from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals

import math
from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch import _softmax_backward_data as _softmax_backward_data
from torch.utils import checkpoint

from configuration_ltgbert import LTGBertConfig
from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel
from transformers.activations import gelu_new
from transformers.modeling_outputs import (
    MaskedLMOutput,
    MultipleChoiceModelOutput,
    QuestionAnsweringModelOutput,
    SequenceClassifierOutput,
    TokenClassifierOutput,
    BaseModelOutput
)


class Encoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config, activation_checkpointing=False):
        super().__init__()
        self.layers = nn.ModuleList([EncoderLayer(config) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)])

        for i, layer in enumerate(self.layers):
            layer.mlp.mlp[1].weight.data *= math.sqrt(1.0 / (2.0 * (1 + i)))
            layer.mlp.mlp[-2].weight.data *= math.sqrt(1.0 / (2.0 * (1 + i)))

        self.activation_checkpointing = activation_checkpointing
    
    def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask, relative_embedding):
        hidden_states, attention_probs = [hidden_states], []

        for layer in self.layers:
            if self.activation_checkpointing:
                hidden_state, attention_p = checkpoint.checkpoint(layer, hidden_states[-1], attention_mask, relative_embedding)
            else:
                hidden_state, attention_p = layer(hidden_states[-1], attention_mask, relative_embedding)

            hidden_states.append(hidden_state)
            attention_probs.append(attention_p)

        return hidden_states, attention_probs


class MaskClassifier(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config, subword_embedding):
        super().__init__()
        self.nonlinearity = nn.Sequential(
            nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=False),
            nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=False),
            nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob),
            nn.Linear(subword_embedding.size(1), subword_embedding.size(0))
        )
        self.initialize(config.hidden_size, subword_embedding)

    def initialize(self, hidden_size, embedding):
        std = math.sqrt(2.0 / (5.0 * hidden_size))
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.nonlinearity[1].weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)
        self.nonlinearity[-1].weight = embedding
        self.nonlinearity[1].bias.data.zero_()
        self.nonlinearity[-1].bias.data.zero_()

    def forward(self, x, masked_lm_labels=None):
        if masked_lm_labels is not None:
            x = torch.index_select(x.flatten(0, 1), 0, torch.nonzero(masked_lm_labels.flatten() != -100).squeeze())
        x = self.nonlinearity(x)
        return x


class EncoderLayer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.attention = Attention(config)
        self.mlp = FeedForward(config)

    def forward(self, x, padding_mask, relative_embedding):
        attention_output, attention_probs = self.attention(x, padding_mask, relative_embedding)
        x = x + attention_output
        x = x + self.mlp(x)
        return x, attention_probs


class GeGLU(nn.Module):
    def forward(self, x):
        x, gate = x.chunk(2, dim=-1)
        x = x * gelu_new(gate)
        return x


class FeedForward(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.mlp = nn.Sequential(
            nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=False),
            nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2*config.intermediate_size, bias=False),
            GeGLU(),
            nn.LayerNorm(config.intermediate_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=False),
            nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size, bias=False),
            nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)
        )
        self.initialize(config.hidden_size)

    def initialize(self, hidden_size):
        std = math.sqrt(2.0 / (5.0 * hidden_size))
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.mlp[1].weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.mlp[-2].weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.mlp(x)


class MaskedSoftmax(torch.autograd.Function):
    @staticmethod
    def forward(self, x, mask, dim):
        self.dim = dim
        x.masked_fill_(mask, float('-inf'))
        x = torch.softmax(x, self.dim)
        x.masked_fill_(mask, 0.0)
        self.save_for_backward(x)
        return x

