Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Santa Clara, California
Denver Broncos
gold
temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals
February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos
temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals
Denver Broncos
February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium
Santa Clara
Super Bowl L
National Football League
National Football League
Santa Clara
Levi's Stadium
Denver Broncos
February 7, 2016
National Football League
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
National Football League
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California.
National Football League
Denver Broncos
Cam Newton
8
1995
Arizona Cardinals
The Broncos
Arizona Cardinals
The Broncos
The Broncos
eight
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
The Broncos
Arizona Cardinals
The Broncos
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
2
The Broncos
Cam Newton
The Broncos
Arizona Cardinals
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
1995.
Von Miller
Von Miller
Broncos
Von Miller
five solo tackles
Denver's defense
seven
Von Miller
seven
Von Miller
Von Miller
Von Miller
5
Von Miller
Von Miller
5
seven
seven
seven
Von Miller
Von Miller
seven
seven
Von Miller
Von Miller
$5 million
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Coldplay
$5 million
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Coldplay
$5 million
$5 million
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
third
$5 million
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Coldplay
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
2012
Roger Goodell
2012
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
spectacular
spectacular
2012
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
three
New Orleans
Sun Life Stadium
three
three
Sun Life Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
three
October 16, 2012
10
10
2010
San Francisco Bay Area
Sun Life Stadium
October 16, 2012
San Francisco Bay Area
May 3, 2013
2010
Sun Life Stadium
10
Sun Life Stadium
Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan
San Francisco Bay Area
New Orleans
October 16, 2012
10
New Orleans
San Francisco Bay Area
Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan
May 21, 2013
Boston
2014
$1.2 billion
San Francisco Bay Area
Boston
May 21, 2013
$1.2 billion
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Bay Area
May 21, 2013
2014
$1.2 billion
1985
San Francisco Bay Area
May 21, 2013
2014
2003
Boston
May 21, 2013
$1.2 billion
$1.2 billion
San Francisco Bay Area
John Fox
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Super Bowl XLVIII
John Fox
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Super Bowl XXXVIII
Denver Broncos
number one seeds
number one seeds
Super Bowl XLVIII
Super Bowl XXXVIII.
Denver Broncos
number one seeds
Denver Broncos
John Fox
DeAngelo Williams
DeAngelo Williams
7
1978
DeAngelo Williams
Ten
Ten
DeAngelo Williams
1978
13–0
13–0
DeAngelo Williams
DeAngelo Williams
DeAngelo Williams
1978
Ten
DeAngelo Williams
1978.
DeAngelo Williams
Ten
six
45
45
77
Greg Olsen
45
99.4
77
77
Jonathan Stewart
six
45
45
45
six
500
45
45
45
77
24
136
118
24
Kawann Short
24
Kawann Short
24
24
Kurt Coleman
24
Kony Ealy
Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly.
Kawann Short
Gary Kubiak
Brock Osweiler
Gary Kubiak
San Diego Chargers
Wade Phillips
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Peyton Manning
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Peyton Manning
Gary Kubiak
In week 10, Manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot.
Wade Phillips
67.9
67.9
Demaryius Thomas
C. J. Anderson
1,967
67.9
67.9
67.9
Demaryius Thomas
Demaryius Thomas
67.9
67.9
Demaryius Thomas
Demaryius Thomas
67.9
67.9
Demaryius Thomas
C. J. Anderson
Ronnie Hillman
4,530
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
Danny Trevathan
11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three
DeMarcus Ware
DeMarcus Ware
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
296
Von Miller
Danny Trevathan
11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three.
Von Miller
Danny Trevathan
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
31–24
Seattle Seahawks
31–24
Arizona Cardinals
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
Seattle Seahawks
49–15
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
11
11
New England Patriots
20–18
New England Patriots
11
23–16
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
Manning
11
11
New England Patriots
11
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
Thomas Davis
ACL
ACL
11
ACL
ACL
11
Super Bowl
ACL
ACL
11
Thomas Davis
39
John Elway
Broncos
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
Broncos
Broncos
John Elway
Broncos
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
John Elway
Broncos
Peyton Manning
39.
John Elway
Newton
2011
26
13 years and 48 days
Von Miller
Newton
Newton
26
This was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams
Newton
2011
Von Miller
Von Miller
26
13 years and 48 days
Super Bowl XX
Kubiak
Kubiak
Kubiak
Broncos
Kubiak
Kubiak
Kubiak
Super Bowl XX
Justin Tucker
Bermuda 419
Ed Mangan
a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker
a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker
Justin Tucker
a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker
a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
Justin Tucker
a new playing surface
a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.
a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game
Justin Tucker
Bermuda 419
white
34–19
Atlanta Falcons
white
Super Bowl XXXIII
Super Bowl XXXIII
34–19
Atlanta Falcons
white
white
Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl XXXIII
blue
0-4
Panthers
San Jose State
Stanford
San Jose State
Stanford
San Jose Marriott
Santa Clara Marriott
San Jose State
Stanford
San Jose State
San Jose Marriott.
Stanford
Stanford
San Jose State
San Jose Marriott.
Stanford
Stanford
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl V
Jaime Weston
Super Bowl XLV
Vince Lombardi
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl LI
Super Bowl 50
gold
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl 50
Super Bowl 50
gold
The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
Super Bowl 50
The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
gold
week 7
50
gold
gold
Golden Super Bowl
"homecoming"
gold-tinted logos
gold
Moscone Center
San Francisco
homeless
Jane Kim
Justin Herman Plaza
More than 1 million
homeless
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
homeless
Super Bowl City
More than 1 million
homeless
Jane Kim
Moscone Center
Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University
$2 million
week
$2 million
pep rally
city council
$2 million
city council
city council
$2 million
city council
Monday
Monday
SAP Center
SAP Center in San Jose
Golden Gate Bridge
Monday
Monday
Super Bowl Opening Night
SAP Center
SAP Center in San Jose
Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
Super Bowl Opening Night.
SAP Center in San Jose.
replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.
Monday
Super Bowl Opening Night.
SAP Center in San Jose.
replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.
SAP Center
Business Connect
over $40 million
Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
Gap
Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron
openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses
over $40 million
over $40 million
Business Connect
Business Connect
over $40 million
The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
the most giving Super Bowl ever
The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
Vince Lombardi Trophy
18
33 lb
Tiffany & Co.
Tiffany & Co.
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co.
CBS
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
EyeVision 36
5K
CBS,
on the sidelines
pylon cameras and microphones
5K resolution
on the sidelines
CBS
CBS,
CBS
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
5K
pylon cameras and microphones
ESPN Deportes
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe
Alvaro Martin
December 28, 2015
Spanish
ESPN Deportes
ESPN Deportes
The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
ESPN Deportes
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
Verizon Communications
WatchESPN
CBSSports.com
Xbox One
Windows 10
CBSSports.com
Xbox One
Verizon Communications
NFL Mobile service
Verizon Communications
only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service.
Xbox One
Verizon Communications
ESPN Deportes Spanish
Stephen Colbert
James Corden
Stephen Colbert
James Corden
Stephen Colbert
late local programming
James Corden.
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Crash the Super Bowl
Death Wish Coffee
Death Wish Coffee
Death Wish Coffee
nine
Death Wish Coffee
nine
a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
Death Wish Coffee
ten
a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
Death Wish Coffee
Jason Bourne
Gods of Egypt
Jason Bourne
Jason Bourne
Gods of Egypt
Jason Bourne
Jason Bourne
Captain America: Civil War
Independence Day
20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios
20th Century Fox
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
two
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
North America
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
1110 AM
Chester, South Carolina
Mick Mixon
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
Mick Mixon
Mick Mixon
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boid
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
Greg Brady
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
2001
Peyton Manning
39
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
39
39
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
Six
the national anthem
Marlee Matlin
the national anthem
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Six
Marlee Matlin
December 3
British
Super Bowl XLVII
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Mark Ronson
the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay.
Pepsi
"Hymn for the Weekend"
the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay.
Beyoncé
Hymn for the Weekend
Bruno Mars
Peyton Manning
Andre Caldwell
Shaq Thompson
Brandon McManus
C. J. Anderson
18
Shaq Thompson
Brandon McManus
the first time in the entire postseason
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
C. J. Anderson
Brandon McManus
the first time in the entire postseason
Mike Carey
Cam Newton
Malik Jackson
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
Jerricho Cotchery
Mike Carey
Malik Jackson
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
Mike Carey
Malik Jackson
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
11:28
Brad Nortman
Newton
61
33
11:28
11:28
11:28
Broncos
33
11:28
McManus
Darian Stewart
Broncos
Kony Ealy
DeMarcus Ware
DeMarcus Ware
Broncos
Kony Ealy
Kony Ealy
DeMarcus Ware
Broncos
Broncos
Kony Ealy
punt
DeMarcus Ware
Ted Ginn Jr.
Graham Gano
44
McManus
T. J. Ward
Ted Ginn Jr.
Graham Gano
T. J. Ward.
Trevathan
Ted Ginn Jr.
26-yard line
Graham Gano
McManus' 33-yard field goal
Ealy
39
Devin Funchess
Devin Funchess
Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line.
Ealy
Carolina on the 50-yard line.
punts.
Ealy
Carolina on the 50-yard line.
Devin Funchess
punts.
24
Newton
Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone
Bennie Fowler
Bennie Fowler
Miller
Miller
Newton
Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone
Bennie Fowler
4:51
Miller
Miller
Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone
Bennie Fowler
five
13 of 23
Anderson
Luke Kuechly
13 of 23
13 of 23
13 of 23
Anderson
six
Luke Kuechly
six
Anderson
McManus
13 of 23
Anderson
194
11
244 yards
Jordan Norwood
112
194
11
seven
Broncos
21
11
Broncos
seven
13.8
Nobel Prize
1745
Maria Skodowska-Curie
Wadysaw Szpilman
seven months old
over 100
Krasiski Palace Garden
The Saxon Garden
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
The azienki Park
Vistula
otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
13
azienki
emptied before winter
foreign-born
833,500
around 34%
Jewish minority
internal migration and urbanisation
Warsaw University of Technology
Warsaw University of Technology
Medical University of Warsaw
1816
Frydyk Chopin University of Music
1816
over two million
Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski
Irena Bajerska
10,000 m2
Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland
Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland
solid economic growth
improved markedly
Warsaw
Children's Memorial Health Institute
Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
700
infrastructure
Roma and Buffo
many events and festivals
Congress Hall in the Palace of Culture and Science
Roma and Buffo
many events and festivals
Ogród Saski
the Saxon Garden
1870 to 1939
Momus
Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
Midsummer’s Night
Midsummer’s Night
Midsummer’s Night
when they would be married
musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks
Museum of Posters
Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
the history of arms
Warsaw Uprising Museum
Warsaw Uprising Museum
stereoscopic
Museum of Independence
60
Royal Ujazdów Castle
500
Zachta National Gallery of Art
mid-19th century
last weekend of September
Polonia Warsaw
1946
twice
Konwiktorska Street
financial situation
syrenka
mermaid
mid-14th century
1390
a sea monster
legend
two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas
Denmark
Warszowa
greedy merchant
Warsaw
Maria Górska
Art Deco
Israeli poet
Isaac Bashevis Singer
32nd
32nd
a wide variety of industries
Warsaw Stock Exchange
Frontex
1313
Kraków
1596
King Sigismund III Vasa
"Phoenix City"
Roman Catholic
Polish Academy of Sciences
a UNESCO World Heritage Site
St. John's Cathedral, Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions
parks and royal gardens
Warszawa
belonging to Warsz
Mariensztat
Mariensztat
miasto stoeczne Warszawa
Bródno
Prince of Pock
1300
1413
1526
General Sejm
1569
1573
King Sigismund III Vasa
1596
1796
Kingdom of Prussia
Napoleon's
Congress of Vienna of 1815
1816
November 1918
1914
Pisudski
Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920
Red Army
German Invasion of Poland
a German Nazi colonial administration
30%
19 April 1943
almost a month
Germans
hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
1 August 1944
63 days
between 150,000 and 200,000
"Bricks for Warsaw"
"Bricks for Warsaw"
Eastern Bloc city
Palace of Culture and Science
UNESCO's World Heritage list
John Paul II
solidarity movement
Mass
Mass
the incentive for the democratic changes
300 km (190 mi)
325
Vistula River
452.8 ft
at the right bank of the Vistula
plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley
plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley
plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley
The Vistula River
Warsaw Escarpment
moraine plateau
former flooded terraces
valleys and ground depressions
several
pine
turbulent
Second World War
liberation
Leopold Kronenberg Palace
Eastern bloc countries
Gothic
14th century
Masovian gothic
Salwator tenement
mannerist
the later decades of the 17th century
1688–1692
Czapski Palace
simplicity of the geometrical forms
1775–1795
socialist realism
socialist realism
socialist realism
Warsaw University of Technology
Saxon Palace
many places commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw.
Pawiak
The Warsaw Citadel
Little Insurgent
Little Insurgent
Botanic Garden
New Orangery
Pole Mokotowskie
Pole Mokotowskie
zoological garden
close-to-wilderness areas
within the borders of Warsaw
Masovian Primeval Forest
Kabaty Forest
azienki park
1,300,000
420,000
1951
Varsovians
spouses and children
multi-cultural
56.2%
56.2%
56.2%
1944
commune
powiats
Kraków
unicameral Warsaw City Council
unicameral Warsaw City Council
every four years
committees
30 days
President
Jan Andrzej Menich
1695–1696
City council
Centrum
ródmiecie
304,016
7th greatest emerging market
12%
191.766 billion PLN
1817
World War II
April 1991
162 584 mln EUR
Polish United Workers' Party
1951
Polonez
Daewoo
AvtoZAZ
Chevrolet Aveo
Warszawa
Warszawa
Vistula River
2.666 million residents
1.740 million
Warszawa
Vistula River
Vistula River
1.740 million
1.740 million
a region in France
10th and 11th
Norse
Rollo
first half of the 10th century
William the Conqueror
Richard I of Normandy
the Catholic orthodoxy
Viking
9th century
the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
Seine
Rollo
Gallo-Romance
Gallo-Romance
fighting horsemen
999
William of Apulia
William of Apulia
Drogo
William Iron Arm
Saracens
1130
Squillace
Kitab Rudjdjar
The Book of Roger
meritocratic
Seljuk Turks
1050s
1060s
Alexius Komnenos
Afranji
Oursel
the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron
Norman mercenary
Robert Guiscard
February 1082
Butrint
Deabolis
Bohemond
Deabolis
1185
Dyrrachium
Adriatic
Ethelred II
Ethelred II
Duke Richard II of Normandy
Sweyn Forkbeard
Harthacnut
1041
Ralph the Timid
Battle of Hastings
Duke William II of Normandy
1066
Anglo-Saxons
Modern English
1169
east of Ireland
Bannow Bay
One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William
King Malcolm III
1072
his son Duncan
Sybilla of Normandy
Norman
earl of Hereford
defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh
earl of Hereford
Wales
1018
William of Montreuil
1097
Bohemond of Taranto
Jerusalem
380 years
a storm
Berengaria
April 1191
Isaac Komnenos
Conrad of Montferrat
confined with silver chains,
Guy de Lusignan
Richard the Lion-Heart
12 May 1191
double coronation
1489
Guy de Lusignan
Africa
Bethencourt
Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
Maciot de Bethencourt
Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands
Grand coutumier de Normandie
Romanesque
massive
Early Gothic
Norman architecture
Sicily
Cluniac reform
Cluniac reform
French Revolution
embroidery
Bayeux Tapestry
Odo
mosaics
Normandy
William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
Italy
Sant'Eufemia.
Robert Guiscard
singing
Nikola Tesla
Serbian Cyrillic: икола есла; 10 July 1856
7 January 1943
Nikola Tesla
7 January 1943
Serbian Cyrillic: икола есла; 10 July 1856
Nikola Tesla
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse
New York City
War of Currents
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
New York City
George Westinghouse
AC induction
1893
high-voltage
X-ray imaging
New York and Colorado Springs
1893
wireless controlled boat
Wardenclyffe Tower project
7 January 1943
General Conference on Weights and Measures
New York hotels
mad scientist
finance his own projects
7 January 1943
General Conference on Weights and Measures
1990s
achievements and showmanship
Croatia
Serbian Orthodox priest
eidetic memory
eidetic memory
Serbian Orthodox priest
Milutin Tesla
uka Tesla
making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
his mother's genetics and influence
four
German
1862
Dane
Milka, Angelina and Marica
horse-riding
Gospi, Austrian Empire
pastor
Martin Sekuli
German
integral calculus
that he was cheating
1873
1870
Martin Sekuli.
Martin Sekuli
German
1873
cholera
nine months
engineering school
priesthood
Smiljan
1873
cholera
nine months
priesthood
engineering school
Tomingaj
Mark Twain
hunter's
1874
hunter's garb
Austro-Hungarian Army
1874
hunter's garb
Mark Twain
1875
Military Frontier
1879
gambling
3 a.m. to 11 p.m.,
Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria
1875
1879
third
overwork
Graz
dropped out of school
draftsman
to beg his son to return home
nervous breakdown
December 1878
dropped out of school
Mur River.
draftsman
nervous breakdown
not having a residence permit
24 March 1879
Milutin Tesla
stroke
a large class
not having a residence permit.
24 March 1879
Higher Real Gymnasium
stroke
two of Tesla's uncles
Greek,
auditor
Charles-Ferdinand University
two of Tesla's uncles
January 1880
Charles-Ferdinand University
two of Tesla's uncles
Ferenc Puskás
Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
telephone repeater or amplifier
Central Telegraph Office
1881
a telegraph company
Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
1882
France
New York City
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
Continental Edison Company
France
June 1884
Thomas Edison
lower east side
fifty thousand dollars
$10
months
fifty thousand dollars
"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.
US$10
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
dynamo electric machine
dynamo electric machine
dynamo electric machine commutators
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
1886
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
dynamo electric machine
Robert Lane
forced Tesla out
penniless
$2
1886/1887
he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
$2
$2
Western Union superintendent
Tesla Electric Company
13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development
89 Liberty Street
late 1886
Western Union superintendent
Charles F. Peck
89 Liberty Street
Tesla Electric Company
Europe and the United States
May 1888
commutator
sparking
sparking
Europe and the United States
advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
mechanical brushes
May 1888
Electrical World magazine
Thomas Commerford Martin
1888
decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market
Thomas Commerford Martin
Thomas Commerford Martin
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
Galileo Ferraris
commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
1888
$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
George Westinghouse
$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars)
$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
1888
$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars)
$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars)
Pittsburgh
streetcars
60-cycle AC current system
DC traction
helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars.
DC traction
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
Westinghouse using his own patented AC system to power arc lights
General Electric
General Electric
AC
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
1888
the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it
General Electric
George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse
Tesla Polyphase System
Tesla Polyphase System
George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse
1893
AC power
Richard Dean Adams
Richard Dean Adams,
Westinghouse Electric
General Electric
Westinghouse
Richard Dean Adams
Richard Dean Adams,
Westinghouse
Westinghouse
1896
$216,000
$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
$200,000
J. P. Morgan
$200,000
$216,000
35
New York
wirelessly
Tesla coil
30 July 1891
Tesla coil.
35
wireless
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1892 to 1894
vice president
1892 to 1894
Institute of Radio Engineers
radiant energy
March 1895
Mark Twain
metal locking screw on the camera lens
1894
X-Rays
March 1895
inadvertently captured an X-ray image
Mark Twain
Tesla Coil
March 1896
radiography
X-rays
Tesla Coil
March 1896
Tesla Coil
Roentgen rays
longitudinal waves
ozone generated in contact with the skin
skin damage
single-node X-ray-producing devices
force-free magnetic fields
ozone generated in contact with the skin
longitudinal waves
force-free magnetic fields
skin damage
Benjamin Lamme
Benjamin Lamme
Benjamin Lamme
Egg of Columbus
how to make a copper egg stand on end
11 July 1934
physically strike him
where it entered his body
"The particles in the beam of force... will travel much faster than such particles... and they will travel in concentrations."
National Electric Light Association
Tesla Coil
1893
1898
teleautomaton
Madison Square Garden
an electrical exhibition
monkey
1900
Marconi
1901
1943
Supreme Court of the United States
17 May 1899
Paris
15 June 1899
five inches
lightning
stationary waves
resonant
artificial lightning
millions of volts
Thunder
turned off
Butterflies were electrified
power outage
repeatedly burned out
sparks
sparks
communications from another planet
Mars
Collier's Weekly
Marconi's European experiments
July 1899
John Jacob Astor IV
to further develop and produce a new lighting system
Colorado Springs
1899
7 January 1900
two years
1904
two years
Wardenclyffe
Wardenclyffe
Shoreham, Long Island
Morgan
Panic of 1901
shocked
over 50
Wardenclyffe.
