diff --git "a/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10570 @@
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Santa Clara, California
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+temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals
+Denver Broncos
+February 7, 2016
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+Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California.
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+Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan
+San Francisco Bay Area
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+May 21, 2013
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+Super Bowl XXXVIII.
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+DeAngelo Williams
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+Jonathan Stewart
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+Kawann Short
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+Kurt Coleman
+24
+Kony Ealy
+Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly.
+Kawann Short
+Gary Kubiak
+Brock Osweiler
+Gary Kubiak
+San Diego Chargers
+Wade Phillips
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+Gary Kubiak
+In week 10, Manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot.
+Wade Phillips
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
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+Demaryius Thomas
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+67.9
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+Demaryius Thomas
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+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+Ronnie Hillman
+4,530
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Danny Trevathan
+11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three
+DeMarcus Ware
+DeMarcus Ware
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+296
+Von Miller
+Danny Trevathan
+11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three.
+Von Miller
+Danny Trevathan
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+31–24
+Seattle Seahawks
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+Arizona Cardinals
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Seattle Seahawks
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+Arizona Cardinals
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+11
+New England Patriots
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+New England Patriots
+11
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+11
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+11
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+ACL
+11
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+ACL
+11
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+ACL
+ACL
+11
+Thomas Davis
+39
+John Elway
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+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Broncos
+Broncos
+John Elway
+Broncos
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
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+John Elway
+Broncos
+Peyton Manning
+39.
+John Elway
+Newton
+2011
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+Von Miller
+Newton
+Newton
+26
+This was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams
+Newton
+2011
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+Super Bowl XX
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Broncos
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Super Bowl XX
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+Ed Mangan
+a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker
+a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker
+Justin Tucker
+a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker
+a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
+Justin Tucker
+a new playing surface
+a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.
+a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+white
+34–19
+Atlanta Falcons
+white
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+34–19
+Atlanta Falcons
+white
+white
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+blue
+0-4
+Panthers
+San Jose State
+Stanford
+San Jose State
+Stanford
+San Jose Marriott
+Santa Clara Marriott
+San Jose State
+Stanford
+San Jose State
+San Jose Marriott.
+Stanford
+Stanford
+San Jose State
+San Jose Marriott.
+Stanford
+Stanford
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl V
+Jaime Weston
+Super Bowl XLV
+Vince Lombardi
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl LI
+Super Bowl 50
+gold
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl 50
+Super Bowl 50
+gold
+The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
+Super Bowl 50
+The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
+gold
+week 7
+50
+gold
+gold
+Golden Super Bowl
+"homecoming"
+gold-tinted logos
+gold
+Moscone Center
+San Francisco
+homeless
+Jane Kim
+Justin Herman Plaza
+More than 1 million
+homeless
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+homeless
+Super Bowl City
+More than 1 million
+homeless
+Jane Kim
+Moscone Center
+Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University
+$2 million
+week
+$2 million
+pep rally
+city council
+$2 million
+city council
+city council
+$2 million
+city council
+Monday
+Monday
+SAP Center
+SAP Center in San Jose
+Golden Gate Bridge
+Monday
+Monday
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+SAP Center
+SAP Center in San Jose
+Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
+Super Bowl Opening Night.
+SAP Center in San Jose.
+replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.
+Monday
+Super Bowl Opening Night.
+SAP Center in San Jose.
+replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.
+SAP Center
+Business Connect
+over $40 million
+Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
+Gap
+Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron
+openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses
+over $40 million
+over $40 million
+Business Connect
+Business Connect
+over $40 million
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+the most giving Super Bowl ever
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+18
+33 lb
+Tiffany & Co.
+Tiffany & Co.
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co.
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+EyeVision 36
+5K
+CBS,
+on the sidelines
+pylon cameras and microphones
+5K resolution
+on the sidelines
+CBS
+CBS,
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+5K
+pylon cameras and microphones
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe
+Alvaro Martin
+December 28, 2015
+Spanish
+ESPN Deportes
+ESPN Deportes
+The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
+The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
+Verizon Communications
+WatchESPN
+CBSSports.com
+Xbox One
+Windows 10
+CBSSports.com
+Xbox One
+Verizon Communications
+NFL Mobile service
+Verizon Communications
+only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service.
+Xbox One
+Verizon Communications
+ESPN Deportes Spanish
+Stephen Colbert
+James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+late local programming
+James Corden.
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Crash the Super Bowl
+Death Wish Coffee
+Death Wish Coffee
+Death Wish Coffee
+nine
+Death Wish Coffee
+nine
+a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
+Death Wish Coffee
+ten
+a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
+Death Wish Coffee
+Jason Bourne
+Gods of Egypt
+Jason Bourne
+Jason Bourne
+Gods of Egypt
+Jason Bourne
+Jason Bourne
+Captain America: Civil War
+Independence Day
+20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios
+20th Century Fox
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+two
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+North America
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+1110 AM
+Chester, South Carolina
+Mick Mixon
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+Mick Mixon
+Mick Mixon
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boid
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+2001
+Peyton Manning
+39
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+39
+39
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+Six
+the national anthem
+Marlee Matlin
+the national anthem
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Six
+Marlee Matlin
+December 3
+British
+Super Bowl XLVII
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Mark Ronson
+the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay.
+Pepsi
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay.
+Beyoncé
+Hymn for the Weekend
+Bruno Mars
+Peyton Manning
+Andre Caldwell
+Shaq Thompson
+Brandon McManus
+C. J. Anderson
+18
+Shaq Thompson
+Brandon McManus
+the first time in the entire postseason
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+C. J. Anderson
+Brandon McManus
+the first time in the entire postseason
+Mike Carey
+Cam Newton
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+Jerricho Cotchery
+Mike Carey
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+Mike Carey
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+11:28
+Brad Nortman
+Newton
+61
+33
+11:28
+11:28
+11:28
+Broncos
+33
+11:28
+McManus
+Darian Stewart
+Broncos
+Kony Ealy
+DeMarcus Ware
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+Broncos
+Kony Ealy
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+DeMarcus Ware
+Broncos
+Broncos
+Kony Ealy
+punt
+DeMarcus Ware
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+44
+McManus
+T. J. Ward
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+T. J. Ward.
+Trevathan
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+26-yard line
+Graham Gano
+McManus' 33-yard field goal
+Ealy
+39
+Devin Funchess
+Devin Funchess
+Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line.
+Ealy
+Carolina on the 50-yard line.
+punts.
+Ealy
+Carolina on the 50-yard line.
+Devin Funchess
+punts.
+24
+Newton
+Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone
+Bennie Fowler
+Bennie Fowler
+Miller
+Miller
+Newton
+Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone
+Bennie Fowler
+4:51
+Miller
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+Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone
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+five
+13 of 23
+Anderson
+Luke Kuechly
+13 of 23
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+13 of 23
+Anderson
+six
+Luke Kuechly
+six
+Anderson
+McManus
+13 of 23
+Anderson
+194
+11
+244 yards
+Jordan Norwood
+112
+194
+11
+seven
+Broncos
+21
+11
+Broncos
+seven
+13.8
+Nobel Prize
+1745
+Maria Skodowska-Curie
+Wadysaw Szpilman
+seven months old
+over 100
+Krasiski Palace Garden
+The Saxon Garden
+Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
+The azienki Park
+Vistula
+otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
+13
+azienki
+emptied before winter
+foreign-born
+833,500
+around 34%
+Jewish minority
+internal migration and urbanisation
+Warsaw University of Technology
+Warsaw University of Technology
+Medical University of Warsaw
+1816
+Frydyk Chopin University of Music
+1816
+over two million
+Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski
+Irena Bajerska
+10,000 m2
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+Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland
+solid economic growth
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+Children's Memorial Health Institute
+Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
+700
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+Roma and Buffo
+many events and festivals
+Congress Hall in the Palace of Culture and Science
+Roma and Buffo
+many events and festivals
+Ogród Saski
+the Saxon Garden
+1870 to 1939
+Momus
+Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
+Midsummer’s Night
+Midsummer’s Night
+Midsummer’s Night
+when they would be married
+musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks
+Museum of Posters
+Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
+Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
+Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
+the history of arms
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+stereoscopic
+Museum of Independence
+60
+Royal Ujazdów Castle
+500
+Zachta National Gallery of Art
+mid-19th century
+last weekend of September
+Polonia Warsaw
+1946
+twice
+Konwiktorska Street
+financial situation
+syrenka
+mermaid
+mid-14th century
+1390
+a sea monster
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+two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas
+Denmark
+Warszowa
+greedy merchant
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+Maria Górska
+Art Deco
+Israeli poet
+Isaac Bashevis Singer
+32nd
+32nd
+a wide variety of industries
+Warsaw Stock Exchange
+Frontex
+1313
+Kraków
+1596
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+"Phoenix City"
+Roman Catholic
+Polish Academy of Sciences
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+St. John's Cathedral, Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions
+parks and royal gardens
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+belonging to Warsz
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+Mariensztat
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+Prince of Pock
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+1 August 1944
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+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+Eastern Bloc city
+Palace of Culture and Science
+UNESCO's World Heritage list
+John Paul II
+solidarity movement
+Mass
+Mass
+the incentive for the democratic changes
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+452.8 ft
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+The Vistula River
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+moraine plateau
+former flooded terraces
+valleys and ground depressions
+several
+pine
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+Leopold Kronenberg Palace
+Eastern bloc countries
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+1688–1692
+Czapski Palace
+simplicity of the geometrical forms
+1775–1795
+socialist realism
+socialist realism
+socialist realism
+Warsaw University of Technology
+Saxon Palace
+many places commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw.
+Pawiak
+The Warsaw Citadel
+Little Insurgent
+Little Insurgent
+Botanic Garden
+New Orangery
+Pole Mokotowskie
+Pole Mokotowskie
+zoological garden
+close-to-wilderness areas
+within the borders of Warsaw
+Masovian Primeval Forest
+Kabaty Forest
+azienki park
+1,300,000
+420,000
+1951
+Varsovians
+spouses and children
+multi-cultural
+56.2%
+56.2%
+56.2%
+1944
+commune
+powiats
+Kraków
+unicameral Warsaw City Council
+unicameral Warsaw City Council
+every four years
+committees
+30 days
+President
+Jan Andrzej Menich
+1695–1696
+City council
+Centrum
+ródmiecie
+304,016
+7th greatest emerging market
+12%
+191.766 billion PLN
+1817
+World War II
+April 1991
+162 584 mln EUR
+Polish United Workers' Party
+1951
+Polonez
+Daewoo
+AvtoZAZ
+Chevrolet Aveo
+Warszawa
+Warszawa
+Vistula River
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+1.740 million
+Warszawa
+Vistula River
+Vistula River
+1.740 million
+1.740 million
+a region in France
+10th and 11th
+Norse
+Rollo
+first half of the 10th century
+William the Conqueror
+Richard I of Normandy
+the Catholic orthodoxy
+Viking
+9th century
+the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
+the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
+Seine
+Rollo
+Gallo-Romance
+Gallo-Romance
+fighting horsemen
+999
+William of Apulia
+William of Apulia
+Drogo
+William Iron Arm
+Saracens
+1130
+Squillace
+Kitab Rudjdjar
+The Book of Roger
+meritocratic
+Seljuk Turks
+1050s
+1060s
+Alexius Komnenos
+Afranji
+Oursel
+the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron
+Norman mercenary
+Robert Guiscard
+February 1082
+Butrint
+Deabolis
+Bohemond
+Deabolis
+1185
+Dyrrachium
+Adriatic
+Ethelred II
+Ethelred II
+Duke Richard II of Normandy
+Sweyn Forkbeard
+Harthacnut
+1041
+Ralph the Timid
+Battle of Hastings
+Duke William II of Normandy
+1066
+Anglo-Saxons
+Modern English
+1169
+east of Ireland
+Bannow Bay
+One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William
+King Malcolm III
+1072
+his son Duncan
+Sybilla of Normandy
+Norman
+earl of Hereford
+defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh
+earl of Hereford
+Wales
+1018
+William of Montreuil
+1097
+Bohemond of Taranto
+Jerusalem
+380 years
+a storm
+Berengaria
+April 1191
+Isaac Komnenos
+Conrad of Montferrat
+confined with silver chains,
+Guy de Lusignan
+Richard the Lion-Heart
+12 May 1191
+double coronation
+1489
+Guy de Lusignan
+Africa
+Bethencourt
+Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
+Maciot de Bethencourt
+Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands
+Grand coutumier de Normandie
+Romanesque
+massive
+Early Gothic
+Norman architecture
+Sicily
+Cluniac reform
+Cluniac reform
+French Revolution
+embroidery
+Bayeux Tapestry
+Odo
+mosaics
+Normandy
+William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
+Italy
+Sant'Eufemia.
+Robert Guiscard
+singing
+Nikola Tesla
+Serbian Cyrillic: икола есла; 10 July 1856
+7 January 1943
+Nikola Tesla
+7 January 1943
+Serbian Cyrillic: икола есла; 10 July 1856
+Nikola Tesla
+Thomas Edison
+Thomas Edison
+George Westinghouse
+New York City
+War of Currents
+Thomas Edison
+Thomas Edison
+New York City
+George Westinghouse
+AC induction
+1893
+high-voltage
+X-ray imaging
+New York and Colorado Springs
+1893
+wireless controlled boat
+Wardenclyffe Tower project
+7 January 1943
+General Conference on Weights and Measures
+New York hotels
+mad scientist
+finance his own projects
+7 January 1943
+General Conference on Weights and Measures
+1990s
+achievements and showmanship
+Croatia
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+eidetic memory
+eidetic memory
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+Milutin Tesla
+uka Tesla
+making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
+his mother's genetics and influence
+four
+German
+1862
+Dane
+Milka, Angelina and Marica
+horse-riding
+Gospi, Austrian Empire
+pastor
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+integral calculus
+that he was cheating
+1873
+1870
+Martin Sekuli.
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+engineering school
+priesthood
+Smiljan
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+priesthood
+engineering school
+Tomingaj
+Mark Twain
+hunter's
+1874
+hunter's garb
+Austro-Hungarian Army
+1874
+hunter's garb
+Mark Twain
+1875
+Military Frontier
+1879
+gambling
+3 a.m. to 11 p.m.,
+Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria
+1875
+1879
+third
+overwork
+Graz
+dropped out of school
+draftsman
+to beg his son to return home
+nervous breakdown
+December 1878
+dropped out of school
+Mur River.
+draftsman
+nervous breakdown
+not having a residence permit
+24 March 1879
+Milutin Tesla
+stroke
+a large class
+not having a residence permit.
+24 March 1879
+Higher Real Gymnasium
+stroke
+two of Tesla's uncles
+Greek,
+auditor
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+two of Tesla's uncles
+January 1880
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+two of Tesla's uncles
+Ferenc Puskás
+Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician
+telephone repeater or amplifier
+Central Telegraph Office
+1881
+a telegraph company
+Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician
+1882
+France
+New York City
+Thomas Edison
+Thomas Edison
+Continental Edison Company
+France
+June 1884
+Thomas Edison
+lower east side
+fifty thousand dollars
+$10
+months
+fifty thousand dollars
+"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.
+US$10
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+dynamo electric machine
+dynamo electric machine
+dynamo electric machine commutators
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
+1886
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+dynamo electric machine
+Robert Lane
+forced Tesla out
+penniless
+$2
+1886/1887
+he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
+$2
+$2
+Western Union superintendent
+Tesla Electric Company
+13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development
+89 Liberty Street
+late 1886
+Western Union superintendent
+Charles F. Peck
+89 Liberty Street
+Tesla Electric Company
+Europe and the United States
+May 1888
+commutator
+sparking
+sparking
+Europe and the United States
+advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
+mechanical brushes
+May 1888
+Electrical World magazine
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+1888
+decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+Galileo Ferraris
+commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+1888
+$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+George Westinghouse
+$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars)
+$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+1888
+$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars)
+$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars)
+Pittsburgh
+streetcars
+60-cycle AC current system
+DC traction
+helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars.
+DC traction
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+Westinghouse using his own patented AC system to power arc lights
+General Electric
+General Electric
+AC
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+1888
+the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it
+General Electric
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+Tesla Polyphase System
+Tesla Polyphase System
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+1893
+AC power
+Richard Dean Adams
+Richard Dean Adams,
+Westinghouse Electric
+General Electric
+Westinghouse
+Richard Dean Adams
+Richard Dean Adams,
+Westinghouse
+Westinghouse
+1896
+$216,000
+$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
+$200,000
+J. P. Morgan
+$200,000
+$216,000
+35
+New York
+wirelessly
+Tesla coil
+30 July 1891
+Tesla coil.
+35
+wireless
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1892 to 1894
+vice president
+1892 to 1894
+Institute of Radio Engineers
+radiant energy
+March 1895
+Mark Twain
+metal locking screw on the camera lens
+1894
+X-Rays
+March 1895
+inadvertently captured an X-ray image
+Mark Twain
+Tesla Coil
+March 1896
+radiography
+X-rays
+Tesla Coil
+March 1896
+Tesla Coil
+Roentgen rays
+longitudinal waves
+ozone generated in contact with the skin
+skin damage
+single-node X-ray-producing devices
+force-free magnetic fields
+ozone generated in contact with the skin
+longitudinal waves
+force-free magnetic fields
+skin damage
+Benjamin Lamme
+Benjamin Lamme
+Benjamin Lamme
+Egg of Columbus
+how to make a copper egg stand on end
+11 July 1934
+physically strike him
+where it entered his body
+"The particles in the beam of force... will travel much faster than such particles... and they will travel in concentrations."
+National Electric Light Association
+Tesla Coil
+1893
+1898
+teleautomaton
+Madison Square Garden
+an electrical exhibition
+monkey
+1900
+Marconi
+1901
+1943
+Supreme Court of the United States
+17 May 1899
+Paris
+15 June 1899
+five inches
+lightning
+stationary waves
+resonant
+artificial lightning
+millions of volts
+Thunder
+turned off
+Butterflies were electrified
+power outage
+repeatedly burned out
+sparks
+sparks
+communications from another planet
+Mars
+Collier's Weekly
+Marconi's European experiments
+July 1899
+John Jacob Astor IV
+to further develop and produce a new lighting system
+Colorado Springs
+1899
+7 January 1900
+two years
+1904
+two years
+Wardenclyffe
+Wardenclyffe
+Shoreham, Long Island
+Morgan
+Panic of 1901
+shocked
+over 50
+Wardenclyffe.
