diff --git "a/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10570 @@
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Santa Clara, California
+Denver Broncos
+gold
+Roman numerals
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+Roman numerals
+Denver Broncos
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+Levi's Stadium
+Santa Clara
+Super Bowl L
+Super Bowl 50
+Super Bowl 50
+Santa Clara
+Levi's Stadium
+Denver Broncos
+February 7, 2016
+Super Bowl 50
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Super Bowl 50
+Denver Broncos
+Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California.
+Super Bowl 50
+Denver Broncos
+Cam Newton
+New England Patriots
+1995
+49–15
+New England Patriots
+49–15
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, and Pittsburgh Steelers
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+New England Patriots
+NFC Championship Game
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+49–15
+2
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+New England Patriots
+49–15
+Cam Newton
+49–15
+New England Patriots
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+Von Miller
+Super Bowl 50
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+five solo tackles
+Denver's defense
+three
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+three
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+Super Bowl 5
+Von Miller
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+Super Bowl 5
+three
+three
+three
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+three
+three
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+five solo tackles, 212 sacks, and two forced fumbles.
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+third
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+2012
+Roger Goodell
+2012
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+spectacular
+spectacular
+2012
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+three
+New Orleans
+Sun Life Stadium
+three
+three
+Sun Life Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+three
+October 16, 2012
+Super Bowl XLIV
+Super Bowl XLIV
+2010
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Sun Life Stadium
+October 16, 2012
+San Francisco Bay Area
+May 3, 2013
+2010
+Sun Life Stadium
+Super Bowl XLIV
+Sun Life Stadium
+Florida legislature
+San Francisco Bay Area
+New Orleans
+October 16, 2012
+Super Bowl XLIV
+New Orleans
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Florida legislature
+May 21, 2013
+Boston
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+$1.2 billion
+San Francisco Bay Area
+San Francisco Bay Area
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+1985
+San Francisco Bay Area
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+2003
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+San Francisco Bay Area
+$1.2 billion
+San Francisco Bay Area
+John Fox
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record,
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record,
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record,
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+John Fox
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record,
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record,
+Super Bowl XXXVIII
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record,
+number one
+number one
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII.
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record,
+number one
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record,
+John Fox
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+1978
+DeAngelo Williams
+Pro Bowl
+Pro Bowl
+DeAngelo Williams
+1978
+New Orleans Saints
+New Orleans Saints
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+1978
+Pro Bowl
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+Pro Bowl
+six
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns
+Greg Olsen
+Cam Newton
+99.4
+77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns
+77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns
+Jonathan Stewart
+six
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+six
+500
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns
+24
+136
+118
+24
+Kawann Short
+24
+Kawann Short
+24
+24
+Kurt Coleman
+24
+Kony Ealy
+Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly.
+Kawann Short
+Gary Kubiak
+Brock Osweiler
+Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills,
+San Diego Chargers
+Wade Phillips
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills,
+Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills,
+Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills,
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills,
+Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills,
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+Gary Kubiak
+partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot.
+Wade Phillips
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+Osweiler
+67.9
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+Demaryius Thomas
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+Demaryius Thomas
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+Ronnie Hillman
+4,530
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Brandon Marshall
+three
+DeMarcus Ware
+DeMarcus Ware
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+296
+Von Miller
+Brandon Marshall
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Brandon Marshall
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+31–24
+Seattle Seahawks
+31–24
+Arizona Cardinals
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Seattle Seahawks
+49–15
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+20–18
+New England Patriots
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+23–16
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+Manning
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+Thomas Davis
+three ACL tears
+three ACL tears
+11
+three ACL tears
+three ACL tears
+11
+Super Bowl
+three ACL tears
+three ACL tears
+11
+Thomas Davis
+39
+John Elway
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+John Elway
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+John Elway
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Peyton Manning
+39. The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38.
+John Elway
+Manning
+2011
+26
+48 days
+Carolina
+Manning
+Manning
+26
+the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes.
+Manning
+2011
+Carolina
+Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011.
+26
+48 days
+Super Bowl XX
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Broncos
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Super Bowl XX
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+Ed Mangan
+Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;
+Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;
+Justin Tucker
+Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl;
+Bermuda 419 turf
+Justin Tucker
+a new playing surface
+Bermuda 419
+the turf showed problem throughout the game, with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+road white jerseys
+Atlanta Falcons 34–19
+The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last game
+road white jerseys
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Atlanta Falcons 34–19
+The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last game
+road white jerseys
+road white jerseys
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+blue
+0-4
+black jerseys with silver pants.
+San Jose State
+The Broncos
+San Jose State
+The Broncos
+San Jose Marriott
+Santa Clara Marriott
+San Jose State
+The Broncos
+San Jose State
+San Jose State practice facility
+The Broncos
+The Broncos
+San Jose State
+San Jose State practice facility
+The Broncos
+The Broncos
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl V
+Jaime Weston
+the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter "L" using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV
+silver
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl LI
+Arabic numerals
+gold
+June 4, 2014
+Arabic numerals
+Super Bowl 50
+gold
+The use of Roman numerals
+Arabic numerals
+The use of Roman numerals
+gold
+week 7
+50
+gold
+gold
+Golden Super Bowl
+"homecoming" events
+Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the "Golden Super Bowl"
+gold
+Moscone Center
+Moscone Center in San Francisco
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+Justin Herman Plaza
+More than 1 million
+Ed Lee
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Ed Lee
+Super Bowl City
+More than 1 million
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+Moscone Center
+Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University
+$2 million
+a week
+$2 million
+a pep rally
+A professional fundraiser
+$2 million
+A professional fundraiser
+A professional fundraiser
+$2 million
+A professional fundraiser
+Monday afternoon
+Monday afternoon
+February 1, 2016
+San Jose
+Golden Gate Bridge
+Monday afternoon
+Monday afternoon
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+February 1, 2016
+San Jose
+Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
+Super Bowl Opening Night.
+February 1, 2016
+Golden Gate Bridge.
+Monday afternoon
+Super Bowl Opening Night.
+February 1, 2016
+Golden Gate Bridge.
+February 1, 2016
+Business Connect
+over $40 million
+Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
+Gap
+Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron
+Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL
+over $40 million
+over $40 million
+Business Connect
+Business Connect
+over $40 million
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+the most giving Super Bowl ever
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+18
+33 lb (15 kg)
+Tiffany & Co.
+Tiffany & Co.
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co.
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+pylon cameras and microphones
+5K
+three
+Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines
+pylon cameras and microphones
+5K resolution
+Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines
+CBS
+three
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+5K
+pylon cameras and microphones
+ESPN Deportes
+John Sutcliffe
+Monday Night Football
+December 28, 2015
+Spanish
+ESPN Deportes
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
+Verizon Wireless
+WatchESPN
+CBSSports.com
+Windows 10, Xbox One
+Windows 10
+CBSSports.com
+Windows 10, Xbox One
+Verizon Wireless
+NFL Mobile service
+Verizon Wireless
+ESPN Deportes Spanish
+Windows 10, Xbox One
+Verizon Wireless
+ESPN Deportes Spanish
+Stephen Colbert
+James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+late local programming
+James Corden.
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Crash the Super Bowl
+"Small Business Big Game"
+"Small Business Big Game"
+"Small Business Big Game"
+nine
+"Small Business Big Game"
+nine
+nine
+"Small Business Big Game"
+nine
+nine
+"Small Business Big Game"
+Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
+Gods of Egypt
+Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
+Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
+Gods of Egypt
+Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
+Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
+Captain America: Civil War
+Independence Day
+20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios
+20th Century Fox
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+North America
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+1110 AM
+Chester, South Carolina
+Mick Mixon
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+Mick Mixon
+Mick Mixon
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
+5 Live Sports Extra
+5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman
+5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady
+Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V)
+Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V)
+Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V)
+2001
+Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V)
+39
+Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V)
+Harvey Martin
+39
+39
+Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V)
+Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V)
+Harvey Martin
+Six
+the national anthem
+Marlee Matlin
+the national anthem
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Six
+Marlee Matlin
+December 3
+British rock group
+Super Bowl XLVII
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Mark Ronson
+Coldplay.
+Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single "Hymn for the Weekend",
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Coldplay.
+Beyoncé
+Hymn for the Weekend
+Bruno Mars
+Peyton Manning
+Andre Caldwell
+Shaq Thompson
+Brandon McManus
+C. J. Anderson
+18
+Shaq Thompson
+Brandon McManus
+The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+C. J. Anderson
+Brandon McManus
+The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.
+Mike Carey
+Cam Newton
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+1993
+Jerricho Cotchery
+Mike Carey
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+1993
+Mike Carey
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+1993
+Jonathan Stewart
+Brad Nortman
+4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11: 28 left in the second quarter.
+61
+33
+Jonathan Stewart
+Jonathan Stewart
+Jonathan Stewart
+Jordan Norwood
+33
+Jonathan Stewart
+McManus
+Darian Stewart
+Danny Trevathan
+Kony Ealy
+DeMarcus Ware
+DeMarcus Ware
+Danny Trevathan
+Kony Ealy
+Kony Ealy
+DeMarcus Ware
+Danny Trevathan
+Danny Trevathan
+Kony Ealy
+could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt
+DeMarcus Ware
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+44
+McManus
+T. J. Ward
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+T. J. Ward. Ward
+Trevathan
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+26-yard line
+Graham Gano
+Emmanuel Sanders
+Carolina
+39
+16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart
+16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart
+Panthers 41-yard line.
+Carolina
+Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.
+The next three drives of the game would end in punts.
+Carolina
+Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.
+16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart
+The next three drives of the game would end in punts.
+24
+Newton
+Josh Norman
+Bennie Fowler
+Bennie Fowler
+Miller
+Miller
+Newton
+Josh Norman
+Bennie Fowler
+4:51
+Miller
+Miller
+Josh Norman
+Bennie Fowler
+five
+141 yards
+Anderson
+Luke Kuechly
+141 yards
+141 yards
+141 yards
+Anderson
+Sanders
+Luke Kuechly
+Sanders
+Anderson
+McManus
+141 yards
+Anderson
+194
+11
+244
+Jordan Norwood
+112
+194
+11
+The Broncos' seven sacks
+The Broncos
+21
+11
+The Broncos
+The Broncos' seven sacks
+13.8
+Nobel Prize
+1745
+Maria Skodowska-Curie
+Wadysaw Szpilman
+seven months old
+over 100
+the Krasiski Palace Garden
+The Saxon Garden
+Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
+azienki Park
+15 kilometres (9 miles)
+otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
+13
+oxbow
+emptied before winter
+foreign-born
+8,33,500
+around 34%
+Jewish minority
+internal migration and urbanisation
+2,000
+2,000
+Medical University of Warsaw
+1816
+Fryderyk Chopin University of Music
+1816
+over two million
+Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski
+Irena Bajerska
+more than 10,000 m2
+Warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy
+Warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy
+solid economic growth
+improved markedly
+Warsaw
+Children's Memorial Health Institute
+Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
+700
+The infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years.
+Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre,
+many events and festivals
+Palace of Culture and Science
+Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre,
+many events and festivals
+Ogród Saski
+Saxon Garden
+1870 to 1939
+Momus
+Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
+the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night
+the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night
+the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night
+maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married
+musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks
+Museum of Posters
+National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch
+National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch
+National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch
+the history of arms
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+stereoscopic
+patriotic and political objects
+60
+Royal Ujazdów Castle
+500
+Zachta National Gallery of Art
+Polish and international artists
+September
+Polonia Warsaw
+1946
+twice
+Konwiktorska Street
+their disastrous financial situation
+syrenka
+The mermaid
+mid-14th century
+1390
+1609
+legend
+the depths of the oceans and seas
+Denmark
+Warszowa
+greedy merchant
+Warsaw
+Maria Górska
+Art Deco
+Israeli poet
+Isaac Bashevis Singer
+Economist Intelligence Unit
+Economist Intelligence Unit
+a wide variety of industries
+The Warsaw Stock Exchange
+Frontex
+1313
+Kraków
+1596
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+"Phoenix City"
+a Roman Catholic archdiocese
+Polish Academy of Sciences
+UNESCO World Heritage Site
+the Castle Square with the Royal Castle and the iconic King Sigismund's Column, St. John's Cathedral, Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions
+luxurious parks and royal gardens
+Warszawa
+belonging to Warsz
+Mariensztat
+Mariensztat
+miasto stoeczne Warszawa
+Bródno
+The Prince of Pock
+1300
+1413
+1526
+General Sejm
+1569
+1573
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+1596
+1796
+Kingdom of Prussia
+Napoleon's army
+Congress of Vienna of 1815
+1816
+November 1918
+1914
+Pisudski
+Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920
+Battle of Warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended
+1 September 1939
+German Nazi colonial administration
+30%
+19 April 1943
+almost a month
+the Red Army
+Poland
+1 August 1944
+63 days
+between 150,000 and 200,000
+the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign
+the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign
+Eastern Bloc city
+Palace of Culture and Science
+UNESCO's World Heritage list
+John Paul II
+1979 and 1983
+Victory Square
+Victory Square
+the incentive for the democratic changes
+260 km (160 mi)
+325
+Vistula River
+452.8 ft
+at the right bank of the Vistula
+the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley
+the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley
+the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley
+The Vistula River
+Warsaw Escarpment
+plain moraine plateau
+former flooded terraces
+visible valleys and ground depressions
+several levels of the plain Vistula terraces (flooded as well as former flooded once) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment.
+pine forest.
+architectural styles
+Second World War
+liberation
+Leopold Kronenberg Palace
+Eastern bloc countries
+burgher houses
+14th century
+St. John's Cathedral
+Baryczko merchant family
+the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church
+the later decades of the 17th century
+1688–1692
+Czapski Palace
+the simplicity of the geometrical forms
+1775–1795
+the communist authorities
+the communist authorities
+the communist authorities
+Warsaw University of Technology building
+Saxon Palace and the Brühl Palace,
+heroic
+Pawiak
+The Warsaw Citadel
+Wincenty Kuma
+Wincenty Kuma
+Botanic Garden
+New Orangery
+Park Ujazdowski
+Park Ujazdowski
+1952
+close-to-wilderness areas
+within the borders of Warsaw
+Masovian Primeval Forest
+Kabaty Forest
+Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin
+1,300,000
+420,000
+1951
+Varsovians
+the Warsaw area enlargement
+multi-cultural
+56.2%
+56.2%
+56.2%
+1944
+commune
+counties or powiats
+Kraków
+60
+60
+every four years
+the City Council
+30 days
+President
+Jan Andrzej Menich
+1695–1696
+City council
+Centrum
+ródmiecie
+304,016
+7th greatest emerging market
+12%
+191.766 billion PLN
+1817
+World War II
+April 1991
+162 584 mln EUR
+Polish United Workers' Party
+1951
+Polonez
+Daewoo
+AvtoZAZ
+Chevrolet Aveo
+Warsaw
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+2.666 million residents
+1.740 million
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+Vistula River
+1.740 million
+1.740 million
+France
+10th and 11th
+Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway
+Rollo
+the first half of the 10th century
+William the Conqueror
+Richard I
+Catholic orthodoxy
+"Norseman, Viking
+9th century
+the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
+the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
+Upper Normandy down to the river Seine
+Rollo
+Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language
+Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language
+1066
+999
+William of Apulia
+William of Apulia
+Drogo
+William Iron Arm
+Saracens
+1130
+Squillace
+Kitab Rudjdjar
+The Book of Roger
+meritocratic
+the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks
+1050s
+1060s
+Alexius Komnenos
+Afranji
+Oursel
+Turkish forces
+Norman mercenary
+Robert Guiscard
+February 1082
+300
+Deabolis
+Bohemond
+Deabolis
+1185
+Dyrrachium
+the Adriatic
+Ethelred
+Ethelred
+Duke Richard II of Normandy
+Sweyn Forkbeard
+Harthacnut
+1041
+Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury
+Battle of Hastings
+Duke William II of Normandy
+1066
+Anglo-Saxons
+Modern English
+1169
+east of Ireland
+Bannow Bay
+the English throne
+King Malcolm III
+1072
+Duncan
+Sybilla of Normandy
+Norman
+Ralph
+defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh
+Ralph
+a long period of slow conquest
+1018
+William of Montreuil
+1097
+Tancred
+Transjordan
+380 years
+a storm
+Berengaria
+Richard the Lion-hearted
+Isaac Komnenos
+Conrad of Montferrat
+Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons.
+Guy de Lusignan
+Richard the Lion-Heart
+12 May 1191
+a double coronation
+1489
+Guy de Lusignan
+Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa
+Bethencourt
+Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
+Maciot de Bethencourt
+Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands
+Très ancien coutumier
+Romanesque idiom
+rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions.
+the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic
+Norman architecture
+Kingdom of Sicily
+Cluniac reform of monasteries
+Cluniac reform of monasteries
+The French Wars of Religion
+embroidery
+Bayeux Tapestry
+Odo
+mosaics
+Normandy
+William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
+southern Italy
+Sant'Eufemia.
+Robert Guiscard
+singing
+Nikola Tesla
+Nikola Tesla
+7 January 1943
+Nikola Tesla
+7 January 1943
+Nikola Tesla
+Nikola Tesla
+telephony and electrical engineering
+telephony and electrical engineering
+George Westinghouse
+New York City
+War of Currents
+telephony and electrical engineering
+telephony and electrical engineering
+New York City
+George Westinghouse
+AC induction motor and transformer
+1893
+high-voltage
+mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
+New York and Colorado Springs
+1893
+wireless controlled boat
+Wardenclyffe Tower project
+7 January 1943
+SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla
+New York hotels
+mad scientist
+patents
+7 January 1943
+SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla
+1990s
+his achievements and showmanship
+Croatia
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+eidetic memory and creative abilities
+eidetic memory and creative abilities
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+Milutin Tesla
+uka Tesla
+making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
+his mother's genetics and influence
+four
+German
+1862
+Dane
+Milka, Angelina and Marica
+a horse-riding accident
+Gospi, Austrian Empire
+the Tesla family moved to Gospi, Austrian Empire, where Tesla's father worked as a pastor
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+integral calculus
+cheating
+1873
+1870
+math teacher
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+best engineering school
+to enter the priesthood
+birthtown, Smiljan
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+to enter the priesthood
+best engineering school
+Tomingaj
+Mark Twain
+mountains
+1874
+hunter's garb
+Austro-Hungarian Army
+1874
+hunter's garb
+Mark Twain
+1875
+Austrian Polytechnic
+1879
+gambling
+he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m., no Sundays or holidays
+Austria
+1875
+1879
+During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money, later gambling back his initial losses
+unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork
+Graz
+to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+Maribor
+to beg his son to return home
+nervous breakdown
+December 1878
+to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+Mur River.
+Maribor
+nervous breakdown
+not having a residence permit
+24 March 1879
+Milutin Tesla
+stroke
+Higher Real Gymnasium,
+not having a residence permit.
+24 March 1879
+Higher Real Gymnasium
+stroke
+Prague
+Charles-Ferdinand
+auditor
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Prague
+January 1880
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Prague
+Ferenc Puskás
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+a telephone repeater or amplifier
+Central Telegraph Office
+1881
+a telegraph company
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+1882
+France
+New York City
+New York City:57–60
+New York City:57–60
+Continental Edison Company
+France
+June 1884
+New York City:57–60
+Manhattan's lower east side
+fifty thousand dollars
+US $10 a week
+"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.
+fifty thousand dollars
+"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.
+US$10 a week
+Benjamin Vail
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+dynamo
+dynamo
+dynamo electric machine commutators
+Benjamin Vail
+1886
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+dynamo
+Tesla
+They eventually forced Tesla out
+penniless
+$2
+1886/1887
+patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
+$2
+$2
+Western Union superintendent
+13
+13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development
+89 Liberty Street
+1886
+Western Union superintendent
+Charles F. Peck
+89 Liberty Street
+13
+1887
+May 1888
+a commutator
+self-starting
+self-starting
+1887
+advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
+avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes
+May 1888
+the editor of Electrical World magazine
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+1888
+control the market
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+George Westinghouse
+Galileo Ferraris
+commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor
+George Westinghouse
+July 1888
+$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+George Westinghouse
+a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.
+$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+July 1888
+a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.
+a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.
+Pittsburgh
+to power the city's streetcars
+60-cycle AC current system
+DC traction motor
+an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars.
+DC traction motor
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+DC and the incandescent light
+1890
+1890
+AC
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+1888
+the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it
+1890
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+Tesla Polyphase System
+Tesla Polyphase System
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+1893
+AC power
+Richard Dean Adams
+Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company
+Westinghouse Electric
+General Electric
+a two-phased system
+Richard Dean Adams
+Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company
+a two-phased system
+a two-phased system
+1896
+$216,000
+$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
+$200,000
+J. P. Morgan
+$200,000
+$216,000
+35
+New York
+electric lamps
+Tesla coil
+30 July 1891
+Tesla
+35
+wireless
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1892 to 1894
+forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers)
+1892 to 1894
+Institute of Radio Engineers
+damaged film
+March 1895
+Mark Twain
+the metal locking screw on the camera lens
+1894
+X-Rays
+March 1895
+an X-ray image
+Mark Twain
+Tesla Coil
+March 1896
+radiography
+X-rays
+Tesla Coil
+March 1896
+Tesla Coil
+the "instrument will... enable one to generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus."
+longitudinal waves
+the ozone generated in contact with the skin
+skin damage
+the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
+force-free magnetic fields
+the ozone generated in contact with the skin
+longitudinal waves
+force-free magnetic fields
+skin damage
+Benjamin Lamme
+Benjamin Lamme
+Benjamin Lamme
+Egg of Columbus
+rotating magnetic field
+11 July 1934
+break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him
+stinging pain where it entered his body
+the bits of metal projected by his "electric gun," Tesla said, "The particles in the beam of force... will travel much faster than such particles... and they will travel in concentrations."
+St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light Association
+Tesla Coil
+1893
+1898
+teleautomaton
+Madison Square Garden
+electric exhibition
+magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey
+1900
+17
+1901
+1943
+Supreme Court of the United States
+17 May 1899
+Pikes Peak to Paris
+15 June 1899
+five inches
+lightning signals
+stationary waves
+lightning storms
+artificial lightning
+millions
+15 miles
+turned off
+electrified
+a power outage
+the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out
+heavy sparks
+heavy sparks
+communications from another planet
+Mars
+Collier's Weekly
+he may have intercepted Marconi's European experiments in July 1899—Marconi may have transmitted the letter S (dot/dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in
+July 1899
+$100,000
+to further develop and produce a new lighting system
+Colorado Springs
+1899
+7 January 1900
+Tesla
+1904
+two years
+The Colorado experiments
+The Colorado experiments
+Shoreham, Long Island
+Morgan
+1901
+breach of contract
+50
+over 50
+Newfoundland
+187 feet
+200 horsepower (150 kilowatts)
+200 horsepower (150 kilowatts)
+1906
+100–5,000 hp
+steam
+Houston Street lab
+sledge hammer
+World Today
+split the earth in two
+Tesla
+saturating them unconsciously with electricity
+William H. Maxwell
+New York City schools
+Tesla
+patents
+$20,000
+$20,000
+Boldt
+electric could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an "electric ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen
+electric could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an "electric ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen
+a superficial resemblance to modern radar
+Émile Girardeau
+Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
+Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
+Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize
+a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner
+their animosity toward each other
+neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize
+neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize
+1937
+U.S. Patent 1,655,114
+VTOL aircraft
+$1,000
+tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept
+$125 per month
+Hotel New Yorker
+expenses the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's life
+bad publicity
+mechanical energy
+transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance
+mechanical energy
+underground mineral deposits
+1935
+to feed the pigeons
+refused to consult a doctor
+three of his ribs were broken in the accident
+1938
+1937
+Van de Graaff
+Van de Graaff generator
+ground-based infantry
+against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes
+a "peace ray" or death ray
+1937
+it is not an experiment
+a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage
+a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage
+Only a little time
+charged particle beam weapons
+Nikola Tesla Museum archive
+Belgrade
+an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal
+to expound on the technical description of a "superweapon that would put an end to all war
+efforts had been made to steal the invention
+blueprint for the teleforce weapon
+His room had been entered
+86
+7 January 1943
+Alice Monaghan
+Alice Monaghan
+coronary thrombosis
+seize Tesla's belongings
+John G. Trump
+three-day
+Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
+Louis Adamic
+Louis Adamic
+12 January
+Tesla
+Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
+80
+Sava Kosanovi
+Charlotte Muzar
+80
+Nikola Tesla Museum
+300
+278
+United States, Britain, and Canada
+patent archives
+8:10 p.m
+9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
+3:00 a.m
+headwaiter
+between 8 to 10 miles per day
+exercise
+one hundred times
+stimulated his brain cells
+telepathy
+telepathy, stating, "Suppose I made up my mind to murder you," he said, "In a second you would know it.