Newfoundland
187 feet
50th
50th
1906
100–5,000 hp
steam
Houston Street lab
sledge hammer
World Today
split the earth in two
Tesla
by saturating them unconsciously with electricity
William H. Maxwell
then superintendent of New York City schools
overseas
lost the funding
Wardenclyffe
Wardenclyffe
Boldt
Electrical Experimenter
Electrical Experimenter
radar
Émile Girardeau
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
refused the prize
after he is announced a winner
animosity toward each other
Edison
Edison
1937
1,655,114
VTOL aircraft
$1,000
turbine engines
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
Hotel New Yorker
the rest of Tesla's life
potential bad publicity
annual
transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance
annual
underground mineral deposits
1935
feed the pigeons
doctor
three
early 1938
fall of 1937
Van de Graaff
Van de Graaff generator
anti-aircraft
ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes
death ray
1937
luncheon
a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
a little time
charged particle beam weapons
Nikola Tesla Museum archive
Belgrade
open-ended vacuum tube
put an end to all war
steal the invention
teleforce weapon
His room
86
7 January 1943
Alice Monaghan
Alice Monaghan
coronary thrombosis
seize Tesla's belongings
John G. Trump
there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands,
Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
Louis Adamic
Louis Adamic
12 January
two thousand
Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
80 trunks
Sava Kosanovi
Charlotte Muzar
80 trunks
Nikola Tesla Museum
300
minimum of 278
United States, Britain, and Canada
patent archives
8:10 p.m
9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
3:00 a.m
headwaiter
between 8 to 10 miles per day
exercise
squished his toes
stimulated his brain cells
telepathy
newspaper
all fundamental laws could be reduced to one
pigeons
over $2,000
wing and leg
pigeons
pigeons
6 feet 2 inches
6 feet 2 inches
1926
New York City
eight
visions
picture thinking
blinding flashes of light
photographic memory
billiards, chess and card-playing,
billiards, chess and card-playing,
Graz
Kenneth Swezey
journalist
chastity
numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection,
toward the end of his life
Dorothy Skerrit
Robert Underwood Johnson
asocial
asocial
Tesla's friend
Mark Twain
Mark Twain;
late 1920s
overweight people
overweight
her weight
go home and change her dress.
atoms are immutable—they could not change state or be split in any way.
ether
electrical energy
19th
relativity,
matter
relativity
gravity
1892
matter and energy
81
eugenics
ruthless
pity
1937
the ills of the social subservience of women
1926
Queen Bees
"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War"
Science and Discovery
20 December 1914
the League of Nations
Orthodox Christian
religious fanaticism
Buddhism and Christianity
"A Machine to End War"
his religious views
"A Machine to End War
Tesla
magazines and journals
Ben Johnston
the web
1900
The Century Magazine
science fiction
books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games
The impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by Tesla
Time magazine
Time magazine
contribution to electrical power generation
Albert Einstein
more than 70
Computational complexity theory
inherent difficulty
Computational complexity theory
significant resources
mathematical models of computation
time and storage
complexity measures
practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
computability theory
analysis of algorithms
computational complexity theory
computability theory
problem instance
input string
decision
an infinite collection of instances
an infinite collection of instances
decision version
Milan
computational problems
computational
binary alphabet
bitstrings
binary notation
adjacency matrices
Decision problems
yes or no
1 or 0
1
1
an arbitrary graph
formal language
how graphs are encoded as binary strings
function problem
function problem
function problem
traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem
function problem
decision problems
the set of triples (a, b, c)
how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
the instance
size of the instance
size of the input in bits
how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size
a feasible amount of resources
the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
polynomial time algorithm
Turing machine
if a problem can be solved by an algorithm
Turing machines
symbols
deterministic Turing machine
deterministic Turing machine
probabilistic Turing machine
non-deterministic
randomized algorithms
complexity classes
time or space
deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
random access machines
without providing any extra computational power
The time and memory consumption
deterministically
a non-deterministic Turing machine
more unusual resources
branching
branching
state transitions
difficulty
DTIME(f(n))
deterministic Turing machine
complexity resources
computational resource
Blum complexity axioms
Blum complexity
Blum complexity
time complexity
complexity measure
time complexity
time complexity
quicksort
O(n2)
O(n2)
computation time
analysis of algorithms
computation time
T(n)
lower bounds
big O notation
hides constant factors and smaller terms
T(n) = O(n2)
the specific details of the computational model
complexity classes
this framework
complexity classes
chosen machine model
quadratic time
quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines
Cobham-Edmonds
complexity class P
complexity classes
complexity classes
complexity classes
BPP, ZPP and RP
Boolean
Boolean
#P
IP and AM
computation time
DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2)
time and space hierarchy theorems
hierarchy theorems
quantitative statements
time and space hierarchy theorems
EXPTIME
PSPACE
a reduction
a transformation of one problem into another problem
X reduces to Y.
Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions
the bound on the complexity of reductions
polynomial-time reduction
multiplying two integers
polynomial time
giving the same input to both inputs
giving the same input to both inputs
type of reduction being used
every problem in C can be reduced to X
an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C
the set of problems that are hard for NP
NP-complete
NP
polynomial-time
NP
The complexity class P
Cobham–Edmonds thesis
NP
Boolean satisfiability problem
deterministic Turing machines
shown to have more efficient solutions
integer programming problems
$1,000,000
Ladner
NP-intermediate problems
graph isomorphism problem
graph isomorphism problem
NP-complete
polynomial time hierarchy
the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
2O((n log(n))
integer factorization problem
deciding whether the input has a factor less than k
cryptographic systems
general number field sieve
Many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal
PSPACE
P and PSPACE
Proving that any of these classes are unequal
co-NP
problems with the yes/no answers reversed
NP is not equal
P is not equal to NP
not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
strictly contained in P or equal to P
not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
NL and NC
distinct or equal classes
intractable problems
exponential-time algorithms
NP-complete problems
algorithms
algorithms
less than quadratic time
less than quadratic time
NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
algorithmic problems
Alan Turing
Alan Turing
1936
a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
1965
Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
1965
John Myhill
1961
Hisao Yamada
concrete choice of input encoding
concrete choice of input encoding
axiomatic complexity theory
speed-up theorem
"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
Richard Karp
a lesson plan
pedagogy
must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college.
a lesson plan
teacher
cultures
literacy and numeracy
the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.
life skills
a family member
home schooling
home
a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community
a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community
Religious and spiritual
Religious and spiritual
Quran, Torah or Bible
Spiritual teachers
homeschooling
paid professionals.
Chartered
informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community
paid professionals.
organization of school functions
Outside of the classroom
study halls
Outside of the classroom
teacher's colleges
serve and protect the public
serve and protect the public
to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers
serve and protect the public
investigating complaints involving members
teacher's colleges
teacher's colleges
teacher's colleges
teacher's colleges
outdoors
tutor
school or academy
facilitate student learning
informal or formal
pedagogy
field trips
technology
rise of the internet
a practical skill
the relevant authority
students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
standardized curricula
particular skills
self-study and problem solving
to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
a coach
relationship between teachers and children
the whole curriculum
different subject specialists
primary school and secondary school
form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent
alternative approaches
platoon
by staying with the same group of peers for all classes
teachers who specialize in one subject
throughout most of the United States
Co-teaching
two or more
focuses the student on learning
two or more
focuses the student on learning
corporal punishment
substitute parent
substitute
the history of education
While a child was in school
corporal punishment
Western countries
1977
1977
physical pain
30
South
declining
wooden paddle
principal's office
caning
Asian, African and Caribbean countries
individual countries
detention
detention
detention
sit quietly
write lines or a punishment essay
assertive teacher
immediate and fair punishment
immediate and fair punishment
sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
assertive and confrontational
East Asia
assertive and confrontational
assertive and confrontational
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
40 to 50 students
instruction
motivated students
ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students
motivated students
popularly based authority
popularly based authority
persuasion and negotiation
preservation of public order
good, clear laws
teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials
teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content
attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials
Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher
intrinsic motivation to learn
read lecture material
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions,
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions,
Enthusiastic teachers
enthusiasm
emotional contagion
a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm
student-teacher relationships
Enthusiastic teachers
a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior.
A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
student motivation and attitudes towards school
teachers who are friendly and supportive
teachers who are friendly and supportive
spend more time interacting and working directly with students
spend more time interacting and working directly with students
enthusiasm about the students
enthusiastic
spark of excitement
very influential
The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching
sexual misconduct
9.6%
9.6%
9.6%
9.6%
0.3%
priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
the British study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of "a random... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24
The AAUW study
Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau
teacher misconduct
Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
Chris Keates
child protection and parental rights groups
shortage of male teachers
sex offenders register
occupational stress
organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment,
occupational burnout
occupational stress
occupational stress
42%
42%
average profession
double
average workers
occupational hazards
Organizational interventions
Individual-level interventions
occupational stress among teachers
Organizational interventions
university or college
a recognized body
elementary school education certificate
a background check and psychiatric evaluation
US
individual states and territories
three
three-tier
universities and/or TAFE colleges
three-tier
Bachelor's Degree
Bachelor of Education
the private sector, businesses and sponsors
Lehramtstudien
Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
Grundschule
the civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
Gymnasium
Gaeltacht
€53,423
€27,814
over € 90,000
Teachers are required to be registered with the Teaching Council
Section 30
Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001
may not be paid from Oireachtas funds
2006
new entrants to the teaching profession
phased basis
non-teaching posts
41,004
experience and extra responsibilities
20,980
bachelor's degree
September 2007
alternative licensing programs
hard-to-fill positions
geography
Excellent job opportunities
secondary school teachers
General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
General Teaching Council for Scotland
Initial Teacher Education
Provisional Registration
"Provisional Registration"
April 2008
20,427
32,583
£39,942
Educational Institute of Scotland and the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association.
Wales
Welsh
16
22
all age groups
ATL, NUT or NASUW
ATL, NUT or NASUW
between 2005 and 2010
ATL, NUT or NASUW
attacks on teachers in Welsh schools
each state
ten years
bachelor's degree
charter schools
No Child Left Behind
relatively low salaries
improved
Teachers with more experience and higher education
elementary school
TeachersPayTeachers.com
authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions
Protestant
starets or elder
(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
LDS Church
many
spiritual teacher"
the husband and father of a family
father of the house
a guru
extremely high
disciples
West
Lama
to be reborn
Tulku
many times
phowa and siddhi
ulemas
ulemas
Sufism
actions-oriented
Qutb
German
18 February 1546
the Late Medieval Catholic Church.
freedom from God's punishment for sin
Pope Leo X
Jesus Christ
Jesus Christ
sacerdotalism
sacerdotalism
a holy priesthood
the vernacular
Tyndale
Tyndale Bible
singing in churches
Katharina von Bora
10 November 1483
Eisleben, Saxony
Holy Roman Empire
Catholic
lawyer
University of Erfurt
a beerhouse and whorehouse
four
four
1505
law
uncertainty
theology and philosophy
experience
God
death
2 July 1505
Erfurt
the deaths of two friends
what he saw as a waste of Luther's education
Augustinian order
deep spiritual despair
Christ
Johann von Staupitz
a change of heart
1507
von Staupitz
1508
9 March 1508
Peter Lombard
19 October 1512
21 October 1512
Doctor in Bible
University of Wittenberg
Doctor of Theology
1516
indulgences
indulgences
charity and good works
charity and good works
31 October 1517
Albert of Mainz
The Ninety-Five Theses
Hans Hillerbrand
Thesis 86
purgatory
purgatory
purgatory
purgatory
God
absolved buyers from all punishments
absolved buyers from all punishments
false assurances
Christ
Tetzel
capacity to exaggerate
indulgences for the living
indulgences for the living
the story of the posting on the door
the story of the posting on the door
Philipp Melanchthon
Wittenberg
little foundation in truth
January 1518
the printing press
January 1518
two weeks
two months
1519
Wittenberg
creative
1520
Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
Luther
Catholic Church
corrupt
central truths of Christianity
justification
entirely the work of God
1525
a gift from God
Smalcald Articles
faith
Christ and His salvation
Christ and His salvation
indulgences
"Christ and His salvation"
Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
Rome
indulgences
St Peter's Church
Theses.
reformers
papal theologians and envoys
October 1518
the Antichrist
arrest
1519
Luther
Johann Eck
Matthew 16:18
Jan Hus
15 June 1520
excommunication
60 days
Karl von Miltitz
3 January 1521
secular authorities
18 April 1521
Holy Roman Empire
Charles V
Prince Frederick III
Johann Eck
Archbishop of Trier
whether he stood by their contents
the next day
time to think
knight
a knight winning a bout
"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout."
epoch-making oratory
recant his writings
recant
later versions
Mullett
private conferences
25 May 1521
Edict of Worms
arrest
anyone
Wittenberg
Wartburg Castle
my Patmos
New Testament
indulgences
every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin
cannot be earned
1 August 1521
Melanchthon
while we are here, for this life is not a place where justice resides."
1521
idolatry
it is a gift
private confession and absolution
vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
prophetic faith
1521
Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
Little Horn
2 Thessalonians 2
Gabriel Zwilling
June 1521
disturbances
Zwickau prophets
town council
6 March 1522
Satan
eight sermons
Invocavit Sermons
the primacy of core Christian values
immediate
Jerome Schurf
sixth sermon
Dr. Martin's
misguided
public order
conservative
Zwickau prophets
radical reformers
radical reformers
Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
1524–25
upper classes
upper classes
temporal authorities
Thuringia
mad dogs
devil's work
put down the rebels
three grounds
Romans 13:1–7
Romans 13:1–7
Divine Right of Kings
"death in body and soul
Without Luther's backing for the uprising
Battle of Frankenhausen
15 May 1525
Müntzer's execution
secular powers
Katharina von Bora
herring barrels
41
41 years old
April 1523
13 June 1525
the evening
two weeks
27 June
Johannes Bugenhagen
Luther's wedding set the seal of approval
clerical marriage
Biblical grounds
death of a heretic
reckless
The Black Cloister
a former monastery
six children
Croesus
Katharina
congregations' choosing their own ministers
supervisory church body
two
catechisms
revolutionary
extreme change
Saxony
Saxon
John the Steadfast
church government under the temporal sovereign
1526
Latin Mass
simple people
sacrifice
freedom of ceremony
1527
Luther
Christian education
"the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine
well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching
the catechism
1529
pastors and teachers
Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism,
questions and answers
The catechism
volumes
the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism
The Small Catechism
Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible
Larger Catechism
Larger Catechism
German vernacular
doctrine
Salvation
1522
1534
Luther
alone
Faith
Saxon chancellery
German
everyday Germans
so that other people may read it without hindrance
impediments
rising demand for German-language publications
Bible translation
German
Lucas Cranach
William Tyndale
Psalm 46, and "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her"
folk music
German hymns
lute
waldzither
hymns
Lutheran views
Ein neues Lied wir heben an
John C. Messenger
Flung to the Heedless Winds
"Wir glauben all an einen Gott" ("We All Believe in One True God")
"Wir glauben all an einen Gott" ("We All Believe in One True God")
the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
German creedal hymn
difficulty of its tune
1538
Small Catechism
examining candidates on specific catechism questions
multiple revisions
Luther's tune
"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you")
"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you")
"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you")
Achtliederbuch
essential Reformation doctrine
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
Veni redemptor gentium
"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
"Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot"
Te Deum
"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"
Halle
Psalm 67's prayer for grace
J. S. Bach
Halle
hymns
18
18
18
Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
Johann Sebastian Bach
chorales
1707
1724 to 1725
Johann Sebastian Bach
sleeps
a prepared bedchamber
enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace
penitential suffering
Smalcald Articles
Franz Pieper
Johann Gerhard
Johann Gerhard. Lessing
1755
Genesis
Gottfried Fritschel
Gottfried Fritschel
Gottfried Fritschel
dreams
October 1529
Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
German and Swiss theologians
the nature of the Eucharist
the nature of the Eucharist
"This is my body which is for you"
Real Presence
the sacramental union
spiritually or symbolically present
confrontational
the Schmalkaldic League
the Schmalkaldic League
the Schmalkaldic League
The Swiss cities
John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
reason
reason
Reason
reason
their different epistemological spheres.
proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ.
large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity
proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ.
Anabaptists
Von den Juden und ihren Lügen
Biblical apocalypse
Biblical apocalypse
antichrist
papacy
Charles V
the Qur'an
Islam
Islam
devil
opposed
revealed God's wrath to Christians
Johannes Agricola
city hall
six series of theses
C. Güttel
second use of the law
sorrow over sin
Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation.
does not eliminate the accusing law
the church consists only of essentially holy people
how the Christian ought to live
the Ten Commandments
third use of the law
an illustration of the Ten Commandments
the Ten Commandments
baptism
The Ten Commandments
eschatological
bigamy
bigamy
one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
history chiefly holds Luther accountable
lasting damage
ninety
Jews
the murder of Christ
they rejected the divinity of Jesus
That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity.
Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen
1543
three years
the devil's people
sanction for murder
Luther
Martin Luther
perdition
forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works
1580s
Luther
anti-Jewish rhetoric
the Nazis' attacks on Jews
Luther
Nuremberg
17 December 1941
seven Protestant regional church confederations
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Bishop Martin Sasse
antisemite
opportunistic
anti-Semitism
the Jews
18th and 19th centuries
entirely religious and in no respect racial
anti-Judaic—that is, opposed to Judaism and its adherence rather than the Jews
anti-Semitism
hysterical and demonizing mentality
Christopher J. Probst
Christopher J. Probst
declining state of mind
Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
vulgarity and violence
Muslims) and Catholics
Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
1980s
4,745
Richard (Dick) Geary
1928-1933
1531
Philip of Hesse
kidney and bladder stones
kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis, and an ear infection
angina
poor physical health
writings and comments
poor physical health
Katharina
Justus Jonas
Eisleben
15 February 1546
Jews
expel from all German territory
convert
Mansfeld
late 1545
late 1545
late 1545
copper mining
17 February 1546
chest pains
Ps. 31:5
the common prayer of the dying
1 a.m
stroke
2:45 a.m
18 February 1546
Castle Church
Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
Luther had written his last statement
Latin
Latin,
monumental size
frail Catholic saints
physically imposing
medieval religious orders
1530s and 1540s
Episcopal
Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
31 October
Church of England's Calendar of Saints
Episcopal
SoCal
10 counties
major economic center
demographics and economic ties
historical political divisions
greater Southern California Megaregion
11
Las Vegas, Nevada
east
Tijuana
Pacific coast
seven
three
Greater San Diego
17.5 million
Mojave Desert
Mojave Desert
Mojave Desert
Mexico–United States border
Los Angeles
3,792,621
Los Angeles
Los Angeles and San Diego
south
Los Angeles
the top 15 most populous counties in the United States
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
Hollywood
Los Angeles
The Walt Disney Company
Los Angeles
The Walt Disney Company
surf and skateboard
Tony Hawk
Shaun White
Oahu
Transpac
Palm Springs
beaches
Palm Springs
resort feel and nearby open spaces
37° 9' 58.23"
37° 9' 58.23"
ten
Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains
northern
Los Angeles
Alta California
Los Angeles
Missouri Compromise
the Compromise of 1850
three
Cow Counties
three
75
Milton Latham
Los Angeles Times
1900
1999
Imperial
Los Angeles Times
regional tourism groups
two
two
South of the Tehachapis
northern, central, and southern
third
Southern California
automobiles
automobiles and highways
international metropolitan region
Camp Pendleton
Inland Empire
Riverside-San Bernardino area
San Bernardino and Riverside Counties
1980s and 1990s
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
60's
snow
70
Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
diverse collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes
topographic
Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
interior valleys
about 10,000
Nearly all
magnitude 6.7
$20 billion.
$20 billion
6.7+
6.7 +
San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone.
USGS
USGS
culturally, politically, and economically
culturally, politically, and economically
culturally, politically, and economic
2010
high growth rates
10.0%
10.0%
10.0%
eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas
two
two
Southern Border Region
17,786,419
Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people),
Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people),
34
34
San Bernardino and Riverside
petroleum
tourism
housing bubble
one of the largest
housing bubble
1920s
cattle and citrus
cattle and citrus
cattle and citrus
aerospace
Southern California
Central business districts
Central business districts
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
San Fernando Valley
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
San Bernardino-Riverside
Riverside
Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
international corporations
University of California, Irvine
West Irvine
international corporations
international corporations
Downtown San Diego
Northern San Diego
Northern San Diego
Downtown San Diego
Los Angeles International Airport
San Diego International
San Diego International
San Diego International
Van Nuys Airport
Metrolink
San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego
San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego
Orange
Port of Los Angeles
Port of San Diego
Port of Los Angeles,
The Tech Coast
The Tech Coast
The Tech Coast
12
12
NHL
NHL
NHL
Los Angeles Kings
LA Galaxy
LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
From 2005 to 2014
LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
2018
College sports
UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
Rugby
Rugby
an official school sport
November 1990
November 1990
90.04%
Sky plc
Sky UK Limited
May 2006
Setanta Sports
Sky B's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season.
Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn
BSkyB
Freeview
three
Sky Three
Pick TV
Sky+ PVR
September 2007
a monthly fee
Sky+HD Box
Sky+HD Box
Cisco Systems
NDS
Cisco Systems
Cisco Systems
Sky+
NTL and Telewest
2007
Video On Demand
Video On Demand
Video On Demand
July 2013
July 2013
OneDrive
OneDrive for Business
cloud storage service
1 September 1993
Astra
27 September 2001
Sky Digital
400,000
British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
British Sky Broadcasting
11 million
Freeview
Sky Q Hub
Sky Q Mini
all set top boxes in a household
2016
2016
MPEG-2
Sky Movies and Sky Box Office
MPEG-4
7-day EPG
MPEG-4
broadcast from 19.2°E.
broadcast from 19.2°E.
broadcast from 19.2°E.
broadcast from 19.2°E.
broadcast from 19.2°E.
22 May 2006
40,000
Thomson
17,000
4,222,000
8 February 2007
Setanta Sports
four
Virgin Media
English Premier League Football
free-to-view
pay-per-view
VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)
VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
In the autumn of 1991
ITV
increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year
BSkyB joined forces with the BBC
BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year
Ofcom
£15–100,000
open access
BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
1 October 1998
Sky Digital
Sky Active
improved picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open....
100,000
Virgin Media
Virgin Media
Video On Demand
BBC HD
Channel 4 HD
10 million
36%
August 2004
36%
flattened
Welfare Cash Card
essentials
often damaging
Sky TV bills
the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone"
£30m
Video On Demand
Virgin Media
BSkyB
the carriage of their respective basic channels
highly diversified
second
second
Melbourne
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Bendigo
New South Wales
Buckland Valley
typhoid
cramped and unsanitary
multi-member proportional representation
eight electorates
eight electorates
four years
November every four years
centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
The Greens
centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
61.1%
Roman Catholics
Buddhism
Buddhism
20%
south-east
second-most
second
Melbourne
Port Phillip Bay,
Koori
1788
New South Wales
Sullivan Bay
1803
More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
50%
2
90%
121,200
1975
the 1855 colonial constitution
Parliament of Victoria
"entrenched" provisions
Victoria Constitution Act 1855
The Mallee and upper Wimmera
32 °C (90 °F)
32 °C (90 °F)
Hopetoun
7 February 2009
Victoria Department of Education
Victoria Department of Education
Victoria Department of Education
Victoria Department of Education
Victoria Department of Education
closure announcements
2017
May 2013
October 2016
Ford
Mount Bogong
Mount Bogong
Mount Bogong
an extensive series of river systems
pink heath
Victorian Alps
Great Dividing Range
Great Dividing Range
below 0 °C
Omeo
several private and public railway operators
Metro Trains Melbourne
the Victorian Government
freight services
Metro Trains Melbourne
12
12
Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council
Legislative Council
Linda Dessau
1 July 1851
1 July 1851
gold rush
sevenfold
20 million ounces
214
214
just under 540,800
63,519
Over 61 per cent
Victoria
nearly two-thirds
nearly two-thirds
nearly two-thirds
Asia
1,600 mm
1,435 mm
760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
mountainous areas
760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
1788
New South Wales
New Holland
Sydney
mining taxes
British troops
Eureka Stockade
mining licence fees
Imperial Parliament
Premier of Victoria
Premier of Victoria
representatives elected to either house of parliament.
Daniel Andrews
representatives elected to either house of parliament.
$8.7 billion
17%
32,463
32,463
60%
Major events
Major events
Melbourne
regional cities
V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix
southern and central parts of France
southern and central
1562 to 1598
Edict of Nantes
autonomy
derision
Geneva
Besançon Hugues
France
1560
The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
1294
Guyard de Moulin
1487
Paris
villes de sûreté
66
Edict of Alès
1622
1629
François Villion
Cape Town
Maria de la Queillerie
31 December 1687
1700
1624
Jessé de Forest
L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
Brooklyn
Charleston Orange district
Edmund Bellinger
Rev. Elie Prioleau
Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River
Charleston, South Carolina
William III of Orange
King of England
the League of Augsburg
Louis XIV
1672
Edict of Nantes
1685
Louis XIV
500,000
The Catholic Church
5,000 to 30,000
5,000 to 30,000
militia
southern France
1621 and 1629
southwestern France
Henry IV
Louis XIII
Huguenot rebellions
2%
2%
Alsace
Alsace
Australia
New Rochelle
New Paltz
The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz
contains the oldest street in the United States of America
Staten Island
75,000 to 100,000
75,000 to 100,000 people
ca. 2 million
25%
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Tours
Huguon
le roi Huguet
Tours
came back to harm the living at night
weavers' windows
The Weavers
economic separation
Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
restaurant
Cork City
Huguenots
Dublin
Bank of Ireland
1696
brain drain
The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
the North American front of the Seven Years' War
1759-60
Henry of Navarre
1598
Catholicism
Catholic interests
Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism
Catholics
emigration
Four thousand
"new converts"
Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
Switzerland and the Netherlands
1555
France Antarctique
1560
Guanabara Confession of Faith
Afrikaans
wine industry
Western Cape
Huguenot
Cuckoo Tavern
Henry Laurens
Charleston, South Carolina
Manakin Episcopal Church
Texas
lace
first half of the eighteenth century
Dover
first half of the eighteenth century
Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
one-fifth
in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
1806-07
Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
Great Elector Frederick William
Cévennes
the Camisards
Catholic Church in the region
1702 and 1709
Jacksonville
Jean Ribault
Jean Ribault
French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine
French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine
Jean Ribault
Parris Island
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1562
Wars of Religion
Virginia
Lower Norfolk County
Manakin Town
390
12 May 1705
1568–1609
Spain
"Apologie"
William the Silent
Calvinist
Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
1708
1708
transubstantiation
transubstantiation
William of Orange
William of Orange
Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
Killeshandra
flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry
Prince Louis de Condé
Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
glass-making
1890s
1604
Protestant European nations
Protestant European nations
Quebec
the Dutch Cape Colony
allowed to worship freely
Hugues Capet
The "Hugues hypothesis"
Janet Gray
those who want Hugo
double or triple non-French linguistic origins
Jacques Lefevre
University of Paris
1530
William Farel
Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
24 August – 3 October 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Nearly 3,000
1573
almost 25,000
1643
to force the Huguenots to convert
a fund
closed
dragonnades
Westchester
Davenports Neck
Lord of Pelham Manor
La Rochelle
Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
Protestant
often married outside their immediate French communities
E.I. du Pont
well into the nineteenth century
Eleutherian gunpowder mills
Pierre Bayle
Rotterdam
Historical and Critical Dictionary
US Library of Congress
Saint Nicolas
The French Protestant Church of London
1550
Soho Square
Shoreditch
1724
Huguenot refugees
Germany and Scandinavia
Edict of Potsdam
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13 (Regiment on foot Varenne) and 15
Frederick William
Theodor Fontane
Adolf Galland
Lothar de Maizière
German Federal Minister of the Interior
solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy
thermodynamic
a boiler
a boiler
Steam engines
atmospheric engine
Thomas Newcomen
1712
steam pump
Papin
Richard Trevithick
21 February 1804
Richard Trevithick
Abercynon in south Wales
Richard Trevithick
Rankine cycle
multi-stage centrifugal pumps;
1850s
steam locomotives
injector,
triple and quadruple expansion engines
triple and quadruple expansion engines
Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing'system'
Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing'system'
large passenger liners
Corliss
Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts
lengthening rubbing surfaces
Lead fusible plugs
If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators,
the lead melts and the steam escapes
manually suppress the fire
little effect on dampening the fire
James Watt
James Watt
ten
1883
Industrial Revolution
the aeolipile
Hero of Alexandria
the aeolipile
Taqi al-Din
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
compound engines
expansions
shipping
steam turbine.
shipping
steam turbines
steam turbines
reciprocating piston type steam engines
90
electric
combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air
combustion chamber
nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat
model or toy steam engines,
steam engine indicator
1851
Charles Porter
Charles Porter
Charles Porter
90
180
90
counterflow
one rotation of the crank and two piston
one rotation of the crank and two piston
one rotation of the crank and two piston
expansion
Quasiturbine
Uniflow
Uniflow
oscillating cylinder steam engine
trunnion
toys and models
toys
the working fluid is recycled continuously
open loop
Mercury
exhaust steam
working fluid
565 °C
stainless steel
63%
30 °C
Steam engines
Steam engines
Stanley Steamer
factories
increase in the land available for cultivation
Trevithick
Matthew Murray
Matthew Murray
Middleton Railway
George Stephenson
Arthur Woolf
Woolf high-pressure compound engine
torque variability
larger cylinder volume
90
reciprocating steam engines
reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
90%
90%
The Rankine cycle
condenser
1990s
biomass
William John Macquorn
duty
17
7 million
94
Newcomen
steam turbines
steam turbines
steam turbine
steam turbines
Thomas Savery
water pump
1698
Bento de Moura Portugal
Bento de Moura Portugal
Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans
Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans
1802
transport
power
Energiprojekt AB
Energiprojekt AB
5
8.8
27-30
steam turbines
automobile radiator
where water is costly
wet
twenty times as much
James Watt
James Watt
flour mill
cotton spinning
The governor could not actually hold a set speed
1880
marine engines
complicated
1930
marine engines
shortening the cutoff
kick back
evacuate the cylinder
The simplest valve gears
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
1606
Thomas Savery
Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine
rotating discs
drive shaft
static discs
turbine casing
3000 RPM
weight of boilers and condensers
internal combustion engines or electric motors
steam turbine
Advanced Steam
fuel sources and pollution
Wankel engine
Wankel engine
the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion
1775
condenser
Boulton and Watt's
James Watt
air pressure
two
plug valve
spring-loaded
spring-loaded
Early valves could be adjusted
Corliss steam engine
1849
30%
four
Rumford medal
atmospheric pressure
Watt
separate condenser
Joseph Black
latent heat
during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
during the compression stage
1% to 3%
1500 °C
injector
to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation
pumps
bunker
a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor
exhaust
steam turbine
dreadnought battleships
ocean liners
HMS Dreadnought
heating water to provide steam
heating water to provide steam
by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator
turbo-electric transmission
long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain
Rankine cycle
in the condenser
constant pressure
heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser)
to pressurize the working fluid
8
hydrogen and helium
two atoms
half
20.8%
20.8%
Oxygen
8
downward trend
hydrogen and helium
8
chalcogen group
oxides
third
dioxygen
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
ozone
oxygen
water
photosynthesis
water
ozone
Robert Boyle
spiritus nitroaereus
spiritus nitroaereus
1679
Robert Boyle
spiritus nitroaereus
late 17th century
respiration
spiritus nitroaereus
Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley
HgO
Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley
dephlogisticated air
"An Account of Further Discoveries in Air"
Because he published his findings first
mouse
Leonardo da Vinci
Philo of Byzantium
Philo
fire
Philo of Byzantium
fire
Pneumatica
Leonardo da Vinci
Philo
heat or a spark
oxidant
peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
Oxygen
ignition event
oxidant
rapid combustion
Oxygen
peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
13
Steel pipes
13
Steel pipes
Concentrated O 2
Steel pipes
Steel pipes
13
oxides of silicon
Oxygen
The Earth's mantle
Oxygen
oxides of silicon
The Earth's mantle
The Earth's mantle
various complex silicates
atomic hypothesis
atomic hypothesis
HO
8 times that of hydrogen
Amedeo Avogadro
phlogiston
Highly combustible
Air
metals
Air
molecular orbitals
oxygen
Aufbau
oxygen
molecular orbitals
Joseph Priestley
1774
his work was published first
Antoine Lavoisier
1777
spin triplet state
triplet oxygen
two unpaired electrons
slowly
antibonding
tin and air
tin and air
tin and air
1777
azote
Trioxygen
Trioxygen
lung tissue
UV
UV
dioxygen
121 pm
atmosphere
energy content
cellular respiration
James Dewar
James Dewar
1895
oxyacetylene
Oxygen
temperature
6.04 milliliters (mL)
6.04 milliliters (mL)
twice as much
Oxygen
third
0.9%
49.2%
ultraviolet radiation
late 19th century
late 19th century
liquid sulfur dioxide
a few drops
Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski.
Sun
Genesis spacecraft
Genesis spacecraft
an unknown process
Earth
Singlet oxygen
reactive
photosynthesis
photolysis of ozone
Carotenoids
the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16
the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16
slightly faster
the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16
lower global temperatures
687 and 760 nm
low signal-to-noise ratio
satellite platform
global
vegetation canopies
paramagnetic
Liquid oxygen
spin magnetic moments
magnetic field
a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet
Reactive oxygen species,
invading microbes
pathogen attack
2.5 billion years
2.5 billion years
54.36 K
Rayleigh scattering
fractional distillation of liquefied air
Liquid oxygen
combustible materials
Free oxygen
polar
higher oxygen content
eutrophication
the water's biochemical oxygen demand
3.5 billion years ago
Paleoproterozoic eon
banded iron formations
1.7 billion years ago
3–2.7 billion years ago
oxygen cycle
biogeochemical
biogeochemical
photosynthesis
oxygen
passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves
90% to 93%
90% to 93%
non-cryogenic technologies
90% to 93%
Oxygen
electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen
DC
oxides and oxoacids
chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles
oxygen bars
mild euphoric
to get a "boost" in performance
a placebo effect
aerobic
Hyperbaric
carbon monoxide
anaerobic bacteria
bubbles of inert gas, mostly nitrogen and helium,
emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
heart
Uptake of O 2 from the air
respiration
emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
electronegativity
oxides
FeO
oxide
slows further corrosion
cabin depressurization
Sudden cabin pressure loss
exothermic
exothermic
cryogenics
insulated tankers
liquid
compressed gas
hospitals and other institutions
acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid.
amides
Acetone ((CH 3) 2CO) and phenol (C 6H 5OH)
Epoxides
amides
in almost all biomolecules
squalene
carbohydrates
carbonyl
phosphate (PO3 4)
Oxygen toxicity
pulmonary fibrosis
convulsions
Acute oxygen toxicity
seizures
Breathing pure O 2
30 kPa
1.4 times normal
Breathing pure O 2
30 kPa
elevated partial pressures
50 kilopascals
50 kilopascals
patients on mechanical ventilators
30%–50%
October 1973
$12
1979
first oil shock
October 1973
to avoid being targeted by the boycott
Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
Henry Kissinger
March 1974
August 15, 1971
left to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
increased their reserves
September 1971
oil producers' real income decreased
less than two percent per year
1971
1973–1974
Until the oil shock
October 6, 1973
Iran
ten times more
Iran
renewed of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict
Israel
OPEC
until their economic and political objectives were met
$2.2 billion
Israel
Sunni extremist groups
Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
Middle East
shrinking Western demand
Wahhabism
production, distribution and price disruptions
the Middle East
1973
Kissinger
embargo
automobiles
inflationary and deflationary
Arctic
five to ten years
nine
nine
nine
nine
Ted Heath
a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
Germany
Sweden
Price controls
to encourage investment
Price controls
rationing
William E. Simon
1973
to coordinate the response to the embargo
20%
55 mph
Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
Department of Energy
November 28, 1995
Department of Energy
The energy crisis
market and technology realities
stable rules that support basic research
U.S
"it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force."
10 years
the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
Japan
71%
5%
November 22
December 25
Afghanistan
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Al-Hasa region of Saudi Arabia
demand for large cars
Japanese imports
V8 and six cylinder engines
Japan
luxury divisions
Toyota Corona Mark II
power steering
luxury divisions
Compact trucks
Dodge D-50
Ford, Chrysler, and GM
captive import policy
An increase in imported cars
four-cylinder
1985
Cadillac DeVille
Chevrolet Bel Air
1979
Chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982
NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215
1981
1979 energy crisis
market share
$40 per barrel
John F. Kennedy's
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
1968
Dwight D. Eisenhower
two
1961 to 1972
Gemini
Apollo/Saturn vehicles
Skylab
1967
prelaunch test
Budget cuts
oxygen tank explosion
oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
Apollo 8
Apollo 8
382 kg
avionics, telecommunications, and computers
three
three
Abe Silverstein
ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings
early 1960
July 1960
Maxime Faget
three
Hugh L. Dryden
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
massive financial commitment
James E. Webb
missile gap
Yuri Gagarin
the Soviet Union
US House Committee on Science and Astronautics
circumspect
April 20
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson
approximately one week
approximately one week
Robert R. Gilruth
Langley Research Center
Houston, Texas
Rice University
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida
Merritt Island
Kurt H. Debus
Director
Kennedy
three
Operations and Checkout Building
two vacuum chambers
Vertical Assembly Building
Dr. George E. Mueller
July 23, 1963
D. Brainerd Holmes
Mueller
Air Force missile projects
high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force
General Samuel C. Phillips
July 1969
Apollo Program Director
rendezvous
1961
Associate Administrator Robert Seamans
Nicholas E. Golovin
July 1961
Manned Spacecraft Center
Joseph Shea
Wernher von Braun
Jerome Wiesner
Golovin
NASA
July 11, 1962
Wiesner
"No, that's no good"
Lunar Excursion Module
Grumman
a "lifeboat"
oxygen tank explosion
The Lunar Module
1964
cone-shaped
Command/Service Module
Lunar Excursion Module
Command Module
Command Module
ablative heat shield
Parachutes
5,560 kg
Service Module
S-band
The Service Module
51,300 pounds
orbital scientific instrument package
North American Aviation
twice
1964
North American Aviation
Lunar Module
Earth's atmosphere
15,100 kg
over 3 days
Wernher von Braun
Army
June 11, 1962
water
1964 and 1965
Pegasus satellites
micrometeorite impacts
1,600,000 pounds-force
1,600,000 pounds-force
A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.
A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.
CSM and LM
33 feet
three
liquid hydrogen
Gemini
Gemini
Dr. Harrison Schmitt
Apollo 17
on the last mission
32
Distinguished Service Medal
1969
NASA Exceptional Service Medal,
Grissom, White, and Chaffee
LC-34
AS-201
25,700 km
the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
AS-278
Apollo spacesuit
visor
water-cooled undergarment
Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot
Deke Slayton
Donn F. Eisele
January 1966
Donn F. Eisele
AS-205
AS-205 mission was canceled
August 1967
AS-205/208
Apollo 1 backup crew
Samuel Phillips
Samuel Phillips
1967
Samuel Phillips
altitude chamber
Apollo 1
"plugs-out"
North American
strange odor in their spacesuits
January 27, 1967
100% oxygen
asphyxiated
100% oxygen
both houses of Congress
deficiencies
George Low
both houses of Congress
nitrogen/oxygen
removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials
quick-release, outward opening door
Saturn V
modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits,
a sequence of mission types
successful
letters
AS-501
the Command Module's heat shield
April 4, 1968
third unmanned test
Apollo 5
Apollo 5
George Low
a computer programming error
abort
Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs
Zond 5
Christmas Eve
George Low
human cosmonauts
Gemini
Apollo 11
21 hours, 36 minutes
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
July 24
Apollo 12
Apollo 12
returned to Earth
accidentally pointed into the Sun
Lunar Roving Vehicle
Block II
payload capacity
over three days
payload capacity
liquid oxygen tank exploded
two rookies
the oxygen tank was redesigned
liquid oxygen tank
April 1970
Apollo 20
NASA's yearly budget
Michoud Assembly Facility
1971
extremely old
3.2 billion years
KREEP
Genesis Rock
micrometeoroid impact craters
impact process effects
materials melted near an impact crater.
$170 billion
12
$20.4 billion
Apollo X
Apollo Applications Program
Venus
the two lower stages of a Saturn V.
the two lower stages of a Saturn V.
February 8, 1974
Apollo Telescope Mount
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
blown over
unknown
Apollo 8
Book of Genesis
one-quarter
Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
special Apollo TV camera
Apollo TV
magnetic tape shortage
to be recorded over with newer satellite data
Stan Lebar
Nafzger
historical legitimacy
Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings
Nafzger
black and white
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
a body of treaties and legislation
Treaties establishing the European Union
Secondary sources
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
a body of treaties and legislation
direct effect or indirect effect
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
Treaties establishing the European Union
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
three
Court of Justice of the European Union
the Court of Justice
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
international law and general principles of European Union law.
Court of Justice of the European Union
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
international law and general principles of European Union law.
Court of Justice of the European Union
the Court of Justice
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
The European Commission
citizens
The European Court of Justice
The "European Council"
Treaty on European Union
Faroe Islands
rule on their validity
if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.
as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
Gibraltar and the land islands
as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
atomic energy
Maastricht Treaty 1992
1985
1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)
Greenland
atomic energy
Maastricht Treaty 1992
Single European Act 1986
1994
1985
Nice Treaty
referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
significantly altered the existing treaties
amending treaty
significantly altered the existing treaties
to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent
a single constitutional document
referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
Lisbon Treaty
The European Commission
Article 17(3)
Jean-Claude Juncker)
one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states
Federica Mogherini
Article 17(3)
Jean-Claude Juncker)
simple majority vote
"written procedure" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.
