diff --git "a/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,11877 @@
+Saint Bernadette Soubirous
+Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend "Venite Ad Me Omnes".
+Main Building
+a Marian place of prayer and reflection
+Virgin Mary
+September 1876
+the Scholastic magazine
+The Observer
+nine
+1987
+Rome
+Moreau Seminary
+Old College
+Fatima House
+Buechner Prize for Preaching
+eight
+1920
+Civil and mechanical engineering
+eight
+1870s
+Learning Resource Center
+one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school
+1962
+U.S. News & World Report
+1924
+Master of Divinity
+the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer
+1854
+Department of Pre-Professional Studies
+Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
+Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame
+1986
+Ray Kroc
+1986
+14
+Theodore M. Hesburgh Library
+1963
+Millard Sheets
+Touchdown Jesus
+3,577
+19.7%
+10 to 15
+39.1%
+1,311
+18th
+8th
+1st overall
+10th niciodata
+57.6%
+C.S.C.
+1851–1921
+Father John Augustine Zahm
+Evolution and Dogma
+C.S.C.
+1882
+Professor Jerome Green
+Around 1899
+Julius Nieuwland
+Albert Zahm
+germ-free-life
+1950
+1950
+1958
+1928
+1939
+German Catholic journals
+44
+1939
+John Jenkins
+Notre Dame
+the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies
+2013
+Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index
+1,593
+Around 21–24%
+Bookstore Basketball tournament
+The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh
+1,593
+20%
+29
+14
+20%
+14
+Congregatio a Sancta Cruce
+more than 93%
+over 100 times per week
+Fifty-seven chapels
+more than 93%
+Washington Hall
+April 1879
+Rev. William Corby
+17th of May
+LaFortune Student Center
+1919
+College of Commerce
+1919
+1919
+Harvard Law School
+Knute Rockne
+105
+1925
+George Gipp
+George Gipp
+Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America
+Ku Klux Klan
+May 19
+week-long Klavern
+South Bend
+Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara
+Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara
+Laetare Medal
+1883
+notre Dame football
+more than half
+Lobund Institute for Animal Studies
+Hall of Liberal Arts
+Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C.
+Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute
+1917–2015
+18
+18
+1952–87
+389 to 950
+Hesburgh
+Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters
+Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs
+Mary Ann Proctor
+mid-1960s
+1987–2005
+more than 500
+more than 500
+from $15 million to more than $70 million
+more than 500
+2005
+17th
+Malloy
+Compton Family Ice Arena
+$400m
+Congregation of Holy Cross
+Basilica of the Sacred Heart
+French Revival
+Luigi Gregori
+1896
+Fr. Zahm
+1950
+Joseph LaFortune
+83,000 square feet
+$1.2 million
+29
+Theodore Hesburgh Library
+1963
+Duncan Hall
+Frank Eck Stadium
+The University of Notre Dame
+40%
+Sustainable Endowments Institute
+Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
+1968
+Trafalgar Square
+Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.
+1998
+The College of Arts and Letters
+The College of Arts and Letters
+1849
+Saint Louis University
+Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees
+Father Patrick Dillon
+1865
+six years
+Jordan Hall of Science
+1,200
+The School of Architecture
+Bond Hall
+Bachelor of Architecture
+Rome
+Driehaus Architecture Prize
+2015
+first floor of Stanford Hall
+over three million volumes
+over three million
+Hitler and other dictators
+Anton-Hermann Chroust
+classics and law
+Max Scheler
+sculptor
+Notre Dame
+Catholic
+Our Lady of the Lake
+the Virgin Mary
+1,250 acres
+Fighting Irish football team
+Knute Rockne
+NCAA Division I
+62
+62
+twenty
+four
+Driehaus Architecture Prize
+more than 50
+Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art
+1842
+Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière
+Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross
+November 26, 1842
+log chapel
+1849
+1865
+Father Lemonnier
+ten thousand
+1873
+NDtv
+2002
+WSND-FM
+WVFI
+$215 million
+June 3, 2008
+Kite Realty
+City of South Bend
+contractor hired non-union workers
+Atlantic Coast Conference
+Horizon League
+Midwest Fencing Conference
+Hockey East
+Horizon League
+The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East;
+The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East;
+Central Collegiate Hockey Association
+Navy Blue and Gold Rush
+Notre Dame Leprechaun
+University of Notre Dame and Under Armour
+$100 million
+1846
+the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States
+Notre Dame Victory March
+Michigan Wolverines
+Michigan Wolverines
+Ohio State University
+Jeweled Shillelagh
+Ohio State University
+George Gipp
+Knute Rockne
+Pat O'Brien
+George Gipp
+80,795
+Zahm House's two-story banner
+Drummers' Circle
+Bond Hall
+Notre Dame Alma Mater
+Saturday
+12
+12
+12
+Austin Carr
+Mike Brey
+John F. Shea
+1904
+Rev. Michael J. Shea
+1928
+her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory
+The Gipper
+Airplane!
+University of Notre Dame
+George Zipp
+Knute Rockne
+state governors, members of the United States Congress, and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
+Eric F. Wieschaus
+Rev. John Jenkins
+professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey
+Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee
+late 1990s
+late 1990s
+2003
+Houston, Texas
+late 1990s
+Destiny's Child
+five Grammy Awards
+Mathew Knowles
+Houston
+five Grammy Awards
+September 4, 1981
+Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter
+late 1990s
+late 1990s
+five Grammy Awards
+2003
+five Grammy Awards
+late 1990s
+five Grammy Awards
+2003
+acting
+Jay Z
+Jay Z
+Golden Globe-nominated
+2010
+Golden Globe-nominated
+Jay Z
+June 2005
+Destiny's Child
+Golden Globe-nominated
+Jay Z
+Sasha Fierce
+love, relationships, and monogamy
+100
+Forbes magazine
+The Recording Industry Association of America
+Forbes magazine
+modern-day feminist
+2013 and 2014
+118 million
+118 million
+118 million
+20 Grammy Awards
+Forbes magazine
+Destiny's Child
+her mother's maiden name
+African-American
+Methodist
+Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
+hairdresser and salon owner
+Solange
+Joseph Broussard
+Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
+Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
+Solange
+Joseph Broussard.
+Methodist
+Fredericksburg
+Darlette Johnson
+Houston
+Darlette Johnson
+St. John's United Methodist Church
+music magnet school
+Imagine
+Fredericksburg
+Darlette Johnson
+seven
+St. John's United Methodist Church
+Arne Frager
+1995
+Elektra Records
+Arne Frager
+1995
+Sony Music
+Elektra Records
+eight
+eight
+Girl's Tyme
+Arne Frager
+1995
+Grass Roots Entertainment
+Men in Black
+"Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name"
+Marc Nelson
+1996
+Book of Isaiah
+Men in Black
+Say My Name
+Marc Nelson
+Book of Isaiah.
+Men in Black.
+No, No, No, No
+1999
+Marc Nelson
+media, critics, and blogs
+her long-standing boyfriend
+her mother
+Luckett and Rober son
+a couple of years
+her mother
+Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.
+media, critics, and blogs
+her mother
+LeToya Luckett and Roberson
+Independent Women Part I
+eleven
+Beyoncé
+663,000
+Georges Bizet
+Luckett and Roberson
+Charlie's Angels.
+Carmen: A Hip Hopera
+Luckett and Roberson
+Luckett and Roberson
+October 2001
+Foxxy Cleopatra
+the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium
+The Fighting Temptations
+Missy Elliott
+Summertime
+Goldmember
+$ 73 million
+The Fighting Temptations
+Fighting Temptations
+$30 million
+Goldmember
+Foxxy Cleopatra
+Work It Out
+The Fighting Temptations
+Fighting Temptations
+"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
+Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland
+317,000
+Crazy in Love
+"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
+Jay Z
+Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland
+"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
+Luther Vandross
+Jay Z
+June 24, 2003
+Crazy in Love
+Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "Dangerously in Love 2", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Crazy in Love", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for "The Closer I Get to
+"Baby Boy" also reached number one, and singles, "Me, Myself and I" and "Naughty Girl", both reached the top- five.
+Destiny Fulfilled
+March 2006
+November 2003
+Destiny Fulfilled
+Rowland
+March 2006
+Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
+Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
+Super Bowl XXXVIII
+Destiny Fulfilled.. and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour.
+541,000
+Déjà Vu
+Billboard Hot 100
+Billboard Hot 100
+twenty-fifth birthday
+Jay Z
+Billboard Hot 100
+B'Day
+541,000
+Jay Z
+Green Light
+$158.8 million
+Dreamgirls
+Dreamgirls
+April 2007
+24 million
+158.8 million
+The Beyoncé Experience
+B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira "Beautiful Liar".
+$158.8 million
+Diana Ross.
+Listen
+The Beyoncé Experience
+B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira "Beautiful Liar".
+Jay Z
+November 18, 2008
+more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s
+Taylor Swift
+$ 119.5 million
+a video montage
+March 2009
+Taylor Swift
+$ 119.5 million
+April 4, 2008
+Jay Z.
+Sasha Fierce
+Single Ladies
+Kanye West
+Etta James
+Phoenix House
+At Last
+Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller
+MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
+Phoenix House
+Obsessed
+Sharon Charles
+60 million
+Etta James
+Phoenix House
+Ali Larter and Idris Elba
+Ali Larter and Idris Elba
+ten
+Lauryn Hill
+Lady Gaga
+Mariah Carey
+Mariah Carey
+ten nominations
+Telephone
+Lady Gaga
+Mariah Carey
+Lauryn Hill
+ten
+Lauryn Hill
+Lady Gaga
+Mariah Carey
+January 2010
+January 2010
+Great Wall of China
+January 2010
+her mother
+her father
+nine months
+Beyoncé
+her mother
+her father
+nine months
+2011
+Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
+2011 Glastonbury Festival
+Rolling Stone
+highest-paid performer in the world per minute
+WikiLeaks
+2011
+Rolling Stone
+2011 Glastonbury Festival
+Muammar Gaddafi.
+WikiLeaks
+Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.
+2011 Glastonbury Festival
+4
+Love on Top
+a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence
+the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts
+4
+310,000
+New York Association of Black Journalists
+4
+4
+4
+310,000
+a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence
+the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts
+January 7, 2012
+Lenox Hill Hospital
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+romance
+Life Is But a Dream
+Warner/Chappell Music,
+January 2013
+Nuclear
+President Obama
+268,000 tweets per minute
+January 2013
+Nuclear
+President Obama's second inauguration
+Super Bowl XLVII halftime show
+Life Is But a Dream
+The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
+The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
+Rise Up
+Epic
+The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
+2013 Met Gala
+Queen Tara
+Rise Up
+The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
+The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
+Back to Black
+20th Century Fox
+Queen Tara
+Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store
+December 13, 2013
+Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store
+Jay Z
+$115 million
+$115 million
+December 13, 2013
+one million
+Drunk in Love
+On the Run Tour.
+three
+Morning Phase
+Vogue magazine
+Coldplay
+three
+Morning Phase
+Coldplay
+six awards
+Vogue magazine
+Coldplay
+Coldplay
+57th Annual Grammy Awards
+three
+Morning Phase
+Vogue magazine
+Coldplay
+Tidal
+Formation
+February 6, 2016
+Tidal
+Tidal
+Tidal
+February 6, 2016
+Tidal
+300 million
+Paris
+miscarriage
+The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse
+April 4, 2008
+300 million
+returned to the studio
+Paris
+'03 Bonnie & Clyde
+April 4, 2008
+300 million
+miscarriage
+Paris
+MTV Video Music Awards
+unbuttoned her blazer
+8,868
+MTV Video Music Awards
+8,868
+most tweets per second recorded for a single event"
+Beyonce pregnant
+Love on Top
+MTV Video Music Awards
+Love on Top
+8,868
+Beyonce pregnant
+Lifeandtimes.com
+Glory
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Lenox Hill Hospital
+Glory
+Blue Ivy Carter
+B.I.C.
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Glory
+"B.I.C."
+B.I.C.
+George Zimmerman
+America the Beautiful
+$ 4 million
+same sex marriage
+George Zimmerman
+America the Beautiful
+America the Beautiful
+At Last
+Tumblr
+same sex marriage
+Vogue
+Ban Bossy campaign
+Vogue
+April 2013
+Ban Bossy
+Flawless
+uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls
+Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
+Ban Bossy
+ONE Campaign
+ONE Campaign
+ONE Campaign
+ONE Campaign
+ONE Campaign
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+ONE Campaign
+ONE Campaign
+ONE Campaign
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+ONE Campaign
+ONE Campaign
+Freddie Gray
+thousands of dollars
+Freddie Gray
+thousands of dollars
+Madonna and Celine Dion
+highest-earning power couple
+end of 2014
+$ 250 million
+Madonna and Celine Dion
+$80 million
+2009 to 2011
+115 million
+$ 250 million
+$80 million
+$115 million
+MTV
+2013
+four
+Jody Rosen
+The Daily Mail
+power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop
+four octaves
+versatile
+power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop
+range and power
+four
+vocal abilities
+tart
+hip hop
+R&B
+pop, soul and funk
+Spanish
+B'Day
+Rudy Perez
+R&B
+Spanish
+Spanish
+Spanish
+R&B
+Spanish
+phonetically
+several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day.
+melodies and ideas
+Cater 2 U
+Jay Z
+Jay Z
+Beyoncé
+melodies and ideas
+Independent Women
+Beyoncé
+melodies and ideas
+Mariah Carey
+American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards
+Diane Warren
+Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters
+2001
+Mariah Carey
+17
+Mariah Carey
+Pop Songwriter of the Year
+American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.
+Mariah Carey
+17
+Michael Jackson
+five
+Michael Jackson
+Mariah Carey's singing and her song "Vision of Love"
+Michael Jackson
+Vision of Love
+Michael Jackson
+Michael Jackson
+Diana Ross
+Whitney Houston
+Vision of Love
+Dreamgirls
+Josephine Baker
+Etta James
+Dreamgirls
+boldness
+"Déjà Vu"
+"Déjà Vu"
+Déjà Vu
+Michelle Obama
+February 2013
+Oprah Winfrey
+Michelle Obama
+inspiration and a strong woman
+lyrical and raw
+take control of her own career
+lyrical genius
+Michelle Obama
+Oprah Winfrey
+Jean-Michel Basquiat
+Madonna
+Suga Mama
+The Mamas
+Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick
+2006
+Suga Mama
+Suga Mama
+2006 BET Awards
+Suga Mama
+Suga Mama
+B'Day
+The Mamas
+2006 BET Awards
+stage presence and voice
+Def Jam L.A. Reid
+stage presence and voice
+Jarett Wieselman
+the greatest entertainer alive
+she "takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good
+Jarett Wieselman
+Def Jam L.A. Reid
+Sasha Fierce
+"Crazy in Love"
+February 2010
+May 2012
+too aggressive, too strong
+May 2012
+Sasha Fierce.
+2008
+Crazy in Love
+Allure magazine
+Touré
+Touré
+Bootylicious
+Destiny's Child
+Bootylicious
+Bootylicious
+2006
+Touré
+Bootylicious
+2006
+dress sexily
+2011
+Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show
+"World's Most Beautiful Woman"
+January 2013
+1
+"World's Most Beautiful Woman"
+"World's Most Beautiful Woman"
+January 2013
+1
+September 2010
+"World's Most Beautiful Woman"
+Hottest Female Singer of All Time
+Madame Tussauds Wax Museums
+Destiny's Style
+Tyra Banks
+Destiny's Style
+2007
+Tyra Banks
+Tyra Banks
+People magazine
+The Bey Hive
+The Beyontourage
+Twitter and online news reports
+The Bey Hive
+The Beyontourage
+The Bey Hive
+The Beyontourage
+beehive
+House of Deréon
+L'Officiel
+blackface and tribal makeup
+2006
+People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
+L'Officiel
+blackface and tribal makeup
+L'Officiel
+People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
+blackface and tribal makeup
+Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming
+Emmett Price
+L'Oréal
+natural pictures be used
+it is categorically untrue
+Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming
+Emmett Price
+L'Oréal
+whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements
+L'Oréal
+Llewyn-Smith
+2013
+2014
+Artist of the Decade
+2013
+2014
+Baz Luhrmann
+Jody Rosen
+Llewyn-Smith
+Time 100 list
+Baz Luhrmann
+2014
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Nicki Minaj
+Nicki Minaj
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Beyoncé's
+Country Strong
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Nicki Minaj
+Crazy in Love
+Rolling Stone
+Rolling Stone
+a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia
+July 2014
+Crazy in Love
+Rolling Stone
+8 million copies
+Destiny Child's "Say My Name"
+Rolling Stone
+Destiny Child's "Say My Name"
+a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia
+over 15 million
+over 15 million
+Recording Industry Association of America
+over 15 million
+Beyoncé
+over 15 million
+over 15 million
+over 15 million
+Legend Award
+64 certifications
+over 15 million
+over 15 million
+Recording Industry Association of America
+Recording Industry Association of America
+Legend Award
+Alison Krauss
+Alison Krauss
+Alison Krauss
+Adele
+Best Song for "Listen" and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture.
+20 Grammy Awards
+52 nominations
+"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
+Adele
+Alison Krauss
+Alison Krauss
+"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
+Best Original Song for "Listen" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
+Gladiator-themed
+50 million
+Center for Science in the Public Interest
+70 per cent
+2002
+Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias
+Pepsi
+Center for Science in the Public Interest
+Gladiator-themed
+$50 million
+Center for Science in the Public Interest
+70 per cent
+Tommy Hilfiger
+Tommy Hilfiger
+Heat
+2013
+over $ 400 million
+Heat
+February 2011
+Pulse
+the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.
+Tommy Hilfiger
+1956
+Heat
+the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.
+18
+$100 million
+18
+$100 million
+June 2013
+$100 million
+$100 million
+$100 million
+$100 million
+June 2013
+Topshop
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+an athletic, street wear brand
+2015
+Topshop
+2015
+Parkwood Entertainment
+Topshop
+London
+an athletic, street wear brand
+March 30, 2015
+Jay Z
+March 30, 2015
+Beyoncé
+their low payout of royalties
+Tidal.
+Tidal, Aspiro
+Jay Z
+Spotify
+Beyoncé and her mother
+Agnèz Deréon
+Beyond Productions
+handbags and footwear
+department and specialty stores across the US and Canada
+Beyoncé and her mother
+2005
+Agnèz Deréon
+Destiny's Child's shows and tours
+Beyoncé and her mother
+Deréon.
+Beyoncé
+Brazil
+July 2009
+House of Deréon collection
+Sasha Fierce for Deréon
+May 27, 2010
+House of Brands
+Beyoncé Fashion Diva
+Sasha Fierce for Deréon
+C&A
+Macy's and Dillard's
+Topshop
+autumn 2015
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+April 2016
+Topshop
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+Beyoncé
+Beyoncé and Rowland
+$ 250,000
+Hurricane Ike
+Beyoncé and Rowland
+$250,000
+Hurricane Ike
+Beyoncé and Rowland
+Beyoncé and Rowland
+Hurricane Ike
+George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
+Brooklyn Phoenix House
+God Bless the USA
+$1 million
+Brooklyn Phoenix House
+New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund
+George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief
+George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
+Beyoncé Cosmetology Center
+God Bless the USA
+Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
+I Was Here
+Miss a Meal
+June 1, 2013
+Tina Knowles
+a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.
+a Gucci "Chime for Change" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment
+Catapult
+Demand A Plan
+950
+I Was Here
+Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini
+montaa (mountain)
+44th
+44th
+77
+montaa
+1908
+1949
+grizzly bear
+grizzly bear
+Livingston
+September 1910
+Oro y Plata
+"Gold and Silver"
+1865
+1895
+bitterroot
+35
+129
+Billings
+Missoula and Great Falls
+"mountain"
+Montaa del Norte
+147,040 square miles
+North Dakota and South Dakota
+North Dakota and South Dakota
+western half of the state
+60 percent
+north
+Saskatchewan
+The Beartooth Plateau
+Granite Peak
+12,799 feet
+Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices
+Steve Daines
+Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.
+29 to 21
+swing state
+1992
+60 percent
+60 percent
+Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport
+2013
+BNSF Railway
+1880s
+Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
+spring hunting season
+wolves and mountain lions
+1930s
+Federation of Fly Fishers
+walleye
+A River Runs Through It
+April 26, 1864
+1862
+$1.75
+1886
+450 miles (720 km)
+Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay
+Triple Divide Peak
+Pacific Ocean
+Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
+Three Forks
+Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
+1976
+Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley
+North Dakota
+3,223
+Flathead Lake
+Fort Peck Reservoir
+Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river
+25 percent
+14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile
+grizzly bear
+five
+seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals
+15 inches
+34.70 inches
+105 inches
+7
+from 1 percent to 6.9 percent
+no
+Approximately 66,000
+1851
+1887
+Great Falls
+63%
+German
+a mining camp
+6.5 percent
+Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt
+27.9 percent
+July 2007
+July 2007,
+combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement
+1855
+Isaac Stevens
+1859
+Flathead Indian Reservation
+Camp Cooke
+Camp Cooke
+Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876
+1877
+English
+94.8 percent
+Spanish
+13,040
+Assiniboine
+0.9 percent
+0.9 percent
+0.9 percent
+1,032,949
+4.40%
+Gallatin County
+14,323
+1917
+1941
+conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.
+13 million
+325
+General Philip Sheridan
+1875
+Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east
+1882
+Yellowstone valley
+1874, 1875 and 1876
+September 8, 1883
+1866
+a failed bid for statehood
+Helena
+1889
+President Grover Cleveland
+160 acres
+160 acres
+1868
+640 acres
+640 acres
+640 acres
+James J. Hill
+1902
+1909
+Enlarged Homestead Act
+June 1917
+the Sedition Act of 1918
+criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means
+over 200
+78
+40,000-plus
+40,000-plus
+1500
+Fort William Henry Harrison
+Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow
+to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups
+the issue of in part and found that "the part must be a substantial part of that group
+"in whole or in part"
+Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33
+The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention
+biological-physical destruction
+there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws
+there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws
+there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws
+ECHR
+Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+Lemkin
+Lemkin
+United Nations General Assembly
+did not provide a legal definition of the crime
+political killings
+USSR
+international intervention in domestic politics
+William Schabas
+Great Purge
+Jorgic v. Germany
+national, racial, religious or ethnic group
+Jorgic v. Germany
+the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
+genocide
+Lemming
+mobilizing much of the international relations and community
+Peg LeVine
+Peg LeVine
+ritualcide
+Peg LeVine
+language, culture, and economic infrastructure
+the legal aspect of the term
+crime
+deliberate killing of a certain group
+the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area
+the Peace of Westphalia
+more often than not committed
+ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups
+the Peace of Westphalia
+1944
+the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).
+to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+Raphael Lemkin
+Winston Churchill
+1944
+"a crime without a name"
+Raphael Lemkin
+geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)
+to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement
+The numeric size of the targeted part of the group
+absolute terms
+prominence within the group
+the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims
+the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims
+the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach
+The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him
+inform the analysis
+12 January 1951
+12 January 1951
+only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council
+Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988.
+the world's most powerful nations
+a diplomatic compromise
+the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool
+international legal credibility
+none
+the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods
+the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods
+Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel
+Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel
+Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel
+M. Hassan Kakar
+The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response
+M. Hassan Kakar
+a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.
+a state or other authority intends to destroy a group
+Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
+the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality."
+genocides and politicides
+their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality
+pogroms
+murder
+murder
+Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+eliminate the group
+non-killings
+Adrian Gallagher
+Adrian Gallagher
+a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size
+a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide
+a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide
+prevent and punish acts of genocide
+peace and wartime
+no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice
+United States
+Cyprus and Norway
+the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder
+the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+Raphael Lemkin
+the appeal by Nikola Jorgi against his conviction for genocide by a German court
+the appeal by Nikola Jorgi against his conviction for genocide by a German court
+ethnic cleansing
+expel Muslims and Croats from their homes
+Momcilo Krajisnik
+30
+Zdravko Tolimir
+committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide
+aiding and abetting genocide
+German courts
+11 March 2006
+Belgrade
+Radovan Karadi and Ratko Mladi
+11 March 2006
+Slobodan Miloevi
+The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
+April 1994
+the Security Council of the United Nations
+the Security Council of the United Nations
+the Security Council of the United Nations
+Darfur
+United States Secretary of State Colin Powell
+Senate Foreign Relations Committee
+International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
+the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that
+the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
+the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report
+Two
+the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.
+structural conditions leading up to genocide
+structural conditions leading up to genocide
+Ervin Staub
+past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator
+humanizing a devalued group
+resistance of bacteria to antibiotics
+evolution ary processes
+1943
+penicillin and erythromycin
+Emergence of resistance
+bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics
+1943
+1943
+concentration
+eliminate bacterial infection
+bacterial growth phase
+ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells
+concentration
+host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial
+markers of drug efficacy
+target bacterial functions or growth processes
+penicillins and cephalosporins
+polymyxins
+tetracyclines
+mechanism of action
+penicillins and cephalosporins
+polymyxins
+four
+mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity
+semisynthetic
+beta-lactam antibiotics
+aminoglycosides
+chemical synthesis
+semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds
+2000 atomic mass units
+penicillins
+penicillins
+tuberculosis
+their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
+in every region of the world
+20th century
+in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country
+their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
+in every region of the world
+tuberculosis
+widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
+tuberculosis
+20th century
+their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
+in every region of the world
+in every region of the world
+20th century
+widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
+livestock raising
+tuberculosis
+empirical therapy
+the identification process make take several days in the laboratory
+broad spectrum antibiotic
+the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection
+before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection
+broad spectrum antibiotic
+the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified
+before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection
+fever and nausea
+disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
+vulvo-vaginal
+administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
+host microbiota
+Antibiotics
+approval for clinical use
+mild to very serious
+fever and nausea
+host microbiota
+Antibiotics
+photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
+diarrhea
+vulvo-vaginal
+tendon damage
+increased body mass
+subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
+subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
+it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity
+the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
+increased body mass
+intestinal microbiota
+it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity
+contraceptive pills
+about 1%
+reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon
+inconclusive and controversial
+extra contraceptive measures
+contraceptive pills
+about 1%
+reduced absorption of estrogens
+oral contraceptives
+the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low
+extra contraceptive measures
+about 1%
+alcohol and certain antibiotics
+interfere with many common antibiotics
+serious side-effects
+the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread
+side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
+moderate alcohol consumption
+belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
+alcohol and certain antibiotics
+serious side-effects
+belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
+Intrinsic
+plasmids
+an antibiotic target
+vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA
+a mutation in the bacterial chromosome
+vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA
+Plasmids
+superbugs
+tuberculosis
+nearly half a million
+MDR-TB
+Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics
+Self prescription of antibiotics
+Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics
+prophylactic antibiotics
+prophylactic antibiotics
+failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery
+Inappropriate antibiotic treatment
+respiratory tract infections
+US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance
+US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
+2002
+2003
+Swann report 1969
+The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)
+S.742 and H.R. 2562
+American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)
+animal husbandry
+1977
+March 2012
+medicinal folklore
+over 2000 years ago
+mold and plant materials
+against life
+Jean Paul Vuillemin
+The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history
+Alexander Fleming
+History of penicillin
+chemotherapy
+Prontosil
+Gerhard Domagk
+Gerhard Domagk
+1939
+tyrothricin
+1939
+Rene Dubos
+Rene Dubos
+commercially manufactured antibiotics
+1942
+1945
+Norman Heatley
+1945
+Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
+Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation
+Antibacterial vaccines
+attenuated whole cells or lysates
+Phage therapy
+pathogenic bacteria
+the phages will infect "good" bacteria
+Infectious Disease Society of America
+Gram-negative bacilli
+April 2013
+clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA
+appropriate economic incentives
+superbugs
+ADAPT
+Polish and French
+a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era
+solo piano
+the Duchy of Warsaw
+20
+François Chopin
+a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era
+the Duchy of Warsaw
+solo piano
+20
+17 October 1849
+Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
+solo piano
+a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era
+François Chopin
+the Duchy of Warsaw
+20
+François Chopin
+17 October 1849
+21
+30
+1835
+Majorca
+tuberculosis
+Paris
+30
+Franz Liszt
+1835
+Maria Wodziska
+21
+30
+1835
+Jane Stirling
+1835
+Jane Stirling
+tuberculosis
+the piano
+instrumental ballade
+J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
+their nuance and sensitivity
+Paris salons
+the piano
+instrumental ballade
+their nuance and sensitivity
+J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
+piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs
+the piano
+piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs
+their nuance and sensitivity
+J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
+the piano
+piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs
+Paris salons
+indirect
+Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death
+Romantic era
+films and biographies
+France
+Poland
+political insurrection
+Romantic era
+France
+political insurrection
+Romantic era
+elazowa Wola
+22 February 1810
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+29
+elazowa Wola
+Napoleon
+22 February 1810
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+Napoleon
+22 February 1810
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+elazowa Wola
+Napoleon
+Justyna Krzyanowska
+Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810
+1806
+1787
+1787
+Justyna Krzyanowska
+Fryderyk Skarbek
+Ludwika
+1787
+1787
+Ludwika
+French
+French
+Palace grounds
+flute and violin
+illnesses
+October 1810
+Warsaw Lyceum
+flute and violin
+the piano
+French
+French
+flute and violin
+the piano
+Saxon Palace.