+he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one
+to feed the pigeons
+over $2,000
+to fix her broken wing and leg
+to feed the pigeons
+to feed the pigeons
+142 pounds
+6 feet 2 inches
+1926
+New York City
+Serbo-Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin.
+visions
+picture thinking
+blinding flashes of light
+a photographic memory
+billiards, chess and card-playing,
+billiards, chess and card-playing,
+Graz
+Kenneth Swezey
+Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla had befriended,
+chastity
+many accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him.
+toward the end of his life
+Dorothy Skerrit
+Robert Underwood Johnson
+asocial
+asocial
+Tesla's friend
+Mark Twain
+Mark Twain
+1920s
+overweight people
+openly expressed disgust
+when he fired a secretary because of her weight
+a subordinate
+if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter or "sub-atom" that could only exist in an experimental vacuum
+ether
+an all pervasive "ether" that transmitted electrical energy
+an all pervasive "ether"
+Einstein's
+the conversion of matter into energy.
+relativity
+a "dynamic theory of gravity
+1892
+a letter to have completed a "dynamic theory of gravity" that "[would] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions, as that of curved space."
+81
+eugenics
+ruthless workings
+pity
+1937
+the ills of the social subservience of women
+1926
+Queen Bees
+a post-World War I environment
+Science and Discovery are the great Forces
+20 December 1914
+League of Nations
+Orthodox Christian
+religious fanaticism
+Buddhism and Christianity
+"A Machine to End War"
+religious views
+"A Machine to End War
+books and articles
+magazines and journals
+Ben Johnston
+the web
+1900
+The Century Magazine
+science fiction
+books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games
+science fiction.
+Time magazine
+Time magazine
+electrical power generation
+Albert Einstein
+more than 70
+Computational complexity theory
+classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty
+Computational complexity theory
+significant resources
+mathematical models of computation
+time and storage
+number of gates in a circuit
+to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+Closely related fields
+analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+problem instance
+The input string
+concrete
+infinite collection of instances together with a solution
+infinite collection of instances together with a solution
+2000 kilometres
+asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km.
+computational problems
+a string
+the binary alphabet
+bitstrings
+binary notation
+their adjacency matrices
+Decision problems
+yes or no
+1 or 0
+a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0.
+a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0.
+an arbitrary graph
+the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings.
+the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings
+a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input,
+a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input,
+a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input,
+the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem
+a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input,
+the notion of decision problems
+the multiplication of two integers can be expressed as the set of triples (a, b, c)
+how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
+the instance
+the size of the instance
+size of the input in bits
+how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size
+a feasible amount of resources
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different, the worst-case time complexity T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different, the worst-case time complexity T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. Since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different, the worst-case time complexity T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size
+polynomial time algorithm
+Turing machine
+if a problem can be solved by an algorithm
+complexity
+a theoretical device
+deterministic Turing machine
+deterministic Turing machine
+probabilistic Turing machine
+non-deterministic Turing machine
+randomized algorithms
+complexity classes
+time or space
+deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
+random access machines
+without providing any extra computational power
+time and memory consumption
+the machines operate deterministically
+non-deterministic Turing machine
+some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources
+non-deterministic time
+non-deterministic time
+the total number of state transitions
+complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty
+DTIME(f(n))
+deterministic Turing machine
+time and space are the most well-known complexity resources
+computational resource
+the Blum complexity axioms
+Complexity measures
+Complexity measures
+three
+complexity measure
+three
+three
+deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
+O(n2)
+O(n2)
+computation time
+Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms
+computation time
+upper bound T(n)
+proving lower bounds
+big O notation
+hides constant factors and smaller terms
+write T(n) = O(n2)
+the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model
+complicated definitions
+complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework
+complicated definitions
+complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model
+quadratic time
+quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines
+Cobham-Edmonds
+complexity class P
+bounding the time or space
+bounding the time or space
+bounding the time or space
+BPP, ZPP and RP
+BQP and QMA,
+BQP and QMA,
+#P
+IP and AM
+relaxing the requirements on (say) computation time
+DTIME(n2)
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+hierarchy theorems
+how much more additional time or space is needed
+space hierarchy theorems
+EXPTIME
+PSPACE
+the concept of a reduction
+transformation of one problem into another problem
+reduces to Y.
+Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions
+the bound on the complexity of reductions
+polynomial-time reduction
+multiplying two integers
+polynomial time
+giving the same input
+giving the same input
+the type of reduction being used
+if every problem in C can be reduced to X
+an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C
+the set of problems that are hard for NP
+class of NP-complete problems
+class of NP
+NP is not solved, being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, 2, to another problem, 1, would indicate that there is no known polynomial-time solution for 1.
+class of NP
+complexity class P
+Cobham–Edmonds thesis
+The complexity class NP
+Boolean satisfiability problem
+deterministic Turing machines
+many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions
+integer programming problems
+$1,000,000
+if P  NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete.
+NP-intermediate problems
+The graph isomorphism problem
+The graph isomorphism problem
+NP-complete
+polynomial time hierarchy
+the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
+Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
+integer factorization problem
+deciding whether the input has a factor less than k
+deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm is known, and this fact forms the basis of several modern cryptographic systems
+general number field sieve
+unequal
+P  NP  PP  PSPACE
+P and PSPACE
+Proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory.
+co-NP
+problems with the yes/no answers reversed
+NP is not equal to co-NP;
+if these two complexity classes are not equal then P is not equal to NP
+if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
+P or equal to P
+if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
+NL and NC
+distinct or equal classes
+intractable problems
+exponential-time algorithms
+NP-complete problems
+Presburger arithmetic
+Presburger arithmetic
+SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem.
+SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem.
+NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
+complexity of algorithmic problems
+Alan Turing
+Alan Turing
+1936
+a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
+On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+John Myhill
+1961
+Hisao Yamada
+concrete choice of input encoding
+concrete choice of input encoding
+Manuel Blum
+speed-up theorem
+"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
+Richard Karp
+a lesson plan
+pedagogy
+must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college.
+a lesson plan
+The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education.
+cultures
+literacy and numeracy
+literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.
+literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills
+a family member
+home schooling
+formal education
+a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting.
+a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting.
+Religious and spiritual teachers, such as gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors
+Religious and spiritual teachers, such as gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors
+Quran, Torah or Bible
+Religious and spiritual teachers
+homeschooling
+paid professionals.
+Chartered
+informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community
+paid professionals.
+help with the organization of school functions
+Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors
+supervise study halls
+Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors
+teacher's colleges
+certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice
+certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice
+to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers
+certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice
+complaints involving members
+the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
+the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
+the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
+the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
+outdoors
+a tutor
+a school or academy
+student learning
+a course of study and lesson plan
+pedagogy
+accompanying students on field trips
+technology
+rise of the internet
+course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill
+the relevant authority
+students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
+students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
+standardized curricula
+assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills
+self-study and problem solving
+pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
+pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
+the whole gamut of psychology
+the relationship between teachers and children
+the whole curriculum
+ten or more
+primary school and secondary school teaching
+form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent
+alternative approaches for primary education
+platoon
+staying with the same group of peers for all classes
+teachers who specialize in one subject
+most of the United States
+Co-teaching
+two or more
+social networking support
+two or more
+social networking support
+corporal punishment
+substitute parent
+a teacher
+corporal
+While a child was in school
+corporal punishment
+Western countries
+1977
+1977
+physical pain
+30
+South
+declining
+the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle
+the principal's office
+caning
+Asian, African and Caribbean countries
+School corporal punishment.
+detention
+detention
+detention
+sit quietly
+write lines or a punishment essay
+North America and Western Europe
+Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior
+Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior
+sarcasm
+sarcasm
+assertive and confrontational style of discipline.
+East Asia
+assertive and confrontational style of discipline.
+assertive and confrontational style of discipline.
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+40 to 50 students
+divert the teacher from instruction
+motivated students
+attention-seeking and disruptive students
+motivated students
+dictatorial authority
+dictatorial authority
+persuasion and negotiation
+preservation of public order
+good, clear laws
+teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials
+teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion
+by rote
+students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials.
+teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality
+lecture material
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions,
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions,
+Enthusiastic teachers
+teacher enthusiasm
+emotional contagion
+energy and enthusiasm
+student-teacher relationships
+Enthusiastic teachers
+personal success is a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior.
+A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
+student-teacher
+stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive
+stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive
+teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students
+teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students
+enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students
+The teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter
+spark
+An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life.
+The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching
+sexual misconduct
+9.6%
+9.6%
+9.6%
+9.6%
+0.3%
+priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
+2,869
+AAUW study
+Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau
+teacher misconduct
+pedophile or hebephile
+Chris Keates
+child protection and parental rights groups
+a shortage of male teachers
+statutory rape
+occupational stress
+stress
+occupational burnout
+occupational stress
+occupational stress
+42%
+42%
+twice the figure for the average profession
+double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress
+double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers
+occupational hazards
+Organizational interventions
+Individual-level interventions
+helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers
+Organizational interventions
+a university or college
+certification by a recognized body
+elementary school education certificate
+pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation
+many educational institutions especially within the US
+individual states and territories
+three
+primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education
+universities and/or TAFE colleges
+primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education
+Bachelor's Degree
+Bachelor of Education
+private sector, businesses and sponsors
+Lehramtstudien
+Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
+Grundschule
+salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
+Gymnasium
+Extra pay
+€53,423
+53,423
+over € 90,000
+Teachers are required to be registered with the Teaching Council
+Oireachtas
+Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001
+Oireachtas funds
+Garda vetting
+new entrants to the teaching profession
+vetted on a phased basis
+non-teaching posts
+£20,133 to £ 41,004
+some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities
+£ 20,980
+bachelor's degree
+£20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007
+hard-to-fill
+hard-to-fill positions
+geographic area
+Excellent job opportunities
+secondary school teachers
+General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
+General Teaching Council for Scotland
+Initial Teacher Education
+Provisional Registration
+"Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met.
+April 2008
+£ 20,427
+£20,427
+£20,427
+Teachers in Scotland can be registered members of trade unions with the main ones being the Educational Institute of Scotland and the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association.
+Education in Wales
+wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh
+lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16
+22
+Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16.
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+between 2005 and 2010
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+attacks on teachers in Welsh schools
+a license
+teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years
+a bachelor's degree
+Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind.
+No Child Left Behind
+relatively low salaries
+average teacher salaries
+teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor's degree
+K-12
+TeachersPayTeachers.com
+spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions
+spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions
+starets or elder
+(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
+LDS Church
+Elder
+The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
+spiritual mentorship
+Priesthood representatives
+guru
+the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high
+gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples
+spiritual mentorship
+Lama
+reborn
+Tulku
+often many times
+phowa and siddhi
+mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas
+mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas
+Sufism
+actions-oriented
+Qutb
+German
+10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546
+Late Medieval Catholic Church.
+freedom from God's punishment for sin
+Pope Leo X
+salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace
+salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace
+sacerdotalism
+sacerdotalism
+the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood
+vernacular
+a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible.
+Tyndale Bible
+hymns influenced the development of singing in churches
+Katharina von Bora
+Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann)
+Eisleben, Saxony
+Holy Roman Empire
+Catholic
+lawyer
+University of Erfurt
+beerhouse and whorehouse
+four
+four
+1505
+law school
+uncertainty
+theology and philosophy
+to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience
+loving God
+he cried out,
+2 July 1505
+Erfurt
+the deaths of two friends
+what he saw as a waste of Luther's education
+Augustinian order
+deep spiritual despair
+the jailer and hangman
+Johann von Staupitz
+a change of heart
+1507
+Staupitz
+1508
+9 March 1508
+Peter Lombard
+19 October 1512
+21 October 1512
+Bible
+University of Wittenberg
+Doctor of Theology
+1516
+Germany
+Germany
+faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works
+faith alone, whether fiduciary or dogmatic, cannot justify man; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works
+31 October 1517
+Albert of Mainz
+The Ninety-Five Theses
+Hans Hillerbrand
+Thesis 86
+Johann Tetzel
+purgatory
+Johann Tetzel
+Johann Tetzel
+God
+indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation
+indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation
+false assurances
+Christ
+Tetzel
+capacity to exaggerate
+Catholic dogma
+Catholic dogma
+the story of the posting on the door
+the story of the posting on the door
+Philipp Melanchthon
+Wittenberg
+the story of the posting on the door, even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth
+January 1518
+the printing press
+January 1518
+two weeks
+within two months
+1519
+Wittenberg
+early part of Luther's career
+1520
+On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
+1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians.
+penance and righteousness
+corrupt
+central truths of Christianity
+doctrine of justification
+entirely the work of God
+1525
+a gift from God
+the Smalcald Articles
+a discovery about "the righteousness of God" – a discovery that "the just person" of whom the Bible speaks (as in Romans 1:17) lives by faith
+Christ and His salvation
+Christ and His salvation
+sale of indulgences
+Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation"
+Mainz and Magdeburg
+Rome
+papal dispensation
+one half
+heresy
+Pope Leo X
+papal theologians and envoys
+October 1518
+the Antichrist
+Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant,
+January 1519
+silent
+Johann Eck
+Matthew 16:18
+Jan Hus
+15 June 1520
+Exsurge Domine
+60 days
+Karl von Miltitz
+3 January 1521
+secular authorities
+18 April 1521
+Holy Roman Empire
+Emperor Charles V
+Prince Frederick III
+Johann Eck
+Archbishop of Trier
+whether he stood by their contents
+the next day
+requested time to think about the answer to the second question.
+a knight
+a knight winning a bout
+Michael Mullett
+epoch-making oratory
+recant his writings
+Luther
+the evidence for these words to be unreliable, since they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech
+Mullett
+private conferences
+25 May 1521
+The Emperor
+banning his literature, and requiring his arrest
+permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence.
+Luther's disappearance
+Wartburg Castle
+my Patmos
+Greek
+Archbishop Albrecht
+every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin
+God's grace (which cannot be earned
+1 August 1521
+Melanchthon
+this life is not a place where justice resides."
+1521
+thanksgiving
+it is a gift
+compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution
+vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
+prophetic faith
+1521
+Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
+Little Horn
+2 Thessalonians 2
+Gabriel Zwilling
+June 1521
+disturbances
+Zwickau prophets
+town council
+6 March 1522
+Satan
+eight sermons
+Invocavit Sermons
+trust God's word
+immediate
+Jerome Schurf
+sixth sermon
+Dr. Martin's
+misguided people
+restore public order
+conservative
+banishing the Zwickau prophets
+radical reformers
+radical reformers
+Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
+Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
+1524–25
+upper classes
+pamphlets
+temporal authorities
+Thuringia
+mad dogs
+condemned the violence as the devil's work
+the devil's
+three grounds
+St. Paul
+St. Paul
+Divine Right of Kings
+body and soul
+the uprising
+Battle of Frankenhausen
+15 May 1525
+Müntzer's execution
+the wing of the secular powers
+Katharina von Bora
+herring barrels
+26 years old
+41 years old
+April 1523
+13 June 1525
+The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out, and were made up two weeks later on 27 June.
+two weeks
+27 June
+Johannes Bugenhagen
+clerical
+clerical marriage
+Biblical grounds
+death of a heretic
+reckless
+The Black Cloister
+a former monastery
+six children
+Croesus
+Hans – June 1526; Elizabeth – 10 December 1527, who died within a few months; Magdalene – 1529, who died in Luther's arms in 1542; Martin – 1531; Paul – January 1533; and Margaret – 1534;
+Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers
+a supervisory church body
+a supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service, and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms.
+two catechisms
+system building tendency of reason is held in check, and system building does not degenerate into System.
+extreme change
+Electorate of Saxony
+Electorate of Saxony,
+John the Steadfast
+temporal sovereign
+1526
+1523
+simple people
+sacrifice
+freedom of ceremony
+1527
+Luther and his colleagues
+pastoral care and Christian education
+the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine
+well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching
+the catechism
+1529
+pastors and teachers
+Large Catechism,
+questions and answers
+The catechism
+the plan to collect my writings in volumes
+Bondage of the Will and the Catechism
+The Small Catechism
+the Bible
+Small Catechism
+Small Catechism
+German vernacular
+Trinity
+Salvation
+1522
+1534
+the Old Testament
+alone
+whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say,'Faith alone justifies us, and not works'
+Saxon chancellery
+Saxon
+to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans
+we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance
+impediments and difficulties
+rising demand for German-language publications
+Bible translation
+German
+Lucas Cranach
+William Tyndale
+da komm ich her"
+high art and folk music
+German hymns
+lute
+waldzither
+Luther's hymns
+the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views
+Ein neues Lied wir heben an
+John C. Messenger
+Flung to the Heedless Winds
+"Wir glauben all an einen Gott"
+"Wir glauben all an einen Gott"
+the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
+German creedal hymn
+difficulty of its tune
+1538
+Small Catechism
+a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions
+multiple revisions
+Luther's tune
+psalm-hymns
+psalm-hymns
+psalm-hymns
+Achtliederbuch
+essential Reformation doctrine
+Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
+Veni redemptor gentium
+Veni redemptor
+"Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot" and "Mensch, willst du leben seliglich".
+German Te Deum
+Luther's 1541 hymn "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"
+a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn
+Psalm 67's prayer for grace
+J. S. Bach
+a preexisting Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn
+Luther's hymns
+24
+24
+24
+Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
+chorales
+Christ lag
+1707
+1724 to 1725
+chorales
+it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body
+torments
+enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace
+penitential suffering
+Smalcald Articles
+Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper
+Johann Gerhard
+Franz Pieper
+1755
+Luther's Commentary on Genesis
+John Jortin
+John Jortin
+John Jortin
+dreams
+October 1529
+Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
+German and Swiss theologians
+the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.
+the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.
+"This is my body which is for you" and "This cup is the new covenant in my blood"
+Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ
+sacramental union
+spiritually or symbolically present
+confrontational
+the Marburg Colloquy
+the Marburg Colloquy
+the Marburg Colloquy
+The Swiss cities
+John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
+faith and reason
+faith and reason
+Reason
+faith and reason
+honoring their different epistemological spheres.
+Jesus Christ was born a Jew
+Christianity
+Jesus Christ was born a Jew
+Anabaptists
+1543
+Biblical apocalypse
+Biblical apocalypse
+apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist
+papacy
+Emperor Charles V and the German people
+Qur'an
+Islam
+Islam
+the devil
+banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.
+God's wrath to Christians
+Johannes Agricola
+city hall
+six
+1539
+second use of the law
+the Holy Spirit's tool
+everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law, even if it is Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness
+does not eliminate the accusing law
+essentially holy people
+how the Christian ought to live
+the Ten Commandments
+third use of the law
+Ten Commandments
+the Ten Commandments
+baptism
+The Ten Commandments
+direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.
+Luther
+Luther
+wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
+history chiefly holds Luther accountable
+lasting damage
+theological and cultural tradition
+Luther
+murder of Christ
+rejected the divinity of Jesus
+Christianity.
+60,000-word
+1543
+three years
+the devil's people
+a sanction for murder
+Luther
+Martin Luther
+whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition
+sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works
+1580s
+Luther
+antisemitism
+the Nazis' attacks on Jews
+Luther
+Nuremberg
+17 December 1941
+seven
+Diarmaid MacCulloch
+Bishop Martin Sasse
+The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."
+opportunistic
+'church fathers' of anti-Semitism
+the modern hatred of the Jews
+18th and 19th centuries
+entirely religious and in no respect racial
+Judaism and its adherence
+Ronald Berger
+hysterical and demonizing mentality
+German Lutheran clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists.
+German Lutheran clergy and theologians during the Nazi Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists.
+declining state of mind
+Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
+vulgarity and violence
+Muslims) and Catholics
+Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
+1980s
+4,745
+Professor Richard (Dick) Geary
+1928-1933
+1531
+Philip of Hesse
+kidney and bladder stones
+kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis,
+angina
+poor physical health
+writings and comments
+poor physical health
+Katharina
+1545 and 1546
+Eisleben
+15 February 1546
+obdurate Jews
+expel from all German territory
+convert
+Mansfeld
+1546
+1546
+1546
+his concern for his siblings' families
+17 February 1546
+chest pains
+Ps. 31:5
+the common prayer of the dying
+1 a.m
+apoplectic stroke
+2:45 a.m
+18 February 1546
+Castle Church
+Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
+his last statement
+Latin
+German.
+1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size
+frail Catholic saints
+physically imposing
+the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders
+1530s and 1540s
+18 February
+the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
+31 October
+Church of England's Calendar of Saints
+18 February
+SoCal
+California's southernmost 10 counties
+Southern California
+demographics and economic ties
+historical political divisions
+Southern California Megaregion
+8- and 10-county
+Las Vegas, Nevada
+Las Vegas, Nevada, and south
+Tijuana
+Southern California
+seven
+over 12 million
+Greater San Diego
+17.5 million
+Colorado Desert and the Colorado River
+Colorado Desert and the Colorado River
+Colorado Desert and the Colorado River
+Mexico–United States border
+southern California
+3,792,621
+southern California
+Los Angeles and San Diego
+south
+Los Angeles
+the top 15 most populous counties in the United States
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Hollywood
+Los Angeles
+Walt Disney Company
+Los Angeles
+Walt Disney Company
+Southern California
+Tony Hawk
+Professional skateboarder
+Oahu
+Transpac
+southern California coast
+beaches
+southern California coast
+its resort feel and nearby open spaces
+11 miles
+11 miles
+ten
+Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains
+northern and southern
+Californios of Monterey
+Alta California
+Californios of Monterey
+Missouri Compromise
+the passing of the Compromise of 1850 enabled California to be admitted to the Union as a free state, preventing southern California from becoming its own separate slave state.
+Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California
+Cow Counties
+Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California
+75
+Senator Milton Latham
+seven
+1900
+1999
+Imperial
+seven
+regional tourism groups
+California State Automobile Association
+California State Automobile Association
+South of the Tehachapis
+northern, central, and southern
+third
+heavily developed
+large, spread-out, suburban communities
+automobiles and highways
+an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego–Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California.
+Camp Pendleton
+The cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire
+San Bernardino and Riverside County
+San Bernardino and Riverside Counties
+1980s and 1990s
+infrequent rain
+infrequent rain
+90- 60's
+snow
+90-60's
+Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
+geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes
+geologic, topographic
+Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
+the large and small interior valleys
+10,000
+Nearly all of them are so small
+1994
+over $20 billion.
+over $20 billion
+magnitude 8.0
+magnitude 8.0
+San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone.
+California
+California
+culturally, politically, and economically
+culturally, politically, and economically
+culturally, politically, and economic
+22,680,010.
+high growth rates
+10.0%
+10.0%
+10.0%
+one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas
+five million
+five million
+Southern Border Region
+17,786,419
+3.7 million
+3.7 million
+more than 200,000
+more than 200,000
+San Bernardino and Riverside
+petroleum
+tourism and Hollywood
+housing bubble
+Southern California's economy
+housing bubble
+1920s
+cattle and citrus
+cattle and citrus
+cattle and citrus
+aerospace
+Southern California
+Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside.
+Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, Downtown Bakersfield, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside.
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+San Fernando Valley
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+San Bernardino-Riverside
+Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town
+Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
+Irvine
+University of California, Irvine
+West Irvine
+Irvine
+Irvine
+Downtown San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+Downtown San Diego
+Los Angeles International Airport
+second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume
+second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume
+second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume
+Van Nuys Airport
+Metrolink
+seven
+seven
+Orange
+Port of Los Angeles
+Port of San Diego
+Southern California
+The Tech Coast
+The Tech Coast
+The Tech Coast
+5
+5
+Southern California
+Southern California
+Southern California
+Los Angeles Kings
+LA Galaxy
+Chivas USA
+Chivas USA
+2005 to 2014
+Chivas USA
+2018
+College sports
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+Rugby
+Rugby
+an official school sport
+November 1990
+November 1990
+90.04%
+Sky plc
+Sky UK Limited
+May 2006
+Setanta Sports
+2007–08
+£1.3bn
+BSkyB
+Freeview
+three
+Sky News, Sky Three
+Pick TV
+BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels.
