered) our ability to write the genetic code has been moving pretty slowly but has been increasing and our latest point would put it on now (an->on) exponential curve but it turns out synthesizing dna is very difficult there 's tens of thousands of machines around the world that make small pieces of dna thirty to fifty letters (in->and) length oftentimes as dark as ever you know but the process and the heavy anxiety around it was released when he took the genie the genius out of him where it was causing nothing but trouble and released it kind of back where it came from and with a very short period of time all the characteristics of one species were lost and it converted totally into the new species based on the new software that we put in the cell it 's also very flexible architecture this is an entire book this is an example of non (non->*) image data this is (bleak house->a bleehouse) by dickens every every column is a (is a->*) chapter cell phone call should i respond to this email should i draft this letter and even if the answer to the question is no it 's certainly going to make the experience of your kid 's soccer game very different (than->then) it would ('ve->have) been already in some shallow lakes in alaska methane is actively bubbling up out of the water professor (katey->katie) walter from the university of alaska went out with another team to another shallow lake last winter so stay with me (cause->because) it does circle around (and->*) back but ancient (greece and->crease in) ancient rome people did not happen to believe that creativity came from human beings back then ok people believed that creativity was this divine attendant spirit that came to human beings from some distant and unknowable source for distant and unknowable reasons the greeks famously called these divine attendant spirits of creativity (daemons->damons) but at the same time they had a (perspicacious->first precaceous) knowledge of the (forest->force) that was astonishing their hunters could smell animal (urine->yearn) at forty paces and tell you what species left it behind in the early (eighties->' 80s) i had a really astonishing assignment when i was asked by my professor at harvard if i was interested in going down to haiti infiltrating the secret societies which were the foundation of (duvalier 's->du values) strength and (tonton macoutes->the tol to makuit) and securing the poison used to make zombies (*->ivity in the west for a really long time) and then the renaissance came and everything changed and we had this big idea and the big idea was let 's put the individual human being at the center of the universe right above all gods and mysteries and there 's no more room for (like->*) mystical creatures who take dictation from the divine and (and->*) it 's the beginning of rational humanism and people started to believe that creativity came completely from the self of the individual and for the first time in history fish (knows->know) something because the truth of the matter is that if you shatter the (fishbowl->fish bowl) so that everything is possible you don 't have freedom you have paralysis took the (ribcage->rib cage) of the dog and improvised a sled harnessed up (an adjacent->in the jason) dog and disappeared over the ice (floes->flows) shit knife (in->and) belt talk about getting by with nothing in a nutshell (a siftable->assistible) is an interactive computer the size of a cookie they 're able to be moved around by hand they can sense each other they can sense their motion and they have a screen (and->in) a wireless radio of an ancient (tongue->ton) and i know there 's some of you who say (well->*) wouldn 't it be better wouldn 't the world be a better place if we all just spoke one language and i say great let 's make that language (yoruba->yorba) let 's make (it cantonese->a santinese) let 's make it now this is an interactive cartoon application and we wanted to build a learning tool for (*->for) language learners and this is felix actually (i 'll->*) give you one very dramatic example of this a study that was done of investments in voluntary retirement plans a colleague of mine got access to what (what->*) the point here really is is that we can do things with the social environment this is (this is->*) now taking data from everybody from the entire collective memory of of visually (*->of) what the earth looks like off if some of what enables people in our societies to make all of the choices we make were shifted to societies in which people have too few options we writers you know we kind of do have that reputation and not (not->*) just writers but creative people across all (genres->gen res) it seems have this reputation for being enormously mentally unstable and (you know->*) all you have to do is look at the very grim (paring->pairing) it down to minimal components we 've been digitizing it now for almost twenty years when we sequenced the human genome it was going from the analog world of biology into the digital world of the computer we all dance we all have art but what 's interesting is the unique cadence of the song the rhythm of the dance in every culture and whether it is the the (penan->banan) in the forests of borneo or the (voodoo acolytes->vodoacolites) in haiti do i look like i can write down a song right now you know if you really want to exist come back at a more opportune moment when i can take care of you otherwise go bother somebody else today go bother leonard cohen (you know->*) can 't help but increase the expectations people have about how good those options will be and what that 's going to produce is less satisfaction with (*->with) results even when they 're good results nobody in the world of marketing knows this and these things have all been related related spatially i 'm not sure if i have (if i have->*) time to show you any other environments there are some that are much more spatial but i (would->'d) like to jump straight to to one of (noah 's->noase) original (data sets->datasets) and this is from an early prototype of photosynth that we first got working in the summer aren 't you afraid you 're never going to have any success aren 't you afraid the humiliation of rejection will kill you aren 't you afraid that you 're going to work your whole life at this craft and nothing 's ever going to come of it and you 're going to die on a scrap heap of broken dreams with your mouth filled with bitter ash of failure one by one the central revelation of anthropology that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way that we can find a way to live in a truly multicultural pluralistic world where all of the wisdom of all peoples can contribute to our collective well being thank you very much that 's (a->one) hundred million barrels a day when we try to think of biological processes or any process to replace that it 's going to be a huge challenge then of course there 's all that (co two->co2) from this material that ends up in the atmosphere but this understates the seriousness of this particular problem because it doesn 't show the thickness of the ice the arctic ice cap is in a sense the beating heart of the global climate system it expands in winter and contracts in summer the next slide i show you will be and i know you know what i 'm talking about because i know you 've all seen at some point in your life a performance like this you know and it was like time would stop and the dancer would sort (of step->stepped) through some kind of portal and he wasn 't doing anything different than he had ever done (you know->*) a thousand nights before but everything would align within forty years there 'll be four we have trouble feeding providing fresh clean water medicines fuel for the six and a half billion it 's going to be (a->*) stretch to do it for nine we use over five billion tons of coal and finally in the end i think it 's pretty obvious at least to all of (all->*) us who 've (travelled->traveled) in these remote reaches of the planet to realize that they 're not remote at all they 're homelands of somebody a very nice collaboration and so this is this (*->is) live on the web it 's powered by (seadragon->sea drug and) you can see that when we kind of do these sorts of views (where->*) we can (we can we can->*) dive through images and have this (kind of->*) multi resolution experience and i said no well it turns out you take each of the seventeen varieties in the night of a full moon and it sings to you in a different key now that 's not going to get you a ph d at harvard but it 's a lot more interesting than counting stamens look carefully at the area of the eastern pacific from the americas extending westward and on either side of the indian subcontinent where there is a radical depletion of (oxygen->action) in the oceans now (now->*) this cartoon makes a lot of points it makes points about living in the moment as well and probably about doing things slowly but one point it makes is that whenever you 're choosing one thing you 're it means that a young kid from the andes who ('s->is) raised to believe that that mountain is an (apu->apple) spirit that will direct his or her destiny will be a profoundly different human being and have a different relationship to that nowadays the world we live in we affluent industrialized citizens with perfection the expectation the best you can ever hope for is that (this->so) stuff is as good as you expect it to be socrates famously believed that he had a (daemon->damon) who spoke wisdom to him from (afar->far) the romans had the same idea but they called that sort of disembodied creative spirit a genius all of these are consuming questions and they 're going to answer these questions whether or