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+polonaises
+1821
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+seven
+1816 to 1821
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+Wojciech ywny
+the Saxon Palace
+the rectorate of Warsaw University
+the Saxon Palace
+the Belweder Palace
+Nasze Przebiegi
+the Saxon Palace
+the Saxon Palace
+Grand Duke Constantine
+the Belweder Palace
+Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
+the Belweder Palace
+Grand Duke Constantine
+the Belweder Palace
+Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
+Wilhelm Würfel
+Józef Elsner
+eolomelodicon
+Tsar Alexander I
+10 June 1825
+Wilhelm Würfel
+Józef Elsner
+eolomelodicon
+a diamond ring
+Rondo Op. 1
+Wilhelm Würfel
+Józef Elsner
+eolomelodicon
+a diamond ring.
+Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung
+Dominik Dziewanowski
+Szafarnia
+spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers
+spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers
+Dominik Dziewanowski
+Polish rural folk music
+Dominik Dziewanowski
+The Szafarnia Courier
+Szafarnia
+1827
+Krakowskie Przedmiecie
+1830
+the Krasiski Palace
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+1827
+1830
+male students
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+Emilia
+1830
+the Krasiski Palace
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+the Krasiski Palace
+Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+Piano Concerto No. 1
+July 1829
+Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+Tytus Woyciechowski
+Piano Concerto No. 1
+Pytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski
+zoologist Feliks Jarocki
+Gaspare Spontini
+Prince Antoni Radziwi
+Op. 3
+Gaspare Spontini
+zoologist Feliks Jarocki
+Gaspare Spontini
+Prince Antoni Radziwi
+Op. 3
+Gaspare Spontini
+zoologist Feliks Jarocki
+Gaspare Spontini
+Gaspare Spontini
+1829
+Souvenir de Paganini
+11 August
+two
+17 March 1830
+Souvenir de Paganini
+Vienna
+Piano Concerto No. 2
+September 1829
+the piano-bashing of local artists
+Niccol Paganini
+Vienna
+two
+three weeks
+2 November 1830
+Austria
+2 November 1830
+Zdzisaw Jachimecki
+Zdzisaw Jachimecki
+Woyciechowski
+Italy
+Woyciechowski
+western Europe
+Woyciechowski
+2 November 1830
+"I curse the moment of my departure."
+September 1831
+Polish Great Emigration
+France
+1835
+friends and confidants
+Paris
+late September 1831
+Polish Great Emigration
+1835
+Adam Zamoyski
+he would never return to Poland
+France
+France
+Adam Zamoyski
+Polish Great Emigration
+Paris
+Adam Mickiewicz
+verses he set as songs
+Adam Mickiewicz
+Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny
+Adam Mickiewicz
+Polish Literary Society
+Julian Fontana
+Albert Grzymaa
+elder brother
+Julian Fontana
+Two Polish friends in Paris
+England
+England
+Albert Grzymaa
+Albert Grzymaa
+Julian Fontana
+Warsaw Conservatory
+Robert Schumann
+Salle Pleyel
+keyboard technique
+, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe.
+Robert Schumann
+Salle Pleyel
+Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons
+1831
+keyboard technique
+publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
+his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends
+pianos
+Salle Pleyel
+Liszt's Hexameron
+Maurice Schlesinger
+Adolphe Gutmann
+Paris apartment
+J.S. Bach
+Maurice Schlesinger
+Felix Mendelssohn
+"a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt
+Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow
+Carlsbad
+Lower Rhenish Music Festival
+Hiller
+Carlsbad
+Countess Wodziska
+Countess Wodziska
+Felix Mendelssohn
+Düsseldorf
+Academy of Art
+daughter Maria
+Woyciechowski
+Herz, Liszt, Hiller
+Woyciechowski
+26 February 1832
+Woyciechowski
+Salle Pleyel
+Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin
+Liszt
+seven
+Harriet Smithson
+the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
+2 April 1833
+Bonn
+the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
+Rue Lafitte
+seven
+Harriet Smithson
+love-hate relationship
+Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success
+he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology
+my friend Liszt
+Chopin's Op. 10 Études
+Marie d'Agoult
+Liszt
+Liszt
+Marie d'Agoult
+Hiller
+George Sand
+Marie d'Agoult
+My tragedy
+Grzymaa
+George Sand
+poor health
+My tragedy
+Marie d'Agoult
+Maria Wodziska's mother
+My tragedy
+Grzymaa
+Camille Pleyel
+earnest
+six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me
+two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839),
+Valldemossa
+Camille Pleyel
+Camille Pleyel
+six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me
+Félicien Mallefille
+Carthusian monastery
+June 1838
+two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839),
+Sand's two children
+Félicien Mallefille.
+Carthusian monastery
+Three
+Pleyel piano
+the best possible condition
+bad health and the incompetence of the doctors
+3 December
+bad health and the incompetence of the doctors
+Pleyel piano
+3 December
+Pleyel piano
+bad weather
+the Canuts
+Marseilles
+Nohant
+Square d'Orléans
+the Canuts
+Marseilles
+Nohant
+5 rue Tronchet
+Square d'Orléans
+bad weather
+the Canuts.
+Marseilles
+Square d'Orléans
+Nohant
+Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
+26 July 1840
+Adolphe Nourrit
+the organ
+Die Gestirne
+Adolphe Nourrit
+Adolphe Nourrit
+Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
+26 July 1840
+Op. 53
+Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot
+7 June 1842
+piano technique and composition
+Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot
+piano technique and composition.
+Delacroix
+1842
+Grzymaa
+Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's
+Charles Hallé
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+1842
+Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+1842 onwards
+mouth
+Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's
+Charles Hallé
+temporal lobe epilepsy.
+Auguste Clésinger
+radical political pursuits
+third child
+Lucrezia Floriani
+1847
+1846
+Auguste Clésinger
+Lucrezia Floriani
+Auguste Clésinger.
+less of a lover and more of a nurse
+Lucrezia Floriani
+1847
+Op. 58 sonata
+more refined than many of his earlier compositions
+1841
+1841
+Op. 58 sonata
+1841
+1841
+three mazurkas
+February 1848
+Auguste Franchomme
+February 1848
+Auguste Franchomme
+Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso
+Auguste Franchomme
+three
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Cornel Wilde
+Cornel Wilde
+1928
+Pierre Blanchar
+George Sand
+Cornel Wilde
+Cornel Wilde
+Pierre Blanchar
+Pierre Blanchar
+1901
+Giacomo Orefice
+Giacomo Orefice
+Chopin
+opera tic
+Giacomo Orefice
+Milan
+Giacomo Orefice
+Leon Ulrich
+Marcel Proust and André Gide
+1830
+Leon Ulrich
+1830
+biographies
+Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
+Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
+The New York Times
+Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
+Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
+The New York Times
+Paul Pabst
+Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2
+Paul Pabst
+The British Library
+Paul Pabst
+Methuen-Campbell
+International Chopin Piano Competition
+1927
+Warsaw
+every five years
+1,500
+International Chopin Piano Competition
+1927
+eighty societies
+1,500
+Chopiniana
+Michel Fokine
+Les Sylphides
+Alexander Glazunov
+Michel Fokine
+Chopiniana
+Michel Fokine
+Michel Fokine
+Sergei Diaghilev
+London
+Jane Stirling
+London
+his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister
+Jane Stirling
+Revolution of 1848
+Jane Stirling
+Dover Street
+Broadwood
+Stafford House
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+7 July
+Dover Street
+Broadwood
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
+piano lessons
+Viardot
+Scotland
+Adam yszczyski
+Scotland
+Glasgow
+10 Warriston Crescent
+16 November 1848
+London's Guildhall
+a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees.
+terminal
+London's Guildhall
+Delfina Potocka
+Chaillot
+Princess Obreskoff
+November
+Delfina Potocka
+Chaillot
+Princess Obreskoff.
+June 1849
+June 1849
+Place Vendôme 12
+June 1849
+her husband and daughter
+Jane Stirling
+Viardot
+fear of being buried alive
+"No longer"
+Clésinger
+fear of being buried alive
+Clésinger
+tuberculosis
+Jean Cruveilhier
+Permission for DNA testing
+tuberculosis
+Jean Cruveilhier
+cystic fibrosis
+Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.
+Church of the Madeleine
+almost two weeks
+Over 3,000
+Paris
+almost two weeks
+Over 3,000
+No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor
+Louis Lefébure-Wély
+Prince Adam Czartoryski
+Funeral March
+No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor
+Louis Lefébure-Wély
+Père Lachaise Cemetery
+Prince Adam Czartoryski
+Funeral March
+Clésinger
+Euterpe
+5,000 francs
+Jane Stirling
+alcohol
+Clésinger.
+5,000 francs
+Jane Stirling
+5,000
+two hundred
+Over 230
+the piano
+Over 230
+solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.
+Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi
+Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi
+Bach and Mozart
+Haydn
+John Field
+ballades and scherzi
+the nocturne
+ballades and scherzi
+the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude
+Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles
+nine
+nine
+mazurkas
+waltzes
+Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression.
+the concert hall
+the concert hall
+nine
+waltzes
+Revolutionary Étude
+Funeral March
+Sonata No. 2
+Sonata No. 2
+Revolutionary Étude
+Minute Waltz
+65
+Julian Fontana
+Julian Fontana
+17
+65
+Julian Fontana
+1857
+Krystyna Kobylaska
+1857
+1857
+Kobylaska Catalogue
+KK
+Kobylaska Catalogue
+Breitkopf & Härtel
+Jan Ekier
+Maurice Schlesinger
+19th-century piano anthologies.
+Paderewski
+Jan Ekier
+Improvisation
+flexible handling of the four-bar phrase
+Improvisation
+Nicholas Temperley
+flexible handling of the four-bar phrase
+the Barcarolle Op. 60
+J. Barrie Jones
+departure and return
+folk features
+a coda.
+ternary or episodic
+drone bass
+a canon at one beat's distance
+triple time
+Zywny and Elsner
+triple time
+formidable playing technique.
+The 21 nocturnes
+middle sections marked by agitated expression
+The 21 nocturnes
+1833
+The 21 nocturnes
+ternary
+ternary
+ternary
+The Well-Tempered Clavier
+Ferruccio Busoni
+The preludes
+The Well-Tempered Clavier
+generic preludes to others of his pieces
+Ferruccio Busoni
+Op. 35
+Kornel Michaowski and Jim Samson
+Op. 35
+The last movement
+Op. 58
+Claude Debussy
+keyboard improvisation
+ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures
+his use of very independent finger technique
+Léon Escudier
+knowing good fingering
+Karol Szymanowski
+Chopin's use of national modes and idioms
+Nikolai Zverev
+Karol Szymanowski
+Nikolai Zverev
+Nikolai Zverev
+Jonathan Bellman
+expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring.
+"always crescendo to a high note"
+you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art
+chromatic embroidery
+elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers."
+rubato
+the practice in performance of disregarding strict time
+rubato
+mazurkas
+Friederike Müller
+Friederike Müller
+strictest adherence to rhythm.
+introducing to music a new sense of nationalism
+their appeal to us artists is even stronger
+Poland
+their appeal to us artists is even stronger
+Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
+mazurkas and polonaises
+Schumann
+cannon buried in flowers
+Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
+Barbara Milewski
+Micha Kleofas Ogiski and Franciszek Lessel
+Richard Taruskin
+intuitive
+a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom
+polonaise and mazurka
+Arthur Hutchings
+Liszt and Henri Herz
+the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons"
+Arthur Hutchings
+Carnaval
+Ballade No. 2
+piano six
+Alkan
+pianist and composer
+Carnaval
+Ballade No. 2
+Liszt
+1915
+Jacques Durand
+Raoul Koczalski
+Karol Mikuli
+Mainland Chinese scholars
+Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare
+1402–1424
+Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
+Karma Kagyu school
+Nepal
+Tibetans
+the Mongols
+Ganden Phodrang regime
+1578
+9th century
+821
+fixed the borders between Tibet and China
+Tang China
+821
+907–960
+960–1279
+Song dynasty
+countering northern enemy states of the Khitan
+the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907–1125) and Jurchen
+Genghis Khan
+gedei Khan
+1229–1241
+gedei Khan
+Godan
+Sakya Pandita
+Töregene Khatun
+1241–1246
+Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
+Khagan
+gedei Khan
+Karma Pakshi
+Phagpa lama
+1279
+1271–1368
+Song dynasty
+universal rule
+Song dynasty
+1358
+Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+Red Turban Rebellion
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+1368–1398
+the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.
+Rolpe Dorje
+Rolpe Dorje
+the Buddhist link between Tibet and China
+4th Karmapa Lama
+Han Chinese
+1402–1424
+Morris Rossabi
+1644–1912
+1739
+É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office
+10,000
+1739
+three Princes of Dharma () and five Princes
+Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Turrell V. Wylie
+Tibet
+Morris Rossabi
+Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa
+Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain
+Wang and Nyima
+the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371
+princes
+ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders
+Thomas Laird
+Mongol khans
+Wang and Nyima
+A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368,
+the line of Mongol rulers in China
+Thomas Laird
+Rossabi
+1271 to 1368
+1311–1320
+a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan.
+Mongols
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
+General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office
+Ü-Tsang Commanding Office
+China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing
+Chen Qingying
+1,000 households
+10,000 households
+John Powers
+ruling lamas
+the Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming.
+Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan
+Han dynasty
+Education Minister
+Degsi
+the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
+Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
+Changchub Gyaltsen
+Van Praag
+University of Washington
+to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty
+Sagya Gyaincain
+the Ming officer of Hezhou
+Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen
+the Ming officer of Hezhou
+edict
+the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642
+1434
+the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642
+the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642
+Karmapa Kargyu
+The Ming dynasty
+Je Tsongkhapa
+Je Tsongkhapa
+Je Tsongkhapa
+1407
+1413
+Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
+Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
+Dawa Norbu
+the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes
+Laird
+Laird
+1413
+1413
+1413
+to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes
+1413
+the Gelug
+1430s
+Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu
+History of Ming
+the Phagmodru myriarchy
+Melvyn C. Goldstein
+1435–1565
+Melvyn C. Goldstein
+1565–1642
+1398–1402
+Yao Guangxiao
+Hongwu Emperor
+March 10, 1403
+Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang
+the Karmapa
+1407
+Khotan
+1403
+Deshin Shekpa
+The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa
+Kublai Khan
+Yongle Emperor
+five
+Nanjing
+Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
+religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects
+Deshin Shekpa
+strictly for religious purposes
+Thinley
+Thinley
+Deshin Shekpa
+Jianwen Emperor
+Deshin Shekpa
+Marsha Weidner
+the fifth Karmapa
+Buddhist artifacts
+Buddhist artifacts
+1435–1449
+The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
+The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
+Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
+the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court
+the Karmapa hierarchs
+1446
+1415
+Chan
+Yangzi and Mekong Rivers
+to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt
+Yunnan
+secure urgently needed horses
+Silk workshops
+Silk workshops
+Van Praag
+horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax
+Tibet
+Altan Khan
+Altan Khan
+Laird
+Altan Khan
+14th century
+John D. Langlois
+30,000
+30,000
+Qu Neng
+recovery of the Ordos region
+Ming dynasty
+the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China
+help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes
+divide-and-rule
+the Sakya regime had fallen
+the fifth Karmapa
+giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas
+the Phagmodrupa
+1498
+New Years ceremonies and prayers
+1518
+1505–1521
+8th Karmapa Lama
+Mikyö Dorje
+Manchu Qing dynasty invasion
+China's intervening Ming dynasty
+Tibetan Studies
+18th century
+the Qing dynasty
+the Chinese central government
+Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans
+Republic of China and its Communist successors
+San Francisco
+vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols
+patron and priest relationship
+13th century
+the Ming dynasty "inherited the right to rule Tibet"
+1981
+the Ming dynasty "inherited the right to rule Tibet"
+central government of China
+1521–1567
+Tibetan Vajrayana
+Tibetan lamas
+Yang Tinghe
+Yang Tinghe
+Jiajing
+Portuguese embassy of Ferno Pires de Andrade
+Portuguese embassy of Ferno Pires de Andrade
+Tibetan Buddhism and lamas
+Jiajing
+the Tumed Mongols
+the Tumed Mongols
+the Tumed Mongols
+1571
+Amdo
+shamanism and blood sacrifice
+Altan Khan
+Altan Khan
+Dalai Lama
+Committed to their religious leader
+Tümen Khan
+Altan Khan
+5th Dalai Lama
+1642
+Sonam Gyatso
+Altan Khan
+Zhang Juzheng
+Zhang Juzheng
+Mongolia
+Dalai Lama
+allowing him to pay tribute
+Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama
+Qing dynasty
+Qing dynasty
+Master of Vajradhara
+Yonten Gyatso
+1616
+Yonten Gyatso
+he died
+the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet
+the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet
+1642
+Ming court
+1565
+Karma Phuntsok Namgyal
+1611–1621
+Karmapa
+The fourth Dalai Lama
+fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso
+protector
+fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso
+1637–1640
+1642
+Lozang Gyatso
+Lozang Gyatso
+Dalai Lama
+Sonam Chöpel
+Lozang Gyatso
+Li Zicheng
+the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden
+Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson
+Lhasa
+Lhasa
+1720
+1751
+1735–1796
+portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
+October 23, 2001
+three
+portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
+three
+October 23, 2001
+portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
+October 2 3
+ultra-compact iPod Shuffle
+July 15, 2015
+external data storage
+128 GB
+128 GB
+128 GB
+128 GB
+128 GB
+128 GB
+iTunes software
+iTunes software
+iTunes software
+Music and Videos
+Music and Videos
+iOS 5
+2010
+"Music" and "Videos"
+A8
+A8
+A8
+2015
+A8
+5
+2001
+2004
+Jon Rubinstein
+1958 Braun T3 transistor radio
+"1,000 songs in your pocket."
+2001
+"1,000 songs in your pocket."
+the Walkman of the twenty-first century"
+Jon Rubinstein
+Toshiba disk drive
+Pixo
+Chicago
+2007
+Helvetica
+Steve Jobs
+PortalPlayer
+Helvetica
+iPod 5G
+U2
+black
+33 minutes
+U2
+black
+iPod 5G
+Burst.com
+Kane Kramer
+Kane Kramer
+1981
+IXI
+Burst.com
+IXI
+Kane Kramer
+Vinnie Chieco
+a freelance copywriter
+2001: A Space Odyssey
+Joseph N. Grasso
+2005
+2001: A Space Odyssey
+Vinnie Chieco
+Joseph N. Grasso
+mid-2015
+Pierre Dandumont
+12.2
+12.2
+Pierre Dandumont
+weak bass response
+the problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones
+an external headphone amplifier
+weak bass
+DC-blocking capacitors
+distortion
+R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
+clipping
+equalizer (EQ) sound settings
+R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
+concerns about hearing loss
+100 dB
+100 dB
+France
+100 dB
+France
+FireWire
+power adapter
+FireWire
+30-pin
+30-pin dock connector
+fifth
+fourth
+a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector
+30-pin
+a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector
+30-pin
+30-pin
+iPod Hi-Fi
+Belkin and Griffin
+dock connector
+paying royalties
+third parties
+iPod Hi-Fi
+Lightning
+iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano
+30
+8
+pins
+Lightning
+iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano,
+iPod Hi-Fi
+Nike+iPod pedometer
+Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation
+sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables
+Nike +iPod pedometer
+Apple
+BMW
+Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen.
+standard iPod connectivity
+BMW
+standard iPod connectivity
+JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon
+adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries.
+audio input jacks
+adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries.
+audio input jacks
+United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
+allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays
+KLM and Air France
+United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
+2007
+MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
+JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG
+a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM)
+a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM)
+Mac OS
+MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
+JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG
+one
+iTunes library
+host computer
+the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons
+the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons
+earphone cable
+a 3.5" touch screen
+the iPhone
+the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons
+3rd-generation iPod Shuffle
+the iPhone
+April 29, 2003
+The iTunes Store
+October 12, 2005
+September 12, 2006
+April 29, 2003
+October 12, 2005
+September 12, 2006
+FairPlay DRM
+Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods
+iTunes Plus
+January 6, 2009
+April 2009
+FairPlay DRM
+FairPlay DRM
+iTunes Plus
+January 6, 2009
+Napster and MSN Music
+rival-DRM technologies
+DRM technologies
+Universal Music Group
+Universal Music Group
+July 3, 2007
+The Beat Goes On...
+September 5, 2007
+September 5, 2007
+an iPhone or an iPod Touch
+iPods
+Brick
+Steve Wozniak
+Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
+Brick
+Brick
+Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
+September 2006
+iTunes 7
+6th and 5th generation iPod Classic
+6th and 5th generation iPod Classic
+September 2006
+iTunes Store
+Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft
+entering the video game handheld console market
+GamePro and EGM
+.zip archives
+.zip archives
+software development kit
+iOS
+.zip archives
+iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone
+software development kit
+iTunes
+iTunes
+iTunes
+iTunes 7 and above
+iTunes 7 and above
+Media files
+the host operating system
+manual
+2005
+Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights
+Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch
+Ho Keung Tse
+Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights
+FairPlay
+rotational user inputs
+August 2005
+Creative Technology
+Zen Patent
+United States International Trade Commission
+rotational user inputs
+Creative Technology
+August 24, 2006
+$100 million
+Made for iPod
+$100 million
+Made for iPod program
+over 90%
+October 2004
+72.7%
+Bloomberg Online
+over 90%
+over 90%
+74%
+January 8, 2004
+Hewlett-Packard
+Wal-Mart
+5%
+unfavorable terms and conditions
+HP
+one- hundred million
+32%
+Mac computers
+$5.2 billion
+April 9, 2007
+32%
+$6.22 billion
+30.69%
+US$24.01 billion
+$15.4 billion
+US$24.01 billion
+January 22, 2008
+$1.58 billion
+42%
+42%
+Peter Oppenheimer
+Phil Schiller
+14.21%
+exceeded 220 million
+2013
+fourth
+scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use.
+Sony Ericsson and Nokia
+WMA
+PC World
+Sony Ericsson and Nokia
+PC World
+business
+delivery mechanism for business communication and training
+Royal and Western Infirmaries
+Glasgow, Scotland
+Duke University
+Entertainment Weekly
+Duke University
+Entertainment Weekly
+album Era
+accelerating shifts within the music industry
+album Era
+album Era
+30 GB
+MP3.com
+2003
+battery life
+MP3.com
+third-party vendors
+refurbished replacement iPod
+lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use
+third-party vendors
+lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use
+battery replacement program
+US $99
+soldering tools
+Fifth generation iPods
+November 14, 2003
+US $99
+iPod Nano
+flawed battery
+an Apple product replacement program
+alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives
+13.7%
+13.7%
+2005
+protective sleeves
+20%
+surface of the first generation iPod Nano
+US$50 per month
+Apple's Code of Conduct
+over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time.
+US$50 per month
+over 60 hours a week
+Verité
+Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group
+Foxconn
+a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization.
+Foxconn
+Verité
+December 31, 2006
+2010
+2009
+2010
+innovation
+"disk mode" as mass storage devices to store data files
+FAT32
+The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
+The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
+November 2006
+December 2006
+The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
+November 2005
+November 2006
+Link
+Hyrule
+Midna
+Link
+Midna
+The Wind Waker
+Game of the Year
+Nintendo Selects
+March 2016
+Twilight Princess
+Game of the Year
+2006
+March 2016
+combat, exploration, and item collection
+Ocarina of Time
+L-targeting
+Clawshot
+Clawshot
+The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
+Ocarina of Time
+Clawshot
+L-targeting
+The context-sensitive button mechanic
+The context-sensitive button mechanic
+the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still.
+The context-sensitive button mechanic
+The context-sensitive button mechanic
+motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
+chime
+motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
+Nunchuk
+only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version.
+motion sensors
+motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
+nine
+enemies
+a large overworld
+Epona
+battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles
+a boss
+a large overworld
+Wolf Link
+biting
+Poes
+Midna
+Epona
+Wolf Link
+energy field
+energy field
+artificial intelligence
+The Wind Waker
+arrows or slingshot pellets
+artificial intelligence
+arrows or slingshot pellets
+nods and facial expressions
+the phonemes of English phrases[better source needed] sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kmoto.
+Akiko Kmoto
+Japan
+Link
+nods and facial expressions
+the phonemes of English phrases[better source needed] sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kmoto.
+Akiko Kmoto
+Twilight Princess
+carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit
+Midna
+Tears of Light
+Ordon Village
+Bulblins
+Tears of Light
+Fused Shadows
+Zant
+Master Sword
+Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda
+Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru
+Fused Shadows
+Zant
+Master Sword
+Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda
+Shadow Crystal
+Midna
+Ganondorf
+Hyrule Castle
+Ganondorf
+Shadow Crystal
+Gerudo Desert
+Midna
+Ganondorf
+by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast
+Midna's helmet
+Ordon Village
+Link and Zelda
+plunges the Master Sword into his chest
+Zelda and the Light Spirits
+Link and Zelda
+Midna's helmet
+Mirror of Twilight
+2003
+Game Developers Conference
+North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish
+horseback combat
+2003
+Eiji Aonuma
+horseback combat
+Aonuma's
+Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
+Nintendo DS
+Phantom Hourglass
+Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
+The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes
+Aonuma
+Revolution
+Miyamoto
+The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes
+the Wii Remote
+pointing-based interface
+Developing two versions
+Satoru Iwata
+Developing two versions
+Nintendo DS game cards
+2005
+Nintendo DS game cards
+2005
+swinging gesture
+Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.
+support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube
+E3 2006
+the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii.
+Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.