+September 2007
+monthly fee
+Multiroom upgrade only
+Multiroom upgrade only
+BSkyB
+NDS
+BSkyB
+BSkyB
+Sky+
+Virgin Media
+2007
+"substantially more value"
+"substantially more value"
+"substantially more value"
+July 2013
+July 2013
+OneDrive
+OneDrive for Business
+BSkyB and Microsoft
+1 September 1993
+Astra
+27 September 2001
+BSkyB's analogue service
+3.5 million
+British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
+Sky UK Limited
+11 million
+Freeview
+Sky Q Hub
+a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection
+all set top boxes in a household
+2016
+2016
+MPEG-2
+Sky Movies and Sky Box Office
+MPEG-4
+7-day EPG
+MPEG-4
+19.2°E.
+19.2°E.
+19.2°E.
+19.2°E.
+19.2°E.
+22 May 2006
+40,000
+Thomson
+17,000
+4,222,000
+8 February 2007
+March
+four
+Virgin Media
+English Premier League Football
+free-to-view
+pay-per-view
+VideoGuard UK
+a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)
+VideoGuard UK
+1991
+ITV
+£34m
+BSkyB
+£304m
+Ofcom
+£15–100,000
+BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence
+does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+1 October 1998
+Sky Digital
+Sky Active
+ONdigital
+digiboxes and minidishes
+Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box,
+Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box,
+Video On Demand
+BBC HD
+Channel 4 HD
+10 million
+36%
+August 2004
+36%
+growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened
+Welfare Cash Card
+essentials
+often damaging
+Sky TV bills
+subscription to sports channels
+£30m
+Video On Demand and High Definition
+Virgin Media
+BSkyB
+the carriage of their respective basic channels
+highly diversified
+fourth
+fourth
+museums, art galleries and theatres
+Melbourne Cricket Ground
+Bendigo
+Lambing Flat riots in New South Wales
+Buckland Valley
+typhoid
+cramped and unsanitary
+Victorian Legislative Council elections
+The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote.
+The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote.
+four years
+every four years
+Australian Greens
+Australian Greens
+Australian Greens
+The Greens
+Australian Greens
+61.1%
+26.7%
+Buddhism
+Buddhism
+20%
+Victoria
+second-most
+second
+Melbourne
+second-largest
+the Koori
+1788
+New South Wales
+Sullivan Bay
+1803
+More than 26,000 square kilometres
+50%
+More than 2 6,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
+90%
+121,200
+1975
+1855 colonial constitution
+Parliament of Victoria
+three-fifths
+Victoria Constitution Act 1855
+The Mallee and upper Wimmera
+32 °C (90 °F)
+32 °C (90 °F)
+Hopetoun
+7 February 2009
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden;
+2017
+May 2013
+October 2016
+Ford
+Mount Bogong
+Mount Bogong
+Mount Bogong
+Murray River
+Leadbeater's possum
+Victorian Alps
+Great Dividing Range mountain system
+Great Dividing Range mountain system
+less than 9 °C (48 °F)
+Omeo
+several private and public railway operators
+The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink
+Victorian Government
+freight services
+The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink
+37
+37
+Legislative Assembly
+Legislative Council
+Linda Dessau
+1 July 1851
+1 July 1851
+one of the largest gold rush
+ten years
+20 million ounces
+1,548
+1,548
+540,800
+63,519
+Over 61 per cent
+Victoria
+60%
+60%
+60%
+Asia
+1,600 mm
+1,435 mm
+760 mm
+mountainous areas
+760 mm
+1788
+New South Wales
+New Holland
+Sydney
+1854
+British troops
+Eureka Stockade
+hated mining licence fees
+Colony of Victoria Act
+The Premier of Victoria
+The Premier of Victoria
+representatives
+Daniel Andrews
+representatives
+$8.7 billion
+17%
+32,463
+32,463
+60%
+tourism
+tourism
+Melbourne
+regional cities
+the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool and the Australian International Airshow at Geelong
+southern and central parts of France
+one-eighth
+1562 to 1598
+the granting of the Edict of Nantes
+substantial religious, political and military autonomy
+derision
+John Calvin's
+Besançon Hugues
+Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise
+1560
+The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
+1294
+Guyard de Moulin
+1487
+Paris
+villes de sûreté
+Montpellier
+the ville de sûreté
+1622
+1629
+François Villion
+Cape Town
+Maria de la Queillerie
+31 December 1687
+1700
+1624
+Jessé de Forest
+L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
+L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
+Brooklyn
+Charleston Orange district
+British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
+Rev. Elie Prioleau
+Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River
+Charleston, South Carolina
+William III of Orange
+King of England
+League of Augsburg
+Louis XIV
+1672
+Edict of Fontainebleau
+1685
+Louis XIV
+500,000
+The Catholic Church
+5,000 to 30,000
+5,000 to 30,000
+the Huguenots had their own militia
+southern France
+1621 and 1629
+southwestern France
+Henry IV
+Louis XIII
+three
+2%
+2%
+Alsace
+Alsace
+A diaspora of French Australia
+New Rochelle
+New Paltz
+The "Huguenot Street Historic District"
+the oldest street in the United States of America
+south shore of Staten Island
+75,000 to 100,000
+75,000 to 100,000 people
+ca. 2 million
+25%
+the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+Tours
+Huguon
+le roi Huguet
+Tours
+came back to harm the living at night
+Walloons and Huguenots
+The Weavers
+economic separation
+Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
+a restaurant
+Cork City
+Huguenots
+Dublin
+a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland
+1696
+a brain drain
+French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
+French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
+Seven Years' War
+1759-60
+Henry of Navarre
+1598
+Catholicism
+The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions.
+Protestantism
+required education of children as Catholics
+required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration
+Four thousand
+"new converts"
+Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
+Switzerland and the Netherlands
+1555
+France Antarctique
+1560
+the Guanabara Confession of Faith
+Afrikaans
+vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers, and used their skills in their new home.
+Western Cape province
+French Huguenot
+Cuckoo Tavern
+Henry Laurens
+Charleston, South Carolina
+Manakin Episcopal Church
+Texas
+Huguenots
+'Bucks Point'
+Dover
+'Bucks Point'
+Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
+one-fifth
+the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
+1806-07
+Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
+England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussia
+Cévennes region
+the Camisards
+the Camisards who were Huguenots rioted against the Catholic Church in the region
+1702 and 1709
+Jacksonville
+Jean Ribault
+Jean Ribault
+September 1565
+September 1565
+Jean Ribault
+Parris Island
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+1562
+The Wars of Religion
+Virginia
+Lower Norfolk County
+Manakin Town
+farms
+12 May 1705
+1568–1609
+Huguenots
+Early ties were already visible in the "Apologie" of William the Silent, condemning the Spanish Inquisition, which was written by his court minister, the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers.
+William the Silent
+Calvinist
+Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
+50,000
+50,000
+articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation
+articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation
+William of Orange
+William of Orange
+Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
+Killeshandra
+the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry
+Prince Louis de Condé
+Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
+glass-making
+1890s
+1604
+Huguenot émigrés
+Huguenot émigrés
+the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec
+South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec, where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely.
+worship freely
+Hugues Capet
+The "Hugues hypothesis"
+Janet Gray
+Hugo
+double or triple non-French linguistic origins
+Jacques Lefevre
+University of Paris
+1530
+William Farel
+Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
+3 October 1572
+St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
+Nearly 3,000
+An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators.
+25,000
+Louis XIV
+force the Huguenots to convert
+a fund
+penalties, closed Huguenot schools
+dragonnades
+Westchester
+Davenports Neck
+John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
+La Rochelle
+Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
+Huguenot
+outside their immediate French communities
+E.I. du Pont
+well into the nineteenth century
+Eleutherian gunpowder mills
+Pierre Bayle
+Rotterdam
+Historical and Critical Dictionary
+US Library of Congress
+Saint Nicolas
+Royal Charter
+1550
+Soho Square
+Shoreditch
+1724
+Huguenot refugees
+Germany and Scandinavia
+Edict of Potsdam
+Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
+Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13
+Frederick William
+Theodor Fontane
+Adolf Galland
+Lothar de Maizière
+German Federal Minister of the Interior
+Non-combustion heat sources
+Rankine
+water
+water
+Steam engines
+atmospheric engine
+Thomas Newcomen
+1712
+Savery's steam pump
+Papin
+Richard Trevithick
+21 February 1804
+Richard Trevithick
+south Wales
+Richard Trevithick
+Rankine cycle
+multi-stage centrifugal
+1850s
+steam locomotives
+steam jet
+triple and quadruple
+triple and quadruple
+Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing
+Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing
+the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class)
+Corliss
+Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts
+lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
+Lead fusible plugs
+the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes,
+the lead melts and the steam escapes
+manually suppress the fire
+dampening the fire
+James Watt
+James Watt
+James Watt
+1883
+Industrial Revolution
+aeolipile
+Hero of Alexandria
+aeolipile
+Taqi al-Din
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+compound engines
+expansions
+double and triple expansion engines
+reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.
+double and triple expansion engines
+steam turbines
+steam turbines
+reciprocating piston type steam engines
+90
+reciprocating engines
+burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space
+combustion chamber
+a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat
+electric heating
+steam engine indicator
+1851
+Charles Porter
+Charles Porter
+Charles Porter
+90 °
+the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180 °, the groups being set at 90° to each other.
+90 °
+counterflow
+four
+four
+four
+admission, expansion
+The Quasiturbine
+the hotter incoming admission steam
+the hotter incoming admission steam
+oscillating cylinder steam engine
+trunnion
+toys and models
+full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.
+the working fluid is recycled continuously
+open loop
+Mercury
+Rankine
+working fluid
+565 °C
+creep limit of stainless steel
+42%
+around 30 °C
+Steam engines
+Steam engines
+Stanley Steamer
+factories
+an increase in the land available for cultivation
+Catch Me Who Can
+Salamanca
+Salamanca
+edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway
+George Stephenson
+Arthur Woolf
+1804
+torque variability
+to derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume
+90
+reciprocating steam engines
+reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
+90%
+90%
+The Rankine cycle
+a condenser
+1990s
+solar, biomass
+William John Macquorn
+duty
+17
+7 million
+94
+Watt
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+steam turbine
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+Thomas Savery
+water pump
+1698
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+1801
+1801
+1802
+cylinder size
+power
+Energiprojekt AB
+Energiprojekt AB
+5
+8.8
+27-30 %
+surface condensers
+A dry type cooling tower
+water is costly
+wet
+about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour
+Boulton
+Boulton
+flour mill
+cotton spinning
+The governor could not actually hold a set speed
+1880
+compounding
+complicated
+1930
+compounding
+shortening the cutoff
+kick back
+evacuate the cylinder
+valve gears
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+1606
+Thomas Savery
+1712
+rotating discs
+drive shaft
+static discs
+stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing
+3600 revolutions per minute
+The weight of boilers and condensers
+internal combustion engines or electric motors
+steam turbine
+Advanced Steam
+fuel sources and pollution
+pistonless rotary engine
+pistonless rotary engine
+the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion
+1775
+condenser
+half as much coal
+James Watt
+air pressure
+two
+plug valve
+tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken.
+tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken.
+fasterened the valve down
+the Corliss steam engine
+1849
+30%
+four
+Rumford medal
+The steam engine
+model steam engine
+the separate condenser
+Joseph Black
+latent heat
+during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
+Rankine cycle
+1% to 3%
+1500 °C
+an injector
+to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation
+pumps
+bunker
+a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor
+Land-based steam engines
+steam turbine
+dreadnought battleships
+dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners
+HMS Dreadnought
+heating water
+heating water
+electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator
+turbo-electric transmission
+Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain
+a practical Carnot cycle
+in the condenser
+constant pressure
+isobaric (constant pressure) processes
+a pump
+a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8
+hydrogen and helium
+two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas
+almost half
+20.8%
+20.8%
+Oxygen
+a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8
+downward trend
+hydrogen and helium
+a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8
+chalcogen group
+oxides
+third
+dioxygen
+cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis
+cellular respiration
+UVB radiation
+oxygen
+water
+cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis
+water
+UVB radiation
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+John Mayow
+1679
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+the late 17th century
+respiration
+John Mayow
+mercuric oxide
+mercuric oxide
+HgO
+mercuric oxide
+mercuric oxide
+dephlogisticated air
+1775
+Because he published his findings first
+candles burned brighter in the gas
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo of Byzantium
+2nd century BCE
+the classical element fire
+Philo of Byzantium
+the classical element fire
+Pneumatica
+Leonardo da Vinci
+2nd century BCE
+an ignition event, such as heat or a spark
+oxidant
+peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
+Oxygen
+an ignition event
+oxidant
+rapid combustion
+Oxygen
+peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
+Steel pipes and storage vessels
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
+Steel pipes and storage vessels
+Concentrated O 2
+Steel pipes and storage vessels
+Steel pipes and storage vessels
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
+silicon
+carbon dioxide
+The Earth's mantle
+carbon dioxide
+silicon
+The Earth's mantle
+The Earth's mantle
+complex silicates
+monatomic
+monatomic
+HO
+hydrogen
+Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt
+phlogiston
+Highly combustible materials
+Air
+metals
+Air
+a covalent double bond
+the two oxygen atoms
+Aufbau
+the two oxygen atoms
+a covalent double bond
+Joseph Priestley
+1774
+published first
+Antoine Lavoisier
+1777
+spin triplet state
+triplet oxygen
+electron configuration with two unpaired electrons
+spontaneous combustion.
+antibonding
+tin and air
+tin and air
+tin and air
+1777
+azote
+Trioxygen
+Trioxygen
+lung tissue
+UV
+UV
+dioxygen
+121 pm
+the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere
+its energy content
+cellular respiration
+James Dewar
+James Dewar
+1895
+oxyacetylene welding
+Oxygen
+temperature
+6.04 milliliters
+6.04 milliliters
+twice as much
+Oxygen
+third
+0.9%
+49.2%
+ultraviolet radiation
+late 19th century
+late 19th century
+Raoul Pierre Pictet
+a few drops
+March 29, 1883
+the isotope ratios in the Sun
+a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft
+a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft
+an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains
+the Earth
+Singlet oxygen
+common organic molecules
+water during photosynthesis
+the troposphere
+Carotenoids
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms
+Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms
+During periods of lower global temperatures
+687 and 760 nm
+low signal-to-noise ratio
+satellite platform
+global
+vegetation canopies
+paramagnetic
+a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet.
+they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field,
+when it is in the presence of a magnetic field
+a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet
+superoxide ion
+destroy invading microbes
+pathogen attack
+2.5 billion years ago
+2.5 billion years ago
+90.20 K
+light sky-blue color
+fractional distillation of liquefied air
+liquid nitrogen
+segregated from combustible materials
+Free oxygen
+polar oceans
+polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content
+nitrates or phosphates
+by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand
+3.5 billion years ago
+Paleoproterozoic eon
+banded iron formations
+1.7 billion years ago
+3–2.7 billion years ago
+oxygen cycle
+biogeochemical cycle
+biogeochemical cycle
+photosynthesis
+unusually high concentration of oxygen gas
+passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves
+90% to 93%
+90% to 93%
+non-cryogenic technologies
+90% to 93%
+Oxygen gas
+electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen
+hydrogen and oxygen
+oxides and oxoacids
+chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles
+mild
+mild euphoric
+to get a "boost" in performance
+a placebo effect
+enriched O 2 mixtures
+Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine
+Increased O 2 concentration
+anaerobic bacteria
+Decompression sickness
+emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders
+decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart
+Uptake of O 2
+respiration
+emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders
+electronegativity
+corresponding oxides
+FeO
+oxide
+slows further corrosion
+cabin depressurization
+chemical oxygen generators
+steady stream of oxygen gas
+steady stream of oxygen gas
+cryogenics
+specially insulated tankers
+840 liters
+compressed gas
+bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas.
+acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid,
+acid anhydrides
+Acetone
+Epoxides
+acid anhydrides
+biomolecules
+squalene
+carbohydrates
+carbonyl groups
+phosphate
+Oxygen toxicity
+permanent pulmonary fibrosis
+160 kPa
+100% O 2
+seizures
+Breathing pure O 2
+30 kPa
+1.4 times normal
+Breathing pure O 2
+30 kPa
+elevated partial pressures
+50 kilopascals
+50 kilopascals
+patients on mechanical ventilators
+30%–50% O 2
+October 1973
+US$3 per barrel
+1979
+first oil shock
+October 1973
+to avoid being targeted by the boycott
+Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
+Henry Kissinger
+March 1974
+August 15, 1971
+"float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
+currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before.
+September 1971
+because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
+less than two percent per year
+1971
+Bretton Woods
+oil shock
+October 6, 1973
+second-largest
+ten times more
+second-largest
+hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict
+Israel
+$5.11
+their economic and political objectives were met
+$1.5 billion
+Israel
+over 100 billion dollars
+Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
+Middle East
+shrinking Western demand
+Wahhabism
+recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth."
+The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR
+1973
+Kissinger
+embargo
+automobiles
+inflationary and deflationary
+Arctic
+five to ten years
+the Netherlands
+the Netherlands
+the Netherlands
+the Netherlands
+Ted Heath
+the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74
+the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74
+the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74
+Germany
+Sweden
+Price controls
+allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment
+Price controls
+Scarcity
+William E. Simon
+1973
+embargo
+20%
+55 mph
+Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
+the Cabinet-level Department of Energy
+November 28, 1995
+the Cabinet-level Department of Energy
+energy crisis
+market and technology realities
+entrepreneurship and innovation, congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful.
+the U.S
+James Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer
+10 years
+the ‘total alienation’ of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
+Japan
+71%
+5%
+November 22
+December 25
+USSR's invasion of Afghanistan
+increased military competition
+increased military competition
+Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
+the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists
+The crisis reduced the demand for large cars
+Japanese imports
+four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines
+four cylinder engines
+1981
+Toyota Corona Mark II
+power steering
+1981
+Compact trucks
+Forte
+Ford, Chrysler, and GM
+captive import policy
+General Motors, Ford and Chrysler
+four-cylinder engines
+1985
+Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans
+Chevrolet Bel Air
+1979
+1982
+1974 Mustang I
+1981
+$40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel.
+trying to recover market share
+$40 per barrel
+Dwight D. Eisenhower's
+National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
+1968
+Dwight D. Eisenhower
+two
+1961 to 1972
+Gemini
+three
+Skylab
+a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire
+prelaunch test
+three
+five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings,
+an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
+Apollo 8
+Apollo 8
+382 kg
+avionics, telecommunications, and computers
+one
+one
+Abe Silverstein
+ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings
+1960
+July 1960
+Maxime Faget
+feasibility study competition
+Hugh L. Dryden
+John F. Kennedy
+John F. Kennedy
+the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing.
+NASA Administrator James E. Webb
+missile gap
+Yuri Gagarin
+Soviet Union
+US House Committee on Science and Astronautics
+circumspect
+April 20
+Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson
+"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
+"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
+Robert R. Gilruth
+NASA's Langley Research Center
+Houston, Texas
+Rice University
+Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida
+Merritt Island
+Kurt H. Debus
+the LOC's first Director
+Kennedy
+two, designated A and B,
+Operations and Checkout Building
+250,000 feet
+a 130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building
+Dr. George E. Mueller
+July 23, 1963
+Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes
+Mueller
+Air Force missile projects
+the United States Air Force
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+July 1969
+Apollo Program Director
+a rendezvous
+1961
+Associate Administrator Robert Seamans
+Nicholas E. Golovin
+July 1961
+LOR
+Joseph Shea
+Wernher von Braun
+Jerome Wiesner
+Golovin
+NASA
+July 11, 1962
+September
+"No, that's no good"
+Lunar Excursion Module
+Grumman
+LOR
+Apollo 13
+The Lunar Module
+1964
+cone-shaped
+Command/Service Module
+the Lunar Excursion Module
+The Command Module
+The Command Module
+ablative heat shield
+Parachutes
+5,560 kg
+service propulsion engine and an RCS
+high-gain S-band antenna
+The Service Module
+51,300 pounds
+an orbital scientific instrument package
+North American Aviation
+twice
+Block I
+North American Aviation
+The Lunar Module
+fuselage
+15,100 kg
+over 3 days
+Wernher von Braun
+Army
+June 11, 1962
+dummy upper stages filled with water
+1964 and 1965
+Pegasus satellites
+measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
+The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I.
+The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I.
+the third stage of the Saturn V.
+the third stage of the Saturn V.
+Saturn V
+33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter
+three
+liquid hydrogen
+Project Mercury and Gemini
+Mercury
+Dr. Harrison Schmitt
+Apollo 17
+landed on the Moon on the last mission
+32
+Distinguished Service Medal
+1969
+Flight Director's orders
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+LC-34
+265.7 nautical miles
+25,700 km
+the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
+Block II CSM and LM
+Apollo spacesuit
+a clear "fishbowl" type
+water-cooled undergarment
+Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot
+Deke Slayton
+Donn F. Eisele
+January 1966
+Donn F. Eisele
+AS-205
+the AS-205 mission was canceled
+August 1967
+Saturn IB
+Apollo 1 backup crew
+Samuel Phillips
+Samuel Phillips
+1967
+Samuel Phillips
+altitude chamber
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+LC-34
+North American
+a strange odor in their spacesuits
+January 27, 1967
+100% oxygen
+asphyxiated
+100% oxygen
+both houses of Congress
+deficiencies
+George Low
+accident review board
+nitrogen/oxygen mixture
+use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials
+replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door
+the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights.
+Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not.
+a sequence of mission types
+successful
+letters
+AS-501
+the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry
+April 4, 1968
+cancelling a third unmanned test
+Apollo 5
+Apollo 5
+George Low
+computer programming error
+abort
+Saturn IBs
+Zond 5
+Christmas Eve
+ASPO Manager George Low
+human cosmonauts
+Apollo 11
+Apollo 11
+21 hours, 36 minutes
+Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
+July 24
+Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean
+Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean
+they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth
+accidentally pointed into the Sun
+Lunar Roving Vehicle
+Block II
+CSM and LM
+over three days
+CSM and LM
+liquid oxygen tank exploded
+two rookies
+1970
+a liquid oxygen tank
+April 1970
+Apollo 20
+NASA's yearly budget
+John F. Kennedy Space Center
+1971
+radiometric dating
+4.6 billion years
+KREEP
+Genesis Rock
+micrometeoroid impact craters
+impact process effects
+materials melted near an impact crater.
+$170 billion
+15
+$20.4 billion
+Apollo X
+S-IVB Saturn
+an empty S-IVB
+1973
+1973
+February 8, 1974
+Apollo Telescope Mount
+Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
+Command Module
+the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown
+Apollo 8
+Book of Genesis
+one-quarter
+Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
+Apollo TV camera
+Apollo TV camera
+National Archives and Records Administration
+National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data
+Stan Lebar
+Nafzger
+to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy
+Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings
+Nafzger
+black and white
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
+a body of treaties and legislation
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+Secondary sources
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+a body of treaties and legislation
+European Union law
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
+the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the courts of member states
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.
+the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.
+the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the courts of member states
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+The European Commission
+citizens
+The European Court of Justice
+The "European Council"
+Treaty on European Union
+Faroe Islands
+it cannot rule on their validity
+if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+Gibraltar and the land islands
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
+atomic energy
+Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
+Spain and Portugal 1985
+Norway did not end up joining)
+1985
+atomic energy
+Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
+Single European Act 1986
+Finland, Norway and Sweden
+Spain and Portugal 1985
+Nice Treaty
+the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+significantly altered the existing treaties
+amending treaty
+significantly altered the existing treaties
+reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent
+a single constitutional document
+the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+Lisbon Treaty
+The European Commission
+Article 17(1)
+The Commission's President
+one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states
+Federica Mogherini
+Article 17(1)
+The Commission's President
+simple majority vote
+circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.
+Article 17(1)
+Santer Commission
+did in fact not break any law
+a culture had developed where few Commissioners had ‘even the slightest sense of responsibility’.
+a six-person board appointed by the European Council
+the President of the Council and a Commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings, but do not have voting rights
+1999
+Commission v Edith Cresson
+a culture had developed where few Commissioners had ‘even the slightest sense of responsibility’.
+the European Anti-fraud Office
+€60m
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+the elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
+every five years
+Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote.
+Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote.
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+1979
+every five years
+European People's Party
+different ministers of the member states
+Donald Tusk
+When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size, so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states.
+352
+65 per cent
+the Council
+President (currently former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'.
+352
+65 per cent of the population of the EU
+Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present)
+Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present)
+legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission:
+Kompetenz-Kompetenz
+the Court of Justice
+TFEU article 294
+a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
+Kompetenz-Kompetenz
+Conciliation Committee
+The judicial branch of the EU
+the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the Treaty on European Union article 19(2) there is one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices"
+member state courts
+ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
+accelerating economic and political integration
+the Court of Justice of the European Union
+Civil Service Tribunal
+three years
+"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
+if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy.