Article 17(3)
censured by Parliament
did in fact not break any law
a Committee of Independent Experts
European Council
voting rights
1999
Edith Cresson
a Committee of Independent Experts
European Anti-fraud Office
€60m
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
every five years
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
1979
every five years
European People's Party
different ministers of the member states
Donald Tusk
weighted inversely to member state size,
352
55 per cent
the Council
each six months
352
55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU
three
three
legislation can be blocked
the member states
the Court of Justice
article 294
legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
the member states
Conciliation Committee
The judicial branch
the Court of Justice of the European Union
28
member state courts
ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
the Court of Justice of the European Union
Civil Service Tribunal
three years
"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy.
1958
1968
European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
1964
Court of Justice
the Court of Justice
foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
Solange I and Solange II
administrative law
1986
All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review,
administrative law
Van Gend en Loos
urea-formaldehyde plastics
postal company
TFEU article 288
standing to sue
Working Time Directive
Working Time Directive
Advocate Generals
the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action
a dispute with another citizen or company
10 years
Foster v British Gas plc
Foster v British Gas plc
interpret domestic law
a fixed list of reasons
set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
6 million Lira
European Court of Justice
fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
1950s
Article 5
the least onerous
since the 1960s
international law and public law
proper legal basis
legal certainty and good faith
constitutional traditions common to the member states
the European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
None
1950
1950
European Court of Human Rights.
1999
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
European Union law
European Court of Justice
The Social Chapter
The Social Chapter
1989
30
40
11 of the then 12 member states
The UK refused to sign the Social Charter
the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
UK Labour Party
1997
1994 Works Council Directive
1996
workforce consultation in businesses
European Coal and Steel Community
European Coal and Steel Community
Article 65
Article 65
European Economic Community
Article 101(1)
abuse of dominant position
Articles 106 and 107
Article 102
2007
Treaty of Rome 1957
consumer prices
monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union
the Court of Justice
non-discrimination
Mr Dassonville
private actors
French farmer vigilantes
Schmidberger v Austria
Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol für Branntwein,
France
cocoa products that included other vegetable fats
cocoa butter
25 per cent
Keck and Mithouard
cut throat competition
Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
free movement
economic
citizenship
Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
articles 1 to 7
Jean-Marc Bosman
Gaelic
article 7(2)
article 7(2)
a "fundamental" status of member state nationals
increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
In Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students
higher education
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
non-discriminatory
Reyners v Belgium
article 49
comply with maximum tariffs
2006
not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste
October 2007
Court of Justice
people who give services "for remuneration"
only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht
The Dutch health authorities
evade tax
200,000 Danish krone
200,000 Danish krone
creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
Nordic Construction GmbH
Amazonia
5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.
nine nations.
contain "Amazonas" in their names.
half of the planet's remaining rainforests
Amazoneregenwoud
Amazonia
Brazil
over half
over half
Amazonia
5,500,000 square kilometres
nine nations
Brazil
16,000 species
the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
last glacial maximum.
allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
45
Climate fluctuations
Oligocene
Middle Miocene,
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
66–34 Mya
Middle Miocene
last glacial maximum
Climate fluctuations
Purus Arch.
Pacific
Solimes Basin
5–10 million years
5–10
mid-Eocene
Atlantic
Pacific
Amazonas Basin
Solimes Basin
mid-Eocene
Purus Arch
Atlantic
Pacific
Solimes Basin
Last Glacial Maximum
lower than for the present
isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
data sampling
data sampling
Last Glacial Maximum
deglaciation
rainfall
reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
Last Glacial Maximum
rainfall
rainfall
isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
Amazon basin
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
NASA
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
CALIPSO
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.52/sq mi
agriculture
recent anthropological findings
5 million
poor soil
Betty Meggers
0.2
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
Betty Meggers
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.2
5 million
1900
Francisco de Orellana
the 1540s
spread of diseases from Europe
1970s
AD 0–1250
Francisco de Orellana
1542
AD 0–1250
Alceu Ranzi
11,000 years
black earth
Terra preta
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu tribe
University of Florida
Terra preta (black earth)
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu tribe
Michael Heckenberger and colleagues
roads, bridges and large plazas
2.5 million
One in five
40,000
One in five
between 96,660 and 128,843
2.5 million
2.5 million
40,000
40,000
One in five
62 acres
a quarter square kilometer
90,790
356  47 tonnes per hectare
438,000
a quarter square kilometer
a quarter square kilometer
90,790
356  47
438,000
electric eels
caiman
electric eels
poison dart frogs
Vampire bats
conversion of forested areas to non-forested
1960s
crop cultivation and the slash and burn method
loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
naked eye
415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
cattle
Brazil
91%
soy farmers
deforestation
18%
declined
18%
loss of biodiversity
loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest
vegetation
10%
10%
severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
climate change
2100
deforestation.
deforestation
Urarina
non-human primates
deforestation and ecocide
Urarina
non-human primates
commercial
Trio Tribe
southern Suriname
territorial claims
commercial interests
classification of tree growth stages
carbon related emissions
Tatiana Kuplich
Tatiana Kuplich
Thematic Mapper
2005
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
savanna or desert
Woods Hole Research Center
2010
1,160,000 square miles
three
2010
8 gigatons
comb jellies
animals that live in marine waters worldwide.
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
pher
groups of cilia
water flow through the body cavity
1.5 m
groups of cilia
comb jellies
1.5 m
water flow through the body cavity
'comb' and  pher 'carry'
pher
ten times
100–150
100–150
100–150
cydippids
ten times
cydippids
huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
ten times
cydippids
huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
colloblasts
100–150
hermaphrodites
miniature cydippids
reproduction
fertilize its own egg
can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
sequential
platyctenids
hermaphroditism and early reproduction
a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
the eggs and sperm mature at different times
platyctenids
beroids
Black Sea
Mnemiopsis
over-fishing
other ctenophores
Mnemiopsis
causing fish stocks to collapse
phytoplankton
phytoplankton
planktonic plants
Mnemiopsis
causing fish stocks to collapse
Beroe
66 million years ago
monophyletic
comb-rows
comb-rows
comb-rows
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
monophyletic
comb-rows
cnidarians
colloblasts
cnidarians
cnidarians
colloblasts
cnidarians
colloblasts
colloblasts
inter-cell connections
cnidarians
mesoglea
diploblastic
mesoglea
mesoglea
1.5 meters (4.9 ft)
locomotion
ctenes
comb-bearing
Pleurobrachia
oceanic species
waves and swirling sediment particles
Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
epithelium
bioluminescence
pharynx
a system of internal canals.
mesoglea
swimming-plates
"ctenes" or "comb plates
supporting function
ctenophores
2 millimeters (0.079 in)
osmotic pressure
ciliary rosettes
density
rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density.
aboral organ
at the opposite end from the mouth
a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
statocyst
a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia,
sea gooseberry
long, slender tentacles
rounded
sheath
narrow end
cydippid ctenophores
mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
striated
flicking
capturing prey
eight
near the mouth to the opposite end
evenly round the body
ciliary groove
lobes
cilia
cilia
help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
suspended planktonic prey
clapping their lobes
by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
Mexican wave
water disturbances created by the cilia
Nuda
The Beroida
zip" the mouth shut
a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall
large pharynx
mouth and aboral organ
Cestum veneris
belt animals
undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
Velamen parallelum
Platyctenida
pharynx
comb-rows
on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
via pores in the epidermis
keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
Mnemiopsis
in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
brood chambers
tentacles and tentacle sheaths
plankton
after dropping to the sea-floor
true larvae
Beroe
secretions
secretions
ink
Juveniles
Almost all ctenophores
jellyfish
colloblasts
Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis
two-tentacled "cydippid" Lampea
Ctenophores
chum salmon
combs
Red Sea
jellyfish and turtles
Mnemiopsis leidyi
ballast tanks of ships
a cooling of the local climate
Mnemiopsis leidyi
slowed the animal's metabolism
Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies
Ediacaran Eoandromeda
Cambrian period.
Burgess Shale
24 and 80
Chengjiang lagerstätte
Stromatoveris
Stromatoveris
Chengjiang lagerstätte
Ediacaran period
all other animals
Porifera
cydippid-like
monophyletic
65.5 million years
Richard Harbison
Fresno
220
ash tree
ash leaf
Fresno (/frzno/ FREZ-noh)
1872
flooding
1885
Fresno Traction Company
a store
3.3%
Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown
Pinedale
internment camps
assembly center
BankAmericard
BankAmericard
a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants
1976
Visa
Bill Aken
Bill Aken
migrant farm workers
The Fresno Barn
Lupe Mayorga
three
Roeding Park
Kearney Park
Shinzen Japanese Gardens
Kearney Park
World War II
San Joaquin Light & Power Building
San Joaquin Light & Power Building
San Joaquin Light & Power Building
1964
Fulton Mall
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
28'
28'
Fresno's far southeast side
Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
1950s through the 1970s
Chestnut Avenue
William P. Bell
Tower Theatre
1939
water tower
Fresno Normal School
one-half mile
late 1970s
second and third run movies, along with classic films
1978
Evita and The Wiz
Evita and The Wiz
a few hundred feet
within a few hundred feet of each other
Tower District
Tower District
Tower District
early twentieth century homes
Mission Revival
tower district
in recent decades
Huntington Boulevard
William Stranahan
Billings & Meyering
267
Fresno Traction Company
"Southwest Fresno"
Nielsen Ave
African-American
Hmong or Laotian
The "West Side"
M. Theo Kearney
palm trees
African-American
Brookhaven
"Dogg Pound"
1960s and 1990s
on the corner of Fresno and B streets
Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
West Side
Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway
Ralph Woodward
300
2,500
22 miles
April through October
1946
William Smilie
Sierra Sky Park Airport
Sierra Sky Park Airport
Sierra Sky Park
semi-arid
83.0 °F
11.5 inches
the northwest
southeastern
17 °F
January 6, 1913
3.55 inches
2.2 inches
3.55 inches
494,665
49.6%
62,528
30.0%
4,404.5
68,511
19.3%
1,388
3.62
3.07
97,915
149,025
50.2%
50.2%
4,097.9 people per square mile
UHF
KMJ-TV
June 1, 1953
NBC affiliate KSEE
KGPE
State Route 99
Sierra Freeway
Atascadero
Kings Canyon National Park
Fresno
1950s
State Route 99
Rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99
Amtrak San Joaquins
Downtown Fresno
San Joaquin Valley Railroad
San Joaquin Valley Railroad
Downtown Fresno
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
pre-allocation of network bandwidth
packet switching
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
packet switching
circuit switching
fee per unit of connection time
fee per unit of information transmitted
circuit switching
Packet switching
a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
characters, packets, or messages
intermediate forwarding nodes
fair queuing
according to a multiple access scheme
intermediate forwarding nodes
fair queuing
according to a multiple access scheme
distributed adaptive message block switching
survivable communications networks
message blocks
store and forward switching
a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
store and forward switching
distributed adaptive message block switching
packets
Baran
packet switching
a nationwide network in the UK
ARPANET
Donald Davies
packet switching
ARPANET
complete addressing information
different paths and out-of-order delivery
a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
packet sequence number
length, timestamp, or sequence number
look up the connection id in a table
delivered in order and with error checking
establish the parameters of communication
data link layer
the user-network-interface
the user-network-interface
the user-network-interface
1969
hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
sequenced delivery of data to the host
User Datagram Protocol
Apple Inc.
centralized router or server
automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
plug-n-play system
CYCLADES
make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself
unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
later ARPANET architecture
Digital Equipment Corporation
to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
OSI-compliant networking protocol
Linux
a data network based on this voice-phone network
commercial online service
turning the business around
profitable
help the state's educational and economic development
interactive host to host connection
additional public universities in Michigan join the network
the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
Larry Roberts
making ARPANET technology public
X.29
GTE
virtual call packet switched technology
thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
to build their own dedicated networks
via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
two kinds of X.25 networks.
Bell Northern Research
by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address
Telstra
the Australian Tax Office
via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
Datanet 1
leased lines
DNIC 2049
confusion
the U.S. National Science Foundation
ARPANET
the global Internet
research and education communities, industry, and government
Qwest
Abilene
a brand new nationwide network
Internet2 Network
The National Science Foundation Network
to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States
Internet backbone
Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF
12
OC-48c
Central Asia
Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships.
30–60% of Europe's total population
17th century
19th century
commonly present
Nestorian graves
Nestorian graves
1331
25 million
Genoese traders
Jani Beg
Jani Beg
Sicily
war, famine, and weather
Europe
northwestern Russia
smaller trade relations with their neighbours
France, Spain, Portugal and England
Norway
change in both economic and social structures
1347
through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
the north
1631
1631
J.I. Pontanus
1823
Scandinavia
the heavens
1345
bad air
Miasma theory
Yersinia pestis
1894
Alexandre Yersin
Paul-Louis Simond
rodents
Francis Aidan Gasquet
bubonic plague
1908
the Black Death
the Black Death
30–75%
100–106 °F
80 percent
90 to 95 percent
high fevers and purple skin patches
October 2010
PLoS Pathogens
DNA/RNA
DNA/RNA
Y. pestis was the causative agent
genetic branches
Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
two waves
Marseille
1349
confirmed and amended
Y. pestis
may no longer exist
October 2011
J. F. D. Shrewsbury
modern bubonic plague
exaggerations
zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
zoologist
epidemiological account
lack of reliable statistics from this period
Domesday Book
figures from the clergy
1377
fleas in goods
marginal significance
temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
modern bubonic plague
5 to 15 years
anthrax
combination of anthrax and other pandemics
typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
"blood poisoning"
25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.
about a third.
Half
Christian
50%
isolated areas
14th to 17th centuries
the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.
almost a million
7 million to as low as 4 million
1350
10–15% of the population
1665
40,000
Russia
1629–1631
Oslo
between 1361 and 1528
1.7 million
300,000 inhabitants
half
Sweden v. Russia and allies
1720
between 1500 and 1850
30 to 50
second quarter of the 19th century.
Baghdad
melt (magma and/or lava)
heat and pressure
new magma
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
heat and pressure
seafloor spreading
the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
asthenosphere
the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle
1960s
divergent boundaries
convergent boundaries
Transform boundaries
Alfred Wegener
how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle
arrival times of seismic waves
crust and lithosphere
crust and lithosphere
detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth
crust and lithosphere
most recent eon with an expanded scale
Quaternary
The Holocene
the Quaternary period
The principle of cross-cutting relationships
the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault
key bed
older than the fault
igneous rocks
magma or lava flows
inclusions (or clasts
inclusions
ripped up
faunal succession
William Smith
complex
age
Charles Darwin
beginning of the 20th century
fossils and stratigraphic correlation
absolute ages
fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another
absolute ages
Thermochemical
closure temperature
isotope ratios of radioactive elements
absolute age
horizontal compression
shallow crust
antiforms
synforms
anticlines and synclines
Extension
boudins
Stretching
metamorphosed
stretching and thinning
Dikes
actively deformed
topographic gradients
Continual motion
volcanism
basaltic lava flows
Acasta gneiss
sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon
Cambrian time
northwestern Canada
the study of rocks
the study of sedimentary layers
the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
soils
petrologists
optical mineralogy
the geochemical evolution of rock units
in the laboratory
petrographic microscope
Petrologists
Petrologists
igneous and metamorphic processes
microscopic
microscopic
faults and folds
analog and numerical experiments
orogenic wedges
orogenic wedges
horizontal layers of sand
all angles remain the same
Numerical models
stratigraphers
geophysical
Geophysical data and well logs
Geophysical data and well logs
water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
fossils
magnetic reversals
Geochronologists
Persia
Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
Shen Kuo
Greek and Indian scientific literature
Shen Kuo
James Hutton
Theory of the Earth
1795
the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed
William Maclure
1809
1807
Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
American Philosophical Society
Principles of Geology
uniformitarianism
uniformitarianism
catastrophism
Charles Darwin
103 miles (166 km)
103 miles (166 km)
English Core Cities Group
Northumberland
Geordie
Robert Curthose
wool
wool
16th
Great North Run
Pons Aelius
River Tyne
2,000
Hadrian's Wall
73 miles
Newcastle
Elizabeth
25-foot
William the Lion
Henry IV
1530
the Hostmen
pointless pursuit
eccentric
merchants plotting to ruin him
keelmen and their families
boats
7,000
47%
47%
the King
the Scots
roaring drummes
Triumphing by a brave defence
Charles I
urbanization
Maling company
electric lighting
shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity
steam turbine
medieval
narrow alleys
Stairs
Bessie Surtees
Bessie Surtees
Tyneside Classical
Grey Street
Grey Street
1960s
Eldon Square Shopping Centre
Town Moor
Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
Hoppings funfair
June
Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
Gateshead Millennium Bridge
Gateshead Millennium Bridge
Norman Foster
tourist promotion
Bambuco Bridge
Grainger Town area
between 1835 and 1842
four
244
the Butcher Market
1835
2000
2000
English Heritage
Gulf Stream
Gulf Stream
driest
1982
British Isles
2010
Eldon Square
Bainbridge's
The Bainbridge’s official ledgers reported revenue by department
March 2007
Eldon Garden and Monument Mall
Gosforth
Tesco
MetroCentre
Gateshead
Tyneside flat
terraces
Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
7.8%
5.9%
one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
2001
2001
Northumbria
Northumbria
Jesmond
37.8
Scottish or Irish ancestors
Border Reiver
between 500 and 2,000
between 500 and 2,000
Geordie
Anglo-Saxon
Latin
strong
stream
Scandinavia
Northern United Kingdom
Scots
Many words
Newcastle
In a report
80.4
80.4
long-term
attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations,
Collingwood Street
12-screen Empire multiplex
12
Times Square
bars, cafés and clubs
theatre
Stephen Kemble
many celebrated seasons
21 January 1788
Grey Street
theatres
Theatre Royal
Royal Shakespeare Company
local talent
2006
The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
8000
John and Benjamin Green
1793
1793
Newcastle Beer Festival
May
biennial
2 weeks
2 weeks
The Hoppings
June
Temperance Movement
cycling festival
Leazes Park
Newcastle Mela
Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre
Design Event festival
East Asian cultural festival
NewcastleGateshead
Lindisfarne
1971
Venom
Skyclad
Duran Duran
May 2008
Old Town Hall
Classic
Classic
Classic
Seven Stories
Tyneside
Seven Stories
Seven Stories
Seven Stories
On the Night of the Fire
Get Carter
Mike Figgis
Mike Figgis
Mike Figgis
Gosforth Park
Newcastle Eagles
Newcastle Diamonds
Newcastle Diamonds
Blaydon Race
6 miles (9.7 km)
Metro Light Rail
20 minutes
15 million
over 90
Glazing was placed over the historic arches
six
Victoria
Robert Stephenson.
Manors
Virgin Trains East Coast
Virgin Trains East Coast
Virgin Trains East Coast
CrossCountry
Northern Rail
Tyne and Wear Metro
five
deep-level tunnels
Queen Elizabeth II
DB Regio
Metro: All Change.'
smart ticketing
tracks, signalling and overhead wires
the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains
trams
A1
A696
the old "Great North Road"
6-prefix
In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased
3
Haymarket
3
Tyne and Wear
Go-Ahead
1998
off road cycle route networks
highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living...
off road cycle route networks
link the local networks to national networks
DFDS Seaways
high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
late 2008
Thomson cruise lines
eleven
eleven
Royal Grammar School
Newcastle College
St Cuthbert's High School,
Northumbria
Northumbria
Sunday Times University of the Year
part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities
Northumbria University
Augustus Welby Pugin
1474
Augustus Welby Pugin
Church of St Thomas the Martyr
parish churches
The Parish Church of St Andrew
1726
the main porch
churchyards
the Scots
ITV Tyne Tees
The Watermark business park
studio 5
its colouring
BBC Radio Newcastle
NE1fm
Newcastle Student Radio
1951
Radio Lollipop
Newcastle Student Radio
1770
Archbishop of Westminster
George Stephenson
modernist poet
Thailand
Rutherford Grammar School
Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer
physicist
Northumbrian smallpipes
Newcastle
Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
over 4.5 million objects.
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
2001
12.5
12.5
5,000 years
Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
post-classical sculpture
the Great Exhibition of 1851
Henry Cole
Museum of Manufactures
Somerset House
Gottfried Semper
Queen Victoria
22 June 1857
George Wallis
late night
1949
between September and November 1946
nearly a million
Festival of Britain (1951)
Festival of Britain
1948
a rock concert
Gryphon
Roy Strong
progressive folk-rock
University of Dundee
£76 million
on the city's waterfront
fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
within five years
Brompton Park House
Sheepshanks Gallery
Captain Francis Fowke
Secretariat Wing
the Secretariat Wing,
Oriental Courts
Italian Renaissance
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
Philip Webb and William Morris
Edward Burne-Jones
James Gamble
Alfred Stevens
Sir Edward Poynter
Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott
School for Naval Architects
Cadeby stone
Royal Institute of British Architects
2008
sgraffito
Starkie Gardner
Trajan's Column
Reuben Townroe
Reuben Townroe
Aston Webb
red brick and Portland stone
Aston Webb
an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame
the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum.