+E3 2006
+difficulty of the control scheme
+the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword
+E3
+right
+comfort and ease
+Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta
+Koji Kondo
+Michiru shima
+Koji Kondo
+Michiru shima
+Yasuzo Takemoto
+orchestral music
+50
+November 19, 2006
+six- and seven-track
+orchestral music
+November 19, 2006
+six- and seven-track
+a buffer overflow vulnerability
+Executable and Linkable Format
+copying exploited save files onto the console
+Twilight Hack
+copying exploited save files onto the console
+copying exploited save files onto the console
+Tantalus Media
+Wii U
+November 12, 2015
+March 5, 2016
+The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD
+Tantalus Media
+Tantalus Media
+March 4, 2016
+Wolf Link Amiibo figurine
+Ganondorf
+Ganondorf
+Ganondorf
+Cave of Shadows
+Wolf Link Amiibo
+Cave of Shadows
+Ganondorf
+Ganondorf
+20
+20
+Japan, Europe, and Australia
+20
+1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy.
+GameRankings and Metacritic
+GameTrailers
+Twilight Princess
+1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy.
+95
+GameTrailers
+IGN and GameSpy
+Jeff Gerstmann
+GameSpot
+Javier Glickman
+Hyper
+IGN and GameSpy
+MIDI-formatted songs
+Javier Glickman
+Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound
+16th
+4th
+third
+IGN and Nintendo Power
+Best Console Game
+16th
+4th
+Twilight Princess
+1.32 million
+1.32 million
+PAL region
+1.32 million
+1.32 million
+Akira Himekawa
+Japan
+Shogakukan
+Shogakukan's MangaOne
+Eon Productions
+Christoph Waltz
+Spectre
+Skyfall
+$245 million,
+twenty-four
+Spectre
+four
+Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures
+Sam Mendes
+Spectre
+Diamonds Are Forever
+Léa Seydoux
+Léa Seydoux
+Lucia Sciarra
+Léa Seydoux
+Léa Seydoux
+Léa Seydoux
+1971
+26 October 2015
+Royal Albert Hall in London
+6 November 2015
+its action sequences and cinematography
+Academy Award
+Skyfall
+Writing's on the Wall
+007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
+007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
+C
+Nine Eyes
+Garreth Mallory
+007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
+MI5 and MI6
+steals his ring
+Rome
+Spectre
+Franz Oberhauser
+a Spectre assassin
+Moneypenny
+Rome
+Franz Oberhauser
+Mr. Hinx
+Franz Oberhauser
+thallium poisoning
+Dr. Madeline Swann
+suicide
+Hoffler Klinik
+Tangier
+thallium poisoning.
+Dr. Madeline Swann
+L'Américain
+Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva
+Mr Hinx
+Hannes
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+MI6 building
+Blofeld
+Westminster Bridge
+M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny;
+Q
+M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny;
+SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion
+Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory
+1963
+Never Say Never Again
+Warhead 2000 A.D.
+1963
+Never Say Never Again
+Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory
+MGM and the McClory estate
+SPECTRE acronym
+Eon Productions
+MGM and the McClory estate
+MGM and the McClory estate
+MGM and the McClory estate
+Danjaq
+hackers
+hackers
+John Logan
+Eon Productions
+November 2014
+John Logan
+Eon Productions
+Christoph Waltz
+1983
+Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
+Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
+Octopussy
+Charmian Bond
+Octopussy
+Christoph Waltz.
+Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
+Ian Fleming's
+Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
+Kingsley Amis
+The Hildebrand Rarity
+Fleming's
+Blofeld
+Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
+December 2014
+Ralph Fiennes
+Daniel Craig
+Daniel Craig
+Rory Kinnear
+four
+Rory Kinnear
+Daniel Craig
+Franz Oberhauser
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+Bérénice Lim Marlohe
+Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace
+fifty
+Bérénice Lim Marlohe
+Jesper Christensen
+over fifteen hundred extras
+Alessandro Cremona
+Alessandro Cremona
+over fifteen hundred extras
+Mexico
+Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria.
+Alessandro Cremona
+Estrella
+The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill
+Dennis Gassner
+Roger Deakins
+Spectre
+Spectre
+Spectre
+The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill
+six
+London, Mexico City and Rome
+Van Hoytema
+Pinewood Studios
+8 December 2014
+Kodak 35 mm film stock
+Pinewood Studios
+December 2014
+February 2015
+Ice Q Restaurant
+an injury to Craig, who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously.
+Ice Q Restaurant
+a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps.
+tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier
+Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum
+Formula One racing team Williams
+Aston Martin DB10
+four
+Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire
+Blenheim Palace
+Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75
+Formula One racing team Williams
+the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar.
+March
+March
+Centro Histórico district
+1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers.
+Palenque
+March
+Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter
+Centro Histórico district
+New York
+22 April
+New York
+Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
+The London Fire Brigade
+17 May 2015
+Vauxhall Cross
+Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
+The London Fire Brigade
+Covent Garden.
+on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night
+Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud
+Largest film stunt explosion
+Chris Corbould
+128 days
+Morocco
+Largest film stunt explosion
+128
+Chris Corbould
+$20 million
+Michael G. Wilson
+Production of Skyfall
+Istanbul
+Thomas Newman
+Decca Records
+Decca Records
+Thomas Newman
+Decca Records
+July 2015
+July 2015
+Writing's on the Wall
+under half an hour
+in under half an hour before recording a demo
+Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes
+25 September 2015
+Skyfall
+Shirley Bassey
+Radiohead
+Adele
+Shirley Bassey
+Radiohead
+Aston Martin and Eon
+Aston Martin and Eon
+Williams F1
+promotional work
+Aston Martin and Eon
+Williams F1
+clapperboards and video blogs
+Skyfall
+clapperboards and video blogs
+Skyfall
+David Walliams
+BBC One
+July
+13 March 2015
+David Walliams
+David Walliams
+Royal Albert Hall
+26 October 2015
+Skyfall
+Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
+Paramount Pictures
+$199.8 million
+$199.8 million
+$199.8 million
+£41.7 million ($63.8 million)
+Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
+Avatar
+$9.2 million
+Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
+Avatar
+The Dark Knight
+$14.6 million
+$4.8 million
+Spider-Man 3
+$8.7 million
+Spider-Man 3
+seven weeks straight
+$17.1 million
+$70.4 million
+$5.25 million
+Skyfall
+$17.1 million
+$5.25 million
+$15 million
+$48.1 million
+75%
+$84.7 million
+$15 million
+$84.7 million
+60 out of 100
+48
+274
+CinemaScore
+64
+60 out of 100
+Robbie Collin
+IGN
+four out of five stars
+four
+Scott Mendelson
+Mick LaSalle
+Spectre
+Spectre
+Christopher Orr
+Bored
+The Washington Post
+Bored, James Bored
+Indian Central Board of Film Certification
+Twitter.
+Christoph Waltz
+spring 2016
+Spectre
+69,197
+the Great Sichuan earthquake
+69,197
+69,197
+8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw
+69,197
+69,197
+69,197
+Beijing and Shanghai
+80 kilometres (50 mi)
+Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.
+Wenchuan earthquake
+Wenchuan County, Sichuan
+80 kilometres (50 mi)
+80 kilometres (50 mi)
+69,197
+69,197
+4.8 million
+Approximately 15 million
+1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion)
+69,197
+69,197
+69,197
+4.8 million
+11 million
+Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
+2 minutes
+80%
+8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw
+2 minutes
+80%
+Longmenshan fault
+Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate
+120 sec
+deeper than 10 km
+Longmenshan fault
+Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture
+120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec.
+9 meters
+April 30, 2008
+1972
+China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo
+China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo
+May 8
+Premier Zhou Enlai
+the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake
+240 km
+Tom Parsons
+240 km
+240 km
+displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep
+deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters
+high risk
+over 6,000 people
+two stages
+Yuji Yagi
+shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population
+over 6,000
+seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power
+64 and 104
+Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake.
+August 5, 2008
+64 and 104
+42,719
+6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS
+42,719
+August 5, 2008
+6.1
+6.1
+a different fault.
+2008 Panzhihua earthquake
+6.1
+6.1
+2008 Panzhihua earthquake
+China Seismic Intensity Scale
+China Seismic Intensity Scale
+very destructive
+very disastrous
+Yingxiu, Wenchuan
+Tibetan Plateau
+4.8 metres
+2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
+2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
+2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
+Tibetan Plateau
+Tibetan Plateau
+4.8 metres
+4.8 metres
+4.8 metres
+Shanghai's financial district
+calm
+about 10 minutes
+Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+May 12
+the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated
+Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+disruption in air traffic services
+the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations
+Chengdu
+Beijing office towers
+Hui County, Gansu
+13
+Chengdu
+Beijing office towers
+None
+Hui County, Gansu
+the rail was distorted
+All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged,
+80%
+Dujiangyan
+900
+All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged,
+All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged,
+80%
+80 tons
+900
+southwestern China
+Copper rose
+Copper rose
+Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
+southwestern China
+Copper rose
+Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
+mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
+mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
+the government piece by piece
+mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
+mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
+the government piece by piece
+a handful of major news and media websites
+a handful of major news and media websites
+more than 2,300
+700
+more than 2,300
+power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion
+Half
+China Unicom
+700
+Wolong National Nature Reserve
+280
+31
+80
+Wolong National Nature Reserve
+Six
+Nine-year-old
+Mao Mao
+Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
+Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
+2,000
+391
+Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
+Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
+less severe
+Tulong reservoir
+391
+68,636
+68,636
+68,636
+68,636
+68,636
+68,636
+68,636
+68,636
+68,636
+as they tried to repair roads
+2,300
+2,300
+9,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+2,300
+9,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+Eight
+poor
+Gao Qiang
+public health care system in China is insufficient
+the earthquake
+poor
+the "public health care system in China is insufficient
+The Vice Minister of Health
+shoddy
+1,700
+1,700
+7,000
+1, 700
+shoddy construction
+1,700
+1,700
+7,000
+600
+December 2008
+May 7, 2009
+5,335
+5,335
+May 7, 2009
+artist and architect Ai Weiwei
+5,335
+5,335
+fertility clinics
+5 million
+11 million
+Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture
+1 million
+5 million
+11 million
+12.5 million animals
+a million pigs
+Reginald DesRoches
+China
+China
+1976 Tangshan earthquake
+an international reconnaissance team of engineers
+to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
+a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
+an international reconnaissance team of engineers
+to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
+a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
+poorer, rural villages
+Swaminathan Krishnan
+California Institute of Technology
+they were not designed
+very strong building codes
+some of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them."
+$75 billion
+the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history.
+US$75 billion
+one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history
+the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history.
+63
+6.0 Mw
+6.0 Mw
+63
+63
+Qingchuan, Sichuan
+more than 90,000
+200,000
+200,000
+1,300
+more than 90,000
+more than 90,000
+200,000
+200,000
+200,000
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+geomechanics
+to oversee the rescue work
+50,000
+90 minutes
+ten
+50,000
+the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter
+Level II emergency contingency plan
+the most serious class of natural disasters
+May 12
+Level II
+The National Disaster Relief Commission
+Level II
+The National Disaster Relief Commission
+184
+184
+184
+184
+184
+184
+184
+Armed Police General Hospital
+184
+China Digital Times
+Book Blade
+China Digital Times
+Book Blade
+Children's Day
+relief centres
+relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake.
+rubble of schools
+June 1
+relief centres
+$48.6 million
+10 million yuan
+48.6 million
+10 million yuan
+$457 million
+$457 million
+$457 million
+€40,000,000
+€40,000,000
+$ 83 million
+€40,000,000
+$457 million
+State Council
+3 years
+State Council
+one province to one affected county
+3 years
+3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget.
+the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture
+Zipingpu Dam
+25 times more
+the government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area.
+the government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area.
+seismological and geological data
+to model future earthquake predictions
+2008
+time prediction method
+Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev
+earthquake prediction was a global issue
+no proven methods exist
+earthquake prediction was a global issue
+no prediction notification
+Gary Gibson
+2002
+7.0
+7.0
+2002
+7.0
+over 30 years
+over 30 years
+there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake "prediction" is possible.
+statistics related to the quake
+there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake "prediction" is possible.
+Taipei Fire Department
+over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water
+Red Cross Society of China
+cash
+it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides
+4000 m above sea level
+Persistent heavy rain and landslides
+20
+15,600
+3,000
+15
+Persistent heavy rain and landslides
+20
+15,600
+3,000
+around 9,000
+90 helicopters
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150
+the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+civil aviation industry
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+Tzu Chi Foundation
+Tzu Chi Foundation
+May 13
+Tzu Chi Foundation
+gratefully accept international help
+it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake
+China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+17:00 CST, May 15
+May 16
+China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST
+China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+the quake-stricken areas
+Chinese authorities
+Xinhua
+May 16
+the quake-stricken areas
+tents and generators
+Xinhua
+The Internet
+Xinhua
+to find the blind spots of disaster recovery
+Wenchuan
+The Internet
+Xinhua
+a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters
+Volunteers
+May 31
+China
+the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat
+three days
+China
+a state earthquake relic museum
+concerts
+to remind people of the terrible disaster
+blood
+$772 million
+people from all over mainland China
+blood
+booths
+$772 million
+$772 million
+788,000 yuan
+788,000 yuan
+788,000 yuan
+Wenchuan County
+30,000
+788,000 yuan
+Amity Foundation
+30,000
+the Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless
+Amity Foundation
+over 7,000
+tofu-dregs schoolhouses
+over 7,000
+over 7,000
+tofu-dregs schoolhouses
+under 18 years of age
+CCTV-1
+Bai Yansong
+1.5 billion
+$1.57 million
+Promise
+CCTV-1
+US$208 million
+CCTV -1
+1.57 million
+Promise
+This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
+Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid
+the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
+Los Angeles Times
+Tangshan earthquake
+quake lakes
+34
+34
+magnitude 7.9
+large landslides
+quake lakes
+34
+Entire villages
+Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan
+by foot or air
+China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company
+200,000
+200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting
+China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company
+Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan
+1,200
+The State Council
+The State Council
+Mao Zedong
+May 19, 2008
+Cars and trucks
+The State Council
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee
+Ruijin, Jiangxi
+Ruijin, Jiangxi
+black and white
+limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements
+various gaming sites
+crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including "Long Live China".
+Macau
+Ye Zhiping
+the earthquake happened
+2,323
+400,000 yuan (US$60,000)
+Ye Zhiping
+2,323
+An County
+three-year
+ten
+safety checks
+ten
+to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime
+safety checks
+ten
+forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money
+riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
+government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses.
+To limit protests
+forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money
+some who refused to sign were threatened
+to stop reporting on school collapses
+Liu Shaokun
+suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
+Sichuan school teacher
+suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
+taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online
+in a media interview
+one year
+2007
+January 2010
+2007
+UNICEF
+condolences and assistance
+May 14
+UNICEF
+magnitude of the quake
+$214,000 and $71,000
+$26 million
+10.7 billion yuan
+the Chinese public
+Yao Ming
+26 million
+swift and very efficient
+"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness
+Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.
+Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.
+Francis Marcus
+CCTV-1
+CCTV-1
+even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended
+Myanmar
+the school construction scandal
+quake
+cutting corners
+parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports
+censors
+The AP
+propaganda bureau
+The AP
+Globeandmail.com
+Globeandmail.com
+supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards."
+some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice,
+some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice,
+not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest
+the Times
+families who lost their only child
+New York
+New York
+New York
+New York
+New York City or the City of New York
+New York City or the City of New York
+five
+1898
+8,491,079
+8,491,079
+23.6 million
+five
+Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island
+1898
+8,491,079
+800
+1624
+1624
+1785 until 1790
+1664
+1785 until 1790
+1624
+1626
+1664
+1785 until 1790
+56 million
+469
+the Financial District of Lower Manhattan
+120
+New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ
+Long Island and Staten Island
+Wisconsinan glaciation
+over 1,000 feet
+Lenapehoking
+1524
+Giovanni da Verrazzano
+1524
+"Nouvelle Angoulême"
+Nouvelle Angoulême
+1524
+1524
+"Nouvelle Angoulême"
+New York Harbor
+Estêvo Gomes
+New York Harbor
+Emperor Charles V
+La Anunciada
+Rio de San Antonio
+Padrón Real
+the Halve Maen
+Dutch East India Company
+1614
+ten
+North River
+Dutch East India Company
+1614
+the Halve Maen
+Santo Domingo
+Jan Rodrigues
+Juan Rodriguez
+159th Street
+Santo Domingo
+Juan Rodriguez
+159th Street to 218th Street
+Governors Island
+Manhattan Island
+1625
+Peter Minuit
+Peter Minuit
+1624
+1625
+glass beads
+New York
+King James II
+Peter Stuyvesant
+New Amsterdam
+1664
+Peter Stuyvesant
+King William III
+August 24, 1673
+New Orange
+1674
+Anthonio Colve
+Anthonio Colve
+King William III
+Second Anglo-Dutch War
+200
+Dutch control of Run
+200
+Second Anglo-Dutch War
+42%
+Charleston, South Carolina
+Foley Square
+tens of thousands
+Charleston, South Carolina
+1990s
+John Peter Zenger
+John Peter Zenger
+1754
+King George II
+King George II
+John Peter Zenger
+1754
+October 1765
+The Battle of Long Island
+the modern-day borough of Brooklyn
+August 1776
+10,000
+1783
+The Battle of Long Island
+the modern-day borough of Brooklyn
+1783
+September 11, 1776
+Conference House on Staten Island
+Great Fire of New York
+West Side of Lower Manhattan
+Trinity Church
+Conference House on Staten Island
+Great Fire of New York
+1785
+George Washington
+United States Bill of Rights
+Federal Hall on Wall Street
+Philadelphia
+Congress of the Confederation
+Congress of the Confederation
+1789
+1790
+1799
+Manhattan
+New York Manumission Society
+1827
+16,000
+1799
+1827
+Commissioners' Plan
+The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior
+Tammany Hall
+Irish and German
+The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior
+Central Park
+1857
+1857
+The Great Irish Famine
+Over 200,000
+Over 200,000
+Germans
+Germans
+The Great Irish Famine
+Over 200,000
+Fernando Wood
+$300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee
+$300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee
+James M. McPherson
+eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, as well as New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820.
+more than 200
+1898
+1904
+Bronx
+1904
+1904
+General Slocum
+146
+146
+146
+Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
+36,620
+Harlem Renaissance
+36,620
+London
+10 million
+Fiorello La Guardia
+Fiorello La Guardia
+10 million
+1952
+Paris
+Paris
+Paris
+The Stonewall riots
+The Stonewall riots
+June 28, 1969
+Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
+The Stonewall riots
+Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
+2000
+2000
+Silicon Alley
+1990s
+1970s
+1970s
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+July 19, 1909
+541.3
+July 19, 1909
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+September 17, 2011
+Financial District of Lower Manhattan
+Financial District of Lower Manhattan
+Financial District of Lower Manhattan
+September 17, 2011
+William F. Buckley, Jr.
+1955
+Donald Trump
+"New York values"
+southeastern
+southeastern
+Washington, D.C. and Boston
+a naturally sheltered harbor
+Hudson River
+a naturally sheltered harbor
+Atlantic Ocean
+Manhattan, and Staten Island.
+New Jersey
+The Harlem River
+The Bronx River
+New York Bay
+New York City and Troy, New York
+New Jersey
+The Bronx River
+The Harlem River
+Battery Park City
+468.9 square miles
+164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
+164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
+Todt Hill
+Staten Island
+468.9 square miles
+164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
+164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
+Todt Hill
+Todt Hill
+Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
+Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn
+One World Trade Center
+Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
+1656
+One World Trade Center
+550
+Hong Kong
+550
+1913
+5
+Hong Kong
+550
+1931
+The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building
+61st
+I-beams
+The Condé Nast Building
+61st
+1931
+1930
+the Bronx
+Brooklyn
+Queens
+1870 to 1930
+Tudor Revival and Victorian
+brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements
+the Great Fire of 1835
+higher than six stories
+Jackson Heights
+Stone and brick
+wooden roof-mounted water towers
+July 2014
+ten
+five
+Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx
+0 °C (32 °F)
+234 days
+234 days
+humid continental climate
+January
+0 °C (32 °F)
+234 days
+USDA 7b Plant Hardiness
+the Appalachians
+0.3
+72%
+90 °F (32 °C)
+July 9, 1936
+106 °F
+February 9, 1934
+July 9, 1936
+1,270
+66
+October 29, 2012
+49.9 inches
+Hurricane Sandy
+25.8 inches
+National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
+New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
+National Park Service
+Minneapolis
+The Trust for Public Land
+Minneapolis
+10,521.83
+Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
+Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden
+Jacob Riis Park
+Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
+Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
+The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum
+Grant's Tomb
+the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village
+the modern gay rights movement
+The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum
+New York and New Jersey
+New York and New Jersey
+the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village
+Grant's Tomb
+69 feet
+28
+21
+69 feet
+69 feet
+14 miles (23 km)
+14 miles (23 km)
+Pelham Bay Park
+1,093
+14 miles (23 km)
+14 miles (23 km)
+Pelham Bay Park
+Pelham Bay Park
+Fort Hamilton
+1825
+1825
+North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers
+1179th Transportation Brigade
+Fort Hamilton
+1825
+1825
+Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens
+8,491,079
+Los Angeles
+316,000
+40%
+40%
+8,491,079
+Los Angeles
+40
+27,858 people per square mile
+27,673
+Hudson County
+25.5%
+25.5%
+28.6%
+28.6%
+3
+44
+Civil War
+28.6%
+25.5 %
+12 million
+densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side
+Germans
+92%
+Irish
+12 million
+12 million
+Approximately 37%
+Dominican Republic
+Bangladeshi
+China
+37
+Andean
+Nassau County
+6.3%
+Andean
+1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%
+2.7 million
+550,000
+560,000
+65,000
+the Bronx
+2.7 million
+over 20 million
+1.5 million
+20%
+4.8 million
+20%
+1.3 million
+Dominican Republic
+Egypt
+El Salvador
+Ecuador
+568,903
+June 24, 2011
+June 24, 2011
+568,903
+June 24, 2011
+June 24, 2011
+59%
+33%
+1.1 million
+Brooklyn
+third
+1.1 million
+Judaism
+Brooklyn
+24
+third
+0.5
+Manhattan
+Michael R. Bloomberg
+millionaires per capita
+$2,749
+$ 2,749
+0.5
+Silicon Alley
+The Atlantic
+first half of 2014
+2012
+One out of ten
+FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future
+US$914.8 billion
+Time Warner Center
+450 Park Avenue
+$15,887
+six
+Time Warner Center
+660 Madison Avenue
+Madison Avenue
+$11 billion
+$11 billion
+Omnicom Group
+$11 billion
+Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group
+19,000
+19,000
+Brooklyn
+US$234 million
+"Chocolate District"
+Manhattan
+US$234 million
+US$234 million
+Godiva
+163,400
+163,400
+US$3.8 billion
+US$360,700
+163,400
+163,400
+Wall Street
+165 Broadway
+$40 billion
+19%
+British Bankers Association
+Wall Street
+165 Broadway
+46.5 million m2)
+500 million square feet
+500 million square feet
+Manhattan
+140 West Street
+140 West Street
+300,000
+300,000
+Cornell Tech
+Cornell Tech
+Cornell Tech
+700,000 square feet
+65,000 m2)
+Cornell Tech
+54 million
+54 million
+54 million
+US$61.3 billion
+54 million
+54 million
+I Love New York
+I Love New York
+New York State Empire State Development
+I Love New York
+I Love New York
+I Love New York
+Greenwich Village
+New York Botanical Garden
+Rockefeller Center
+Summerstage
+Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens
+90,000
+90,000
+Anbang Insurance Group
+US$1.95 billion
+Waldorf Astoria New York
+90,000
+Anbang Insurance Group
+1.95 billion
+one-third
+one-third
+one-third
+Los Angeles
+Sony Music Entertainment
+New York City
+Seven
+350
+The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
+Two
+1919
+Alexander Hamilton
+350
+350
+25,000
+The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
+1919
+CBS
+NYCTV
+MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central
+Fox News
+Manhattan Neighborhood Network
+1971
+WNET
+WNYC
+1997
+Manhattan Neighborhood Network
+1971
+WNYC
+New York City Department of Education
+1.1 million
+1.1 million
+nine
+1.1 million
+nine
+New York City Charter School Center
+900
+Over 600,000
+three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people
+three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people
+The public CUNY system
+Over 600,000
+The New York Public Library
+Queens Borough Public Library
+Queens Borough Public Library
+Brooklyn Public Library
+Manhattan
+New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
+11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class.
+$6.7 billion
+$6.7 billion
+$6.7 billion
+1969
+11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class.
+Bellevue Hospital
+Ramanathan Raju
+Bellevue Hospital
+Bellevue Hospital
+Ramanathan Raju, MD
+Illinois
+Cook County
+35,000
+New York's Finest
+35,000
+35,000
+New York's Finest
+328
+Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005,
+Provo, Utah
+fewer than 500 homicides
+328
+95.1%
+Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards
+the Five Families
+Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards
+Black Spades
+Tokyo Fire Department
+New York City Fire Department
+New York's Bravest
+New York City Fire Department
+The New York City Fire Department
+11,080
+11,080
+New York's Bravest
+hundreds of miles
+brush fires
+9
+Randalls Island
+Downtown Brooklyn
+9
+Downtown Brooklyn
+Randalls Island
+11
+1940s
+1970s
+Harlem Renaissance
+jazz
+jazz
+jazz
+New York City
+New York Fashion Week
+New York School
+New York Fashion Week
+Global Language Monitor
+1880s
+more than 2,000
+electric lighting
+Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.