+Newfoundland
+187 feet
+50th
+50th
+1906
+100–5,000 hp
+steam
+Houston Street lab
+sledge hammer
+World Today
+split the earth in two
+Tesla
+by saturating them unconsciously with electricity
+William H. Maxwell
+then superintendent of New York City schools
+overseas
+lost the funding
+Wardenclyffe
+Wardenclyffe
+Boldt
+Electrical Experimenter
+Electrical Experimenter
+radar
+Émile Girardeau
+Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
+Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
+refused the prize
+after he is announced a winner
+animosity toward each other
+Edison
+Edison
+1937
+1,655,114
+VTOL aircraft
+$1,000
+turbine engines
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+Hotel New Yorker
+the rest of Tesla's life
+potential bad publicity
+annual
+transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance
+annual
+underground mineral deposits
+1935
+feed the pigeons
+doctor
+three
+early 1938
+fall of 1937
+Van de Graaff
+Van de Graaff generator
+anti-aircraft
+ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes
+death ray
+1937
+luncheon
+a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
+a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
+a little time
+charged particle beam weapons
+Nikola Tesla Museum archive
+Belgrade
+open-ended vacuum tube
+put an end to all war
+steal the invention
+teleforce weapon
+His room
+86
+7 January 1943
+Alice Monaghan
+Alice Monaghan
+coronary thrombosis
+seize Tesla's belongings
+John G. Trump
+there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands,
+Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
+Louis Adamic
+Louis Adamic
+12 January
+two thousand
+Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
+80 trunks
+Sava Kosanovi
+Charlotte Muzar
+80 trunks
+Nikola Tesla Museum
+300
+minimum of 278
+United States, Britain, and Canada
+patent archives
+8:10 p.m
+9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
+3:00 a.m
+headwaiter
+between 8 to 10 miles per day
+exercise
+squished his toes
+stimulated his brain cells
+telepathy
+newspaper
+all fundamental laws could be reduced to one
+pigeons
+over $2,000
+wing and leg
+pigeons
+pigeons
+6 feet 2 inches
+6 feet 2 inches
+1926
+New York City
+eight
+visions
+picture thinking
+blinding flashes of light
+photographic memory
+billiards, chess and card-playing,
+billiards, chess and card-playing,
+Graz
+Kenneth Swezey
+journalist
+chastity
+numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection,
+toward the end of his life
+Dorothy Skerrit
+Robert Underwood Johnson
+asocial
+asocial
+Tesla's friend
+Mark Twain
+Mark Twain;
+late 1920s
+overweight people
+overweight
+her weight
+go home and change her dress.
+atoms are immutable—they could not change state or be split in any way.
+ether
+electrical energy
+19th
+relativity,
+matter
+relativity
+gravity
+1892
+matter and energy
+81
+eugenics
+ruthless
+pity
+1937
+the ills of the social subservience of women
+1926
+Queen Bees
+"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War"
+Science and Discovery
+20 December 1914
+the League of Nations
+Orthodox Christian
+religious fanaticism
+Buddhism and Christianity
+"A Machine to End War"
+his religious views
+"A Machine to End War
+Tesla
+magazines and journals
+Ben Johnston
+the web
+1900
+The Century Magazine
+science fiction
+books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games
+The impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by Tesla
+Time magazine
+Time magazine
+contribution to electrical power generation
+Albert Einstein
+more than 70
+Computational complexity theory
+inherent difficulty
+Computational complexity theory
+significant resources
+mathematical models of computation
+time and storage
+complexity measures
+practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
+computability theory
+analysis of algorithms
+computational complexity theory
+computability theory
+problem instance
+input string
+decision
+an infinite collection of instances
+an infinite collection of instances
+decision version
+Milan
+computational problems
+computational
+binary alphabet
+bitstrings
+binary notation
+adjacency matrices
+Decision problems
+yes or no
+1 or 0
+1
+1
+an arbitrary graph
+formal language
+how graphs are encoded as binary strings
+function problem
+function problem
+function problem
+traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem
+function problem
+decision problems
+the set of triples (a, b, c)
+how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
+the instance
+size of the instance
+size of the input in bits
+how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size
+a feasible amount of resources
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+polynomial time algorithm
+Turing machine
+if a problem can be solved by an algorithm
+Turing machines
+symbols
+deterministic Turing machine
+deterministic Turing machine
+probabilistic Turing machine
+non-deterministic
+randomized algorithms
+complexity classes
+time or space
+deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
+random access machines
+without providing any extra computational power
+The time and memory consumption
+deterministically
+a non-deterministic Turing machine
+more unusual resources
+branching
+branching
+state transitions
+difficulty
+DTIME(f(n))
+deterministic Turing machine
+complexity resources
+computational resource
+Blum complexity axioms
+Blum complexity
+Blum complexity
+time complexity
+complexity measure
+time complexity
+time complexity
+quicksort
+O(n2)
+O(n2)
+computation time
+analysis of algorithms
+computation time
+T(n)
+lower bounds
+big O notation
+hides constant factors and smaller terms
+T(n) = O(n2)
+the specific details of the computational model
+complexity classes
+this framework
+complexity classes
+chosen machine model
+quadratic time
+quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines
+Cobham-Edmonds
+complexity class P
+complexity classes
+complexity classes
+complexity classes
+BPP, ZPP and RP
+Boolean
+Boolean
+#P
+IP and AM
+computation time
+DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2)
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+hierarchy theorems
+quantitative statements
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+EXPTIME
+PSPACE
+a reduction
+a transformation of one problem into another problem
+X reduces to Y.
+Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions
+the bound on the complexity of reductions
+polynomial-time reduction
+multiplying two integers
+polynomial time
+giving the same input to both inputs
+giving the same input to both inputs
+type of reduction being used
+every problem in C can be reduced to X
+an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C
+the set of problems that are hard for NP
+NP-complete
+NP
+polynomial-time
+NP
+The complexity class P
+Cobham–Edmonds thesis
+NP
+Boolean satisfiability problem
+deterministic Turing machines
+shown to have more efficient solutions
+integer programming problems
+$1,000,000
+Ladner
+NP-intermediate problems
+graph isomorphism problem
+graph isomorphism problem
+NP-complete
+polynomial time hierarchy
+the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
+2O((n log(n))
+integer factorization problem
+deciding whether the input has a factor less than k
+cryptographic systems
+general number field sieve
+Many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal
+PSPACE
+P and PSPACE
+Proving that any of these classes are unequal
+co-NP
+problems with the yes/no answers reversed
+NP is not equal
+P is not equal to NP
+not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
+strictly contained in P or equal to P
+not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
+NL and NC
+distinct or equal classes
+intractable problems
+exponential-time algorithms
+NP-complete problems
+algorithms
+algorithms
+less than quadratic time
+less than quadratic time
+NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
+algorithmic problems
+Alan Turing
+Alan Turing
+1936
+a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
+On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+John Myhill
+1961
+Hisao Yamada
+concrete choice of input encoding
+concrete choice of input encoding
+axiomatic complexity theory
+speed-up theorem
+"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
+Richard Karp
+a lesson plan
+pedagogy
+must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college.
+a lesson plan
+teacher
+cultures
+literacy and numeracy
+the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.
+life skills
+a family member
+home schooling
+home
+a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community
+a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community
+Religious and spiritual
+Religious and spiritual
+Quran, Torah or Bible
+Spiritual teachers
+homeschooling
+paid professionals.
+Chartered
+informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community
+paid professionals.
+organization of school functions
+Outside of the classroom
+study halls
+Outside of the classroom
+teacher's colleges
+serve and protect the public
+serve and protect the public
+to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers
+serve and protect the public
+investigating complaints involving members
+teacher's colleges
+teacher's colleges
+teacher's colleges
+teacher's colleges
+outdoors
+tutor
+school or academy
+facilitate student learning
+informal or formal
+pedagogy
+field trips
+technology
+rise of the internet
+a practical skill
+the relevant authority
+students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
+students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
+standardized curricula
+particular skills
+self-study and problem solving
+to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
+to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
+a coach
+relationship between teachers and children
+the whole curriculum
+different subject specialists
+primary school and secondary school
+form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent
+alternative approaches
+platoon
+by staying with the same group of peers for all classes
+teachers who specialize in one subject
+throughout most of the United States
+Co-teaching
+two or more
+focuses the student on learning
+two or more
+focuses the student on learning
+corporal punishment
+substitute parent
+substitute
+the history of education
+While a child was in school
+corporal punishment
+Western countries
+1977
+1977
+physical pain
+30
+South
+declining
+wooden paddle
+principal's office
+caning
+Asian, African and Caribbean countries
+individual countries
+detention
+detention
+detention
+sit quietly
+write lines or a punishment essay
+assertive teacher
+immediate and fair punishment
+immediate and fair punishment
+sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
+sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
+assertive and confrontational
+East Asia
+assertive and confrontational
+assertive and confrontational
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+40 to 50 students
+instruction
+motivated students
+ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students
+motivated students
+popularly based authority
+popularly based authority
+persuasion and negotiation
+preservation of public order
+good, clear laws
+teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials
+teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content
+attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials
+Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher
+intrinsic motivation to learn
+read lecture material
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions,
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions,
+Enthusiastic teachers
+enthusiasm
+emotional contagion
+a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm
+student-teacher relationships
+Enthusiastic teachers
+a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior.
+A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
+student motivation and attitudes towards school
+teachers who are friendly and supportive
+teachers who are friendly and supportive
+spend more time interacting and working directly with students
+spend more time interacting and working directly with students
+enthusiasm about the students
+enthusiastic
+spark of excitement
+very influential
+The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching
+sexual misconduct
+9.6%
+9.6%
+9.6%
+9.6%
+0.3%
+priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
+the British study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of "a random... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24
+The AAUW study
+Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau
+teacher misconduct
+Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
+Chris Keates
+child protection and parental rights groups
+shortage of male teachers
+sex offenders register
+occupational stress
+organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment,
+occupational burnout
+occupational stress
+occupational stress
+42%
+42%
+average profession
+double
+average workers
+occupational hazards
+Organizational interventions
+Individual-level interventions
+occupational stress among teachers
+Organizational interventions
+university or college
+a recognized body
+elementary school education certificate
+a background check and psychiatric evaluation
+US
+individual states and territories
+three
+three-tier
+universities and/or TAFE colleges
+three-tier
+Bachelor's Degree
+Bachelor of Education
+the private sector, businesses and sponsors
+Lehramtstudien
+Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
+Grundschule
+the civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
+Gymnasium
+Gaeltacht
+€53,423
+€27,814
+over € 90,000
+Teachers are required to be registered with the Teaching Council
+Section 30
+Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001
+may not be paid from Oireachtas funds
+2006
+new entrants to the teaching profession
+phased basis
+non-teaching posts
+41,004
+experience and extra responsibilities
+20,980
+bachelor's degree
+September 2007
+alternative licensing programs
+hard-to-fill positions
+geography
+Excellent job opportunities
+secondary school teachers
+General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
+General Teaching Council for Scotland
+Initial Teacher Education
+Provisional Registration
+"Provisional Registration"
+April 2008
+20,427
+32,583
+£39,942
+Educational Institute of Scotland and the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association.
+Wales
+Welsh
+16
+22
+all age groups
+ATL, NUT or NASUW
+ATL, NUT or NASUW
+between 2005 and 2010
+ATL, NUT or NASUW
+attacks on teachers in Welsh schools
+each state
+ten years
+bachelor's degree
+charter schools
+No Child Left Behind
+relatively low salaries
+improved
+Teachers with more experience and higher education
+elementary school
+TeachersPayTeachers.com
+authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions
+Protestant
+starets or elder
+(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
+LDS Church
+many
+spiritual teacher"
+the husband and father of a family
+father of the house
+a guru
+extremely high
+disciples
+West
+Lama
+to be reborn
+Tulku
+many times
+phowa and siddhi
+ulemas
+ulemas
+Sufism
+actions-oriented
+Qutb
+German
+18 February 1546
+the Late Medieval Catholic Church.
+freedom from God's punishment for sin
+Pope Leo X
+Jesus Christ
+Jesus Christ
+sacerdotalism
+sacerdotalism
+a holy priesthood
+the vernacular
+Tyndale
+Tyndale Bible
+singing in churches
+Katharina von Bora
+10 November 1483
+Eisleben, Saxony
+Holy Roman Empire
+Catholic
+lawyer
+University of Erfurt
+a beerhouse and whorehouse
+four
+four
+1505
+law
+uncertainty
+theology and philosophy
+experience
+God
+death
+2 July 1505
+Erfurt
+the deaths of two friends
+what he saw as a waste of Luther's education
+Augustinian order
+deep spiritual despair
+Christ
+Johann von Staupitz
+a change of heart
+1507
+von Staupitz
+1508
+9 March 1508
+Peter Lombard
+19 October 1512
+21 October 1512
+Doctor in Bible
+University of Wittenberg
+Doctor of Theology
+1516
+indulgences
+indulgences
+charity and good works
+charity and good works
+31 October 1517
+Albert of Mainz
+The Ninety-Five Theses
+Hans Hillerbrand
+Thesis 86
+purgatory
+purgatory
+purgatory
+purgatory
+God
+absolved buyers from all punishments
+absolved buyers from all punishments
+false assurances
+Christ
+Tetzel
+capacity to exaggerate
+indulgences for the living
+indulgences for the living
+the story of the posting on the door
+the story of the posting on the door
+Philipp Melanchthon
+Wittenberg
+little foundation in truth
+January 1518
+the printing press
+January 1518
+two weeks
+two months
+1519
+Wittenberg
+creative
+1520
+Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
+Luther
+Catholic Church
+corrupt
+central truths of Christianity
+justification
+entirely the work of God
+1525
+a gift from God
+Smalcald Articles
+faith
+Christ and His salvation
+Christ and His salvation
+indulgences
+"Christ and His salvation"
+Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
+Rome
+indulgences
+St Peter's Church
+Theses.
+reformers
+papal theologians and envoys
+October 1518
+the Antichrist
+arrest
+1519
+Luther
+Johann Eck
+Matthew 16:18
+Jan Hus
+15 June 1520
+excommunication
+60 days
+Karl von Miltitz
+3 January 1521
+secular authorities
+18 April 1521
+Holy Roman Empire
+Charles V
+Prince Frederick III
+Johann Eck
+Archbishop of Trier
+whether he stood by their contents
+the next day
+time to think
+knight
+a knight winning a bout
+"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout."
+epoch-making oratory
+recant his writings
+recant
+later versions
+Mullett
+private conferences
+25 May 1521
+Edict of Worms
+arrest
+anyone
+Wittenberg
+Wartburg Castle
+my Patmos
+New Testament
+indulgences
+every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin
+cannot be earned
+1 August 1521
+Melanchthon
+while we are here, for this life is not a place where justice resides."
+1521
+idolatry
+it is a gift
+private confession and absolution
+vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
+prophetic faith
+1521
+Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
+Little Horn
+2 Thessalonians 2
+Gabriel Zwilling
+June 1521
+disturbances
+Zwickau prophets
+town council
+6 March 1522
+Satan
+eight sermons
+Invocavit Sermons
+the primacy of core Christian values
+immediate
+Jerome Schurf
+sixth sermon
+Dr. Martin's
+misguided
+public order
+conservative
+Zwickau prophets
+radical reformers
+radical reformers
+Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
+Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
+1524–25
+upper classes
+upper classes
+temporal authorities
+Thuringia
+mad dogs
+devil's work
+put down the rebels
+three grounds
+Romans 13:1–7
+Romans 13:1–7
+Divine Right of Kings
+"death in body and soul
+Without Luther's backing for the uprising
+Battle of Frankenhausen
+15 May 1525
+Müntzer's execution
+secular powers
+Katharina von Bora
+herring barrels
+41
+41 years old
+April 1523
+13 June 1525
+the evening
+two weeks
+27 June
+Johannes Bugenhagen
+Luther's wedding set the seal of approval
+clerical marriage
+Biblical grounds
+death of a heretic
+reckless
+The Black Cloister
+a former monastery
+six children
+Croesus
+Katharina
+congregations' choosing their own ministers
+supervisory church body
+two
+catechisms
+revolutionary
+extreme change
+Saxony
+Saxon
+John the Steadfast
+church government under the temporal sovereign
+1526
+Latin Mass
+simple people
+sacrifice
+freedom of ceremony
+1527
+Luther
+Christian education
+"the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine
+well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching
+the catechism
+1529
+pastors and teachers
+Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism,
+questions and answers
+The catechism
+volumes
+the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism
+The Small Catechism
+Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible
+Larger Catechism
+Larger Catechism
+German vernacular
+doctrine
+Salvation
+1522
+1534
+Luther
+alone
+Faith
+Saxon chancellery
+German
+everyday Germans
+so that other people may read it without hindrance
+impediments
+rising demand for German-language publications
+Bible translation
+German
+Lucas Cranach
+William Tyndale
+Psalm 46, and "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her"
+folk music
+German hymns
+lute
+waldzither
+hymns
+Lutheran views
+Ein neues Lied wir heben an
+John C. Messenger
+Flung to the Heedless Winds
+"Wir glauben all an einen Gott" ("We All Believe in One True God")
+"Wir glauben all an einen Gott" ("We All Believe in One True God")
+the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
+German creedal hymn
+difficulty of its tune
+1538
+Small Catechism
+examining candidates on specific catechism questions
+multiple revisions
+Luther's tune
+"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you")
+"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you")
+"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you")
+Achtliederbuch
+essential Reformation doctrine
+Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
+Veni redemptor gentium
+"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
+"Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot"
+Te Deum
+"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"
+Halle
+Psalm 67's prayer for grace
+J. S. Bach
+Halle
+hymns
+18
+18
+18
+Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
+Johann Sebastian Bach
+chorales
+1707
+1724 to 1725
+Johann Sebastian Bach
+sleeps
+a prepared bedchamber
+enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace
+penitential suffering
+Smalcald Articles
+Franz Pieper
+Johann Gerhard
+Johann Gerhard. Lessing
+1755
+Genesis
+Gottfried Fritschel
+Gottfried Fritschel
+Gottfried Fritschel
+dreams
+October 1529
+Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
+German and Swiss theologians
+the nature of the Eucharist
+the nature of the Eucharist
+"This is my body which is for you"
+Real Presence
+the sacramental union
+spiritually or symbolically present
+confrontational
+the Schmalkaldic League
+the Schmalkaldic League
+the Schmalkaldic League
+The Swiss cities
+John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
+reason
+reason
+Reason
+reason
+their different epistemological spheres.
+proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ.
+large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity
+proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ.
+Anabaptists
+Von den Juden und ihren Lügen
+Biblical apocalypse
+Biblical apocalypse
+antichrist
+papacy
+Charles V
+the Qur'an
+Islam
+Islam
+devil
+opposed
+revealed God's wrath to Christians
+Johannes Agricola
+city hall
+six series of theses
+C. Güttel
+second use of the law
+sorrow over sin
+Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation.
+does not eliminate the accusing law
+the church consists only of essentially holy people
+how the Christian ought to live
+the Ten Commandments
+third use of the law
+an illustration of the Ten Commandments
+the Ten Commandments
+baptism
+The Ten Commandments
+eschatological
+bigamy
+bigamy
+one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
+history chiefly holds Luther accountable
+lasting damage
+ninety
+Jews
+the murder of Christ
+they rejected the divinity of Jesus
+That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity.
+Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen
+1543
+three years
+the devil's people
+sanction for murder
+Luther
+Martin Luther
+perdition
+forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works
+1580s
+Luther
+anti-Jewish rhetoric
+the Nazis' attacks on Jews
+Luther
+Nuremberg
+17 December 1941
+seven Protestant regional church confederations
+Diarmaid MacCulloch
+Bishop Martin Sasse
+antisemite
+opportunistic
+anti-Semitism
+the Jews
+18th and 19th centuries
+entirely religious and in no respect racial
+anti-Judaic—that is, opposed to Judaism and its adherence rather than the Jews
+anti-Semitism
+hysterical and demonizing mentality
+Christopher J. Probst
+Christopher J. Probst
+declining state of mind
+Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
+vulgarity and violence
+Muslims) and Catholics
+Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
+1980s
+4,745
+Richard (Dick) Geary
+1928-1933
+1531
+Philip of Hesse
+kidney and bladder stones
+kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis, and an ear infection
+angina
+poor physical health
+writings and comments
+poor physical health
+Katharina
+Justus Jonas
+Eisleben
+15 February 1546
+Jews
+expel from all German territory
+convert
+Mansfeld
+late 1545
+late 1545
+late 1545
+copper mining
+17 February 1546
+chest pains
+Ps. 31:5
+the common prayer of the dying
+1 a.m
+stroke
+2:45 a.m
+18 February 1546
+Castle Church
+Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
+Luther had written his last statement
+Latin
+Latin,
+monumental size
+frail Catholic saints
+physically imposing
+medieval religious orders
+1530s and 1540s
+Episcopal
+Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
+31 October
+Church of England's Calendar of Saints
+Episcopal
+SoCal
+10 counties
+major economic center
+demographics and economic ties
+historical political divisions
+greater Southern California Megaregion
+11
+Las Vegas, Nevada
+east
+Tijuana
+Pacific coast
+seven
+three
+Greater San Diego
+17.5 million
+Mojave Desert
+Mojave Desert
+Mojave Desert
+Mexico–United States border
+Los Angeles
+3,792,621
+Los Angeles
+Los Angeles and San Diego
+south
+Los Angeles
+the top 15 most populous counties in the United States
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Hollywood
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+surf and skateboard
+Tony Hawk
+Shaun White
+Oahu
+Transpac
+Palm Springs
+beaches
+Palm Springs
+resort feel and nearby open spaces
+37° 9' 58.23"
+37° 9' 58.23"
+ten
+Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains
+northern
+Los Angeles
+Alta California
+Los Angeles
+Missouri Compromise
+the Compromise of 1850
+three
+Cow Counties
+three
+75
+Milton Latham
+Los Angeles Times
+1900
+1999
+Imperial
+Los Angeles Times
+regional tourism groups
+two
+two
+South of the Tehachapis
+northern, central, and southern
+third
+Southern California
+automobiles
+automobiles and highways
+international metropolitan region
+Camp Pendleton
+Inland Empire
+Riverside-San Bernardino area
+San Bernardino and Riverside Counties
+1980s and 1990s
+Mediterranean
+Mediterranean
+60's
+snow
+70
+Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
+diverse collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes
+topographic
+Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
+interior valleys
+about 10,000
+Nearly all
+magnitude 6.7
+$20 billion.
+$20 billion
+6.7+
+6.7 +
+San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone.
+USGS
+USGS
+culturally, politically, and economically
+culturally, politically, and economically
+culturally, politically, and economic
+2010
+high growth rates
+10.0%
+10.0%
+10.0%
+eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas
+two
+two
+Southern Border Region
+17,786,419
+Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people),
+Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people),
+34
+34
+San Bernardino and Riverside
+petroleum
+tourism
+housing bubble
+one of the largest
+housing bubble
+1920s
+cattle and citrus
+cattle and citrus
+cattle and citrus
+aerospace
+Southern California
+Central business districts
+Central business districts
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+San Fernando Valley
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+San Bernardino-Riverside
+Riverside
+Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
+international corporations
+University of California, Irvine
+West Irvine
+international corporations
+international corporations
+Downtown San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+Downtown San Diego
+Los Angeles International Airport
+San Diego International
+San Diego International
+San Diego International
+Van Nuys Airport
+Metrolink
+San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego
+San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego
+Orange
+Port of Los Angeles
+Port of San Diego
+Port of Los Angeles,
+The Tech Coast
+The Tech Coast
+The Tech Coast
+12
+12
+NHL
+NHL
+NHL
+Los Angeles Kings
+LA Galaxy
+LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
+LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
+From 2005 to 2014
+LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
+2018
+College sports
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+Rugby
+Rugby
+an official school sport
+November 1990
+November 1990
+90.04%
+Sky plc
+Sky UK Limited
+May 2006
+Setanta Sports
+Sky B's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season.
+Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn
+BSkyB
+Freeview
+three
+Sky Three
+Pick TV
+Sky+ PVR
+September 2007
+a monthly fee
+Sky+HD Box
+Sky+HD Box
+Cisco Systems
+NDS
+Cisco Systems
+Cisco Systems
+Sky+
+NTL and Telewest
+2007
+Video On Demand
+Video On Demand
+Video On Demand
+July 2013
+July 2013
+OneDrive
+OneDrive for Business
+cloud storage service
+1 September 1993
+Astra
+27 September 2001
+Sky Digital
+400,000
+British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
+British Sky Broadcasting
+11 million
+Freeview
+Sky Q Hub
+Sky Q Mini
+all set top boxes in a household
+2016
+2016
+MPEG-2
+Sky Movies and Sky Box Office
+MPEG-4
+7-day EPG
+MPEG-4
+broadcast from 19.2°E.
+broadcast from 19.2°E.
+broadcast from 19.2°E.
+broadcast from 19.2°E.
+broadcast from 19.2°E.
+22 May 2006
+40,000
+Thomson
+17,000
+4,222,000
+8 February 2007
+Setanta Sports
+four
+Virgin Media
+English Premier League Football
+free-to-view
+pay-per-view
+VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
+a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)
+VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
+In the autumn of 1991
+ITV
+increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year
+BSkyB joined forces with the BBC
+BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year
+Ofcom
+£15–100,000
+open access
+BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+1 October 1998
+Sky Digital
+Sky Active
+improved picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open....
+100,000
+Virgin Media
+Virgin Media
+Video On Demand
+BBC HD
+Channel 4 HD
+10 million
+36%
+August 2004
+36%
+flattened
+Welfare Cash Card
+essentials
+often damaging
+Sky TV bills
+the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone"
+£30m
+Video On Demand
+Virgin Media
+BSkyB
+the carriage of their respective basic channels
+highly diversified
+second
+second
+Melbourne
+Melbourne Cricket Ground
+Bendigo
+New South Wales
+Buckland Valley
+typhoid
+cramped and unsanitary
+multi-member proportional representation
+eight electorates
+eight electorates
+four years
+November every four years
+centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
+centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
+centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
+The Greens
+centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
+61.1%
+Roman Catholics
+Buddhism
+Buddhism
+20%
+south-east
+second-most
+second
+Melbourne
+Port Phillip Bay,
+Koori
+1788
+New South Wales
+Sullivan Bay
+1803
+More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
+50%
+2
+90%
+121,200
+1975
+the 1855 colonial constitution
+Parliament of Victoria
+"entrenched" provisions
+Victoria Constitution Act 1855
+The Mallee and upper Wimmera
+32 °C (90 °F)
+32 °C (90 °F)
+Hopetoun
+7 February 2009
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+closure announcements
+2017
+May 2013
+October 2016
+Ford
+Mount Bogong
+Mount Bogong
+Mount Bogong
+an extensive series of river systems
+pink heath
+Victorian Alps
+Great Dividing Range
+Great Dividing Range
+below 0 °C
+Omeo
+several private and public railway operators
+Metro Trains Melbourne
+the Victorian Government
+freight services
+Metro Trains Melbourne
+12
+12
+Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council
+Legislative Council
+Linda Dessau
+1 July 1851
+1 July 1851
+gold rush
+sevenfold
+20 million ounces
+214
+214
+just under 540,800
+63,519
+Over 61 per cent
+Victoria
+nearly two-thirds
+nearly two-thirds
+nearly two-thirds
+Asia
+1,600 mm
+1,435 mm
+760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
+mountainous areas
+760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
+1788
+New South Wales
+New Holland
+Sydney
+mining taxes
+British troops
+Eureka Stockade
+mining licence fees
+Imperial Parliament
+Premier of Victoria
+Premier of Victoria
+representatives elected to either house of parliament.
+Daniel Andrews
+representatives elected to either house of parliament.
+$8.7 billion
+17%
+32,463
+32,463
+60%
+Major events
+Major events
+Melbourne
+regional cities
+V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix
+southern and central parts of France
+southern and central
+1562 to 1598
+Edict of Nantes
+autonomy
+derision
+Geneva
+Besançon Hugues
+France
+1560
+The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
+1294
+Guyard de Moulin
+1487
+Paris
+villes de sûreté
+66
+Edict of Alès
+1622
+1629
+François Villion
+Cape Town
+Maria de la Queillerie
+31 December 1687
+1700
+1624
+Jessé de Forest
+L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
+L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
+Brooklyn
+Charleston Orange district
+Edmund Bellinger
+Rev. Elie Prioleau
+Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River
+Charleston, South Carolina
+William III of Orange
+King of England
+the League of Augsburg
+Louis XIV
+1672
+Edict of Nantes
+1685
+Louis XIV
+500,000
+The Catholic Church
+5,000 to 30,000
+5,000 to 30,000
+militia
+southern France
+1621 and 1629
+southwestern France
+Henry IV
+Louis XIII
+Huguenot rebellions
+2%
+2%
+Alsace
+Alsace
+Australia
+New Rochelle
+New Paltz
+The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz
+contains the oldest street in the United States of America
+Staten Island
+75,000 to 100,000
+75,000 to 100,000 people
+ca. 2 million
+25%
+the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+Tours
+Huguon
+le roi Huguet
+Tours
+came back to harm the living at night
+weavers' windows
+The Weavers
+economic separation
+Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
+restaurant
+Cork City
+Huguenots
+Dublin
+Bank of Ireland
+1696
+brain drain
+The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
+The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
+the North American front of the Seven Years' War
+1759-60
+Henry of Navarre
+1598
+Catholicism
+Catholic interests
+Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism
+Catholics
+emigration
+Four thousand
+"new converts"
+Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
+Switzerland and the Netherlands
+1555
+France Antarctique
+1560
+Guanabara Confession of Faith
+Afrikaans
+wine industry
+Western Cape
+Huguenot
+Cuckoo Tavern
+Henry Laurens
+Charleston, South Carolina
+Manakin Episcopal Church
+Texas
+lace
+first half of the eighteenth century
+Dover
+first half of the eighteenth century
+Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
+one-fifth
+in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
+1806-07
+Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
+Great Elector Frederick William
+Cévennes
+the Camisards
+Catholic Church in the region
+1702 and 1709
+Jacksonville
+Jean Ribault
+Jean Ribault
+French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine
+French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine
+Jean Ribault
+Parris Island
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+1562
+Wars of Religion
+Virginia
+Lower Norfolk County
+Manakin Town
+390
+12 May 1705
+1568–1609
+Spain
+"Apologie"
+William the Silent
+Calvinist
+Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
+1708
+1708
+transubstantiation
+transubstantiation
+William of Orange
+William of Orange
+Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
+Killeshandra
+flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry
+Prince Louis de Condé
+Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
+glass-making
+1890s
+1604
+Protestant European nations
+Protestant European nations
+Quebec
+the Dutch Cape Colony
+allowed to worship freely
+Hugues Capet
+The "Hugues hypothesis"
+Janet Gray
+those who want Hugo
+double or triple non-French linguistic origins
+Jacques Lefevre
+University of Paris
+1530
+William Farel
+Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
+24 August – 3 October 1572
+St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
+Nearly 3,000
+1573
+almost 25,000
+1643
+to force the Huguenots to convert
+a fund
+closed
+dragonnades
+Westchester
+Davenports Neck
+Lord of Pelham Manor
+La Rochelle
+Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
+Protestant
+often married outside their immediate French communities
+E.I. du Pont
+well into the nineteenth century
+Eleutherian gunpowder mills
+Pierre Bayle
+Rotterdam
+Historical and Critical Dictionary
+US Library of Congress
+Saint Nicolas
+The French Protestant Church of London
+1550
+Soho Square
+Shoreditch
+1724
+Huguenot refugees
+Germany and Scandinavia
+Edict of Potsdam
+Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
+Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13 (Regiment on foot Varenne) and 15
+Frederick William
+Theodor Fontane
+Adolf Galland
+Lothar de Maizière
+German Federal Minister of the Interior
+solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy
+thermodynamic
+a boiler
+a boiler
+Steam engines
+atmospheric engine
+Thomas Newcomen
+1712
+steam pump
+Papin
+Richard Trevithick
+21 February 1804
+Richard Trevithick
+Abercynon in south Wales
+Richard Trevithick
+Rankine cycle
+multi-stage centrifugal pumps;
+1850s
+steam locomotives
+injector,
+triple and quadruple expansion engines
+triple and quadruple expansion engines
+Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing'system'
+Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing'system'
+large passenger liners
+Corliss
+Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts
+lengthening rubbing surfaces
+Lead fusible plugs
+If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators,
+the lead melts and the steam escapes
+manually suppress the fire
+little effect on dampening the fire
+James Watt
+James Watt
+ten
+1883
+Industrial Revolution
+the aeolipile
+Hero of Alexandria
+the aeolipile
+Taqi al-Din
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+compound engines
+expansions
+shipping
+steam turbine.
+shipping
+steam turbines
+steam turbines
+reciprocating piston type steam engines
+90
+electric
+combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air
+combustion chamber
+nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat
+model or toy steam engines,
+steam engine indicator
+1851
+Charles Porter
+Charles Porter
+Charles Porter
+90
+180
+90
+counterflow
+one rotation of the crank and two piston
+one rotation of the crank and two piston
+one rotation of the crank and two piston
+expansion
+Quasiturbine
+Uniflow
+Uniflow
+oscillating cylinder steam engine
+trunnion
+toys and models
+toys
+the working fluid is recycled continuously
+open loop
+Mercury
+exhaust steam
+working fluid
+565 °C
+stainless steel
+63%
+30 °C
+Steam engines
+Steam engines
+Stanley Steamer
+factories
+increase in the land available for cultivation
+Trevithick
+Matthew Murray
+Matthew Murray
+Middleton Railway
+George Stephenson
+Arthur Woolf
+Woolf high-pressure compound engine
+torque variability
+larger cylinder volume
+90
+reciprocating steam engines
+reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
+90%
+90%
+The Rankine cycle
+condenser
+1990s
+biomass
+William John Macquorn
+duty
+17
+7 million
+94
+Newcomen
+steam turbines
+steam turbines
+steam turbine
+steam turbines
+Thomas Savery
+water pump
+1698
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans
+Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans
+1802
+transport
+power
+Energiprojekt AB
+Energiprojekt AB
+5
+8.8
+27-30
+steam turbines
+automobile radiator
+where water is costly
+wet
+twenty times as much
+James Watt
+James Watt
+flour mill
+cotton spinning
+The governor could not actually hold a set speed
+1880
+marine engines
+complicated
+1930
+marine engines
+shortening the cutoff
+kick back
+evacuate the cylinder
+The simplest valve gears
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+1606
+Thomas Savery
+Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine
+rotating discs
+drive shaft
+static discs
+turbine casing
+3000 RPM
+weight of boilers and condensers
+internal combustion engines or electric motors
+steam turbine
+Advanced Steam
+fuel sources and pollution
+Wankel engine
+Wankel engine
+the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion
+1775
+condenser
+Boulton and Watt's
+James Watt
+air pressure
+two
+plug valve
+spring-loaded
+spring-loaded
+Early valves could be adjusted
+Corliss steam engine
+1849
+30%
+four
+Rumford medal
+atmospheric pressure
+Watt
+separate condenser
+Joseph Black
+latent heat
+during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
+during the compression stage
+1% to 3%
+1500 °C
+injector
+to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation
+pumps
+bunker
+a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor
+exhaust
+steam turbine
+dreadnought battleships
+ocean liners
+HMS Dreadnought
+heating water to provide steam
+heating water to provide steam
+by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator
+turbo-electric transmission
+long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain
+Rankine cycle
+in the condenser
+constant pressure
+heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser)
+to pressurize the working fluid
+8
+hydrogen and helium
+two atoms
+half
+20.8%
+20.8%
+Oxygen
+8
+downward trend
+hydrogen and helium
+8
+chalcogen group
+oxides
+third
+dioxygen
+photosynthesis
+cellular respiration
+ozone
+oxygen
+water
+photosynthesis
+water
+ozone
+Robert Boyle
+spiritus nitroaereus
+spiritus nitroaereus
+1679
+Robert Boyle
+spiritus nitroaereus
+late 17th century
+respiration
+spiritus nitroaereus
+Joseph Priestley
+Joseph Priestley
+HgO
+Joseph Priestley
+Joseph Priestley
+dephlogisticated air
+"An Account of Further Discoveries in Air"
+Because he published his findings first
+mouse
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo of Byzantium
+Philo
+fire
+Philo of Byzantium
+fire
+Pneumatica
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo
+heat or a spark
+oxidant
+peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
+Oxygen
+ignition event
+oxidant
+rapid combustion
+Oxygen
+peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
+13
+Steel pipes
+13
+Steel pipes
+Concentrated O 2
+Steel pipes
+Steel pipes
+13
+oxides of silicon
+Oxygen
+The Earth's mantle
+Oxygen
+oxides of silicon
+The Earth's mantle
+The Earth's mantle
+various complex silicates
+atomic hypothesis
+atomic hypothesis
+HO
+8 times that of hydrogen
+Amedeo Avogadro
+phlogiston
+Highly combustible
+Air
+metals
+Air
+molecular orbitals
+oxygen
+Aufbau
+oxygen
+molecular orbitals
+Joseph Priestley
+1774
+his work was published first
+Antoine Lavoisier
+1777
+spin triplet state
+triplet oxygen
+two unpaired electrons
+slowly
+antibonding
+tin and air
+tin and air
+tin and air
+1777
+azote
+Trioxygen
+Trioxygen
+lung tissue
+UV
+UV
+dioxygen
+121 pm
+atmosphere
+energy content
+cellular respiration
+James Dewar
+James Dewar
+1895
+oxyacetylene
+Oxygen
+temperature
+6.04 milliliters (mL)
+6.04 milliliters (mL)
+twice as much
+Oxygen
+third
+0.9%
+49.2%
+ultraviolet radiation
+late 19th century
+late 19th century
+liquid sulfur dioxide
+a few drops
+Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski.