Alfred Drury
four
Alfred Drury
white
Prince Albert
Art Library
Henry Cole wing
new entrance building
Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
the Spiral
Indian, Japanese, Chinese, iron work, the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery
linoleum
FuturePlan
"FuturePlan", and was created in consultation with the exhibition designers and masterplanners Metaphor.
McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
Kim Wilkie
John Madejski Garden
elliptical
receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
bronze doors
2004
Royal Institute of British Architects
700,000
the RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
700,000
Andrea Palladio
Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Nicholas Hawksmoor, William Kent, James Gibbs, Robert Adam, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt,
Andrea Palladio
Sir Christopher Wren
Sir Edwin Lutyens
c1600
the Great Fire of London
c1600
Montal
the Alhambra
over 19,000
2006
Ardabil Carpet
Spain
1909
South and South-East Asian art
South and South-East Asian art
South and South-East Asian art
1991
Jawaharlal Nehru gallery
70,000
China, Japan and Korea
approximately 16,000
1991
Tang
Toshiba gallery of Japanese art
December 1986
13th
1550 to 1900
1.25 metres
Tibetan art
Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
Hindu
mother-of-pearl
Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
Leonardo da Vinci
Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
Reverend Alexander Dyce
1869
over 18,000
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
12th to 16th
Joan of Arc
Lucas Horenbout
Word and Image Department
MODES
Encoded Archival Description
newly accessioned into the collection
Search the Collections
2007
Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol
15,000
catalog everything
British patrons
Asia
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Horace Walpole
porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
tea paraphernalia
entertainment and leisure
John Ruskin
Industrial Revolution
Arts and Crafts
Trajan's Column
Trajan's Column,
Michelangelo's David
sculptures, friezes and tombs
in a glass case
1762
Frederick II the Great
1762
1909
Chinese and Japanese ceramics
Mintons & Royal Doulton
Holland
elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves
16th and 17th centuries
Germany and Switzerland
over 6000
over 6000
Ancient Egypt
René Lalique
Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
1994
Danny Lane
sacred silver and stained-glass
Dale Chihuly
13th
over 10,000
2,000
Dürer
Rembrandt
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
over 14,000
Word and Image department
everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
1913
1913
2002
178
178
178
modern fashion
Italian and French Renaissance
between 1859 and 1865
The John Jones Collection
1882
£250,000
1580
Hans Vredeman de Vries
Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet
Germany
Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames
over 6000
over 6000
1869
154
William and Judith Bollinger
over 10,000
1496–97
8
Sir George Gilbert Scott
over 10,000
c1110
gilt bronze
relics of St Thomas Becket
Becket Casket
gilt copper
over 5,100
Horniman Museum
Horniman Museum and other institutions
35
25 February 2010
2000
2000
2000
Queen Elizabeth II
Andrés Marzal De Sax
John Sheepshanks
John Sheepshanks
'A National Gallery of British Art'
The Hay Wain
John Sheepshanks
1600–1800
260
Virgin and Child
260
Eadweard Muybridge
Animal Locomotion of 1887
Animal Locomotion
different animals and humans performimg various actions
James Lafayette
The sculpture collection at the V&A
22,000
1914
allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens
National Galleries of Scotland
Neptune and Triton
Giulio da Sangallo
Giulio da Sangallo
1493–1500
more than 20
sculptor
1914
acknowledgement of Britain's support of France in World War I
more than 20
George Frampton
Thomas Brock
Sir Francis Chantrey
Sculptors
Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
1950
theme
Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
Tate Britain
more than 53,000
more than 53,000
1st century AD to the present
western Europe
technique
Cloth of St Gereon
15th
Netherlands
the hunting of various animals
John Vanderbank's workshop
14th-century
William Morris
1887
Marion Dorn
Serge Chermayeff
Theatre Museum
March 2009
the UK's biggest national collection
Shakespeare
research, exhibitions and other shows
Conservation
temperature and light
interventive
V&A Museum of Childhood
preventive
Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company
1957
Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan
Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
American Broadcasting Company
October 12, 1943
radio network
1948
ESPN
Capital Cities Communications
eight
Citadel Broadcasting
eight
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Citadel Broadcasting
Radio Corporation of America
NBC Blue and NBC Red
major cities
NBC Blue Network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series
Radio Corporation of America
Federal Communications Commission
1938
1940
NBC Red Network
NBC Red or NBC Blue
Mark Woods
formally divorcing the operations of NBC Red and NBC Blue
Dillon, Read & Co.
David Sarnoff
Dillon, Read & Co.
Life Savers candy
October 12, 1943
George B. Storer
vice-chairman
June 30, 1951
Magnetophon tape recorder
Paul Whiteman
The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street
Bing Crosby
public service
ESPN
ABC1
September 8, 2007
ABC International
United States
1959
satellite
Japan and Latin America
increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
Beirut
Mainichi Broadcasting System
flight delays
coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
A Charlie Brown Christmas
ABC
A Charlie Brown Christmas
Academy Awards
It's the Great Pumpkin
1974
Ryan Seacrest
Miss America pageant
Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve
Miss America pageant
General Hospital
1975
The Edge of Night
The View and The Chew
1963
X Games
2006
Saturday
"NBA Sunday Showcase"
The Open Championship
Frank Marx
channels 2 through 6
1947
VHF channel 7
108
DuMont
DuMont Television Network
CBS and NBC
United Paramount Theatres
Paramount Pictures
five
CBS
Prudential Insurance Company of America
Leonard Goldenson
William S. Paley
June 6, 1951
1952
February 9, 1953
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc.
August 10, 1948
October 1948
Mount Wilson
The Prospect Studios
September 30, 1960
1960s
William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
1960s
1959
anthology
1961
1985
circle logo
Troika Design Group
Troika Design Group
the dot
Pittard Sullivan
2015
"We Love TV"
ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
1993–94 season
1995–96 season
1983
That Special Feeling
a bubble on a black background
a bubble on a black background
a bubble on a black background
Paul Rand
Herbert Bayer
Herbert Bayer
1963–64 season
ABC Radio
October 19, 2005
six divisions
2004
Desperate Housewives, Lost and Grey's Anatomy
Anne Sweeney
NASCAR
2002
Michael Eisner
The Bachelor
The Bachelorette
Time Warner Cable
ABC
ABC
Federal Communications Commission
2000
Family Matters and Step by Step
Family Matters and Step by Step
August 1999
Regis Philbin
Buena Vista Television
Meredith Vieira
July 31, 1995
New York City
Knight Ridder
Robert Iger
Sports Night
1965–66
third place
Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
May 1, 1953
7 West 66th Street
Baltimore
Robert Kintner
DuMont Television Network
ABC-DuMont
$5 million in cash
Paramount Pictures
The Lone Ranger
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
Sugarfoot
Sugarfoot
Walt Disney
Warner Bros. Presents
Goldenson
$500,000
1954
Goldenson
Allen Shaw
Harold L. Neal
LOVE Radio
seven
September 1969
Duel
Aaron Spelling, David Wolper and Steven Spielberg
$400,000–$450,000
1970s
CBS and NBC
behavioral and demographic data
Monday Night Football
2006
ESPN
15%–16%
1970
1972
Worldvision Enterprises
all television and radio networks
January 2, 1971
Henry Plitt
Elton Rule
1966
Happy Days
developing youth-oriented programming
Paramount Pictures
Fred Pierce
Fred Silverman
S.W.A.T
November 3, 1975
president of NBC's entertainment division
Laverne & Shirley
jiggle TV
Alex Haley
Alex Haley
nine seasons
1976–77 season
Soap
Roone Arledge
ABC Sports
7 Lincoln Square
June 1979
June 1978
Arledge
Barbara Walters
MCA Inc.
ABC Cable News
ABC News Now
WJRT-TV and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio
WJRT-TV and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio
Writers Guild of America
Duel
Caris & Co.
ABC Studios
ABC Entertainment Group
Citadel Media
iTunes
2010
2004
Ugly Betty
Ugly Betty
1970
ABC Circle Films
ABC Circle Films
Turner Broadcasting System
Selznick
Buena Vista Television
Buena Vista International Television
Selznick library
WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
235
235
96.26%
1946
seal of the Federal Communications Commission
1957
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
One Life to Live
Litton's Weekend Aventure
720p high definition
1080i HD
480i standard
720p high definition
Body of Proof
Happy Endings
third place
V
43
Prospect Park
43
The Revolution
fourth
2004
CBS
The Neighbors
The Neighbors
The Middle and Modern Family
Shark Tank
Shark Tank
Shark Tank
Thomas Murphy
Thomas Murphy
NYPD Blue
Steven Bochco
ten seasons
1993
DIC Entertainment
Capital Cities/ABC
23.63% of American households
WLS
May 9, 1960
John Bassett
CFTO-TV
Wide World of Sports
Sports Programs, Inc.
Sports Programs, Inc.
Sports Programs, Inc.
American Broadcasting Companies
The Dating Game
The Newlywed Game
1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
90%
Dynasty
Mork & Mindy
Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
Getty Oil
The Entertainment Channel
Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
Thomas S. Murphy
chairman and CEO
$465 million
America's Funniest Home Videos
Home Improvement
General Hospital
Eastern/Pacific
Good Morning America
Jimmy Kimmel Live!.
New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
WBMA-LD
WBND-LD
WLQP-LP
ABC Circle Films
ABC Circle Films
Prospect Avenue
ABC Television Center, East
Good Morning America and Nightline
Good Morning America and Nightline
Peter Jennings Way
World News Tonight
ABC on Demand
27%
27%
27%
the day after their original broadcast
eight days
fast forwarding of accessed content
eight days
LoyalKaspar
steel blue and dark grey
ABC Modern
steel blue and dark grey
14
14
All-Channel Receiver Act
mandated the inclusion of UHF tuning
Youngstown
five times lower
WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
Walt Disney Presents
Desilu Productions
use of violence
April 1959
ABC Sunday Night Movie
$15.5 million
Hanna-Barbera
The Jetsons
April 1, 1963
ITT
Donald F. Turner
United States Department of Justice
January 1, 1968
Capital Cities Communications
$3.5 billion
Warren Buffett
E. W. Scripps Company
12 television stations
September 5, 1985
four
ABC's broadcasting division
Michael P. Millardi
Michael P. Millardi
Laverne & Shirley
Laverne & Shirley
NBC
Laverne & Shirley
comedies and family-oriented series
"TGIF"
Thank Goodness It's Funny
Miller-Boyett Productions
Warner Bros.
KXYZ and KXYZ-FM
Charly
Ralph Nelson
1985
Redwood City, California
westerns and detective series
between 10% and 18%
between 10% and 18%
Bandstand
Dick Clark
Goldenson
Zorro
Life
NBC and CBS
WATCH ABC
New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
Hearst Television
authenticated subscribers
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Birmingham market
E. W. Scripps Company
owning or providing services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
E. W. Scripps Company
Start Here
Troika
entertainment division
ABC News
WFTS-TV and WWSB
KMBC-TV and KQTV
WZZM and WOTV
St. Joseph, Missouri, which is designated by Nielsen as a separate market from Kansas City
Mongol invasions
uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia
Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
Central Asia and China
Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
gedei Khan
1227
Western Xia
his sons and grandsons
unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location
Delüün Boldog
Toghrul Khan
1162
his father had just captured
Temülen
Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
Börte
Khongirad
Dai Setsen
Begter
wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game
one hunting excursion
one hunting excursion
Tayichi'ud
portable stocks
Temüjin
Bo'orchu
by hiding in a river crevice
arranged marriages
Hoelun
the Chinese dynasties to the south
alliances
Onggirat
the Merkits
Keraite tribe
Jochi
1185
Chagatai
Chagatai
1241
Chagatai
at least six
sworn brother or blood brother
Toghrul
Khan of the Keraites
20,000
Jamukha
Mongolian aristocracy
Kokochu
1186
Battle of Dalan Balzhut
Qara Khitai
the Yassa code
wealth from future possible war spoils
adopt orphans from the conquered tribe
the conquered tribe
Jochi
Jamukha
Jamukha
Keraite
Jamukha
1201
universal ruler
Subutai
1206
Temüjin
disloyal men in his army
noble death
breaking the back
Chinese
Wang Khan
Khasar
extensive spy network and Yam route systems
Wang Khan
Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes
Khuruldai
Khagan
gedei
a council of Mongol chiefs
the Jin dynasty
Ming-Tan
Zhongdu
Kaifeng
gedei Khan
Kuchlug
Liao dynasty
20,000
Jebe
The Arrow
Qara Khitai
west of Kashgar
Lake Balkhash
Khwarezmid Empire
Caspian Sea
Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
Inalchuq
had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded
100,000
Silk Road
Genghis Khan, generals and his sons
three
southeast part of Khwarzemia
Genghis Khan and Tolui
Samarkand
Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions
Otrar
Genghis Khan
fled
two years
Bukhara
Bukhara
a river
captured enemies
Genghis
pyramids of severed heads
Turkish
Turkish
young men who had not fought
the flail of God
young men who had not fought
1220
Subutai
Black Sea
Battle of Kalka River
Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
Batu
Batu and the Golden Horde
Subutai and Jebe
1225
on the road back to Samarkand
1226
Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou
near Helan Mountains
Yellow River
a line of five stars
Ning Hia
Ma Jianlong
arrows
Liupanshan
ordered the entire imperial family to be executed
Jochi
Chagatai
Khwarezmid Empire
gedei
Chagatai and Jochi
Chagatai
Tolui
gedei
1226
Khorasan
Urgench
Sultan Muhammad
Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223
Yinchuan
being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting
arrow
Western Xia
Oirads
without markings
Khentii Aimag
Mongolia
The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
Edsen Khoroo
Dongshan Dafo Dian
near Xining
1954
1968
October 6, 2004
a river
King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
horses
Genghis Khan
Yassa
meritocracy
Genghis Khan and his family
Muhammad Khan
tax exemptions
Ong Khan
a personal concept
Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
Töregene Khatun
Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
Chinese
women
Chu'Tsai
Mongol
Mongol
lineal descendant of Khitan rulers
his generals
Karakorum
Muqali
the Jin dynasty
autonomy
diverting certain rivers
Muslim and Chinese
feigned retreat
by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army
Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan
Caspian Sea
gedei Khan
1279
Genghis Khan
Turkey
meritocracy
trade
Mongolian People's Republic
uniting warring tribes
Genghis Khan's children
brutality
historical records written by non-Mongolians
500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög
Genghis Khan
Chinggis Khaan International Airport
trivialization
Chinggis Khaan International
Ikh Zasag
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Ikh Zasag
Inner Mongolia
5 million
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
Iran
up to three-fourths
up to three-fourths
Hulagu Khan
Mamluks of Egypt
Hulagu Khan
1237
Novgorod and Pskov
Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara
Timur
Nishapur
tenggis
Lake Baikal
"right", "just", or "true"
Zhèng
Chinggis
Mongolian Chinggis Khaan
Cengiz Han
Timùzhn
Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
Chéngjs Hán
15th–17th
tobacco and patent medicines
sorcery or even poison
herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
many other herbs not listed
Pharmacists
Pharmacists
optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
small-business proprietors
Pharmacists
other senior pharmacy technicians
General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
a health care professional
manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
Pedanius Dioscorides
De Materia Medica
materia medica
Diocles of Carystus
De Materia Medica
highly respected
Yr Code (718)
Meiji Restoration
physicians and acupuncturists
two
Middle East
Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Al-Muwaffaq
sodium carbonate
1317
Florence, Italy
perfume museum
old prescription books and antique drugs
1221
pharmacy legislation
compounding/dispensing medications
automation
dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
pharmacy practice residency
various disciplines of pharmacy
effectiveness of treatment regimens
pharmacy practice residency
within the premises of the hospital
unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
high risk
high cost of medications and drug-related technology
specialized medications
health, wellness, and disease prevention
inside hospitals and clinics
physicians and other healthcare professionals
drug product selection
all health care settings
creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems
appropriateness of the drug therapy
drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
independent prescribing authority
North Carolina and New Mexico
board of Pharmaceutical Specialties
Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
medication regimen review
nursing homes
Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
2000
brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
online pharmacies
another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
the method by which the medications are requested and received
avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.
dispensing substandard products
without requiring a prescription
a valid prescription
a prescription
a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
a prescription
a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
ensure that the prescription is valid
individual state laws
hydrocodone
to reduce consumer costs
Canada
international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription,
Canada and other countries
pharmacy practice science and applied information science
healthcare information technology vendor companies
to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
medication management system development, deployment and optimization
to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects
Unlike a traditional community pharmacy
19
cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
physicians
cannot form business partnerships with physicians
American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
7 to 10 percent
pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
Austria
the United Kingdom
1.6 kilometres
Austria
conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
checks and balances
exaggerating their seriousness
side-effects
the health care system
patient care skills
clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
Alberta and British Columbia
Australia
medicine use reviews
pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)
 (recipere) character
The show globe
Netherlands
red stylized letter A
France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
disease
pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
adaptive immune system
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
The immune system
pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
adaptive immune system
disease
pathogens
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
pathogens
adaptive immune system
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
evolve and adapt
bacteriophage infections
eukaryotes
acquired) immunity
bacteria
defensins
vaccination
acquired) immunity
autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
when the immune system is less active than normal
recurring and life-threatening infections
a genetic disease
rheumatoid arthritis
Immunodeficiency
hyperactive immune system
Immunology
HIV/AIDS
430 BC
scorpion venom
Louis Pasteur
Walter Reed
Robert Koch
microorganisms
yellow fever
430 BC
an immunological memory
innate immune system
adaptive immune system
Innate immune systems
adaptive immune system
an immunological memory
pathogens
adaptive immunity
self molecules
non-self molecules
antigens
antigens
pattern recognition receptors
innate immune system
components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms
non-specific
waxy
waxy
coughing and sneezing
mucus
mucus
-defensins
lysozyme and phospholipase A2
semen
gastric acid and proteases
menarche
commensal flora
fungi
re-introduction of probiotic flora, such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt, helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations
pH or available iron
Inflammation
increased blood flow into tissue
eicosanoids and cytokines
white blood cells
interleukins
phagocytes
cytokines
phagosome
a phagolysosome
acquiring nutrients
Neutrophils and macrophages
Neutrophils and macrophages
50% to 60%
chemotaxis
interleukin 1
Leukocytes
Leukocytes
mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system
macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
neuronal dendrites
T cells
T cells
missing self
Natural killer cells
MHC I
(KIR
early vertebrates
antigen presentation
specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
the killer T cell and the helper T cell
regulatory T cells
Class I MHC molecules
Class II MHC molecules
 T cells
Killer T cells
CD8
when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen
granulysin
perforin
CD4 co-receptor
around 200–300
engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule
release cytokines
CD40 ligand
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
CD4+ and CD8+ () T cells
 T cells
they rearrange TCR genes to produce receptor diversity
human V9/V2 T cells
pathogens
antigen/antibody complex
lymphokines
some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells
adaptive
passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
each specific pathogen encountered
no prior exposure to microbes
IgG
Breast milk or colostrum
the fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies—it only borrows them.
immunomodulators
immunestimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses
autoimmune diseases
immunosuppressive
NFIL3
heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
sleep deprivation
a progressive decline in hormone levels
vitamin D
thyroid hormone
cholecalciferol
killer T cells
MHC class I molecules
viral antigens
antibodies
phagocytic cells
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
apoptosis
Systemic acquired resistance
RNA silencing mechanisms
autoimmune disorders
self and non-self
thymus and bone marrow
"self" peptides
Immunodeficiencies
young and the elderly
50 years of age
obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
malnutrition
vaccination
immunization
introduce an antigen from a pathogen
because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system
secreting enzymes
type III secretion system
to shut down host defenses
ability to elude host immune responses
Frank Burnet
pathogens, an allograft
"two-signal" activation
Niels Jerne
Glucocorticoids
Lower doses
methotrexate or azathioprine
cyclosporin
cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
cortisol and catecholamines
melatonin
oxidative stress
vitamin D receptor
calcitriol
symbiotic
CYP27B1
dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
Pattern recognition receptors
Antimicrobial peptides called defensins
The complement system and phagocytic cells
Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway
immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
lamprey and hagfish
Variable lymphocyte receptors
adaptive immune system
lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response.