+1958
+1964 and 1968
+the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
+1964
+the Court of Justice
+the Court of Justice
+the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
+the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
+if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles
+administrative law
+citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties.
+all actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality,
+administrative law
+Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
+urea-formaldehyde plastics
+a postal company
+TFEU article 288
+Treaties and Regulations
+more than 28 days
+more than 28 days
+Advocate Generals
+the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action
+a dispute with another citizen or company
+10 years
+the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc
+the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc
+national courts
+to conform with the First Company Law Directive article 11, that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
+the Italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
+6 million Lira
+European Court of Justice
+fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
+1950s
+Article 5
+the least onerous
+1960s
+international law and public law
+the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have a proper legal basis
+principles of legal certainty and good faith
+constitutional traditions common to the member states
+cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
+None of the original treaties establishing the European Union
+1950
+1950
+the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights.
+1999
+Article 6(1)
+Article 6(1)
+the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law
+European Court of Justice
+The Social Chapter
+The Social Chapter
+1989
+30
+40
+11 of the then 12 member states
+The UK refused to sign the Social Charter and was exempt from the legislation covering Social Charter issues
+the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+the UK Labour Party
+1997
+1994 Works Council Directive
+1994
+required workforce consultation in businesses
+the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
+the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
+Article 65
+Article 65
+1957
+Article 101(1)
+abuse of dominant position
+Articles 106 and 107
+price discrimination
+2007
+Treaty of Rome 1957
+reduce consumer prices
+monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union
+the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being.
+non-discrimination
+Mr Dassonville
+private actors
+French farmer vigilantes
+the Court of Justice held that Austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to infringe article 34
+a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent
+France
+Commission v Italy Italian law
+cocoa butter
+a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to TFEU article 34, because it had a greater negative effect on imports.
+Keck and Mithouard
+cut throat competition
+Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
+Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
+to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
+the European Community
+citizenship
+Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
+there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
+The Free Movement of Workers Regulation
+Jean-Marc Bosman
+Groener v Minister for Education
+TFEU art 45
+TFEU art 45
+Citizenship of the EU
+increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
+Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems"
+higher education
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+non-discriminatory
+Reyners v Belgium
+article 49
+a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client
+2006
+Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste
+October 2007
+2005
+people who give services "for remuneration"
+Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
+the Netherlands' regulation of cannabis consumption, including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists (but not Dutch nationals) going to coffee shops, fell outside article 56
+The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the German health clinic) to provide services.
+The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised.
+200,000 Danish krone
+200,000 Danish krone
+restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
+a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany
+broadleaf
+7,000,000 square kilometres
+nine
+"Amazonas"
+over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
+Amazoneregenwoud
+broadleaf
+Brazil
+390 billion
+390 billion
+broadleaf
+5,500,000 square kilometres
+nine nations
+Brazil
+16,000 species
+the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
+savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
+the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
+a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.
+the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
+Cretaceous–Paleogene
+45
+34 million years
+Oligocene
+Middle Miocene,
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+66–34 Mya
+Middle Miocene
+a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum
+34 million years
+Purus Arch.
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+5–10 million years
+5–10 million
+mid-Eocene
+Atlantic
+Pacific
+Amazonas Basin
+Solimes Basin
+mid-Eocene
+Purus Arch
+Atlantic
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
+the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
+Last Glacial Maximum
+Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+Amazon basin
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+NASA
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.52/sq mi
+agriculture
+anthropological findings
+5 million
+it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil
+Betty Meggers
+0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+Betty Meggers
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
+5 million
+1 million
+Francisco de Orellana
+1540s
+spread of diseases from Europe
+1970s
+AD 0–1250
+Francisco de Orellana
+1542
+AD 0–1250
+Ondemar Dias
+11,000 years
+black earth
+Terra preta
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+University of Florida
+Terra preta (black earth)
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+Michael Heckenberger
+roads, bridges and large plazas
+2.5 million
+one in five
+40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles
+one in five
+between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species
+2.5 million
+2.5 million
+40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles
+40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles
+one in five
+62 acres
+a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
+90,790
+356  47 tonnes per hectare
+438,000
+a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
+a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
+90,790
+356  47 tonnes
+438,000
+electric eels
+black caiman
+electric eels
+dart frogs
+Vampire bats
+Deforestation
+1960s
+crop cultivation and the slash and burn method
+loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
+naked eye
+415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
+415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
+pasture for cattle
+second-largest
+Seventy percent
+soy farmers
+increased settlement and deforestation
+18% higher
+deforestation has declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day.
+18% higher
+loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation,
+destruction of the forest
+destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation
+10%
+10%
+severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
+greenhouse gas emissions
+2100
+21st century
+deforestation
+Urarina
+non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples
+deforestation and ecocide
+Urarina
+non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples
+remote sensing
+Trio Tribe
+southern Suriname
+strengthen their territorial claims
+to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
+tree growth stages
+To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions
+Tatiana Kuplich
+Tatiana Kuplich
+Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Thematic Mapper
+2005
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+savanna or desert
+Woods Hole Research Center
+2010
+1,160,000 square miles
+three
+2010
+5 gigatons
+comb jellies
+phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide.
+a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
+phylum
+groups of cilia which they use for swimming
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+1.5 m
+groups of cilia which they use for swimming
+comb jellies
+1.5 m
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+ kteis 'comb' and  pher 'carry'
+phylum
+ten times their own weight
+100–150
+100–150
+100–150
+tentilla
+ten times their own weight
+tentilla
+phylum
+ten times their own weight
+tentilla
+phylum
+colloblasts
+100–150
+hermaphrodites
+cydippids
+juveniles
+it can fertilize its own egg
+produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+eggs and sperm
+platyctenids
+hermaphroditism and early reproduction
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
+can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
+the eggs and sperm mature at different times
+platyctenids
+beroids
+Black Sea
+Mnemiopsis
+over-fishing
+preys on other ctenophores
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse
+phytoplankton
+phytoplankton
+planktonic plants
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse
+Beroe
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago
+the "cydippids" are not monophyletic
+lagerstätten
+lagerstätten
+lagerstätten
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+the "cydippids" are not monophyletic
+lagerstätten
+bilaterians
+colloblasts
+bilaterians
+bilaterians
+colloblasts
+bilaterians
+colloblasts
+colloblasts
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+bilaterians
+mesoglea
+diploblastic
+mesoglea
+mesoglea
+ctenophores
+locomotion
+ctenes
+comb-bearing
+Pleurobrachia
+Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles,
+Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
+Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
+epithelium
+nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles (internal compartments), germ cells that produce eggs or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence
+pharynx
+a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals.
+four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth
+swimming-plates
+"ctenes" or "comb plates
+the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function
+ctenophores
+up to 2 millimeters (0.079 in)
+osmotic pressure
+ciliary rosettes
+increase its bulk and decrease its density
+pump water out of the mesoglea
+aboral organ
+at the opposite end from the mouth
+a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
+statocyst
+statocyst, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers",
+sea gooseberry
+slender tentacles
+more or less rounded
+a pair of long, slender tentacles, each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn.
+an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end
+tentilla
+outer layer of the epidermis
+striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora;
+they may flick out very quickly (in 40 to 60 milliseconds); they can wriggle, which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms; and they coil round prey.
+capturing prey
+eight rows
+near the mouth to the opposite end
+spaced evenly round the body
+ciliary groove
+lobes
+gelatinous projections edged with cilia
+gelatinous projections edged with cilia
+direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+suspended planktonic prey
+clapping their lobes
+the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
+combs on the same row beat in the same Mexican wave style
+by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia
+Nuda
+The Beroida
+zip" the mouth shut
+a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip.
+pharynx
+The Cestida
+Cestum veneris
+belt animals
+swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
+Velamen parallelum
+tentilla-bearing tentacles
+pharynx
+comb-rows
+rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
+pores in the epidermis
+internal fertilization
+genus Mnemiopsis
+the internal canal network under the comb rows
+internal fertilization
+tentacles and tentacle sheaths
+plankton
+dropping to the sea-floor
+true larvae
+tentacles
+secretions
+secretions
+ink
+Juveniles
+ctenophores
+nematocysts
+colloblasts
+Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis
+salps
+low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
+chum salmon
+combs
+zooplankton during blooms in the Red Sea
+jellyfish and turtles
+ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
+ballast tanks of ships
+Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata,
+ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
+significantly slowed the animal's metabolism
+their soft, gelatinous bodies
+The Ediacaran Eoandromeda
+Cambrian
+Burgess Shale
+tentacles
+Chengjiang lagerstätte
+Stromatoveris
+Stromatoveris
+Chengjiang lagerstätte
+Ediacaran period
+ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals
+Porifera
+cydippid-like
+monophyletic
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+Richard Harbison
+Fresno
+220 miles
+ash tree
+an ash leaf
+Fresno (/frzno/ FREZ-noh)
+1872
+flooding
+1885
+47
+Fresno
+94.0%
+Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown
+Pinedale
+an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps
+assembly center
+BankAmericard
+BankAmericard
+a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants
+1976
+Visa Inc.
+Bill Aken
+Bill Aken
+Madera
+The Fresno Barn
+Lupe Mayorga
+three
+Roeding Park
+Kearney Mansion
+Shinzen Japanese Gardens
+Kearney Mansion
+Between the 1880s and World War II
+Fresno Carnegie Public Library
+Fresno Carnegie Public Library
+Fresno Carnegie Public Library
+1964
+Fulton Mall
+Pierre-Auguste Renoir
+The public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district.
+The public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district.
+Fresno's far southeast side
+Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
+1950s through the 1970s
+Chestnut Avenue
+William P. Bell
+Tower Theatre
+1939
+a well-known landmark water tower
+Fresno Normal School
+one-half mile
+late 1970s
+classic films
+1978
+Audra McDonald
+Audra McDonald
+a few hundred feet
+within a few hundred feet of each other
+Tower District
+Tower District
+Tower District
+early twentieth century homes
+California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses
+north and east
+many of which have been restored in recent decades
+Huntington Boulevard
+William Stranahan
+Billings & Meyering
+267
+Fresno Traction Company
+"Southwest Fresno"
+99
+African-American
+Hmong or Laotian
+The "West Side"
+M. Theo Kearney
+tall palm trees
+half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard between Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
+Brookhaven
+2008
+between the 1960s and 1990s
+the corner of Fresno and B streets
+Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
+The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side
+State Route 99 Freeway
+Ralph Woodward
+235 acres
+2,500
+Lewis S. Eaton
+April through October
+1946
+William Smilie
+Sierra Sky Park Airport
+Sierra Sky Park Airport
+Sierra Sky Park
+semi-arid
+83.0 °F
+11.5 inches
+northwest
+southeastern wind directions
+17 °F
+January 6, 1913
+9.54 inches (242.3 mm)
+2.2 inches
+9.54 inches (242.3 mm)
+494,665
+49.6%
+62,528
+30.0%
+4,404.5
+68,511
+19.3%
+1,388
+3.62
+3.07
+140,079
+149,025
+5.2%
+5.2%
+4,097.9 people per square mile
+San Francisco Bay Area
+KMJ-TV
+June 1, 1953
+KSEE
+KGPE
+State Route 99
+Sierra Freeway
+Atascadero
+Kings Canyon National Park
+Fresno
+1950s
+State Route 99
+SR 99
+Amtrak San Joaquins
+Downtown Fresno
+Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+Downtown Fresno
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+pre-allocation of network bandwidth
+packet switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+packet switching
+circuit switching
+fee per unit of connection time
+fee per unit of information transmitted
+circuit switching
+dedicated network bandwidth
+a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
+characters, packets, or messages
+Packet mode communication
+fair queuing
+a multiple access scheme
+Packet mode communication
+fair queuing
+a multiple access scheme
+RAND Corporation for the US Air Force
+survivable communications networks
+dividing user messages into message blocks
+store and forward switching
+a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
+store and forward switching
+RAND Corporation for the US Air Force
+packets
+Baran
+packet switching
+build a nationwide network in the UK
+ARPANET
+Donald Davies
+packet switching
+ARPANET
+complete addressing information
+different paths and out-of-order delivery
+a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
+packet sequence number
+length, timestamp, or sequence number
+Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table
+the packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking
+establish the parameters of communication
+data link layer
+X.25 is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB.
+X.25 is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB.
+X.25 is a modified version of ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB.
+1969
+the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
+sequenced delivery of data to the host
+The User Datagram Protocol
+Apple Inc.
+a centralized router or server
+automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
+plug-n-play system
+French
+the network itself
+unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
+ARPANET architecture
+Digital Equipment Corporation
+to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
+OSI-compliant networking protocol
+Linux
+four
+the world's first commercial online service
+turning the business around
+Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable
+to help the state's educational and economic development
+IBM mainframe computer systems
+TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network
+the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+Larry Roberts
+making ARPANET technology public
+X.29
+GTE
+X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII
+thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
+dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
+government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks
+via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
+DATAPAC and TRANSPAC
+Bell Northern Research
+the destination address
+Telstra
+Australian Tax Office
+a permanent X.25 node to the network
+PTT Telecom
+leased lines
+DNIC 2049
+all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
+U.S. National Science Foundation
+ARPANET
+the global Internet
+research and education communities, industry, and government
+Qwest
+Abilene
+a brand new nationwide network
+Internet2 Network
+National Science Foundation Network
+advanced research and education networking in the United States
+through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone
+National Science Foundation
+provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
+the NSF
+DS-3 (45 Mbit/s), OC-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 Mbit/s)
+OC-48c
+the arid plains of Central Asia
+Oriental rat fleas
+30–60% of Europe's total population
+17th century
+the 19th century
+commonly present
+Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan
+Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan
+1331
+25 million
+Genoese traders
+Jani Beg
+Jani Beg
+the plague by ship
+war, famine, and weather
+the disease spread northwest across Europe
+northwestern Russia
+smaller trade relations with their neighbours
+Germany and Scandinavia
+Norway
+serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
+autumn 1347
+through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
+the north
+1631
+1631
+J.I. Pontanus
+1823
+Scandinavia
+blamed the heavens
+1345
+bad air
+Miasma theory
+Yersinia pestis
+1894
+Alexandre Yersin
+Paul-Louis Simond
+rodents
+Francis Aidan Gasquet
+bubonic plague
+1908
+the Black Death
+the Black Death
+38–41 °C
+100–106 °F
+80 percent
+90 to 95 percent
+high fevers and purple skin patches
+October 2010
+PLoS Pathogens
+DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques
+DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques
+etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague
+genetic branches
+Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
+Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves
+Marseille
+1349
+confirmed and amended
+Y. pestis
+may no longer exist
+Y. pestis
+J. F. D. Shrewsbury
+bubonic plague
+exaggerations
+zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
+Graham Twigg
+an epidemiological account of the plague
+lack of reliable statistics from this period
+over 100%
+clergy
+1377
+the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique
+transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance
+temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
+the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
+5 to 15 years
+anthrax
+anthrax and other pandemics
+typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
+"blood poisoning"
+25
+about a third.
+Half
+mass burial pits
+50%
+The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion.
+14th to 17th centuries
+between 1346 and 1671.
+almost a million
+as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million
+1350
+10–15% of the population
+1665
+40,000
+Russia
+1629–1631
+Oslo
+between 1361 and 1528
+1.7 million
+300,000 inhabitants
+half
+Sweden v. Russia and allies
+1720
+between 1500 and 1850
+30 to 50 thousand
+the second quarter of the 19th century.
+Baghdad
+melt (magma and/or lava)
+heat and pressure
+magma
+igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
+heat and pressure
+seafloor spreading
+the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
+asthenosphere
+the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle
+1960s
+divergent boundaries
+convergent boundaries
+Transform boundaries
+Alfred Wegener
+how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle
+seismic waves
+a crust and lithosphere
+a crust and lithosphere
+seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body
+a crust and lithosphere
+the most recent eon with an expanded scale
+Quaternary
+The Holocene
+Quaternary period
+the formation of faults and the age of the sequences
+the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault
+Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault.
+the formations that were cut are older than the fault
+xenoliths
+magma or lava flows
+clasts
+inclusions
+gravel
+faunal succession
+William Smith
+The principle becomes quite complex
+presence or (sometimes) absence
+Charles Darwin
+beginning of the 20th century
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation
+isotopic dates
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another
+isotopic dates
+Thermochemical techniques
+the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature
+isotope ratios of radioactive elements
+lava and volcanic ash layers
+horizontal compression
+shallow crust
+antiforms
+synforms
+anticlines and synclines
+Extension
+boudins
+Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
+metamorphosed
+normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
+Dikes
+areas that are being actively deformed
+topographic gradients
+Continual motion along the fault
+volcanism
+layered basaltic lava flows
+Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton
+sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks
+Cambrian time
+northwestern Canada
+the study of rocks
+the study of sedimentary layers
+the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
+modern soils
+petrologists
+thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties
+geochemical evolution of rock units
+rock samples in the laboratory
+petrographic microscope
+fluid inclusion data
+fluid inclusion data
+igneous and metamorphic processes
+microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples
+microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples
+plot and combine measurements of geological structures
+analog and numerical experiments
+orogenic wedges
+orogenic wedges
+horizontal layers of sand
+all angles remain the same
+Numerical models
+stratigraphers
+geophysical surveys
+computer programs
+computer programs
+to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
+to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
+biostratigraphers
+magnetic reversals
+stratigraphic section
+Persia
+Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
+Shen Kuo
+Ibn Sina
+Shen Kuo
+James Hutton
+Theory of the Earth
+1795
+he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded
+William Maclure
+1809
+1807
+Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
+American Philosophical Society
+Principles of Geology
+uniformitarianism
+uniformitarianism
+catastrophism
+Charles Darwin
+Newcastle upon Tyne
+Newcastle upon Tyne
+English Core Cities Group
+Northumberland
+Geordie
+Robert Curthose
+wool trade
+wool trade
+16th century
+the Great North Run
+Pons Aelius
+a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne
+2,000
+Fragments of Hadrian's Wall
+73 miles
+Newcastle
+Elizabeth
+25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall
+William the Lion
+Henry IV
+1530
+Hostmen
+pointless pursuit
+an entrepreneur, widely regarded as an eccentric
+persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him
+keelmen and their families
+the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers,
+7,000 out of 20,000
+47%
+47%
+the King
+the Scots
+roaring drummes
+Triumphing by a brave defence
+Charles I
+urbanization
+Maling company
+electric lighting
+shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity
+steam turbine
+medieval
+Narrow alleys
+Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre
+Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house
+Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house
+Tyneside Classical
+Stuart Maconie
+Stuart Maconie
+1960s
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre
+Town Moor
+Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
+The Hoppings funfair
+June
+Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
+the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
+the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
+Norman Foster
+tourist promotion
+Bambuco Bridge
+Grainger Town area
+1835 and 1842
+four stories
+450
+The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market
+1835
+2000
+2000
+English Heritage
+Gulf Stream
+Gulf Stream
+driest
+January 1982
+the remainder of the British Isles
+2010
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes
+Bainbridge's
+department
+March 2007
+Grainger Street
+Gosforth
+Kingston Park
+MetroCentre
+Gateshead
+Tyneside flat
+terraces
+Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+7.8%
+5.9%
+the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+189,863,
+189,863,
+Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
+Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
+Jesmond and Heaton.
+37.8
+Scottish or Irish ancestors
+Border Reiver
+between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians
+between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians
+Geordie
+Anglo-Saxon populations
+influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect
+strong
+stream
+Scandinavia
+Northern United Kingdom
+Scots
+Many words
+Newcastle
+a report
+80.4
+80.4
+negative long-term impact
+attaching too much weight to readings
+Collingwood Street
+12-screen
+12
+Times Square area near the Centre for Life
+bars, cafés and clubs
+theatre
+Stephen Kemble
+many celebrated seasons
+21 January 1788
+Grey Street
+theatres
+Theatre Royal
+Royal Shakespeare Company
+local talent
+2006
+The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
+8000
+John and Benjamin Green
+Joseph Swan
+Joseph Swan
+Newcastle Beer Festival
+May
+Biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings,
+2 weeks
+2 weeks
+The Hoppings
+June
+Temperance Movement
+a cycling festival
+Leazes Park
+Newcastle Mela
+Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre
+Design Event festival
+East Asian
+NewcastleGateshead
+Tyneside
+1971
+Venom
+Skyclad
+Duran Duran
+November 2006 and May 2008
+Old Town Hall
+Classic
+Classic
+Classic
+Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities
+Tyneside
+Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities
+Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities
+Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities
+On the Night of the Fire
+Get Carter
+Mike Figgis
+Mike Figgis
+Mike Figgis
+Gosforth Park
+Newcastle Eagles
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Newcastle Diamonds
+the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race
+Ponteland
+Metro Light Rail
+20 minutes
+15 million
+over 90
+Glazing
+one of only six Grade One listed railway stations
+Glazing was placed over the historic arches
+a neoclassical façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson.
+Manors
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+CrossCountry
+Northern Rail
+Tyne and Wear Metro
+five
+deep-level tunnels
+Queen Elizabeth II
+DB Regio
+The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations
+part of the transition to smart ticketing
+tracks, signalling and overhead wires
+procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains
+trams
+A696, which becomes the old "Great North Road", heading south to Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, Durham and Darlington; and the A1058 "Coast Road",
+A696
+"Great North Road"
+1-prefix
+the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed.
+3
+Haymarket bus station
+3
+Tyne and Wear
+Go-Ahead
+1998
+educating that cycling promotes healthy living
+the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living
+on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets;
+link the local networks to national networks
+Danish DFDS Seaways
+DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause
+DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause
+the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008
+Thomson cruise lines
+11 to 18
+11 to 18
+Royal Grammar School
+Newcastle College
+Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School, St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School, George Stephenson High School, Sacred Heart
+Newcastle University
+Newcastle University
+Sunday Times University of the Year
+polytechnics became new universities
+Newcastle University and Northumbria University
+Augustus Welby Pugin
+1474
+Augustus Welby Pugin
+Church of St Thomas the Martyr
+parish churches
+The Parish Church of St Andrew
+1726
+12th Century
+the last of the ancient churchyards
+Siege of Newcastle
+ITV Tyne Tees
+The Watermark business park
+The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex
+its colouring
+BBC Radio Newcastle
+NE1fm
+Newcastle Student Radio
+1951
+Great North Children's Hospital
+Newcastle Student Radio
+1770
+Archbishop of Westminster
+George Stephenson
+engineer and industrialist Lord Armstrong, engineer and father of the modern steam railways
+Former Prime Minister of Thailand Abhisit Vejjajiva,
+Rutherford Grammar School
+Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch
+WWE NXT champion Neville
+keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
+Newcastle
+the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+4.5 million
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Department for Culture, Media and Sport
+2001
+12.5 acres
+12.5 acres
+5,000 years
+Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
+post-classical sculpture
+the Great Exhibition of 1851
+Henry Cole
+Museum of Manufactures
+Somerset House
+Gottfried Semper
+Queen Victoria
+22 June 1857
+George Wallis
+late night openings
+1949
+between September and November 1946
+Britain Can Make It
+Festival of Britain (1951)
+Festival of Britain
+1948
+a rock concert
+Gryphon
+Roy Strong
+the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation
+University of Dundee
+£76 million
+The V&A Dundee
+fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
+within five years
+Brompton Park House
+Sheepshanks Gallery
+Captain Francis Fowke
+Secretariat Wing
+1862
+Oriental Courts
+Italian Renaissance
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+Philip Webb and William Morris
+Edward Burne-Jones
+James Gamble
+The Centre Refreshment Room 1865–77
+Sir Edward Poynter
+Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott
+Henry Cole Wing
+Cadeby stone
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+2008
+sgraffito
+Starkie Gardner
+70 feet (21 m)
+Reuben Townroe
+Reuben Townroe
+720 feet (220 m)
+red brick and Portland stone
+720 feet (220 m)
+statue of fame
+the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum.
+Alfred Drury
+four
+Alfred Drury
+marble
+Prince Albert
+1950s and early 1960s
+Henry Cole
+a new entrance building
+iron gates
+the Spiral
+2002
+linoleum
+FuturePlan
+Several designers and architects have been involved in this work. Eva Jiiná designed the enhancements to the main Silver Gallery, Contemporary; in 2003: Photography, the main entrance, The Painting Galleries; in 2005: portrait miniatures, prints and drawings, displays in Room 117,
+McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
+Kim Wilkie
+John Madejski Garden
+elliptical water feature
+receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
+herbaceous borders
+2004
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+700,000
+RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
+700,000
+Andrea Palladio
+Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Nicholas Hawksmoor, William Kent, James Gibbs, Robert Adam, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, Henry Holland, John Nash, Sir John Soane, Sir Charles Barry, Charles Robert Cocker
+Andrea Palladio
+Sir Christopher Wren
+Sir Edwin Lutyens
+c1600
+Great Fire of London
+c1600
+a dormer window dated 1523–35 from the chateau of Montal
+Alhambra
+19,000
+2006
+Ardabil Carpet
+Spain
+1909
+60,000
+60,000
+60,000
+1991
+Jawaharlal Nehru
+70,000
+China, Japan and Korea
+16,000
+1991
+Tang
+Toshiba gallery of Japanese art
+December 1986
+13th
+1550 to 1900
+2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter
+Tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century
+Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
+betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks.