+Sun
+Genesis spacecraft
+Genesis spacecraft
+an unknown process
+Earth
+Singlet oxygen
+reactive
+photosynthesis
+photolysis of ozone
+Carotenoids
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16
+slightly faster
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16
+lower global temperatures
+687 and 760 nm
+low signal-to-noise ratio
+satellite platform
+global
+vegetation canopies
+paramagnetic
+Liquid oxygen
+spin magnetic moments
+magnetic field
+a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet
+Reactive oxygen species,
+invading microbes
+pathogen attack
+2.5 billion years
+2.5 billion years
+54.36 K
+Rayleigh scattering
+fractional distillation of liquefied air
+Liquid oxygen
+combustible materials
+Free oxygen
+polar
+higher oxygen content
+eutrophication
+the water's biochemical oxygen demand
+3.5 billion years ago
+Paleoproterozoic eon
+banded iron formations
+1.7 billion years ago
+3–2.7 billion years ago
+oxygen cycle
+biogeochemical
+biogeochemical
+photosynthesis
+oxygen
+passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves
+90% to 93%
+90% to 93%
+non-cryogenic technologies
+90% to 93%
+Oxygen
+electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen
+DC
+oxides and oxoacids
+chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles
+oxygen bars
+mild euphoric
+to get a "boost" in performance
+a placebo effect
+aerobic
+Hyperbaric
+carbon monoxide
+anaerobic bacteria
+bubbles of inert gas, mostly nitrogen and helium,
+emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
+heart
+Uptake of O 2 from the air
+respiration
+emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
+electronegativity
+oxides
+FeO
+oxide
+slows further corrosion
+cabin depressurization
+Sudden cabin pressure loss
+exothermic
+exothermic
+cryogenics
+insulated tankers
+liquid
+compressed gas
+hospitals and other institutions
+acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid.
+amides
+Acetone ((CH 3) 2CO) and phenol (C 6H 5OH)
+Epoxides
+amides
+in almost all biomolecules
+squalene
+carbohydrates
+carbonyl
+phosphate (PO3 4)
+Oxygen toxicity
+pulmonary fibrosis
+convulsions
+Acute oxygen toxicity
+seizures
+Breathing pure O 2
+30 kPa
+1.4 times normal
+Breathing pure O 2
+30 kPa
+elevated partial pressures
+50 kilopascals
+50 kilopascals
+patients on mechanical ventilators
+30%–50%
+October 1973
+$12
+1979
+first oil shock
+October 1973
+to avoid being targeted by the boycott
+Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
+Henry Kissinger
+March 1974
+August 15, 1971
+left to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
+increased their reserves
+September 1971
+oil producers' real income decreased
+less than two percent per year
+1971
+1973–1974
+Until the oil shock
+October 6, 1973
+Iran
+ten times more
+Iran
+renewed of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict
+Israel
+OPEC
+until their economic and political objectives were met
+$2.2 billion
+Israel
+Sunni extremist groups
+Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
+Middle East
+shrinking Western demand
+Wahhabism
+production, distribution and price disruptions
+the Middle East
+1973
+Kissinger
+embargo
+automobiles
+inflationary and deflationary
+Arctic
+five to ten years
+nine
+nine
+nine
+nine
+Ted Heath
+a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
+a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
+a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
+Germany
+Sweden
+Price controls
+to encourage investment
+Price controls
+rationing
+William E. Simon
+1973
+to coordinate the response to the embargo
+20%
+55 mph
+Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
+Department of Energy
+November 28, 1995
+Department of Energy
+The energy crisis
+market and technology realities
+stable rules that support basic research
+U.S
+"it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force."
+10 years
+the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
+Japan
+71%
+5%
+November 22
+December 25
+Afghanistan
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
+Al-Hasa region of Saudi Arabia
+demand for large cars
+Japanese imports
+V8 and six cylinder engines
+Japan
+luxury divisions
+Toyota Corona Mark II
+power steering
+luxury divisions
+Compact trucks
+Dodge D-50
+Ford, Chrysler, and GM
+captive import policy
+An increase in imported cars
+four-cylinder
+1985
+Cadillac DeVille
+Chevrolet Bel Air
+1979
+Chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982
+NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215
+1981
+1979 energy crisis
+market share
+$40 per barrel
+John F. Kennedy's
+National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
+1968
+Dwight D. Eisenhower
+two
+1961 to 1972
+Gemini
+Apollo/Saturn vehicles
+Skylab
+1967
+prelaunch test
+Budget cuts
+oxygen tank explosion
+oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
+Apollo 8
+Apollo 8
+382 kg
+avionics, telecommunications, and computers
+three
+three
+Abe Silverstein
+ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings
+early 1960
+July 1960
+Maxime Faget
+three
+Hugh L. Dryden
+John F. Kennedy
+John F. Kennedy
+massive financial commitment
+James E. Webb
+missile gap
+Yuri Gagarin
+the Soviet Union
+US House Committee on Science and Astronautics
+circumspect
+April 20
+Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson
+approximately one week
+approximately one week
+Robert R. Gilruth
+Langley Research Center
+Houston, Texas
+Rice University
+Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida
+Merritt Island
+Kurt H. Debus
+Director
+Kennedy
+three
+Operations and Checkout Building
+two vacuum chambers
+Vertical Assembly Building
+Dr. George E. Mueller
+July 23, 1963
+D. Brainerd Holmes
+Mueller
+Air Force missile projects
+high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+July 1969
+Apollo Program Director
+rendezvous
+1961
+Associate Administrator Robert Seamans
+Nicholas E. Golovin
+July 1961
+Manned Spacecraft Center
+Joseph Shea
+Wernher von Braun
+Jerome Wiesner
+Golovin
+NASA
+July 11, 1962
+Wiesner
+"No, that's no good"
+Lunar Excursion Module
+Grumman
+a "lifeboat"
+oxygen tank explosion
+The Lunar Module
+1964
+cone-shaped
+Command/Service Module
+Lunar Excursion Module
+Command Module
+Command Module
+ablative heat shield
+Parachutes
+5,560 kg
+Service Module
+S-band
+The Service Module
+51,300 pounds
+orbital scientific instrument package
+North American Aviation
+twice
+1964
+North American Aviation
+Lunar Module
+Earth's atmosphere
+15,100 kg
+over 3 days
+Wernher von Braun
+Army
+June 11, 1962
+water
+1964 and 1965
+Pegasus satellites
+micrometeorite impacts
+1,600,000 pounds-force
+1,600,000 pounds-force
+A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.
+A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.
+CSM and LM
+33 feet
+three
+liquid hydrogen
+Gemini
+Gemini
+Dr. Harrison Schmitt
+Apollo 17
+on the last mission
+32
+Distinguished Service Medal
+1969
+NASA Exceptional Service Medal,
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+LC-34
+AS-201
+25,700 km
+the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
+AS-278
+Apollo spacesuit
+visor
+water-cooled undergarment
+Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot
+Deke Slayton
+Donn F. Eisele
+January 1966
+Donn F. Eisele
+AS-205
+AS-205 mission was canceled
+August 1967
+AS-205/208
+Apollo 1 backup crew
+Samuel Phillips
+Samuel Phillips
+1967
+Samuel Phillips
+altitude chamber
+Apollo 1
+"plugs-out"
+North American
+strange odor in their spacesuits
+January 27, 1967
+100% oxygen
+asphyxiated
+100% oxygen
+both houses of Congress
+deficiencies
+George Low
+both houses of Congress
+nitrogen/oxygen
+removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials
+quick-release, outward opening door
+Saturn V
+modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits,
+a sequence of mission types
+successful
+letters
+AS-501
+the Command Module's heat shield
+April 4, 1968
+third unmanned test
+Apollo 5
+Apollo 5
+George Low
+a computer programming error
+abort
+Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs
+Zond 5
+Christmas Eve
+George Low
+human cosmonauts
+Gemini
+Apollo 11
+21 hours, 36 minutes
+Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
+July 24
+Apollo 12
+Apollo 12
+returned to Earth
+accidentally pointed into the Sun
+Lunar Roving Vehicle
+Block II
+payload capacity
+over three days
+payload capacity
+liquid oxygen tank exploded
+two rookies
+the oxygen tank was redesigned
+liquid oxygen tank
+April 1970
+Apollo 20
+NASA's yearly budget
+Michoud Assembly Facility
+1971
+extremely old
+3.2 billion years
+KREEP
+Genesis Rock
+micrometeoroid impact craters
+impact process effects
+materials melted near an impact crater.
+$170 billion
+12
+$20.4 billion
+Apollo X
+Apollo Applications Program
+Venus
+the two lower stages of a Saturn V.
+the two lower stages of a Saturn V.
+February 8, 1974
+Apollo Telescope Mount
+Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
+blown over
+unknown
+Apollo 8
+Book of Genesis
+one-quarter
+Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
+special Apollo TV camera
+Apollo TV
+magnetic tape shortage
+to be recorded over with newer satellite data
+Stan Lebar
+Nafzger
+historical legitimacy
+Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings
+Nafzger
+black and white
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
+a body of treaties and legislation
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+Secondary sources
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+a body of treaties and legislation
+direct effect or indirect effect
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+three
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+the Court of Justice
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+international law and general principles of European Union law.
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+international law and general principles of European Union law.
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+the Court of Justice
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+The European Commission
+citizens
+The European Court of Justice
+The "European Council"
+Treaty on European Union
+Faroe Islands
+rule on their validity
+if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+Gibraltar and the land islands
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
+atomic energy
+Maastricht Treaty 1992
+1985
+1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)
+Greenland
+atomic energy
+Maastricht Treaty 1992
+Single European Act 1986
+1994
+1985
+Nice Treaty
+referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+significantly altered the existing treaties
+amending treaty
+significantly altered the existing treaties
+to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent
+a single constitutional document
+referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+Lisbon Treaty
+The European Commission
+Article 17(3)
+Jean-Claude Juncker)
+one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states
+Federica Mogherini
+Article 17(3)
+Jean-Claude Juncker)
+simple majority vote
+"written procedure" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.
+Article 17(3)
+censured by Parliament
+did in fact not break any law
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Council
+voting rights
+1999
+Edith Cresson
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Anti-fraud Office
+€60m
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
+every five years
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+1979
+every five years
+European People's Party
+different ministers of the member states
+Donald Tusk
+weighted inversely to member state size,
+352
+55 per cent
+the Council
+each six months
+352
+55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU
+three
+three
+legislation can be blocked
+the member states
+the Court of Justice
+article 294
+legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
+the member states
+Conciliation Committee
+The judicial branch
+the Court of Justice of the European Union
+28
+member state courts
+ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
+interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
+the Court of Justice of the European Union
+Civil Service Tribunal
+three years
+"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
+if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy.
+1958
+1968
+European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
+1964
+Court of Justice
+the Court of Justice
+foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
+ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
+Solange I and Solange II
+administrative law
+1986
+All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review,
+administrative law
+Van Gend en Loos
+urea-formaldehyde plastics
+postal company
+TFEU article 288
+standing to sue
+Working Time Directive
+Working Time Directive
+Advocate Generals
+the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action
+a dispute with another citizen or company
+10 years
+Foster v British Gas plc
+Foster v British Gas plc
+interpret domestic law
+a fixed list of reasons
+set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
+6 million Lira
+European Court of Justice
+fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
+1950s
+Article 5
+the least onerous
+since the 1960s
+international law and public law
+proper legal basis
+legal certainty and good faith
+constitutional traditions common to the member states
+the European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
+None
+1950
+1950
+European Court of Human Rights.
+1999
+Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
+Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
+European Union law
+European Court of Justice
+The Social Chapter
+The Social Chapter
+1989
+30
+40
+11 of the then 12 member states
+The UK refused to sign the Social Charter
+the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+UK Labour Party
+1997
+1994 Works Council Directive
+1996
+workforce consultation in businesses
+European Coal and Steel Community
+European Coal and Steel Community
+Article 65
+Article 65
+European Economic Community
+Article 101(1)
+abuse of dominant position
+Articles 106 and 107
+Article 102
+2007
+Treaty of Rome 1957
+consumer prices
+monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union
+the Court of Justice
+non-discrimination
+Mr Dassonville
+private actors
+French farmer vigilantes
+Schmidberger v Austria
+Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol für Branntwein,
+France
+cocoa products that included other vegetable fats
+cocoa butter
+25 per cent
+Keck and Mithouard
+cut throat competition
+Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
+Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
+free movement
+economic
+citizenship
+Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
+there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
+articles 1 to 7
+Jean-Marc Bosman
+Gaelic
+article 7(2)
+article 7(2)
+a "fundamental" status of member state nationals
+increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
+In Commission v Austria the Court held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students
+higher education
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+non-discriminatory
+Reyners v Belgium
+article 49
+comply with maximum tariffs
+2006
+not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste
+October 2007
+Court of Justice
+people who give services "for remuneration"
+only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
+Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht
+The Dutch health authorities
+evade tax
+200,000 Danish krone
+200,000 Danish krone
+creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
+Nordic Construction GmbH
+Amazonia
+5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.
+nine nations.
+contain "Amazonas" in their names.
+half of the planet's remaining rainforests
+Amazoneregenwoud
+Amazonia
+Brazil
+over half
+over half
+Amazonia
+5,500,000 square kilometres
+nine nations
+Brazil
+16,000 species
+the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
+Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
+the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
+last glacial maximum.
+allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+45
+Climate fluctuations
+Oligocene
+Middle Miocene,
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+66–34 Mya
+Middle Miocene
+last glacial maximum
+Climate fluctuations
+Purus Arch.
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+5–10 million years
+5–10
+mid-Eocene
+Atlantic
+Pacific
+Amazonas Basin
+Solimes Basin
+mid-Eocene
+Purus Arch
+Atlantic
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+lower than for the present
+isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+data sampling
+data sampling
+Last Glacial Maximum
+deglaciation
+rainfall
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+rainfall
+rainfall
+isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+Amazon basin
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+NASA
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.52/sq mi
+agriculture
+recent anthropological findings
+5 million
+poor soil
+Betty Meggers
+0.2
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+Betty Meggers
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.2
+5 million
+1900
+Francisco de Orellana
+the 1540s
+spread of diseases from Europe
+1970s
+AD 0–1250
+Francisco de Orellana
+1542
+AD 0–1250
+Alceu Ranzi
+11,000 years
+black earth
+Terra preta
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+University of Florida
+Terra preta (black earth)
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+Michael Heckenberger and colleagues
+roads, bridges and large plazas
+2.5 million
+One in five
+40,000
+One in five
+between 96,660 and 128,843
+2.5 million
+2.5 million
+40,000
+40,000
+One in five
+62 acres
+a quarter square kilometer
+90,790
+356  47 tonnes per hectare
+438,000
+a quarter square kilometer
+a quarter square kilometer
+90,790
+356  47
+438,000
+electric eels
+caiman
+electric eels
+poison dart frogs
+Vampire bats
+conversion of forested areas to non-forested
+1960s
+crop cultivation and the slash and burn method
+loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
+naked eye
+415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
+415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
+cattle
+Brazil
+91%
+soy farmers
+deforestation
+18%
+declined
+18%
+loss of biodiversity
+loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest
+vegetation
+10%
+10%
+severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
+climate change
+2100
+deforestation.
+deforestation
+Urarina
+non-human primates
+deforestation and ecocide
+Urarina
+non-human primates
+commercial
+Trio Tribe
+southern Suriname
+territorial claims
+commercial interests
+classification of tree growth stages
+carbon related emissions
+Tatiana Kuplich
+Tatiana Kuplich
+Thematic Mapper
+2005
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+savanna or desert
+Woods Hole Research Center
+2010
+1,160,000 square miles
+three
+2010
+8 gigatons
+comb jellies
+animals that live in marine waters worldwide.
+1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
+pher
+groups of cilia
+water flow through the body cavity
+1.5 m
+groups of cilia
+comb jellies
+1.5 m
+water flow through the body cavity
+'comb' and  pher 'carry'
+pher
+ten times
+100–150
+100–150
+100–150
+cydippids
+ten times
+cydippids
+huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
+ten times
+cydippids
+huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
+colloblasts
+100–150
+hermaphrodites
+miniature cydippids
+reproduction
+fertilize its own egg
+can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+sequential
+platyctenids
+hermaphroditism and early reproduction
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
+can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
+the eggs and sperm mature at different times
+platyctenids
+beroids
+Black Sea
+Mnemiopsis
+over-fishing
+other ctenophores
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse
+phytoplankton
+phytoplankton
+planktonic plants
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse
+Beroe
+66 million years ago
+monophyletic
+comb-rows
+comb-rows
+comb-rows
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+monophyletic
+comb-rows
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+cnidarians
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+colloblasts
+inter-cell connections
+cnidarians
+mesoglea
+diploblastic
+mesoglea
+mesoglea
+1.5 meters (4.9 ft)
+locomotion
+ctenes
+comb-bearing
+Pleurobrachia
+oceanic species
+waves and swirling sediment particles
+Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
+epithelium
+bioluminescence
+pharynx
+a system of internal canals.