    @staticmethod
    def backward(self, grad_output):
        output, = self.saved_tensors
        inputGrad = _softmax_backward_data(grad_output, output, self.dim, output.dtype)
        return inputGrad, None, None


class Attention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()

        self.config = config

        if config.hidden_size % config.num_attention_heads != 0:
            raise ValueError(f"The hidden size {config.hidden_size} is not a multiple of the number of attention heads {config.num_attention_heads}")

        self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size
        self.num_heads = config.num_attention_heads
        self.head_size = config.hidden_size // config.num_attention_heads

        self.in_proj_qk = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2*config.hidden_size, bias=True)
        self.in_proj_v = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size, bias=True)
        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size, bias=True)

        self.pre_layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=False)
        self.post_layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=True)

        position_indices = torch.arange(config.max_position_embeddings, dtype=torch.long).unsqueeze(1) \
            - torch.arange(config.max_position_embeddings, dtype=torch.long).unsqueeze(0)
        position_indices = self.make_log_bucket_position(position_indices, config.position_bucket_size, config.max_position_embeddings)
        position_indices = config.position_bucket_size - 1 + position_indices
        self.register_buffer("position_indices", position_indices, persistent=True)

        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.attention_probs_dropout_prob)
        self.scale = 1.0 / math.sqrt(3 * self.head_size)
        self.initialize()

    def make_log_bucket_position(self, relative_pos, bucket_size, max_position):
        sign = torch.sign(relative_pos)
        mid = bucket_size // 2
        abs_pos = torch.where((relative_pos < mid) & (relative_pos > -mid), mid - 1, torch.abs(relative_pos).clamp(max=max_position - 1))
        log_pos = torch.ceil(torch.log(abs_pos / mid) / math.log((max_position-1) / mid) * (mid - 1)).int() + mid
        bucket_pos = torch.where(abs_pos <= mid, relative_pos, log_pos * sign).long()
        return bucket_pos

    def initialize(self):
        std = math.sqrt(2.0 / (5.0 * self.hidden_size))
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.in_proj_qk.weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.in_proj_v.weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.out_proj.weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)
        self.in_proj_qk.bias.data.zero_()
        self.in_proj_v.bias.data.zero_()
        self.out_proj.bias.data.zero_()

    def compute_attention_scores(self, hidden_states, relative_embedding):
        key_len, batch_size, _ = hidden_states.size()
        query_len = key_len

        if self.position_indices.size(0) < query_len:
            position_indices = torch.arange(query_len, dtype=torch.long).unsqueeze(1) \
                - torch.arange(query_len, dtype=torch.long).unsqueeze(0)
            position_indices = self.make_log_bucket_position(position_indices, self.position_bucket_size, 512)
            position_indices = self.position_bucket_size - 1 + position_indices
            self.position_indices = position_indices.to(hidden_states.device)

        hidden_states = self.pre_layer_norm(hidden_states)

        query, key = self.in_proj_qk(hidden_states).chunk(2, dim=2)  # shape: [T, B, D]
        key = key * self.scale
        value = self.in_proj_v(hidden_states)  # shape: [T, B, D]

        query = query.reshape(query_len, batch_size * self.num_heads, self.head_size).transpose(0, 1)
        key = key.reshape(key_len, batch_size * self.num_heads, self.head_size).transpose(0, 1)
        value = value.view(key_len, batch_size * self.num_heads, self.head_size).transpose(0, 1)

        attention_scores = torch.bmm(query, key.transpose(1, 2))

        pos = self.in_proj_qk(self.dropout(relative_embedding))  # shape: [2T-1, 2D]
        pos = pos.view(-1, self.num_heads, 2*self.head_size)
        query_pos, key_pos = pos.chunk(2, dim=2)
        key_pos = key_pos * self.scale

        query = query.view(batch_size, self.num_heads, query_len, self.head_size)
        key = key.view(batch_size, self.num_heads, key_len, self.head_size)

        attention_c_p = torch.einsum("bhqd,khd->bhqk", query, key_pos)
        attention_p_c = torch.einsum("bhkd,qhd->bhqk", key, query_pos)