+more than 2,000
+electric lighting
+12.21 million
+The Great White Way
+US$1.27 billion
+US$1.27 billion
+12.21 million
+11.57 million
+The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
+4,000
+The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
+The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
+nearly one thousand
+1882
+MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field
+Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field
+1882
+National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer
+The New York metropolitan area
+over forty
+Capital of Baseball
+35
+Capital of Baseball
+one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area
+35
+35
+one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area
+14
+14
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+2014
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+East Rutherford, New Jersey
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+2014
+New York Islanders and the New York Rangers
+Newark
+Newark, New Jersey
+New York Islanders and the New York Rangers
+New York Islanders and the New York Rangers
+Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
+New York Liberty
+1938
+New York Liberty
+National Invitation Tournament
+1938
+Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
+Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens
+Millrose Games
+Belmont Stakes
+1932
+Boxing
+Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens
+United States Open Tennis Championships
+The New York Marathon
+Millrose Games
+Boxing
+Stickball
+the late 2000s
+the late 2000s
+New York City Subway system
+469
+Grand Central Station
+1.75 billion
+Grand Central Station
+38.4 minutes a day
+54.6
+22
+54.6%
+90%
+38.4 minutes a day
+52%
+22%
+Port Authority Bus Terminal
+200,000
+200,000
+Port Authority Bus Terminal
+John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport
+Newark Liberty International Airport
+John F. Kennedy International Airport
+Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York
+109 million
+The Staten Island Ferry
+The Staten Island Ferry
+8.4
+The Staten Island Ferry
+The Staten Island Ferry
+The George Washington Bridge
+Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
+Brooklyn Bridge
+1903
+The George Washington Bridge
+The George Washington Bridge
+Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
+neo-Gothic
+1903
+The Lincoln Tunnel
+1927
+1940
+Franklin D. Roosevelt
+120,000
+120,000
+Manhattan Island
+Jersey City
+Franklin D. Roosevelt
+200,000
+200,000
+21%
+10,000
+Quinnipiac University
+2011 and 2015
+Catskill Mountains watershed
+Catskill Mountains
+290 million gallons
+290 million gallons
+290 million gallons
+290 million gallons
+51
+three
+The Mayor and council members
+51
+three
+The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record
+four
+Democrats
+67
+Barack Obama
+1924
+Calvin Coolidge
+Democratic Party
+67%
+1924
+Calvin Coolidge
+Calvin Coolidge
+127
+Roosevelt Island
+127
+one million
+one million
+one million
+one-fifth
+one-fifth
+lead pollution
+end of the crack epidemic
+Tom Wolfe
+National Library of Australia
+New York's Baruch College
+Iceland and Latvia
+Upper West Side of Manhattan
+Lincoln Square
+Union Square
+New York University
+Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute
+Fifth Avenue
+Upper East Side of Manhattan
+1959
+2012
+Fifth Avenue
+New York
+Archie Bunker
+Carroll O'Connor
+New Yawk
+New York City FC
+Yankee Stadium
+Harrison, New Jersey
+Pelé
+Hofstra University
+one in every three
+250
+250
+AirTrain
+250
+Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan
+three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
+three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
+Copenhagen Metro
+Port Authority Trans-Hudson
+Second Avenue Subway
+12,000
+Manhattan Island
+theater
+finance
+the theater, finance, advertising
+Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue
+rush hour
+connect the city's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
+connect the city's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
+Long Island
+Manhattan and Staten Island
+Manhattan and Staten Island
+Structural Expressionism
+Queensboro Bridge
+28%
+28%
+80%
+Hearst Tower
+Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court
+6
+110,000
+Greenpoint oil spill
+mayor-council
+1898
+Manhattan
+Manhattan
+executive agencies
+Foley Square
+Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York
+Foley Square
+Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York
+Foley Square
+Manhattan
+10021
+83 cents
+$11 billion
+83 cents
+New York City Global Partners
+2006
+1960
+Pulitzer Prize
+Harper Lee
+Harper Lee
+1960
+the author's observations of her family and neighbors
+tolerance
+racial injustice
+racial injustice and the destruction of innocence
+American Deep South
+racial epithets
+Mary McDonough Murphy
+2006
+1962
+1990
+Robert Mulligan
+British librarians
+Horton Foote
+Robert Mulligan
+Monroeville, Alabama
+February 2016
+Go Set a Watchman
+Go Set a Watchman
+July 14, 2015
+February 2016
+Truman Capote
+1950
+J. B. Lippincott
+Monroeville, Alabama
+1926
+Truman Capote
+J. B. Lippincott
+J. B. Lippincott
+J. B. Lippincott
+Go Set a Watchman
+Tay Hohoff
+Tay Hohoff
+mental illness
+Atticus
+Her father
+July 11, 1960
+two and a half years
+Reader's Digest Condensed Books
+Maycomb, Alabama
+three years
+someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place.
+Dill
+Maycomb, Alabama
+three years
+Jean Louise Finch (Scout)
+Mayella Ewell
+Tom Robinson
+Scout, Jem, and Dill
+Atticus
+colored balcony
+by invitation of Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony
+the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison.
+Jem and Scout
+Halloween pageant
+Boo Radley
+Bob Ewell
+Boo Radley
+Bob Ewell
+simply fell on his own knife
+to Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography
+1919
+25
+Monroeville
+Scout
+1960
+Cold Blood
+Truman Capote
+Underwood
+apart people
+a black man named Walter Lett
+a black man named Walter Lett
+Emmett Till
+Civil Rights Movement
+Southern prejudices
+Emmett Till
+Satire and irony
+parody, satire, and irony
+Sunday school classmate
+Calpurnia
+ham
+ham costume
+coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+Atticus
+Miss Maudie
+separations of race and class
+Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers
+race relations
+any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set
+shot seventeen times
+any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set
+poor white farmers
+lynched, he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, shot seventeen times.
+a rabid dog
+Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens.
+Calpurnia
+Aunt Alexandra
+Walter Cunningham
+Jane Austen
+social status quo
+' poor white trash'
+how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation.
+gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior
+morphine
+impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus
+different forms of courage
+Charles Shields
+Charles Shields
+Harper Lee
+Mayella Ewell
+Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
+Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
+Mrs. Dubose
+Jean Louise
+Bob Ewell
+Atticus
+Boo Radley
+Lawyers
+she refuses to wear frilly clothes
+Songbirds
+Finch
+Uncle Jack
+Uncle Jack
+Uncle Jack
+to kill that which is innocent and harmless
+Reader's Digest Condensed Books.
+Reader's Digest Condensed Books.
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+more than 30 million
+more than 30 million
+more than 30 million
+more than 30 million
+Scout, Atticus, and Boo
+Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee
+Scout, Atticus, and Boo
+the reason he became a lawyer
+Atticus Finch's
+1997
+Alabama State Bar
+Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar
+1963
+21
+1963
+21
+1966
+rape
+Tom Robinson
+Little Black Sambo
+racial tensions
+Uncle Tom's Cabin
+Uncle Tom's Cabin
+Archulus Persons
+Truman Capote
+Alice
+Truman Capote
+Lippincott
+1961
+41
+1962
+1964
+Pulitzer Prize
+1964
+2001
+25
+Richard M. Daley
+Richard M. Daley
+25
+University of Notre Dame
+President George W. Bush
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+University of Notre Dame
+President George W. Bush
+Gregory Peck
+Gregory Peck
+Gregory Peck
+her father's pocketwatch
+"Harper"
+her father's pocketwatch
+"Harper"
+May 2005
+"She's like a national treasure
+Christopher Sergel
+1990
+Monroeville
+May
+racially segregated
+Duncan Preston
+Regent's Park Open Air Theatre
+Duncan Preston
+July 14, 2015
+1957
+controversially
+Tonja Carter
+Go Set a Watchman
+1957
+controversially
+rape and racial inequality
+Atticus Finch
+Lee's talent for narration
+narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings
+the heritage of all Southerners
+the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood
+Southern romantic regionalism
+fine folks
+The South itself
+Tom Robinson
+Boo Radley
+he was real nice
+the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy
+The Chicago Sunday Tribune
+Granville Hicks
+Flannery O'Connor
+William Faulkner
+Jane Austen
+Alabamian Allen Barra
+Akin Ajayi
+Calpurnia
+black students
+classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash"
+every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality
+an act of protest
+Scripture
+Mockingbird groupies
+radiant light and heat
+radiant light and heat
+solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
+radiant light and heat
+174,000 terawatts
+30%
+150 to 300 watts per square meter
+174,000 terawatts
+30%
+150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day
+clouds, oceans and land masses
+71
+Sunlight
+photosynthesis green plants
+71%
+rises
+water vapor condenses into clouds
+convection
+photosynthesis green plants
+3,850,000
+this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year
+3,000
+this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year
+3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year
+3,000
+coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined
+solar radiation
+passive or active
+passive or active
+geothermal and tidal
+direct or indirect
+photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans
+choosing materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building
+solar thermal collectors
+circulate air
+supply side
+supply side
+Frank Shuman
+Sun Power Company
+1912
+black pipes
+1897
+steam engine
+Sun Power Company
+1912
+Maadi, Egypt
+45–52 kilowatts
+World War I
+Maadi, Egypt
+45–52 kilowatts
+45–52 kilowatts
+World War I
+World War I
+60 to 70 %
+sunlight
+60 to 70%
+evacuated tube collectors
+evacuated tube collectors
+154
+Israel and Cyprus
+154
+China
+Israel and Cyprus
+18 GWth
+30% (4.65 EJ/yr)
+30%
+30%
+Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies
+Thermal mass
+heat
+stone, cement and water
+to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night
+arid climates or warm temperate regions
+auxiliary heating and cooling equipment
+passive solar ventilation system
+passive solar ventilation system
+a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building
+greenhouses
+the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter
+Deciduous trees and plants
+1/3 to 1/2
+they will interfere with winter solar availability
+east and west sides
+1767
+315 °C (599 °F)
+cooking, drying and pasteurization
+box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers
+Horace de Saussure
+90–150 °C (194–302 °F)
+315 °C (599 °F)
+114
+The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years)
+parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors
+114
+salt from sea water
+Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks
+perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air
+1872
+Solar distillation
+16th-century Arab alchemists
+1872
+22,700 L
+single-slope
+World Health Organization
+weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions
+household water treatment and safe storage
+Over two million
+carbon dioxide
+to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity
+carbon dioxide
+2050
+2050
+354 MW
+less than 1%
+354 MW
+Mojave Desert of California
+India
+Charles Fritts
+1954
+becoming a mainstream electricity source
+a device that converts light directly into electricity
+Charles Fritts
+Dr Bruno Lange
+Russell Ohl
+a working fluid
+Concentrating Solar Power
+a conventional power plant
+Stirling dish
+concentrated sunlight
+Megaron House
+orientation relative to the Sun
+they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range
+Megaron House
+pumps, fans and switchable windows
+Urban heat islands
+3 °C
+Urban heat islands
+asphalt and concrete
+to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees
+fruit walls
+power grape presses
+to optimize the productivity of plants
+staggered heights
+fruit walls
+keeping plants warm
+cucumbers
+Europe
+convert solar light to heat
+Greenhouses
+Tiberius
+Europe
+3,021 kilometres
+67 kilometres per hour
+a biannual solar-powered car race
+1987
+67 kilometres per hour
+90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)
+North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge
+1975
+1975
+Kenichi Horie
+Kenichi Horie
+Solar Riser
+Solar Impulse
+1974
+29 April 1979
+July 1981
+Eric Scott Raymond
+allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours
+hydrogen production from protons
+solar energy
+artificial photosynthesis
+a 1 MW solar furnace
+pure zinc
+Hydrogen production technologies
+concentrators
+a 1 MW solar furnace
+thermal mass systems
+thermal mass systems
+water, earth and stone
+lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements
+paraffin wax
+The "Dover House"
+paraffin wax
+64 °C or 147 °F
+Dover House
+they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
+1.44 terajoules
+rechargeable batteries
+rechargeable batteries
+Net metering programs
+'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
+Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions
+a hydroelectric power generator
+when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one
+a hydroelectric power generator
+1973
+1973
+Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan
+SERI, now NREL
+NEDO
+Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
+1920s
+20%
+1890s
+falling petroleum prices
+20%
+154 GW
+The International Energy Agency
+The International Energy Agency
+glass
+solar water heaters
+glass
+glass
+passive solar or active solar
+photovoltaic
+orienting a building to the Sun
+559.8
+1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)
+large magnitude of solar energy
+1,575–49,837 exajoules
+reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource
+mitigating global warming
+learning investments
+lower than otherwise
+geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans
+areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation
+photovoltaics
+during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb
+clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
+solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels
+they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
+insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans
+1,575–49,837 EJ
+conversion of sunlight into electricity
+concentrated solar power (CSP)
+lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
+focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
+photoelectric effect
+Sunlight
+Greeks and Chinese
+solar architecture and urban planning methods
+ordinary air
+upward buoyancy force
+surface-area to payload-weight ratio
+relatively high
+an expectation that coal would soon become scarce
+availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
+photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power
+greenhouse gas emitters
+the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
+Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
+Sarazm
+1991
+1992 to 1997
+Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
+the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
+1991
+1992 to 1997
+1939
+1939
+Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)
+Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign
+clan loyalties
+30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
+Abdumalik Abdullajanov
+More than 500,000
+Tajik–Afghan border
+Dushanbe Airport
+15 km southwest of Dushanbe
+United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
+25
+STRATFOR
+November 2010
+August
+a republic
+Kokhir Rasulzoda
+Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova
+November 1994
+Parliament
+independent press outlets remain restricted
+no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
+no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
+avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru
+Tajikistan
+Pamir range
+the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
+latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)
+Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
+a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe
+the "Land of the Tajiks"
+"place of" or "country"
+the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
+650–680
+650–680
+Samarkand and Bukhara
+Khorasan
+650–680
+650–680
+650–680
+Samarkand and Bukhara
+650–680
+Samarkand and Bukhara
+Khorasan
+Khorasan
+650–680
+710
+The Kara-Khanid Khanate
+The Samanid Empire
+the late 19th century's Imperial Era
+the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand
+cotton
+Russian Turkestan
+Emirate of Bukhara
+the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region
+pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian
+between 1910 and 1913
+the threat of forced conscription during World War I
+basmachi
+independence
+four-year
+Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
+Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
+southern region
+collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place
+violence against peasants
+Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938)
+10,000 people
+Ethnic Russians
+less than 1% to 13%
+first secretary
+four seats in Parliament
+President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
+the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."
+will of the Tajik people
+143,100 km2
+143,100 km2
+143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)
+Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China
+Wakhan Corridor
+Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China
+143,100 km2
+143,100 km2
+Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China
+Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China
+500 BCE
+Achaemenid Empire
+Alexander the Great
+Yuezhi tribes
+early eighth century
+Arabs
+Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
+9.6%
+aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers
+45%
+Tajik Aluminum Company
+Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential,
+great hydropower potential
+Nurek Dam
+1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan
+US$1.25 per day
+$2.1 billion US dollars
+cheap labor
+remittances
+opium poppy
+a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking
+heroin and raw opium confiscations
+Tajikistani Drug Control Agency
+roads, air, and rail.
+Iran and Pakistan
+1,300 km (810 mi)
+2012
+26 airports
+Dushanbe International Airport
+Russia
+Khorog Airport
+7,349,145
+7,349,145
+7,349,145
+7,349,145
+Tajikistanis
+Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
+Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
+the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains
+Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school
+freedom of religion
+Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon
+98%
+minority religious groups undermine national unity
+political sphere
+Hizb ut-Tahrir
+an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state
+the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities
+a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location
+Religious groups who do not have a physical structure
+large fines and closure of place of worship
+improve and expand health care
+104,272
+1%
+World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
+11 years
+11 years
+76
+17%
+Anthropology
+social anthropology
+linguistic anthropology
+social anthropology
+United States
+1870
+1869
+1902
+1865
+Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation
+anthropological societies and associations
+anthropological societies and associations
+major theorists
+American Association for the Advancement of Science
+American Association for the Advancement of Science
+late 19th and early 20th centuries
+gender equality and sexual liberation
+cross-cultural comparisons
+racial ideology
+cultural critiques
+Anthropology
+Anthropology
+Anthropology
+Classical Greece and Persia
+cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies
+structuralist and postmodern theories
+1970s and 1990s
+positivist traditions
+archaeology and biological anthropology
+the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.
+Sociocultural anthropology
+Sociocultural anthropology
+helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.)
+There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.
+the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world
+cultural relativism
+Ethnography
+Participant observation
+participant-observation
+moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison
+Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports,
+consumption and exchange
+kinship and social organization
+Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports,
+economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution
+Archaeology
+to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices
+to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups
+to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways
+artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies
+Linguistic anthropology
+linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes
+Linguistic anthropology
+sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis
+universality
+do not exist
+certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities
+1983
+culturally specific 'aesthetics'
+anthropology and ethnography
+anthropology and ethnography
+anthropology and ethnography
+France
+The Société Ethnologique de Paris
+Anthropology
+similarities between animals, languages, and folkways
+processes or laws unknown to them then
+Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species
+comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.
+Darwin and Wallace
+social sciences
+Paul Broca
+Paul Broca
+Transformisme
+neurosurgeon
+pathology of speech
+speech center
+psychology
+six
+the science of the nature of man
+animist
+comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
+empirical
+The history of civilization as well as ethnology
+British ethnologists
+Richard Francis Burton
+Richard Francis Burton
+Representatives from the French Société
+Waitz
+anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions
+Anthropology
+forensic archaeologist
+a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene
+World Council of Anthropological Associations
+Media anthropology
+Media anthropology
+the early 1990s
+contexts of media reception
+cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education.
+Visual anthropology
+anthropological study of visual representation
+sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs
+ethnographic film
+Economic anthropology
+Economic anthropology
+the discipline of economics
+Bronislaw Malinowski
+Polish-British
+Historical Materialism
+history and colonialism
+Hunter-gatherers
+complex revolutionary wars
+industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism
+Applied Anthropology
+change or stability in specific cultural systems
+change or stability in specific cultural systems
+applied anthropology
+applied anthropology
+Anthropology
+pondering
+poverty increasing
+why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes?
+why does so much planned development fail
+Kinship
+anthropology
+Over its history
+one's social relations during development
+marriage
+Feminist anthropology
+Feminist anthropology
+Feminist anthropologists
+gender
+birth anthropology
+Nutritional anthropology
+economic systems, nutritional status and food security
+globalization
+overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development
+Nutritional anthropology
+Psychological anthropology
+ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health.
+its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories
+ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group
+understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes
+cognitive sciences
+cognitive sciences
+experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
+what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.
+Political anthropology
+the basis of the structure of societies
+1960s
+anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts
+Geertz
+Cyborg anthropology
+1993
+STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science
+Donna Haraway
+technological systems
+Environmental anthropology
+political ecology
+more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.
+The focus and data interpretation
+Hyde Park
+by examining historical records
+ethnic groups
+historical and ethnographic data as its foundation
+documents and manuscripts
+the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.
+Urban anthropology
+Ulf Hannerz
+Ulf Hannerz
+examining the types of cities
+examining the types of cities
+human–animal studies
+Anthrozoology
+a number of other disciplines
+the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party
+anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy
+Evolutionary anthropology
+natural science and social science
+biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present
+a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics.
+dynamic and interdisciplinary
+mutilation
+mutilation
+racism, slavery, and human sacrifice
+racism, slavery, and hu man sacrifice
+to illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach
+Boas' anthropologist contemporaries
+Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan
+armed forces
+intelligence
+David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.
+the benefit of the state
+codes of ethics or statements
+The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth
+AAA
+no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given
+US military
+Afghanistan
+Counterinsurgency
+Iraq
+CEAUSSIC
+Biological anthropologists
+Biological anthropologists
+into the field
+traveling to a community in its own setting
+population genetic
+anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions
+material
+cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.
+cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.
+comparative method
+other cultures
+time (past societies) and space
+non-European/non-Western societies
+Ulf Hannerz
+late 1960s
+North Atlantic region
+limiting research to a single locale
+broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people
+scientific laboratories
+1980s
+assassination
+Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro
+The Jesuits
+1759
+every person involved, even women and children
+1770
+1779
+autocracy
+Count of Oeiras knew no opposition
+autocracy
+Napoleon
+1822
+Brazil
+the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
+the 20th century
+the French Invasion of Portugal
+the Liberal Revolution of 1820
+Porto
+the French Invasion of Portugal
+the Portuguese royal family
+the turn of the 20th century
+Conference of Berlin of 1884
+the Scramble for Africa
+the Scramble for Africa
+Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, Joo Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia
+1 February 1908
+10 May 1902
+Manuel II
+5 October 1910
+Political instability and economic weaknesses
+António de Oliveira Salazar
+1933
+five
+Angola and Mozambique,
+United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
+18th highest
+18th highest
+France, Spain and Italy
+decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
+to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
+to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
+Battle of Covadonga
+722 AD
+Reconquista Crist
+dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
+King Alfonso III of Asturias
+868 AD
+King Alfonso III of Asturias
+Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália
+Leonese culture
+Kingdom of Portugal
+Galician
+Spanish
+Castilian (Spanish Language)
+Leopold Josef, Count von Daun
+Sebastio José de Carvalho e Melo
+The Queen consort of Portugal
+The Queen consort of Portugal
+King John V of Portugal
+resist subsequent earthquakes
+marching troops around the models
+calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics
+Pombaline City Centre
+every parish in the country
+Portuguese Republic
+Southwestern Europe
+Atlantic Ocean
+1,214 km (754 mi)
+Azores and Madeira
+Portuguese Republic
+Southwestern Europe
+Atlantic Ocean
+Atlantic Ocean
+1,214 km (754 mi)
+The Celts and the Romans
+Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples
+1139
+Age of Discovery
+15th and 16th centuries
+Lisbon
+1822
+Portuguese First Republic
+Macau
+250 million
+Portus Cale
+Pre-Celts and Celts
+Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes
+298 AD
+Germanic Alankerk
+27 BC
+Gallaecia
+Conmbriga and Mirobriga
+hill forts
+16 km
+a few months
+711
+750
+Abd-ar-Rahman I
+almost two centuries
+governors of the taifas
+the Christian kingdoms of the north
+Taifa of Badajoz
+Morocco
+Battle of Sagrajas
+Muwallad or Muladi
+Oman
+Atlas mountains and Rif mountains
+the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus
+800
+León
+Galicia
+Oviedo as his capital
+910
+1230
+1348 and 1349
+England
+England
+NATO
+Oporto region
+the Age of Discovery
+King Joo I
+the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde
+Cape of Good Hope
+Brazil
+the King's confidence in de Melo increased
+Prime Minister
+British
+Sebastio de Melo
+Sebastio de Melo
+economic and financial
+ensure the wine's quality
+high nobility
+Sebastio de Melo
+imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class
+April 1974
+a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon
+social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
+Junta de Salvaço Nacional
+Portuguese Socialist Party
+Mário Soares
+1983 to 1985
+neoliberal model
+1976
+to accommodate socialist and communist principles
+Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo;
+Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo;
+Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo;
+900 metres (3,000 ft)
+Azores and Madeira
+rough topography
+Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical
+Arrábida mountain
+Tertiary period
+Pyrenean oak
+Boars
+seven
+Laurisilva
+fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat
+migratory birds
+more than 100
+Tagus International Natural Park
+habitat loss, pollution and drought
+Bioluminescent species
+five
+Anbal Cavaco Silva
+230
+230
+thirteen
+Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party
+national-, regional- and local-levels
+the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
+between 5 and 15%
+President of the Republic
+five
+direct, universal suffrage
+President of the Republic
+The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers)
+a mandatory period of debate
+failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies
+Portuguese law
+civilian police force who work in urban areas
+Polcia Judiciária
+Polcia Judiciária
+2001
+10 days worth of personal use
+a rehab facility
+50 percent
+30,092
+30,092
+18
+three
+Navy, Army and Air Force
+a self-defense force
+39,200
+2.1 percent of GDP
+21,000
+Pandur II APC
+Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC
+paratroopers, commandos and rangers
+10,700
+World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War
+1961–1974
+East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon
+1992
+Pedro Passos Coelho
+improve the State's financial situation
+on top of the government's spending cuts
+25%
+the Diário de Notcias
+numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms
+the Diário de Notcias
+2007–08
+Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)
+bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
+size, market share, and the political implications
+bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
+the euro (€)
+Portuguese Escudo
+Banco de Portugal
+Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas
+Setbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts
+1974
+the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period
+exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector
+textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
+textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
+European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
+2011
+€78 billion
+May 2014
+15.3 percent
+small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units
+Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezrias and Valouro
+edible mushrooms
+tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef
+Ramirez
+Vasco da Gama
+Portuguese fish
+Portugal
+tin, tungsten and uranium
+hydrocarbon exploration
+north
+1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization
+Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen
+Embraer and OGMA
+Palmela
+Embraer
+Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro
+Travel and tourism
+competition from Eastern European destinations
+niche attractions
+health, nature and rural tourism
+The Economist
+65%
+10.2%
+negative
+July 2011
+IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility
+third
+Carnation's Revolution
+financial weakness
+70.8
+62.4
+slow and inefficient
+Italy
+over 30 per 100,000
+30,000
+35 to 40 hours
+€4.8 billion
+European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
+65 to 66
+cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses
+Passos Coelho
+social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions
+third quarter of 2014
+17.7%
+7.3%
+December 2009
+Coimbra
+4-5 million
+4-5 million
+Porto Santo, and Alentejo
+Lisbon
+consumption and purchase of new automobiles
+the country built many new motorways
+68,732 km (42,708 mi)
+1944
+89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
+89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
+Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja
+a stopover
+TAP Portugal
+A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain
+Comboios de Portugal
+2,791 km (1,734 mi)
+2,791 km (1,734 mi)
+2,791 km (1,734 mi)
+Porto Metropolitan Area
+Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo
+Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)
+over a century
+INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.
+INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.
+Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education
+Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation
+neuroscience and oncology research centre
+one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world
+1779
+Lisbon Oceanarium
+the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population
+Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium
+several science parks
+Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)
+to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
+wind and river power
+near Moura, in the south
+Norte
+66%
+Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)
+to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants
+hydropower plants
+wind-driven turbines
+The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.
+48%
+48%
+48%
+Catholicism
+Cristos Novos
+Paleolithic peoples
+Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago
+Paleolithic peoples
+colonial history
+Atlantic Ocean
+Angola and Mozambique
+emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999
+332,137
+81.0%
+Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist
+8.3%
+8.3%
+Christian
+the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system,
+The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic
+1910–26
+25 July 1139
+Afonso
+to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands
+Portuguese
+Galician-Portuguese,
+Galicia and Northern Portugal
+Galician-Portuguese
+the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
+the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
+between 1415 and 1999
+five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country
+five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country
+99 percent
+close to 100 percent
+35%
+35%
+1290
+Lisbon
+Coimbra
+the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificaço e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro
+the Escola Médico-Cirrgica of Goa
+2006
+public money
+over 23 years old
+developing health policy as well as managing the SNS
+Five
+implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
+noncommunicable diseases
+ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
+ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
+12%
+12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years
+self-reporting
+one third
+Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
+Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
+Lisbon
+Casa da Msica
+15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.
+Portuguese late Gothic
+16th century
+traditional architecture
+Eduardo Souto de Moura, lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne
+stadium design
+late 19th century
+Fernando Lopes
+Diogo Morgado
+late 19th century
+Fernando Lopes
+Diogo Morgado
+Virgil's Aeneid
+"Os Lus Lusadas" (The Lusiads)
+Virgil's Aeneid
+neoclassic and contemporary styles
+Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga
+bacalhau
+grilled sardines and caldeirada
+grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish
+beef, pork, lamb, or chicken
+arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)
+Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches
+the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country
+almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor
+pastéis de Belém
+the times of the Romans
+Bacchus
+Port Wine, Madeira Wine
+Port and Madeira
+Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros
+Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto
+one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years
+Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010
+2005
+Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa
+the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro
+Joly Braga Santos
+Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira
+The 20th century
+Delaunays
+Canço Popular a Russa e o Fgaro
+Vieira da Silva, Jlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julio Sarmento and Paula Rego
+Football
+Eusébio
+Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
+Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
+José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José
+SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP
+"os três grandes" ("the big three")
+eight
+roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball
+Federaço Portuguesa de Futebol
+June 8, 1977
+Kanye Omari West
+Kanye Omari West
+June 8, 1977
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+Jay-Z and Alicia Keys
+Graduation (200 7
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+Chicago
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+The College Dropout
+Graduation (200 7
+more than 32 million
+more than 32 million
+21
+more than 3 2 million
+Rolling Stone's 2012 "500 Greatest Albums of All Time
+more than 32 million
+21
+more than 3 2 million
+2005 and 2015
+a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University
+Atlanta
+Good Water Store and Café
+a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University
+Polaris High School
+Nanjing, China
+settled in well
+A's and B's
+10
+Nanjing University
+poetry
+$25 an hour
+DJ No I.D.
+poetry
+Green Eggs and Ham
+producer/DJ No I.D.