not it means not doing all the work i assign and not getting a good grade in my courses and indeed they should these are important questions to answer death count in the (twentieth->20th) century alone of of really magnificent creative minds who died young and often at their own hands (you know->*) and even the ones who didn 't literally commit suicide (seem->seemed) to be really undone (you->*) couldn 't take all the credit for it everybody knew you had this (like this->*) disembodied genius who had helped you if your work bombed not entirely your fault you know everyone knew your genius was kind of lame and one of them is that with a lot of different (salad dressings->saladdressings) to choose from if you buy one and it 's not perfect and (you know->*) what (salad dressing->saladdressing) is it 's easy to imagine that you could have made a different choice that would have been better biological diversity scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario in the realm of cultural diversity and the great indicator of that of course is language loss when each of you in this room (were->we 're) born (the->*) short answer to all those questions is yes yes i 'm afraid of all those things and i always have been and i 'm afraid of many many more things besides that (you know->*) people can 't even guess at like a has these benefits and risks and b has these benefits (and->of) risks what do you want to do and you say if you were me doc what would you do and the doc says but i 'm not you it 's a waste of money what i 'm telling you is that these expensive complicated choices it 's not simply that they don 't help they actually hurt they actually make us worse (you know->*) so jesus what (a->have) thought you know like that 's the kind of thought that could lead a person to start drinking (gin->jin) at nine o 'clock in the morning and go to the doctor and the doctor tells you what to do instead you go to the doctor and the doctor tells you (well->or) we could do a or we could do b a has these benefits (i 'll->*) give you some examples of what modern progress has made possible for us this is my supermarket not such a big one lhasa that i understood the face behind (the->these) statistics you hear about six thousand sacred monuments torn apart to (dust and->dustin) ashes individual they believed that a genius was this sort of magical divine entity who was believed to literally live in the walls you start to hear people referring to this or that artist as being a genius rather than having a genius and i (*->'ve) got to tell you i think that was a huge what the basic question is of what is life we 're truly you know have modest goals of replacing the whole (petrol chemical->petrochemical) industry of course mapping is one of those really obvious applications for a technology like this and (and->*) this one i really won 't spend any time on except to say that we have things to contribute to this field as well and to prove to you that it 's (that it 's->*) really text and not an image we can do something like so to really show that this is a real representation of the text it 's not a picture or (a ca caravanserai->acative on city) in the middle of the sahara this is incidentally the fellow that i (travelled->traveled) into the desert with a month ago that is to say there were some choices but not everything was a matter of choice and the world we now live in looks like this and the question is so let me remind you this is the official dogma the one that we all take to be true has been killing off our artists for the last five hundred years and if this is true and i (i->*) think it is true (it->*) 's about repowering america one of the fastest ways to cut our dependence on old dirty fuels that are killing our planet this is the source of much of the coal in west virginia the largest mountaintop miner is the head of (massey->massive) coal passively accepted the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet now the problem isn 't change make some connections myself in case you miss them (*->but) i want to start with what i call the official dogma (i->*) 'm going to talk to you about some stuff that 's in this book of mine that i hope will resonate with other things (*->that) you 've already heard and i 'll try to it 's easy to (refute->refuse) i think that the fact that it 's so difficult the fact that we 're overreaching is the value of things like the lhc the more options there are the easier it is to regret anything at all that is disappointing about the option that you chose and so the net result is that we do better (and->at) in general objectively and we feel worse (*->st) for just one moment through your efforts (then ole->than oa) and if not do your dance anyhow (allah allah allah->alla all) god god god that 's god (you know->*) (silt->silk) that seems to be carrying half (of->a) borneo away to the (south->souat) china sea where the japanese freighters hang light (in->on) the horizon ready to (fill their->filter) at the other end of the planet antarctica the largest (mass of->massive) ice on the planet last month scientists reported the entire continent is now in negative ice balance and west antarctica and (ole->o ' lay) to you nonetheless i believe this and i feel (that->like) we must teach it (ole->oh lay) to you nonetheless just for having the sheer human love and stubbornness to keep showing up our welfare now as a policy matter i 'm almost done as a policy matter the thing to think about is this what enables all of this choice last year at ted i gave an introduction to the lhc and i promised to come back and give you an update on how that machine (works->worked) so this is it (and->*) for those of you (who->that) weren 't there the lhc is we now have techniques because of these rapid methods of synthesis to do what we 're calling combinatorial genomics to be fair right chemical engineers as a group you know haven 't really earned a reputation over the centuries for being alcoholic manic depressives and as you can see my passion is for making new human computer interfaces that are a better match to the (way->ways) our brains and bodies work and today i had time to show you single consumer electronics store there are that many stereo systems we can construct six and a half million so this may sound like genomic alchemy but we can by moving the software (*->of) dna around change things quite and it 's an environment in which you can either locally or remotely interact with vast amounts of of visual data we 're looking at many many gigabytes of of digital photos here and (kind of seam->suit) seamlessly (and->*) continuously zooming (in panning->and padding) through the thing rearranging it in any way we want and you 've seen recently corn to ethanol is just a bad experiment we have second and third generation fuels that (will be coming->are becoming) out relatively soon that are sugar to much higher value fuels like octane or different types of (butanol->buttonol) that i have of how to do that is the musician tom waits who i got to interview several years ago on a (on a->*) magazine assignment and we were talking about this and you know you (you->*) know tom i mean for most of his life he was pretty much the embodiment of the tormented contemporary modern artist you know like trying to however there is a political battle in our country and the coal industries and the oil (industries->industry has) spent a quarter of a billion dollars in the last calendar year promoting clean coal which is an oxymoron that image reminded me of something i want to say just a little autobiographical moment that i (i->*) actually (am->*) married to a wife and (and->*) she 's really quite wonderful i couldn 't have done better i didn 't settle but settling isn 't always such a bad thing finally yeast puts them together automatically this is not an electron micrograph this is just a regular (photomicrograph->photo micrograph) it 's such a large molecule we can see it with a light microscope these are pictures over about a six second period forget that when i say different ways of being i really do mean different ways of being take for example this child of (barasana in->abrasana) northwest amazon (the->a) something kind of peculiar has happened recently in my life and in my career which has caused me to have to sort of recalibrate my whole relationship with this work and he spends two weeks nagged by the idea that he is missing the opportunity day after day to have a great parking space kogi and you 'll suddenly discover what it would be like to be unable to speak your own language and so what i 'd like to do with you today is (*->and) sort of take you they really loved it and one of the interesting things about this kind of application is that you don 't have to give people many instructions all (you->i) have to say is make words and they know exactly what to do we end up less satisfied with the result of the choice than we would be if we had fewer options to choose from and there are several reasons for this design is critical and if you 're starting with digital information in the computer that digital information has to be really accurate each of these has four different variations you get to choose which one you want to use and you can inject these sounds into a sequence that you can assemble into the pattern that you want where (the->*) their problem is not that they have too much choice their problem is that they have too little so the stuff i 'm talking about is the peculiar problem of modern (mind->mine) to affect the body that bears it when (catalyzed in the->catalyzing a) state of extreme excitation now of all the peoples that i 've ever been with the most extraordinary (are->or) the (kogi->coogie) dangerously frighteningly (overanticipated->over anticipated) follow up to my freakish success and (and and->*) what i have to sort of keep telling myself when i get really psyched out about that is don 't be afraid don 't be daunted just do your job using molecular hydrogen (as->and) its energy source we 're looking to see if we can take captured (co two->co2) which can easily be piped to sites convert that (co two->co2) back into fuel to drive this process so we added a few extra genes so we could select for this chromosome we digested it with enzymes (to->that) kill all the proteins and it was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell and you 'll appreciate our very sophisticated graphics here around christmas in my home in tennessee a billion gallons of coal sludge was spilled you probably saw it on the news this all over the country is the second largest waste stream in america this happened around christmas one of the coal (industry 's->industries ') ads around christmas was this one (become->becoming) a major source of energy but also we 're now working on using these same tools to come up with instant sets of vaccines you 've seen this year with flu we 're always a year behind and a dollar short when it comes to the right vaccine (you know i 've->*) talked about some of these projects before about the human genome and what that might mean and discovering new sets of genes we 're actually starting at a new point we 've been digitizing biology when he wakes up and discovers that it 's tuesday at eleven a m and he 's no longer a glimpse of god he 's just an aging mortal with really bad knees and (you know->*) maybe he 's never going to ascend to that height again and maybe nobody will ever when we first sequenced this genome in (nineteen->one thousand nine hundred and) ninety five the standard of accuracy was one error per ten thousand base pairs we actually found on resequencing it thirty errors had we (used->use) that original sequence (it->that) never would have been able to be booted up by not participating they are passing up as much as five thousand dollars a year from the employer who would happily match their contribution so paralysis is a consequence of having too many choices and i think it makes the world look like this in the himalayas the third largest (mass of->massive) ice at the top you see new lakes which a few years ago were glaciers forty percent of all the people in the world get half of their drinking water from that melting flow (in->and) the andes this glacier is the source of drinking water for this city so this is the publication we had just a short while ago this is over five hundred and eighty thousand letters of genetic code it 's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure it 's over three hundred million molecular weight from southeast asia from sarawak a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution on the banks of the rivers where you can see the river itself is soiled with the and of those six thousand languages as we (sit->see it) here today in monterey fully half (are->or) no longer being whispered into the ears of children they 're no longer being taught to babies which means effectively unless something changes they 're already dead what could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence to be the last of your people to speak your language to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors or anticipate the promise of the there 's enzymes called restriction enzymes that actually digest dna the chromosome that was in the cell doesn 't have one the (cell the->*) chromosome we put in does it got expressed and (it->*) recognized the other chromosome as foreign material (chewed it->shooted) up and so we ended up just with (the->a) cell with (the->a) new chromosome it turned blue because of the genes we put in it about them they blame themselves clinical depression has exploded in the industrial world in the last generation i believe a significant not the only but a significant contributor to this explosion of depression and also suicide is that people have experiences that are disappointing because their standards are so high and then when they have to explain these experiences to themselves they think they 're at fault nepal his mother was incarcerated for the price of for the crime of being wealthy he was smuggled into the jail at the (ti at the->*) age of two to hide beneath her (skirt tails->skirtails) because she couldn 't bear to be without him the sister (who->*) had done that brave deed was put into an education camp one day she (*->'d) inadvertently stepped on an (armband->armban) that of (mao->mau) and for that transgression she was given seven years of hard labor error (you know->*) i think that allowing somebody like one mere person to believe that he or she is like the vessel (you know->*) like the font and the essence and the source of all divine creative unknowable eternal mystery is just like a smidge too much responsibility to put on one fragile human psyche it 's like asking somebody to swallow the sun (profound->found) religious ideas that came over during the tragic (diaspora->diospora) of the slavery era but what makes (voodoo->voodo) so interesting is that it 's this living relationship between (the->*) living and the (dead so->deads) the living (give->of) birth to the spirits the spirits can be invoked from beneath the great water responding to the rhythm of the dance to momentarily displace the soul of the living so that for that brief shining moment the (acolyte->act) becomes the god that 's why the (voodooists->vodus) like to say that (*->you) and she (would->'d) be getting chased by (this->his) poem and the whole deal was that she had to get to a piece of paper and a pencil fast enough so that when it thundered through her she could collect it and grab it on the page and other times she wouldn 't be fast enough so she 'd be running and running and running and she wouldn 't get to the house and the poem would like barrel through her and she would miss it and she said it would continue on across the landscape looking as she put it for another poet and the result is we call (it->a) patient autonomy which makes it sound like a good thing but what it really is is a shifting of the burden and the responsibility for decision making from somebody who knows something namely the doctor to somebody who knows nothing and is almost certainly sick and thus not in the best shape to be making decisions namely the patient there 's enormous marketing of prescription drugs so don 't worry about climate change leave that up to us but now there (is->'s) a bold new solution to get us out of this mess repower america what this is doing (future 's->futures) over here (wind->when) sun a new energy grid why do this i think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs that are shared by anyone across the world are going to basically link together but those are all the roads in the in the u s superimposed on top of a nasa we think (that polemics->the polymics) we think that (polemics->polymics) it doesn 't (it doesn 't->*) create the (it->*) doesn 't create (the->*) so many of them are occluded by faces and (and->*) so on infants child seats don 't help and now i 'll attach the filter to the (drums->drum) so i can control the (effect live->affect life) and now we 're trying to go from that digital code and now i 'll attach (*->to) the filter to the (bass->base) for some more expression it 's an open ended story and he gets to decide how it unfolds the fact (*->thing) is coal isn 't dirty we think it 's clean for those of you who aren 't new yorkers i apologize what i 'm going to show you first as quickly as i can is that 's our youngest beta tester down there on the right (yeah->*) if you can 't do that at ted (where->work) can you like that (you know and a a->*) the answer new investments to create high (paying->pain) jobs repower america it 's time to get real (good job->and) yeah sunlight and (co two is->co2 was) one method thirty billion (plus->plaz) barrels of oil (cause->laughter because) if they did (you know->*) one of the intense pleasures of travel and one of the delights of ethnographic research is the opportunity to live amongst those who have not forgotten the old ways who still feel their (past->pass) in the wind touch it in stones polished by rain taste it in the bitter leaves of plants just to know that jaguar (shamans->a shaman) still journey beyond the milky way or the do not distinguish (the->a) color blue from the color green because the canopy of the heavens is equated to the canopy of the forest upon which the people depend they have a curious language and marriage rule which is called linguistic exogamy you must marry someone who speaks a different language and this is all rooted in (the->*) mythological past yet the curious (thing is->things) in these (long houses->longhouses) where (there are->their) six or seven languages spoken and the peculiar thing is that i recently wrote this book this memoir called eat pray love which decidedly unlike any of my previous books went out in the world for some reason and became this big mega sensation international bestseller thing the result of which is that everywhere i go now people treat me like i 'm doomed there (were->are) six thousand languages spoken on the planet now a language is not just a body of vocabulary or (a set of grammatical->setagrammatical) rules a language is a flash of the human spirit it 's a vehicle through which (the->a) soul of each particular culture comes into the material world every language is an old growth forest of the mind a (*->a) watershed (a->of) thought an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities (*->laughter) they (laughed->laugh) more than you guys are (it 's->*) he had no idea what that was so here 's another few people trying it out (we 'll->*) start by putting a lead the sun is rising (blaise->plays) that is truly incredible (congratulations->congressionations) (hello->alone) of this of this environment now i 'll put some percussion in now he 's brought a tractor into the scene all the pictures thank you so the orange (tractor->trector) inventing his own narrative (smells->smell 's) good too (fly away->buyway) cat thank you very much and this is the last one work thank you thank you (thanks so much->somewhere) and this picture was taken by atlas it caused immense celebration in the control room (it 's->is) a picture of the first beam particle going all the way around the lhc the naked geography of hope so what we 're trying to do at the national geographic finally is we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything people of the anaconda who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river from the east (in->and) the belly of sacred snakes now this is a people who cognitively conscious species fully aware of ensuring that all peoples (and->in) all gardens find a way to flourish and there are great moments of optimism there is one corner by the way that i 'm not going to tell anybody about where you actually where the where the (hi wifi->wi fi) works i 'm not telling you about it because i want to use it and it 's doing that based on the content inside the images and that gets really exciting when you think about the richness of the semantic information that a lot of those images have like when you do a web search for images in terms of explaining the utter maddening capriciousness of the creative process a process which as anybody who has ever tried to make something which is to say as escalation of expectations this hit me when i went to replace my (jeans->genes) i wear (jeans->genes) almost all the time and there was a time when (jeans->genes) came in one flavor investment records from vanguard the gigantic mutual fund company of about a million employees (and->in) about two thousand different workplaces and what she found is that well when there are lots of alternatives to consider it is easy to imagine the attractive features of alternatives that you reject (you know->*) but maybe it doesn 't have to be quite so full of anguish if you never happened to believe in the first place that the most extraordinary aspects of your being came from you but maybe if you just (believed->believe) that they were (on loan->unlon) to you (you->*) know from some unimaginable source for some exquisite portion of your life to be passed along when you 're finished with somebody else but the only way we think that biology can have a major impact without further increasing the cost of food and (limiting its->limits) availability is if we start with (co two->co2) as its feedstock (and so->answer) we 're working with designing cells to go down this road and we think we 'll have the first fourth generation fuels in about eighteen months you offer fifty funds ten percent fewer employees participate than if you only offer five why because with fifty funds to choose from it 's so damn hard to decide which (fund->funds) to choose that you 'll just put it off (until->till) tomorrow and then tomorrow and then tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow and of course tomorrow never comes (buddhists->buddha) still pursue the breath of the (dharma->darma) is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology and that is the idea that the world in which we live in does not exist in some absolute sense but is just one model of reality the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices that our lineage made albeit successfully many generations ago and continue with our quest to find out what the building blocks of the universe are now of course in a way those accidents reignite the debate about the value of science and engineering at the edge (we->*) 're about to go from six and a half to nine billion people over the next forty years to put it in context for myself i was born in (nineteen->one thousand nine hundred and) forty six there 's now three people on the planet for every one of us that existed in (nineteen->one thousand nine hundred and) forty six i am (a->my) writer writing books is my profession but it 's more than that of course it is also my great lifelong love and fascination and i don 't expect that that 's ever going to change but that said so the thought i want to leave you with is that we 're on the cusp of this new generation of tools for interacting with digital media that are going to bring information into our world on our terms thank you very much i look forward to talking with all of you designation for each of the amino acids so we can use the genetic code to write out (words->word) sentences thoughts initially all we did was (autograph it->autographic) some people were disappointed there was not poetry this little fragment of melody (you know->*) that comes into his head as inspiration often comes elusive and tantalizing and he wants it (you know it->*) 's gorgeous and (and->*) he (longs->lungs) for it but he has no way to get it he doesn 't have a piece (of->*) paper he doesn 't have a pencil he doesn 't have a tape recorder so these are some kids that came on a field trip to the media lab and i managed to get them to try it out and shoot a video because of (intermarriage->inter marriage) you never hear anyone practicing a language they simply listen and then begin to speak the pain of tibet can be impossible to bear but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold everybody in my manhattan neighborhood is away i could be parking right in front of my building if you shatter this (fishbowl->fish bowl) so that everything is possible you decrease satisfaction now there are many of us who sort of my favorite is the middle one the (mp three->mp3) player (nose->knows) hair (trimmer->tremor) and (creme brulee->cremboo lay) torch and if (right->*) so the ancient artist was protected from certain things like for example too much narcissism right if your work was brilliant and then overall effects like tempo and volume that apply to the entire sequence so let 's have a look grandfather refused to go the family fearful for his life took away all of his weapons all of his tools the more attractive features of these options are going to be reflected by us as opportunity costs here 's another example that there are no mysteries in nature that our triumphs are complete and that there are no new worlds to conquer geospatial image so let 's pull up now something else so this is actually live on the live on the web now you can go check it out this is a project called photosynth which really marries two different technologies one of them is (seadragon->seedragon) and the other is some very beautiful computer vision research done by (noah snavely a->noa snaveley at) graduate (student at->in) the university of washington co advised by steve (seitz->sites) at (u w->ugh) and rick (szeliski at->'s elicit) microsoft research i am absolutely certain that life can exist in outer space move around find a new (aqueous->acreous) environment in fact nasa has shown a lot of this is out there here 's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built using these processes actually just using yeast mechanisms with the right design of the pieces we put them in of an artist 's studio kind of like dobby the house elf and who would come out and sort of invisibly assist the (artist->artists) with their work and would shape the outcome of that work so brilliant there it is right there that distance that i 'm talking about that psychological construct to protect you from the results of your work (you know->*) and everyone knew that this is how it functioned all cultures through all time have (constantly been->constant being) engaged in (a->*) in a dance with new possibilities of life and the problem is not technology itself the sioux indians did not stop being (sioux->sue) when they gave up the (bow and->bone) arrow any more than (an->*) american (stopped being->stopping) an american (when he->we) gave up the horse and buggy it 's not change or technology that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere it is power the largest scientific experiment ever attempted twenty seven kilometers in circumference (its->his) job is to recreate the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began up to six hundred million times a second (it 's->so) nothing (if->have) not ambitious this is the machine below geneva and i don 't recall once in his forty years of chemical engineering anybody asking him if he was afraid to be a chemical engineer you know it just didn 't come (that->like get) chemical engineering block john you know (how 's->has) it (going->go and) it just didn 't come up like that you know but of the sierra nevada de santa (marta in->mactain) northern (colombia->columbia) descendants of the ancient tairona civilization which once (carpeted->carpented) the caribbean coastal plain of (colombia->columbia) in the wake of the conquest these people (retreated into->were treating to) an isolated volcanic (massif->mas see) that soars above the caribbean coastal plain or (indeed a->indeeda) yak herder in the slopes of (qomolangma->chuma lunga) everest the goddess mother of the world all of these peoples teach us that (there are->they 're) other ways of being other ways of thinking other ways of orienting yourself (in->and) the earth and this is an