        position_indices = self.position_indices[:query_len, :key_len].expand(batch_size, self.num_heads, -1, -1)
        attention_c_p = attention_c_p.gather(3, position_indices)
        attention_p_c = attention_p_c.gather(2, position_indices)

        attention_scores = attention_scores.view(batch_size, self.num_heads, query_len, key_len)
        attention_scores.add_(attention_c_p)
        attention_scores.add_(attention_p_c)

        return attention_scores, attention_c_p, attention_p_c, value

    def compute_output(self, attention_probs, value):
        attention_probs = self.dropout(attention_probs)
        context = torch.bmm(attention_probs.flatten(0, 1), value)  # shape: [B*H, Q, D]
        context = context.transpose(0, 1).reshape(context.size(1), -1, self.hidden_size)  # shape: [Q, B, H*D]
        context = self.out_proj(context)
        context = self.post_layer_norm(context)
        context = self.dropout(context)
        return context

    def forward(self, hidden_states, attention_mask, relative_embedding):
        attention_scores, value = self.compute_attention_scores(hidden_states, relative_embedding)
        attention_probs = MaskedSoftmax.apply(attention_scores, attention_mask, -1)
        return self.compute_output(attention_probs, value), attention_probs.detach()


class Embedding(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size

        self.word_embedding = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size)
        self.word_layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=False)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)

        self.relative_embedding = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(2 * config.position_bucket_size - 1, config.hidden_size))
        self.relative_layer_norm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)

        self.initialize()

    def initialize(self):
        std = math.sqrt(2.0 / (5.0 * self.hidden_size))
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.relative_embedding, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.word_embedding.weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)

    def forward(self, input_ids):
        word_embedding = self.dropout(self.word_layer_norm(self.word_embedding(input_ids)))
        relative_embeddings = self.relative_layer_norm(self.relative_embedding)
        return word_embedding, relative_embeddings


#
# HuggingFace wrappers
#

class LTGBertPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel):
    config_class = LTGBertConfig
    base_model_prefix = "LTG-BERT"
    supports_gradient_checkpointing = True

    def _set_gradient_checkpointing(self, module, value=False):
        if isinstance(module, Encoder):
            module.activation_checkpointing = value

    def _init_weights(self, module):
        pass  # everything is already initialized


class LTGBertModel(LTGBertPreTrainedModel):
    def __init__(self, config, add_mlm_layer=False):
        super().__init__(config)
        self.config = config

        self.embedding = Embedding(config)
        self.transformer = Encoder(config, activation_checkpointing=False)
        self.classifier = MaskClassifier(config, self.embedding.word_embedding.weight) if add_mlm_layer else None

    def get_input_embeddings(self):
        return self.embedding.word_embedding

    def set_input_embeddings(self, value):
        self.embedding.word_embedding = value

    def get_contextualized_embeddings(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    ) -> List[torch.Tensor]:
        if input_ids is not None:
            input_shape = input_ids.size()
        else:
            raise ValueError("You have to specify input_ids")

        batch_size, seq_length = input_shape
        device = input_ids.device

        if attention_mask is None:
            attention_mask = torch.zeros(batch_size, seq_length, dtype=torch.bool, device=device)
        else:
            attention_mask = ~attention_mask.bool()
        attention_mask = attention_mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(2)
 
        static_embeddings, relative_embedding = self.embedding(input_ids.t())
        contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs = self.transformer(static_embeddings, attention_mask, relative_embedding)
        contextualized_embeddings = [e.transpose(0, 1) for e in contextualized_embeddings]
        last_layer = contextualized_embeddings[-1]
        contextualized_embeddings = [contextualized_embeddings[0]] + [
            contextualized_embeddings[i] - contextualized_embeddings[i - 1]
            for i in range(1, len(contextualized_embeddings))
        ]
        return last_layer, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], BaseModelOutput]:
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        sequence_output, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs = self.get_contextualized_embeddings(input_ids, attention_mask)

        if not return_dict:
            return sequence_output, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs

        return BaseModelOutput(
            last_hidden_state=sequence_output,
            hidden_states=contextualized_embeddings,
            attentions=attention_probs
        )


class LTGBertForMaskedLM(LTGBertModel):
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = ["head"]