+mother-of-pearl
+Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
+Alexander Dyce
+1869
+over 18,000
+Writers
+Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
+1524 Charter
+Joan of Arc
+Lucas Horenbout
+Word and Image Department
+MODES cataloging system
+Encoded Archival Description
+newly accessioned into the collection
+Search the Collections
+2007
+Andy Warhol
+Andy Warhol
+15,000
+catalog everything
+British patrons
+Asia
+Gian Lorenzo Bernini
+Horace Walpole
+porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
+tea
+entertainment and leisure
+John Ruskin
+mass production
+the increasing backlash against industrialization, led by John Ruskin, contributed to the Arts and Crafts movement.
+Trajan's Column
+half
+Michelangelo's David
+plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs
+a glass case
+1762
+Frederick II the Great
+1762
+1909
+Chinese and Japanese ceramics
+Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach
+Britain and Holland
+ceramic stoves
+16th and 17th centuries
+Germany and Switzerland
+over 6000
+over 6000
+Art Nouveau glass
+René Lalique
+Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
+1994
+Danny Lane
+the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine
+Dale Chihuly
+13th
+over 10,000 British and 2,000
+over 10,000 British and 2,000
+Dürer
+Rembrandt
+Dominique Ingres
+14,000
+Word and Image department
+everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
+1,442
+1,442
+2002
+Costiff
+Costiff
+Costiff
+modern fashion
+The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects
+1859 and 1865
+John Jones Collection of French 18th-century art and furnishings
+1882
+£250,000
+1580
+Hans Vredeman de Vries
+Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet
+Germany
+Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames
+6000
+6000
+1869
+154 gems bequeathed
+William and Judith Bollinger
+over 10,000
+1496–97
+8
+Sir George Gilbert Scott
+over 10,000
+c1110
+gilt bronze
+relics of St Thomas Becket
+Becket Casket
+copper
+over 5,100
+British Galleries, the Medieval & Renaissance Galleries, and the planned new galleries for Furniture and Europe 1600–1800,
+Horniman Museum
+35
+25 February 2010
+1130 British and 650 European oil paintings, 6800 British watercolours, pastels and 2000 miniatures,
+1130 British and 650 European oil paintings, 6800 British watercolours, pastels and 2000 miniatures,
+1130 British and 650 European oil paintings, 6800 British watercolours, pastels and 2000 miniatures,
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Andrés Marzal De Sax
+233
+233
+'A National Gallery of British Art'
+The Hay Wain
+233
+1600–1800
+260
+Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child
+260
+Eadweard Muybridge
+1887
+781
+different animals and humans performimg various actions
+James Lafayette
+post-classical European sculpture
+22,000
+about 400 AD to 1914
+tomb and memorial, to portrait, allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens
+National Galleries of Scotland
+Neptune and Triton c. 1622–3),
+Chancel Chapel
+Chancel Chapel
+1493–1500
+more than 20
+sculptor
+1914
+World War I
+more than 20
+George Frampton
+Thomas Brock
+Sir Francis Chantrey
+British and Europeans
+Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
+1950
+theme
+Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
+Tate Britain
+53,000
+53,000
+the 1st century AD to the present
+53,000
+technique
+Cloth of St Gereon
+15th
+the Netherlands
+hunting of various animals
+John Vanderbank's workshop
+14th-century
+William Morris
+1887
+Marion Dorn
+Serge Chermayeff
+Theatre Museum
+March 2009
+live performance
+Shakespeare
+research, exhibitions and other shows
+Conservation
+temperature and light
+interventive
+V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood
+preventive
+The Walt Disney Company
+1957
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
+The American Broadcasting Company
+October 12, 1943
+a radio network
+1948
+ESPN
+Capital Cities Communications
+232
+Citadel Broadcasting
+232
+Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
+Citadel Broadcasting
+Radio Corporation of America
+NBC Blue and NBC Red
+the major cities
+testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series
+Radio Corporation of America
+Federal Communications Commission
+1938
+1940
+NBC Red Network
+NBC Red or NBC Blue
+Mark Woods
+NBC Red and NBC Blue
+Dillon, Read & Co.
+David Sarnoff
+Dillon, Read & Co.
+Life Savers candy
+October 12, 1943
+George B. Storer
+vice-chairman of the board
+June 30, 1951
+Magnetophon tape recorder
+Paul Whiteman
+symphony
+Bing Crosby
+NBC Blue's traditions of public service
+Disney Media Networks
+ABC1
+September 8, 2007
+ABC International
+United States
+1959
+the need for ABC to hold interests in other countries; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties.
+Japan and Latin America
+increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Beirut
+1951
+technical problems and flight delays
+Queen Elizabeth II
+1965
+Emmy Awards
+1965
+Academy Awards
+It's the Great Pumpkin
+1974
+Ryan Seacrest
+TLC
+New Year's Eve
+TLC
+General Hospital
+1975
+The Edge of Night
+The View and The Chew
+1963
+X Games
+2006
+Saturday Night Football
+January
+The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments
+Frank Marx
+channels 2 through 6
+1947
+VHF channel 7
+108
+CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network.
+DuMont Television Network
+CBS and NBC
+United Paramount Theatres
+Paramount Pictures
+nine
+CBS
+Prudential Insurance Company of America
+Leonard Goldenson
+William S. Paley
+June 6, 1951
+1952
+February 9, 1953
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
+six AM and several FM radio stations, five television stations and 644 cinemas
+August 10, 1948
+October 1948
+Mount Wilson
+The Prospect Studios
+September 30, 1960
+the rise of family-oriented series
+William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
+the rise of family-oriented series
+1959
+NBC
+1961
+1985
+circle logo
+the Troika Design Group
+the Troika Design Group
+the dot
+Pittard Sullivan
+2015
+"We Love TV"
+ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
+1993–94 season
+1995–96 season
+1983
+That Special Feeling
+a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters, and as such, was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance.
+a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters, and as such, was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance.
+a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters, and as such, was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance.
+Paul Rand
+Herbert Bayer
+Herbert Bayer
+1963–64 season
+ABC Radio
+October 19, 2005
+six divisions
+2004
+Desperate Housewives, Lost and Grey's Anatomy
+Anne Sweeney
+NASCAR
+2002
+Michael Eisner
+The Bachelor
+The Bachelorette
+Time Warner Cable
+ABC
+ABC
+TWC
+2000
+Step by Step to CBS
+Step by Step to CBS
+1999
+Regis Philbin
+Buena Vista Television
+Meredith Vieira
+July 31, 1995
+ABC Inc.
+Knight Ridder
+Robert Iger
+Sports Night
+1965–66
+remained in third place
+Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
+May 1, 1953
+7 West 66th Street
+Baltimore
+Robert Kintner
+DuMont Television Network
+ABC-DuMont
+$5 million in cash
+Paramount Pictures
+The Lone Ranger
+The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
+Wyoming Kid); Cheyenne
+Wyoming Kid); Cheyenne
+Walt Disney
+Warner Bros. Presents
+1953
+$500,000
+1954
+1953
+Allen Shaw
+Harold L. Neal
+LOVE Radio
+seven
+September 1969
+Duel
+Aaron Spelling, David Wolper and Steven Spielberg
+$400,000–$450,000
+1970s
+CBS and NBC
+behavioral and demographic data
+Monday Night Football
+2006
+MNF move to ESPN
+15%–16%
+1970
+1972
+Worldvision Enterprises
+banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
+January 2, 1971
+Henry Plitt
+Elton Rule
+1966
+Happy Days
+youth-oriented programming
+Paramount Pictures
+Fred Pierce
+Fred Silverman
+S.W.A.T
+November 3, 1975
+NBC's entertainment division
+Laverne & Shirley
+jiggle TV
+Aaron Spelling
+Aaron Spelling
+nine seasons
+1976–77 season
+Soap
+Roone Arledge
+ABC Sports
+7 Lincoln Square
+June 1979
+June 1978
+Hugh Downs
+Barbara Walters
+MCA Inc.
+ABC Cable News
+ABC News Now
+Toledo, Ohio
+Toledo, Ohio
+The Writers Guild of America
+Duel
+Caris & Co.
+ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios
+ABC Entertainment Group
+Citadel Media
+iTunes
+2010
+2004
+Ugly Betty
+Ugly Betty
+1970
+Worldvision Enterprises
+Worldvision Enterprises
+Turner Broadcasting System
+Cinerama Productions/Palomar theatrical library
+Buena Vista Television
+Buena Vista International Television
+Selznick library
+WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
+235
+235
+300,794,157
+1946
+Federal Communications Commission
+1957
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+January 2012
+Litton's Weekend Aventure
+720p high definition
+1080i HD
+11
+720p high definition
+Body of Proof
+Happy Endings
+NBC would manage to outrate NBC for third place by a larger margin
+V
+One Life to Live
+Prospect Park
+One Life to Live
+One Life to Live, The Revolution
+fourth place in the 18–49 demographic
+2004
+long-dominant CBS
+The Neighbors
+The Neighbors
+The Middle and Modern Family
+Shark Tank
+Shark Tank
+Shark Tank
+Thomas Murphy
+Thomas Murphy
+NYPD Blue
+Steven Bochco (who created Doogie Howser, M.D. and the critically pilloried Cop Rock for ABC earlier in the decade);
+ten seasons
+1993
+DIC Entertainment
+Time Warner Cable
+23.63% of American households
+WLS
+May 9, 1960
+John Bassett
+CFTO-TV
+Wide World of Sports
+Roone Arledge
+Roone Arledge
+Roone Arledge
+American Broadcasting Companies
+The Dating Game
+The Newlywed Game
+1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
+90%
+Dynasty
+Too Close for Comfort, Soap spinoff Benson and Happy Days spinoff Mork & Mindy
+Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
+Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
+Getty Oil
+The Entertainment Channel
+Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
+Thomas S. Murphy
+ABC's chairman and CEO
+$465 million
+America's Funniest Home Videos
+Home Improvement
+The View and The Chew and the soap opera General Hospital
+Eastern/Pacific
+7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays
+Jimmy Kimmel Live!.
+New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV;
+WBMA-LD
+WBND-LD
+WLQP-LP
+Touchstone Television
+Touchstone Television
+KABC-TV
+ABC Television Center, East
+1500 Broadway
+1500 Broadway
+Peter Jennings Way
+World News Tonight
+ABC on Demand
+Hulu
+Hulu
+Hulu
+the day after their original broadcast
+Disney–ABC Television Group
+fast forwarding of accessed content
+Disney–ABC Television Group
+LoyalKaspar
+a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets (such as ABC.com, WATCH ABC, and by ABC Studios)
+ABC Modern
+a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets (such as ABC.com, WATCH ABC, and by ABC Studios)
+74
+74
+All-Channel Receiver Act
+UHF tuning
+Youngstown
+five times lower viewership
+WTRF-TV
+WTRF-TV
+Disneyland anthology
+Desilu Productions
+use of violence
+April 1959
+ABC Sunday Night Movie
+$15.5 million
+Hanna-Barbera
+Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons
+April 1, 1963
+ITT
+Donald F. Turner
+United States Department of Justice
+January 1, 1968
+Capital Cities Communications
+$118
+Warren Buffett
+E. W. Scripps Company
+allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations
+September 5, 1985
+four
+Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division
+Brandon Stoddard
+Brandon Stoddard
+Laverne & Shirley
+Laverne & Shirley
+NBC had regained the ratings lead among the Big Three networks in 1984
+Laverne & Shirley
+comedies and family-oriented series
+1989
+Thank Goodness It's Funny
+Miller-Boyett Productions
+Warner Bros.
+KXYZ and KXYZ-FM
+Ralph Nelson-directed Charly
+Ralph Nelson
+1985
+Redwood City, California
+westerns and detective series
+10% and 18%
+10% and 18%
+Ollie Treiz
+Dick Clark
+Goldenson
+Zorro
+Life
+NBC and CBS
+WATCH ABC
+New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
+Hearst Television
+ESPN's WatchESPN service
+WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2
+Birmingham market
+The E. W. Scripps Company
+two additional subchannel-only affiliates
+The E. W. Scripps Company
+Start Here
+Troika
+entertainment division
+ABC News
+WFTS-TV and WWSB
+KMBC-TV and KQTV
+WZZM and WOTV
+WTSP is Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994, due to WTSP's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of Miami affiliate WPLG
+Mongol invasions
+Northeast Asia
+Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
+Central Asia and China
+Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
+gedei Khan
+1227
+Western Xia
+sons and grandsons
+Mongolia at an unknown location
+Delüün Boldog
+Toghrul Khan
+1162
+a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured
+Temülen
+Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
+Börte
+Khongirad
+Dai Setsen
+Begter
+wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game
+Khasar
+Khasar
+Tayichi'ud
+portable stocks
+Temüjin
+Jelme and Bo'orchu
+hiding in a river crevice
+tribal confederations
+Hoelun
+interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south
+the need for alliances
+16
+Merkits
+Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe
+Jochi
+1185
+Chagatai (1187—1241), gedei (1189—1241), and Tolui
+Chagatai (1187—1241), gedei (1189—1241), and Tolui
+1241
+Chagatai (1187—1241), gedei (1189—1241), and Tolui
+no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan.
+sworn brother or blood brother
+Toghrul
+Khan of the Keraites
+20,000
+Jamukha
+Mongolian aristocracy
+shaman Kokochu
+1186
+Battle of Dalan Balzhut
+Qara Khitai
+the Yassa code
+promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils
+adopt orphans from the conquered tribe
+conquered tribe
+Jochi
+Jamukha
+Jamukha
+Keraite
+Naimans
+1201
+universal ruler
+Subutai
+1206
+Temüjin
+he did not want disloyal men in his army
+there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death
+breaking the back
+siege warfare from the Chinese
+rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to
+Khasar
+his extensive spy network and Yam route systems
+rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to
+Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes
+Khuruldai
+Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, gedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father
+gedei
+a council of Mongol chiefs
+the Jin dynasty
+Ming-Tan
+1215
+Kaifeng
+gedei Khan
+Kuchlug
+Liao dynasty
+20,000
+Jebe
+The Arrow
+invading Mongols
+west of Kashgar
+Lake Balkhash
+Khwarezmid Empire
+the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south.
+Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
+Inalchuq
+The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded
+100,000
+Silk Road
+Tien Shan mountains
+three
+Jebe
+Tolui
+Samarkand
+defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces
+Otrar
+molten silver
+Near the end of the battle
+20,000
+Bukhara
+Bukhara
+divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.
+The Mongols
+Genghis
+pyramids of severed heads
+a unit of Turkish defenders
+a unit of Turkish defenders
+artisans and craftsmen
+the flail of God
+artisans and craftsmen
+1220
+Subutai
+The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea
+Battle of Kalka River
+Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
+Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus'
+Batu and the Golden Horde
+Subutai and Jebe
+1225
+Samarkand
+1226
+Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou
+Helan Mountains
+Yellow River
+a line of five stars arranged in the sky
+Ning Hia
+Ma Jianlong
+Ma Jianlong
+Liupanshan
+executed
+Jochi
+Chagatai
+Chagatai
+gedei
+Chagatai and Jochi
+Chagatai and Jochi)
+Tolui
+gedei
+1226
+Khorasan
+Urgench
+Sultan Muhammad
+1223
+Yinchuan
+The exact cause of his death
+Marco Polo
+Western Xia
+Oirads
+without markings
+Khentii Aimag
+Mongolia
+The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
+Edsen Khoroo
+Dongshan Dafo Dian
+Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining
+1954
+Red Guards
+October 6, 2004
+a river was diverted over his grave
+Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
+horses
+Genghis Khan
+the Yassa
+meritocracy
+Genghis Khan and his family
+Muhammad Khan
+tax exemptions
+Genghis Khan, Ong Khan
+religion was a personal concept
+Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
+Töregene Khatun
+Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
+Chinese
+the legal equality of all individuals, including women
+Chu'Tsai
+administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads
+Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty
+Khitan rulers
+his generals
+when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum
+Muqali
+the Jin dynasty
+unwavering loyalty
+diverting certain rivers
+Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers
+feigned retreat
+taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army
+the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan
+Caspian Sea
+gedei Khan
+Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279
+Genghis Khan
+Turkey
+meritocracy
+increased communication and trade
+Mongolian
+uniting warring tribes
+Genghis Khan's children
+brutality
+historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan
+500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög
+Genghis Khan
+Chinggis Khaan International Airport
+trivialization
+Ulaanbaatar
+Ikh Zasag
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Ikh Zasag
+Inner Mongolia region
+5 million
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+Iran
+Steven R. Ward
+Steven R. Ward
+Hulagu Khan
+Mamluks of Egypt
+Hulagu Khan
+1237
+Novgorod and Pskov
+the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara
+Genghis Khan and particularly Timur
+Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur
+tenggis
+Lake Baikal and ocean
+"right", "just", or "true"
+Mongolian adjectival modifier
+Chinggis
+Mongolian Chinggis Khaan
+Cengiz Han
+Timùzhn
+Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
+Chéngjs Hán
+pharma
+sold tobacco and patent medicines
+sorcery or even poison
+apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
+herbs not listed
+specialised education and training
+specialised education and training
+optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
+small-business proprietors
+specialised education and training
+supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians
+the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
+pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
+Pharmacy Technician
+the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
+Pedanius Dioscorides
+De Materia Medica
+materia medica
+Diocles of Carystus
+De Materia Medica
+the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected
+Yr Code (718)
+Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court
+physicians and acupuncturists
+the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.
+botany and chemistry
+Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Al-Muwaffaq
+sodium carbonate
+1317
+Florence, Italy
+perfume museum
+old prescription books and antique drugs
+1221
+pharmacy legislation
+compounding/dispensing medications
+automation
+patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
+pharmacy school
+various disciplines of pharmacy
+effectiveness of treatment regimens
+pharmacy school
+within the premises of the hospital
+unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
+outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions
+high cost of medications and drug-related technology
+specialized medications
+optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention
+inside hospitals and clinics
+physicians and other healthcare professionals
+drug product selection
+all health care settings
+patient-specific problems
+an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy)
+drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
+potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
+full independent prescribing authority
+North Carolina and New Mexico
+2011
+Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
+VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
+medication regimen review
+nursing homes
+Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
+many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
+consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
+2000
+brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
+online pharmacies
+another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
+the method by which the medications are requested and received
+to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
+those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.
+substandard products
+prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
+a valid prescription
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner
+a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner
+a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+ensure that the prescription is valid
+individual state laws
+hydrocodone
+reduce consumer costs
+Canada
+international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
+There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities.
+importation of medications from Canada and other countries
+pharmacy practice science and applied information science
+information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
+to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+medication management system development, deployment and optimization
+national and international
+novel medications
+19
+cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
+need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
+assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
+physicians
+pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians
+the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
+7 to 10 percent
+pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
+Austria
+United Kingdom
+1.6 kilometres
+Austria
+the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
+checks and balances system
+exaggerating their seriousness
+obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects
+become more integral within the health care system
+their patient care skills
+the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
+the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
+increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
+Alberta and British Columbia
+Australian Government
+medicine use reviews
+pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
+Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree
+mortar and pestle and the  (recipere) character
+The show globe
+the Netherlands
+a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria
+France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+parasitic worms
+adaptive immune system
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+The immune system
+parasitic worms
+adaptive immune system
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+pathogens
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
+pathogens
+adaptive immune system
+the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt
+bacteriophage infections
+eukaryotes
+immunological memory
+rudimentary
+defensins
+the basis of vaccination
+immunological memory
+autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
+when the immune system is less active than normal
+recurring and life-threatening infections
+severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication.
+rheumatoid arthritis
+Immunodeficiency
+hyperactive immune system
+Immunology
+HIV/AIDS
+430 BC
+scorpion venom
+Louis Pasteur
+Walter Reed
+Robert Koch
+microorganisms
+yellow fever virus
+430 BC
+an immunological memory
+innate immune system
+adaptive immune system
+Innate immune systems
+adaptive immune system
+an immunological memory
+physical barriers
+innate and adaptive immunity
+self and non- self molecules
+ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules
+antigens
+antigens
+pattern recognition receptors
+the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system
+recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms
+non-specific
+waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin
+waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin
+coughing and sneezing
+flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens,
+flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens,
+-defensins
+lysozyme and phospholipase A2
+defensins and zinc
+gastric acid and proteases
+menarche
+commensal flora
+most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi
+re-introduction of probiotic flora, such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt, helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children
+pH or available iron
+Inflammation
+increased blood flow into tissue
+eicosanoids and cytokines
+prostaglandins
+interleukins
+phagocytes
+cytokines
+phagosome
+phagolysosome
+acquiring nutrients
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+50% to 60%
+chemotaxis
+interleukin 1
+Leukocytes
+Leukocytes
+activation of the adaptive immune system
+macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
+Dendritic cells
+neuronal dendrites
+T cells
+T cells
+missing self
+Natural killer cells
+MHC I
+killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR
+early vertebrates
+antigen presentation
+the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
+the killer T cell and the helper T cell
+regulatory T cells
+Class I MHC molecules
+helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules
+minor subtype
+Killer T cells
+CD8
+when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen
+granulysin
+perforin
+CD4 co-receptor
+around 200–300
+engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule
+cytokines
+CD40 ligand
+helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
+CD4+ and CD8+ () T cells
+ T cells
+adaptive immunity
+V9/V2 T cells
+pathogens
+proteolysis
+lymphokines
+long-lived memory cells
+adaptive
+passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
+each specific pathogen encountered
+no prior exposure to microbes
+IgG
+Breast milk or colostrum
+fetus
+immunomodulators
+adaptive and innate immune responses
+lupus erythematosus
+immunosuppressive
+NFIL3
+heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
+sleep deprivation
+weakened immune responses
+vitamin D
+thyroid
+UVB
+destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells
+MHC class I molecules
+viral antigens
+antibodies
+phagocytic cells
+Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
+rapid apoptosis
+Systemic acquired resistance
+RNA silencing mechanisms
+autoimmune disorders
+self and non-self
+thymus and bone marrow
+"self" peptides
+Immunodeficiencies
+the young and the elderly
+The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age
+obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
+malnutrition
+vaccination
+immunization
+introduce an antigen from a pathogen
+it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system
+Bacteria
+a type III secretion system
+shut down host defenses
+its ability to elude host immune responses
+Frank Burnet
+pathogens, an allograft
+histocompatibility
+Niels Jerne
+Glucocorticoids
+cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
+methotrexate or azathioprine
+cyclosporin
+cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
+cortisol and catecholamines
+melatonin
+oxidative stress
+it extends a vitamin D receptor
+calcitriol
+symbiotic relationship with vitamin D.
+CYP27B1
+dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
+Pattern recognition receptors
+defensins
+complement system and phagocytic cells
+Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway
+immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
+lamprey and hagfish
+Variable lymphocyte receptors
+adaptive immune system
+invertebrates
+restriction modification system
+bacteriophages
+CRISPR sequences
+"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
+Elie Metchnikoff
+phagocytes
+Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
+the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.
+cancers
+MHC class I molecules
+secreting the cytokine TGF-
+suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes
+Hypersensitivity
+four classes
+Type I
+IgE
+when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient's own cells,
+intracellular pathogenesis
+Salmonella
+Plasmodium falciparum
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+protein A
+antigenic variation
+HIV
+Trypanosoma brucei
+frequent changes in antigens
+immune surveillance
+human papillomavirus
+tyrosinase
+melanomas
+melanocytes
+>500 Da
+hydrophilic amino acids
+Immunoproteomics
+the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells
+immunoinformatics
+leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
+the milieu of hormones produced at this time
+Th1 /Th2
+the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of Th1 immune responses
+complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes
+disrupting their plasma membrane
+signal amplification
+catalytic cascade
+Civil disobedience
+apartheid
+South Africa
+Ukraine
+South Africa
+Egyptians
+Egyptians
+South Africa
+what they deem to be unfair laws
+American Civil Rights Movement
+Antigone
+King of Thebes
+King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon
+Oedipus
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+Antigone
+Sophocles
+King of Thebes
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+she must obey her conscience rather than human law
+Percy Shelley
+it is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.