idea (if->that) you think about it can only fill you with hope or can we create new life out of this digital universe this is the map of a small organism mycoplasma genitalium that has the smallest genome for a species that can self replicate in the laboratory control and manage and dominate these sort of uncontrollable creative impulses you know that were totally internalized but then he got older and he got calmer and one day he was driving (down->on) the freeway in los angeles he told me and this is when it all changed for him and (and->*) he 's (like->*) speeding along and all of a (sudden he->suddenn) hears but we recently showed that we can do a complete transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it we purified a chromosome from one microbial species roughly these two are as distant as human and mice (it->*) 's also simpler when you go into (eukaryotes->eukaryots) like (ourselves->our cells) you can just pop out the nucleus and pop in another one and that 's what you 've all heard about with cloning with bacteria (*->and) archaea the chromosome is integrated into the cell here (is->'s) an example of it there 's an organism called deinococcus radiodurans that can take three (millions->million) rads of radiation you can see in the top panel its chromosome just gets blown apart and you inject it by just bumping up the sound (siftable->suffable) against (a sequence siftable->the sequencetable) there are effects that you can control live like reverb and filter you attach it to a particular sound and then tilt to adjust it so this is what the supermarket is like and then you go to the consumer electronics store to set up a stereo system speakers cd player tape player (tuner->tuna) amplifier and in this one you know we don 't know necessarily what (it 'll->we) look like we know exactly what their genetic code looks like we 're focusing on now fourth generation fuels the reason that everything was better back when everything was worse is that when everything was worse it was actually possible for people to have experiences that were a pleasant surprise there are also some neat possibilities for education like language math and logic games (where we->or you) want to give people the ability to try things quickly and view the results immediately so here i 'm most importantly they 're physical so like the blocks you can move them just by reaching out (and->a) grasping and (siftables->the syptibles) are an example of a new ecosystem of tools for manipulating digital information different stereo systems out of the components that are on offer in one store you 've got to admit that 's a lot of choice in other domains the world of communications and you get some pictures of guys (in->and) t shirts and of the campus and so on and each of these orange cones represents an image that was (that was->*) discovered to belong to this model when you think of processing these twenty million different genes or trying to optimize processes to produce (octane->octain) or to produce pharmaceuticals new vaccines we can change just (with->what) a small team do more molecular biology than the last twenty years of all science and it 's just standard selection (you know->*) at times and i would imagine that a lot of you have (too->to) you know (like->*) even i have had work or ideas come through me from a source that i honestly cannot identify and what is that thing and how are we to relate to it in a way that will not make us lose our minds but in fact might actually keep us (sane->saying) and for me the best contemporary example resource or that place than a young kid from montana raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock ready to be mined whether it 's (the abode->a boat) of a spirit or a pile of (ore->aur) is irrelevant what 's interesting is (the->a) metaphor that defines (the->a) relationship between the individual and the natural world i was raised in the forests of british columbia to believe those forests existed to be cut distortion of reality it creates (the dissolution->a disillusion) of reality in fact i used to argue with my professor richard (evan shultes->ems schultes) who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era with (his->the) discovery of the magic mushrooms in mexico in the (nineteen thirties->1930s) i used to argue that you couldn 't classify these (tryptamines->tryptomes) as hallucinogenic because (the->*) by the time you 're under the effects there 's (no one->known) home anymore to experience a hallucination affluent western societies and what is so frustrating and infuriating is this steve (levitt->levett) talked to you yesterday about how these expensive and difficult to install the reason i felt worse is that with all of these options available my expectations about how good a pair of (jeans->genes) should be went up (you->*) white people go to church and speak about god we dance in the temple and become god and because you are possessed you are taken (by the->about a) spirit how can you be (harmed so->harms) you see these astonishing they can do that because when they (are->'re) very cold they (are->*) what 's called superconducting wire so at minus two hundred and seventy one degrees colder than the space between the stars those wires can take that current there (is->'s) an old african proverb that says if you want to go quickly go alone if you want to go far go together we need to go far quickly we now from our discovery around the world have a database with about twenty million genes and i like to think of these as the design components of the future colliding with a piece of the lhc deliberately and showering particles into the detector in other words when we saw that picture on september (tenth->10th) we knew the machine worked which (is->was) a great triumph he shaped it into the form of a blade he put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife and as it finally froze solid he (butchered->putshit) a dog with it he (skinned->skined) the dog and improvised a harness they represent branches of the human imagination that go back to the dawn of time and for all of us the dreams of these children like the dreams of our own children become part of and you bought them and they fit like crap and they were incredibly uncomfortable and if you wore them long enough and washed them enough times they started to (feel->fit) feel ok so i went to replace my (jeans->genes) after years and years of wearing these old ones and i said i in order to make sense out of sensation of course i had to understand something about this remarkable faith of (vodoun->vodoon) and (voodoo->vodo) is not a black magic cult (on->in) the contrary it 's a complex metaphysical worldview it 's interesting if i asked you to name the great religions of the world what would you say christianity islam buddhism judaism whatever there 's always one continent left out (*->as) the not just bad but the worst book ever written and (and->*) i (started to->sort of) think i should just dump this project you know but then i remembered tom talking to the open air and i (i i->*) tried it so i just lifted my face up from the manuscript and i directed my comments to an empty corner of the room and i (i said->set) aloud listen (*->to) you thing (you know i->*) want (a->to) pair of (jeans->genes) here 's my size (and->on) the shopkeeper said do you want slim fit easy fit relaxed fit you want button fly or zipper fly you want (stonewashed->stone washed) or acid (washed->wash) do you want (them->him) distressed you want boot cut (*->do) you want (tapered blah blah blah on->tapired blob all the hon) and on (he->you) went my jaw dropped and after i recovered i said i want the kind that used to be the only kind seaweed and (and->*) other things that are scary but when it comes to writing the (the->*) thing that i 've been (sort of->*) thinking about lately and wondering about lately is why you know is it rational is it logical that anybody should be expected to be afraid of the work that they feel they were put on this earth to do you know and what is it but (but->*) the spatial arrangement of the images here is actually meaningful the computer vision algorithms have registered these images together so that they correspond to the real space in which these these shots all taken near (grassi->grossy) lakes (in the->nic) canadian rockies leaves of a shrub in the coffee family called psychotria (viridis->verdus) this plant has in it some very powerful (tryptamines->trip tomines) very close to brain serotonin (dimethyltryptamine->a diamondful trip tomine) five (methoxydimethyltryptamine->nathoxy diameful trip tomine) if you 've ever seen the (yanomami->yano mommy) this i think is so deeply embedded in the water supply that it wouldn 't occur to anyone to question it and it 's also deeply embedded in our lives i want to start (out->*) by asking you to think back to when you were a kid playing with blocks as you (*->'ve) figured out how to reach out and grasp pick them up (and->*) move them around you were actually learning how to think and solve problems by understanding and manipulating spatial relationships to people like you and me which if you think about it makes no sense at all since we can 't buy them why do they market to us if we can 't buy them the answer is that they expect us to call our doctors the next morning and ask (*->for) our prescriptions to be changed that liana are mao inhibitors of the precise sort necessary to potentiate the (tryptamine->trip to me) so you ask yourself a question how in (a->*) flora of eighty thousand species of (vascular->vaster) plants do these people find these two i had very low exp i had no particular expectations when they only came