+American Academy of Art
+20
+American Academy of Art
+English
+20
+College Dropout
+burgeoning local artists
+speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records
+Go-Getters
+mid-1990s
+mid-1990s
+Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie
+Go-Getters
+Hustle Period
+1999
+Foxy Brown
+guest appearances
+Foxy Brown
+Tell 'Em Why U Madd
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+The Blueprint
+2000
+The Blueprint
+rapper
+Capitol Records
+rapper
+gangsta image
+Capitol Records
+Joe Weinberger
+Damon Dash
+Jay-Z
+Joe Weinberger
+Damon Dash
+Through The Wire
+"Through The Wire"
+The College Dropout
+October 23, 2002
+"Through The Wire"
+Get Well Soon
+leaked
+August 200 3
+Los Angeles
+August 200 3
+August 2003
+Roc-A-Fella
+Roc-A-Fella
+Jesus Walks
+GOOD Music
+February 2004
+"Slow Jamz"
+Hot 10
+GOOD Music
+string orchestra
+Jon Brion
+Late Registration
+2.3 million
+Portishead
+Late Registration
+2.3 million
+Best New Artist
+2004
+posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.
+Best New Artist
+Mike Myers
+posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.
+A Concert for Hurricane Relief
+U2
+anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas
+Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
+U2
+1980s
+The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin
+Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
+Graduation
+50 Cent
+957,000
+Daft Punk
+Graduation
+50 Cent
+Daft Punk
+Alexis Phifer
+Auto-Tune
+November 2007
+Alexis Phifer
+Glow in the Dark Tour
+Honolulu, Hawaii
+"Love Lockdown"
+Roland TR-808
+808s & Heartbreak
+Roland TR-808
+November 2008
+Heartless
+Roland TR-808
+808s & Heartbreak
+808s & Heartbreak
+MTV Video Music Awards
+Taylor Swift
+Lady Gaga
+MTV Video Music Awards
+Beyoncé
+Lady Gaga
+52nd Grammy Awards
+Hawaii
+threw himself into fashion
+Hawaii
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+54th Grammy Awards
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+November 2010
+"All of the Lights"
+GOOD Fridays
+Watch the Throne
+Jay-Z
+2012 Cannes Film Festival
+Watch the Throne
+Watch the Throne
+"Niggas in Paris"
+2012
+2012 Cannes Film Festival
+sixth
+Yeezus
+Kendrick Lamar
+sixth
+architecture
+Yeezus
+June 18, 2013
+Kendrick Lamar
+North
+Adidas
+Paul McCartney
+US rappers and UK grime MC's
+Kim Kardashian
+North
+Florence
+Paul McCartney
+Yeezy Season 1
+SWISH
+School of the Art Institute of Chicago
+135,000
+So Help Me God
+School of the Art Institute of Chicago
+135,000
+February 11
+Waves
+Wiz Khalifa
+The Life of Pablo
+Tidal
+"Facts"
+Waves
+Wiz Khalifa
+Yeezy Season 3
+Puff Daddy
+Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard
+chipmunk soul
+Puff Daddy
+Puff Daddy
+"This Can't Be Life"
+Jon Brion
+string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation
+a string section
+Jon Brion
+Portishead
+Graduation
+atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape
+melody and chord progression
+2007
+808s & Heartbreak
+Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
+dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano
+Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
+droning synthesizers, and somber
+Matthew Trammell
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+Simon Vozick-Levinson
+Sean Fennessey
+Sean Fennessey
+808s & Heartbreak
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+a protest to music
+distorted drum machines and "synthesizers that sound like they're malfunctioning, low-resolution samplers
+2013
+Yeezus
+Pastelle Clothing
+over the following four years
+September 2005
+2009
+Nike
+Louis Vuitton
+women
+mixed-to-negative reviews
+March 6, 2012
+October 1, 2011
+DW Kanye West
+October 1, 2011
+DW Kanye West
+Style.com
+March 6, 2012
+Adidas
+December 3
+Twitter
+9000
+Twitter
+2015
+The Life of Pablo
+Fatburger
+Fatburger
+Fatburger
+Fatburger
+Fatburger
+February 2011
+KW Foods LLC
+GOOD Music
+Pusha T
+2004
+John Legend
+Pusha T
+"goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford
+Donda West
+January 5, 2012
+Tidal
+Beyoncé and Jay-Z
+their low payout of royalties
+Tidal
+lossless audio and high definition music videos
+Jay Z
+Spotify
+Kanye West Foundation
+provide underprivileged youth access to music education
+Kanye West Foundation
+2007
+"Kanye West Foundation"
+provide underprivileged youth access to music education
+Strong American Schools
+August
+The Dr. Donda West Foundation
+2011
+2008
+The Dr. Donda West Foundation
+2008
+Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, and a MTV special
+A Concert for Hurricane Relief
+Hurricane Katrina
+Hurricane Katrina
+September 2, 2005
+Chris Tucker
+George Bush
+the comment was "one of the most disgusting moments" of his presidency
+Matt Lauer
+human rights groups
+$3 million
+poorest human rights records
+human rights groups
+Shakira and Rage Against The Machine
+human rights concerns
+Zane Lowe
+an apology
+Zane Lowe
+Zane Lowe
+Zane Lowe
+oil money
+Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people
+oil money
+December 21, 2013
+Bill Cosby
+Bill Cosby
+Gretchen Wilson
+Touch the Sky
+Gretchen Wilson
+Touch the Sky
+November 7, 2006
+Saturday Night Live
+MTV Video Music Awards
+Stronger
+MTV Video Music Awards
+"Stronger"
+Taylor Swift
+President Barack Obama
+President Barack Obama
+"I did not diss Taylor Swift and I've never dissed her...
+Famous
+September 2010
+November 8, 2010
+The Life of Pablo
+57th
+Beyoncé
+57th
+February 26, 2015
+Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
+2020
+Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
+Glastonbury Festival 2015
+Pan American Games
+Change.org
+Glastonbury Festival 2015
+50,000
+Alexis Phifer
+Amber Rose
+Kim Kardashian
+Alexis Phifer
+2002
+August 2006
+Amber Rose
+April 2012
+the Cathedral of St. James
+58
+Andre Aboolian
+7:35 pm
+heart disease
+Andre Aboolian
+Jan Adams
+Larry King Live
+liposuction and mammoplasty"
+Ed McPherson
+Aboolian
+Larry King Live
+January 10, 2008
+Oklahoma City
+Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'"
+Oklahoma City
+November 20, 2007
+November 22
+Glow in the Dark tour
+New Zealand
+New Zealand
+Arnold Schwarzenegger
+Arnold Schwarzenegger
+Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the "Donda West Law"
+Robert "Evel" Knievel
+November 2007
+Robert "Evel" Knievel
+Evel Kanyevel
+November 2007
+Don "Don C." Crowley
+$20,000
+one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery
+September 11, 2008
+Don "Don C." Crowley
+Don "Don C." Crowley
+$20,000
+November 14, 2008
+November 14, 2008
+November 14, 2008
+November 14, 2008
+Daniel Ramos
+misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft
+Daniel Ramos
+2 013
+two years' probation
+250
+a Christian
+The College Dropout
+a Christian
+music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures
+David Bowie
+Jason Birchmeier
+Ben Westhoff
+Ben Westhoff
+homophobia in hip hop
+Rosie Swash
+middle-class
+50 Cent
+Ben Detrick
+Elon Musk
+Elon Musk
+3,08 6
+30 million
+3,08 6
+Yeezus
+3,086,000
+3,086,000, "Stronger" selling 4,402,000, "Heartless" selling over 4,000,000, "Love Lockdown" selling over 3,000,000, and "Niggas in Paris"
+30 million
+21
+Pazz & Jop
+Time 100
+21
+8
+May 16, 2008
+MTV Man of the Year
+Pazz & Jop
+The College Dropout
+The College Dropout
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+the song "Runaway" (featuring Pusha T) was ranked in the third position in the publication's list of the 200 "best tracks" released since 2010.
+Taylor Swift
+Taylor Swift
+clothing and footwear
+DONDA
+2013
+Buddhism
+Gautama Buddha
+Nepal
+through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths
+elimination of ignorance and craving
+Buddhism
+Gautama Buddha
+between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
+Nepal
+Gautama Buddha
+Nepal
+between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
+Gautama Buddha
+6th and 4
+Nepal
+Gautama Buddha
+Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle")
+Vajrayana
+Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
+Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai
+488 million[web 1] and 535 million
+Theravada
+Vajrayana
+Vajrayana
+Indian siddhas
+The School of the Elders
+Nirvana
+Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)
+to help other beings reach awakening
+Buddhahood or rainbow body
+Noble Eightfold Path
+Noble Eightfold Path
+Tibetan Buddhism
+the Middle Way
+Mahayana Buddhism
+escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth
+the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)
+cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment
+Ten Meritorious Deeds
+renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic
+a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived
+giving charity to reduce the greediness
+Ten Meritorious Deeds
+the Nidnakath of the Jataka tales of the Theravada
+the Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravdin Mahvastu, and the Sarvstivdin Lalitavistara Stra
+a monastic order
+5th century CE
+Buddhacarita
+Buddha ghoa
+Buddha ghoa
+he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.
+Buddhaghoa
+Michael Carrithers
+birth, maturity, renunciation
+Karen Armstrong
+Siddhatta Gotama
+his disciples
+Michael Carrithers
+the Buddha
+Siddhatta Gotama
+fifth century BCE
+Siddhrtha Gautama
+his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.
+Siddhrtha Gautama
+fifth century BCE
+a small republic
+Siddhrtha Gautama
+an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy
+Siddhrtha Gautama
+chieftain
+Asita
+a holy man
+whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls
+Asita
+Suddhodana
+Asita
+Asita
+Suddhodana
+holy man
+he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds
+29
+the suffering of ordinary people
+an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man
+a king
+29
+four sights
+abandon royal life
+a king
+29
+four
+four
+famous religious teachers of the day
+Middle Way
+prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain
+anapanasati meditation
+asceticism
+milk and rice
+Middle Way
+they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
+milk and rice
+Middle Way
+Middle Way
+35
+Bodh Gaya
+awakening he had discovered
+80
+Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
+Bodh Gaya
+Bodh Gaya
+80
+Bodh Gaya
+Bodh Gaya
+Bodh Gaya
+Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
+samsara
+ignorance
+suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction
+liberation from samsara
+avidya
+physical realm or a psychological state
+ignorance
+by following the Buddhist path
+samsara
+physical realm or a psychological state
+physical realm or a psychological state
+avidya
+by following the Buddhist path
+action, work
+sasra
+sla
+body, speech or mind
+action, work
+sla
+cetan
+body, speech or mind
+sasra
+sla
+result
+Theravada Buddhism
+Mahyna Mahparinirva Stra
+Vajrayana
+Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin
+Theravada Buddhism
+Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin
+Theravada Buddhism
+Theravada Buddhism
+Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin
+Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin
+Rebirth
+anatt
+prattyasamutpda
+a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death.
+karma
+Rebirth
+anatta
+prattyasamutpda
+a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul
+angmis (non-returners)
+meditate on the arpajhnas, the highest object of meditation
+31
+uddhvsa Worlds or Pure Abodes
+31
+formless realms
+arpajhnas
+31
+31
+arpajhnas
+formless realms
+intermediate state
+Theravada
+Theravada
+bardo
+Theravada
+Theravada
+intermediate state
+intermediate state
+Theravada
+Theravada
+Four Noble Truths
+the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome
+Four Noble Truths
+suffering
+Four Noble Truths
+the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome.
+the nature of dukkha
+"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.
+"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.,
+suffering
+anxiety
+"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.,
+unsatisfactoriness
+"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.,
+"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.,
+the origin of dukkha can be known
+craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)
+the complete cessation of dukkha is possible
+a path to this cessation
+the origin of dukkha can be known.
+craving
+craving
+the origin of dukkha can be known
+craving
+ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things
+the origin of dukkha
+The Noble Eightfold Path
+the cessation of dukkha
+Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration
+the fourth
+Noble Eight fold
+the cessation of dukkha
+Right Speech, Right Action
+the fourth
+fourth
+the cessation of dukkha
+Ajahn Sucitto
+eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour
+mental, spoken, and bodily
+Ajahn Sucitto
+"the immeasurables"
+egotism
+brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables
+mett or loving-kindness meditation
+wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
+Kalama
+egotism
+Kalama
+Pema Chödrön
+mett or loving-kindness meditation
+his enlightenment
+Middle Way
+his enlightenment
+Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism
+doctrinal
+intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts
+doctrinal
+ignorance
+suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sasra)
+nirva
+nirva
+dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths
+three
+inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent
+the cycle of rebirth (sasra), and in any experience of loss
+things are impermanent
+Everything we can experience through our senses
+Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be
+sasra
+attachment to them is futile
+suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration
+disquietude
+neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic
+Buddhism
+disquietude
+disquietude
+dukkha
+Not-self
+gaining release from suffering
+the Buddha refused to answer
+neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self
+Not-self
+Nikayas anatta
+"I have a Self" and "I have no Self"
+skandhas
+rten cing 'brel bar
+"dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"
+rten cing 'brel bar
+Twelve Nidnas
+Twelve Nidnas
+Twelve Nidnas
+cause, foundation, source or origin
+The Twelve Nidnas
+The Twelve Nidnas
+attaining Nirvana
+ignorance
+absence of the others
+sasra
+dukkha
+attaining Nirvana
+ignorance
+nyat
+emptiness
+tman
+svabhava
+Sarvastivada teachings
+Vasubandhu and Asanga
+cittamatra
+Vasubandhu and Asanga
+perfected spiritual insight
+perfected spiritual insight
+tathgatagarbha
+omniscience
+tathgatagarbha
+craving and ignorance
+anybody who has achieved nirvana
+arahant
+Bodhi
+nirvana
+bodhi
+raga
+delusion
+bodhisattva
+buddha
+nirvana
+parinirvana
+a Buddha
+Samsara
+Samsara
+Amitabha or Vairocana
+Maitreya
+celestial
+realizing the true nature of reality
+arahants
+Bodhi and nirvana
+anagami
+earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being
+earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being
+Mahayana
+he is living on in other planes of existence
+The Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, he is living on in other planes of existence, and monks are therefore permitted to offer "new truths"
+bodhisattvas
+bodhisattvas
+Pure Land
+Pure Land
+self-exertion
+Gautama Buddha
+Buddha era
+Gautama Buddha
+Gautama Buddha
+Mahayana Buddhists
+Theravada
+Pure Land Buddhism
+enlightenment being
+bodhicitta
+bodhisattva-mahsattva
+bodhisattva-mahsattva
+bodhisattva-mahsattva
+bodhisattvas
+take the bodhisattva vow
+dna, la, kanti, vrya, dhyna, and praj
+14th Dalai Lama
+Buddhists
+bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting
+meditative absorption
+early sermons of the Buddha
+Brahminic
+meditative absorption
+Meditation
+pre-Buddhist yogic practices
+vision
+ethics
+transcendent wisdom
+Buddhist texts
+Buddhist texts
+yoga
+Brahminic or Shramanic
+Nasadiya Sukta
+Rig Vedic
+Three Jewels
+Majjhima Nikaya
+Tibetan Buddhism
+because they have an eternal and immutable essence.
+an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect:
+Gautama Buddha
+The Dharma
+The Sangha
+sla
+pramit
+meritorious
+la
+meritorious
+overall principles of ethical behavior
+five precepts
+eight
+training rules
+dana and ethical conduct
+dana and ethical conduct
+sexual misconduct
+celibacy
+ten
+the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:
+ten precepts
+the vinaya pitaka
+227
+different schools or subschools
+it is the spirit that counts
+assure a satisfying life
+to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments
+islands unto themselves
+vegetarianism
+vegetarianism
+Japan
+Zen
+eight jhnas
+right concentration
+samyak samdhi
+defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
+jhna
+vipassan
+his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight
+mindful of an object or idea
+jhna
+calm the mind
+nirva
+jna
+praj Pli
+nirva
+craving
+various defilements
+afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress
+Nibbna
+The Four Noble Truths
+bodhi
+Praj (Sanskrit) or pa (Pli)
+praj
+Nirvana
+daily life
+Zen Buddhism
+Zen Buddhism
+Zen Buddhism
+scriptures
+shikantaza
+shikantaza
+the grip of the ego
+the grip of the ego
+the grip of the ego
+Mahayana
+Diamond Vehicle
+Vajrayana
+spi ritual and physical techniques
+second half of the first millennium BCE
+shramanas
+shramanas
+sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.
+Greater Magadha
+Rajagrha
+2nd or 3rd centuries BCE
+Upanishads
+Pakudha Kaccayana
+Ajnanas
+Jains
+Vedic animal sacrifice
+hymn of the cosmic man
+animal sacrifices
+the true Veda
+Theravadin Pali Canon
+dhyana and insight
+mastering the Rupa Jhanas
+Majjhima Nikaya
+Schmithausen
+Bruce Matthews
+Bronkhorst
+Bronkhorst
+fourth
+liberating insight
+"Liberating insight"
+Nirvna
+the Nikayas
+Nirvna
+the middle way
+eightfold
+prajna
+liberating insight
+person al, "adjusted to the need of each person."
+Upanishadic
+Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
+Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
+Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
+Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
+Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
+Pre-sectarian Buddhism
+dependent origination, karma and rebirth
+Gautama Buddha
+parinirva
+nanda
+stras
+abhidhamma
+Sangha
+Sangha
+nearly 100 BCE
+Mahasanghikas
+Mahasanghika
+The Mahsghikas
+Theravda
+monasteries
+schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal
+Abhidharma
+summaries or numerical lists
+3rd century BCE
+Abhidhamma Pitaka
+Mahyna
+Mahyna
+Mahyna
+Mahyna
+Guang Xing
+the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Ka Valley, including Amaravati, Ngrjunako and Jaggayyapea
+Akira Hirakawa
+a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism
+Vinaya
+both Mahyna and non-Mahyna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.
+Chinese
+Lokakema
+1st century BCE
+1st century BCE
+Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
+Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
+Yogacara
+Mauryan emperor Ashoka
+stpas
+Buddhist religious memorials
+emissaries
+Buddhist missionaries
+emissaries
+changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves
+Menander
+Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma
+Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma
+2nd century CE
+2nd century CE
+Korea and Japan
+8th century onwards
+Buddhist shrines
+the teachings of the Buddha
+the Buddhist community
+exotic and progressive
+Modern influences
+second half of the 20th Century
+neo-Buddhism
+Soka Gakkai
+Value Creation Society
+12 million
+SGI
+488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million
+18.2%
+18.2%
+Theravada
+Theravada
+Seven million
+138 million
+138 million
+138 million
+lesser vehicle
+Hinayana
+philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts
+Buddhist ecumenical organization
+Theravada
+ancestral Sthvirya
+Pali Canon
+west
+Theravadin Buddhists
+merit
+Nland University
+Mahayana Sutras
+the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra)
+the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra
+Eastern Buddhism
+Northern Buddhism
+the Pure Land school of Mahayana
+Buddhism and Saivism
+mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras
+Padmavajra
+Buddhist scriptures
+scholastic
+Buddhism
+Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the gamas
+Vinaya Pitaka
+The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons
+Dhammapada
+all of the major principles of Buddhism
+condensed'study texts'
+Zen
+The Buddha and His Dhamma
+Pli Tipitaka
+the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
+Vinaya Pitaka
+the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka
+the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
+Pli Tipitaka
+five or seven
+Mahkyapa
+record the Buddha's teachings
+Upli
+nanda
+dhamma
+Theravadin
+The Theravadins
+Mahayana sutras
+Mahayana sutras
+Sarvastivada Abhidharma
+bodhisattva
+the Great Vehicle
+bodhisattva path
+the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds
+the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds
+Mahayana tradition
+Approximately six hundred
+East Asian Buddhism
+5th century CE
+Pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.
+Mahayana scriptures
+Buddhism
+Buddhism
+Hinayana
+rvakayna
+comparative study
+the Middle way
+moral and spiritual parallels
+tenets of Christianity
+dependent origination
+the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion.
+the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion.
+American Idol
+19 Entertainment
+June 11, 2002
+Pop Idols
+Pop Idols
+19 Entertainment
+Pop Idols
+American Idol
+19 Entertainment
+June 11, 2002
+Pop Idols
+Randy Jackson
+Brian Dunkleman
+Jennifer Lopez
+Ryan Seacrest
+Brian Dunkleman
+Paula Abdul
+Jennifer Lopez
+Randy Jackson
+Paula Abdul
+Simon Cowell
+Keith Urban
+country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr.
+Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks
+Kelly Clarkson
+rival TV executive
+Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood
+Fantasia
+Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood
+Fantasia
+Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks
+rival TV executive
+May 11, 2015
+May 11, 2015
+May 11, 20 15
+2003–04
+May 11, 2015
+Popstars
+Simon Fuller
+the executive producer and production leader
+the executive producer and production leader
+Nigel Lythgoe
+Popstars
+Nigel Lythgoe
+telephone voting by the viewing public
+the executive producer and production leader
+Nigel Lythgoe
+seven
+2002
+2001
+Elisabeth
+Rupert Murdoch
+American Idol: The Search for a Superstar
+season eight
+Pop Idol
+Angie Martinez
+DJ Stryker
+Pop Idol
+DJ Stryker
+Angie Martinez
+season eight
+Kara DioGuardi
+Ellen DeGeneres
+two seasons
+January 11, 2010
+Simon Cowell
+Kara DioGuardi
+Paula Abdul
+January 11, 2010
+Ellen DeGeneres
+she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten
+season two
+Adam Lambert
+Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
+six
+nine
+Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
+Shania Twain in season eight
+Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
+Ryan Seacrest
+Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
+Randy Jackson
+Randy Jackson
+to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance
+Randy Jackson
+Randy Jackson
+Randy Jackson
+fifteen to twenty-eight
+season four
+cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons
+at least three
+audition in front of the judges
+10,000
+audition in front of the judges
+at least three
+one of the show's producers
+Hollywood
+season seven
+seasons two and three
+three
+season twelve
+three
+individually or in groups
+seasons two and three
+Las Vegas
+five guys and five girls each night (four nights)
+five guys and five girls each night (four nights)
+178 million
+Over 110 million
+Telescope Inc
+semi-finals
+Over 110 million
+750 million
+ten
+contestants who failed to qualify
+ten
+four groups of eight
+season one
+ten
+12
+gender
+gender
+the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
+the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
+to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve
+four
+four
+five
+season thirteen
+season eight
+four
+four
+the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10
+CBS Television City
+Jimmy Iovine
+season thirteen
+eleven weeks
+CBS Television City
+Jimmy Iovine
+season one
+Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.
+season eight
+once
+safety
+season six
+fourteen
+a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
+Fan Save
+a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
+Top 8
+Nokia Theatre
+3,400
+two-hour
+Dolby Theatre
+3,400
+6,000
+Nokia Theatre
+19 Management
+Big Machine Records
+BMG/Sony
+19 Management
+19 Management
+Big Machine Records
+golden ticket
+golden ticket
+The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night.
+season seven
+Ray Chew
+American Idol
+Rickey Minor
+Rickey Minor
+Ray Chew
+season seven
+June 2002
+June 2002
+Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
+June 2002
+June 2002
+Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
+10,000
+10,000
+Jim Verraros
+Tamyra Gray
+she was eliminated while she was in the hospital
+10,000
+30
+Delano Cagnolatti
+eliminated at the top four
+Christina Christian
+September 4, 2002
+Justin Guarini
+Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman", and Betty Hutton's "Stuff Like That There",
+Justin Guarini
+Kelly Clarkson
+September 4, 2002
+A Moment Like This
+From Justin to Kelly
+more than 23 million
+A Moment Like This
+coronation
+A Moment Like This
+The Beatles
+From Justin to Kelly
+more than 23 million
+January 2003
+Kristin Adams
+January 2003
+Kristin Adams
+Corey Clark
+Jaered Andrews
+Corey Clark
+Jaered Andrews
+Corey Clark
+Jaered Andrews
+Jaered Andrews
+Ruben Studdard
+134,000
+Ruben Studdard
+134,000
+Nigel Lythgoe
+Ruben Studdard
+Ruben Studdard
+134,000
+134,000
+Ruben Studdard
+Flying Without Wings
+Josh Gracin
+This Is the Night
+Flying Without Wings
+This Is the Night
+Aiken
+Josh Gracin
+January 19, 2004
+William Hung
+William Hung
+January 19, 2004
+William Hung
+William Hung
+Three Divas
+Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
+Elton John
+Jasmine Trias
+Three Divas
+Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
+Elton John
+Jasmine Trias
+Diana DeGarmo
+I Believe
+Dreams
+Summertime
+Simon Cowell
+Diana DeGarmo
+Fantasia
+I Believe
+Nikko Smith
+Nikko Smith
+Freemantle Media
+Mario Vazquez
+top 11 week
+postponed until the following night
+May 2005
+over 14 million
+Inside Your Heaven
+Carrie Underwood
+May 2005
+Carrie Underwood
+Inside Your Heaven
+over 14 million
+Season five
+Brittenum twins
+Season five
+January 17, 2006
+Brittenum twins
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Fuel's new lead singer
+Chris Daughtry
+I Walk the Line
+not crediting the arrangement to Live
+Katharine McPhee
+Do I Make You Proud
+My Destiny
+May 30, 2006
+Katharine McPhee
+Do I Make You Proud
+My Destiny
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+January 16, 2007
+37.3 million
+January 16, 2007
+37.3 million
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Howard Stern
+Sanjaya Malakar
+April 18
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Howard Stern
+April 18
+$76 million
+$76 million
+Melinda Doolittle
+$76 million
+Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson
+Melinda Doolittle
+Jordin Sparks
+Blake Lewis
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+Blake Lewis
+January 18, 2005
+100,000
+28
+Season four
+Season four
+January 18, 2005
+high definition
+100,000
+28
+May 24, 2007
+This Is My Now
+Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote
+American Idol Songwriter contest
+coronation song
+Thousands
+This Is My Now
+May 24, 2007
+January 15, 2008
+David Hernandez
+Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson
+January 15, 2008
+David Hernandez
+the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts.
+Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson
+Billie Jean
+David Cook
+Chris Cornell
+March 11, 2008
+March 11, 2008
+Chris Cornell
+David Cook
+David Archuleta
+season ten
+Hallelujah
+Jeff Buckley
+leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
+John Lennon's "Imagine"
+Jennifer Lopez
+Jason Castro
+Jeff Buckley
+leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
+David Cook
+David Cook
+May 21, 2008
+David Cook
+The Time of My Life
+American Idol Songwriter
+May 22, 2008
+The Time of My Life
+May 22, 2008
+January 13, 2009
+Danny Gokey
+the president of alternative programming
+Season eight
+January 13, 2009
+Mike Darnell
+Danny Gokey
+Kara DioGuardi
+two weeks
+So You Think You Can Dance
+the Kodak Theatre
+global recession
+four
+Kara DioGuardi
+So You Think You Can Dance
+the Kodak Theatre
+global recession
+13
+Matt Giraud
+13
+13
+Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai
+13
+13
+Matt Giraud
+Kris Allen and Adam Lambert
+Kris Allen
+AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties
+AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties
+Kris Allen
+season two
+AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties
+AT&T employees
+No Boundaries
+DioGuardi
+No Boundaries
+DioGuardi
+failed to achieve gold album status
+platinum album status
+January 12, 2010
+Paula Abdul
+Hollywood Week
+January 12, 2010
+Paula Abdul
+Paula Abdul
+Hollywood Week
+Crystal Bowersox
+Ken Warwick
+diabetic ketoacidosis
+Crystal Bowersox
+diabetic ketoacidosis
+to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.