restriction modification system
bacteriophages
Prokaryotes
"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
Elie Metchnikoff
phagocytes
Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
soluble components (molecules)
cancers
MHC class I molecules
TGF-
suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes
an immune response
(Type I – IV)
Type I – IV)
IgE
Type II hypersensitivity
intracellular pathogenesis
Salmonella
Plasmodium falciparum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
protein A
antigenic variation
HIV
Trypanosoma brucei
frequent changes in antigens
immune surveillance
human papillomavirus
tyrosinase
melanomas
melanocytes
>500 Da
hydrophilic amino acids
Immunoproteomics
cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells
immunoinformatics
leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
Th1/Th2
Th1
initiation of Th1 immune responses
by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes
disrupting their plasma membrane
signal amplification
catalytic cascade
Civil disobedience
apartheid
Orange Revolution
Ukraine
Orange Revolution
Egyptians
Egyptians
Orange Revolution
unfair laws
American Civil Rights Movement
Antigone
former King of Thebes
Creon
Oedipus
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
Antigone
Sophocles
current King of Thebes
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
obey her conscience rather than human law
The Mask of Anarchy
nonviolent
Satyagraha
campaign for a free India
Henry David Thoreau
The Mask of Anarchy
The Mask of Anarchy
nonviolent protest
Satyagraha
Henry David Thoreau
muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
bringing a test-case in the federal courts
ambiguity
become utterly debased
become utterly debased
bringing a test-case in the federal courts
draft evaders
Vice President Agnew
ambiguity
formulation of a single all-encompassing definition
extremely difficult, if not impossible
lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
semantical problems
Alice
formulation of a single all-encompassing definition
semantical problems
semantical problems and grammatical niceties
nonviolent civil disobedience
non violent civil disobedience
Civil disobedience
Civil disobedience
pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
public official
Civil disobedience
pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
public official
public official
public official rather than private citizen
two equally sovereign branches of government
Thoreau
Before Thoreau’s imprisonment
right
Resign
elite politicians
The individual
individuals
Thoreau
Resign
right
governmental entities
Brownlee
Brownlee
international organizations and foreign governments
Brownlee
a larger challenge to the legal system
governmental entities
Brownlee
civil disobedience
covert lawbreaking
if they were hiding a Jew in their house
Shiphrah and Puah
Shiphrah and Puah
publicly announced
if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality
assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
Hitler's secret police
Book of Exodus
Black's Law Dictionary
Black's Law Dictionary
constitutional defects, rebellion is much more destructive;
Civil disobedients' refraining from violence
violence
non-violent
constitutional defects, rebellion is much more destructive;
destructive
preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience
overthrow a government
Ferenc Deák
Ferenc Deák
Gandhi's
cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
Non-revolutionary civil disobedience
a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
render certain laws ineffective
overthrow a government
Gandhi
Roman Empire
installation of pagan images
not yet a well-known author,
The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office
Mexican War
Roman Empire
installation of pagan images
some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met,
jail solidarity
Mexican War
Civil disobedients
harmlessness
Voice in the Wilderness
738 days
cut down
illegal acts
nuclear-missile installation
harmlessness
illegal medical cannabis dispensaries
600-year-old
Joseph Haas
Joseph Haas
civil disobedience
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
"Filthy Words"
speech
"Filthy Words"
Threatening government officials
Joseph Haas
make it more difficult for a system to function
padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.
padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
constrained
coercive
refuses to pay taxes
constrained
engage in moral dialogue
padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.
civil disobedience
consent
legal
a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of appearing rude.
make an impression
believe in the validity of the social contract,
the social contract
don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law
anarchists
does not infringe the rights of others
whether or not to plead guilty
some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law
I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law
Guilt implies wrong-doing
creative plea
13
13
they stepped across the "line" and were immediately arrested
nolo contendere
suspended sentences
continuing their protest
reminding their countrymen of injustice
the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way
To accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules'
misdemeanor count
no jail time
solidarity tactics
blind plea
Mohandas Gandhi
defiant speech
defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions
lack of remorse
likelihood of repeating her illegal actions.
mistreatment from government officials
Steven Barkan
Steven Barkan
Steven Barkan
Chicago Eight
nullification
general disobedience
neither conscientious nor of social benefit
self-gratification
not being a civil disobedient
covertly and avoiding attribution
Indirect civil disobedience
direct civil disobedience
Vietnam War
competing harms defense
the leaflet will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
deterrence
whether it would do more harm than good
whether it would do more harm than good.
it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law
Construction
on location
six to nine percent
financing
on location for a known client
architect
architect
effective planning
megaprojects
inconvenience to the public
buildings, infrastructure and industrial
residential and non-residential
heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering.
refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants.
construction industry
ENR
2014
transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
construction managers
North American Industry Classification System
firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
Building construction
renovations
the owner
structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
those with experience in the field
local building authority regulations and codes of practice
Materials readily available in the area
waste
custom designed
advances in 3D printing technology
20 hours
2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
translation of designs into reality
the property owner
quantity surveyor
the most cost efficient bidder
integration of previously separated specialties
entirely separate companies
"one-stop shopping"
performance specification
design-build, partnering and construction management
architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
financial problems
builders ask for too little money to complete the project
present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
Fraud
Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
owner's equity in the property
Accountants
identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
Cost engineers and estimators
zoning and building code requirements
does not benefit the owner
malum in se
custom or expectation
live-work spaces
contracts
A contract
extremely expensive
each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
poorly drafted contracts
relationship contracting
Public-Private Partnering
Public-Private Partnering
adversarial practices
architect or engineer
project coordinator
the architect's client and the main contractor
the architect's client and the main contractor
until the building is ready to occupy.
The owner
D&B
The owner
consortium
phase 2
existing utility lines
lessens the likelihood of damage
electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
municipal building inspector
an occupancy permit
$960 billion
$960 billion
1 million
fewer than 10 employees
828,000
£42,090
£26,719
more than $100,000
Construction
Falls
electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
harnesses and guardrails
the right to select their students
the right to select their students
tuition
the right to select their students
$45,000
'tuition-free
United Kingdom
Private education
lower sixth
upper sixth
prep schools
Tuition
High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers
Roman Catholic
Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians
impress their particular faith's beliefs and traditions
power of expulsion
blazer
more expensive
non-aligned, some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations,
expensive
Sydney
girls
Article 7
to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung
7.8
11.1
0.5
Sonderungsverbot
private individuals, private organizations or religious groups.
very low tuition fees
private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
vocational
by charging their students tuition fees.
private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
financial aid
Prominent Examination Boards
30
union government and the state governments
non-profit trusts and societies
non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India
Annual Status of Education Report
evaluates learning levels in rural India
English
scoil phrobháideach
a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State
€5,000
Society of Jesus
€25,000 per year
1957
Chinese
English
surrender their properties and be assimilated
Over 60
aided
private parties
Kathmandu
English
Nepali
88
88
3.7
Catholic
Auckland
Anglican
Wellington
Presbyterian
Christchurch
Society of St Pius X
7.5
32
80
August 1992
English, mathematics and natural science
The Education Service Contracting scheme
The Tuition Fee Supplement
Private Education Student Financial Assistance
"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
independent
"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
private church schools
government schools formerly reserved for white children
government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
All schools in South Africa
10
nearly 10,000
nearly 10,000
The Knowledge School
school voucher model
Preparatory schools
public
single-sex
Preparatory schools
£27,000+
1954
segregation academies
South
public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
endowments
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
independent control of their student admissions and course content
Massachusetts
1852
1972
Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160
McCrary
close to $40,000
close to $40,000
Groton School
Groton School
John Harvard
1977
James Bryant Conant
Charles W. Eliot's
Charles W. Eliot
Harvard Library
79
18 million volumes
eight U.S. presidents
Nobel laureates
Boston metropolitan area
$37.6 billion
eleven
eleven separate academic units
eleven
1636
Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
1638
1639
1650
Puritan ministers
many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge
denomination
1804
Samuel Webber
1805
Louis Agassiz
observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the "divine plan"
Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
Charles W. Eliot
Transcendentalist Unitarian
William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
James Bryant Conant
recruit
1945
about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe
1977
a trend throughout higher education in the United States
209-acre
twelve residential Houses
Charles River
half a mile
Allston
The John W. Weeks Bridge
Longwood Medical and Academic Area
fifty percent
a shuttle service and/or a tram.
enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space
14,000
14,000
14,000
1875
1858
$32 billion
30%
$1.2 billion
$159 million
$159 million
late 1980s
Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
$230 million
5.3%
Early Action
Early Action
Early Action
seven
eight General Education categories
teaching fellows
beginning in early September and ending in mid-May
four-course rate average
summa cum laude
60%
$38,000
$57,000
nothing for their children to attend, including room and board
$414 million
88%
Widener Library
Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
Pusey Library
over 18 million volumes
three museums.
Arthur M. Sackler Museum
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2003
2011
Mines ParisTech
42
Yale
Oxford University and Cambridge University team
Yale
1903
revolutionary new rules
former captain of the Yale football team
Lavietes Pavilion
The Malkin Athletic Center
weight rooms
23 years
June
Cornell
2003
Ban Ki-moon
Juan Manuel Santos
José Mara Figueres
Benjamin Netanyahu
Conan O'Brien
Leonard Bernstein
Yo Yo Ma
W. E. B. Du Bois
Shing-Tung Yau
Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
Stephen Greenblatt
Jacksonville
1,345,596
853,382
Duval
1968
Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida
Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida
Fort Caroline
Timucua
Andrew Jackson
Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases
golf
Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases
"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
thousands
Black Hammock Island
Timucua
the beginning of the historical era
Ossachite
Jean Ribault
Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
fort San Mateo
Fort Caroline
Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War
Spain
these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.
Spain
February 9, 1832
hogs and cattle
Brick Church
Battle of Olustee
Warfare and the long occupation
Battle of Cedar Creek
During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
Grover Cleveland
yellow fever outbreaks
Florida East Coast Railway
steamboat and later by railroad
Spanish moss
over 2,000
Jennings
Great Fire of 1901
New York–based filmmakers
more than 30
Winter Film Capital of the World
Hollywood
The construction of highways
55.1%
middle class
W. Haydon Burns
World War II
Much of the city's tax base dissipated
residents in unincorporated suburbs
annexing outlying communities
six
old boy network
11
Jacksonville Consolidation
all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation
voters approved the plan
Lee Meredith
Lee Meredith
The Better Jacksonville Plan
half-penny sales tax
86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land
St. Johns River
Trout River
86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land
Baldwin
Downtown Jacksonville
Barnett Center
617 ft
Wells Fargo Center
Wells Fargo Center
humid subtropical climate
May through September
humid subtropical climate
low latitude
104 °F
thunderstorms
extremely high humidity
July
Hurricane Dora
Category 2
Beryl
Saffir-Simpson Scale
2008
tenth-largest
366,273
largest Arab
25,033
29.7%
43.8%
94.1
91.3
40%
3.5 billion people
$759,900
methodology used
diversion
40%
three
nearly $41 trillion
0.7%
greater tendency to take on debts
PolitiFact
New York Times
Inherited wealth
grew up in substantial privilege
PolitiFact
richest 1 percent
Inherited wealth
over 60 percent
Institute for Policy Studies
Neoclassical
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
differences in value added by different classifications of workers
productivity gap
marginal value added
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
differences in value added by different classifications of workers
marginal value added
worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
to reduce costs and maximize profits
increasing unemployment
increasing unemployment
rising levels of property income
capitalist
to reduce costs and maximize profits
capitalist
rising levels of property income
rising levels of property income
capitalist
law of supply and demand
chronically understaffed
higher
unfair
the market
the same way
capitalist
concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers
unfair
expendable
low demand
A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions
collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
Professional and labor organizations
A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require
competition between workers
expendable
high
competition between employers
higher economic inequality
achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation
push
pull
achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation
higher economic inequality
necessity
achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation
achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation
redistributive
progressive tax
inequality
social spending
rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system
progressive tax
inequality
social spending
Gini index
variation in individuals' access to education
those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education
much lower wages
helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor
lower aggregate savings and investment
variation in individuals' access to education
increases in education
lower
lower incomes
variation in individuals' access to education
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
Standard & Poor
2014
widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
1910–1940
mass high school education
mass high school education
Lagerlof and Galor
decrease in wages
1910–1940
decrease in the price of skilled labor
to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
gender
Lagerlof and Galor
high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime
a lower level of economic mobility
little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes.
continental European liberalism
economic inequality
substantial levels of social exclusion
economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation
little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes.
a lower level of economic mobility
Scandinavia
high rates of unionization,
University of Washington
technological changes and globalization
University of Washington
University of Washington
University of Washington
high rates of unionization,
high rates of unionization,
reduced
increased wages
technological innovation
technological innovation and automation
Trade liberalization
reduced
Paul Krugman
minor
technological innovation and automation
53%
53%
travel or relocate
males
males
in favor of males in the labor market
women
Thomas Sowell
U.S. Census's
redistribution mechanisms
countries with low levels of development
it acquires more capital
redistribution mechanisms
Simon Kuznets
Simon Kuznets
it acquires more capital
As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income
move back to lower levels of inequality
High school
after the 1970s
may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
Kuznets
Kuznets curve
very weak
eventually decrease
may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
Wealth concentration
those who already hold wealth
larger fortunes generate higher returns
larger fortunes generate higher returns
Wealth concentration
those who already hold wealth
inequality
larger fortunes generate higher returns
larger fortunes generate higher returns
Joseph Stiglitz
Joseph Stiglitz
rare and desired skills
use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups
rent-seeking
inequality
inequality
life expectancy
inequality
life expectancy
Robert J. Shiller
Robert J. Shiller
High and persistent unemployment,
erodes self-esteem
Increasing inequality
Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Japan
equality
longer lives
poorer countries
middle income
77
Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82)
income inequality
Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
states in the US with larger income inequalities
UNICEF
Crime rate
homicides
over fifty
half
tenfold
economic inequality
distributive efficiency
luxury items
A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family
higher aggregate utility
consumption
Cato Institute
lower
Thomas B. Edsall
"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"
Raghuram Rajan
systematic economic inequalities
Raghuram Rajan
extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
duration of economic growth spells
High levels of inequality
declines
higher GDP growth
The poor and the middle class
increasing inequality
economic growth
subsequent long-run economic growth
it is a waste of resources
Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects
Joseph Stiglitz
limiting aggregate demand
Joseph Stiglitz
increasing importance of human capital in development
widespread education
1993
Galor and Zeira
channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
higher levels of redistributive taxation
politically and socially unstable
high levels of inequality
high levels of inequality
growth and investment
income inequality
no correlation
Kuznets curve hypothesis
increases
Thomas Piketty
Thomas Piketty
Thomas Piketty
1970s
reduced consumer demand
growth has risen with increased income inequality
it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth.
more equality in the income distribution
poverty reduction
existing level of inequality
poverty reduction
Secretary General of the United Nations
not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty
many poor and developing countries
associations and other arrangements
up to 14 years
up to 14 years
over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land
affordable housing
the number of quality rental units
the number of quality rental units
East New York,
ad valorem property tax policy
shared by everyone
worse equipped to manage their finances
aspirational consumption
taking on debt
even greater inequality and potential economic instability
more waste and pollution is created
increase of emissions per person
environmental degradation
drop to a sustainable level
vast disparities in wealth
vast disparities in wealth
wage or salary
the means of production should be socially owned
the means of production should be socially owned
Robert Nozick
taxation
Robert Nozick
forceful taking of property
when they improve society as a whole
capability deprivation
a means to an end rather than the end itself
agency
agency
the ability to pursue valued goals
earning as much income
An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man
gender roles and customs
for fear of their lives
political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security
BBC
1963
TARDIS
blue British police box
BBC
1963 to 1989
Russell T Davies
Torchwood
2005
Christopher Eccleston
Twelve
Peter Capaldi
The Time of the Doctor
Time Lords
takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality
Gallifrey
Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
Time and Relative Dimension in Space
chameleon circuit
a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
one or more
Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master
regenerate
humans
Time Lord
Saturday, 23 November 1963
The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
"bug-eyed monsters"
Terry Nation
25 minutes of transmission length
26
Jonathan Powell
Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
repeatedly affirmed that the series would return
BBC 1
an independent production company to relaunch the show
Philip Segal
Fox Network
9.1 million
United States
Rose
2005
2009
Chris Chibnall
nine
1963–1989
1963–1989
1963–1989
Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
Star Trek: The Next Generation
30 November 1963
eighty seconds
assassination of US President John F. Kennedy
assassination of US President John F. Kennedy
a series of power blackouts across the country
Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
Museum of the Moving Image
Behind the Sofa
scariest TV show of all time
Digital Spy
1972
3%
Monopoly
Monopoly
The Times newspaper
TARDIS
blue
a time machine
the Patent Office
2002
26
6 December 1989
12
The Master
Black Guardian Trilogy
13
60
Christmas Day
Journey's End
"Journey's End" from 2008 and "The Eleventh Hour" from 2010
25-minute
25-minute
25-minute
72 minutes
2009
William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
97
seasons 3, 4, & 5
wiping tapes and destroying "spare" film copies
Between about 1964 and 1973
bought prints for broadcast
8 mm
Mission to the Unknown
8 mm
home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
"Official" reconstructions
Cosgrove Hall
1968
Theta-Sigma
November 2006
regeneration
the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
William Hartnell's poor health
renewal
change of appearance
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
The Time of the Doctor
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
John Hurt
The Day of the Doctor
Michael Jayston
The Trial of a Time Lord
McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
the War Doctor
The Three Doctors
Peter Davison
The Space Museum
The Day of the Doctor
Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
Zagreus
The Four Doctors.
Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
2003
The Time of the Doctor
The Brain of Morbius
Mawdryn Undead
The Lodger
1983
An Unearthly Child
Susan Foreman
"The Empty Child"
his home planet had been destroyed
Smith and Jones
generally a human
The Deadly Assassin
Susan Foreman
Susan Foreman
Jo Grant
2005
Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
The Eleventh Doctor
Bill
Catherine Tate
Russell T Davies
series 1
Russell T Davies
series 3
Zygons
The Dalek race
Skaro
to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
Davros
eyestalk
The Master
The Master
Eric Roberts
Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
Roger Delgado
Derek Jacobi
Utopia
"Missy"
Missy
Michelle Gomez
Ron Grainer
BBC Radiophonic Workshop
tape loops of an individually struck piano string
end of season 17
Did I write that?
The Trial of a Time Lord
Dominic Glynn
Keff McCulloch
Murray Gold
The Christmas Invasion
Voyage of the Damned
Classic FM's Hall of Fame
2010
228
Gold
Jon Pertwee
Mankind
disco
Doctorin' the Tardis
Doctorin' the Tardis
Dudley Simpson
Planet of Giants
1960s and 1970s
Planet of Giants
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
Murray Gold and Ben Foster
Murray Gold and Ben Foster
Royal Albert Hall
Music of the Spheres
Murray Gold and Ben Foster
Six
the first two series
4 October 2010
A Christmas Carol
8 November 2010
50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor"
Twelfth Doctor
the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors
1973–80
Eleventh Doctor
the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy
BBC One channel
late 1970s
circa 1964–1965
BBC Three
1979
three to five million
Coronation Street
Coronation Street, the most popular show at the time
2005
The Five Doctors
Silver Nemesis
CITV in Edmonton, Canada
12 May 1996
The Five Doctors
Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
The Five Doctors
SyFy
weekly
ABC1
The Three Doctors
The Three Doctors
Space
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
Judith Merril
Christopher Eccleston
Billie Piper
The Christmas Invasion
9 October 2006
9 October 2006
United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
Eight
The Infinite Quest
Spearhead from Space
2009
Trevor Martin
Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
The Curse of the Daleks
Seven Keys to Doomsday
David Banks
Torchwood
22 October 2006
2008
Children of Earth
Torchwood: Miracle Day
Elisabeth Sladen
24 September 2007
David Tennant
2010
autumn 2011
Dimensions in Time
Children in Need
EastEnders
glasses with one darkened lens
the Pulfrich effect
Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
running down the same corridor several times when being chased
Rowan Atkinson
Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
executive producer
The Neutral Zone
"Blue Harvest" and "420"
Queer as Folk
Oliver on Coupling
EastEnders,
a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story
a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story
LP
1981
Slipback
the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
Destiny of the Doctor
Big Finish Productions
1999
2012
Virgin New Adventures
mid-sixties
1979
Panini
BBC Books
early 1960s
BBC Television
distaste
the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC
British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series
2005–2010
2011
Michelle Gomez
Michelle Gomez
Guinness World Records
Peabody Awards
imaginative stories, creative low-budget special effects, and pioneering use of electronic music
2013
50th anniversary special
Writers' Guild of Great Britain
"Auntie Awards"
British Film Institute
SFX
eight
Best Drama Series
five
25
2009
Mind Mental Health Media Awards
six
over 200
over 200
Matt Smith
The Waters of Mars
Spike Milligan
Jon Culshaw
Spike Milligan
Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000,
Jon Culshaw
private research university
1890
seven
seven
15,000
academic disciplines
physics
Stagg Field
University of Chicago Press
2020
William Rainey Harper
John D. Rockefeller
William Rainey Harper
1891
1892
Marshall Field
Silas B. Cobb
Cobb Lecture Hall
$100,000
Charles L. Hutchinson
several regional colleges and universities
1896
all four years
The program passed into history by 1910.