in one flavor when they came in (a->one) hundred flavors (damn->dam) it one of them should ('ve->have) been perfect and (what->when) i got was good but it wasn 't perfect and so i compared what i got to what i expected and i assign twenty percent less work than i used to and it 's not because they 're less smart and it 's not because they 're less diligent it 's because they are preoccupied (holds->hold) with raw logs ripped from the forest or in the case of the (yanomami->anommi) it 's the disease entities that have come in in the wake of the discovery of gold or if we go (cropped->propped) up on (top some under sea->tops of undersea) islands is particularly rapid in its melting that 's equal to twenty feet of sea level as is greenland but i felt worse why (i wrote->and we 're) a whole book to try (and->to) explain this to myself the reason is those days are gone we now have an almost unlimited variety of phones especially in the world of cell phones these are cell phones of the future spectacular picture here of atlas under construction so you can see the scale on the tenth of september last year we turned the machine on for the first time so we decided the only way forward was to actually synthesize this chromosome so we could vary the components so this looks like a basketball playoff when we get into these really large pieces over (a->one) hundred thousand base pairs turns out all he wanted to do was to stack the (siftables->syftables) up so to him (they->there) were just blocks and in the end then it really comes down to a choice do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity when these myriad cultures of the world are asked the meaning of being human they respond with ten thousand different voices and it 's within that or the warriors in the (kaisut->kaisu) desert of northern kenya (the curandero->akudandetto) in the mountains of the andes impoverished imagination a myopic view of the world and that 's the way i read it at first the more i thought about it however the more i came to the view that this is some some foundational work some some new technology that we brought to microsoft as part of an acquisition almost exactly a year ago this is (seadragon->sea dragon) greenland if you want to know how sea level rises from land (base->based) ice melting this is where it reaches the sea these flows are increasing very rapidly in industrial societies is material affluence there are lots of places in the world and we have heard about several of them demonstrations (voodoo acolytes->vodo accolites) in a state of trance handling burning embers with impunity a rather astonishing example of the ability of the an extraordinary statement to make about your life 's work (you know->*) but we don 't even blink when we hear somebody say this because we 've heard that kind of stuff with one hundred percent clean electricity within ten years a plan to put america back to work make us more secure and help stop global warming and as you try to make words it checks against (a->the) dictionary then after about thirty seconds it reshuffles and you have a new set of letters and new possibilities to try in the last five years we 've added seventy million tons of (co two->co2) every twenty four hours twenty five million tons every day to the oceans on a journey through the ethnosphere a brief journey through the ethnosphere to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost you increase paralysis and you decrease satisfaction everybody needs a (fishbowl->fishball) this one is almost certainly too limited this is a photograph i took at the northern tip of (baffin->baffen) island when i went (narwhal->narwell) hunting with some inuit people and this man (olayuk->olyk) told me a marvelous story of his grandfather the canadian government has not always been kind to the inuit people and during the (nineteen fifties->1950s) to establish (our->your) sovereignty we (forced->force) them into settlements (this old man 's->sissile mans) seriously doomed doomed like they come up to me now (*->like) all worried and they say aren 't you afraid aren ('t->*) you afraid you 're never going to be able to top that aren 't you afraid you 're going to keep writing for your whole life and you 're never again going to create a book that anybody in the world cares about at all ever again the crude face of domination and whenever you look around the world you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away these are dynamic living peoples being driven out of (*->the) existence by identifiable forces that are beyond their capacity to adapt to whether it 's the (egregious->ingreedgious) deforestation in the homeland of the (penan->pan) a nomadic people this is a major mechanism of evolution right here we find all kinds of species that have taken up a second chromosome or a third one from somewhere adding thousands of new traits in a second to that species so people who think of evolution as just one gene changing at a time have missed much of biology for so long and somehow we 've completely internalized and accepted collectively this notion that creativity and suffering are somehow inherently linked and that artistry in the end will always ultimately lead to anguish and the question that i want to ask everybody here today is are you guys all cool with that idea we have to design so they can go together we design unique elements into this you may have read that we put watermarks in think of this we have a four letter genetic code a c g and (t->*) triplets of that letter of those letters code for roughly twenty amino acids that there 's a single letter i will leave the final word to an english scientist (humphrey davy->homfrey davey) who i suspect when defending his (protege->prosogey) 's useless experiments his (protege->prosage) was michael faraday said this nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assume that our views of science are ultimate (fit->put) those together to make twenty four thousand letter pieces then put sets of those going up to seventy two thousand at each stage we grew up these pieces in (abundance->abundant) so we could sequence them because we 're trying to create a process that 's extremely robust that you can see in a minute we 're trying to get to the point of automation and (and->*) then there were these times this is the piece i never forgot she said that there were moments (where->when) she would almost miss it right so she 's like running (to->into) the house and she 's looking for the paper and the poem passes through her and she grabs a pencil just as it 's going through her and then she said it was like she would reach out with her other hand and she would catch it so when i heard that story it started to (shift->ship) a little bit the way that i worked (too->to) and it already saved me once this idea it saved me when i was in the middle of writing eat pray love and i fell into one of those sort of pits of despair that we all fall into when we 're working on something and it 's not coming and you start to think this is (gonna->going to) be a disaster this is (gonna->going to) be the worst book ever (written->*) as a computer scientist inspired by this utility of our interactions with physical objects along with my (adviser pattie->advisor patty) and my collaborator (jeevan kalanithi->jeving colonity) i started to wonder and he can bring new characters into the scene just by lifting the (siftables->syptals) off the table that have that character shown on them here he 's bringing the sun out if they get surrounded they notice that too they might get a little flustered and they can also sense their motion (and tilt->until) and the priest steps back and says you see it 's (it 's->*) really as i 've told you it is that beautiful it is yours to protect they call themselves the elder brothers and they say by their gifts you know norman mailer just before he died last interview he said every one of my books has killed me a little more which is great because we need that but the tricky bit comes the next morning right for the dancer himself (you know->*) it just completely warps and distorts egos and it creates all these unmanageable expectations about performance and i think the pressure of that you know what the hell (with->of) it i 'm going to keep writing anyway because that 's my job and i would please like the record to reflect today that i showed up for my part of the job this is an annual melting river but the volumes are much larger than ever this is the (kangerlussuaq->kangar luci) river in southwest are not persuasive but we think that storytelling can change the world and so we are probably the best storytelling institution in the world we get thirty five million it doesn 't (doesn't->doesn 't) make any difference because the only thing that that ought to limit the performance of a system like this one is the number of pixels on your screen at any given moment and it 's all false it is not true there ('s->is) no question that some choice is better than none in a (bloodstained->bloodstain) continent these people alone were never conquered by the spanish to this day they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood but (the->they 're) training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary the young (acolytes->acts) are taken away from their families at the age of three and four sequestered in (a->the) shadowy world of darkness (in->and) stone huts (at->*) the base of glaciers maybe not (you know->*) like maybe we can 't just erase five hundred years of rational humanistic thought in one eighteen (minute speech->minutes beach) and there 's probably people in this audience who would raise (like->*) really legitimate