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config, add_mlm_layer=True)

    def get_output_embeddings(self):
        return self.classifier.nonlinearity[-1].weight

    def set_output_embeddings(self, new_embeddings):
        self.classifier.nonlinearity[-1].weight = new_embeddings

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
        labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], MaskedLMOutput]:
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        sequence_output, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs = self.get_contextualized_embeddings(input_ids, attention_mask)
        subword_prediction = self.classifier(sequence_output)
        subword_prediction[:, :, :106+1] = float("-inf")

        masked_lm_loss = None
        if labels is not None:
            masked_lm_loss = F.cross_entropy(subword_prediction.flatten(0, 1), labels.flatten())

        if not return_dict:
            output = (subword_prediction, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs)
            return ((masked_lm_loss,) + output) if masked_lm_loss is not None else output

        return MaskedLMOutput(
            loss=masked_lm_loss,
            logits=subword_prediction,
            hidden_states=contextualized_embeddings,
            attentions=attention_probs
        )


class Classifier(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config, num_labels: int):
        super().__init__()

        drop_out = getattr(config, "cls_dropout", None)
        drop_out = config.hidden_dropout_prob if drop_out is None else drop_out

        self.nonlinearity = nn.Sequential(
            nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=False),
            nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size),
            nn.GELU(),
            nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, config.layer_norm_eps, elementwise_affine=False),
            nn.Dropout(drop_out),
            nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, num_labels)
        )
        self.initialize(config.hidden_size)

    def initialize(self, hidden_size):
        std = math.sqrt(2.0 / (5.0 * hidden_size))
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.nonlinearity[1].weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.nonlinearity[-1].weight, mean=0.0, std=std, a=-2*std, b=2*std)
        self.nonlinearity[1].bias.data.zero_()
        self.nonlinearity[-1].bias.data.zero_()

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.nonlinearity(x)
        return x


class LTGBertForSequenceClassification(LTGBertModel):
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = ["classifier"]
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = ["head"]

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config, add_mlm_layer=False)

        self.num_labels = config.num_labels
        self.head = Classifier(config, self.num_labels)

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
        labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], SequenceClassifierOutput]:
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        sequence_output, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs = self.get_contextualized_embeddings(input_ids, attention_mask)
        logits = self.head(sequence_output[:, 0, :])

        loss = None
        if labels is not None:
            if self.config.problem_type is None:
                if self.num_labels == 1:
                    self.config.problem_type = "regression"
                elif self.num_labels > 1 and (labels.dtype == torch.long or labels.dtype == torch.int):
                    self.config.problem_type = "single_label_classification"
                else:
                    self.config.problem_type = "multi_label_classification"

            if self.config.problem_type == "regression":
                loss_fct = nn.MSELoss()
                if self.num_labels == 1:
                    loss = loss_fct(logits.squeeze(), labels.squeeze())
                else:
                    loss = loss_fct(logits, labels)
            elif self.config.problem_type == "single_label_classification":
                loss_fct = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
                loss = loss_fct(logits.view(-1, self.num_labels), labels.view(-1))
            elif self.config.problem_type == "multi_label_classification":
                loss_fct = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss()
                loss = loss_fct(logits, labels)

        if not return_dict:
            output = (logits, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs)
            return ((loss,) + output) if loss is not None else output

        return SequenceClassifierOutput(
            loss=loss,
            logits=logits,
            hidden_states=contextualized_embeddings,
            attentions=attention_probs
        )


class LTGBertForTokenClassification(LTGBertModel):
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = ["classifier"]
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = ["head"]