+mesoglea
+swimming-plates
+"ctenes" or "comb plates
+supporting function
+ctenophores
+2 millimeters (0.079 in)
+osmotic pressure
+ciliary rosettes
+density
+rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density.
+aboral organ
+at the opposite end from the mouth
+a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
+statocyst
+a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia,
+sea gooseberry
+long, slender tentacles
+rounded
+sheath
+narrow end
+cydippid ctenophores
+mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
+striated
+flicking
+capturing prey
+eight
+near the mouth to the opposite end
+evenly round the body
+ciliary groove
+lobes
+cilia
+cilia
+help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+suspended planktonic prey
+clapping their lobes
+by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
+Mexican wave
+water disturbances created by the cilia
+Nuda
+The Beroida
+zip" the mouth shut
+a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall
+large pharynx
+mouth and aboral organ
+Cestum veneris
+belt animals
+undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
+Velamen parallelum
+Platyctenida
+pharynx
+comb-rows
+on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
+via pores in the epidermis
+keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
+Mnemiopsis
+in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
+brood chambers
+tentacles and tentacle sheaths
+plankton
+after dropping to the sea-floor
+true larvae
+Beroe
+secretions
+secretions
+ink
+Juveniles
+Almost all ctenophores
+jellyfish
+colloblasts
+Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis
+two-tentacled "cydippid" Lampea
+Ctenophores
+chum salmon
+combs
+Red Sea
+jellyfish and turtles
+Mnemiopsis leidyi
+ballast tanks of ships
+a cooling of the local climate
+Mnemiopsis leidyi
+slowed the animal's metabolism
+Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies
+Ediacaran Eoandromeda
+Cambrian period.
+Burgess Shale
+24 and 80
+Chengjiang lagerstätte
+Stromatoveris
+Stromatoveris
+Chengjiang lagerstätte
+Ediacaran period
+all other animals
+Porifera
+cydippid-like
+monophyletic
+65.5 million years
+Richard Harbison
+Fresno
+220
+ash tree
+ash leaf
+Fresno (/frzno/ FREZ-noh)
+1872
+flooding
+1885
+Fresno Traction Company
+a store
+3.3%
+Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown
+Pinedale
+internment camps
+assembly center
+BankAmericard
+BankAmericard
+a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants
+1976
+Visa
+Bill Aken
+Bill Aken
+migrant farm workers
+The Fresno Barn
+Lupe Mayorga
+three
+Roeding Park
+Kearney Park
+Shinzen Japanese Gardens
+Kearney Park
+World War II
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+1964
+Fulton Mall
+Pierre-Auguste Renoir
+28'
+28'
+Fresno's far southeast side
+Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
+1950s through the 1970s
+Chestnut Avenue
+William P. Bell
+Tower Theatre
+1939
+water tower
+Fresno Normal School
+one-half mile
+late 1970s
+second and third run movies, along with classic films
+1978
+Evita and The Wiz
+Evita and The Wiz
+a few hundred feet
+within a few hundred feet of each other
+Tower District
+Tower District
+Tower District
+early twentieth century homes
+Mission Revival
+tower district
+in recent decades
+Huntington Boulevard
+William Stranahan
+Billings & Meyering
+267
+Fresno Traction Company
+"Southwest Fresno"
+Nielsen Ave
+African-American
+Hmong or Laotian
+The "West Side"
+M. Theo Kearney
+palm trees
+African-American
+Brookhaven
+"Dogg Pound"
+1960s and 1990s
+on the corner of Fresno and B streets
+Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
+West Side
+Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway
+Ralph Woodward
+300
+2,500
+22 miles
+April through October
+1946
+William Smilie
+Sierra Sky Park Airport
+Sierra Sky Park Airport
+Sierra Sky Park
+semi-arid
+83.0 °F
+11.5 inches
+the northwest
+southeastern
+17 °F
+January 6, 1913
+3.55 inches
+2.2 inches
+3.55 inches
+494,665
+49.6%
+62,528
+30.0%
+4,404.5
+68,511
+19.3%
+1,388
+3.62
+3.07
+97,915
+149,025
+50.2%
+50.2%
+4,097.9 people per square mile
+UHF
+KMJ-TV
+June 1, 1953
+NBC affiliate KSEE
+KGPE
+State Route 99
+Sierra Freeway
+Atascadero
+Kings Canyon National Park
+Fresno
+1950s
+State Route 99
+Rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99
+Amtrak San Joaquins
+Downtown Fresno
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+Downtown Fresno
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+pre-allocation of network bandwidth
+packet switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+packet switching
+circuit switching
+fee per unit of connection time
+fee per unit of information transmitted
+circuit switching
+Packet switching
+a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
+characters, packets, or messages
+intermediate forwarding nodes
+fair queuing
+according to a multiple access scheme
+intermediate forwarding nodes
+fair queuing
+according to a multiple access scheme
+distributed adaptive message block switching
+survivable communications networks
+message blocks
+store and forward switching
+a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
+store and forward switching
+distributed adaptive message block switching
+packets
+Baran
+packet switching
+a nationwide network in the UK
+ARPANET
+Donald Davies
+packet switching
+ARPANET
+complete addressing information
+different paths and out-of-order delivery
+a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
+packet sequence number
+length, timestamp, or sequence number
+look up the connection id in a table
+delivered in order and with error checking
+establish the parameters of communication
+data link layer
+the user-network-interface
+the user-network-interface
+the user-network-interface
+1969
+hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
+sequenced delivery of data to the host
+User Datagram Protocol
+Apple Inc.
+centralized router or server
+automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
+plug-n-play system
+CYCLADES
+make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself
+unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
+later ARPANET architecture
+Digital Equipment Corporation
+to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
+OSI-compliant networking protocol
+Linux
+a data network based on this voice-phone network
+commercial online service
+turning the business around
+profitable
+help the state's educational and economic development
+interactive host to host connection
+additional public universities in Michigan join the network
+the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+Larry Roberts
+making ARPANET technology public
+X.29
+GTE
+virtual call packet switched technology
+thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
+dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
+to build their own dedicated networks
+via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
+two kinds of X.25 networks.
+Bell Northern Research
+by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address
+Telstra
+the Australian Tax Office
+via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
+Datanet 1
+leased lines
+DNIC 2049
+confusion
+the U.S. National Science Foundation
+ARPANET
+the global Internet
+research and education communities, industry, and government
+Qwest
+Abilene
+a brand new nationwide network
+Internet2 Network
+The National Science Foundation Network
+to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States
+Internet backbone
+Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
+provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
+MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF
+12
+OC-48c
+Central Asia
+Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships.
+30–60% of Europe's total population
+17th century
+19th century
+commonly present
+Nestorian graves
+Nestorian graves
+1331
+25 million
+Genoese traders
+Jani Beg
+Jani Beg
+Sicily
+war, famine, and weather
+Europe
+northwestern Russia
+smaller trade relations with their neighbours
+France, Spain, Portugal and England
+Norway
+change in both economic and social structures
+1347
+through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
+the north
+1631
+1631
+J.I. Pontanus
+1823
+Scandinavia
+the heavens
+1345
+bad air
+Miasma theory
+Yersinia pestis
+1894
+Alexandre Yersin
+Paul-Louis Simond
+rodents
+Francis Aidan Gasquet
+bubonic plague
+1908
+the Black Death
+the Black Death
+30–75%
+100–106 °F
+80 percent
+90 to 95 percent
+high fevers and purple skin patches
+October 2010
+PLoS Pathogens
+DNA/RNA
+DNA/RNA
+Y. pestis was the causative agent
+genetic branches
+Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
+two waves
+Marseille
+1349
+confirmed and amended
+Y. pestis
+may no longer exist
+October 2011
+J. F. D. Shrewsbury
+modern bubonic plague
+exaggerations
+zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
+zoologist
+epidemiological account
+lack of reliable statistics from this period
+Domesday Book
+figures from the clergy
+1377
+fleas in goods
+marginal significance
+temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
+modern bubonic plague
+5 to 15 years
+anthrax
+combination of anthrax and other pandemics
+typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
+"blood poisoning"
+25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.
+about a third.
+Half
+Christian
+50%
+isolated areas
+14th to 17th centuries
+the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.
+almost a million
+7 million to as low as 4 million
+1350
+10–15% of the population
+1665
+40,000
+Russia
+1629–1631
+Oslo
+between 1361 and 1528
+1.7 million
+300,000 inhabitants
+half
+Sweden v. Russia and allies
+1720
+between 1500 and 1850
+30 to 50
+second quarter of the 19th century.
+Baghdad
+melt (magma and/or lava)
+heat and pressure
+new magma
+igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
+heat and pressure
+seafloor spreading
+the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
+asthenosphere
+the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle
+1960s
+divergent boundaries
+convergent boundaries
+Transform boundaries
+Alfred Wegener
+how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle
+arrival times of seismic waves
+crust and lithosphere
+crust and lithosphere
+detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth
+crust and lithosphere
+most recent eon with an expanded scale
+Quaternary
+The Holocene
+the Quaternary period
+The principle of cross-cutting relationships
+the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault
+key bed
+older than the fault
+igneous rocks
+magma or lava flows
+inclusions (or clasts
+inclusions
+ripped up
+faunal succession
+William Smith
+complex
+age
+Charles Darwin
+beginning of the 20th century
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation
+absolute ages
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another
+absolute ages
+Thermochemical
+closure temperature
+isotope ratios of radioactive elements
+absolute age
+horizontal compression
+shallow crust
+antiforms
+synforms
+anticlines and synclines
+Extension
+boudins
+Stretching
+metamorphosed
+stretching and thinning
+Dikes
+actively deformed
+topographic gradients
+Continual motion
+volcanism
+basaltic lava flows
+Acasta gneiss
+sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon
+Cambrian time
+northwestern Canada
+the study of rocks
+the study of sedimentary layers
+the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
+soils
+petrologists
+optical mineralogy
+the geochemical evolution of rock units
+in the laboratory
+petrographic microscope
+Petrologists
+Petrologists
+igneous and metamorphic processes
+microscopic
+microscopic
+faults and folds
+analog and numerical experiments
+orogenic wedges
+orogenic wedges
+horizontal layers of sand
+all angles remain the same
+Numerical models
+stratigraphers
+geophysical
+Geophysical data and well logs
+Geophysical data and well logs
+water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
+to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
+fossils
+magnetic reversals
+Geochronologists
+Persia
+Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
+Shen Kuo
+Greek and Indian scientific literature
+Shen Kuo
+James Hutton
+Theory of the Earth
+1795
+the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed
+William Maclure
+1809
+1807
+Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
+American Philosophical Society
+Principles of Geology
+uniformitarianism
+uniformitarianism
+catastrophism
+Charles Darwin
+103 miles (166 km)
+103 miles (166 km)
+English Core Cities Group
+Northumberland
+Geordie
+Robert Curthose
+wool
+wool
+16th
+Great North Run
+Pons Aelius
+River Tyne
+2,000
+Hadrian's Wall
+73 miles
+Newcastle
+Elizabeth
+25-foot
+William the Lion
+Henry IV
+1530
+the Hostmen
+pointless pursuit
+eccentric
+merchants plotting to ruin him
+keelmen and their families
+boats
+7,000
+47%
+47%
+the King
+the Scots
+roaring drummes
+Triumphing by a brave defence
+Charles I
+urbanization
+Maling company
+electric lighting
+shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity
+steam turbine
+medieval
+narrow alleys
+Stairs
+Bessie Surtees
+Bessie Surtees
+Tyneside Classical
+Grey Street
+Grey Street
+1960s
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre
+Town Moor
+Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
+Hoppings funfair
+June
+Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
+Gateshead Millennium Bridge
+Gateshead Millennium Bridge
+Norman Foster
+tourist promotion
+Bambuco Bridge
+Grainger Town area
+between 1835 and 1842
+four
+244
+the Butcher Market
+1835
+2000
+2000
+English Heritage
+Gulf Stream
+Gulf Stream
+driest
+1982
+British Isles
+2010
+Eldon Square
+Bainbridge's
+The Bainbridge’s official ledgers reported revenue by department
+March 2007
+Eldon Garden and Monument Mall
+Gosforth
+Tesco
+MetroCentre
+Gateshead
+Tyneside flat
+terraces
+Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+7.8%
+5.9%
+one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+2001
+2001
+Northumbria
+Northumbria
+Jesmond
+37.8
+Scottish or Irish ancestors
+Border Reiver
+between 500 and 2,000
+between 500 and 2,000
+Geordie
+Anglo-Saxon
+Latin
+strong
+stream
+Scandinavia
+Northern United Kingdom
+Scots
+Many words
+Newcastle
+In a report
+80.4
+80.4
+long-term
+attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations,
+Collingwood Street
+12-screen Empire multiplex
+12
+Times Square
+bars, cafés and clubs
+theatre
+Stephen Kemble
+many celebrated seasons
+21 January 1788
+Grey Street
+theatres
+Theatre Royal
+Royal Shakespeare Company
+local talent
+2006
+The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
+8000
+John and Benjamin Green
+1793
+1793
+Newcastle Beer Festival
+May
+biennial
+2 weeks
+2 weeks
+The Hoppings
+June
+Temperance Movement
+cycling festival
+Leazes Park
+Newcastle Mela
+Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre
+Design Event festival
+East Asian cultural festival
+NewcastleGateshead
+Lindisfarne
+1971
+Venom
+Skyclad
+Duran Duran
+May 2008
+Old Town Hall
+Classic
+Classic
+Classic
+Seven Stories
+Tyneside
+Seven Stories
+Seven Stories
+Seven Stories
+On the Night of the Fire
+Get Carter
+Mike Figgis
+Mike Figgis
+Mike Figgis
+Gosforth Park
+Newcastle Eagles
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Blaydon Race
+6 miles (9.7 km)
+Metro Light Rail
+20 minutes
+15 million
+over 90
+Glazing was placed over the historic arches
+six
+Victoria
+Robert Stephenson.
+Manors
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+CrossCountry
+Northern Rail
+Tyne and Wear Metro
+five
+deep-level tunnels
+Queen Elizabeth II
+DB Regio
+Metro: All Change.'
+smart ticketing
+tracks, signalling and overhead wires
+the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains
+trams
+A1
+A696
+the old "Great North Road"
+6-prefix
+In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased
+3
+Haymarket
+3
+Tyne and Wear
+Go-Ahead
+1998
+off road cycle route networks
+highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living...
+off road cycle route networks
+link the local networks to national networks
+DFDS Seaways
+high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
+high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
+late 2008
+Thomson cruise lines
+eleven
+eleven
+Royal Grammar School
+Newcastle College
+St Cuthbert's High School,
+Northumbria
+Northumbria
+Sunday Times University of the Year
+part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities
+Northumbria University
+Augustus Welby Pugin
+1474
+Augustus Welby Pugin
+Church of St Thomas the Martyr
+parish churches
+The Parish Church of St Andrew
+1726
+the main porch
+churchyards
+the Scots
+ITV Tyne Tees
+The Watermark business park
+studio 5
+its colouring
+BBC Radio Newcastle
+NE1fm
+Newcastle Student Radio
+1951
+Radio Lollipop
+Newcastle Student Radio
+1770
+Archbishop of Westminster
+George Stephenson
+modernist poet
+Thailand
+Rutherford Grammar School
+Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer
+physicist
+Northumbrian smallpipes
+Newcastle
+Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+over 4.5 million objects.
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Department for Culture, Media and Sport
+2001
+12.5
+12.5
+5,000 years
+Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
+post-classical sculpture
+the Great Exhibition of 1851
+Henry Cole
+Museum of Manufactures
+Somerset House
+Gottfried Semper
+Queen Victoria
+22 June 1857
+George Wallis
+late night
+1949
+between September and November 1946
+nearly a million
+Festival of Britain (1951)
+Festival of Britain
+1948
+a rock concert
+Gryphon
+Roy Strong
+progressive folk-rock
+University of Dundee
+£76 million
+on the city's waterfront
+fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
+within five years
+Brompton Park House
+Sheepshanks Gallery
+Captain Francis Fowke
+Secretariat Wing
+the Secretariat Wing,
+Oriental Courts
+Italian Renaissance
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+Philip Webb and William Morris
+Edward Burne-Jones
+James Gamble
+Alfred Stevens
+Sir Edward Poynter
+Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott
+School for Naval Architects
+Cadeby stone
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+2008
+sgraffito
+Starkie Gardner
+Trajan's Column
+Reuben Townroe
+Reuben Townroe
+Aston Webb
+red brick and Portland stone
+Aston Webb
+an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame
+the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum.
+Alfred Drury
+four
+Alfred Drury
+white
+Prince Albert
+Art Library
+Henry Cole wing
+new entrance building
+Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
+the Spiral
+Indian, Japanese, Chinese, iron work, the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery
+linoleum
+FuturePlan
+"FuturePlan", and was created in consultation with the exhibition designers and masterplanners Metaphor.
+McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
+Kim Wilkie
+John Madejski Garden
+elliptical
+receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
+bronze doors
+2004
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+700,000
+the RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
+700,000
+Andrea Palladio
+Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Nicholas Hawksmoor, William Kent, James Gibbs, Robert Adam, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt,
+Andrea Palladio
+Sir Christopher Wren
+Sir Edwin Lutyens
+c1600
+the Great Fire of London
+c1600
+Montal
+the Alhambra
+over 19,000
+2006
+Ardabil Carpet
+Spain
+1909
+South and South-East Asian art
+South and South-East Asian art
+South and South-East Asian art
+1991
+Jawaharlal Nehru gallery
+70,000
+China, Japan and Korea
+approximately 16,000
+1991
+Tang
+Toshiba gallery of Japanese art
+December 1986
+13th
+1550 to 1900
+1.25 metres
+Tibetan art
+Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
+Hindu
+mother-of-pearl
+Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
+Reverend Alexander Dyce
+1869
+over 18,000
+Charles Dickens
+Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
+12th to 16th
+Joan of Arc
+Lucas Horenbout
+Word and Image Department
+MODES
+Encoded Archival Description
+newly accessioned into the collection
+Search the Collections
+2007
+Andy Warhol
+Andy Warhol
+15,000
+catalog everything
+British patrons
+Asia
+Gian Lorenzo Bernini
+Horace Walpole
+porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
+tea paraphernalia
+entertainment and leisure
+John Ruskin
+Industrial Revolution
+Arts and Crafts
+Trajan's Column
+Trajan's Column,
+Michelangelo's David
+sculptures, friezes and tombs
+in a glass case
+1762
+Frederick II the Great
+1762
+1909
+Chinese and Japanese ceramics
+Mintons & Royal Doulton
+Holland
+elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves
+16th and 17th centuries
+Germany and Switzerland
+over 6000
+over 6000
+Ancient Egypt
+René Lalique
+Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
+1994
+Danny Lane
+sacred silver and stained-glass
+Dale Chihuly
+13th
+over 10,000
+2,000
+Dürer
+Rembrandt
+Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
+over 14,000
+Word and Image department
+everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
+1913
+1913
+2002
+178
+178
+178
+modern fashion
+Italian and French Renaissance
+between 1859 and 1865
+The John Jones Collection
+1882
+£250,000
+1580
+Hans Vredeman de Vries
+Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet
+Germany
+Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames
+over 6000
+over 6000
+1869
+154
+William and Judith Bollinger
+over 10,000
+1496–97
+8
+Sir George Gilbert Scott
+over 10,000
+c1110
+gilt bronze
+relics of St Thomas Becket
+Becket Casket
+gilt copper
+over 5,100
+Horniman Museum
+Horniman Museum and other institutions
+35
+25 February 2010
+2000
+2000
+2000
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Andrés Marzal De Sax
+John Sheepshanks
+John Sheepshanks
+'A National Gallery of British Art'
+The Hay Wain
+John Sheepshanks
+1600–1800
+260
+Virgin and Child
+260
+Eadweard Muybridge
+Animal Locomotion of 1887
+Animal Locomotion
+different animals and humans performimg various actions
+James Lafayette
+The sculpture collection at the V&A
+22,000
+1914
+allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens
+National Galleries of Scotland
+Neptune and Triton
+Giulio da Sangallo
+Giulio da Sangallo
+1493–1500
+more than 20
+sculptor
+1914
+acknowledgement of Britain's support of France in World War I
+more than 20
+George Frampton
+Thomas Brock
+Sir Francis Chantrey
+Sculptors
+Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
+1950
+theme
+Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
+Tate Britain
+more than 53,000
+more than 53,000
+1st century AD to the present
+western Europe
+technique
+Cloth of St Gereon
+15th
+Netherlands
+the hunting of various animals
+John Vanderbank's workshop
+14th-century
+William Morris
+1887
+Marion Dorn
+Serge Chermayeff
+Theatre Museum
+March 2009
+the UK's biggest national collection
+Shakespeare
+research, exhibitions and other shows
+Conservation
+temperature and light
+interventive
+V&A Museum of Childhood
+preventive
+Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company
+1957
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
+American Broadcasting Company
+October 12, 1943
+radio network
+1948
+ESPN
+Capital Cities Communications
+eight
+Citadel Broadcasting
+eight
+Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
+Citadel Broadcasting
+Radio Corporation of America
+NBC Blue and NBC Red
+major cities
+NBC Blue Network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series
+Radio Corporation of America
+Federal Communications Commission
+1938
+1940
+NBC Red Network
+NBC Red or NBC Blue
+Mark Woods
+formally divorcing the operations of NBC Red and NBC Blue
+Dillon, Read & Co.
+David Sarnoff
+Dillon, Read & Co.
+Life Savers candy
+October 12, 1943
+George B. Storer
+vice-chairman
+June 30, 1951
+Magnetophon tape recorder
+Paul Whiteman
+The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street
+Bing Crosby
+public service
+ESPN
+ABC1
+September 8, 2007
+ABC International
+United States
+1959
+satellite
+Japan and Latin America
+increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
+coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
+Beirut
+Mainichi Broadcasting System
+flight delays
+coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
+A Charlie Brown Christmas
+ABC
+A Charlie Brown Christmas
+Academy Awards
+It's the Great Pumpkin
+1974
+Ryan Seacrest
+Miss America pageant
+Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve
+Miss America pageant
+General Hospital
+1975
+The Edge of Night
+The View and The Chew
+1963
+X Games
+2006
+Saturday
+"NBA Sunday Showcase"
+The Open Championship
+Frank Marx
+channels 2 through 6
+1947
+VHF channel 7
+108
+DuMont
+DuMont Television Network
+CBS and NBC
+United Paramount Theatres
+Paramount Pictures
+five
+CBS
+Prudential Insurance Company of America
+Leonard Goldenson
+William S. Paley
+June 6, 1951
+1952
+February 9, 1953
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc.
+August 10, 1948
+October 1948
+Mount Wilson
+The Prospect Studios
+September 30, 1960
+1960s
+William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
+1960s
+1959
+anthology
+1961
+1985
+circle logo
+Troika Design Group
+Troika Design Group
+the dot
+Pittard Sullivan
+2015
+"We Love TV"
+ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
+1993–94 season
+1995–96 season
+1983
+That Special Feeling
+a bubble on a black background
+a bubble on a black background
+a bubble on a black background
+Paul Rand
+Herbert Bayer
+Herbert Bayer
+1963–64 season
+ABC Radio
+October 19, 2005
+six divisions
+2004
+Desperate Housewives, Lost and Grey's Anatomy
+Anne Sweeney
+NASCAR
+2002
+Michael Eisner
+The Bachelor
+The Bachelorette
+Time Warner Cable
+ABC
+ABC
+Federal Communications Commission
+2000
+Family Matters and Step by Step
+Family Matters and Step by Step
+August 1999
+Regis Philbin
+Buena Vista Television
+Meredith Vieira
+July 31, 1995
+New York City
+Knight Ridder
+Robert Iger
+Sports Night
+1965–66
+third place
+Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
+May 1, 1953
+7 West 66th Street
+Baltimore
+Robert Kintner
+DuMont Television Network
+ABC-DuMont
+$5 million in cash
+Paramount Pictures
+The Lone Ranger
+The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
+Sugarfoot
+Sugarfoot
+Walt Disney
+Warner Bros. Presents
+Goldenson
+$500,000
+1954
+Goldenson
+Allen Shaw
+Harold L. Neal
+LOVE Radio
+seven
+September 1969
+Duel
+Aaron Spelling, David Wolper and Steven Spielberg
+$400,000–$450,000
+1970s
+CBS and NBC
+behavioral and demographic data
+Monday Night Football
+2006
+ESPN
+15%–16%
+1970
+1972
+Worldvision Enterprises
+all television and radio networks
+January 2, 1971
+Henry Plitt
+Elton Rule
+1966
+Happy Days
+developing youth-oriented programming
+Paramount Pictures
+Fred Pierce
+Fred Silverman
+S.W.A.T
+November 3, 1975
+president of NBC's entertainment division
+Laverne & Shirley
+jiggle TV
+Alex Haley
+Alex Haley
+nine seasons
+1976–77 season
+Soap
+Roone Arledge
+ABC Sports
+7 Lincoln Square
+June 1979
+June 1978
+Arledge
+Barbara Walters
+MCA Inc.
+ABC Cable News
+ABC News Now
+WJRT-TV and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio
+WJRT-TV and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio
+Writers Guild of America
+Duel
+Caris & Co.
+ABC Studios
+ABC Entertainment Group
+Citadel Media
+iTunes
+2010
+2004
+Ugly Betty
+Ugly Betty
+1970
+ABC Circle Films
+ABC Circle Films
+Turner Broadcasting System
+Selznick
+Buena Vista Television
+Buena Vista International Television
+Selznick library
+WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
+235
+235
+96.26%
+1946
+seal of the Federal Communications Commission
+1957
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+One Life to Live
+Litton's Weekend Aventure
+720p high definition
+1080i HD
+480i standard
+720p high definition
+Body of Proof
+Happy Endings
+third place
+V
+43
+Prospect Park
+43
+The Revolution
+fourth
+2004
+CBS
+The Neighbors
+The Neighbors
+The Middle and Modern Family
+Shark Tank
+Shark Tank
+Shark Tank
+Thomas Murphy
+Thomas Murphy
+NYPD Blue
+Steven Bochco
+ten seasons
+1993
+DIC Entertainment
+Capital Cities/ABC
+23.63% of American households
+WLS
+May 9, 1960
+John Bassett
+CFTO-TV
+Wide World of Sports
+Sports Programs, Inc.
+Sports Programs, Inc.
+Sports Programs, Inc.
+American Broadcasting Companies
+The Dating Game
+The Newlywed Game
+1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
+90%
+Dynasty
+Mork & Mindy
+Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
+Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
+Getty Oil
+The Entertainment Channel
+Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
+Thomas S. Murphy
+chairman and CEO
+$465 million
+America's Funniest Home Videos
+Home Improvement
+General Hospital
+Eastern/Pacific
+Good Morning America
+Jimmy Kimmel Live!.
+New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
+WBMA-LD
+WBND-LD
+WLQP-LP
+ABC Circle Films
+ABC Circle Films
+Prospect Avenue
+ABC Television Center, East
+Good Morning America and Nightline
+Good Morning America and Nightline
+Peter Jennings Way
+World News Tonight
+ABC on Demand
+27%
+27%
+27%
+the day after their original broadcast
+eight days
+fast forwarding of accessed content
+eight days
+LoyalKaspar
+steel blue and dark grey
+ABC Modern
+steel blue and dark grey
+14
+14
+All-Channel Receiver Act
+mandated the inclusion of UHF tuning
+Youngstown
+five times lower
+WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
+WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
+Walt Disney Presents
+Desilu Productions
+use of violence
+April 1959
+ABC Sunday Night Movie
+$15.5 million
+Hanna-Barbera
+The Jetsons
+April 1, 1963
+ITT
+Donald F. Turner
+United States Department of Justice
+January 1, 1968
+Capital Cities Communications
+$3.5 billion
+Warren Buffett
+E. W. Scripps Company
+12 television stations
+September 5, 1985
+four
+ABC's broadcasting division
+Michael P. Millardi
+Michael P. Millardi
+Laverne & Shirley
+Laverne & Shirley
+NBC
+Laverne & Shirley
+comedies and family-oriented series
+"TGIF"
+Thank Goodness It's Funny
+Miller-Boyett Productions
+Warner Bros.
+KXYZ and KXYZ-FM
+Charly
+Ralph Nelson
+1985
+Redwood City, California
+westerns and detective series
+between 10% and 18%
+between 10% and 18%
+Bandstand
+Dick Clark
+Goldenson
+Zorro
+Life
+NBC and CBS
+WATCH ABC
+New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
+Hearst Television
+authenticated subscribers
+Sinclair Broadcast Group
+Birmingham market
+E. W. Scripps Company
+owning or providing services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
+E. W. Scripps Company
+Start Here
+Troika
+entertainment division
+ABC News
+WFTS-TV and WWSB
+KMBC-TV and KQTV
+WZZM and WOTV
+St. Joseph, Missouri, which is designated by Nielsen as a separate market from Kansas City
+Mongol invasions
+uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia
+Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
+Central Asia and China
+Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
+gedei Khan
+1227
+Western Xia
+his sons and grandsons
+unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location
+Delüün Boldog
+Toghrul Khan
+1162
+his father had just captured
+Temülen
+Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
+Börte
+Khongirad
+Dai Setsen
+Begter
+wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game
+one hunting excursion
+one hunting excursion
+Tayichi'ud
+portable stocks
+Temüjin
+Bo'orchu
+by hiding in a river crevice
+arranged marriages
+Hoelun
+the Chinese dynasties to the south
+alliances
+Onggirat
+the Merkits
+Keraite tribe
+Jochi
+1185
+Chagatai
+Chagatai
+1241
+Chagatai
+at least six
+sworn brother or blood brother
+Toghrul
+Khan of the Keraites
+20,000
+Jamukha
+Mongolian aristocracy
+Kokochu
+1186
+Battle of Dalan Balzhut
+Qara Khitai
+the Yassa code
+wealth from future possible war spoils
+adopt orphans from the conquered tribe
+the conquered tribe
+Jochi
+Jamukha
+Jamukha
+Keraite
+Jamukha
+1201
+universal ruler
+Subutai
+1206
+Temüjin
+disloyal men in his army
+noble death
+breaking the back
+Chinese
+Wang Khan
+Khasar
+extensive spy network and Yam route systems
+Wang Khan
+Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes
+Khuruldai
+Khagan
+gedei
+a council of Mongol chiefs
+the Jin dynasty
+Ming-Tan
+Zhongdu
+Kaifeng
+gedei Khan
+Kuchlug
+Liao dynasty
+20,000
+Jebe
+The Arrow
+Qara Khitai
+west of Kashgar
+Lake Balkhash
+Khwarezmid Empire
+Caspian Sea
+Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
+Inalchuq
+had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded
+100,000
+Silk Road
+Genghis Khan, generals and his sons
+three
+southeast part of Khwarzemia
+Genghis Khan and Tolui
+Samarkand
+Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions
+Otrar
+Genghis Khan
+fled
+two years
+Bukhara
+Bukhara
+a river
+captured enemies
+Genghis
+pyramids of severed heads
+Turkish
+Turkish
+young men who had not fought
+the flail of God
+young men who had not fought
+1220
+Subutai
+Black Sea
+Battle of Kalka River
+Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
+Batu
+Batu and the Golden Horde
+Subutai and Jebe
+1225
+on the road back to Samarkand
+1226
+Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou
+near Helan Mountains
+Yellow River
+a line of five stars
+Ning Hia
+Ma Jianlong
+arrows
+Liupanshan
+ordered the entire imperial family to be executed
+Jochi
+Chagatai
+Khwarezmid Empire
+gedei
+Chagatai and Jochi
+Chagatai
+Tolui
+gedei
+1226
+Khorasan
+Urgench
+Sultan Muhammad
+Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223
+Yinchuan
+being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting
+arrow
+Western Xia
+Oirads
+without markings
+Khentii Aimag
+Mongolia
+The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
+Edsen Khoroo
+Dongshan Dafo Dian
+near Xining
+1954
+1968
+October 6, 2004
+a river
+King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
+horses
+Genghis Khan
+Yassa
+meritocracy
+Genghis Khan and his family
+Muhammad Khan
+tax exemptions
+Ong Khan
+a personal concept
+Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
+Töregene Khatun
+Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
+Chinese
+women
+Chu'Tsai
+Mongol
+Mongol
+lineal descendant of Khitan rulers
+his generals
+Karakorum
+Muqali
+the Jin dynasty
+autonomy
+diverting certain rivers
+Muslim and Chinese
+feigned retreat
+by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army
+Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan
+Caspian Sea
+gedei Khan
+1279
+Genghis Khan
+Turkey
+meritocracy
+trade
+Mongolian People's Republic
+uniting warring tribes
+Genghis Khan's children
+brutality
+historical records written by non-Mongolians
+500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög
+Genghis Khan
+Chinggis Khaan International Airport
+trivialization
+Chinggis Khaan International
+Ikh Zasag
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Ikh Zasag
+Inner Mongolia
+5 million
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+Iran
+up to three-fourths
+up to three-fourths
+Hulagu Khan
+Mamluks of Egypt
+Hulagu Khan
+1237
+Novgorod and Pskov
+Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara
+Timur
+Nishapur
+tenggis
+Lake Baikal
+"right", "just", or "true"
+Zhèng
+Chinggis
+Mongolian Chinggis Khaan
+Cengiz Han
+Timùzhn
+Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
+Chéngjs Hán
+15th–17th
+tobacco and patent medicines
+sorcery or even poison
+herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
+many other herbs not listed
+Pharmacists
+Pharmacists
+optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
+small-business proprietors
+Pharmacists
+other senior pharmacy technicians
+General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
+pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
+a health care professional
+manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
+Pedanius Dioscorides
+De Materia Medica
+materia medica
+Diocles of Carystus
+De Materia Medica
+highly respected
+Yr Code (718)
+Meiji Restoration
+physicians and acupuncturists
+two
+Middle East
+Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Al-Muwaffaq
+sodium carbonate
+1317
+Florence, Italy
+perfume museum
+old prescription books and antique drugs
+1221
+pharmacy legislation
+compounding/dispensing medications
+automation
+dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
+pharmacy practice residency
+various disciplines of pharmacy
+effectiveness of treatment regimens
+pharmacy practice residency
+within the premises of the hospital
+unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
+high risk
+high cost of medications and drug-related technology
+specialized medications
+health, wellness, and disease prevention
+inside hospitals and clinics
+physicians and other healthcare professionals
+drug product selection
+all health care settings
+creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems
+appropriateness of the drug therapy
+drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
+potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
+independent prescribing authority
+North Carolina and New Mexico
+board of Pharmaceutical Specialties
+Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
+VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
+medication regimen review
+nursing homes
+Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
+many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
+consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
+2000
+brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
+online pharmacies
+another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
+the method by which the medications are requested and received
+avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
+assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.