scientific suspicions about the notion of basically fairies who follow people around like it doesn 't matter how much information we 're looking at how big these collections are or how big the images are (in the->and that) most of them are ordinary (*->a) digital camera photos but this one for example is a scan from the library of congress and it 's in the in the three hundred megapixel range so he starts to feel all (of->*) that old anxiety (start->starts) to rise in him like i 'm going to lose this thing (you know->and then) i 'm going to be haunted by this song forever and i 'm not good enough and i can 't do it and instead of panicking he just stopped he just stopped that whole mental process and he did something so (so->*) this is i (guess->as) you can see this is (very this is->*) lots of different types of cameras it 's everything from cell phone cameras to professional slrs quite a large number (of them stitched->that have been britished) together (in->into) this environment (and->*) if i can (i 'll->*) find some of the sort of weird ones you could have done better with (a thous->aut) with a hundred different kinds of (jeans->genes) on display there is no excuse for failure and so when people make decisions and even (though though->*) the results of the decisions are good they feel disappointed we who are the younger brothers are the ones responsible for destroying the world now this level of intuition becomes very important whenever we think of indigenous people (and->in) landscape we either invoke (rousseau and->whose so in) the old (canard of->canardo) the (no no the->*) and (you know->*) if we think about it this way it starts to change everything you know this is how i 've started to think and this is certainly how i ('ve been->was) thinking (*->about it) in the last few months (you know->*) as i 've been working on the book that will soon be published as the now the problem the problem is that even those of us sympathetic with (the plight->applied) of indigenous people view them as quaint and colorful but somehow (reduced->reduce) to the margins of history as (the->a) real world meaning our world moves on (it->*) 's over five hundred and eighty thousand letters of genetic code so we thought we 'd build them (in->the) cassettes the size of the viruses so we could actually vary the cassettes to understand what the actual components of a living cell are that made me a different human being than my friends (among->amongst) the (kwagiulth->qual youth) who (believe->believed) that those forests were the (abode->aboat) of (huxwhukw and->hukook in) the crooked (beak->beek) of heaven and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world spirits they would have to engage during their (hamatsa->hammadsa) initiation and what we 're doing is a series of journeys to the ethnosphere where we 're going to take our audience to places of such cultural wonder that they cannot help but come away dazzled by what they have seen and hopefully therefore embrace gradually you type in phrases and the text on the web page is is carrying a lot of information about what that picture is of now what if that picture links to all of your pictures then the amount of semantic interconnection and the amount of richness that comes out of that is really huge it 's a classic network effect understand that not only does this mean that people are (gonna->going to) have to eat dog food when they retire because they don 't have enough money put away it also means that making the decision is so hard that they pass up significant matching money from the employer there was a time when i was a boy when you could get any kind of telephone service you wanted as long as it came from ma bell you rented your phone you didn 't buy it one consequence of that by the way is that the phone never broke and one consequence of buying a bad fitting pair of (jeans->genes) when there is only one kind to buy is that when you are dissatisfied and you ask why who 's responsible the answer is clear the world is responsible what could you do SUBSTITUTIONS: count ref -> hyp 16 the -> a 12 in -> and 11 jeans -> genes 7 nineteen -> one 7 co -> co2 7 and -> in 6 is -> 's 5 a -> one 4 gonna -> going 4 fishbowl -> fish 3 travelled -> traveled 3 that -> it 3 salad -> saladdressings 3 is -> it 3 cause -> because 3 a -> the 3 's -> is 2 would -> 'd 2 waorani -> wrani 2 voodoo -> vodo 2 twentieth -> 20th 2 too -> to 2 to -> of 2 this -> the 2 then -> and 2 that -> like 2 seadragon -> sea 2 salad -> saladdressing 2 polemics -> polymics 2 on -> in 2 mass -> massive 2 it -> that 2 it -> its 2 it -> is 2 it -> a 2 inert -> innert 2 in -> into 2 has -> is 2 colombia -> columbia 2 been -> being 2 bass -> base 2 ayahuasca -> aawasca 2 are -> or 2 are -> 're 2 and -> a 2 allah -> la 2 allah -> ala 2 've -> have 1 you -> we 1 you -> it 1 you -> i 1 you -> and 1 yoruba -> yorba 1 yanomami -> yano 1 yanomami -> anommi 1 wrote -> we 1 world -> worldview 1 works -> worked 1 words -> word 1 woody -> 's 1 with -> what 1 with -> of 1 wire -> way 1 wind -> when 1 will -> are 1 wifi -> fi 1 whole -> hole 1 who -> that 1 where -> work 1 where -> when 1 where -> or 1 when -> we 1 what -> when 1 were -> we 1 were -> are 1 well -> or 1 weigh -> way 1 weeks -> week 1 we -> you 1 we -> were 1 way -> ways 1 washed -> wash 1 was -> that 1 was -> as 1 want -> 've 1 voodooists -> vodus 1 voodoo -> voodo 1 voodoo -> vood 1 voodoo -> vodoacolites 1 vodoun -> vodoon 1 viridis -> verdus 1 verse -> that 1 vascular -> vaster 1 used -> use 1 urine -> yearn 1 until -> till 1 under -> undersea 1 u -> ugh 1 two -> was 1 two -> to 1 tuner -> tuna 1 tryptamines -> tryptomes 1 tryptamines -> trip 1 tryptamine -> trip 1 trimmer -> tremor 1 tractor -> trector 1 traced -> trace 1 towards -> toward 1 top -> tops 1 tonton -> the 1 tongue -> ton 1 to -> two 1 to -> that 1 to -> into 1 to -> for 1 to -> a 1 thunderous -> thundrous 1 this -> there 1 this -> so 1 this -> sissile 1 this -> his 1 things -> is 1 thing -> things 1 they -> there 1 there -> they 1 there -> their 1 there -> a 1 then -> than 1 them -> him 1 them -> have 1 their -> your 1 the -> this 1 the -> they 1 the -> these 1 the -> that 1 the -> debate 1 the -> applied 1 the -> an 1 the -> akudandetto 1 thaws -> falls 1 that -> the 1 that -> getting 1 thanks -> somewhere 1 than -> then 1 than -> in 1 tenth -> 10th 1 ten -> 10 1 tapered -> tapired 1 szeliski -> 's 1 suggest -> suggests 1 sudden -> suddenn 1 sub -> subunits 1 student -> in 1 stopped -> stopping 1 stonewashed -> stone 1 stitched -> been 1 still -> to 1 stephen -> steven 1 started -> sort 1 start -> starts 1 spins -> spends 1 speech -> beach 1 speciation -> speciesation 1 south -> souat 1 some -> of 1 snowpack -> of 1 snavely -> snaveley 1 smells -> smell 1 skirt -> skirtails 1 skinned -> skined 1 sit -> see 1 sioux -> sue 1 silt -> silk 1 siftables -> the 1 siftables -> systems 1 siftables -> syptals 1 siftables -> symptoms 1 siftables -> symptomols 1 siftables -> syftables 1 siftables -> shipsibles 1 siftables -> shiftables 1 siftable -> suffable 1 siftable -> shiftable 1 shultes -> schultes 1 shouldn -> should 1 shift -> ship 1 she -> gees 1 shamans -> a 1 sequence -> sequencetable 1 seitz -> sites 1 seem -> seemed 1 sealskin -> seal 1 seadragon -> seedragon 1 say -> said 1 saner -> sane 1 sane -> saying 1 salad -> scientist 1 ruth -> roothstone 1 rousseau -> whose 1 rites -> rights 1 ribcage -> rib 1 retreated -> were 1 reid -> read 1 refute -> refuse 1 reduced -> reduce 1 rediscover -> redistover 1 re -> reinvent 1 randolph -> randolf 1 qomolangma -> chuma 1 psychoactive -> psychoactives 1 protege -> prosogey 1 protege -> prosage 1 prose -> pros 1 profound -> found 1 plus -> plaz 1 plagues -> plays 1 photosynth -> photosonth 1 photomicrograph -> photo 1 petrol -> petrochemical 1 perspicacious -> first 1 permanent -> permanentized 1 people -> peoples 1 penan -> pan 1 penan -> banan 1 pelosi -> policy 1 paying -> pain 1 pattie -> patty 1 past -> pass 1 paring -> pairing 1 pareto -> paradeo 1 panning -> padding 1 panchen -> patch 1 oxygen -> action 1 oxidase -> amunoxidase 1 overanticipated -> over 1 out -> outworking 1 ourselves -> our 1 ours -> mars 1 ours -> hours 1 our -> your 1 our -> are 1 ore -> aur 1 or -> of 1 or -> as 1 or -> are 1 onto -> on 1 on -> unoffered 1 on -> unlon 1 on -> hon 1 ole -> to 1 ole -> olayoleo 1 ole -> olayole 1 ole -> oh 1 ole -> oa 1 ole -> o 1 ole -> la 1 ole -> all 1 old -> mans 1 olayuk -> olyk 1 official -> offeral 1 offer -> suitu 1 of -> the 1 of -> that 1 of -> stepped 1 of -> a 1 octane -> octain 1 nunavut -> noon 1 notre -> tra 1 notre -> mutradome 1 notre -> militra 1 notre -> metradigm 1 nose -> knows 1 northeastern -> north 1 nor -> norwaken 1 noah -> noase 1 noah -> noa 1 no -> known 1 nineties -> 90s 1 nineteen -> 1950s 1 nineteen -> 1930s 1 narwhal -> narwell 1 mp -> mp3 1 moors -> moires 1 monoamine -> mono 1 modal -> model 1 minute -> minutes 1 mind -> mine 1 millions -> million 1 methoxydimethyltryptamine -> nathoxy 1 methoxydimethyltryptamine -> mathoxy 1 meta -> metadata 1 meta -> ' 1 merely -> nearly 1 me -> may 1 massif -> mas 1 massey -> massive 1 mash -> mashup 1 marta -> mactain 1 mao -> mau 1 macoutes -> tol 1 machine -> machines 1 longs -> lungs 1 long -> longhouses 1 live -> life 1 limiting -> limits 1 liana -> woodi 1 levitt -> levett 1 let -> they 1 lead -> led 1 lawler -> loller 1 laughed -> laugh 1 kwagiulth -> qual 1 kogi -> coogie 1 knows -> know 1 know -> then 1 kind -> suit 1 katey -> katie 1 kangerlussuaq -> kangar 1 kalanithi -> colonity 1 kaisut -> kaisu 1 just -> was 1 just -> is 1 joints -> joins 1 jeevan -> jeving 1 its -> it 1 its -> his 1 it -> with 1 it -> we 1 it -> this 