+Satyagraha
+Gandhi would often quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India
+Henry David Thoreau
+Percy Shelley
+Percy Shelley
+nonviolent protest
+Satyagraha
+Henry David Thoreau
+muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
+Marshall Cohen
+ambiguity
+utterly debased
+utterly debased
+Marshall Cohen
+draft evaders
+Vice President Agnew
+ambiguity
+LeGrande
+difficult, if not impossible
+violent civil disobedience
+civil disobedience
+specific terminology has no more (or no less) meaning
+LeGrande
+civil disobedience
+semantical problems and grammatical niceties
+nonviolent civil disobedience
+non violent civil disobedience
+Civil disobedience
+Civil disobedience
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+head of government of a country would be acting in her or his capacity as public official
+Civil disobedience
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+head of government of a country would be acting in her or his capacity as public official
+head of government of a country would be acting in her or his capacity as public official
+private citizen
+two equally sovereign branches of government
+Thoreau
+Thoreau’s imprisonment
+the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right
+Resign
+it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians
+The individual
+only individuals act, only individuals can act unjustly.
+Thoreau
+Resign
+the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right
+governmental entities
+trade unions, banks, and private universities
+trade unions, banks, and private universities
+breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments
+trade unions, banks, and private universities
+a larger challenge to the legal system
+governmental entities
+trade unions, banks, and private universities
+to constitute civil disobedience
+covert lawbreaking
+when Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew in their house
+15-19)
+Shiphrah and Puah
+lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced
+morality
+assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
+"A Primer for Prospective Jurors"
+Book of Exodus
+Black's Law Dictionary
+Black's Law Dictionary
+rebellion
+refraining from violence
+violence
+whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent
+rebellion
+rebellion is much more destructive
+preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience
+Revolutionary civil disobedience
+Ferenc Deák
+Ferenc Deák
+revolutionary civil disobedience
+change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
+Non-revolutionary civil disobedience
+an individual conscience
+render certain laws ineffective
+Revolutionary civil disobedience
+Gandhi
+Roman Empire
+pagan images
+not yet a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers
+higher political office
+after the end of the Mexican War
+Roman Empire
+pagan images
+some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists.
+jail solidarity
+after the end of the Mexican War
+Civil disobedients
+the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals
+Voice in the Wilderness
+738 days
+cut down
+different illegal acts
+trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation
+the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals
+medical cannabis dispensaries
+180-foot (55 m)-tall, 600-year-old California Redwood tree
+Joseph Haas
+Joseph Haas
+civil disobedience
+FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
+George Carlin
+pure speech
+George Carlin
+Threatening government officials
+Joseph Haas
+make it more difficult for a system to function
+GCSB Waihopai
+padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
+limited coercion
+coercive
+refusals to pay taxes
+limited coercion
+their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue
+GCSB Waihopai
+civil disobedience
+consent search
+it is generally agreed within the legal community, and is often believed within the activist community, that a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful.
+some civil disobedients have nonetheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators' questions, sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications,
+some civil disobedients
+to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established,
+their belief in the validity of the social contract
+don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted.
+anarchists
+does not infringe the rights of others
+whether or not to plead guilty
+it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law
+violating this particular law
+Guilt implies wrong-doing
+creative plea
+Committee for Non-Violent Action
+Committee for Non-Violent Action
+one at a time they stepped across the "line" and were immediately arrested
+nolo contendere
+suspended sentences
+continuing their protest
+reminding their countrymen of injustice
+the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way
+to accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules'
+one misdemeanor count
+the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time
+solidarity tactics
+a blind plea
+Mohandas Gandhi
+defiant speech
+defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions
+lack of remorse
+a likelihood
+government officials
+Steven Barkan
+Steven Barkan
+Steven Barkan
+Benjamin Spock
+some civil disobedients seek jury nullification
+disobedience
+encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit
+breaking the law for self-gratification
+not being a civil disobedient
+a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution
+Indirect civil disobedience
+direct civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law
+Vietnam War
+the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense
+"prosecutors have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters, the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
+incapacitation and deterrence
+whether it would do more harm than good
+utilitarian grounds
+it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law
+Construction
+manufacturing
+six to nine percent
+planning,[citation needed] design, and financing
+on location for a known client
+construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager
+construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager
+effective planning
+megaprojects
+zoning
+buildings, infrastructure and industrial
+residential and non-residential
+heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
+heavy/highway, heavy civil
+refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills
+construction industry
+ENR
+2014
+transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
+building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
+construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project).
+The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System
+firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
+Building construction
+small renovations
+laborer, paymaster, and design team
+structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
+make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.
+local building authority regulations and codes of practice
+Materials readily available in the area
+waste
+cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis
+advances in 3D printing technology
+20 hours
+3.5 metres (11 ft)
+3.5 metres (11 ft)
+to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
+translation of designs into reality
+property owner
+a quantity surveyor
+the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder
+integration of previously separated specialties
+separate companies
+"one-stop shopping"
+a "design build" contract
+design-build, partnering and construction management
+architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
+establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
+preventable financial problems
+when builders ask for too little money to complete the project
+when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
+Fraud
+Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
+the owner's equity in the property
+Accountants
+change orders or project changes that increased costs
+Cost engineers and estimators
+zoning and building code requirements
+does not benefit the owner
+malum
+custom or expectation
+an attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed
+construction project
+the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible
+a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive
+to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
+poorly drafted contracts
+relationship contracting
+Public-Private Partnering
+Public-Private Partnering
+to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry.
+architect or engineer
+the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy.
+The owner
+D&B
+The owner
+a consortium of several contractors
+phase 2
+utilities themselves or through a company
+electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable
+electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+the municipal building inspector
+an occupancy permit
+$960 billion
+$960 billion
+667,000
+fewer than 10 employees
+828,000
+£42,090
+£26,719
+$100,000
+Construction
+Falls
+electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
+Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
+private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments;
+private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments;
+charging their students tuition
+private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments;
+more than $45,000
+'tuition-free
+the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions.
+Private education
+lower sixth
+upper sixth
+prep schools
+Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school
+low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers.
+parochial
+Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians
+academic subjects
+their power of expulsion
+a compulsory blazer
+private schools in Australia are always more expensive than their public counterparts.
+anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian Church,
+e.g. St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, St Aloysius' College (Sydney) and St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill,
+Sydney
+girls
+Article 7
+Gleichschaltung
+6.1% to 7.8 %
+11.1
+between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in Germany increased from 6.1% to 7.8% (including rise from 0.5 % to 6.1% in the former GDR)
+Sonderungsverbot
+private individuals, private organizations or religious groups.
+very low tuition fees
+private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
+vocational
+outside of government regulation
+private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
+private schools
+CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE
+30
+union government and the state governments
+non-profit trusts and societies
+only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India
+The Annual Status of Education Report
+learning levels in rural India
+English
+scoil phrobháideach
+a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State
+€5,000
+The fee-paying schools are usually run by a religious order, i.e., the Society of Jesus or Congregation of Christian Brothers, etc.
+€25,000 per year
+1957
+an uproar
+English
+surrender their properties
+Over 60
+aided
+private parties
+the Galaxy Public School in Kathmandu
+English
+Nepali and/or the state's official language
+88
+88
+3.7
+the nation's then-private Catholic school system
+Auckland
+Anglican
+Wellington
+Presbyterian
+King's College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch
+the Society of St Pius X
+7.5
+80%
+80
+August 1992
+the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools
+The Education Service Contracting scheme
+The Tuition Fee Supplement
+Private Education Student Financial Assistance
+The South African Schools Act of 1996
+The South African Schools Act of 1996
+independent
+The South African Schools Act of 1996
+private church schools
+government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
+government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
+government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
+Over 10 %
+700
+700
+The Knowledge School
+innovative school voucher model
+up to 13 years old
+some of these are also known as public schools.
+9 per cent
+up to 13 years old
+£27,000+ per year
+Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
+segregation academies
+South
+white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
+white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
+endowments
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
+Non-religious private schools theoretically could qualify for such funding without hassle, preferring the advantages of independent control of their student admissions and course content instead of the public funding they could get with charter status.
+Private schooling
+1852
+1972
+427 U.S. 160
+McCrary
+$40,000
+$40,000
+Groton School
+Groton School
+John Harvard
+1977
+James Bryant Conant
+Association of American Universities
+Charles W. Eliot
+Harvard Library
+79
+79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes
+eight U.S. presidents
+150 Nobel laureates
+Boston metropolitan area
+$37.6 billion
+The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area
+eleven separate academic units
+The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area
+1636
+Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
+1638
+1639
+1650
+Puritan ministers
+English university model
+It was never affiliated with any particular denomination
+1804
+Samuel Webber
+1805
+Louis Agassiz
+intuition
+Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
+Charles W. Eliot
+Transcendentalist Unitarian
+William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
+James Bryant Conant
+recruit
+1945
+every woman studying at Radcliffe
+1977
+the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
+3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House
+twelve residential Houses
+south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River
+Radcliffe College students
+a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston
+The John W. Weeks Bridge
+3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.
+fifty percent
+Storrow Drive
+the enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space
+2,400
+2,400
+2,400
+1875
+1858
+$32 billion
+30%
+$1.2 billion
+$159 million
+$159 million
+late 1980s
+South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
+$230 million
+5.3%
+2007
+2007
+2007
+seven
+eight General Education categories
+Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times,
+mid-May
+four-course rate average
+summa cum laude
+60%
+$38,000
+$57,000
+room and board
+$340 million
+88%
+Widener Library
+Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
+Pusey Library
+over 18 million volumes
+three
+The Arthur M. Sackler Museum
+Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
+2003
+2011
+Mines ParisTech
+Harvard Crimson
+Harvard–Yale Regatta
+Oxford University and Cambridge University team
+1875
+1903
+revolutionary new rules
+former captain of the Yale football team
+Lavietes Pavilion
+The Malkin Athletic Center
+three weight rooms
+23 years
+June
+Cornell
+2003
+U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon
+Juan Manuel Santos
+Costa Rican President José Mara Figueres
+Benjamin Netanyahu
+Conan O'Brien
+Leonard Bernstein
+Yo Yo Ma
+W. E. B. Du Bois
+Shing-Tung Yau
+Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
+Stephen Greenblatt
+Jacksonville
+1,345,596
+853,382
+Duval
+1968
+First Coast
+First Coast
+Fort Caroline
+1564
+Andrew Jackson
+riverine
+golf
+riverine
+"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
+Jacksonville
+University of North Florida
+Timucua
+the beginning of the historical era
+Ossachite
+Jean Ribault
+France
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+San Mateo
+Fort Caroline
+French and Indian War
+1763
+cattle were brought across the river there.
+1763
+February 9, 1832
+hogs and cattle
+Skirmish of the Brick Church
+Battle of Olustee
+Warfare
+Battle of Cedar Creek
+Gilded Age
+President Grover Cleveland
+yellow fever outbreaks
+Florida East Coast Railway
+steamboat and later by railroad
+Spanish moss
+146
+Governor Jennings
+Great Fire of 1901
+New York–based filmmakers
+30
+Winter Film Capital of the World
+Hollywood
+highways
+75.8%
+middle class "white flight"
+W. Haydon Burns
+World War II
+Much of the city's tax base dissipated
+sewage
+Jacksonville
+Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965.
+old boy network
+11
+Jacksonville Consolidation
+all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation
+voters approved the plan
+Lee Meredith
+Lee Meredith
+The Better Jacksonville Plan
+half-penny sales tax
+86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and
+St. Johns River
+The Trout River
+86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and
+Baldwin
+Downtown Jacksonville
+Barnett Center
+617 ft
+37-story Wells Fargo Center
+37-story Wells Fargo Center
+humid subtropical climate
+May through September
+humid subtropical climate
+low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny.
+104 °F (40 °C)
+thunderstorms
+the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity
+July
+Hurricane Dora
+110 mph
+Tropical Storm Beryl
+Saffir-Simpson Scale
+2008
+5,751
+366,273
+5,751
+25,033
+29.7%
+23.9%
+94.1
+91.3
+World Institute for Development Economics Research
+3.5 billion people
+$759,900
+on the basis of the methodology used
+diversion
+World Institute for Development Economics Research
+The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations
+$41 trillion
+0.7%
+there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts
+PolitiFact
+the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent."
+Inherited wealth
+grew up in substantial privilege
+PolitiFact
+richest 1 percent
+Inherited wealth
+over 60 percent
+Institute for Policy Studies
+Neoclassical economics
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.
+marginal value added
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+marginal value added
+worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
+the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+to reduce costs and maximize profits
+unemployment
+unemployment
+substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.
+capitalist firms
+to reduce costs and maximize profits
+capitalist firms
+substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.
+substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.
+purely capitalist mode of production
+the law of supply and demand
+chronically understaffed
+Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor.
+outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair
+the market
+Wages
+purely capitalist mode of production
+markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers
+outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair
+expendable nature
+low demand
+a large need for the positions
+collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
+Professional and labor organizations
+a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand)
+competition between workers
+expendable nature
+high supply)
+competition between employers for employees
+increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment)
+income for food and shelter
+push
+pull
+income for food and shelter
+higher economic inequality
+necessity
+income for food and shelter
+income for food and shelter
+the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth.
+progressive tax
+level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system
+progressive tax
+level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation
+variation in individuals' access to education
+those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education
+generally receive much lower wages
+it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor
+lower aggregate savings and investment
+variation in individuals' access to education
+increases in education first increase and then decrease growth
+those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages.
+lower incomes
+variation in individuals' access to education
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+Standard & Poor
+2014
+the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+1910–1940
+During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor.
+During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor.
+Lagerlof and Galor
+compression
+1910–1940
+a decrease in the price of skilled labor
+equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
+educational inequality in gender
+Lagerlof and Galor
+Anglo-American liberal policies
+lower level of economic mobility
+U.S.-style labor-market flexibility
+continental European liberalism
+economic inequality
+substantial levels of social exclusion
+John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer
+U.S.-style labor-market flexibility
+lower level of economic mobility
+Scandinavia
+the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
+the University of Washington
+the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization
+the University of Washington
+the University of Washington
+the University of Washington
+the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
+the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
+low-skilled workers
+reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages
+technological innovation
+machine labor
+Trade liberalization
+low-skilled workers
+Paul Krugman
+minor
+machine labor
+53%
+53%
+women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate
+Gender pay gap
+Gender pay gap
+males in the labor market
+women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay
+Thomas Sowell
+once other factors are accounted for
+redistribution mechanisms
+countries with low levels of development
+capital
+redistribution mechanisms
+Simon Kuznets
+Simon Kuznets
+capital
+it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income
+lower levels of inequality
+the United States
+1970s
+move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+middle-income developing economies level of inequality
+the Kuznets curve
+very weak
+decrease
+move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+Wealth concentration
+those who already hold wealth
+Capital in the Twenty-First Century
+larger fortunes
+Wealth concentration
+those who already hold wealth
+wealth condensation
+Capital in the Twenty-First Century
+Capital in the Twenty-First Century
+Joseph Stiglitz
+Joseph Stiglitz
+the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits
+political power generated by wealth by certain groups
+rent-seeking
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth
+life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth
+life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries
+Robert J. Shiller
+Robert J. Shiller
+High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth.
+redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem
+Increasing inequality
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US and UK) and states (Mississippi and New York) with large differences in household income.
+lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued) in countries and states with higher in equality
+full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives
+poorer countries
+middle income countries
+77 years
+Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82)
+income inequality
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+states in the US with larger income inequalities
+40
+Crime rate
+homicides
+fifty
+half
+Daly et al. 2001
+economic inequality
+distributive efficiency
+an additional dollar spent by a much richer person
+reduced "distributive efficiency"
+a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility
+consumption
+Will Wilkinson
+2001
+Thomas B. Edsall
+"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"
+the Financial crisis of 2007–08
+systematic economic inequalities
+the Financial crisis of 2007–08
+lower and middle income earners
+lower and middle income earners
+inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells
+High levels of inequality
+GDP growth
+higher GDP growth
+The poor and the middle class
+inequality
+increasing inequality harms economic growth
+negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth
+it is a waste of resources
+reducing its inequality-associated effects
+Joseph Stiglitz
+aggregate demand
+Joseph Stiglitz
+human capital in development
+widespread education
+1993
+Galor and Zeira
+channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
+higher levels of redistributive taxation
+politically and socially unstable
+high levels of inequality
+high levels of inequality
+income inequality and rates of growth and investment
+Harvard
+Swedish counties
+Kuznets curve hypothesis
+inequality first increases
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+1970s
+reduced consumer demand
+growth has risen with increased income inequality
+Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates
+"longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution
+development community
+the existing level of inequality
+development community
+Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon
+it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty
+land and housing
+various associations and other arrangements
+over 200 steps and up to 14 years
+over 200 steps and up to 14 years
+over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land
+a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US
+the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased
+the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased
+gentrification of older neighbourhoods, for example, in East New York, rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
+ad valorem
+certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone
+those who are worse equipped to manage their finances
+middle income earners
+taking on debt
+even greater inequality and potential economic instability
+waste and pollution is created
+increase of emissions per person
+more environmental degradation
+2 billion
+private ownership of the means of production
+private ownership of the means of production
+income in the form of a wage or salary
+socially owned
+socially owned
+Robert Nozick
+taxation
+Robert Nozick
+forceful taking of property
+inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole
+capability deprivation
+a means to an end rather than the end itself
+functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals).
+functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals).
+the ability to pursue valued goals
+earning as much income
+an old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man
+gender roles and customs
+there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives
+political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security
+Doctor Who
+1963
+TARDIS
+British police box
+Doctor Who
+1963 to 1989
+Russell T Davies
+The Sarah Jane Adventures
+2005
+Christopher Eccleston
+Twelve
+Peter Capaldi
+The Time of the Doctor
+Time Lords
+the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality
+Gallifrey
+Mark I Type 40
+Time and Relative Dimension in Space
+chameleon circuit
+malfunction in the chameleon circuit
+The Doctor
+Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master
+regenerate
+humans
+Time Lord
+Saturday, 23 November 1963
+The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
+the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
+Terry Nation
+25 minutes of transmission length
+26
+Jonathan Powell
+Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
+the series would return
+BBC 1
+the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show
+Philip Segal
+1996
+9.1 million
+British expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States
+Rose
+26 March 2005
+2009
+Chris Chibnall
+nine
+2005
+2005
+2005
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+30 November 1963
+eighty seconds
+ten minutes
+ten minutes
+power blackouts across the country
+Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
+1991
+Behind the Sofa
+scariest TV show of all time
+2011
+Doctor Who
+3%
+comparing Monopoly with the property market in London: both are fantasies, but one is meant to be taken seriously."
+comparing Monopoly with the property market in London: both are fantasies, but one is meant to be taken seriously."
+The Times newspaper
+a police box
+a trade mark
+a police box as a time machine
+Patent Office
+2002
+26
+6 December 1989
+14
+The Master
+Black Guardian Trilogy
+2005
+60 minutes
+Christmas Day
+Journey's End
+"Journey's End" from 2008 and "The Eleventh Hour"
+Resurrection of the Daleks
+Resurrection of the Daleks
+Resurrection of the Daleks
+72 minutes
+2009
+William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
+poor storage
+seasons 3, 4, & 5
+1978
+1964 and 1973
+the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast
+8 mm cine film
+Mission to the Unknown
+8 mm cine film
+home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
+"Official" reconstructions
+Cosgrove Hall
+1968
+Theta-Sigma
+November 2006
+Producers
+third
+William Hartnell's poor health
+renewal
+change of appearance
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+John Hurt
+The Day of the Doctor
+Michael Jayston
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
+the War Doctor
+The Three Doctors
+Peter Davison
+The Space Museum
+The Day of the Doctor
+1999
+Zagreus
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
+1999
+2003
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Brain of Morbius
+Mawdryn Undead
+The Lodger
+1983
+An Unearthly Child
+Susan Foreman
+Dr. Constantine
+the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed
+Smith and Jones
+a human
+The Deadly Assassin
+Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton
+Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) and her teachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton
+Jo Grant
+2005
+Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate)
+Eleventh Doctor
+Pearl Mackie as Bill
+Catherine Tate
+the Sontarans and Davros
+1
+the Sontarans and Davros
+3
+Cybermats
+Dalek race
+Skaro
+to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
+Davros
+their eyestalk
+Time Lord
+Time Lord
+Eric Roberts
+Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
+Roger Delgado
+Derek Jacobi
+Utopia
+the Master had become a female incarnation or "Time Lady," going by the name of "Missy"
+Missy
+Michelle Gomez
+Ron Grainer
+BBC Radiophonic Workshop
+tape loops of an individually struck piano string and individual test oscillators
+The Derbyshire arrangement
+Did I write that?
+Peter Howell
+Dominic Glynn
+Keff McCulloch
+Murray Gold
+The Christmas Invasion
+Voyage of the Damned
+Classic FM's Hall of Fame
+2007
+228
+Gold
+Jon Pertwee
+Mankind
+24
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Dudley Simpson
+Planet of Giants
+the 1960s and 1970s
+Planet of Giants
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+27 July 2008
+Music of the Spheres
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Six
+The first featured tracks from the first two series
+4 October 2010
+A Christmas Carol
+8 November 2010
+The original logo used for the First Doctor (and briefly for the Second Doctor) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor"
+"DW" TARDIS insignia
+Third and Eighth Doctors
+1973–80
+Eleventh Doctor
+John F. Kennedy
+BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
+late 1970s
+circa 1964–1965
+BBC Three
+1979
+three to five million
+Coronation Street
+Coronation Street, the most popular show at the time
+2005
+23 November
+Silver Nemesis
+Edmonton, Canada
+12 May 1996 on CITV in Edmonton, Canada, 15 days before the BBC One showing, and two days before it aired on Fox in the United States.
+23 November
+Australian Broadcasting Corporation
+The Five Doctors
+SyFy
+the weekdaily screenings of all available revived episodes
+ABC1
+1976
+1976
+Canadian cable channel Space
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Judith Merril
+Christopher Eccleston
+Christopher Eccleston
+The Christmas Invasion
+CBC began airing series two on 9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador), shortly after that day's CFL double header on Thanksgiving
+CBC began airing series two on 9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador), shortly after that day's CFL double header on Thanksgiving
+United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
+Eight
+The Infinite Quest
+Spearhead from Space
+Spearhead
+Trevor Martin
+Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
+The Curse of the Daleks
+Seven Keys to Doomsday
+David Banks
+Torchwood
+22 October 2006
+2008
+Children of Earth
+BBC Wales, BBC Worldwide and the American entertainment company Starz
+Elisabeth Sladen
+24 September 2007
+David Tennant
+2010
+autumn 2011
+Dimensions in Time
+Children in Need
+EastEnders
+requiring glasses with one darkened lens
+Pulfrich
+Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
+the traditional serial format, complete with cliffhangers, and running down the same corridor several times when being chased
+Rowan Atkinson
+Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
+head writer and executive producer
+The Neutral Zone
+"Blue Harvest" and "420"
+Queer as Folk
+Oliver on Coupling
+young adult fantasy novels
+a 21-minute narrated abridgement
+a 21-minute narrated abridgement
+Doctor Who and the Pescatons
+1981
+Slipback
+Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
+Destiny of the Doctor
+Doctor Who
+1999
+2012
+1991
+Doctor Who
+1979
+Panini
+BBC Books
+early 1960s
+BBC Television
+the BBC takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories, and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea.
+the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC
+British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series
+2005–2010
+2011
+Matt Smith
+Matt Smith
+Guinness World Records
+Peabody Awards
+electronic music
+2013
+50th anniversary special
+Writers' Guild of Great Britain
+"Auntie Awards"
+third
+SFX magazine
+eight
+Best Drama Series
+five
+25
+2009
+Mind Award
+six
+over 200
+over 200
+Matt Smith
+The Waters of Mars
+a Dalek invades his bathroom
+Jon Culshaw
+a Dalek invades his bathroom
+Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Family Guy, American Dad!, Futurama, South Park, Community as Inspector Spacetime, The Simpsons and The Big Bang Theory.
+Jon Culshaw
+The University of Chicago
+1890
+seven
+seven
+5,000
+various academic disciplines
+man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction
+Stagg Field
+University of Chicago Press
+2020
+William Rainey Harper
+John D. Rockefeller
+William Rainey Harper
+1891
+1892
+Marshall Field
+Silas B. Cobb
+Cobb Lecture Hall
+$100,000
+Charles L. Hutchinson
+several regional colleges and universities
+1896
+a grade of A for all four years
+The program passed into history by 1910.