1910
Robert Maynard Hutchins
Common Core
academics over athletics
24-year tenure
1929
1950s
Hyde Park
after their second year
Hyde Park
very young students to attend college
1962
off-campus rental policies.
1967
freedom of inquiry
social and political action
mid-2000s
Milton Friedman Institute
$200 million
Chicago Theological Seminary
$300 million
the Main Quadrangles
six
Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic
Magdalen Tower
Christ Church Hall
1940s
Eero Saarinen
School of Social Service Administration
Eero Saarinen
2003
Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
the left bank of the Seine
fall 2010
Renmin University
2015
a board of trustees
50
fourteen
Andrew Alper
Robert Zimmer
The Higher Learning Commission
seven
seven
28
28
five
the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division
Common Core
17
Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago
Uni in the USA
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
University of Chicago campus
11th most
11th most
Regenstein Library
2011
John Crerar Library
12
12
Oriental Institute
Fermilab
Sunspot, New Mexico
Milton Friedman
Chicago Pile-1
Miller–Urey experiment
REM sleep
music composition
2000
1996
2002
Several thousand
15,244
15,244
15,244
15,244
19%
Division III
Division III
Big Ten
Jay Berwanger
Robert Maynard Hutchins
Recognized Student Organizations
Recognized Student Organizations
University of Chicago College Bowl Team
Doc Films
Off-Off Campus
graduate and undergraduate
an Executive Committee
elected together as a slate by the student body
greater than $2 million
fifteen
fifteen
Alpha Phi Omega
Alpha Phi Omega
ten
Every May
1987
Festival of the Arts
Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
Summer Breeze
Satya Nadella
Larry Ellison
Larry Ellison
Jon Corzine
James O. McKinsey
Saul Alinsky
David Axelrod
Robert Bork
Masaaki Shirakawa
Eliot Ness
Allan Bloom
"The Closing of the American Mind"
Before I Fall Lauren Oliver
Studs Terkel
Philip Roth
Philip Glass
Alex Seropian
dancer, choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology
Ed Asner
Mike Nichols
Carl Sagan
John M. Grunsfeld
astronomer
John B. Goodenough
Clair Cameron Patterson
Milton Friedman
George Stigler
Paul Samuelson
Eugene Fama
David Graeber and Donald Johanson
Samuel Reshevsky
Samuel P. Huntington
A. A. Michelson
Arthur H. Compton
Enrico Fermi
Edward Teller
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
James Henry Breasted
Alberto Calderón
Ted Fujita
Yuan T. Lee
Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
Raghuram Rajan
Nobel prize winning physicist
David Bevington
John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
Yuán Cháo
Mongolian Borjigin
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
1271
Mongol Empire
Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Genghis Khan
1271
Commentaries on the Classic of Changes
Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
Great Mongol State
Great Khan
Mongol and Turkic tribes
1206
gedei Khan
1251
Kublai
the Jin
Liu Heima
Liu Heima
10,000
Liu Heima
Shi Tianze
Jin dynasty
Jurchen
Shi Bingzhi
Song dynasty
Möngke Khan
southern China
1259
Ariq Böke
Zhongtong
Ogedei
south
Wonjong
Wonjong
1262
satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
Imperial Secretariat
Confucian imperial examinations
four
salt and iron
Khanbaliq
Khanbaliq
1264
Zhongdu
Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
Kublai Khan
Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace
Daidu
Daidu in the north
Marco Polo
Kong Duancao
1115
1234
Kong Duancao
30,000
northern China
1268 and 1273
Yangzi River basin
Hangzhou
drowned
1279
typhoon
Battle of Bch ng
Battle of Bch ng
1288
1253
Zhenjin
1285
Emperor Chengzong
1294 to 1307
Buyantu Khan
mainstream Chinese culture
Li Meng
Department of State Affairs
1313
Gegeen Khan
1321 to 1323
Baiju
"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
five princes
Khanbaliq
War of the Two Capitals
four days
El Temür
Khanbaliq
Tugh Temür
Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
Jingshi Dadian
Buddhism
Toghun Temür
Emperor Ningzong
13
Toghun Temür
Liao, Jin, and Song
Yuan
too Chinese
they were separated from both the army and the populace
Outlaws
administration
late 1340s onwards
the Red Turban Rebellion
betrayal
crush the Red Turban rebels
1368–1644
political unity of China and much of central Asia
Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
Ilkhanate
carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
Western musical instruments
Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
Taoism
Confucian
travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
Marco Polo
Cambaluc
the Travels of Marco Polo
Il milione
Persian traders
Guo Shoujing
Gregorian calendar
granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
Beijing
sorghum
Yuan
Eternal Heaven
Song dynasty and the Ming
Song dynasty and the Ming
foreign domination
Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices,
Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices
Privy Council
Sui and Tang dynasties
Mongols and Semuren
the Ministry of War
1269
Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
Emperors
Tugh Temur
Emperor Wenzong
1290
1291
Yuan
painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy
the Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty
qu
poetry
the Yuan dynasty
Tibetan variants
Tibetan Buddhism
Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
Sakya
1249
1314
modern matrices
polynomial algebra
1303
calendars
cubic interpolation
Shoushi Li
Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
Shoushi Li
otachi
herbal remedies
herbal
Imperial Academy of Medicine
it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
different theoretical approaches
Jin dynasty
Mongols
acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs
1347
huihui or Muslim medicine
Jesus the Interpreter
Jesus the Interpreter
yin-yang and wuxing
yin-yang and wuxing
Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
Wang Zhen
12th century
Töregene Khatun
1273
chao
bark of mulberry trees
1275
bronze plates
1294
Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic
autocratic-bureaucratic system
Central Asia and the western end of the empire
colonial
Ilkhanate
Han Chinese and Khitans
Han Chinese and Khitans
Samarqand
artisans and farmers
Qara-Khitay (Khitan
circumcision
Halal slaughter
Lan Yu
thanks
the Yuan dynasty
Frederick W. Mote
degrees of privilege
Frederick W. Mote
lived in poverty and were ill treated
Southern Chinese
Southern Chinese
Southern Chinese
higher they were placed
favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
the Mongols
Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
the Mongols
peacefully without violently resisting
The Central Region
the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq
the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq
Beijing
Zhongshu Sheng
East African Community
East African Community
Nairobi
Ethiopia
45 million
Indian Ocean coastline
snow
Mount Kenya
Somalia and Ethiopia
expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
Lower Paleolithic period
first millennium AD
97%
19th century
December 1963
Mount Kenya
Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
God's resting place
Kamba
a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation
Joseph Thompsons
Mt. Kenia, 1862
Masai Mara
lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
Masai Mara
between June and September
2,900 kilometres
20 million years ago
Pleistocene epoch
1.6-million-year-old
1
Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
The Swahili
The Swahili
Duarte Barbosa
the Kenyan Coast
Malindi
Mombasa
August 1914
German East Africa
Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
undefeated
Northern Rhodesia
over a million
itinerant farmers
the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour
80,000
capture of Warhi Itote
Mau Mau command structure
24 April 1954
4,686 Mau Mau
Swynnerton
1957
Jomo Kenyatta
12 December 1963
12 December 1963
Republic of Kenya
secret ballot
constitutional reform
Daniel arap Moi
democratic republic
head of state and head of government
the government
National Assembly and the Senate
The Judiciary
Corruption Perception Index
a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
139th
Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
Orange Democratic Movement
Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
after votes from his stronghold arrived later
8%
avoid similar disasters in the future
the Evangelical Lutheran Church
the Evangelical Lutheran Church
the Evangelical Lutheran Church
28 February 2008
Kenya's second Prime Minister
PNU and ODM
Parliament
until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
an elected MP
Jakaya Kikwete
Harambee House
29 February 2008
the two political parties would share power equally
eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
4 August 2010
delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights
27 August 2010
Second Republic
December 2014
armed groups
nine
democratic freedoms
United States, Britain, Germany and France
h
Barack Obama
Xi Jinping
July 2015
peacekeeping missions around the world
in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country
serious allegations of human rights violations
Kenya’s armed forces
“state security”
Armoured Personnel Carriers
the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
145 out of 186 in the world
145
less than $1.25 a day
frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
62%
22%
16%
22%
61%
tourism
late 1980s
coastal beaches and the game reserves
Germany and the United Kingdom
24%
tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
Agriculture
sharp weather-related fluctuations
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
650 mm
by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
linking producers to wholesalers
buy assets
fertile highlands
Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
semi-arid savanna to the north and east
53%
Kenyans for Kenya
14%
14%
Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
African Growth and Opportunity Act
2000
Turkwel Gorge Dam
Turkwel Gorge Dam
Kenya Electricity Generating Company
Turkana
10 billion barrels.
Exploration
20% to 25%
$474 million
foreign direct investment
Uganda
Base resources of Australia
environmental and social problems
Vision 2030
2030
National Climate Change Action Plan
an oversight
in the coming months
agriculture
30%
9–18.
poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
within their own communities
Swahili
commerce, schooling and government
British English is primarily used in the country
47.7%
47.7%
3 million
Nairobi
2.4%
Sixty percent
Christian
around 300,000
80%
clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
65,000
65,000
Half
Half
weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
15 million
British colonists.
12 December 1963
Ominde Commission
identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time
7–4–2–3
education system
8–4–4 system
8–4–4 system
1992
January 1985
vocational
to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
January 2003
primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.
eight
eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry
four years
85%
three to five
Standard One (First Grade)
secondary school or vocational training
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
Kenya National Library Service
establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
a peoples university
it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
middle-distance and long-distance athletics
Kenyan athletes
Kenyan athletes
six gold
Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics
IAAF Golden League jackpot
represent other countries
economic or financial factors
Africa
Cricket
2003
Rakep Patel
March 2007
Safari Rally
one of the toughest rallies in the world
Colin McRae
three
10 o'clock
bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
Ugali
United Nations
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Resolution 43/53
Hoesung Lee
Hoesung Lee
Ismail El Gizouli
Bert Bolin
February 2015
governments and organizations
350
350 government officials and climate change experts
322
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
United Nations Environment Programme
Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
United Nations Environment Programme
The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
published sources
non-peer-reviewed sources
model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
two
two
two
The coordinating lead authors
the Working Group chairs
WG I Summary for Policymakers
additional warming of the Earth's surface
CO2
0.3 °C
0.3 to 0.6 °C
2001
16
Australian Academy of Science
between 1.4 and 5.8 °C
between 1.4 and 5.8 °C
Richard Lindzen
the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
John Houghton
TAR WGI
scientific evidence
IPCC Assessment Reports
Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
governments
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
default emission factors
fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council
the date
"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
WWF report
"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
Robert Watson
overstating the impact
co-chair of the IPCC working group II
Himalayan glaciers
"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
the "hockey stick graph"
Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
temperatures between 1000 and 1900
Fred Singer
Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
18 July 2000
United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
Rep. Joe Barton
Ed Whitfield
23 June 2005
Sherwood Boehlert
Sherwood Boehlert
Mann, Bradley & Hughes
Mann, Bradley & Hughes
Ten
divergence problem
Ten
1 February 2007
temperatures and sea levels
six years
six years
sea levels
9–88 cm
50–140 cm
2001
smaller assessments of special problems
Science Magazine
smaller assessments of special problems
Montreal Protocol
Climate Change
a broad science consensus
Sheldon Ungar
varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts
Stern Review
scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies
significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies,
five
five
Wikipedia-IPCC
employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight
photosynthesis
ATP and NADPH
ATP and NADPH
Calvin cycle
1
Chloroplasts
light color and intensity
their own DNA
a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
during cell division
plants and algae
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Cyanobacteria
prokaryotes
two cell membranes
peptidoglycan
blue-green algae
phagocytic vacuole
billion years ago
The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts
The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts
the nucleus of the host
chloroplast
three
three
three
green chloroplast lineage
glaucophyte
alga
glaucophyte chloroplasts
an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in.
an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in.
phycoerytherin
phycobilin pigments
phycoerytherin
help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water
granules
phycobilisomes
accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
peptidoglycan wall
peptidoglycan
glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts
primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes
secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two
failed to digest it
the two cyanobacterial membranes, sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane
cell membrane and nucleus
green alga
Euglenophytes
pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three
Starch
three
cryptomonads
red-algal derived chloroplast
nucleomorph
in the periplastid space
pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two
helicosproidia
chromalveolates
Plasmodium, the malaria parasite
vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
iron-sulfur clusters
apicomplexan-related diseases
isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
true thylakoids
four
Peridinin
peridinin-type chloroplast
triplet-stacked
the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
four
six membraned chloroplast
cryptophyte
stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
Dinophysis
two-membraned chloroplast
heterokontophyte
diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
up to five
the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus
green algal derived chloroplast
green algal derived chloroplast
green algal derived chloroplast
green algal derived chloroplast
first set of endosymbiotic events
acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
about a million base pairs
about a million base pairs
about a million base pairs
ctDNA, or cpDNA
the plastome
1962
1986
two Japanese research teams
inverted repeat regions
direct repeats
help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
electron
two
theta intermediary form
Cairns replication intermediate
a rolling circle mechanism
A  G
single stranded
linear
homologous recombination
branched, linear, or other complex structures
bacteriophage T4
homologous recombination and replication
D-loop
via a D loop mechanism
Endosymbiotic gene transfer
evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence
red algal derived chloroplast
green algal genes
pseudogenes
around half
cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
you have to cross the cell membrane
a phosphate group
a ribosome in the cytosol
helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
folding prematurely
lens-shaped
5–8 m
5–8 m
a single chloroplast
a single chloroplast
double membrane
the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.
mitochondrial double membrane
to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation
to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
internal thylakoid system
inner chloroplast membrane
rare
stromule, or stroma-containing tubule
to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
1962
C4 plants
gymnosperms
a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles
increase the chloroplast's surface area
shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space
to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
two-thirds
17 nm vs 25 nm
motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
prokaryotes
plastoglobule(s)
45–60 nanometers
45–60 nanometers
45–60 nanometers across
lipid monolayer
a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network
attached directly to their parent thylakoid
stressed chloroplasts
chloroplasts
starch accumulation
starch accumulation
starch accumulation
divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"
helical thylakoid model
helical thylakoid
10–20
10–20
helicoid stromal thylakoids
light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
energize electrons
to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
dam turbine
stromal
in grana
in contact with the stroma
300–600 nanometers
pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
thirty
dissipate excess energy
green
-carotene
zeaxanthin
e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria
Phycobilins
phycoerytherin
40 nanometers
40 nanometers
rubisco
it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
Calvin cycle
ATP energy being wasted
light reactions
rubisco
grana and thylakoids
in a four-carbon compound
carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
chlorophyll
chlorophyll
parenchyma cells
collenchyma tissue
chlorenchyma
stems
leaves
8–15 per cell
half a million
mesophyll layers
low-light conditions
intense light
photooxidative damage
many small chloroplasts
Mitochondria
hypersensitive
programmed cell death
pathogen's presence
by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
reactive oxygen species
reactive oxygen species
stress in a cell
unknown second messenger molecule
signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
sugars
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
ATP energy
thylakoid space
up to a thousand times
adenosine diphosphate
adenosine triphosphate
NADP+
cyclic photophosphorylation
C4 plants
NADPH
Rubisco
unstable six-carbon molecules
3-phosphoglyceric acid
one out of every six
glucose monomers
high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
thylakoids
Waterlogged roots
another photosynthesis-depressing factor
O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP
when the oxygen concentration is too high
it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
distinct chloroplast dimorphism
Chloroplasts
methionine
it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
in the cytosol
Chloroplasts
fertilized egg
apical meristems
starch-storing amyloplasts
etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
lacks chlorophyll
a lattice of tubes in their stroma
yellow chlorophyll precursor
Gymnosperms
chromoplasts
bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
chromoplasts
chromoplasts
If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state,
filaments
Z-ring
Z-ring
a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma
Min system
plastid-dividing rings
two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings
5 nanometers across
5 nanometers
a third plastid-dividing ring
Light
constriction stages
dumbbell-shaped
poor quality green light
pollen
significantly lower environmental risks
3 in 1,000,000
transplastomic plants
a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself
composite number
fundamental theorem of arithmetic
fundamental theorem of arithmetic
one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
primality
trial division
Miller–Rabin primality test
AKS primality test
22,338,618 decimal digits
infinitely many
infinitely many
the distribution of primes,
prime number theorem
end of the 19th century
Goldbach's conjecture
Goldbach's conjecture
analytic or algebraic
public-key cryptography
prime elements and prime ideals
2
1, 2, and n
odd prime
1, 3, 7, or 9
0 or 5
Greeks
Christian Goldbach
Christian Goldbach
10,006,721
a "unit"
Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
the sieve of Eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime
relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function
eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1
Rhind papyrus
Ancient Greeks
Euclid's Elements
Euclid
primes
Pierre de Fermat
Leibniz and Euler
all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime
2p  1
n = 4 (or 216 + 1)
trial division
a complete list of primes up to is known
dividing n by each integer m
only three divisions are necessary
dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n
two main classes
probabilistic
probabilistic
probabilistic
1/(1-p)n
npn (mod p) for any n
npn (mod p) for any n
there are some composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity
Baillie-PSW
Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests
Sophie Germain primes
2p  1
Lucas–Lehmer test
primorial primes
Sophie Germain primes
distributed computing
2009
US$100,000
$150,000 and $250,000
[256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1)  1]
the floor function
Chebyshev
any natural number n > 3
there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2
Wilson's theorem
when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one
Dirichlet's theorem
1/6
one prime number
infinitely many prime numbers
zeta function
if there were only finitely many primes then (1) would have a finite value
diverges
exceeds any given number
algebraic number theory
1859
all zeroes of the -function
random noise
the asymptotic distribution of primes
the asymptotic distribution of primes
Goldbach's conjecture
all four of Landau's problems from 1912
n = 2  1017
Vinogradov's theorem
Chen's theorem
twin prime conjecture
there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2
Polignac's conjecture
n2 + 1
Brocard's conjecture
prime numbers
G. H. Hardy
1970s
hash tables
hash tables and pseudorandom number generators
a recurring decimal
Fermat's little theorem
base q
composite
p is not a prime factor of q
1024-bit primes
Diffie–Hellman key exchange
1024-bit primes
modular exponentiation
1024-bit primes
Magicicada
grubs underground
7, 13 or 17 years
prime number intervals between emergences
2%
minimality or indecomposability
the prime field
a connected sum of prime knots
any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
knot sum of two nontrivial knots
commutative ring R
Prime numbers
irreducible elements
given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y.
cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Z[i]
the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi
arbitrary integers
4k + 1
ring theory
Prime ideals
Prime ideals,
Lasker–Noether
Lasker–Noether
Prime ideals
ramification in geometry
prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
norm gets smaller
transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields
||p
local-global
Olivier Messiaen
41, 43, 47 and 53
41, 43, 47 and 53
the third étude
the movements of nature
North Sea
North Sea
1,050,000
Danube
1,230 km (760 mi)
Europe
the North Sea in the Netherlands
2,900 m3/s
Rnos
Rhin
Rnaz
1st century BC
Rnos
Rhin
Roman-era geography
Rnaz
Rhijn
Rhine-kilometers
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
number of canalisation projects
Rhine-kilometers"
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
number of canalisation projects
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
north
descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley
Liechtenstein
Chur
descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
Liechtenstein
mouth of the Rhine
the Alter Rhein
a modern canalized section
Isel
Donkey
mouth of the Rhine
a modern canalized section
the Alter Rhein
two arms
Isel
constant flooding and strong sedimentation
Fußach
constant flooding and strong sedimentation
The Dornbirner Ach
silt up
Fußach
constant flooding and strong sedimentation
constant flooding and strong sedimentation
The Dornbirner Ach
silt up
three
lower lake
Lake Rhine
Swiss-Austrian border
upper lake
three
Germany, Switzerland and Austria
near the Alps
47.650°N 9.317°E
Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
greater density of cold water
Lake Überlingen
Rheinbrech
Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible
Lindau
Rheinbrech
Lindau
Lake Überlingen
Rhine Gutter
water level
westward
Aare
1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
Finsteraarhorn
Basel
westward
Aare
more than a fifth
Finsteraarhorn
German
Basel
Rhine knee
Central Bridge
300 km
about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide
Basel
Rhine knee
North
High Rhine
Central Bridge
19th Century
rate of flow
the ground water level fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
compensation pools
a Rhine straightening program
19th Century
rate of flow
the ground water level fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
The Rhine is the longest river in Germany
more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
The Rhine
the Moselle
2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
The Rhine is the longest river in Germany
The Rhine is the longest river in Germany
the Moselle
Northeastern
2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
erosion
the Romantic Rhine
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
The gorge
the Romantic Rhine
Lower Rhine
Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
The Ruhr
drinking water
along the Rhine up into Switzerland
water pollution
Lower Rhine
along the Rhine up into Switzerland
Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
The Ruhr
viniculture and tourism
The Rhine Gorge
Lorelei
Middle Rhine Valley
viniculture and tourism
The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Rhine Gorge
Lorelei
Sankt Goarshausen
Duisburg
Wesel-Datteln Canal
Lippe
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
Emmerich and Cleves
The Lower Rhine
Rhine-Ruhr
Duisport
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
Emmerich and Cleves
the Meuse
the Dutch name Rijn
Two thirds
farther west
Two thirds
the Meuse
The Oude Maas
Pannerdens Kanaal
IJssel and Nederrijn
the Lek
Noord River
Pannerdens Kanaal
IJssel and Nederrijn
two ninths
the Lek
Wijk bij Duurstede
The name Rijn
these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders.
the old north branch of the Rhine is called Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine")
Bent Rhine
Old Rhine
Dutch-German border
Dutch-German border
Rhine Delta
Nederrijn at Angeren
three
the IJssel
Old Meuse
the Rip
Merwede-Oude Maas
1421
Merwede-Oude Maas
1421 to 1904
archipelago-like estuary
Many rivers have been closed
Delta Works
dammed
Delta Works
a tidal delta
tidal currents
strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea.