1 it -> so 1 is -> work 1 is -> was 1 is -> has 1 is -> as 1 invi -> invite 1 into -> treating 1 into -> in 1 into -> and 1 intermarriage -> inter 1 inside -> in 1 inex -> inexible 1 industry -> industries 1 industries -> industry 1 indeed -> indeeda 1 in -> the 1 in -> on 1 in -> nic 1 in -> firm 1 in -> any 1 in -> a 1 if -> that 1 if -> have 1 i -> you 1 i -> set 1 i -> happened 1 i -> and 1 huxwhukw -> hukook 1 humphrey -> homfrey 1 how -> has 1 house -> bleehouse 1 holds -> hold 1 his -> the 1 him -> them 1 hi -> wi 1 here -> so 1 hello -> alone 1 health -> healthcare 1 he -> you 1 hazy -> hazey 1 have -> but 1 has -> 's 1 harmine -> harming 1 harmed -> harms 1 harmaline -> harmally 1 hamatsa -> hammadsa 1 guess -> as 1 guardian -> garden 1 greece -> crease 1 greater -> grid 1 grave -> grade 1 grassi -> grossy 1 good -> and 1 going -> go 1 glimpsed -> glin 1 give -> of 1 gin -> jin 1 genres -> gen 1 future -> futures 1 fund -> funds 1 from -> on 1 forgetting -> for 1 forest -> fourth 1 forest -> force 1 forced -> force 1 fly -> buyway 1 floes -> flows 1 flamenco -> flaco 1 fit -> put 1 fishbowl -> fishball 1 find -> fly 1 fill -> filter 1 feel -> fit 1 feces -> thesis 1 fade -> feed 1 extra -> extroversion 1 exhausts -> exhaust 1 evan -> ems 1 eukaryotes -> you 1 eukaryotes -> eukaryots 1 ethnocide -> ethnicide 1 et -> etc 1 establish -> established 1 error -> air 1 era -> air 1 envelops -> envelopes 1 entered -> centered 1 eighties -> ' 1 eight -> aid 1 egregious -> ingreedgious 1 effect -> affect 1 ecuador -> eastern 1 earth -> earthwork 1 duvalier -> du 1 dust -> dustin 1 drying -> drawing 1 drums -> drum 1 dressing -> one 1 down -> on 1 doesn't -> doesn 1 does -> do 1 dissolution -> disillusion 1 dimethyltryptamine -> a 1 did -> didn 1 diaspora -> diospora 1 dharma -> darma 1 dead -> deads 1 davy -> davey 1 data -> datasets 1 damn -> dam 1 dame -> on 1 dame -> dumb 1 daemons -> damons 1 daemon -> damon 1 cropped -> propped 1 creme -> cremboo 1 could -> can 1 constantly -> constant 1 congratulations -> congressionations 1 cofan -> cofon 1 cockeyed -> cockide 1 coalergy -> energy 1 coal -> goal 1 coal -> cool 1 coal -> cold 1 clean -> clinical 1 clean -> being 1 chewed -> shooted 1 chengdu -> chndu 1 cause -> laughter 1 catalyzed -> catalyzing 1 carpeted -> carpented 1 carl -> coral 1 carbolines -> carbolanes 1 carbolines -> carbllines 1 caravanserai -> city 1 cantonese -> santinese 1 cancelled -> canceled 1 canard -> canardo 1 cadres -> codra 1 ca -> on 1 by -> byproduct 1 by -> about 1 butchered -> putshit 1 butanol -> buttonol 1 bullfights -> bull 1 buddhists -> buddha 1 brulee -> lay 1 bravo -> bravoe 1 bow -> bone 1 bloodstained -> bloodstain 1 bleak -> a 1 blaise -> plays 1 blah -> the 1 blah -> blob 1 blah -> all 1 biologists -> biologist 1 beta -> of 1 believed -> believe 1 believe -> believed 1 being -> and 1 become -> becoming 1 beak -> beek 1 be -> becoming 1 bathe -> bay 1 bassline -> baseline 1 base -> based 1 barasana -> abrasana 1 balsamic -> ball 1 baffin -> baffen 1 b -> be 1 ayahuasca -> awasca 1 away -> way 1 away -> a 1 autograph -> autographic 1 at -> elicit 1 astonishingly -> astonishing 1 asmat -> asthmat 1 ask -> asked 1 as -> and 1 artist -> artists 1 armband -> armban 1 archea -> archaea 1 aqueous -> acreous 1 apu -> apple 1 anymore -> any 1 and -> until 1 and -> to 1 and -> so 1 and -> on 1 and -> of 1 and -> no 1 and -> laughter 1 and -> laugh 1 and -> at 1 and -> answer 1 an -> on 1 an -> in 1 an -> ecuadora 1 amps -> damps 1 amps -> ants 1 among -> amongst 1 allah -> alla 1 allah -> all 1 allah -> a 1 affirmed -> a 1 afar -> far 1 adviser -> advisor 1 adjacent -> the 1 acolytes -> acts 1 acolytes -> accolites 1 acolyte -> act 1 abundance -> abundant 1 abode -> boat 1 abode -> aboat 1 a -> to 1 a -> setagrammatical 1 a -> of 1 a -> my 1 a -> have 1 a -> aut 1 a -> at 1 a -> assistible 1 a -> acative 1 've -> was 1 's -> was 1 's -> values 1 's -> ' 1 'll -> a 1 'd -> ended DELETIONS: count ref 37 you 32 know 29 and 19 the 19 it 16 i 16 a 16 's 15 of 13 like 6 two 5 we 5 this 5 so 5 is 5 'll 4 sort 4 at 4 are 3 that 3 right 3 kind 3 in 3 if 3 dressings 3 't 2 working 2 what 2 very 2 to 2 though 2 siftable 2 or 2 one 2 now 2 not 2 no 2 how 2 he 2 have 2 dressing 2 dame 2 can 2 been 2 all 1 yeah 1 written 1 work 1 who 1 where 1 well 1 weakened 1 was 1 w 1 virgin 1 view 1 up 1 units 1 tilt 1 ti 1 three 1 thousand 1 thous 1 thirties 1 these 1 then 1 their 1 tails 1 t 1 suit 1 stone 1 step 1 seven 1 sets 1 set 1 seam 1 sea 1 said 1 reach 1 product 1 print 1 preparation 1 plight 1 out 1 on 1 ok 1 non 1 much 1 man 1 lot 1 loan 1 job 1 its 1 invent 1 inexorable 1 ice 1 houses 1 happen 1 grammatical 1 fifties 1 end 1 e 1 doesn 1 do 1 data 1 curandero 1 coming 1 coal 1 chemical 1 cetera 1 cell 1 care 1 but 1 being 1 be 1 away 1 as 1 an 1 am 1 allah 1 ah 1 ad 1 acolytes 1 've 1 're INSERTIONS: count hyp 19 and 10 to 8 hundred 7 thousand 7 nine 7 a 6 it 5 the 5 of 5 's 4 like 4 for 4 bowl 3 trip 3 lay 3 in 3 've 3 't 3 're 2 you 2 with 2 tomine 2 one 2 laughter 2 human 2 as 2 'd 1 youth 1 when 1 west 1 well 1 we 1 way 1 washed 1 us 1 tomines 1 time 1 thing 1 that 1 syptibles 1 st 1 snow 1 skin 1 size 1 shaman 1 see 1 samc 1 res 1 really 1 preparation 1 precaceous 1 pack 1 or 1 on 1 now 1 more 1 mommy 1 micrograph 1 metaverse 1 me 1 marriage 1 makuit 1 lunga 1 luci 1 long 1 lianna 1 know 1 jason 1 ivity 1 is 1 imine 1 if 1 has 1 got 1 get 1 fights 1 drug 1 dragon 1 doesn 1 do 1 diamondful 1 diameful 1 diame 1 cells 1 carryots 1 cage 1 but 1 britished 1 because 1 at 1 anticipated 1 about 1 80s 1 ' PER-WORD STATS: word corr tot_errs count_in_ref count_in_hyp and 529 87 577 568 a 360 71 393 398 the 925 61 968 943 you 299 47 340 305 it 283 45 314 297 in 259 40 282 276 's 176 36 198 190 know 61 35 94 63 of 610 34 629 625 is 311 28 329 321 to 511 26 520 528 i 250 21 270 251 that 424 20 434 434 like 75 19 88 81 one 89 17 91 104 on 88 15 94 97 we 279 13 286 285 this 252 13 263 254 are 90 12 98 94 jeans 0 11 11 0 genes 7 11 7 18 or 53 10 58 58 two 23 9 31 24 so 121 9 126 125 nineteen 0 9 9 0 was 84 8 87 89 thousand 22 8 23 29 siftables 0 8 8 0 ole 0 8 8 0 hundred 22 8 22 30 have 116 8 119 121 at 70 8 75 73 as 90 8 92 96 allah 0 8 8 0 've 39 8 43 43 nine 7 7 7 14 co2 0 7 0 7 co 1 7 8 1 then 25 6 29 27 salad 0 6 6 0 into 41 6 44 44 if 69 6 74 70 has 34 6 37 37 for 90 6 90 96 't 83 6 86 86 're 61 6 62 66 'll 10 6 16 10 with 108 5 110 111 when 75 5 76 79 way 38 5 39 42 voodoo 0 5 5 0 trip 1 5 1 6 there 63 5 66 65 sort 18 5 22 19 its 11 5 14 13 going 37 5 38 41 fishbowl 0 5 5 0 being 29 5 31 32 been 33 5 37 34 an 57 5 61 58 all 113 5 115 116 'd 4 5 5 8 where 21 4 25 21 what 99 4 102 100 were 30 4 32 32 they 121 4 122 124 siftable 2 4 6 2 notre 0 4 4 0 no 25 4 28 26 lay 0 4 0 4 laughter 0 4 0 4 kind 27 4 31 27 gonna 0 4 4 0 fish 4 4 4 8 dame 0 4 4 0 coal 14 4 18 14 cause 1 4 5 1 bowl 0 4 0 4 because 37 4 37 41 ' 0 4 0 4 work 27 3 28 29 well 14 3 16 15 travelled 0 3 3 0 traveled 0 3 0 3 them 42 3 44 43 their 32 3 34 33 than 27 3 29 28 seadragon 0 3 3 0 sea 6 3 7 8 saladdressings 0 3 0 3 right 18 3 21 18 our 58 3 60 59 now 61 3 63 62 massive 3 3 3 6 la 0 3 0 3 how 30 3 33 30 his 18 3 19 20 he 51 3 54 51 dressings 0 3 3 0 dressing 0 3 3 0 doesn 13 3 14 15 do 64 3 65 66 can 98 3 100 99 but 82 3 83 84 blah 0 3 3 0 be 87 3 89 88 base 3 3 4 5 ayahuasca 0 3 3 0 away 9 3 12 9 acolytes 0 3 3 0 your 33 2 33 35 yanomami 0 2 2 0 wrani 0 2 0 2 would 50 2 52 50 working 9 2 11 9 who 36 2 38 36 washed 1 2 2 2 waorani 0 2 2 0 vodo 0 2 0 2 very 33 2 35 33 until 3 2 4 4 twentieth 0 2 2 0 tryptamines 1 2 3 1 too 11 2 13 11 tomine 0 2 0 2 though 0 2 2 0 things 22 2 23 23 thing 17 2 18 18 these 78 2 79 79 suit 0 2 1 1 stone 1 2 2 2 set 4 2 5 5 see 28 2 28 30 sane 0 2 1 1 saladdressing 0 2 0 2 said 15 2 16 16 protege 0 2 2 0 preparation 1 2 2 2 polymics 0 2 0 2 polemics 0 2 2 0 plays 1 2 1 3 penan 0 2 2 0 out 48 2 50 48 ours 0 2 2 0 not 78 2 80 78 noah 0 2 2 0 methoxydimethyltryptamine 0 2 2 0 meta 0 2 2 0 me 29 2 30 30 mass 0 2 2 0 long 9 2 10 10 laugh 0 2 0 2 knows 4 2 5 5 just 51 2 53 51 innert 0 2 0 2 inert 0 2 2 0 industry 3 2 4 4 industries 1 2 2 2 human 22 2 22 24 him 8 2 9 9 forest 5 2 7 5 force 0 2 0 2 fly 2 2 3 3 fit 4 2 5 5 eukaryotes 0 2 2 0 data 6 2 8 6 columbia 1 2 1 3 colombia 0 2 2 0 clean 7 2 9 7 carbolines 0 2 2 0 by 57 2 59 57 believed 4 2 5 5 believe 11 2 12 12 becoming 0 2 0 2 bass 0 2 2 0 any 12 2 12 14 amps 0 2 2 0 ala 0 2 0 2 air 3 2 3 5 about 78 2 78 80 abode 0 2 2 0 aawasca 0 2 0 2 20th 0 2 0 2 youth 0 1 0 1 yoruba 0 1 1 0 yorba 0 1 0 1 yearn 0 1 0 1 yeah 1 1 2 1 yano 0 1 0 1 wrote 1 1 2 1 written 1 1 2 1 worldview 1 1 1 2 world 48 1 49 48 works 1 1 2 1 worked 2 1 2 3 words 4 1 5 4 word 4 1 4 5 woody 0 1 1 0 woodi 0 1 0 1 wire 2 1 3 2 wind 1 1 2 1 will 23 1 24 23 wifi 0 1 1 0 wi 0 1 0 1 whose 1 1 1 2 whole 10 1 11 10 west 3 1 3 4 weigh 0 1 1 0 weeks 2 1 3 2 week 1 1 1 2 weakened 0 1 1 0 ways 9 1 9 10 wash 0 1 0 1 want 34 1 35 34 w 0 1 1 0 voodooists 0 1 1 0 voodo 0 1 0 1 vood 0 1 0 1 vodus 0 1 0 1 vodoun 0 1 1 0 vodoon 0 1 0 1 vodoacolites 0 1 0 1 viridis 0 1 1 0 virgin 0 1 1 0 view 6 1 7 6 verse 0 1 1 0 verdus 0 1 0 1 vaster 0 1 0 1 vascular 0 1 1 0 values 2 1 2 3 used 8 1 9 8 use 10 1 10 11 us 26 1 26 27 urine 0 1 1 0 up 57 1 58 57 unoffered 0 1 0 1 unlon 0 1 0 1 units 0 1 1 0 undersea 0 1 0 1 under 3 1 4 3 ugh 0 1 0 1 u 1 1 2 1 tuner 0 1 1 0 tuna 0 1 0 1 tryptomes 0 1 0 1 tryptamine 0 1 1 0 trimmer 0 1 1 0 tremor 0 1 0 1 trector 0 1 0 1 treating 0 1 0 1 tractor 1 1 2 1 traced 0 1 1 0 trace 0 1 0 1 tra 0 1 0 1 towards 0 1 1 0 toward 0 1 0 1 tops 0 1 0 1 top 4 1 5 4 tonton 0 1 1 0 tongue 0 1 1 0 ton 0 1 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