+dispensing substandard products
+without requiring a prescription
+a valid prescription
+a prescription
+a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+a prescription
+a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+ensure that the prescription is valid
+individual state laws
+hydrocodone
+to reduce consumer costs
+Canada
+international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
+no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription,
+Canada and other countries
+pharmacy practice science and applied information science
+healthcare information technology vendor companies
+to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+medication management system development, deployment and optimization
+to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects
+Unlike a traditional community pharmacy
+19
+cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
+properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
+cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
+physicians
+cannot form business partnerships with physicians
+American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
+7 to 10 percent
+pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
+Austria
+the United Kingdom
+1.6 kilometres
+Austria
+conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
+checks and balances
+exaggerating their seriousness
+side-effects
+the health care system
+patient care skills
+clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
+the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
+increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
+Alberta and British Columbia
+Australia
+medicine use reviews
+pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
+Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)
+ (recipere) character
+The show globe
+Netherlands
+red stylized letter A
+France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
+disease
+pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
+adaptive immune system
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+The immune system
+pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
+adaptive immune system
+disease
+pathogens
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
+pathogens
+adaptive immune system
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+evolve and adapt
+bacteriophage infections
+eukaryotes
+acquired) immunity
+bacteria
+defensins
+vaccination
+acquired) immunity
+autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
+when the immune system is less active than normal
+recurring and life-threatening infections
+a genetic disease
+rheumatoid arthritis
+Immunodeficiency
+hyperactive immune system
+Immunology
+HIV/AIDS
+430 BC
+scorpion venom
+Louis Pasteur
+Walter Reed
+Robert Koch
+microorganisms
+yellow fever
+430 BC
+an immunological memory
+innate immune system
+adaptive immune system
+Innate immune systems
+adaptive immune system
+an immunological memory
+pathogens
+adaptive immunity
+self molecules
+non-self molecules
+antigens
+antigens
+pattern recognition receptors
+innate immune system
+components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms
+non-specific
+waxy
+waxy
+coughing and sneezing
+mucus
+mucus
+-defensins
+lysozyme and phospholipase A2
+semen
+gastric acid and proteases
+menarche
+commensal flora
+fungi
+re-introduction of probiotic flora, such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt, helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations
+pH or available iron
+Inflammation
+increased blood flow into tissue
+eicosanoids and cytokines
+white blood cells
+interleukins
+phagocytes
+cytokines
+phagosome
+a phagolysosome
+acquiring nutrients
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+50% to 60%
+chemotaxis
+interleukin 1
+Leukocytes
+Leukocytes
+mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system
+macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
+Dendritic cells
+neuronal dendrites
+T cells
+T cells
+missing self
+Natural killer cells
+MHC I
+(KIR
+early vertebrates
+antigen presentation
+specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
+the killer T cell and the helper T cell
+regulatory T cells
+Class I MHC molecules
+Class II MHC molecules
+ T cells
+Killer T cells
+CD8
+when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen
+granulysin
+perforin
+CD4 co-receptor
+around 200–300
+engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule
+release cytokines
+CD40 ligand
+helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
+CD4+ and CD8+ () T cells
+ T cells
+they rearrange TCR genes to produce receptor diversity
+human V9/V2 T cells
+pathogens
+antigen/antibody complex
+lymphokines
+some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells
+adaptive
+passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
+each specific pathogen encountered
+no prior exposure to microbes
+IgG
+Breast milk or colostrum
+the fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies—it only borrows them.
+immunomodulators
+immunestimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses
+autoimmune diseases
+immunosuppressive
+NFIL3
+heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
+sleep deprivation
+a progressive decline in hormone levels
+vitamin D
+thyroid hormone
+cholecalciferol
+killer T cells
+MHC class I molecules
+viral antigens
+antibodies
+phagocytic cells
+Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
+apoptosis
+Systemic acquired resistance
+RNA silencing mechanisms
+autoimmune disorders
+self and non-self
+thymus and bone marrow
+"self" peptides
+Immunodeficiencies
+young and the elderly
+50 years of age
+obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
+malnutrition
+vaccination
+immunization
+introduce an antigen from a pathogen
+because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system
+secreting enzymes
+type III secretion system
+to shut down host defenses
+ability to elude host immune responses
+Frank Burnet
+pathogens, an allograft
+"two-signal" activation
+Niels Jerne
+Glucocorticoids
+Lower doses
+methotrexate or azathioprine
+cyclosporin
+cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
+cortisol and catecholamines
+melatonin
+oxidative stress
+vitamin D receptor
+calcitriol
+symbiotic
+CYP27B1
+dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
+Pattern recognition receptors
+Antimicrobial peptides called defensins
+The complement system and phagocytic cells
+Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway
+immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
+lamprey and hagfish
+Variable lymphocyte receptors
+adaptive immune system
+lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response.
+restriction modification system
+bacteriophages
+Prokaryotes
+"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
+Elie Metchnikoff
+phagocytes
+Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
+soluble components (molecules)
+cancers
+MHC class I molecules
+TGF-
+suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes
+an immune response
+(Type I – IV)
+Type I – IV)
+IgE
+Type II hypersensitivity
+intracellular pathogenesis
+Salmonella
+Plasmodium falciparum
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+protein A
+antigenic variation
+HIV
+Trypanosoma brucei
+frequent changes in antigens
+immune surveillance
+human papillomavirus
+tyrosinase
+melanomas
+melanocytes
+>500 Da
+hydrophilic amino acids
+Immunoproteomics
+cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells
+immunoinformatics
+leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
+Th1/Th2
+Th1
+initiation of Th1 immune responses
+by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes
+disrupting their plasma membrane
+signal amplification
+catalytic cascade
+Civil disobedience
+apartheid
+Orange Revolution
+Ukraine
+Orange Revolution
+Egyptians
+Egyptians
+Orange Revolution
+unfair laws
+American Civil Rights Movement
+Antigone
+former King of Thebes
+Creon
+Oedipus
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+Antigone
+Sophocles
+current King of Thebes
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+obey her conscience rather than human law
+The Mask of Anarchy
+nonviolent
+Satyagraha
+campaign for a free India
+Henry David Thoreau
+The Mask of Anarchy
+The Mask of Anarchy
+nonviolent protest
+Satyagraha
+Henry David Thoreau
+muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
+bringing a test-case in the federal courts
+ambiguity
+become utterly debased
+become utterly debased
+bringing a test-case in the federal courts
+draft evaders
+Vice President Agnew
+ambiguity
+formulation of a single all-encompassing definition
+extremely difficult, if not impossible
+lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
+semantical problems
+Alice
+formulation of a single all-encompassing definition
+semantical problems
+semantical problems and grammatical niceties
+nonviolent civil disobedience
+non violent civil disobedience
+Civil disobedience
+Civil disobedience
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+public official
+Civil disobedience
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+public official
+public official
+public official rather than private citizen
+two equally sovereign branches of government
+Thoreau
+Before Thoreau’s imprisonment
+right
+Resign
+elite politicians
+The individual
+individuals
+Thoreau
+Resign
+right
+governmental entities
+Brownlee
+Brownlee
+international organizations and foreign governments
+Brownlee
+a larger challenge to the legal system
+governmental entities
+Brownlee
+civil disobedience
+covert lawbreaking
+if they were hiding a Jew in their house
+Shiphrah and Puah
+Shiphrah and Puah
+publicly announced
+if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality
+assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
+Hitler's secret police
+Book of Exodus
+Black's Law Dictionary
+Black's Law Dictionary
+constitutional defects, rebellion is much more destructive;
+Civil disobedients' refraining from violence
+violence
+non-violent
+constitutional defects, rebellion is much more destructive;
+destructive
+preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience
+overthrow a government
+Ferenc Deák
+Ferenc Deák
+Gandhi's
+cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
+Non-revolutionary civil disobedience
+a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
+render certain laws ineffective
+overthrow a government
+Gandhi
+Roman Empire
+installation of pagan images
+not yet a well-known author,
+The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office
+Mexican War
+Roman Empire
+installation of pagan images
+some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met,
+jail solidarity
+Mexican War
+Civil disobedients
+harmlessness
+Voice in the Wilderness
+738 days
+cut down
+illegal acts
+nuclear-missile installation
+harmlessness
+illegal medical cannabis dispensaries
+600-year-old
+Joseph Haas
+Joseph Haas
+civil disobedience
+FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
+"Filthy Words"
+speech
+"Filthy Words"
+Threatening government officials
+Joseph Haas
+make it more difficult for a system to function
+padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.
+padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
+constrained
+coercive
+refuses to pay taxes
+constrained
+engage in moral dialogue
+padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.
+civil disobedience
+consent
+legal
+a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of appearing rude.
+make an impression
+believe in the validity of the social contract,
+the social contract
+don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law
+anarchists
+does not infringe the rights of others
+whether or not to plead guilty
+some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law
+I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law
+Guilt implies wrong-doing
+creative plea
+13
+13
+they stepped across the "line" and were immediately arrested
+nolo contendere
+suspended sentences
+continuing their protest
+reminding their countrymen of injustice
+the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way
+To accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules'
+misdemeanor count
+no jail time
+solidarity tactics
+blind plea
+Mohandas Gandhi
+defiant speech
+defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions
+lack of remorse
+likelihood of repeating her illegal actions.
+mistreatment from government officials
+Steven Barkan
+Steven Barkan
+Steven Barkan
+Chicago Eight
+nullification
+general disobedience
+neither conscientious nor of social benefit
+self-gratification
+not being a civil disobedient
+covertly and avoiding attribution
+Indirect civil disobedience
+direct civil disobedience
+Vietnam War
+competing harms defense
+the leaflet will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
+deterrence
+whether it would do more harm than good
+whether it would do more harm than good.
+it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law
+Construction
+on location
+six to nine percent
+financing
+on location for a known client
+architect
+architect
+effective planning
+megaprojects
+inconvenience to the public
+buildings, infrastructure and industrial
+residential and non-residential
+heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
+heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering.
+refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants.
+construction industry
+ENR
+2014
+transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
+building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
+construction managers
+North American Industry Classification System
+firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
+Building construction
+renovations
+the owner
+structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
+those with experience in the field
+local building authority regulations and codes of practice
+Materials readily available in the area
+waste
+custom designed
+advances in 3D printing technology
+20 hours
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
+translation of designs into reality
+the property owner
+quantity surveyor
+the most cost efficient bidder
+integration of previously separated specialties
+entirely separate companies
+"one-stop shopping"
+performance specification
+design-build, partnering and construction management
+architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
+establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
+financial problems
+builders ask for too little money to complete the project
+present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
+Fraud
+Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
+owner's equity in the property
+Accountants
+identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
+Cost engineers and estimators
+zoning and building code requirements
+does not benefit the owner
+malum in se
+custom or expectation
+live-work spaces
+contracts
+A contract
+extremely expensive
+each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
+poorly drafted contracts
+relationship contracting
+Public-Private Partnering
+Public-Private Partnering
+adversarial practices
+architect or engineer
+project coordinator
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+until the building is ready to occupy.
+The owner
+D&B
+The owner
+consortium
+phase 2
+existing utility lines
+lessens the likelihood of damage
+electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+municipal building inspector
+an occupancy permit
+$960 billion
+$960 billion
+1 million
+fewer than 10 employees
+828,000
+£42,090
+£26,719
+more than $100,000
+Construction
+Falls
+electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
+harnesses and guardrails
+the right to select their students
+the right to select their students
+tuition
+the right to select their students
+$45,000
+'tuition-free
+United Kingdom
+Private education
+lower sixth
+upper sixth
+prep schools
+Tuition
+High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers
+Roman Catholic
+Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians
+impress their particular faith's beliefs and traditions
+power of expulsion
+blazer
+more expensive
+non-aligned, some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations,
+expensive
+Sydney
+girls
+Article 7
+to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung
+7.8
+11.1
+0.5
+Sonderungsverbot
+private individuals, private organizations or religious groups.
+very low tuition fees
+private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
+vocational
+by charging their students tuition fees.
+private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
+financial aid
+Prominent Examination Boards
+30
+union government and the state governments
+non-profit trusts and societies
+non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India
+Annual Status of Education Report
+evaluates learning levels in rural India
+English
+scoil phrobháideach
+a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State
+€5,000
+Society of Jesus
+€25,000 per year
+1957
+Chinese
+English
+surrender their properties and be assimilated
+Over 60
+aided
+private parties
+Kathmandu
+English
+Nepali
+88
+88
+3.7
+Catholic
+Auckland
+Anglican
+Wellington
+Presbyterian
+Christchurch
+Society of St Pius X
+7.5
+32
+80
+August 1992
+English, mathematics and natural science
+The Education Service Contracting scheme
+The Tuition Fee Supplement
+Private Education Student Financial Assistance
+"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
+"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
+independent
+"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
+private church schools
+government schools formerly reserved for white children
+government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
+All schools in South Africa
+10
+nearly 10,000
+nearly 10,000
+The Knowledge School
+school voucher model
+Preparatory schools
+public
+single-sex
+Preparatory schools
+£27,000+
+1954
+segregation academies
+South
+public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
+public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
+endowments
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
+independent control of their student admissions and course content
+Massachusetts
+1852
+1972
+Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160
+McCrary
+close to $40,000
+close to $40,000
+Groton School
+Groton School
+John Harvard
+1977
+James Bryant Conant
+Charles W. Eliot's
+Charles W. Eliot
+Harvard Library
+79
+18 million volumes
+eight U.S. presidents
+Nobel laureates
+Boston metropolitan area
+$37.6 billion
+eleven
+eleven separate academic units
+eleven
+1636
+Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
+1638
+1639
+1650
+Puritan ministers
+many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge
+denomination
+1804
+Samuel Webber
+1805
+Louis Agassiz
+observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the "divine plan"
+Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
+Charles W. Eliot
+Transcendentalist Unitarian
+William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
+James Bryant Conant
+recruit
+1945
+about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe
+1977
+a trend throughout higher education in the United States
+209-acre
+twelve residential Houses
+Charles River
+half a mile
+Allston
+The John W. Weeks Bridge
+Longwood Medical and Academic Area
+fifty percent
+a shuttle service and/or a tram.
+enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space
+14,000
+14,000
+14,000
+1875
+1858
+$32 billion
+30%
+$1.2 billion
+$159 million
+$159 million
+late 1980s
+Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
+$230 million
+5.3%
+Early Action
+Early Action
+Early Action
+seven
+eight General Education categories
+teaching fellows
+beginning in early September and ending in mid-May
+four-course rate average
+summa cum laude
+60%
+$38,000
+$57,000
+nothing for their children to attend, including room and board
+$414 million
+88%
+Widener Library
+Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
+Pusey Library
+over 18 million volumes
+three museums.
+Arthur M. Sackler Museum
+Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
+2003
+2011
+Mines ParisTech
+42
+Yale
+Oxford University and Cambridge University team
+Yale
+1903
+revolutionary new rules
+former captain of the Yale football team
+Lavietes Pavilion
+The Malkin Athletic Center
+weight rooms
+23 years
+June
+Cornell
+2003
+Ban Ki-moon
+Juan Manuel Santos
+José Mara Figueres
+Benjamin Netanyahu
+Conan O'Brien
+Leonard Bernstein
+Yo Yo Ma
+W. E. B. Du Bois
+Shing-Tung Yau
+Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
+Stephen Greenblatt
+Jacksonville
+1,345,596
+853,382
+Duval
+1968
+Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida
+Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida
+Fort Caroline
+Timucua
+Andrew Jackson
+Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases
+golf
+Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases
+"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
+thousands
+Black Hammock Island
+Timucua
+the beginning of the historical era
+Ossachite
+Jean Ribault
+Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+fort San Mateo
+Fort Caroline
+Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War
+Spain
+these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.
+Spain
+February 9, 1832
+hogs and cattle
+Brick Church
+Battle of Olustee
+Warfare and the long occupation
+Battle of Cedar Creek
+During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
+Grover Cleveland
+yellow fever outbreaks
+Florida East Coast Railway
+steamboat and later by railroad
+Spanish moss
+over 2,000
+Jennings
+Great Fire of 1901
+New York–based filmmakers
+more than 30
+Winter Film Capital of the World
+Hollywood
+The construction of highways
+55.1%
+middle class
+W. Haydon Burns
+World War II
+Much of the city's tax base dissipated
+residents in unincorporated suburbs
+annexing outlying communities
+six
+old boy network
+11
+Jacksonville Consolidation
+all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation
+voters approved the plan
+Lee Meredith
+Lee Meredith
+The Better Jacksonville Plan
+half-penny sales tax
+86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land
+St. Johns River
+Trout River
+86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land
+Baldwin
+Downtown Jacksonville
+Barnett Center
+617 ft
+Wells Fargo Center
+Wells Fargo Center
+humid subtropical climate
+May through September
+humid subtropical climate
+low latitude
+104 °F
+thunderstorms
+extremely high humidity
+July
+Hurricane Dora
+Category 2
+Beryl
+Saffir-Simpson Scale
+2008
+tenth-largest
+366,273
+largest Arab
+25,033
+29.7%
+43.8%
+94.1
+91.3
+40%
+3.5 billion people
+$759,900
+methodology used
+diversion
+40%
+three
+nearly $41 trillion
+0.7%
+greater tendency to take on debts
+PolitiFact
+New York Times
+Inherited wealth
+grew up in substantial privilege
+PolitiFact
+richest 1 percent
+Inherited wealth
+over 60 percent
+Institute for Policy Studies
+Neoclassical
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+productivity gap
+marginal value added
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+marginal value added
+worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
+the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+to reduce costs and maximize profits
+increasing unemployment
+increasing unemployment
+rising levels of property income
+capitalist
+to reduce costs and maximize profits
+capitalist
+rising levels of property income
+rising levels of property income
+capitalist
+law of supply and demand
+chronically understaffed
+higher
+unfair
+the market
+the same way
+capitalist
+concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers
+unfair
+expendable
+low demand
+A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions
+collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
+Professional and labor organizations
+A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require
+competition between workers
+expendable
+high
+competition between employers
+higher economic inequality
+achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation
+push
+pull
+achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation
+higher economic inequality
+necessity
+achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation
+achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation
+redistributive
+progressive tax
+inequality
+social spending
+rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system
+progressive tax
+inequality
+social spending
+Gini index
+variation in individuals' access to education
+those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education
+much lower wages
+helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor
+lower aggregate savings and investment
+variation in individuals' access to education
+increases in education
+lower
+lower incomes
+variation in individuals' access to education
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+Standard & Poor
+2014
+widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+1910–1940
+mass high school education
+mass high school education
+Lagerlof and Galor
+decrease in wages
+1910–1940
+decrease in the price of skilled labor
+to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
+gender
+Lagerlof and Galor
+high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime
+a lower level of economic mobility
+little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes.
+continental European liberalism
+economic inequality
+substantial levels of social exclusion
+economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation
+little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes.