+Ken Warwick
+Ken Warwick, the show producer
+Michael Lynche
+Michael Lynche
+Adam Lambert
+$45 million
+Michael Lynche
+Adam Lambert
+Simon Cowell
+Simon Cowell
+Simon Cowell
+Paula Abdul
+Lee DeWyze
+Beautiful Day
+May 26
+Lee DeWyze
+Beautiful Day
+Up to the Mountain
+January 19, 2011
+Season ten
+Jimmy Iovine
+The X Factor
+Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi
+January 19, 2011
+Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi
+Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi
+Jimmy Iovine
+Season ten
+Myspace
+Myspace
+Season ten
+Myspace
+Chris Medina
+Top 40
+Casey Abrams
+Casey Abrams
+Chris Medina
+Top 40 round
+Casey Abrams
+missed the Top 13 result show
+Casey Abrams
+Pia Toscano
+Tom Hanks
+Pia Toscano
+Tom Hanks
+2011
+Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery
+I Love You This Big
+Like My Mother Does
+Ruben Studdard's Soulful
+May 25
+Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery
+Ruben Studdard
+January 18, 2012
+the Top 25
+Jermaine Jones
+January 18, 2012
+Jermaine Jones
+March 14
+concealing arrests and outstanding warrants
+kidney pain
+kidney stones
+eight
+kidney pain
+kidney pain
+kidney pain
+Jessica Sanchez
+Jessica Sanchez
+Colton Dixon
+two
+Jessica Sanchez
+Jessica Sanchez
+Colton Dixon
+Diana DeGarmo
+Diana DeGarmo
+Diana DeGarmo
+Phillips
+Diana DeGarmo
+Diana DeGarmo
+Home
+Change Nothing
+Home
+Change Nothing
+Home
+January 16, 2013
+Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler
+TMZ
+January 16, 2013
+four
+Lazaro Arbos
+Lazaro Arbos
+Lazaro Arbos
+Lazaro Arbos
+Lazaro Arbos
+"save"
+Candice Glover
+Candice Glover
+I Am Beautiful
+All Cried Out
+Candice Glover
+Candice Glover
+I Am Beautiful
+All Cried Out
+a music label
+Randy Jackson
+Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
+Randy Jackson
+Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
+January 15, 2014
+Ryan Seacrest
+in-mentor
+Gregg Gelfand
+January 15, 2014
+Keith Urban
+Jennifer Lopez
+Jennifer Lopez
+Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick
+Sam Woolf
+the Top 3 performance night
+the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves
+Sam Woolf
+Top 8
+the Top 3 performance night
+Jena Irene
+Jena Irene
+As Long as You Love Me
+We Are One
+Jena Irene
+Jena Irene
+As Long as You Love Me
+We Are One
+January 7, 2015
+Ryan Seacrest
+Adam Lambert
+their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges
+Randy Jackson
+January 7, 2015
+Adam Lambert
+one episode a week
+Coca Cola
+Coca Cola
+Big Machine Records
+one episode a week
+Coca Cola
+Coca Cola
+Big Machine Records
+Nick Fradiani
+Clark Beckham
+Jax
+Beautiful Life
+Forcefield
+Nick Fradiani
+Clark Beckham
+Beautiful Life
+Champion
+Jax
+May 11, 2015
+May 11, 20
+May 11, 201
+judges
+Ryan Seacrest
+May 11, 2015
+Ryan Seacrest
+48%
+2002
+ten
+North Carolina
+North Carolina
+ten
+Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry
+85 percent
+16 percent
+85 percent
+85 percent
+Taylor Hicks
+Alabama
+text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing.
+text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing.
+Alabama
+White guy with guitar
+Phillip Phillips
+American Idol: The Untold Story
+white male
+white male
+White guy with guitar
+Richard Rushfield
+Phillip Phillips
+the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings
+Ruben Studdard
+Ruben Studdard
+2013
+100 million
+Ruben Studdard
+season eight
+power voting
+2010
+2013
+Idol Gives Back
+$185 million
+Idol Gives Back
+Idol Gives Back
+June 2002
+9.9 million
+23 million
+June 2002
+June 2002
+9.9 million
+23 million
+26.5 million
+21.7 million
+Clay Aiken
+season four
+30.6 million
+26.5 million
+21.7 million
+season four
+Season six
+Season six
+the Death Star
+NBC
+Season six
+the Death Star
+steady decline in viewership
+the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second highest-rated of the series after the preceding season.
+season seven
+2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike
+season seven
+Kristy Lee Cook
+season seven
+strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network.
+2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike
+NBC
+CBS
+NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17
+NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17
+NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17
+six
+47.2
+47.2
+47.2
+47.2
+Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots
+NBC Sunday Night Football
+first time in eight years
+13.3 million
+13
+2002
+7.2 million
+13.3 million
+Coca-Cola
+8.03 million
+May 11, 20 15
+May 11, 2015
+8.03 million
+Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
+8
+eight
+eight
+Simon Fuller
+non-singing TV shows
+The Voice
+American Idol
+American Idol
+American Idol
+345
+Rich Meyer
+Kelly Clarkson
+345
+Fred Bronson
+Kelly Clarkson
+Kelly Clarkson
+59 million
+59 million
+59 million
+59 million
+Dreamgirls
+Dreamgirls
+musical theatre
+Dreamgirls
+Dreamgirls
+Debra Byrd
+Ken Tucker
+the Lincoln Memorial
+Ken Tucker
+Ken Tucker
+Karla Peterson
+the Lincoln Memorial
+Entertainment Weekly
+Simon Cowell
+John Mayer
+Simon Cowell's cruel critiques
+commercialism
+Ann Powers
+Simon Cowell
+John Mayer
+Elton John
+2006
+LeAnn Rimes
+Usher
+Carrie Underwood
+Carrie Underwood
+LeAnn Rimes
+Elton John
+country music
+country music
+Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 200 9
+Bruce Gower
+200 8
+Idol Gives Back
+nine years
+Bruce Gower
+$900 million
+$6.4 billion
+The American Idol Experience
+$900 million
+Disney
+season four
+American Idol
+$300,000
+$737,000
+season four
+800 million
+season one
+season one
+AT&T Wireless
+AT&T Wireless
+season seven
+$50 to $60 million
+$35 million
+AT&T Wireless
+Coca-Cola
+4,349
+PepsiCo
+The X Factor
+PepsiCo
+The X Factor
+third
+$35 million.
+Pretzel Chocolate Candies
+a sing-off
+Kellogg's Pop-Tarts
+Pretzel Chocolate Candies
+$35 million.
+iTunes
+compilation album
+iTunes
+American Idol
+compilation album
+Billboard 200
+iTunes
+19 Recordings
+UMG
+BMG
+19 Entertainment
+19 Recordings
+BMG
+Sony Music Entertainment
+UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records
+Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park
+February 14, 2009
+August 30, 2014
+19 Entertainment
+February 14, 2009
+Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park
+Dream Ticket
+August 30, 2014
+over 100
+CTV and/or CTV Two,
+August 2014
+Yes TV
+over 100
+CTV and/or CTV Two
+Yes TV
+La3
+one day
+STAR World
+Thursday and Friday
+STAR World
+La3
+ringers
+seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years
+seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years
+Canis lupus familiaris
+Canis lupus familiaris
+Canis lupus familiaris
+sensory capabilities
+a manmade variant of an extant canid species
+a manmade variant of an extant canid species
+a manmade variant of an extant canid species
+starch-rich diet
+a manmade variant of an extant canid species
+man's best friend
+man's best friend
+meat
+dukkn
+diminutive
+Old English docga
+diminutive
+hound
+hound
+hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting.
+hound
+16th century
+types used for hunting
+*kwon- "dog"
+a litter.
+the sire
+French poupée
+whelping
+bitch
+bitch
+litter
+the sire
+the dam
+a year
+Linnaeus
+1758
+Linnaeus
+wolf
+Mammal Species of the World
+Linnaeus
+"Dog-family" or the family dog
+Canis lupus
+Canis dingo
+1982
+2003
+Mammal Species of the World
+a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.
+ICZN
+a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.
+ICZN
+ICZN
+gray wolves
+gray wolves
+earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers
+Taimyr wolf
+earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers
+Whole genome sequencing
+Taimyr wolf
+Modern dog breeds
+powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
+predators and scavengers
+powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
+sprinting and endurance
+catching and tearing
+predators and scavengers
+Dogs are highly variable in height and weight.
+English Mastiff
+English Mastiff
+double
+a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair
+double
+a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only
+countershading
+dark coloring
+countershading
+dark coloring
+reduces its general visibility
+dog tails
+communicate their emotional state
+dog tails
+genetic ailments
+parasites
+pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat,
+pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat,
+parasites
+chocolate solids
+macadamia nuts, xylitol
+chocolate solids
+theobromine
+chocolate solids
+nicotine in tobacco
+Theobromine
+1.2 years
+shorter
+2013
+1.2 years
+10 to 13 years.
+Dogue de Bordeaux
+5.2 years
+the shortest lifespan
+Dogue de Bordeaux
+5.2 years
+14 to 15 years.
+Bluey
+Pusuke
+1939
+Bluey
+1939
+Pusuke
+six to twelve months
+the body prepares for pregnancy.
+six to twelve months
+the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle
+58 to 68 days
+63 days
+six
+toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.
+63 days
+six
+toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.
+Neutering
+American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
+Neutering
+removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus
+Neutering
+removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus
+dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered
+Neutering
+urinary incontinence
+Spayed female dogs
+urinary incontinence
+urinary incontinence
+over 200
+Chaser
+gesturing and pointing
+Australian dingos
+Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems
+Dog intelligence
+over 200
+advanced memory
+the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.
+9,000–30,000 years BCE
+the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans.
+the social-cognitive skills of human children
+the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans.
+the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans.
+Dog behavior
+understand and communicate with humans
+the social-cognitive skills of human children
+scents, pheromones and taste
+hand signals
+gustatory communication
+hand signals
+domestic dogs.
+jaw muscles.
+gray wolves
+once a year.
+dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
+11
+selection on both morphology and behavior
+selection for tameness
+reduced fear and aggression
+production-related traits
+dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
+11
+reduced fear and aggression
+525 million
+525 million
+525 million:225
+territory disputes
+fearless
+large wild dogs
+territory disputes
+wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep
+Russia
+Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards.
+Striped hyenas
+alligators and pythons
+Leopards
+Tigers
+alligators and pythons
+Striped hyenas
+carnivores or omnivores
+vegetables and grains
+meat-specific protein
+carnivores or omnivores
+meat-specific protein
+starch digestion
+artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors
+artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors
+selective breeding
+Irish Wolfhound
+a few hundred years old
+behavioral and morphological variation
+blue
+natural selection and selective breeding
+selective breed
+Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
+natural selection and selective breeding
+dog types and dog breeds
+Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
+Purebred dogs of one breed
+four
+Malamute and Shar Pei
+herding
+four
+old world dogs
+all others
+bite inhibition
+a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.
+one of the most successful species on the planet today.
+bite inhibition
+early human hunter-gatherers
+dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals.
+man's best friend
+meat
+cleaning up food scraps.
+three dog night
+the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.
+cleaning up food scraps
+three dog night
+the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.
+the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.
+the use of dogs' robust sense of smell
+domestication of the wolf
+sled dogs
+sled dogs
+sled dogs
+12,000 years ago
+Athabascan
+Apache and Navajo
+use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
+Natufian culture site
+humans and dogs
+World War II
+1980s
+outside more often than they tend to be today
+elites
+outside more often than they tend to be today
+1980s
+commodification
+the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour.
+two
+commodification
+the broadening of the concept of the family and the home
+commodity forms
+barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
+barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
+18th century
+barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
+barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
+part of the family
+Dog Whisperer.
+part of the family
+Dog Whisperer
+washing-up
+washing-up
+human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.
+washing-up
+washing-up
+77.5 million
+77.5 million
+magnetic resonance imaging
+magnetic resonance imaging
+magnetic resonance imaging
+friendly social pets
+MRI
+friendly social pets
+man's best friend
+hunt
+nets
+Laika
+Laika
+man's best friend
+pointers and hounds
+nets
+Laika
+1957
+guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs
+epileptics
+breed shows
+a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type
+a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type
+externally observable qualities
+externally observable qualities
+a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type
+externally observable qualities
+ability or health
+East Asian countries
+taboo.
+lungs
+western hypocrisy
+taboo
+medicinal properties
+gaejang-guk
+gaejang-guk
+gaejang-guk
+boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder.
+summer months
+boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder.
+4.5 million
+17
+26
+4.5 million
+17
+bites
+12.9
+12.9
+Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.
+Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch
+bites
+12.9
+Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch
+more than 86,000
+two-wheeled
+two-wheeled vehicles
+dog roundworm
+Toxocara canis
+10,000
+retinal damage and decreased vision.
+roundworm
+14
+10,000
+24
+retinal damage and decreased vision
+2005
+absenteeism
+2005
+pet dogs
+pet dogs
+immune-stimulating microorganisms
+social support
+2015
+anxiety
+wheelchair users
+dogs and other animals
+increase social behaviors
+children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.
+late 18th century
+dogs and other animals
+dogs and other animals
+Animal-assisted intervention research
+Medical detection dogs
+40 times
+one part per trillion
+40 times
+93 percent
+Cerberus
+Cerberus
+Garmr
+Kimat
+thunder
+four-eyed dogs
+Cerberus
+Garmr
+thunder
+Kimat
+Hunter god Muthappan
+Yama
+the Muthappan Temple
+Yama
+Naraka
+his mount
+bronze dog figurines
+dogs
+scavengers
+Hasan Küçük
+leather dog booties
+scavengers
+Hasan Küçük
+Lérida, Spain
+only their luggage
+faithfulness.
+feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves
+feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.
+faithfulness
+kind protectors.
+China
+kind protectors
+when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves.
+Hunting scenes
+caves
+Hunting scenes
+individual breeds
+humans
+Male French Bulldogs
+run away
+run away
+dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.
+living in human camps��more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed.
+the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.
+poorly controlled
+Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.
+129 days
+129 days
+one world, one dream
+Journey of Harmony
+one world, one dream
+Beijing, China.
+the "Journey of Harmony"
+85,000 mi
+March 24
+Panathinaiko Stadium
+March 31
+six
+Silk Road
+Panathinaiko Stadium
+March 24
+Panathinaiko Stadium
+Panathinaiko Stadium
+Mount Everest
+hundreds
+hundreds
+Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling,
+Chinese security officials
+the Chinese government
+the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
+the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
+the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
+skirmishes
+Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia
+Jacques Rogge
+Jacques Rogge
+scrap global relays
+Jacques Rogge
+Jacques Rogge
+he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members.
+scrap global relays
+Beijing Games' Organizing Committee
+Beijing Games' Organizing Committee
+Lucky Cloud
+aluminum.
+985 grams
+ignition key
+Lucky Cloud
+aluminum.
+37 mile per hour
+7 2 centimetres high
+cans of propane.
+Air China Airbus A330
+Air China Airbus A330
+Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game
+137,000 km (85,000 mi)
+Air China Airbus A330
+Air China Airbus A330
+Air China Airbus A330
+137,000 km (85,000 mi)
+137,000 km (85,000 mi)
+six continents
+Taipei
+Hong Kong and Macau
+six continents
+the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan.
+Hong Kong and Macau
+24 km
+March 24, 2008
+three
+Alexandros Nikolaidis
+Maria Nafpliotou
+demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention.
+three
+Maria Nafpliotou
+Alexandros Nikolaidis
+Alexandros Nikolaidis
+police
+French hypermart Carrefour
+LVMH Group
+Nazism's Swastika to the French flag
+Kunming
+LVMH Group
+censorship
+French hypermart Carrefour
+People's Daily
+People's Daily
+People's Daily
+Almaty
+Nursultan Nazarbaev.
+Olympic torch
+20 km
+Uighur activists
+Kazakhstan
+Nursultan Nazarbaev.
+20 km
+Uighur activists
+April 3
+Taksim Square
+Sultanahmet Square
+Uyghurs
+Istanbul
+Sultanahmet Square
+Taksim Square.
+Uyghurs
+Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police.
+April 5
+Victory Square
+Palace Square
+Fedor Emelianenko
+Saint Petersburg
+Victory Square
+20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square.
+Fedor Emelianenko
+London
+O2 Arena
+£750,000
+London
+Wembley Stadium
+O2 Arena
+30 mi
+thugs
+80
+Sir Steve Redgrave
+Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan
+Gordon Brown
+Sir Steve Redgrave
+80
+Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan
+Gordon Brown
+Ladbroke Grove
+April 7
+Eiffel Tower
+bus
+Teddy Riner
+April 7
+Paris
+Eiffel Tower
+3,000
+pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris)
+a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials.
+Jin Jing
+Angel in Wheelchair
+a Tibetan flag
+Jin Jing
+Angel in Wheelchair
+a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials.
+Reporters Without Borders
+Reporters Without Borders
+Notre Dame cathedral
+Reporters Without Borders
+Reporters Without Borders
+Reporters Without Borders
+Several hundred
+Jane Birkin
+Thupten Gyatso
+Several hundred
+Several hundred
+Jane Birkin
+freedom of speech
+National Assembly's session
+Respect for Human Rights in China
+Freedom for Tibet!
+French members of Parliament and other French politicians
+National Assembly's session
+Respect for Human Rights in China
+Freedom for Tibet!
+Tibetan flags
+Libération
+the Trocadéro
+Michèle Alliot-Marie
+Tibetan flags
+The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro.
+Michèle Alliot-Marie
+a police officer
+San Francisco
+April 9
+Lin Li
+San Francisco International Airport
+Peter Ueberroth
+San Francisco
+San Francisco, California
+Norman Bellingham
+Justin Herman Plaza
+San Francisco Board of Supervisors
+"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet."
+April 8
+April 1, 2008
+San Francisco Board of Supervisors
+United Nations Plaza
+United Nations Plaza
+three
+KPIX-CBS5
+China
+three
+Laurel Sutherlin
+trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.
+three
+2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
+2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
+2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
+2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
+2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
+Van Ness Avenue
+April 11
+Lola Mora amphitheatre
+Mauricio Macri
+Buenos Aires
+Lola Mora amphitheatre
+Mauricio Macri
+Mauricio Macri
+banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey.
+Jorge Carcavallo
+the Obelisk to the city hall
+Free Tibet
+Jorge Carcavallo.
+the Obelisk to the city hall
+Human Rights Torch.
+Free Tibet
+Human Rights Torch Relay
+Susan Prager
+Friends of Falun Gong
+Diego Maradona
+1200
+water balloons
+Friends of Falun Gong
+Diego Maradona
+1200
+water balloons
+water balloons
+Dar es Salaam
+April 13
+TAZARA Railway
+Dar es Salaam
+Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
+Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
+China
+Ali Mohamed Shein.
+Muscat
+April 14
+Sulaf Fawakherji
+Muscat
+20
+Sulaf Fawakherji.
+April 16
+Jinnah Stadium
+Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani
+Islamabad
+Jinnah Stadium.
+2.3 km
+2.3 km
+Baichung Bhutia
+five
+2.3 km
+2.3 km
+2.3 km
+five
+Baichung Bhutia
+Republic Day celebrations
+Nirupama Sen.
+India's Commerce Minister
+Kamal Nath
+2 am
+the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations,
+the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets.
+India's 150,000
+India was a democracy
+150,000-strong
+India's 150,000
+wholesale ban on protests
+Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit
+"rapid deterioration"
+Tibetan government in exile
+Kiran Bedi
+Kiran Bedi
+Soha Ali Khan
+April 16
+Kiran Bedi
+Soha Ali Khan
+a protest was organised in Delhi "against Chinese repression in Tibet",
+a protest was organised in Delhi "against Chinese repression in Tibet",
+caged woman
+April 18
+M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse
+the Chinese Embassy
+April 18
+10
+Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand.
+Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse
+April 21
+Kuala Lumpur
+Independence Square
+1964
+Independence Square
+Petronas Twin Towers.
+1964
+1000
+Falun Gong
+Falun Gong
+Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons
+Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.
+placards
+April 22
+Chinese embassy
+Only invitees and journalists
+Olympic flame
+20 km
+security worries
+the streets around the city main's stadium.
+Protests
+April 24
+Agnes Shea
+a message stick
+a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives
+Canberra
+16 km
+16 km
+Australian Federal Police.
+Agnes Shea
+People's Liberation Army personnel
+to "go defend our sacred torch
+Tony Goh
+Stephen Smith
+People's Liberation Army personnel
+Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students
+Tony Goh
+Zhang Rongan
+Stephen Smith
+Lin Hatfield Dodds
+Stephen Smith
+Lin Hatfield Dodds
+Stephen Smith
+Ted Quinlan
+2,000 and 10,000
+Jon Stanhope
+Ian Thorpe
+2,000 and 10,000
+2,000 and 10,000
+Ted Quinlan
+Jon Stanhope
+Nagano
+April 26
+Nagano
+1998 Winter Olympics
+Zenk-ji
+municipal building
+only two Chinese guards
+Seoul
+1988 Summer Olympics
+Olympic Park
+Chinese students
+Seoul
+1988 Summer Olympics
+April 28
+Kim Yong Nam
+Pak Du Ik
+Juche Tower
+the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang.
+April 28.
+Beijing Olympics logo
+Pak Du Ik
+UNICEF
+North Korea
+UNICEF
+UNICEF withdrew their staff
+UNICEF
+North Korea
+April 29
+Ho Chi Minh City
+Tan Son Nhat International Airport
+Tan Son Nhat International Airport
+Tan Son Nhat International Airport
+Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
+sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands
+Sansha
+Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
+Prime Minister Nguyn Tn Dng
+seven
+iu Cày
+Lê Minh Phiu
+seven
+Nguyn Văn Hi
+iu Cày
+Lê Minh Phiu
+the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.
+May 2
+Lee Lai Shan
+Donald Tsang
+Wan Chai
+120
+Donald Tsang
+Donald Tsang
+dragon boat
+120
+celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians.
+novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames
+1989
+Christina Chan
+she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle
+claiming her human rights were breached.
+Tiananmen Square
+Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung
+Christina Chan
+The Color Orange democracy group
+Pillar of Shame
+immigration reasons
+Mia Farrow
+Cheung Man Kwong
+Hong Kong Alliance relay
+Pillar of Shame
+immigration reasons
+Mia Farrow
+May 3
+Macau Fisherman's Wharf
+120
+Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
+the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese
+May 3
+120
+Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
+Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
+the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese
+cyberctm.com
+orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums
+cyberctm.com
+cyberctm.com
+Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation
+Sanya, Hainan
+Jackie Chan
+Sanya, Hainan
+May 4
+IOC
+Jackie Chan.
+partial and censored
+Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased.
+Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame"
+Chinese media coverage of the torch relay
+partial and censored
+Reporters Without Borders
+Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame"
+a handful of saboteurs
+disruptive protesters
+condemned the protests
+Marie-José Pérec
+radicals
+Marie-José Pérec
+Xinhua
+spirit of Olympics
+sports and politics
+spirit of Olympics
+sports and politics
+The Daily Telegraph
+Libération
+Chinese accusations of Western media bias.
+Fu Ying
+The Daily Telegraph
+Libération
+CNN
+CNN
+the Chinese government called on CNN to "apologise" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for "attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government".
+The challenges of reporting in China
+Paul Danahar
+1,300
+Paul Danahar
+censorship
+People's Daily
+People's Daily
+anti-CNN
+a Beijing citizen.
+a Beijing citizen.
+anti-cnn
+30
+August 2007
+blue tracksuits
+Second Right Brother
+30
+August 2007
+blue tracksuits
+Second Right Brother
+French hypermart Carrefour
+LVMH Group
+Dalai Lama
+the French flag
+LVMH Group
+pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism.
+the protests may spiral out of control
+People's Daily
+Sohu.com
+May 1
+the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.
+People's Daily
+the protests may spiral out of control
+Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang
+Shoichi Washizawa
+great nuisance
+an un-identified person
+Shoichi Washizawa
+great nuisance
+an un-identified person
+8
+8
+Michael Mak Kwok-fung
+Jin Jing
+Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as "heroic" and an "angel",
+Mainland China
+Mainland China
+logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
+mixed
+Kurt Gödel
+Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931
+Whitehead and Russell's book
+Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931
+there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them
+Principia Mathematica
+logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
+1916
+ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture
+"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."
+1929
+1912 and 1927
+1929
+1929
+inert ideas
+a relatively few important concepts
+discovering their application in actual life
+laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
+laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
+a relatively few important concepts
+the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.
+laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
+he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education
+"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."
+one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians
+Bertrand Russell
+he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education.
+profound ignorance
+rank amateur
+20th century's foremost metaphysicians.
+"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized."
+they remain unexamined and unquestioned
+people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress
+good science and good philosophy
+how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned.
+they remain unexamined and unquestioned
+re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic.
+metaphysical investigations
+reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another
+an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another
+so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience
+either exclusively material or else exclusively mental
+"philosophy of organism"
+Cartesian
+Cartesian
+Cartesian
+experiential
+process philosophy
+materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete
+"quality", "matter", and "form"
+these "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.
+a continuum of overlapping events
+a "society" of events
+"classical" concepts
+change
+quality, "matter", and "form"
+society
+a continuum of overlapping events
+discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing
+"defining essence" or a "core identity"
+qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"
+defining essence
+occasions of experience
+the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space
+all things flow"
+Identities do not define people, people define identities
+it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things
+"material substances" or "essences"
+the limitations of language
+it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.
+the limitations of language
+the limitations of language
+keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago
+externally related to other things
+fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything
+the relata themselves
+every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.
+it obscures the importance of relations
+materialism
+distinct and discrete
+an inert clump of matter
+its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it
+forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
+it could not be said to really exist
+Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.
+nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities
+if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist.
+what the thing is
+its synthesis of and reaction to the wo rld around it
+forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
+Europe and China
+William Temple
+1932-1934
+ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education
+ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology
+University of Chicago's Divinity School
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+John B. Cobb
+Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams
+China
+modernization and industrialization
+Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism
+John Cobb and David Ray Griffin
+an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts
+assertion that matter is an abstraction
+sheer difficulty and density of his prose
+passé
+the most dominant philosophical schools
+American pragmatism
+William James and John Dewey
+Nicholas Rescher
+Charles Sanders Peirce
+Richard Rorty
+severely criticized
+Henry Stapp and David Bohm
+gravitational waves
+they are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes
+a local approximation
+Ideas Improving World Order
+Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology
+For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future
+Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy
+Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy
+Xie Bangxiu
+Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher
+to "help a person become whole."
+Institute for the Postmodern Development of China
+Mark Dibben
+Whiteheadian and panexperientialist
+philosophy of management and business ethics
+philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
+Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research
+mathematics
+metaphysics
+processes
+reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another
+Process and Reality
+mathematics
+mathematics
+metaphysics
+metaphysical system
+processes
+Ramsgate, Kent, England
+1861
+Alfred North's grandfather
+Chatham House Academy
+Maria Sarah Buckmaster
+Ramsgate, Kent, England
+1861
+minister
+Maria Sarah
+Evelyn
+University of London system
+Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London
+Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London
+1924
+Bachelor of Science degree
+Imperial College London
+Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London
+Imperial College London
+1924
+Victor Lowe
+his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death
+almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy
+"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."
+Victor Lowe
+Victor Lowe
+his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death.