+1910
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+Common Core
+emphasize academics over athletics
+the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure
+1929
+1950s
+crime and poverty
+the University of Chicago after their second year
+crime and poverty
+allowed very young students to attend college
+1962
+President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies.
+1967
+two-page
+social and political action
+mid-2000s
+Milton Friedman Institute
+$200 million
+Chicago Theological Seminary
+David G. Booth
+Main Quadrangles
+six
+Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic
+Magdalen Tower
+Christ Church Hall
+1940s
+Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
+School of Social Service Administration
+Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
+2003
+Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
+left bank of the Seine
+fall 2010
+Renmin University
+2015
+a board of trustees
+50
+fourteen
+Andrew Alper
+Robert Zimmer
+The Higher Learning Commission
+seven
+seven
+Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees
+Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees
+five
+the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division
+Common Core
+17
+UChicago
+Uni in the USA
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+University of Chicago campus
+9.8 million
+9.8 million
+Regenstein Library
+2011
+John Crerar Library
+113
+113
+Oriental Institute
+Fermilab
+Sunspot, New Mexico
+Milton Friedman
+Willard F. Libby
+Miller–Urey experiment
+1953
+a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track
+2000
+1996
+2002
+Several thousand
+5,792
+5,792
+5,792
+5,792
+44%
+The Maroons
+The Maroons
+Big Ten Conference
+Jay Berwanger
+1946
+400
+400
+University of Chicago College Bowl Team
+Doc Films
+Off-Off Campus
+graduate and undergraduate students
+Executive Committee
+Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and the other for Student Life, elected together as a slate by the student body
+greater than $2 million
+seven
+seven
+Alpha Phi Omega
+Alpha Phi Omega
+ten
+University of Chicago
+1987
+Festival of the Arts
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Summer Breeze
+Satya Nadella
+Larry Ellison
+Larry Ellison
+Jon Corzine
+James O. McKinsey
+Saul Alinsky
+David Axelrod
+Robert Bork
+Masaaki Shirakawa
+Eliot Ness
+Allan Bloom
+Pulitzer Prize
+Before I Fall Lauren Oliver
+Studs Terkel
+Philip Roth
+Philip Glass
+Alex Seropian
+Halo
+Ed Asner
+Mike Nichols
+Carl Sagan
+John M. Grunsfeld
+uranium-lead dating
+John B. Goodenough
+Clair Cameron Patterson
+Milton Friedman
+George Stigler
+Paul Samuelson
+Eugene Fama
+David Graeber and Donald Johanson
+Samuel Reshevsky
+Samuel P. Huntington
+speed of light calculator A. A. Michelson
+Arthur H. Compton
+Enrico Fermi
+Edward Teller
+Maria Goeppert-Mayer
+James Henry Breasted
+Alberto Calderón
+Ted Fujita
+Yuan T. Lee
+Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
+Raghuram Rajan
+anthropologist
+Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington
+John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
+Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
+Yuán Cháo
+Great Yuan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+1271
+The Yuan dynasty
+Song dynasty
+the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty
+Genghis Khan
+1271
+Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section
+Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
+Great Mongol State
+"Empire of the Great Khan
+the Mongol and Turkic tribes
+1206
+gedei Khan
+1251
+nephew Kublai
+the Jin
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
+10,000
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
+Shi Tianze
+the Jin dynasty
+Interethnic marriage
+Shi Bingzhi
+Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Zhang Rou
+Möngke Khan
+southern China
+1259
+Ariq Böke
+Zhongtong
+Ogedei
+weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south
+1259
+1259
+1262
+preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
+Imperial Secretariat
+Confucian imperial examinations
+three, later four
+salt and iron
+Karakorum
+Karakorum
+1264
+Zhongdu
+Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
+Kublai Khan
+Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace
+Daidu
+Daidu in the north
+Marco Polo
+Kong Duancao
+1115
+1234
+Kong Duancao
+30,000
+northern China
+1268 and 1273
+Yangzi River basin
+Hangzhou
+drowned
+1279
+an inauspicious typhoon
+The Tran dynasty
+The Tran dynasty
+1288
+1253
+Zhenjin
+1285
+Emperor Chengzong
+1294 to 1307
+Buyantu Khan
+mainstream Chinese culture
+Li Meng
+Department of State Affairs
+1313
+Emperor Gegeen Khan
+1321 to 1323
+Baiju
+the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese:, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
+five princes
+Qipchaq
+War of the Two Capitals
+four days
+El Temür
+Qipchaq
+Tugh Temür
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+Jingshi Dadian
+Buddhism
+Toghun Temür
+Emperor Ningzong
+Toghun Temür
+Toghun Temür
+Liao, Jin, and Song
+struggle, famine, and bitterness
+too Chinese
+they were separated from both the army and the populace
+Outlaws
+Uninterested in administration
+1340s onwards
+Red Turban Rebellion
+betrayal
+Red Turban rebels
+1368–1644
+China and much of central Asia
+West Asian and European contacts
+Persia, the Ilkhanate
+carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
+Western musical instruments
+Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
+Buddhism
+Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society.
+travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
+Marco Polo
+Cambaluc
+the Travels of Marco Polo
+Il milione
+Persian traders
+Guo Shoujing
+Gregorian calendar
+granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
+Beijing
+sorghum
+Yuan dynasty
+the Eternal Heaven
+Song dynasty
+Song dynasty
+a period of foreign domination
+Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
+Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
+Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
+Privy Council
+civil, military, and censorial offices
+Privy Council
+the Sui and Tang dynasties
+Mongols and Semuren
+Ministry of War
+1269
+Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
+Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well
+Tugh Temur
+Emperor Wenzong
+1290
+Kublai
+the Yuan dynasty
+painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
+painting, poetry, and calligraphy
+Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty
+qu
+the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu
+Yuan dynasty
+Tibetan variants
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Khanbaliq
+Sakya sect
+1249
+1314
+a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices
+polynomial algebra
+1303
+the construction of calendars
+cubic interpolation formula
+1281
+Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
+1281
+Healers
+herbal remedies
+otachi doctors
+Imperial Academy of Medicine
+Confucian virtues
+The same intellectual foundation,
+the Jin dynasty
+military campaigns
+acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs
+1347
+huihui or Muslim medicine
+1263
+1263
+humoral system
+humoral system
+Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
+Wang Zhen
+12th century
+Töregene Khatun
+1273
+chao
+bark of mulberry trees
+1275
+bronze plates
+1294
+Kublai Khan
+Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system
+Central Asia and the western end of the empire
+colonial
+Ilkhanate
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
+artisans and farmers
+Qara-Khitay (Khitan
+circumcision
+Halal slaughter
+The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang
+thanks
+the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion
+the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading
+degrees of privilege
+the usage of the term "social classes" for this system was misleading
+who lived in poverty and were ill treated
+Southern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+higher they were placed
+private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
+the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans
+Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans
+violently resisting
+The Central Region
+central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq
+central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq
+Beijing
+Zhongshu Sheng
+East African Community
+East African Community
+Nairobi
+Tanzania
+45 million
+Indian Ocean coastline
+savannah grasslands
+Mount Kenya
+Somalia and Ethiopia
+safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
+Lower Paleolithic period
+the first millennium AD
+97%
+19th century
+December 1963
+Mount Kenya
+Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
+God's resting place
+Ludwig Krapf
+correct African pronunciation
+Joseph Thompsons
+1862
+Masai Mara
+lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
+Masai Mara
+between June and September
+2,900 kilometres
+primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago
+Pleistocene epoch
+Richard Leakey
+Richard Leakey
+Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
+Mombasa
+Mombasa
+Cambay and Melinde
+the Kenyan Coast
+City of Malindi
+Mombasa
+August 1914
+British East Africa
+Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
+undefeated
+Northern Rhodesia
+over a million
+itinerant farmers
+the settlers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour
+80,000
+Warhi Itote
+Mau Mau command structure
+24 April 1954
+4,686 Mau Mau Mau
+reward loyalists
+1957
+Jomo Kenyatta
+12 December 1963
+12 December 1963
+Republic of Kenya
+voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
+widespread agitation for constitutional reform
+Daniel arap Moi
+democratic republic
+head of state and head of government
+the government
+both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
+The Judiciary
+Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index
+public sector corruption in various countries
+139th
+Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
+Party of National Unity
+Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
+votes from his stronghold arrived later
+8%
+the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future
+the Evangelical Lutheran Church
+the Evangelical Lutheran Church
+the Evangelical Lutheran Church
+28 February 2008
+the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister
+PNU and ODM camps
+the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament
+either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
+power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government
+Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete
+Nairobi's Harambee House
+29 February 2008
+the two political parties would share power equally
+eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
+4 August 2010
+delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights
+27 August 2010
+Second Republic
+December 2014
+armed groups
+nine
+it infringed on democratic freedoms
+United States, Britain, Germany and France
+Wit
+2007
+President Xi Jinping
+July 2015
+peacekeeping missions around the world
+the violence that subsequently engulfed the country
+human rights violations
+Kenya’s armed forces
+blanket of “state security”
+Armoured Personnel Carriers
+Further
+145 out of 186 in the world
+145
+$1.25 a day
+frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
+62%
+75%
+Industry and manufacturing
+75%
+61%
+tourism
+late 1980s
+coastal beaches and the game reserves
+Germany and the United Kingdom
+24%
+tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
+Agriculture
+sharp weather-related fluctuations
+International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
+650 mm
+stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+linking producers to wholesalers
+buy assets
+fertile highlands
+tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
+north and east
+53%
+August and September 2011
+14%
+14%
+Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
+small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
+African Growth and Opportunity Act
+2000
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+Kenya Electricity Generating Company
+Turkana
+10 billion barrels.
+Exploration
+20% to 25%
+$474 million
+Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment
+Uganda
+Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia
+China has been causing environmental and social problems that include the recent suspension of the railway project.
+Vision 2030
+2030
+National Climate Change Action Plan
+omitting climate as a key development issue in Vision 2030 was an oversight
+the Secretary of the Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 emphasised that climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months
+agriculture
+30%
+400
+poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
+their mother tongues within their own communities
+English and Swahili
+commerce, schooling and government
+British English is primarily used in the country
+23.5%
+23.5%
+3 million
+Nairobi
+2.4%
+Sixty percent
+Christian
+around 300,000
+80%
+clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
+43 million
+43 million
+Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution
+Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution
+malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
+malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
+15 million
+British colonists.
+12 December 1963
+Ominde Commission
+identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time
+7–4–2–3
+the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
+8–4–4
+8–4–4
+1992
+January 1985
+vocational subjects
+enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
+January 2003
+70%. Secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required
+six years
+12 years
+a vocational youth/village polytechnic
+four years
+85%
+children from age three to five
+Standard One (First Grade)
+those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
+Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
+Kenya National Library Service
+establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
+it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life.
+it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
+cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
+middle-distance and long-distance athletics
+Morocco and Ethiopia
+Morocco and Ethiopia
+six gold
+2008 Olympics
+IAAF Golden League jackpot
+the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries
+economic or financial factors
+Africa
+Cricket
+They upset some of the World's best teams
+Rakep Patel
+March 2007
+Safari Rally
+one of the toughest rallies in the world
+Björn Waldegrd, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
+breakfast in the morning (kiamsha kinywa), lunch in the afternoon (chakula cha mchana) and supper in the evening
+10 o'clock tea
+bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
+vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew
+The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations
+the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
+to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference
+United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
+Resolution 43/53
+Hoesung Lee
+Hoesung Lee
+Ismail El Gizouli
+Bert Bolin
+February 2015
+governments and organizations
+350
+350 government officials and climate change experts
+322
+the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
+Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
+the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
+does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
+published sources
+non-peer-reviewed sources
+model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
+ten to fifteen
+ten to fifteen
+ten to fifteen
+coordinating lead authors
+ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs
+WG I Summary for Policymakers
+additional warming of the Earth's surface
+CO2
+0.3 °C
+0.3 to 0.6 °C
+2001
+16
+Australian Academy of Science
+1.4 and 5.8 °C
+1.4 and 5.8 °C
+Richard Lindzen
+the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
+John Houghton
+TAR WGI
+scientific evidence
+IPCC Assessment Reports
+2011
+2011
+governments
+Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
+default emission factors
+levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
+the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions
+The IPCC
+poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
+WWF report
+an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+Robert Watson
+overstating the impact
+co-chair of the IPCC working group II
+a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers
+"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+the "hockey stick graph"
+Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
+between 1000 and 1900
+Fred Singer
+Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
+18 July 2000
+United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
+Rep. Joe Barton
+Ed Whitfield
+23 June 2005
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Sherwood Boehlert
+2007
+2007
+14
+divergence problem
+14
+1 February 2007
+temperatures and sea levels
+the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.
+the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.
+projected rises in sea levels
+9–88 cm
+50–140 cm
+2001
+Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009
+Science Magazine
+Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009
+Montreal Protocol
+Climate Change
+The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus
+Sheldon Ungar
+varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts
+successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts
+a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change
+scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies
+any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report
+a deadline for submissions
+five
+five
+Wikipedia-IPCC
+full-time staff
+conduct photosynthesis
+ATP and NADPH
+ATP and NADPH
+Calvin cycle
+100
+Chloroplasts
+light color and intensity
+their own DNA
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
+cell division
+plants and algae
+Andreas Schimper
+Andreas Schimper
+Andreas Schimper
+Andreas Schimper
+Cyanobacteria
+prokaryotes
+two cell membranes
+peptidoglycan
+blue-green algae
+phagocytic vacuole
+around a billion years ago
+innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
+innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
+the nucleus of the host
+chloroplast
+glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage.
+glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage.
+glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage.
+the green chloroplast lineage
+glaucophyte
+alga
+glaucophyte chloroplasts
+icosahedral
+icosahedral
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+phycobilin pigments
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water
+granules
+they have lost their phycobilisomes
+accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
+peptidoglycan wall
+some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer, though they've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division
+glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts
+eukaryote
+secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two
+failed to digest it
+the host's cell membrane
+cell membrane and nucleus
+a green alga
+Euglenophytes
+a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three
+membrane-bound granules
+three
+red-algal
+red-algal derived chloroplast
+nucleomorph
+granules found in the periplastid space
+pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two
+helicosproidia
+chromalveolates
+Plasmodium, the malaria parasite
+vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
+amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
+fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters
+apicomplexan-related diseases
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
+no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids
+four
+Peridinin
+peridinin-type chloroplast
+triplet-stacked
+red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
+the fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
+the fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
+tertiary endosymbiosis
+tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast
+a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte
+nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
+Dinophysis
+a two-membraned chloroplast
+heterokontophyte
+a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
+five
+whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
+granules
+nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+endosymbiotic events
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
+850
+850
+850
+ctDNA, or cpDNA
+plastome
+1962
+1986
+two
+inverted repeat regions
+direct repeats
+stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
+electron microscopy
+mechanism for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication
+theta intermediary form
+Cairns replication intermediate
+theta intermediary form, also known as a Cairns replication intermediate, and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism
+A  G deamination
+when it is single stranded
+homologous recombination.
+homologous recombination
+circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched, linear, or other complex structures
+homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4
+homologous recombination and replication structures
+a D-loop mechanism of replication
+most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism
+Endosymbiotic gene transfer
+providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence
+red algal derived chloroplast
+green algal genes in the diatom nucleus
+nonfunctional pseudogenes
+half
+participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
+to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross the cell membrane
+an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group
+cytosol
+helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
+folding prematurely
+lens-shaped
+5–8 m
+5–8 m
+a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell
+a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell
+a double membrane
+a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
+the host's cell membrane
+mitochondrial double membrane
+oxidative phosphorylation
+to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
+internal thylakoid system
+inner chloroplast membrane
+Stromules
+a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule
+to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
+1962
+chloroplasts of C4 plants
+gymnosperms
+membranous tubes and vesicles
+cross-membrane transport
+to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space
+to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
+about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes
+17 nm vs 25 nm
+shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
+most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
+plastoglobule(s)
+Plastoglobuli
+Plastoglobuli
+45–60 nanometers across
+a lipid monolayer
+a thylakoid
+exchange its contents with the thylakoid network
+their parent thylakoid
+old or stressed chloroplasts
+chloroplasts
+roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies
+roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies
+roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies
+"de novo"
+helical thylakoid model
+flattened circular granal thylakoids
+10–20
+10–20
+helicoid stromal thylakoids
+chlorophyll and carotenoids
+chlorophyll and carotenoids
+chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons
+pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+dam turbine
+stromal thylakoids,
+grana
+stroma
+pancake-shaped circular disks
+300–600 nanometers in diameter
+thirty
+transfer and dissipate excess energy
+override the chlorophyll green
+-carotene
+orange-red zeaxanthin
+cyanobacteria
+Phycobilins
+phycoerytherin
+40 nanometers
+40 nanometers
+rubisco
+it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
+adding oxygen to sugar precursors
+Calvin cycle
+ATP energy
+the light reactions
+rubisco
+grana and thylakoids
+a four-carbon compound
+to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
+chlorophyll
+chlorophyll
+parenchyma cells
+collenchyma tissue
+chlorenchyma
+stems
+leaves
+8–15 per cell
+half a million
+mesophyll layers
+low-light conditions
+intense light
+reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage
+distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
+Mitochondria
+infected cells
+infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
+infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death, and systemic acquired resistance, where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
+purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
+reactive oxygen species
+salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
+detecting stress in a cell
+pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule
+signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
+photosynthesis
+photosynthesis
+to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars
+Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
+Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
+hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy
+pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+up to a thousand times
+ATP synthase
+adenosine triphosphate
+NADP+
+cyclic photophosphorylation
+C4 plants
+C4 plants, which need more ATP than NADPH
+Rubisco
+six-carbon molecules
+3-phosphoglyceric acid
+one out of every six
+glucose monomers
+high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
+grana and thylakoids
+Waterlogged roots
+another photosynthesis-depressing factor
+RuBP
+when the oxygen concentration is too high
+it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
+Calvin cycle
+chloroplast dimorphism
+sulfur-containing
+cysteine and methionine
+it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
+cytosol
+Chloroplasts
+fertilized egg
+an adult plant's apical meristems
+starch-storing amyloplasts
+chloroplasts
+chlorophyll
+a lattice of tubes in their stroma
+yellow
+Gymnosperms
+chromoplasts
+flowers and ripe fruit
+chromoplasts
+chromoplasts
+If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids
+the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments
+FtsZ1 and FtsZ2
+FtsZ1 and FtsZ2
+the chloroplast's stroma
+The Min system
+plastid-dividing rings
+plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings
+5 nanometers across
+5 nanometers
+a third plastid-dividing ring
+Light
+exposure to bright white light
+Spinach leaves grown under green light
+poor quality green light
+pollen
+posing significantly lower environmental risks
+3 in 1,000,000
+failed containment rate of transplastomic plants
+a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself
+composite number
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
+primality
+trial division
+Miller–Rabin primality test
+AKS primality test
+22,338,618 decimal digits
+Euclid
+Euclid
+statistical behaviour
+prime number theorem
+end of the 19th century
+Goldbach's conjecture
+Goldbach's conjecture
+algebraic
+public-key cryptography
+prime elements and prime ideals
+3
+1, 2, and n
+odd prime
+1, 3, 7, or 9
+0 or 5
+Greeks
+Christian Goldbach
+Christian Goldbach
+10,006,721
+forms its own special category as a "unit"
+Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+if 1 were considered a prime
+the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
+the sum of divisors function
+eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1
+the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus
+Ancient Greeks
+Euclid's Elements
+Euclid
+compute primes
+Pierre de Fermat
+Leibniz and Euler
+22n + 1
+2p  1
+n = 4 (or 216 + 1)
+trial division
+if a complete list of primes up to is known
+dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root
+4 and 6
+dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n
+two main classes
+probabilistic
+probabilistic
+probabilistic
+1/(1-p)n
+the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number.
+the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number.
+the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and Carmichael numbers.
+Baillie-PSW
+Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests
+Sophie Germain primes
+2p  1
+Lucas–Lehmer
+primorial primes
+Sophie Germain primes
+distributed computing
+2009
+US$100,000
+$150,000 and $250,000
+by taking a piece of semi-random binary data, converting it to a number n, multiplying it by 256k for some positive integer k, and searching for possible primes within the interval [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1)  1]
+floor function
+Chebyshev
+there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2, for any natural number n > 3
+there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2
+Wilson's theorem
+when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one
+Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions
+1/6
+one prime number
+infinitely many prime numbers
+zeta
+if there were only finitely many primes then (1) would have a finite value
+diverges
+exceeds any given number
+richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory
+1859
+s
+random noise
+asymptotic distribution of primes
+asymptotic distribution of primes
+Goldbach's conjecture
+all four of these conjectures have withstood a proof
+n = 2  1017
+Vinogradov's theorem
+Chen's theorem
+twin prime conjecture
+infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2
+it states that for every positive integer
+n2 + 1
+there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2.
+prime numbered gear teeth
+G. H. Hardy
+1970s
+hash tables
+hash tables and pseudorandom number generators
+if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal
+p  1
+p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem
+an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n  1)! is divisible by n.
+p is not a prime factor of q
+512-bit primes
+RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+512-bit primes
+there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation
+512-bit primes
+cicadas
+grubs underground
+They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years
+prime number intervals between emergences
+2%
+minimality or indecomposability
+the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1.
+a connected sum of prime knots
+any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
+it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
+commutative ring R
+prime elements
+prime elements and irreducible elements
+p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y.
+units
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+Z[i]
+a + bi
+the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers
+Rational primes (i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k + 3 are Gaussian primes, whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not.
+ring theory
+Prime ideals
+prime elements
+The prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals (0), (2), (3), (5), (7), (11),
+The prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals (0), (2), (3), (5), (7), (11),
+Prime ideals
+ramification in geometry
+quadratic number fields
+quadratic number fields
+p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value
+arithmetic questions related to Q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields
+p-adic norm ||p
+local-global principle
+Olivier Messiaen
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53 appear in the third étude
+the movements of nature
+The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn)
+The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn)
+Cologne, Germany
+the Danube
+1,230 km (760 mi)
+the Rhineland
+the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands
+2,900 m3/s
+Rnos
+Rhin
+Rnaz
+1st century BC
+Rnos
+Rhin
+Greek  (Rhnos), Latin Rhenus.
+Rnaz
+Rhijn
+Rhine-kilometers
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.
+Rhine-kilometers"
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century.
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+north
+599 m to 396 m.
+599 m to 396 m.
+Seeztal valley
+the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East.
+Chur
+599 m to 396 m.
+599 m to 396 m.
+599 m to 396 m.
+the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East.
+The mouth of the Rhine
+The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section.
+the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section
+Isel
+Donkey
+The mouth of the Rhine
+the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section
+The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section.
+at least two arms
+Isel
+Diepoldsau
+Fußach
+Diepoldsau
+The Dornbirner Ach
+continuous input of sediment into the lake
+Fußach
+Diepoldsau
+Diepoldsau
+The Dornbirner Ach
+continuous input of sediment into the lake
+the Seerhein
+lower lake
+Lake Rhine
+Swiss-Austrian border
+upper lake
+the Seerhein
+Germany, Switzerland and Austria
+Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps
+47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E / 47.650
+Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
+greater density of cold water
+Lake Überlingen
+Rheinbrech
+this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake.
+on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau
+Rheinbrech
+on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau
+Lake Überlingen
+Rhine Gutter
+Depending on the water level
+westward
+the river Aare
+1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
+Finsteraarhorn
+the canton of Schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of Zürich and Basel
+westward
+the river Aare
+more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s),
+Finsteraarhorn
+German
+Basel
+Rhine knee
+the Central Bridge
+Upper Rhine Plain,
+about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide
+Basel
+Rhine knee
+the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North
+High Rhine
+the Central Bridge
+19th Century
+The rate of flow was increased
+The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+large compensation pools
+a Rhine straightening program
+19th Century
+The rate of flow was increased
+The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+the longest river in Germany
+300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
+The Rhine
+the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle
+2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+the longest river in Germany
+the longest river in Germany
+the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle
+Northeastern France
+2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+Middle Rhine
+the Rhine Gorge
+erosion
+the Romantic Rhine
+Middle Rhine
+the Rhine Gorge
+The gorge
+Romantic Rhine
+the Rhine
+Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+drinking water
+Switzerland
+water pollution
+the Rhine
+Switzerland
+Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+viniculture and tourism
+Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz
+Lorelei
+the Middle Rhine Valley
+viniculture and tourism
+The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz
+Lorelei
+Sankt Goarshausen
+Duisburg
+Wesel-Datteln Canal
+the Lippe
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m
+Lower Rhine
+Rhine-Ruhr
+Duisport
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m
+Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse
+Rijn
+Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede
+farther west
+Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede
+Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch), merging with the Meuse
+The Oude Maas branches off, near Dordrecht, farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn
+the Lek
+Nieuwe Maas
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn
+one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer
+the Lek
+Wijk bij Duurstede
+Rijn
+draining the surrounding land
+Kromme Rijn
+Bent Rhine
+Old Rhine
+Dutch-German border
+Dutch-German border
+Rhine Delta
+Angeren
+three
+IJssel
+Old Meuse
+the Rip
+Merwede-Oude Maas
+1421
+Merwede-Oude Maas
+1421 to 1904
+archipelago-like estuary
+Many rivers have been closed ("dammed")
+Delta Works
+dammed
+Delta Works
+tidal delta
+tidal currents
+strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea.