Brakel and Zaltbommel
Tethys sea
Jurassic Period
Mediterranean geography
Mesozoic Era
microplates
N–S rift system
Upper Rhine Graben
Miocene
the Rhone and Danube
stream capture
Pliocene period
Vosges Mountains
Ice Ages
120 m (390 ft)
120 m (390 ft)
northwest
Brest
74,000
11,600 BP
70,000 BP
120 m (390 ft)
lower Rhine
a glacier
tundra
22,000–14,000 yr BP
ice-sheets
wind-blown dust
22,000 years
22,000 years
Rhine
13,000 BP
9000 BP
7500 yr ago
natural sedimentation
last 7000 years
ongoing tectonic subsidence
39 inches
11,700 years ago
8,000 years ago
Late-Glacial valley
Netherlands
3000 yr BP
increased flooding and sedimentation
increasing land clearance
11–13th
80
North Sea
Meuse estuary
IJsselmeer
a freshwater lake
three
Herodotus
Gaul and Germania
6th century BC
Maurus Servius Honoratus
Augustus
the Rhine and upper Danube
until the empire fell
eastwards
Moguntiacum
eight
Germania Inferior
oppidum Ubiorum
threat of war
town of the Ubii
Burgundy
Burgundy
dragons rock
Nibelungenlied
Hagen
6th century
10th century
Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine
Archduke Sigismund of Austria
Archduke Sigismund of Austria
Peace of Westphalia
Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine
Louis XIV
1806
1840
end of World War I
1935
1935
Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1936
Arnhem
formidable natural obstacle
September 1944
Ludendorff Bridge
Seven Days to the River Rhine
1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
Knaurs Lexikon
typographical error
1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
2010
1997
Scotland Act 1998
the areas in which it can make laws
Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster
Parliament of Great Britain
Parliament of Great Britain
outbreak of the First World War.
Kilbrandon Commission
directly elected Scottish Assembly
Scottish National Party
Scottish National Party
1974
revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
1978
1 March 1979
1 March 1979
32.9%
failed
32.9%
Conservative
Conservative Party
1989 Scottish Constitutional Convention
the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.
Scottish Parliament Building
Enric Miralles
Enric Miralles
a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland
Queen Elizabeth II
to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly
the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
School of Divinity
Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber
Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
City of Edinburgh Council
Lothian Regional Council
demolished
Midlothian County Buildings
Midlothian County Buildings
at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker
Tricia Marwick
secret ballot
129
vote clerk
the Presiding Officer
Parliamentary Bureau
the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats
at home and abroad
hemicycle
to encourage consensus amongst elected members
131
2
cannot vote
silver
silver
a glass case
Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
in a glass case suspended from the lid
Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays
Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm
public
free
the Official Report
Wednesdays
up to four minutes
the Presiding Officer
religious beliefs
Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers
The Presiding Officer
The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
different viewpoints and political parties
ministers or party leaders
Scots, Gaelic
5 pm
division bell,
alerts MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote
electronic consoles on their desks
the outcome of each division is known in seconds
The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand
The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand
whips
moral
deselected as official party candidates during future elections
45
an MSP who is not a Scottish minister
45 minutes
other members
winds up
committee
backbenchers
there is no revising chamber
take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation.
at other locations throughout Scotland
MSPs
Committees
There are different committees
Mandatory Committees
Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated Powers and Law Reform.
at the beginning of each parliamentary session
departments (or ministries)
Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
an outside party or promoter
large-scale development projects
not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.
Private Bill Committees
The Scotland Act 1998
Parliament of the United Kingdom
extends the devolved competencies
Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act
Scottish Parliament
automatically
3 pence in the pound
borrowing powers
Reserved matters
Westminster
Westminster
UK Government ministers
a committee of the Parliament
a committee of the Parliament
private member
an outside proposer
in a number of stages
Minister or member in charge
Minister or member in charge
whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
the relevant committee or committees
Stage 2
Stage 3
consideration of amendments to the bill
Stage 3
wrecking
Decision Time
Monarch
Monarch
4-week
4-week
"The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent on [Date]".
The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament
Any member
First Minister
MSPs
the Sovereign
every four years
every four years
Monarch
they supplant it.
two-thirds
Several procedures
The First Minister or members of the cabinet
Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year
the substance of the statement
Parliamentary time
11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m.
any member of the Scottish Government
issues under their jurisdiction
four
129
Orkney and Shetland
the member with most votes
island archipelagos
55,000
The total number of seats in the Parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot
d'Hondt method
The party with the highest quotient
constituency seats
It is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.
a number of qualifications
House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981
18
Members of the police and the armed forces
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
16 seats from Labour
151 votes
eight
hold a referendum on Scottish independence
Conservatives
Edinburgh Pentlands
five seats
Annabel Goldie
congratulated the SNP on their victory
English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish
English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
West Lothian question
Standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.
England
Islamism
an Islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.
the reordering of government and society
"oscillating between two poles
revolution or invasion
Moderate and reformist Islamists
Hezbollah
Israel
reject democracy
religious
Graham E. Fuller
Sunni pan-Islamism
sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
democracy
Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy
apolitical
Islam
apolitical
illiberal Islamic regimes
religion from politics
Muslims
quietist/non-political
quietist/non-political
between 1945 and 1970
non-political Islam
enemies
Islamists and Islamist groups
considerable impact
non-Afghan veterans
leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
considerable impact
Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat
1975
assassinated
Saudi-based Wahhabism
hate
democracy
democracy
Saudi
Islamist
incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments
Islamist
limited to rhetoric
prohibitively costly dowry demands
law and philosophy
All India Muslim League
Indian National Congress
1908
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
Hindu-majority
Hindu-majority
nationalist differences
Allahabad
Pakistan movement
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
Jamaat-e-Islami party
writing
a modern context
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
writing
a modern context
Sharia
an Islamic state
unity of God
the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process
the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process
1928
1928
Hassan al Banna
the Qur'an
Shariah law
Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
banned
Gamal Abdul Nasser
Muslim Brotherhood
75% of the total seats
"semi-legal"
"semi-legal"
Mohamed Morsi
Israeli troops
Israeli troops
secular Arab nationalism
secular, socialist and nationalist politics
Maududi and Sayyid Qutb
Sunni Islamic
Ali Shariati
Sunni Islamic
Sharia law
Sharia law
Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah)
Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah)
Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah)
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
an allied Marxist regime
an allied Marxist regime
to go themselves to fight for their faith
marginal
16,000 to 35,000
several hundred thousand
Saddam Hussein
Islamist
US and allied non-Muslim military personnel
a puppet of the west
American
Saudi Arabia
American troops remained stationed in the kingdom
Osama bin Laden's terror attacks
Osama bin Laden
radical
1966
the Brotherhood
Fringe or splinter movements
1970s
Anwar Sadat
1981
apostate
introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
2003
unsuccessful
attempted assassinations of political figures
quiescent
HAMAS
Hamas charter
cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class
Muslim Brotherhood
Hamas
140
January 2006
140
driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
Islamist
Hassan al-Turabi
Gaafar al-Nimeiry
foreign Islamist banking systems
students
al-Nimeiry
the military
sharia law
Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden
FLN
1989
Algeria
Front Islamique de Salut
a military coup d'état
justice and prosperity
the Soviet Union
1992
one of the poorest countries on earth
80%
thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement
Pakistan
Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
Sharia
Osama bin Laden
July 1977
alcohol and nightclubs
Islamism
legitimize his means of seizing power
1988
Daesh
Daesh
ten million
international recognition
caliphate
2004
al-Qaeda
notorious intransigence
March 2011
terrorist organisation
different view
7th century
1924
"the disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers"
the true Islamic system
armed jihad
ideological struggle
armed jihad
Egypt
terrorist groups
900,000
strong Islamist
Channel 4
Londonistan
incitement to terrorism
2001
public diplomacy
Christian Whiton
Robert Gates
Robert Gates
Latin
use of military force
Japan
rapid spread of technologies and ideas
Imperialism
"Formal imperialism"
othering
less direct
"formal" and "informal" imperialism
physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule"
general-purpose aggressiveness
land officials
informal
amount of land
world systems theory
Lenin
economic and cultural
Asia and Africa
colonialism
lacks a political focus
Robert Young
Russian or Ottoman
one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people
Imperialism and colonialism
process of a country taking physical control of another
conquering the other state's lands
the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered
the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.
the defense and justification of empire-building
the defense and justification of empire-building
races of highest'social efficiency'
"Social Darwinism" and a theory of races
whiteness
Halford Mackinder
Halford Mackinder
Halford Mackinder
Royal Geographical Society of London
Royal Geographical Society of London
uncivilized
Ellen Churchill Semple
Orientalism
uncivilized
Europe
Terra nullius
eighteenth century
British Empire
Australia
empty land
imaginative geography
irrational and backward
inferior
Orientalism
irrational and backward
nineteenth-century
to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
unknown or unexplored territory
cartographic techniques
French and British
Aztec Empire
Genghis Khan
in the dozens
Ethiopian Empire
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cultural imperialism
soft power
smuggled South Korean drama series
Roman
internet and unauthorised satellite dishes
around 1700
colonizing
the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world
activities of European powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century
Open Door Policy
1919
1999
John Gallagher
the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected
the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected
economic growth
the mid-18th century
collecting resources from colonies
the political weakness of the Mughal state
communication
explosives
machine gun
arrows, swords, and leather shields
explosives
British
late 1870s
a policy of idealism and philanthropy
need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment
aristocracy
1950s
World War I
domestic social reforms
taxation
environmental determinism
the environment in which they lived
less civilized
Africa
orientalism and tropicality
geographic scholars
Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate
European empire
orientalism
colonizing empires
the sixteenth century
1599
1599
1767
Portuguese
1830
1850
Catholicism
North and West Africa
Germany
inferior
assimilation
France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.
Christianity and French culture
Algeria
Charles de Gaulle and the Free French
anti-colonial movements
Vietnam
Algeria
1960
Germanic tribes
Muslim Iberia
middle period of classical antiquity
800 CE
an amorphous area of central Europe
late 19th century
1862
Franco-German War
Napoleon
Europe
Africa and the South Pacific
reasons of German prestige
1884
German New Guinea
Hamburg merchants and traders
Sakhalin Island
1894
Thailand
1931
China
1932
Lenin
Eastern Europe
Lenin
a world revolution
Lenin
Mao Zedong
Nikita Khrushchev
socialism in one country
mercantilism
1776
free trade
1820
1815
The British Empire
Social Darwinism and theories of race
The British spirit of imperialism
Asia and the Middle East
Monroe Doctrine
interventionism
a war
Anti-Imperialist League
"racket"
Isiah Bowman
1917
Paris Peace Conference
to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'
Wilson's geographer
imperialism
"internal colonialism"
12 to 15 million
Orient
1299 to 1923
Suleiman the Magnificent
32 provinces
Southeast Europe
16th and 17th centuries
Istanbul
Germany
World War I
Germany
The United Methodist Church
a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
John and Charles Wesley
the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
Wesleyan
80 million
80 million
largest mainline Protestant denomination
3.6%
mid-18th century
Church of England
being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study
1735
Georgia
John and Charles Wesley
salvation by God's grace
the American Revolution
1784
Thomas Coke
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
1767
a sail loft on Dock Street
1784
Absalom Jones
St. George's Church
1784
1830
the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
1844
tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
April 23, 1968
Dallas, Texas
Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
catholic
Chalcedonian Creed
Church invisible
American Revolution
Dr. Thomas Coke
Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
1968
Jacob Albright
Albert C. Outler
Albert C. Outler
Prevenient grace
Prevenient grace
grace that "goes before" us
Prevenient grace
Justifying Grace
justifying grace
conversion
conversion
New Birth
Christian Perfection
Sanctifying Grace
a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
Christian Perfection
evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed
prima scriptura
moderate and tolerant
The Book of Discipline
2008
the denomination is pro-choice
Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
United Methodist Women
all women
the mother
Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality
May 2012
Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
temperance movement
2011 and 2012
The Use of Money
unfermented grape juice
capital punishment
John 8:7.
the lex talionis
bishops
celebration of same-sex unions
Rev. Jimmy Creech
blessings
Connectional Table
many organizations, conferences, and congregations
resolutions
1987
2005
The Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
The United Methodist Church
military action
all war
Christ's message and teachings
national foreign policy
general and complete disarmament
"deplore[s] all forms of commercialization, abuse, and exploitation of sex."
violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
girls and women
embryos created for IVF
stem cells
embryos created for IVF
Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
Sunday Service
The United Methodist Church in Africa
Anglican tradition's Book of Common Prayer
laying on of hands and anointing with oil
biblical figure
William Booth
African missionary David Livingstone
The United Methodist Church
General Conference
The Book of Discipline
General Conference
every four years
five
seven
bishops
bishops
Episcopal Areas
Mission Council
church bishops
36
George W. Bush Presidential Library
36
General Conference
The Judicial Council
eight-year term
twice a year
various locations throughout the world
The Annual Conference
geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
Clergy
The Book of Discipline
a board of trustees
a board of trustees
The church conference
The church conference
around one hundred
three hundred sixty
International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
John Wesley
pastors
Annual Conference Order of Elders
Annual Conference Order of Deacons
Annual Conference Cabinet
one year at a time
the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
a bishop
the local church
2–3 years
District Superintendents
2–3 years
a bishop
a bishop
sacramental authority
1996
seminary graduate
1996
Licensed Local Pastor
licensed local pastor
five
Associate Membership
Baptized Members
profession of faith
through transfer from another Christian denomination
a sacrament
confirmation and membership preparation classes
The Book of Discipline
the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
lay servants
basic course for lay servant
annually
every three years
The United Methodist Church
National Association of Evangelicals
blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union
May 2012
African Methodist Episcopal Zion
11 million
11 million
8 million
8 million
Texas
11.4 million
7.9 million
7.9 million
Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
World Methodist Council
July 18, 2006
1754–1763
The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France
60,000 European settlers
2 million
primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
Forks of the Ohio
Battle of Jumonville Glen
1755
Battle of the Monongahela
poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
Fort Beauséjour
expulsion of the Acadians
France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France.
France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
France concentrated its forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.
the British were later defeated at Sainte Foy in Quebec
Great Britain
Spain
Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America
1740s
Seven Years' War
France and Great Britain
the Great War for the Empire
1763
the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years
1760
these dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years,
about 75,000
about 75,000
Indian women
British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1
from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
interior
native tribes
Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
Ohio Country
authority to make agreements
Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region
Anglo-Cherokee War
North America
few British troops
Most British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods,
The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.
200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
informed them of the French claims on the territory
that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
Pickawillany
if he continued to trade with the British
ignored the warning.
the English
that action be taken
British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
1749
1749
Christopher Gist
1752
at the mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
King George's War
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission
Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides
Marquis de la Jonquière
French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
Old Briton
Paul Marin de la Malgue
Erie, Pennsylvania
Waterford, Pennsylvania
to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
Tanaghrisson
British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
"He who does great things."
colonel of the Iroquois
Mohawk Chief Hendrick
the Ohio Company
the Virginia Regiment
Tanaghrisson
December 12
Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
Ohio Country
As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
the British
April 5, 1754
William Trent
purchased their construction tools
Jumonville Glen
Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
they had long trading relationships
to dislodge the French
Word of the British military plans leaked to France
King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
February 1755
Albany Congress
allegiance of the various tribes and nations
The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
prototype for confederation during the War of Independence
Braddock
disaster
Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.
Thomas Gage
Shirley and Johnson.
Oswego
Fort Niagara
Oneida Carry
Marquis de Vaudreuil.
Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
both sides withdrawing from the field
Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
Fort Carillon
Colonel Monckton
Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.
1757
William Shirley
Albany
Fort Frontenac
Quebec
James Abercrombie
Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
May 18, 1756
the Oneida Carry
Battle of Fort Bull
45,000 pounds
the Oswego garrison
Loudoun
Ticonderoga
Oswego
disposition of prisoners' personal effects
attack on New France's capital, Quebec
Montcalm
William Pitt
a massacre
French irregular forces
Lake George
several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
poor harvest
argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years.
British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
Loudoun
large numbers of regular troops
Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
3,600
3,600
Fort Frontenac
Jeffery Amherst,
to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France
the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec
Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
Battle of Sainte-Foy
the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche
Governor Vaudreuil
freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes.
General Amherst.
10 February 1763
15 February 1763
Guadeloupe and Martinique
sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
80,000
The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755
The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces
New Orleans
Royal Proclamation of 1763
division and administration of the newly conquered territory
reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population,
Most went to Cuba, including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico.
Braddock and Forbes
Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769
Choctaw and the Creek
disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession
Aristotle and Archimedes
fundamental error
Sir Isaac Newton
nearly three hundred years
Einstein
Standard Model
gauge bosons
strong
strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational
electroweak interaction
Aristotle
cosmology
four
in their natural place on the ground
innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place"
Aristotelian
Galileo Galilei
innate force of impetus
Aristotelian
friction
Newton
lack of net force
Newton
Newton's First Law of Motion
the laws of physics
laws of physics
curving parabolic path
at rest
Inertia
inertia
rotational inertia
Albert Einstein
Newton's Laws of Motion
principle of equivalence
Newton's Second Law
kinematic
General relativity
General relativity
fixed
Third Law
Third Law
interactions
opposite
action-reaction force
internal forces
action-reaction force
intuitive
standard measurement scale
Newtonian mechanics
experimentation
vector quantities
denoted scalar quantities
vectors
ambiguous
vectors
static equilibrium
magnitude and direction
net force
lines of application
parallelogram rule
independent components
A horizontal force pointing northeast
the original force
scalar addition
Orthogonal force vectors
static friction
static friction
a frictional surface
a frictional surface
static equilibrium between two forces
spring reaction force
vertical spring scale
vertical spring scale
Isaac Newton
Aristotelian physics
simple velocity addition
Aristotelian physics
behind the foot of the mast
behind the foot of the mast
constant velocity
kinetic friction
kinetic friction
Aristotle
Schrödinger equation
Schrödinger equation
classical position variables
quantized
force
spin
discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable
spin
antisymmetric
antisymmetric
forces and the acceleration of particles
force
conservation of momentum
sophisticated mathematical descriptions
straight line
four
strong and weak forces
gravitational force
masses
Pauli exclusion principle
Isaac Newton
quantum mechanics
fundamental theories for forces
self-consistent unification models
Isaac Newton
Galileo
9.81 meters per second squared
9.81 meters per second squared
directly proportional
effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances.
acceleration of the Moon around the Earth
mass
mass () and the radius ()
Universal Gravitation Constant,
Henry Cavendish
Henry Cavendish
Newton
orbit of the planet Mercury
Vulcan
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
general relativity
ballistic
gravitational force
when observing the motion in a global sense
Lorentz's Law
magnetism
Lorentz's Law
electrostatic force
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell
4
James Clerk Maxwell
electromagnetic theory
quantum mechanics
quantum electrodynamics
photons
quantum electrodynamics
repulsion of like charges
Pauli exclusion principle
there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states
structural force
repulsion of like charges
Pauli exclusion principle
there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states
structural force
elementary particles
hadrons
hadrons
gluons
color confinement
weak force
beta decay
radioactivity
1013 times
1015 kelvins
repulsive forces
Pauli repulsion
fermionic nature of electrons
repulsive forces
ideal strings
ideal pulleys
instantaneously
conservation of mechanical energy
movable pulleys
Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics
idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects
matter
matter
matter
forces that cause all strains (deformations)
parallel
parallel
parallel
position
unbalanced torque
Newton's Second Law of Motion
center of the curving path
perpendicular
unbalanced centripetal force
is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path
tangential force
A conservative force
A conservative force
net mechanical energy
artifact of the potential field
artifact of the potential field
gradient of potentials.
gradient of potentials
friction
Nonconservative
statistical mechanics
macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
Second law of thermodynamics,
macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
kilogram-force
kilopond
metric slug
kip
sthène