+right to privacy
+Principia Mathematica
+Principia Mathematica
+professional mathematicians
+Principia Mathematica
+one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century
+mathematics
+Whitehead
+Principia Mathematica
+Principia Mathematica
+1898
+Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
+the comparative study of their several structures
+G. B. Mathews
+Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions
+G. B. Mathews
+the comparative study of their several structures
+Principia Mathematica
+ten years
+300
+50
+Principia Mathematica
+Principia Mathematica
+ten years
+three
+300
+Cambridge University Press
+western canon
+1927–28
+Process and Reality
+professional philosophers
+Process and Reality
+1927–28
+philosophical work
+did not negatively affect his interest
+without fully grasping all of the details and implications
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+twenty years
+Mathews
+Divinity School
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.
+Process and Reality
+Isabelle Stengers
+a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems
+Process and Reality
+Process and Reality
+how the universe works
+a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems
+novel solutions
+existence
+an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them.
+consciousness
+inability to predict an electron's movement
+existence
+an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them
+causal or mechanistic laws
+"to seize."
+the mind only has private ideas about other entities
+prehension
+he coined
+to seize
+conscious or unconscious
+presentational immediacy
+a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons
+their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them
+presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension")
+a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses
+mistaking an image in a mirror
+Whitehead
+Presentational immediacy
+Presentational immediacy
+the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go."
+unconscious interpretation
+fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations
+symbolic reference
+fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations
+higher organisms
+fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations
+both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
+an ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair
+"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."
+a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."
+"life is comparatively deficient in survival value."
+they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
+living, living well, and living better
+increasing its own satisfaction
+"life is comparatively deficient in survival value
+they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
+three
+increasing its own satisfaction
+totally unintelligible
+they were better at that game than the rocks around them."
+"the brief Galilean vision of humility"
+the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."
+power
+religion
+the primordial nature of God
+the consequent nature
+dipolar
+an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.
+God's reception of the world's activity
+God saves and cherishes all experiences forever
+It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.
+change the way God interacts with the world
+finite creatures
+deficient in actuality and change
+eternally unrealized possibilities
+fulfilling one another
+fluent
+changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
+individual
+"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious."
+transformed a person's character
+a "dangerous delusion"
+solitariness
+the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."
+meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community
+surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself
+mutually dependent
+his students and admirers
+Bruno Latour
+liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs
+Willard Van Orman Quine
+Bruno Latour
+American progressive theology
+Charles Hartshorne
+a full-blown process theology
+John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller
+God's relational nature
+temporal events
+Hartshorne
+the being who can most appropriately respond to the world
+C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.
+biology and economics
+poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory
+a theologian and a geneticist
+Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist
+process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests
+the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone."
+a system of general truths about the world
+a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society
+to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
+organizational theory and organizational behavior
+a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."
+Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
+over-priced (under-yielding) investments
+a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital,
+Professional investment managers
+to maximize their compensation
+plausible deniability
+Countrywide Financial
+July 11, 2008
+IndyMac
+seventh largest
+IndyMac Bancorp
+April 2008
+9.27%
+$160 million
+$160 million
+minimum 10%
+more than 37 percent
+more than 37 percent
+$18.9 billion
+June 30
+$500 million
+June 2008
+June 2008
+$10.7 billion
+Senator Charles Schumer
+unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
+IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB
+US$100,000
+the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000,
+July 11, 2008
+July 14, 2008
+Over 100
+Bear Stearns
+September and October 2008
+Oct. 6, 2008
+Lehman Brothers
+a bank run on the money market funds
+commercial paper
+September 2008
+$144.5 billion
+4.65%
+implosion of the shadow banking system
+implosion of the shadow banking system
+mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.
+Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
+nearly one-third
+the collapse of the shadow banking system
+Brookings Institution
+securitization
+the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital
+45%
+45%
+20%
+$13 trillion
+$13 trillion
+a homeowner who has no equity
+$6 trillion
+Tens of millions
+their future profits
+November 2008
+The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse
+UBS
+the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters
+Iceland
+capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts
+more than a third
+14.4%
+14.4%
+spending too much and borrowing too much
+recession
+3–4%
+$251 billion
+300,000
+Bruno Wenn
+falls in trade
+Arab World
+Foreign Direct Investment
+global downturn
+lower oil prices
+lower oil prices
+10.1%
+33
+6%
+10.1%
+fewer resources
+faulty risk-weightings
+AAA-rated
+Basel III
+Johan Norberg
+increased capital ratios
+June 2009
+June 2009
+2008
+More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over."
+January 27, 2010
+Advanced economies
+31%
+Advanced economies
+31%
+Advanced economies
+Krugman
+December 2010
+2006
+commercial mortgage-backed securities
+commercial real estate
+Wall Street
+$70 trillion
+doubled
+Wall Street
+$70 trillion
+collateralized debt obligation
+collateralized debt obligation
+investment-grade ratings
+a single pool
+lower credit ratings
+over 20%
+over 20%
+1.3 million
+2.3 million
+14.4%
+1.0%
+deflation
+the Fed "needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble".
+excessive credit growth
+Lower interest rates
+$650 billion
+1.5% to 5.8%
+emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations
+a capital account
+foreign funds
+The Fed
+1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage
+asset prices
+The Fed
+U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.
+Richard M. Bowen III
+Richard M. Bowen III
+60%
+60%
+over 80%
+Clayton Holdings
+54%
+28%
+28%
+900,000
+Predatory lending
+Countrywide Financial
+adjustable rate mortgage
+negative amortization
+bait-and-switch
+California Attorney General Jerry Brown
+California Attorney General Jerry Brown
+homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their home equity had disappeared
+Office of Thrift Supervision
+weak credit
+Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
+Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
+OECD
+Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
+OECD
+financial institutions became highly leveraged
+off-balance sheet securitization
+government bailouts.
+bankruptcy
+off-balance sheet securitization
+the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage
+financial shock
+Changes in capital requirements
+$4.1 trillion
+Lehman Brothers
+saving more during adverse economic conditions
+Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously
+the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession
+Hyman Minsky
+significant declines in the value of their assets
+Janet Yellen
+it didn’t take long before we were in a recession
+recession
+cancelling planned investments and laying off workers
+balance sheet deleveraging
+offsetting a particular risk exposure
+adjustable-rate mortgage
+CDS
+the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations
+The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis.
+2007
+$20 billion
+$20 billion
+5% to 36%
+$20 billion
+innovative financial products
+multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage
+FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks
+FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks
+a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006–2008.
+interest rates or fees
+incremental compensation
+Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have,
+straightforward, readily understandable format
+Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have,
+MBS and CDOs
+a variety of reasons
+approximately 32 cents on the dollar
+approximately five cents for every dollar
+$450bn
+AIG
+credit default swaps
+September 2008
+over $180 billion
+AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A
+George Soros
+complex
+originators of synthetic products
+George Soros
+international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models
+World Scientific
+2007
+2007
+models rectifying some of the copula limitations
+2007
+Timothy Geithner
+the freezing of credit markets
+the "parallel" banking system
+shadow banking system
+maturity mismatch
+2007
+2008
+More than a third
+Brookings Institution
+the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009
+Mark Zandi
+Mark Zandi
+$2 trillion
+$150 billion
+TALF
+commodity prices
+$50 to $147
+$50 to $147
+monetary policy
+gasoline
+Michael Greenberger
+IntercontinentalExchange
+Michael Greenberger
+the IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) had been regulated by both European and U.S. authorities since its purchase of the International Petroleum Exchange
+London and New York
+Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
+Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
+socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject
+Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
+Raghuram Rajan
+Raghuram Rajan
+Alan Greenspan
+"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?"
+tail risks
+Raghuram Rajan
+Great Moderation
+Dirk Bezemer
+Alan Greenspan
+Alan Greenspan
+BusinessWeek
+BusinessWeek
+Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's
+Nouriel Roubini
+"Dr. Doom"
+Nassim Nicholas Taleb
+David Brooks
+Stock trader and financial risk engineer
+making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis
+Phil Dow
+54.7%
+54.7%
+Floyd Norris
+Northern Rock
+Bank of England
+September 2007
+February 2008
+Northern Rock
+IndyMac
+Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral
+IndyMac
+option-adjustable-rate-mortgages
+tighten their issuing criteria
+half
+63 percent
+77 percent
+77 percent
+half
+the European Commission at Brussels
+0.1%
+1.0%
+0.3%
+3%
+U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world
+large fiscal stimulus packages
+the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis
+the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis
+U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world
+credit freeze
+US$2.5 trillion
+$1.5 trillion
+Joseph Stiglitz
+investing internationally in emerging markets
+Barack Obama
+consumer protection
+additional regulations
+Paul Volcker
+Paul Volcker
+May 2010
+December 2009
+Volcker Rule
+Senate
+bailout of banks
+declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars
+August 9, 2007
+declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity
+BNP Paribas
+2004
+2008 and early 2009
+housing prices would continue to escalate
+overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages
+overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages
+Levin–Coburn Report
+1999
+The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
+regulators, the credit rating agencies
+credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products,
+mortgage-backed securities
+mortgage-backed securities
+major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS
+institutions and investors around the world
+mortgage payments and housing prices
+trillions of U.S. dollars
+providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure
+2006
+Defaults and losses on other loan types
+2006
+investment banks and hedge funds
+investment banks and hedge funds
+financialization
+deregulation
+deregulation
+significant debt burdens
+slowing economic activity
+the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations.
+Governments
+did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses
+January 2011
+widespread failures in financial regulation
+Federal Reserve
+the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street
+the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street
+mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards
+2003
+2004–2007
+2004–2007
+government-sponsored enterprises
+government affordable housing policy
+Paul Krugman
+government affordable housing policy
+governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios.
+government affordable housing policy
+13 million
+over $2 trillion
+Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
+Peter J. Wallison
+13 million
+Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
+the Bush administration
+September 10, 2003
+OFHEO
+Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
+$467 billion
+$467 billion
+$467 billion
+25%
+25%
+1995
+$4.5 trillion
+faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans.
+CRA rule changes
+September 11, 2001
+investment banks and hedge funds
+investment banks and hedge funds
+Portfolio Magazine
+investment banks and hedge funds
+credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs
+substandard loans
+it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments
+substandard loans
+1997–2007
+Countering Krugman
+160
+Saint-Barthélemy Channel
+Turtle rocks
+Renaissance
+Île Chevreau
+Saint-Barthélemy
+Saint-Barthélemy
+500–700
+Saint-Barthélemy
+geographically, and not racially
+Saint Martin
+nineteen
+March 2012
+15 July 2007
+nineteen
+September 2014
+St. Barthélemy
+One senator
+21 September 2008
+six policemen and thirteen gendarmes
+Agricultural production
+Sweet potato
+salt
+vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing
+Gustavia
+the rich and famous
+200,000
+€61,200,000
+wealth generated by wealthy tourists
+airplane or boat
+St. Barthélemy
+58
+Brazil and Portugal
+12
+400
+cacti
+The eastern part of the island is greener
+irrigated areas
+Sea grapes and palm trees
+Pacific islands
+the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig
+cereus
+South America
+1773
+the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig
+December till May
+December till May.
+Turtles
+jellyfish
+tall sea grasses
+The marine aquafauna
+reefs
+sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs
+ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs,
+eat garbage and sewerage
+Reserve Naturelle
+coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles
+Anchoring
+Reserve Naturelle
+Anchoring
+the Swedes
+Gustav Adolph
+1787
+a modern military building
+La Pointe
+over 70
+hotels
+les petits creux
+spicier
+gastronomic
+every alternate year
+Concarneau
+10 m
+10 m
+Baie de Saint Jean Beach
+Gustaf III Airport
+small regional commercial aircraft and charters
+Princess Juliana International Airport
+Sint Maarten
+Gustaf III Airport
+France
+Saint-Barth élemy
+St. Barts or St. Barths in English
+Ouanalao
+240 kilometres
+9,035
+9,035
+Gustavia
+Guadeloupe
+winter holiday season
+Guadeloupe
+2003
+2007
+Hotel de la Collectivité
+senator
+Colombier Bay
+Grande Saline Bay
+a visible coral reef
+shallow waters
+marine reserve
+"Anse de..." etc.
+"Anse de..." etc.
+leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side
+leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side
+windsurfing
+arid
+2,500
+1000 mm
+May to November
+13 °C
+1744
+1785
+Carénage
+Gustavia
+Caribbean war
+St. Barts Municipal Museum
+Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy
+Gustavia
+French, Swedish and British
+costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses
+molecular biology and genetics
+DNA
+DNA
+Hans Winkler
+botany
+University of Hamburg
+biome, rhizome
+half
+segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
+mitochondria and chloroplasts
+genomics
+the properties of single genes or groups of genes
+sequenced
+the C-value paradox
+trichomoniasis
+60,000
+almost three times as many
+University of Ghent
+Bacteriophage MS2
+Fred Sanger
+The Institute for Genomic Research
+1996
+The US National Institutes of Health
+a mouse
+puffer fish
+December 2013
+130,000
+parallel sequencing
+Manteia Predictive Medicine
+James D. Watson
+one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA
+a genome map
+The Human Genome Project
+Jean Weissenbach
+Jean Weissenbach
+Genome composition
+the evolutionary history of a given genome.
+prokaryotes and eukaryotes
+exon-intron
+mammals and plants
+pathogenic microbe
+more complex than a virus
+plasmids
+plants, protozoa and animals
+plastome
+mitochondrial genome
+Genome size
+morphological complexity
+repetitive DNA act
+minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms
+in vivo and in silico
+Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
+length of non-repetitive DNA
+length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size
+lower eukaryotes
+C. elegans and fruit fly
+20%
+tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
+length of repetitive DNA divide
+slippage
+slippage
+mammalian
+transposable elements
+TEs
+retrotransposons
+DNA transposons
+RNA
+cut and paste
+Class 2 TEs
+karyotype
+chromosome number
+Duplications
+creation of genetic novelty
+Horizontal gene transfer
+many microbes
+eukaryotic cells
+A comprehensive school
+selective school system
+England and Wales
+90%
+The correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule
+design and technology and vocational learning
+Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges
+City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes
+164
+1965
+neighbourhood
+Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges
+1970s
+everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16
+Germany
+college preparatory classes
+the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur
+more than 50%
+more than 50%
+Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin
+Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin
+2010/2011
+no college preparatory classes
+Abitur
+Hauptschule
+grade inflation
+the Social Democratic Party of Germany
+Sigrid Beer
+Christian Democratic Union
+Alliance '90/The Greens
+bright working class students
+an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers
+Hauptschule
+Helmut Fend
+tripartite system
+1972
+sixth form
+A-levels
+1966
+Patrick Hillery
+vocational school system
+The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept.
+1970s
+The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity.
+denominational basis of the schools
+unviable local schools
+1946
+Holyhead County School in Anglesey
+Holyhead County School in Anglesey
+1949
+Coventry
+Anthony Crosland
+1965
+a virtual bipartite system
+Margaret Thatcher
+Mrs Thatcher
+Margaret Thatcher
+1975
+large neighbourhood comprehensives
+Sandwell and Dudley
+Sandwell and Dudley
+1976
+Comprehensive school
+1976
+1988 Education Reform Act
+which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all
+specialisation
+controversial league tables of school performance
+a very different educational system
+specialist schools
+2005
+Scotland
+England and Wales
+République du Congo
+Angolan exclave of Cabinda
+the Angolan exclave of Cabinda
+the Angolan exclave of Cabinda
+Central Africa
+Bantu
+1960
+Denis Sassou Nguesso
+Denis Sassou Nguesso
+fourth largest
+poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues
+Pygmy
+1500 BC
+Bantu
+Diogo Co
+Diogo Co
+Bantu kingdoms
+late 19th century
+direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
+Pierre de Brazza's
+Pierre de Brazza
+Middle Congo
+French Equatorial Africa
+construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.
+Nazi occupation of France
+1944
+1946
+the Fourth Republic
+1958
+the AEF
+Republic of the Congo
+1959
+August 15, 1960
+Fulbert Youlou
+Alphonse Massamba-Débat
+Fulbert Youlou
+The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
+Massamba-Débat
+scientific socialism
+several hundred
+September 1968
+Marien Ngouabi
+People's Republic of the Congo
+Congolese Labour Party
+1972
+March 16, 1977
+Sassou Nguesso
+the Soviet Union
+dictatorship
+patronage
+Pascal Lissouba
+IMF
+three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility
+three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility
+Lissouba and Sassou
+Cobras
+Angolan socialist régime
+October
+Andre Milongo
+seven years
+January 2002
+April 2003
+Sassou
+Congolese Observatory of Human Rights
+very low
+Congo-Brazzaville
+Congolese Labour Party
+Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail
+corruption revelations
+over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France
+2002
+2002
+the government
+10
+10
+Bantus
+pets
+December 30, 2010
+4°N and 5°S
+11° and 19°E
+Atlantic Ocean
+Cameroon and the Central African Republic
+Angola
+Brazzaville
+Congo River
+Kinshasa
+Democratic Republic of the Congo
+The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins
+the Kouilou-Niari River
+The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins
+Forests
+Equator
+24 °C (75 °F)
+between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F)
+June to August
+Ouesso district
+the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region
+inhospitable swamps
+forestry
+budget problems and overstaffing
+forestry
+65%
+65%
+5%
+5%
+46%
+46%
+June 1997
+slumping oil prices
+December 1998
+stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
+Natural gas and diamonds
+2007
+The Republic of the Congo
+Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
+200,000 hectares
+land, air and water
+forced laborers
+over 1000 km
+Atlantic Ocean
+southwest
+Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway
+62
+The Kongo
+Boulangui
+Boulangui
+9,000
+French
+300
+Awakening Lutherans
+22.3%
+19.9%
+1.6%
+an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.
+8.9%
+2.8%
+$30 per capita
+8.9%
+59.34
+Female genital mutilation
+59.34
+16
+44%
+baccalaureate
+French
+prime minister
+prime minister
+a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
+Westminster system
+head of state or the head of state's official representative
+parliament
+the royal prerogative
+parliament
+First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
+Winston Churchill
+Cardinal Richelieu
+Cardinal Richelieu
+prime minister of France
+Louis XIV
+18th century
+Sir Robert Walpole
+William Cecil, Lord Burghley
+William Cecil, Lord Burghley
+William Cecil, Lord Burghley
+the personal favour of the monarch
+the personal favour of the monarch
+Harley and St John
+Clarendon
+the Glorious Revolution of 1688
+the Glorious Revolution of 1688
+The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission
+Anne
+Anne
+Hanover
+twenty-one years
+1721
+cabinet solidarity
+all ministers must defend it in public, or resign
+Lord Melbourne
+Walpole
+the increasing complexity and expense of government
+Benjamin Disraeli
+1905
+a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president
+Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
+1970
+Bahrain
+Finland
+Finland
+Premier of the State Council
+Taiwan
+the prime minister
+(political) cohabitation
+the parliament may force the resignation of the government
+the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
+his/her appointment and dismissal
+The People's Republic of China constitution
+(Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Zngl
+Constitution Act
+1982
+composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers
+the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
+first decade of the twentieth century
+First Lord of the Treasury
+1905
+Margaret Thatcher
+1979
+1990
+to reshuffle her cabinet
+Irish Taoiseach
+the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament
+the Irish Taoiseach is formally'renominated' after every general election
+lower house of parliament
+giving a right to block supply to upper houses
+a vote of confidence
+a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government.
+resignation of the prime minister and his or her government
+a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government.
+1918
+1922
+1922
+the cabinet
+if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party
+the Taoiseach
+the Taoiseach
+President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)
+the Taoiseach
+president of the council of ministers
+statsminister
+the equivalent term of premier
+Germany and Austria
+Minister of State
+Secretary of State
+President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran.
+non-Commonwealth countries
+Right Honourable
+Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council
+Prime Minister of Canada
+Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments
+First Minister
+Pradhan Mantri
+Wazir-e-Azam
+Grand Vizier
+Cabinet Office
+Cabinet Office
+secondary education school
+early 19th century
+French École Polytechnique
+ (pol or pol)
+polytechnic
+the Berg-Schola
+at least the 18th century,
+Collegium Carolinum
+1794
+institutions of higher education
+1992
+University of Westminster
+Regent Street
+polytechnics and institutes of technology
+University of Technology
+College of Advanced Education system
+TAFE
+Melbourne Polytechnic
+2009
+seven
+tertiary
+bachelor's degrees and master's degrees
+ammattikorkeakoulu
+academization
+four
+three
+Cambodia
+Affiliate Schools
+Quebec
+public funding
+Polytechnics Canada
+collaborative institute-industry projects
+1895
+Capital University
+half
+1997
+The Geophysics Institute
+Quito Astronomical Observatory
+National Polytechnic School
+1873
+The Nuclear Science Department at EPN
+to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development
+Provisional Governing Board
+Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas
+180
+160
+Finland
+"university of applied sciences"
+yrkeshögskola
+sciences and technology curricula
+institut universitaire de technologie
+IUT
+Fachhochschule
+Polytechnicum
+French
+Polytechnicum
+1970s
+teaching
+social science, medicine, business and design.
+TU
+research
+RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München
+TU9 German Institutes of Technology
+290,000
+290,000
+Saxony
+Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule
+N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act
+The Hong Kong Polytechnic
+1972
+1984
+The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
+1994
+the Berg-Schola
+the Berg-Schola
+the Berg-Schola
+16
+16
+AICTE
+Diploma in Engineering
+four
+three
+Regional Technical College
+Dublin Institute of Technology
+technical university
+two
+the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
+Imperial College of Engineering
+the sciences
+Polytechnics
+Ministry of Education
+Ipoh
+87,440
+87,440
+87,440
+Mauritius
+technology
+New Zealand polytechnics
+Universal College of Learning
+New Zealand polytechnics
+Wellington Polytechnic
+1990s
+Central Institute of Technology
+North Island
+Auckland University of Technology
+10th grade
+to train people in various trades
+three years
+BE
+4 years full-time program
+a "technical university" or "university of technology")
+bacharelatos
+Bologna Process
+Millennia Institute
+5
+three
+the Banská Akadémia in Banská tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762
+1735
+the Banská Akadémia in Banská tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762
+1764
+teaching
+Technikons
+1993
+the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).
+technical colleges
+could not grant bachelor's degrees
+Pathumwan Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
+King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
+Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
+Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
+Suranaree University of Technology
+1989
+Suranaree University of Technology
+Bursa Technical University
+six
+Ankara and Trabzon
+1970
+diplomas and degrees
+Central Institutions
+Regent Street
+Central Institutions
+Loughborough University of Technology
+1960s
+Further and Higher Education Act 1992
+CNAA
+regional colleges
+"technical institute" or "technical school"
+"technical institute" or "technical school"
+1824
+Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
+a sound middle class economy.
+1950s
+Caracas
+Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
+The Wayback Machine
+Internet Archive
+San Francisco
+Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
+three dimensional index
+cached pages
+if the content has changed
+to archive the entire Internet
+The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
+"WABAC machine"
+WABAC machine
+Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board
+crawlers
+robots exclusion standard
+Archive-It.org
+Kahle
+Kahle
+fifth anniversary
+University of California, Berkeley
+six months
+six months
+variable
+August 2008
+Jeff Kaplan
+November 2010
+100 terabytes
+12 terabytes/month
+PetaBox rack systems
+Capricorn Technologies
+2009
+Sun Open Storage
+Sun Microsystems' California campus
+2011
+March 2011
+2008
+2010
+Save a Page
+October 2013
+Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
+robots.txt
+a motion to compel Netbula to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.
+Internet Archive
+Chordiant
+Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd
+San Jose Division
+Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd
+Telewizja Polska
+Dish Network
+Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys
+district Court Judge Ronald Guzman
+if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application
+providing an authoritative statement of the archivist
+technical limitations
+screen shots of web pages
+Wayback Machine
+Wayback Machine
+violating copyright laws
+the Archive
+FAQ
+Scientology
+a "request by the site owner
+lawyers from the Church of Scientology
+Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey
+Healthcare Advocates
+Internet Archive
+the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
+Robots.txt
+Robots.txt
+Robots.txt
+The Internet Archive
+Suzanne Shell
+Suzanne Shell
+United States District Court for the Northern District of California
+United States District Court for the District of Colorado
+April 25, 2007
+Suzanne Shell
+Suzanne Shell
+DMCA requests
+Federal Court of Canada
+United Provinces (Verenigde Provincin), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)
+1795
+Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
+the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
+Flanders
+House of Habsburg
+Charles V
+Protestants
+devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces
+1579
+1579
+Act of Abjuration
+1581
+they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
+Antwerp
+1583
+10 July 1584
+William of Orange
+1588
+1783–1795
+France
+Batavian Republic
+1813
+Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
+1815
+the Dutch Republic
+The County of Holland
+1602
+Rotterdam
+Rotterdam
+Amsterdam
+Between 1590–1712
+Africa and the Pacific
+breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient
+seven
+the federal government
+representatives of each of the seven provinces
+the County of Drenthe
+this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes
+raadspensionaris
+the stadtholder
+the stadtholder
+the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province
+William the Silent
+Zeeland and usually Utrecht
+Orangists
+the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans
+After the Peace of Westphalia
+Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)
+Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)
+Dutch East India Company
+Holland and/or Zeeland
+Federalist No. 20,
+James Madison
+declaration of independence of the United Provinces
+20 January 1579
+every person should be free in the choice of personal religion
+William of Orange
+Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
+Reformed Church
+time period and regional or city leaders
+people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city
+personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
+predestination
+Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants
+1618
+18th century
+private churches
+Symbiosis
+the mutualistic relationship in lichens
+Heinrich Anton de Bary
+"de Bary" definition
+obligate
+facultative
+lichens
+mistletoe
+disjunctive symbiosis
+endosymbiosis
+10%–15% of insects
+Frankia
+10%–15%
+ectoparasites
+lice
+exosymbiosis
+reciprocal altruism
+lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact
+mutualistic gut flora
+Coral reefs
+fix carbon from the air
+carbon
+symbiosis
+special mucus
+symbiosis
+goby fish
+the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail
+symbiosis
+late 1980s
+internal symbionts for nutrition
+late 1980s
+the host cell lacks some of the nutrients
+by producing some specialized cells
+genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts
+drastic reduction in its genome size
+Muller's ratchet phenomenon
+lack of selection mechanisms
+com- and mensa,
+Commensalism
+inquilinism
+metabiosis
+phoresy
+parasitic relationship
+necrotrophic
+they kill their host, or biotrophic
+as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase
+a tick feeding on the blood of its host.
+Amensalism
+competition and antibiosis
+competition
+secreting juglone
+the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha
+the same type of shrub
+Amensalism
+Synnecrosis
+death
+evolution selects against synnecrosis
+to protect the hive
+endosymbiotic theory
+plants, animals, fungi, and protists
+endo symbiosis
+Dorion Sagan
+Symbiosis
+nectar and large sticky pollen
+the relationship has become dependent
+Forces armées canadiennes
+the National Defence Act
+The Canadian Armed Forces
+les Forces canadiennes
+four
+the National Defence Act
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Governor General of Canada
+Chief of the Defence Staff
+the Armed Forces Council.
+Cold War
+the security of Europe
+the Soviet military threat
+1950s
+early 1990s
+the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
+the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
+the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
+2002
+out of area
+Canada First Defence Strategy
+2008
+six
+six
+the Canadian Armed Forces
+Canadian Defence Attachés
+the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces
+the Canadian Armed Forces
+the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts
+1867
+French and British forces
+attacks by other European powers
+the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces
+to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States
+British Crown-in-Council
+the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units
+1906
+Department of Militia and Defence
+November 1940
+Second Boer War
+several units were raised to serve under British command
+the First World War
+The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War
+the Korean War
+more than 200
+more than 200
+Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War
+United Nations Peacekeeping operations
+1957 to 1970
+Normandy Landings
+the strategic bombing of German cities
+Battle of Vimy Ridge
+Croatia
+fifth-largest naval surface fleet
+the fall of the Soviet Union
+Japanese and Soviet sources
+1 February 1968
+Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force
+Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.