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config, add_mlm_layer=False)

        self.num_labels = config.num_labels
        self.head = Classifier(config, self.num_labels)

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
        labels: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
    ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], TokenClassifierOutput]:
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        sequence_output, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs = self.get_contextualized_embeddings(input_ids, attention_mask)
        logits = self.head(sequence_output)

        loss = None
        if labels is not None:
            loss_fct = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
            loss = loss_fct(logits.view(-1, self.num_labels), labels.view(-1))

        if not return_dict:
            output = (logits, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs)
            return ((loss,) + output) if loss is not None else output

        return TokenClassifierOutput(
            loss=loss,
            logits=logits,
            hidden_states=contextualized_embeddings,
            attentions=attention_probs
        )


class LTGBertForQuestionAnswering(LTGBertModel):
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = ["classifier"]
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = ["head"]

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config, add_mlm_layer=False)

        self.num_labels = config.num_labels
        self.head = Classifier(config, self.num_labels)

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        output_attentions: Optional[bool] = None,
        output_hidden_states: Optional[bool] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
        start_positions: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        end_positions: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], QuestionAnsweringModelOutput]:
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        sequence_output, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs = self.get_contextualized_embeddings(input_ids, attention_mask)
        logits = self.head(sequence_output)

        start_logits, end_logits = logits.split(1, dim=-1)
        start_logits = start_logits.squeeze(-1).contiguous()
        end_logits = end_logits.squeeze(-1).contiguous()

        total_loss = None
        if start_positions is not None and end_positions is not None:
            # If we are on multi-GPU, split add a dimension
            if len(start_positions.size()) > 1:
                start_positions = start_positions.squeeze(-1)
            if len(end_positions.size()) > 1:
                end_positions = end_positions.squeeze(-1)

            # sometimes the start/end positions are outside our model inputs, we ignore these terms
            ignored_index = start_logits.size(1)
            start_positions = start_positions.clamp(0, ignored_index)
            end_positions = end_positions.clamp(0, ignored_index)

            loss_fct = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(ignore_index=ignored_index)
            start_loss = loss_fct(start_logits, start_positions)
            end_loss = loss_fct(end_logits, end_positions)
            total_loss = (start_loss + end_loss) / 2

        if not return_dict:
            output = start_logits, end_logits, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs
            return ((total_loss,) + output) if total_loss is not None else output

        return QuestionAnsweringModelOutput(
            loss=total_loss,
            start_logits=start_logits,
            end_logits=end_logits,
            hidden_states=contextualized_embeddings,
            attentions=attention_probs,
        )


class LTGBertForMultipleChoice(LTGBertModel):
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = ["classifier"]
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = ["head"]

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config, add_mlm_layer=False)

        self.num_labels = getattr(config, "num_labels", 2)
        self.head = Classifier(config, self.num_labels)

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        token_type_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        position_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        labels: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        return_dict: Optional[bool] = None,
        start_positions: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        end_positions: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    ) -> Union[Tuple[torch.Tensor], MultipleChoiceModelOutput]:
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict
        num_choices = input_ids.shape[1]

        flat_input_ids = input_ids.view(-1, input_ids.size(-1))
        flat_attention_mask = attention_mask.view(-1, attention_mask.size(-1)) if attention_mask is not None else None

        sequence_output, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs = self.get_contextualized_embeddings(flat_input_ids, flat_attention_mask)
        logits = self.head(sequence_output)
        reshaped_logits = logits.view(-1, num_choices)

        loss = None
        if labels is not None:
            loss_fct = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
            loss = loss_fct(reshaped_logits, labels)

        if not return_dict:
            output = (reshaped_logits, contextualized_embeddings, attention_probs)
            return ((loss,) + output) if loss is not None else output

        return MultipleChoiceModelOutput(
            loss=loss,
            logits=reshaped_logits,
            hidden_states=contextualized_embeddings,
            attentions=attention_probs,
        )