+Brakel and Zaltbommel
+Tethys sea
+Jurassic Period
+Mediterranean geography
+the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era
+Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally,
+Alpine orogeny
+Upper Rhine Graben
+Miocene
+northern flanks
+stream capture
+Pliocene period
+Vosges Mountains
+Ice Ages
+120 m (390 ft)
+120 m (390 ft)
+the Rhine followed a course to the northwest
+Brest
+ 74,000
+11,600 BP
+70,000
+120 m (390 ft)
+the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean.
+a glacier
+tundra
+22,000–14,000 yr BP
+Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps,
+wind-blown dust
+frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers
+frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers
+Rhine
+13,000 BP
+9000 BP
+7500 yr ago
+natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes
+7000 years
+tectonic subsidence
+1–3 cm
+11,700 years ago
+8,000 years ago
+Late-Glacial valley
+the Netherlands
+ 3000 yr BP
+increased flooding and sedimentation
+upland areas
+11–13th
+80
+the North Sea
+Meuse estuary
+IJsselmeer
+freshwater lake
+River Waal
+Herodotus
+Gaul and Germania
+6th century BC
+Maurus Servius Honoratus
+Augustus
+water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube
+the empire fell
+eastwards
+Moguntiacum
+eight
+Germania Inferior
+oppidum Ubiorum
+the actual number of legions present at any base or in all, depended on whether a state or threat of war existed.
+town of the Ubii
+the 5th century
+the 5th century
+dragons rock
+Siegfried
+Hagen
+6th century
+10th century
+Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+Peace of Westphalia
+Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine
+Louis XIV
+1806
+1840
+World War I
+1935
+1935
+helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power
+1936
+Arnhem
+formidable natural obstacle
+Operation Market Garden of September 1944
+the Ludendorff Bridge
+Seven Days to the River Rhine
+1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
+Knaurs Lexikon
+typographical error
+1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
+2010
+1997
+Scotland Act 1998
+the areas in which it can make laws
+the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
+Westminster
+Parliament of Great Britain
+Parliament of Great Britain
+the First World War.
+1969
+1973
+Scottish National Party
+Scottish National Party
+1974
+the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
+1978
+an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate.
+an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate.
+51.6%
+The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed
+51.6%
+the government of the United Kingdom
+the Conservative Party
+the Campaign for a Scottish Assembly
+the Convention
+a new Scottish Parliament Building
+Enric Miralles
+Enric Miralles
+parkland and gabion walls
+Queen Elizabeth II
+to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly
+General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
+School of Divinity
+Strathclyde Regional Council
+Glasgow
+City of Edinburgh Council
+George IV Bridge
+this building was demolished
+Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge
+Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge
+one
+Tricia Marwick
+secret ballot
+129
+electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.
+the Presiding Officer
+Parliamentary Bureau
+the Standing Orders of the Parliament
+The Presiding Officer
+a hemicycle
+the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members
+131
+2
+cannot vote
+silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
+silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
+a glass case
+Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
+a glass case suspended from the lid
+Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays
+2 pm to 6 pm
+Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public
+Entry is free
+Official Report
+Wednesdays
+up to four minutes
+Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau.
+Scotland
+nominate speakers
+The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer)
+the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
+a balance between different viewpoints and political parties
+ministers or party leaders
+Scots, Gaelic
+5 pm
+Parliamentary campus
+MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote
+electronic consoles on their desks
+seconds
+political parties
+political parties
+whips
+moral
+future elections
+Decision Time
+an MSP who is not a Scottish minister
+45 minutes
+proposer mancare, other members normally contribute
+winds up
+committee
+backbenchers
+there is no revising chamber
+take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise
+other locations throughout Scotland
+MSPs
+MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties
+different committees
+Mandatory Committees
+the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament
+beginning of each parliamentary session
+one
+the fourth Session
+the fourth Session
+an outside party or promoter
+large-scale development projects
+private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.
+Private Bill Committees
+The Scotland Act 1998
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+extends the devolved competencies
+Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+Schedule 5
+all matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament
+All matters that are not specifically reserved
+up to 3 pence in the pound
+borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns.
+Reserved matters
+Westminster
+Westminster
+UK Government ministers
+a committee of the Parliament
+a committee of the Parliament
+a bill as a private member
+an outside proposer
+a number of stages
+the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents
+the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents
+whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
+the relevant committee or committees
+Stage 2
+Stage 3
+amendments
+Stage 3
+wrecking amendments"
+Decision Time
+the Monarch
+the Monarch
+the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
+the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
+"The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent on [Date]".
+The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament
+Any member
+Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term
+most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs
+the Sovereign
+the first Thursday in May
+the first Thursday in May
+the Monarch
+less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case they supplant it.
+the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved (with at least two-thirds of the Members voting in favour), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within 28 days of a General Election
+Scottish Parliament
+The First Minister or members of the cabinet
+setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year
+the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement
+Parliamentary time
+11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m.
+members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government
+gives members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction
+four
+73
+Orkney and Shetland
+one member
+The island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
+55,000
+proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot
+the d'Hondt method
+The party with the highest quotient
+constituency seats
+repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.
+qualifications
+House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981
+18
+members of the police and the armed forces
+Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
+a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
+16 seats from Labour
+151 votes
+Liberal Democrats
+there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence
+Conservatives
+Edinburgh Pentlands
+five seats
+Annabel Goldie
+vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.
+Scotland MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland
+English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
+West Lothian
+the Conservative victory in the 2015 UK election, standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.
+England
+Islamism
+moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.
+government and society
+"oscillating between two poles
+a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion
+Moderate and reformist Islamists
+Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine
+abolish the state of Israel
+entirely reject democracy
+religious
+the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform"
+Sunni pan-Islamism
+sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
+"increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that "neither can now survive without the other."
+Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy
+Islamism
+Islam ism
+Islamism
+illiberal Islamic regimes
+to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics
+not Muslims
+the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam was a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970",
+the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam was a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970",
+between 1945 and 1970
+non-political Islam
+dangerous enemies
+Western and pro-Western governments
+considerable impact
+US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons",
+leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
+considerable impact
+Anwar Sadat
+Anwar Sadat
+Anwar Sadat
+1975
+assassinated
+strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism
+hate them
+Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims
+Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims
+Saudi
+affordable mass marriage ceremonies
+incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments
+affordable mass marriage ceremonies
+rhetoric
+prohibitively costly dowry demands
+law and philosophy
+the All India Muslim League
+Indian National Congress
+1908
+The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
+Hindu-majority
+Hindu-majority
+shedding of nationalist differences
+Sir Muhammad Iqbal
+Pakistan movement
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+Jamaat-e-Islami
+writing
+placed Islam in a modern context
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+writing
+placed Islam in a modern context
+Sharia
+Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state
+unity of God
+the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process
+the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process
+Maududi
+Maududi
+Hassan al Banna
+the Qur'an
+Shariah law
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+1948
+Gamal Abdul Nasser
+Brotherhood
+75% of the total seats
+"semi-legal"
+"semi-legal"
+Mohamed Morsi
+Six-Day War
+Six-Day War
+secular Arab nationalism
+secular, socialist and nationalist politics
+Maududi and Sayyid Qutb
+Sunni Islamic thinkers
+Ali Shariati
+Sunni Islamic thinkers
+complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad and his successors such as Ali for restoration of Sharia law
+complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad and his successors such as Ali for restoration of Sharia law
+The Islamic Republic
+The Islamic Republic
+The Islamic Republic
+Israel-Lebanon conflict
+Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
+40th Army
+40th Army
+to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
+marginal
+16,000 to 35,000
+several hundred thousand
+Saddam Hussein
+several hundred thousand
+several hundred thousand
+a puppet of the west
+American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process
+repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it
+remained stationed in the kingdom
+Algeria
+Osama bin Laden
+moderate
+1966
+Brotherhood
+Fringe or splinter movements
+1970s
+Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization
+1981
+apostate
+leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
+Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+2003
+the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful
+attempted assassinations of political figures
+quiescent
+HAMAS
+Hamas charter
+devout middle class
+First Palestine Intifada
+Hamas
+542
+January 2006
+542
+driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
+Islamist
+Hassan al-Turabi
+General Gaafar al-Nimeiry
+foreign Islamist banking systems
+sympathetic students in the university and military academy
+1985
+overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military
+sharia law
+Osama bin Laden
+Osama bin Laden
+economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization
+1989
+Algeria
+Front Islamique de Salut
+a military coup d'état
+justice and prosperity
+the mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union
+1992
+one of the poorest countries on earth
+80%
+governmental and religious groups
+the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan
+Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
+Sharia
+Osama bin Laden
+July 1977
+alcohol and nightclubs
+Islamism
+legitimize his means of seizing power
+1988
+Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group
+Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group
+ten million
+it lacks international recognition
+caliphate
+2004
+the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
+notorious intransigence
+March 2011
+the United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria
+Muslim history
+7th century
+1924
+Turkish modernist Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
+ended the true Islamic system
+armed jihad
+ideological struggle
+armed jihad
+1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt
+terrorist groups
+900,000
+Islamist
+2007
+Londonistan
+incitement to terrorism
+2001
+public diplomacy programmes
+Christian Whiton
+Robert Gates
+Robert Gates
+Latin
+military force
+Japan
+rapid spread of technologies and ideas
+Imperialism
+"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule".
+othering
+less direct
+"formal" and "informal" imperialism
+physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule"
+general-purpose aggressiveness
+private industries
+informal
+the amount of land that a nation has conquered
+how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory
+Lenin
+expansion overland, economic and cultural influences
+Asia and Africa
+colonialism
+it lacks a political focus
+Robert Young
+the Russian or Ottoman
+to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people
+Imperialism and colonialism
+the process of a country taking physical control of another
+conquering the other state's lands
+the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered
+the conquered indigenous populations.
+imperialism
+imperialism
+races which can do this work best, i.e. by the races of highest'social efficiency'
+The purportedly scientific nature of "Social Darwinism" and a theory of races
+whiteness
+Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder
+Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder
+Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder
+The Royal Geographical Society of London
+The Royal Geographical Society of London
+environmental determinism
+Ellen Churchill Semple
+Edward Said’s Orientalism
+environmental determinism
+orientalism
+Terra nullius
+eighteenth century
+the policies and practices of the British Empire
+Australia
+empty land
+Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography
+irrational and backward
+Defining the East as a negative vision of itself, as its inferior
+Orientalism
+irrational and backward
+Bassett
+to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
+unknown or unexplored territory
+cartographic techniques
+empire
+Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire.
+Genghis Khan
+Historically recognized Muslim empires number in the dozens
+Ethiopian Empire
+Sub-Saharan Africa
+Cultural imperialism
+soft power
+smuggled South Korean drama series
+smuggled South Korean drama series
+authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes
+1700
+colonizing
+the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world
+the middle of the 20th century
+Open Door Policy
+1919
+1999
+John Gallagher
+the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.
+the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.
+territorial imperialism
+the "British exploited the political weakness of the Mughal state, and, while military activity was important at various times, the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance"
+collecting resources from colonies
+Mughal state
+communication
+chemists
+machine gun
+arrows, swords, and leather shields
+chemists
+anglophone
+1870s
+idealism and philanthropy
+need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment
+aristocracy
+1950s
+World War I
+domestic social reforms
+state intervention through taxation
+environmental determinism
+the environment in which they lived
+less civilized
+Americas, second in Asia and lastly in Africa
+orientalism and tropicality
+climatic
+Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate
+guidance and intervention from the European empire
+orientalism
+colonizing empires
+sixteenth century
+Queen Elizabeth
+Queen Elizabeth
+1767
+Portuguese
+Algeria
+1850
+Catholicism
+North and West Africa
+Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire.
+they have a duty to civilize the inferior
+assimilation
+France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.
+Christianity and French culture
+Algeria
+Charles de Gaulle and the Free French
+1945
+Vietnam
+Algeria
+1960
+Germanic tribes
+Muslim Iberia
+classical antiquity
+800 CE
+an amorphous area of central Europe
+late 19th century
+1862
+Franco-German War
+Napoleon
+Habsburg control of the First Empire, the Spanish throne, and other royal houses.
+Africa and the South Pacific
+reasons of German prestige
+1884
+German New Guinea
+Hamburg merchants and traders
+Sakhalin Island
+1894
+Thailand
+1931
+The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China
+1932
+Bolshevik leaders
+Soviet Union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old Tsarist Empire in areas its forces occupied in Eastern Europe
+Bolshevik leaders
+the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution
+Imperialism
+Mao Zedong
+Nikita Khrushchev
+socialism in one country
+mercantilism
+1776
+free trade
+1820
+1815
+The British Empire
+Social Darwinism and theories of race
+imperialism
+Asia and the Middle East
+Monroe Doctrine
+Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America and Woodrow Wilson’s mission to "make the world safe for democracy"
+a war erupted in the Philippines
+Anti-Imperialist League
+a "racket"
+Isiah Bowman
+1917
+the idea of President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference
+build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'
+Wilson's geographer
+internal strife between various people groups
+"internal colonialism"
+Participation in the African slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million Africans
+using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary Orient
+1299 to 1923
+Suleiman the Magnificent
+32
+Southeast Europe
+16th and 17th centuries
+the Ottoman Empire
+Germany
+World War I
+Germany
+The United Methodist Church
+Protestant Methodist denomination
+the UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John and Charles Wesley in England
+the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
+Wesleyan
+80 million
+80 million
+the largest mainline Protestant denomination
+3.6%
+mid-18th century
+Church of England
+Bible study
+1735
+to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia
+Charles Wesley
+salvation by God's grace
+John Wesley
+1784
+Thomas Coke
+Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+1767
+Dock Street
+1784
+Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
+St. George's Church
+1784
+1830
+the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
+1844
+tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
+April 23, 1968
+Dallas, Texas
+Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
+the holy catholic (or universal) church
+The Book of Discipline
+invisible
+American Revolution
+Dr. Thomas Coke
+Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
+1968
+John Wesley and Charles Wesley
+Albert C. Outler
+Albert C. Outler
+Prevenient grace
+Prevenient grace
+grace that "goes before" us
+Prevenient grace
+Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace
+justifying grace
+conversion
+conversion
+New Birth
+Christian Perfection
+Sanctifying Grace
+a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
+Christian Perfection
+Wesleyan theology
+prima scriptura
+moderate and tolerant
+The Book of Discipline
+2008 General Conference [went] on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice".
+pro-choice
+Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
+The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women
+the need to be in supportive ministry with all women
+the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother
+Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality
+May 2012
+Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
+temperance movement
+2011 and 2012
+The Use of Money
+unfermented grape juice
+capital punishment
+Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7.
+lex talionis
+The General Conference of the United Methodist Church
+celebration of same-sex unions
+Rev. Jimmy Creech
+2016
+Connectional Table
+many organizations, conferences, and congregations
+resolutions
+1987
+2005
+Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
+conscription
+neither the way of military action
+those persons who conscientiously oppose all war
+Christ's message and teachings
+national foreign policy
+general and complete disarmament
+The United Methodist Church
+violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
+their perspective, relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of girls and women
+federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent
+stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells, stating that there are "few moral questions" raised by this issue.
+federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent
+Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
+Church of England
+Sunday Service of the Methodists
+Africa
+Book of Common Prayer
+laying on of hands and anointing with oil
+a biblical figure
+William Booth
+John Wesley
+The United Methodist Church
+General Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+General Conference
+every four years
+five
+seven
+elect and appoint bishops
+elect and appoint bishops
+Episcopal Areas
+Mission Council
+church bishops
+South Central Jurisdiction
+George W. Bush Presidential Library
+South Central Jurisdiction
+nine
+The Judicial Council
+eight-year term
+twice a year
+twice a year at various locations throughout the world
+The Annual Conference
+geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
+Clergy
+The Book of Discipline
+a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members
+a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members
+The church conference
+The church conference
+one hundred
+sixty
+International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
+John Wesley
+pastors
+Annual Conference Order of Elders
+Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+Annual Conference Cabinet
+one year at a time
+Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
+Word, Sacrament, Order and Service
+the local church
+2–3 years
+District Superintendents
+2–3 years
+Deacons
+Deacons
+sacramental authority
+1996
+seminary graduate
+1996
+Licensed Local Pastor
+licensed local pastor
+an approved five -year course of study at an approved United Methodist seminary or course of study school, successfully complete written and oral examinations, and appear before the District Committee on Ministry and the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry.
+Associate Membership
+Baptized Members
+confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
+transfer from another Christian denomination
+Baptism
+confirmation and membership preparation classes
+The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church
+Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
+lay servants
+their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant
+annually
+at least one advanced course every three years
+The United Methodist Church
+National Association of Evangelicals
+blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
+2000
+May 2012
+1985
+11 million
+11 million
+8 million
+8 million
+Texas
+11.4 million
+7.9 million
+7.9 million
+The UMC is also a member of the Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
+World Methodist Council
+July 18, 2006
+1754–1763
+British America and New France
+60,000 European settlers
+2 million
+New France and the British colonies
+Forks of the Ohio
+George Washington
+1755
+Battle of the Monongahela
+poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
+Fort Beauséjour
+expulsion of the Acadians
+William Pitt
+France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
+France concentrated its forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.
+Quebec
+Great Britain
+Spain
+eastern North America
+1740s
+Seven Years' War
+France and Great Britain
+the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire
+1763
+six years
+the capture of Montreal in 1760
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+Île Royale
+Île Royale
+Indian women
+Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
+Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
+the settlements were growing into the interior
+native tribes
+Father Le Loutre's War
+Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
+authority to make agreements
+Siouan-speaking Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
+the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region
+Anglo-Cherokee War
+North America
+no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops
+local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.
+3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.
+200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.
+they would trade with the British regardless of the French
+Pickawillany
+if he continued to trade with the British
+Montreal
+the English
+the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken
+British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
+Ohio Company of Virginia
+Ohio Company of Virginia
+Christopher Gist
+Monongahela River
+the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
+King George's War
+Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
+The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission
+both sides
+Marquis de la Jonquière
+French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
+not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
+Old Briton
+Paul Marin de la Malgue
+Erie, Pennsylvania
+Waterford, Pennsylvania
+to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
+Tanaghrisson
+The British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
+British Superintendent for Indian Affairs
+colonel of the Iroquois
+Mohawk Chief Hendrick
+Ohio Company
+Major George Washington
+Tanaghrisson
+December 12
+Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
+an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
+As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
+the British
+April 5, 1754
+William Trent
+construction tools
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
+They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships
+dislodge the French
+France
+King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
+February 1755
+Albany Congress
+allegiance of the various tribes and nations
+never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
+War of Independence
+1,500
+a disaster
+Approximately 1,000
+Thomas Gage
+Shirley and Johnson.
+fortify Oswego
+Fort Niagara
+Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams
+Baron Dieskau
+Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
+both sides withdrawing from the field
+Fort William Henry
+Fort Carillon
+Colonel Monckton
+Charles Lawrence
+1757
+William Shirley
+Albany
+Fort Frontenac
+Quebec
+January 1756
+Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
+May 18, 1756
+Oneida Carry
+Battle of Fort Bull
+45,000 pounds
+Oswego garrison
+Loudoun
+Ticonderoga
+Vaudreuil's
+disposition of prisoners' personal effects
+Quebec
+Montcalm
+William Pitt
+New York
+Fort William Henry
+Lake George
+some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
+the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
+poor harvest
+Vaudreuil
+European theater
+Loudoun
+regular troops
+Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
+3,600
+3,600
+Fort Frontenac
+victor
+to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
+New France
+the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
+Montcalm
+cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
+Battle of Sainte-Foy
+the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides.
+Governor Vaudreuil
+worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed
+General Amherst.
+10 February 1763
+15 February 1763
+Guadeloupe and Martinique
+sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
+80,000
+1755
+North American provinces
+New Orleans
+King George III
+the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
+west of the Appalachian Mountains
+Yamasee
+Braddock and Forbes
+1769
+Choctaw and the Creek
+the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession
+Aristotle and Archimedes
+fundamental error
+Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton
+nearly three hundred years
+Einstein
+quantum mechanics and technology
+gauge bosons
+strong
+strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational
+electroweak interaction
+Aristotle
+Aristotelian cosmology
+terrestrial sphere
+motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground
+innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place"
+the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus.
+Galileo Galilei
+objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus
+the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus.
+friction
+Newton
+a lack of net force
+Newton
+Newton's First Law of Motion
+the laws of physics
+laws of physics
+curving parabolic path
+the laws of physics do not change from being at rest
+constant velocity motion
+inertia
+The rotational inertia of planet Earth
+Albert Einstein
+Newton's Laws of Motion
+principle of equivalence
+Newton's Second Law
+kinematic
+General relativity
+General relativity
+the relative units of force and mass then are fixed
+symmetry
+symmetry
+a unidirectional force
+F and F
+the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system
+internal forces
+the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system
+an intuitive understanding
+using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale
+Newtonian mechanics
+experimentation
+vector quantities
+denoted scalar quantities
+vectors
+the situation is ambiguous
+vectors
+static equilibrium
+magnitude and direction
+the net force
+their respective lines of application
+the resultant (also called the net force), can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition: the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram, gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction
+independent components
+horizontal force pointing northeast
+the original force
+scalar
+three-dimensional
+static friction
+static friction
+Pushing against an object on a frictional surface
+Pushing against an object on a frictional surface
+static equilibrium between two forces
+spring reaction force
+an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force",
+an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force",
+Isaac Newton
+Dynamic equilibrium
+simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist.
+Dynamic equilibrium
+the falling cannonball
+the falling cannonball
+constant velocity motion
+kinetic friction force
+constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction
+Aristotle
+Schrödinger equation
+Schrödinger equation
+classical position variables
+quantized
+force
+spin
+Pauli
+spin
+symmetric
+antisymmetric
+momentum-carrying
+force
+quantum field theory
+sophisticated mathematical descriptions
+straight line
+four
+nuclear forces
+electromagnetic force
+the gravitational force acts between masses
+Pauli exclusion principle
+Isaac Newton
+quantum mechanics
+fundamental theories
+self-consistent unification models
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+9.81 meters per second squared
+9.81 meters per second squared
+force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface
+the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances.
+the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased
+the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body.
+a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:
+Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,
+Henry Cavendish
+Henry Cavendish
+Newton
+Mercury
+Vulcan
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+general relativity
+ballistic trajectory
+gravitational force
+curvature of space-time
+Lorentz's Law
+The connection between electricity and magnetism
+Lorentz's Law
+electrostatic force
+1864
+1864
+1864
+186
+1864
+attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe,
+quantum mechanics
+quantum electrodynamics
+photons
+quantum electrodynamics
+stiffness and rigidity
+Pauli exclusion principle
+lower energy quantum mechanical states
+structural force
+stiffness and rigidity
+Pauli exclusion principle
+lower energy quantum mechanical states
+structural force
+elementary particles
+hadrons
+hadrons
+gluons
+color confinement
+weak force
+beta decay
+beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity
+1013 times less
+1015 kelvins
+repulsive forces
+Pauli repulsion
+fermionic nature of electrons
+repulsive forces
+ideal strings
+ideal pulleys
+action-reaction pairs
+conservation of mechanical energy
+movable pulleys
+Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics
+how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects
+matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object
+matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object
+matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object
+tensile stresses
+pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area
+pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area
+pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area
+position
+unbalanced torque
+instantaneous angular acceleration
+center of the curving path
+velocity vector
+centripetal
+the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path
+tangential force
+kinetic
+kinetic
+net mechanical energy
+an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area.
+an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area.
+gradient
+gradient of potentials
+gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials
+Nonconservative forces
+statistical mechanics
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+kilogram-force
+kilopond
+metric slug
+1000 N, and the kip
+sthène
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