+1931
+First World War
+Canadian Armed Forces
+1980s
+2013
+Canadian Forces
+Land Forces
+2011
+ISAF
+the Government of Afghanistan
+Land Forces
+74th
+74th
+119,000
+2020
+124,000
+Canada First Defence Strategy
+purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness
+rate of loss of existing members
+2006
+C-130 Hercules
+C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters
+2006
+medicine, communication, logistics, and administration
+1971
+vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers
+the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.
+Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
+infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery
+5 February 1987
+Minister of National Defence
+Combat-Related Employment of Women
+1989
+submarine service
+100 percent
+Jean Chretien
+mixed-gender force
+combat boots
+brassiere undergarments
+senior-ranking personnel
+Commander-in-Chief
+the governor general
+troop deployment and disposition orders
+the monarch or governor general
+the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet
+115,349
+Chief of the Defence Staff
+Chief of the Defence Staff
+Ottawa, Ontario
+the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.
+27
+Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
+Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School
+Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt
+Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt
+Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt
+NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.
+the Commander of the Canadian Army
+four divisions
+the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
+the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
+the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
+the Regular Force component of the Army
+one
+tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance
+tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance
+Major training and support establishments
+Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force
+Winnipeg
+eleven wings
+Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.
+Manitoba
+Winnipeg and North Bay
+Geilenkirchen, Germany
+Geilenkirchen
+British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador
+RCAF and Joint Task Force (North)
+a chain of forward operating locations
+fighter operations
+CF-18 squadrons
+CF-18 squadrons
+October 2012
+Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command
+cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget
+The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
+The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
+generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC
+CFB Trenton
+Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Peta
+the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks
+Ottawa
+CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities
+Director General Cyber
+Director General Cyber
+over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces
+the Surgeon General
+the Surgeon General
+a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat
+50,000
+Chief of Reserves and Cadets
+NDHQ
+60,000
+60,000
+Cadet Instructors Cadre
+Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists
+the Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
+the Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
+the Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
+exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory
+service dress
+ceremonial occasions
+unless service dress is prescribed
+Approved parkas
+ceremonial/regimental full dress
+beret, wedge cap, ballcap
+according to the distinctive uniform worn
+The beret
+CG634 helmet
+The Constitution of Canada
+CAD$12.5 billion
+bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.
+suburbicarian dioceses
+cardinal
+ninth century
+ninth century
+cardinal
+The Church of England
+deacons
+8th century
+769
+Nicholas II
+Papal Bull In nomine Domini
+1244
+Pope Innocent IV
+cardinal
+Pope Zacharias
+1567
+Pope Zacharias
+Pope Zacharias
+1567
+1567
+1563
+Pope Pius IV
+1563
+Pope Pius IV
+French kings
+secular affairs.
+Cardinal Richelieu
+Cardinal Richelieu
+Henry, King of Portugal
+70
+six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.
+Pope John XXIII
+120
+twenty-five
+120
+set no limit on the number of cardinals generally
+a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees
+Dean of the College of Cardinals
+Ostia
+1630
+Eminence
+Prince
+the Pope and crowned monarchs
+Eminence
+"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"
+Cardinal [First name] [Surname]
+placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname
+Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis
+they do not belong to the Roman clergy
+Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum
+Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum
+1378
+1378
+at least one
+no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate
+Cardinal bishops
+cardinals of the episcopal order
+Cardinal bishops
+a Roman priest
+apostolic succession
+Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
+Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
+seven
+1914
+Pope Pius X
+Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri
+1962
+Ostia
+Cardinal Vicar
+1962
+Ostia
+Cardinal Vicar
+the College of Cardinals
+a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction
+a gold ring
+the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal
+galero.
+1969
+scarlet biretta
+scarlet
+the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith
+the rochet
+the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture
+1460s
+the cardinalate expires
+Pope Martin V
+they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry
+1917
+those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
+ordination
+over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.
+1917
+1962
+College of Cardinals
+cardinal protodeacon
+Vatican City State
+Pope John Paul I
+the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre
+50
+10 years
+1939
+one third
+Papal Household
+cardinal deacons
+cardinal
+Brazil
+the Pope
+suburbicarian see
+Cardinal priests
+above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops
+Cardinal priests
+Bishop of Rome
+Rome
+1587
+70
+Pope John XXIII
+Indo-European
+Indo-Iranian languages
+Indo-European language family
+400 BCE
+Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian.
+86
+Proto-Iranian
+Persian and Sanskrit
+1836
+Christian Lassen
+Robert Needham Cust
+1878
+Proto-Iranian
+Central Asia
+Andronovo culture
+2000 BC
+Thracian, Balto-Slavic
+southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia
+great linguistic diversity
+two
+Behistun inscription
+circa 520 BC
+4th century BC
+Avestan
+vohu daena
+Rigvedic Sanskrit
+Old Persian
+Kurdish
+Scythian
+Old Avestan
+Old Persian
+Old Avestan
+* and *d
+Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants
+Nuristani languages
+*w and *dw
+consonant clusters
+other distinct dialect groups
+hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian
+Old Parthian
+9th century
+Western and Eastern
+Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic
+Avestan
+Aramaic
+an adapted Greek script
+Pahlavi
+3rd century CE
+Parthian and Sogdian
+Syriac script
+Islam
+Dari
+Saffarid dynasty
+875 CE
+Khorasan
+Arabic script
+second half of the 8th century
+Tajik
+Cyrillicized
+the Soviet government
+Khuzestan
+Sogdian and Bactrian
+6th century AD
+Zarafshan valley
+Zarafshan valley
+Daylighting
+Proper lighting
+energy
+artificial light sources
+Lighting or illumination
+Daylighting
+Lighting or illumination
+Proper lighting
+energy
+Lighting or illumination
+light fixtures
+Indoor lighting
+Indoor lighting
+light fixtures
+Indoor lighting
+fluorescent lighting
+Recessed lighting
+400,000 BCE
+birds and fish
+campfires or torches
+Lascaux caves
+incandescent light bulb
+early 1800s
+street lights
+a wide variety of styles
+to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare
+lumen per watt
+2800 to 3000
+2800 to 3000
+Lower color temperature lamps
+Lower color temperature lamps
+general, accent, or task
+Lightolier
+master transformer
+cable lighting
+12 or 24 volts
+torchiere
+portable or table lamp
+task lighting
+dark nightclub
+1960s and 1970s
+accent lighting
+steps in the aisles
+LED based versions
+low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube
+Street Lights
+photovoltaic luminaires
+Floodlights
+security lighting
+Entry lights
+Tail and brake lights
+white or selective yellow lights
+1950s
+White rear-facing reversing lamps
+Flashing turn signals
+light bulbs
+removable and replaceable
+a 60 w att incandescent lamp
+800 lumens
+architectural lighting design
+kno wn
+mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance
+tabular data
+Daylight factor calculation.
+light paint
+light paint
+Photometric studies
+complex theatre lighting systems
+stage lighting
+candela (cd)
+cd/m2
+stilb
+lumen (lm)
+luminosity function
+Lux
+The Unified Glare Rating
+correlated color temperature
+correlated color temperature
+CRI
+CCT
+gamut area index
+GAI
+the well-established CRI along with ano ther metric called gamut area index
+ultraviolet
+Daysimeter
+Daysimeter
+up to 30 days
+head-mounted device
+Specification of illumination requirements
+reduce energy usage and cost
+wireless mesh open standards
+ZigBee
+no need to run control wires)
+Occupancy sensors
+changes in heat
+sound above the range of human hearing
+when motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off.
+Daylighting
+daylighting schemes
+LEDs
+nonimaging optics
+higher lighting levels
+Alzheimer's Disease
+24
+the natural circadian cycle
+Robert Ulrich
+fewer
+fewer
+University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
+University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
+Dr. Abraham Gesner
+1849
+coal-gas
+mercury
+not all of them are suitable for dimming.
+20%
+much longer
+50,000 hours
+20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%
+Light pollution
+glare
+searchlights and flares
+light
+night vision
+laser-guided and GPS weapons
+laser-guided and GPS weapons
+International Commission on Illumination
+Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
+ANSI and ASHRAE
+photometric data
+The International Association of Lighting Designers
+Professional Lighting Designers Association
+Professional Lighting Designers Association
+NCQLP
+The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions
+‘Lighting Certified’
+CLEP and CLMC
+The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
+UK
+The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
+Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
+The Spirit of the Laws
+The Spirit of the Laws
+United States Constitution
+a system of checks and balances
+separation of powers
+John Locke
+Thomas Hobbes
+Montesquieu
+the framers of the United States Constitution
+John Locke
+Thomas Hobbes
+Montesquieu
+Parliament
+parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
+separate and distinct
+The United Kingdom
+the Court of Appeals
+Congress
+Clinton v. City of New York
+Clinton v. City of New York
+Congress
+the nondelegation doctrine
+Clinton v. City of New York
+Clinton v. City of New York
+Wayman v. Southard
+1825
+Chief Justice John Marshall
+Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary
+Wayman v. Southard
+Chief Justice John Marshall
+1930s
+A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495
+1935
+1935
+Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
+Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
+the Advice and Consent of the Senate
+impeachment
+quasi-judicial
+Executive power
+President
+impeachment
+The Constitution
+to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties
+INS v. Chadha
+1983
+vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and  7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president,
+Supreme Court
+The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished
+The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate
+constitutional courts
+Judicial power
+The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished
+The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate
+legislative courts
+the United States
+The Vice President
+two-thirds
+The Vice President
+The president
+The president
+civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
+Congress
+a majority vote of the Senate
+executive branch and the legislative branch
+Marbury v. Madison
+Supreme Court
+Congress
+the Supreme Court
+Senate
+James Madison
+Federalist 51
+Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches
+John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams
+James Monroe one
+twelve
+Andrew Jackson
+fifteen
+Tenure of Office Act
+Grover Cleveland
+Grover Cleveland
+Panama Refining
+Panama Refining
+national security
+checks and balances
+the Supreme Court
+Florida Supreme Court
+Florida Supreme Court
+cultural symbols
+architecture (Latin architectura
+Architecture
+Architectural works
+their surviving architectural achievements
+Architecture
+"chief" and  "builder"
+planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures
+cultural symbols and as works of art
+Historical civilizations
+De architectura
+Vitruvius
+Vitruvius
+firmness, commodity and delight.
+De architectura
+Vitruvius
+Vitruvius
+firmitas, utilitas, venustas
+firmness, commodity and delight
+the 16th century
+Vasari
+Italian, French, Spanish and English
+three
+Leon Battista Alberti
+proportion
+the Golden mean
+lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
+Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
+1836
+Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
+1836
+modern, industrial world
+Gothic
+John Ruskin
+John Ruskin
+The 19th-century English art critic
+1849
+to his mental health, power, and pleasure
+a building is not truly a work of architecture
+overriding
+it is in some way "adorned"
+string courses or rustication
+Le Corbusier
+Le Corbusier
+Architect
+Le Corbusier
+suddenly you touch my heart
+this is beautiful.
+Function
+aesthetic, psychological and cultural
+Vitruvius
+encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
+popularity and skepticism
+rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
+rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
+rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
+rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism
+late 20th century
+sustainability
+environment ally friendly
+to satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and
+shelter, security, worship
+the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
+craft
+architecture
+the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means
+vernacular buildings
+atal Höyük
+trial and error
+vernacular architecture
+rural
+atal Höyük
+atal Höyük
+Egypt and Mesopotamia
+Egypt and Mesopotamia
+divine and the supernatural
+monumentality
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+the 7th–5th centuries BCE
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+pantheistic religion
+Buddhist architecture
+3rd century BCE
+macrocosm and the microcosm
+the Shastras
+Buddhist
+pantheistic religion
+to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
+7th century CE
+Middle East and Byzantium
+Islamic architecture
+to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
+the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals.
+buildings of abbeys and cathedrals
+clerics and tradesmen
+clerics and tradesmen
+clerics and tradesmen
+900 CE onwards
+Renaissance Humanism
+1400 onwards
+Renaissance Europe
+Renaissance Humanism
+Renaissance Humanism
+artist, architect and engineer
+planning and designing form, space and ambience
+planning and designing form, space and ambience
+the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration.
+Nunzia Rondanini
+Nunzia Rondanini
+social life
+it will promote social development
+Nunzia Rondanini
+to restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake
+to restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake
+to restrict the meaning of (architectural) form alism to art for art's sake
+the Greek and the Roman
+the Greek and the Roman
+the Greek and the Roman
+Architectural "style"
+ancient time
+general advice and specific formal prescriptions
+general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons
+1st-century BCE Roman Architect
+religious
+craftsmen
+craftsmen
+ecclesiastical buildings
+Magister lathomorum
+science and engineering
+generalist
+the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects
+technical aspects of building design
+Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial
+École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility
+offices of other architects
+mass production and consumption
+ornamented products
+Aesthetics
+pattern books and architectural journals
+pattern books
+revivalist architecture
+Modern Architecture
+1907
+to produce better quality machine made objects
+Bauhaus school
+avant-garde
+meeting the needs of the middle and working classes
+aristocratic order
+to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament
+to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament
+Frank Lloyd Wright
+Robie House and Fallingwater
+Frank Lloyd Wright
+Industrial Revolution
+steel-frame construction
+International Style
+Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center
+Minoru Yamasaki
+decorative richness
+Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
+buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete
+the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.
+the school of metaphoric architecture
+biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
+nature
+expressionist architecture
+1950s and 1960s
+modernism
+Christian Norberg-Schulz
+modernist and brutalist "ducks"
+modernist and brutalist "ducks"
+1980s
+A large structure can no longer be the design of one person
+Modernism and Postmodernism
+Environmental sustainability
+to focus more on the environment
+Frank Lloyd Wright
+Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn
+U.S. Green Building Council
+New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
+solitary housing estates
+smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design
+modernist and globally uniform architecture
+The Human Development Index
+when the life expectancy at birth is longer
+Mahbub ul Haq
+the United Nations Development Programme
+when the life expectancy at birth is longer
+Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+the IHDI is the actual level of human development
+the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development
+Mahbub ul Haq
+Amartya Sen
+shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies
+Mahbub ul Haq
+Mean years of schooling
+Mean years of schooling
+5-year-old
+5-year-old
+transform a raw variable, say
+December 14, 2015
+2014
+July 24, 2014
+2013
+Inequality
+The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+Cuba
+very high human development"
+lack of necessary data
+North Korea
+March 14, 2013
+2012
+The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+Barbados
+Barbados
+2011
+New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados
+New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados
+the unavailability of certain crucial data
+North Korea
+November 4, 2010
+The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program
+income, life expectancy, and education
+New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados
+the unavailability of certain crucial data
+a formal protest
+High Human Development country
+October 5, 2009
+2007
+Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
+very high human development
+developed countries
+being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
+statistical update
+Human Development Report
+2006
+November 27, 2007
+Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world
+2005
+2005
+Braslia, Brazil
+high income countries
+below 0.5
+Africa
+Gabon
+119th and 121st
+Gabon and South Africa
+0.8
+Brazil
+Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia
+green arrows
+green arrows
+Blue dash
+Norway
+Iceland
+national performance and ranking
+Western models of development, failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in
+alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism
+alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism
+11%, 21% and 34%
+The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics,
+The Economist
+169
+169
+Mediterranean Europe
+Iberian peninsula
+Balkan countries
+Iberian peninsula
+political, economic, and cultural attributes
+geography, climate, and flora
+Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey
+Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey
+dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.
+Spain and Italy
+the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.
+the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate
+phytochoria
+Armen Takhtajan
+classical antiquity
+classical antiquity
+Alexander the Great
+Rome
+Constantinople
+the Germanic peoples of northern Europe
+AD 476
+300 AD
+the Byzantine Empire
+Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire
+kingdoms and empires of their own
+the Crusades
+1204
+Silk Road
+The Reconquista
+Byzantine Empire
+Late Middle Ages
+the Black Death
+Ottoman Empire
+1453
+14th century
+Florence
+science and theology
+14th century
+1648
+1648
+Spain and France
+Galileo Galilei
+Guglielmo Marconi
+colonial empires
+Columbian Exchange
+manufacturing
+The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
+1815 and 1871
+Ottoman Empire
+1870
+The Age of Empire
+the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe
+1918
+the Big Four
+Adolf Hitler
+Adolf Hitler
+Adolf Hitler
+Mussolini
+Warsaw Pact
+The European Union
+market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism
+1989
+1991
+2013
+Romance languages
+Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican
+eastern Spain
+Galician
+over 50 million
+Hellenic languages
+Cyprus
+Bosnian
+Bosnian
+Slovenia
+English
+Spanish
+Maltese
+Albanian
+Maltese
+northern Spain and southwestern France
+Christianity
+380 AD
+Roman Catholic
+Greek Orthodox
+countries under a classification of regions
+statistical convenience
+Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations
+Tourism Decision Metrics
+Tourism Decision Metrics
+BBC Television
+the United Kingdom
+1932
+2 November 1936
+the United Kingdom
+more than 30%
+one of the world's largest television production companies
+Baird Television Ltd.
+Long Acre, London
+Baird Television Ltd.
+June 1932
+30 March 1930
+Broadcasting House, London
+16 Portland Place, London,
+16 Portland Place, London,
+Portland Place, London
+February 1934
+Alexandra Palace
+Alexandra Palace
+240
+405
+240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI
+six months
+Farnsworth image dissector cameras
+Saturday 13 February 1937
+1938
+1938
+1938
+a British television set
+Brookmans Park
+2 August 1932
+Opening of the BBC Television Service
+King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
+September 1939
+the VHF transmissions
+radar programme
+Mickey's Gala Premier
+broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon
+18,999
+Jasmine Bligh
+1946
+Lime Grove Studios
+Mickey Mouse
+1949
+the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station
+1949
+VHF
+BBC tv
+BBC Television Service
+23 November 1963
+Alexandra Palace
+ITV
+BBC1
+massive power failure
+Battersea Power Station
+Denis Tuohy
+West German PAL
+15 November 1969
+soap opera or standard news programming
+Sir David Attenborough
+Sir David Attenborough
+Tom and Jerry
+2000
+Tom and Jerry
+CBBC
+David Attenborough
+1950s
+Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet
+fifteen
+Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
+local announcers
+major local events
+Give My Head Peace
+Give My Head Peace
+Gaelic
+Erpa and Dè a-nis?
+Patrick Kielty Almost Live
+25%
+The Simpsons
+The Simpsons
+The BBC
+1974
+CEEFAX
+15
+the Astra 2D satellite
+14 July
+£85 million
+Western Europe
+Hollywood studios and sporting organisations
+Sky Digital
+Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football
+5 July 2004
+DVD
+television news bulletins
+Little Angels
+Jana Bennett
+BBC Vision
+new media outlets and technology
+2008
+November 2008
+Keeping Up Appearances
+Keeping Up Appearances
+Keeping Up Appearances
+a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually
+advertisements and subscription
+2013
+Danny Cohen
+the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels,
+between December 2004 and April 2006.
+December 2004 and April 2006
+between December 2004 and April 2006.
+July 30, 1947
+Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger
+38th Governor of California
+15
+Mr. Olympia
+Conan the Barbarian
+Mr. Olympia
+Arnie
+2011
+Republican
+Gray Davis
+January 5, 2007
+Graz
+Jadrny
+Gustav Schwarzenegger
+the local chief of police
+Meinhard
+when the family bought a refrigerator
+barbell
+if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: "I actually started weight training when I was 15, but he picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym.
+police officer
+Steve Reeves
+May 20, 1971
+Patrick
+stroke
+Barbara Baker
+Schwarzenegger
+Mr. Universe title
+Junior Mr. Europe
+1966
+London
+Reg Park
+improving the muscle definition and power in his legs
+business school and working in a health club
+Rolf Putziger
+10
+21
+New York
+Ric Drasin
+2002
+Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder
+Santa Monica College
+Transcendental Meditation
+Transcendental Meditation
+Arnold Classic
+Muscle & Fitness
+$250,000 a year
+executive editor
+Junior Mr. Europe
+five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.
+half an hour
+Munich stone-lifting contest
+1969
+Sergio Oliva
+1970
+23
+Franco Columbu
+1975
+Mr. Olympia
+Pumping Iron
+three months
+Jeff Bridges
+Conan
+seven weeks
+seven weeks
+performance-enhancing anabolic steroids
+Dr. Willi Heepe
+$10,000
+The Globe
+Hercules
+"Arnold Strong
+Robert Altman
+New Male Star of the Year
+my body was 'too weird
+1991
+1980
+The Incredible Hulk
+The Villain
+Conan the Destroyer
+1984
+James Cameron
+Sylvester Stallone
+1987
+Twins
+$10 million
+Connecticut
+Tales from the Crypt
+Terminator 2: Judgment Day
+National Association of Theatre Owners
+True Lies
+Junior
+$150 million
+82
+Forum Stadtpark
+The Kid & I
+Governator
+Stan Lee
+With Wings as Eagles
+Randall Wallace
+May 20
+10 years
+Escape Plan
+Terminator Genisys
+Terminator Genisys
+2004
+"Stop the Madness"
+George H.W. Bush
+George H.W. Bush
+Conan the Republican
+1999
+The possibility is there, because I feel it inside."
+Governor of California
+"Total Recall"
+Governor Gray Davis
+Cruz Bustamante
+1.3 million
+31%
+John G. Downey
+Willie Brown
+Hans and Franz
+four
+four
+Susan Kennedy
+Democrat Phil Angelides
+San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom
+Schwarzenegger
+Wendy Leigh
+Eunice and Sargent Shriver
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+1983
+Austrian
+Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain
+Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election
+their concerns for the environment and economy
+Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics
+89%
+23%
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+six
+six
+Schwarzenegger
+GQ
+marijuana
+Anna Richardson
+The 6th Day
+Los Angeles Times
+1968
+Peter Pilz
+September 27, 2006
+utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants
+2020
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+solar panels
+2009
+carbon credits
+Detroit
+Article II, Section I, Clause V
+New York Post
+Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf
+index cards
+30
+Franco Columbu
+San Fernando earthquake
+$10,000
+Planet Hollywood chain
+2000
+Hard Rock Cafe
+Dimensional Fund Advisors
+Columbus, Ohio
+Oak Productions, Inc.
+Simon & Schuster
+Schatzi On Main
+Schwarzenegger
+little treasure
+1998
+2011
+$38 million
+2006
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+six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S
+Sue Moray
+Maria Shriver
+August 1978
+Schwarzenegger
+Hyannis
+July 23, 1991
+physical therapist Heather Milligan
+Shriver and Schwarzenegger
+fourteen years
+20 years
+Joseph
+KNX 1070
+Bob Kaufman
+Schwarzenegger
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+Brigitte Nielsen
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+1997
+Patrick
+his right femur
+Sun Valley, Idaho
+Van Nuys Airport
+6'2"
+Herb Wesson
+Bob Mulholland
+Total Recall
+"The Secret"
+October 2012
+1992
+street-legal, civilian
+aluminium
+6,300 lb
+$21,000
+California Hydrogen Highway Network
+a U.S. Department of Energy grant
+Inner City Games Foundation
+Shanghai
+over 250,000
+Sol Price School of Public Policy
+2012
+chairman
+60
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+Plym
+Devon
+Plym
+Mount Batten
+Sutton
+1620
+1642 and 1646
+Plymouth Colony
+imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic)
+1928
+Plymouth Blitz
+1967
+East Stonehouse
+261,546
+30th
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+Santander
+Plymouth University
+TAMARI OSTIA
+Mount Batten
+mouth/estuaries of the Tamar
+the river silted up in the early 11th century
+south town
+1211
+King Henry VI
+mouth of the River Plym
+1340
+Breton raiders
+1596
+Sutton Pool
+1512
+Sir John Hawkins
+Sir Francis Drake
+1588
+Plymouth Colony
+Plymouth Colony
+the English Civil War Plymouth
+the English Civil War Plymouth
+Freedom Fields Park
+1660
+Drake's Island
+the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.
+Plymouth
+1690
+eastern bank of the River Tamar
+3,000
+3,000
+1690
+grain, timber and then coal
+Devonport
+The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century
+John Foulston
+Union Street
+China Clay
+China Clay
+China Clay
+John Smeaton
+2
+John Rennie
+1841
+1812
+to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport
+maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano
+Devonport
+Scapa Flow
+Devonport
+Mount Batten
+Royal Australian Air Force
+Devonport
+59
+more than 1,000
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+Sir Patrick Abercrombie
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+Plymouth City Council
+Devonport Dockyard
+1971
+42 Commando of the Royal Marines
+1086
+1086
+Sudtone
+1254
+1439
+Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton.
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+18 October 1928
+resident constituents
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+Michael Foot
+Michael Foot
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+Michael Foot
+Plymouth
+1971
+1971
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+1 April 1974
+Banham Commission
+South West England
+Oliver Colvile
+Oliver Colvile
+Plymouth Moor View
+17
+57
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+Brest
+2001
+King George V
+six
+Conservative Party and the Labour Party
+Dr John Mahony
+3 Elliot Terrace
+City of Plymouth
+£40m
+£40m
+£40m
+River Plym
+River Plym
+Hamoaze
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+1967
+Cattewater
+1814
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+30.83
+155
+Site of Special Scientific Interest
+Lower Devonian slates
+limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian
+Upper Devonian slates and shales
+its geology
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+Tamar
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+a north–south avenue
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+Armada Way
+David MacKay
+28
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+52
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+20 09-10
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+Atlantic depressions
+autumn and winter
+39
+November to March
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+1,600
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+89
+26.6 °C
+4.25 days
+4.1 °C
+4.1 °C
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+26,000
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+71
+71
+71
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+Devonport High School for Girls
+Royal Naval Engineering College
+1910
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+1994
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+Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
+Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences
+Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre,
+Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership
+National Marine Aquarium
+256,384
+240,720
+15,664
+2.3
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+5,169 million GBP
+5,169 million GBP
+£19,943
+£23,755
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+26.2%
+78.3 years
+78.3 years
+78.3 years
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+over 12,000
+1793
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+270
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+October 2006
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+2003
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+First South West
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+MV Armorique
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+1204
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+6
+2018
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+1877
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+Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line
+Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.
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+130
+4 April 2014
+4 February 2014
+150
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+thirteen
+Moses the Jew"
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+1762
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+7%
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+Roy Lowry
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+Radio Plymouth
+16 February 2009
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+Radio Plymouth
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+The Pilgrims
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+third tier of Professional English Rugby
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+2009
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+1836
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+Devon and Cornwall Constabulary
+Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust
+6
+Royal Eye Infirmary
+South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
+Exeter
+Ford Park Cemetery
+Ford Park Cemetery
+Drake Memorial Park
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+1666
+1666
+1759
+23
+Armada Memorial
+Sutton
+1620
+1620
+400
+100
+Crownhill Fort
+north ern
+the Landmark Trust
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+70
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+Kingsand
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+Henning Larsen
+2008
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+2008
+the city's central quarter
+Plymothians
+Janners
+Cousin Jan
+John
+Sir Francis Drake
+El Draco
+dysentery
+dysentery
+Sir Joshua Reynolds
+Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz
+Plymouth College of Art
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+Trematon Castle
+swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer
+Chris Axworthy
+Lyndon B. Johnson
+Clear and Present Danger
+composer journalist and newspaper editor
\ No newline at end of file