+a lower level of economic mobility
+Scandinavia
+high rates of unionization,
+University of Washington
+technological changes and globalization
+University of Washington
+University of Washington
+University of Washington
+high rates of unionization,
+high rates of unionization,
+reduced
+increased wages
+technological innovation
+technological innovation and automation
+Trade liberalization
+reduced
+Paul Krugman
+minor
+technological innovation and automation
+53%
+53%
+travel or relocate
+males
+males
+in favor of males in the labor market
+women
+Thomas Sowell
+U.S. Census's
+redistribution mechanisms
+countries with low levels of development
+it acquires more capital
+redistribution mechanisms
+Simon Kuznets
+Simon Kuznets
+it acquires more capital
+As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income
+move back to lower levels of inequality
+High school
+after the 1970s
+may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+Kuznets
+Kuznets curve
+very weak
+eventually decrease
+may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+Wealth concentration
+those who already hold wealth
+larger fortunes generate higher returns
+larger fortunes generate higher returns
+Wealth concentration
+those who already hold wealth
+inequality
+larger fortunes generate higher returns
+larger fortunes generate higher returns
+Joseph Stiglitz
+Joseph Stiglitz
+rare and desired skills
+use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups
+rent-seeking
+inequality
+inequality
+life expectancy
+inequality
+life expectancy
+Robert J. Shiller
+Robert J. Shiller
+High and persistent unemployment,
+erodes self-esteem
+Increasing inequality
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Japan
+equality
+longer lives
+poorer countries
+middle income
+77
+Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82)
+income inequality
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+states in the US with larger income inequalities
+UNICEF
+Crime rate
+homicides
+over fifty
+half
+tenfold
+economic inequality
+distributive efficiency
+luxury items
+A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family
+higher aggregate utility
+consumption
+Cato Institute
+lower
+Thomas B. Edsall
+"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"
+Raghuram Rajan
+systematic economic inequalities
+Raghuram Rajan
+extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
+extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
+duration of economic growth spells
+High levels of inequality
+declines
+higher GDP growth
+The poor and the middle class
+increasing inequality
+economic growth
+subsequent long-run economic growth
+it is a waste of resources
+Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects
+Joseph Stiglitz
+limiting aggregate demand
+Joseph Stiglitz
+increasing importance of human capital in development
+widespread education
+1993
+Galor and Zeira
+channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
+higher levels of redistributive taxation
+politically and socially unstable
+high levels of inequality
+high levels of inequality
+growth and investment
+income inequality
+no correlation
+Kuznets curve hypothesis
+increases
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+1970s
+reduced consumer demand
+growth has risen with increased income inequality
+it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth.
+more equality in the income distribution
+poverty reduction
+existing level of inequality
+poverty reduction
+Secretary General of the United Nations
+not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty
+many poor and developing countries
+associations and other arrangements
+up to 14 years
+up to 14 years
+over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land
+affordable housing
+the number of quality rental units
+the number of quality rental units
+East New York,
+ad valorem property tax policy
+shared by everyone
+worse equipped to manage their finances
+aspirational consumption
+taking on debt
+even greater inequality and potential economic instability
+more waste and pollution is created
+increase of emissions per person
+environmental degradation
+drop to a sustainable level
+vast disparities in wealth
+vast disparities in wealth
+wage or salary
+the means of production should be socially owned
+the means of production should be socially owned
+Robert Nozick
+taxation
+Robert Nozick
+forceful taking of property
+when they improve society as a whole
+capability deprivation
+a means to an end rather than the end itself
+agency
+agency
+the ability to pursue valued goals
+earning as much income
+An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man
+gender roles and customs
+for fear of their lives
+political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security
+BBC
+1963
+TARDIS
+blue British police box
+BBC
+1963 to 1989
+Russell T Davies
+Torchwood
+2005
+Christopher Eccleston
+Twelve
+Peter Capaldi
+The Time of the Doctor
+Time Lords
+takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality
+Gallifrey
+Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
+Time and Relative Dimension in Space
+chameleon circuit
+a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
+one or more
+Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master
+regenerate
+humans
+Time Lord
+Saturday, 23 November 1963
+The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
+"bug-eyed monsters"
+Terry Nation
+25 minutes of transmission length
+26
+Jonathan Powell
+Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
+repeatedly affirmed that the series would return
+BBC 1
+an independent production company to relaunch the show
+Philip Segal
+Fox Network
+9.1 million
+United States
+Rose
+2005
+2009
+Chris Chibnall
+nine
+1963–1989
+1963–1989
+1963–1989
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+Star Trek: The Next Generation
+30 November 1963
+eighty seconds
+assassination of US President John F. Kennedy
+assassination of US President John F. Kennedy
+a series of power blackouts across the country
+Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
+Museum of the Moving Image
+Behind the Sofa
+scariest TV show of all time
+Digital Spy
+1972
+3%
+Monopoly
+Monopoly
+The Times newspaper
+TARDIS
+blue
+a time machine
+the Patent Office
+2002
+26
+6 December 1989
+12
+The Master
+Black Guardian Trilogy
+13
+60
+Christmas Day
+Journey's End
+"Journey's End" from 2008 and "The Eleventh Hour" from 2010
+25-minute
+25-minute
+25-minute
+72 minutes
+2009
+William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
+97
+seasons 3, 4, & 5
+wiping tapes and destroying "spare" film copies
+Between about 1964 and 1973
+bought prints for broadcast
+8 mm
+Mission to the Unknown
+8 mm
+home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
+"Official" reconstructions
+Cosgrove Hall
+1968
+Theta-Sigma
+November 2006
+regeneration
+the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
+William Hartnell's poor health
+renewal
+change of appearance
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+John Hurt
+The Day of the Doctor
+Michael Jayston
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
+the War Doctor
+The Three Doctors
+Peter Davison
+The Space Museum
+The Day of the Doctor
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+Zagreus
+The Four Doctors.
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+2003
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Brain of Morbius
+Mawdryn Undead
+The Lodger
+1983
+An Unearthly Child
+Susan Foreman
+"The Empty Child"
+his home planet had been destroyed
+Smith and Jones
+generally a human
+The Deadly Assassin
+Susan Foreman
+Susan Foreman
+Jo Grant
+2005
+Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
+The Eleventh Doctor
+Bill
+Catherine Tate
+Russell T Davies
+series 1
+Russell T Davies
+series 3
+Zygons
+The Dalek race
+Skaro
+to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
+Davros
+eyestalk
+The Master
+The Master
+Eric Roberts
+Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
+Roger Delgado
+Derek Jacobi
+Utopia
+"Missy"
+Missy
+Michelle Gomez
+Ron Grainer
+BBC Radiophonic Workshop
+tape loops of an individually struck piano string
+end of season 17
+Did I write that?
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+Dominic Glynn
+Keff McCulloch
+Murray Gold
+The Christmas Invasion
+Voyage of the Damned
+Classic FM's Hall of Fame
+2010
+228
+Gold
+Jon Pertwee
+Mankind
+disco
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Dudley Simpson
+Planet of Giants
+1960s and 1970s
+Planet of Giants
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Royal Albert Hall
+Music of the Spheres
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Six
+the first two series
+4 October 2010
+A Christmas Carol
+8 November 2010
+50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor"
+Twelfth Doctor
+the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors
+1973–80
+Eleventh Doctor
+the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy
+BBC One channel
+late 1970s
+circa 1964–1965
+BBC Three
+1979
+three to five million
+Coronation Street
+Coronation Street, the most popular show at the time
+2005
+The Five Doctors
+Silver Nemesis
+CITV in Edmonton, Canada
+12 May 1996
+The Five Doctors
+Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
+The Five Doctors
+SyFy
+weekly
+ABC1
+The Three Doctors
+The Three Doctors
+Space
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Judith Merril
+Christopher Eccleston
+Billie Piper
+The Christmas Invasion
+9 October 2006
+9 October 2006
+United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
+Eight
+The Infinite Quest
+Spearhead from Space
+2009
+Trevor Martin
+Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
+The Curse of the Daleks
+Seven Keys to Doomsday
+David Banks
+Torchwood
+22 October 2006
+2008
+Children of Earth
+Torchwood: Miracle Day
+Elisabeth Sladen
+24 September 2007
+David Tennant
+2010
+autumn 2011
+Dimensions in Time
+Children in Need
+EastEnders
+glasses with one darkened lens
+the Pulfrich effect
+Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
+running down the same corridor several times when being chased
+Rowan Atkinson
+Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
+executive producer
+The Neutral Zone
+"Blue Harvest" and "420"
+Queer as Folk
+Oliver on Coupling
+EastEnders,
+a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story
+a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story
+LP
+1981
+Slipback
+the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
+Destiny of the Doctor
+Big Finish Productions
+1999
+2012
+Virgin New Adventures
+mid-sixties
+1979
+Panini
+BBC Books
+early 1960s
+BBC Television
+distaste
+the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC
+British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series
+2005–2010
+2011
+Michelle Gomez
+Michelle Gomez
+Guinness World Records
+Peabody Awards
+imaginative stories, creative low-budget special effects, and pioneering use of electronic music
+2013
+50th anniversary special
+Writers' Guild of Great Britain
+"Auntie Awards"
+British Film Institute
+SFX
+eight
+Best Drama Series
+five
+25
+2009
+Mind Mental Health Media Awards
+six
+over 200
+over 200
+Matt Smith
+The Waters of Mars
+Spike Milligan
+Jon Culshaw
+Spike Milligan
+Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000,
+Jon Culshaw
+private research university
+1890
+seven
+seven
+15,000
+academic disciplines
+physics
+Stagg Field
+University of Chicago Press
+2020
+William Rainey Harper
+John D. Rockefeller
+William Rainey Harper
+1891
+1892
+Marshall Field
+Silas B. Cobb
+Cobb Lecture Hall
+$100,000
+Charles L. Hutchinson
+several regional colleges and universities
+1896
+all four years
+The program passed into history by 1910.
+1910
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+Common Core
+academics over athletics
+24-year tenure
+1929
+1950s
+Hyde Park
+after their second year
+Hyde Park
+very young students to attend college
+1962
+off-campus rental policies.
+1967
+freedom of inquiry
+social and political action
+mid-2000s
+Milton Friedman Institute
+$200 million
+Chicago Theological Seminary
+$300 million
+the Main Quadrangles
+six
+Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic
+Magdalen Tower
+Christ Church Hall
+1940s
+Eero Saarinen
+School of Social Service Administration
+Eero Saarinen
+2003
+Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
+the left bank of the Seine
+fall 2010
+Renmin University
+2015
+a board of trustees
+50
+fourteen
+Andrew Alper
+Robert Zimmer
+The Higher Learning Commission
+seven
+seven
+28
+28
+five
+the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division
+Common Core
+17
+Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago
+Uni in the USA
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+University of Chicago campus
+11th most
+11th most
+Regenstein Library
+2011
+John Crerar Library
+12
+12
+Oriental Institute
+Fermilab
+Sunspot, New Mexico
+Milton Friedman
+Chicago Pile-1
+Miller–Urey experiment
+REM sleep
+music composition
+2000
+1996
+2002
+Several thousand
+15,244
+15,244
+15,244
+15,244
+19%
+Division III
+Division III
+Big Ten
+Jay Berwanger
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+Recognized Student Organizations
+Recognized Student Organizations
+University of Chicago College Bowl Team
+Doc Films
+Off-Off Campus
+graduate and undergraduate
+an Executive Committee
+elected together as a slate by the student body
+greater than $2 million
+fifteen
+fifteen
+Alpha Phi Omega
+Alpha Phi Omega
+ten
+Every May
+1987
+Festival of the Arts
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Summer Breeze
+Satya Nadella
+Larry Ellison
+Larry Ellison
+Jon Corzine
+James O. McKinsey
+Saul Alinsky
+David Axelrod
+Robert Bork
+Masaaki Shirakawa
+Eliot Ness
+Allan Bloom
+"The Closing of the American Mind"
+Before I Fall Lauren Oliver
+Studs Terkel
+Philip Roth
+Philip Glass
+Alex Seropian
+dancer, choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology
+Ed Asner
+Mike Nichols
+Carl Sagan
+John M. Grunsfeld
+astronomer
+John B. Goodenough
+Clair Cameron Patterson
+Milton Friedman
+George Stigler
+Paul Samuelson
+Eugene Fama
+David Graeber and Donald Johanson
+Samuel Reshevsky
+Samuel P. Huntington
+A. A. Michelson
+Arthur H. Compton
+Enrico Fermi
+Edward Teller
+Maria Goeppert-Mayer
+James Henry Breasted
+Alberto Calderón
+Ted Fujita
+Yuan T. Lee
+Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
+Raghuram Rajan
+Nobel prize winning physicist
+David Bevington
+John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
+Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
+Yuán Cháo
+Mongolian Borjigin
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+1271
+Mongol Empire
+Song dynasty
+Ming dynasty
+Genghis Khan
+1271
+Commentaries on the Classic of Changes
+Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
+Great Mongol State
+Great Khan
+Mongol and Turkic tribes
+1206
+gedei Khan
+1251
+Kublai
+the Jin
+Liu Heima
+Liu Heima
+10,000
+Liu Heima
+Shi Tianze
+Jin dynasty
+Jurchen
+Shi Bingzhi
+Song dynasty
+Möngke Khan
+southern China
+1259
+Ariq Böke
+Zhongtong
+Ogedei
+south
+Wonjong
+Wonjong
+1262
+satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
+Imperial Secretariat
+Confucian imperial examinations
+four
+salt and iron
+Khanbaliq
+Khanbaliq
+1264
+Zhongdu
+Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
+Kublai Khan
+Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace
+Daidu
+Daidu in the north
+Marco Polo
+Kong Duancao
+1115
+1234
+Kong Duancao
+30,000
+northern China
+1268 and 1273
+Yangzi River basin
+Hangzhou
+drowned
+1279
+typhoon
+Battle of Bch ng
+Battle of Bch ng
+1288
+1253
+Zhenjin
+1285
+Emperor Chengzong
+1294 to 1307
+Buyantu Khan
+mainstream Chinese culture
+Li Meng
+Department of State Affairs
+1313
+Gegeen Khan
+1321 to 1323
+Baiju
+"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
+five princes
+Khanbaliq
+War of the Two Capitals
+four days
+El Temür
+Khanbaliq
+Tugh Temür
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+Jingshi Dadian
+Buddhism
+Toghun Temür
+Emperor Ningzong
+13
+Toghun Temür
+Liao, Jin, and Song
+Yuan
+too Chinese
+they were separated from both the army and the populace
+Outlaws
+administration
+late 1340s onwards
+the Red Turban Rebellion
+betrayal
+crush the Red Turban rebels
+1368–1644
+political unity of China and much of central Asia
+Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
+Ilkhanate
+carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
+Western musical instruments
+Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
+Taoism
+Confucian
+travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
+Marco Polo
+Cambaluc
+the Travels of Marco Polo
+Il milione
+Persian traders
+Guo Shoujing
+Gregorian calendar
+granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
+Beijing
+sorghum
+Yuan
+Eternal Heaven
+Song dynasty and the Ming
+Song dynasty and the Ming
+foreign domination
+Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
+Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
+Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
+Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices,
+Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices
+Privy Council
+Sui and Tang dynasties
+Mongols and Semuren
+the Ministry of War
+1269
+Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
+Emperors
+Tugh Temur
+Emperor Wenzong
+1290
+1291
+Yuan
+painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
+the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy
+the Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty
+qu
+poetry
+the Yuan dynasty
+Tibetan variants
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+Sakya
+1249
+1314
+modern matrices
+polynomial algebra
+1303
+calendars
+cubic interpolation
+Shoushi Li
+Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
+Shoushi Li
+otachi
+herbal remedies
+herbal
+Imperial Academy of Medicine
+it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
+different theoretical approaches
+Jin dynasty
+Mongols
+acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs
+1347
+huihui or Muslim medicine
+Jesus the Interpreter
+Jesus the Interpreter
+yin-yang and wuxing
+yin-yang and wuxing
+Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
+Wang Zhen
+12th century
+Töregene Khatun
+1273
+chao
+bark of mulberry trees
+1275
+bronze plates
+1294
+Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic
+autocratic-bureaucratic system
+Central Asia and the western end of the empire
+colonial
+Ilkhanate
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Samarqand
+artisans and farmers
+Qara-Khitay (Khitan
+circumcision
+Halal slaughter
+Lan Yu
+thanks
+the Yuan dynasty
+Frederick W. Mote
+degrees of privilege
+Frederick W. Mote
+lived in poverty and were ill treated
+Southern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+higher they were placed
+favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
+the Mongols
+Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+the Mongols
+peacefully without violently resisting
+The Central Region
+the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq
+the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq
+Beijing
+Zhongshu Sheng
+East African Community
+East African Community
+Nairobi
+Ethiopia
+45 million
+Indian Ocean coastline
+snow
+Mount Kenya
+Somalia and Ethiopia
+expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
+Lower Paleolithic period
+first millennium AD
+97%
+19th century
+December 1963
+Mount Kenya
+Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
+God's resting place
+Kamba
+a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation
+Joseph Thompsons
+Mt. Kenia, 1862
+Masai Mara
+lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
+Masai Mara
+between June and September
+2,900 kilometres
+20 million years ago
+Pleistocene epoch
+1.6-million-year-old
+1
+Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
+The Swahili
+The Swahili
+Duarte Barbosa
+the Kenyan Coast
+Malindi
+Mombasa
+August 1914
+German East Africa
+Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
+undefeated
+Northern Rhodesia
+over a million
+itinerant farmers
+the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour
+80,000
+capture of Warhi Itote
+Mau Mau command structure
+24 April 1954
+4,686 Mau Mau
+Swynnerton
+1957
+Jomo Kenyatta
+12 December 1963
+12 December 1963
+Republic of Kenya
+secret ballot
+constitutional reform
+Daniel arap Moi
+democratic republic
+head of state and head of government
+the government
+National Assembly and the Senate
+The Judiciary
+Corruption Perception Index
+a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
+139th
+Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
+Orange Democratic Movement
+Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
+after votes from his stronghold arrived later
+8%
+avoid similar disasters in the future
+the Evangelical Lutheran Church
+the Evangelical Lutheran Church
+the Evangelical Lutheran Church
+28 February 2008
+Kenya's second Prime Minister
+PNU and ODM
+Parliament
+until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
+an elected MP
+Jakaya Kikwete
+Harambee House
+29 February 2008
+the two political parties would share power equally
+eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
+4 August 2010
+delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights
+27 August 2010
+Second Republic
+December 2014
+armed groups
+nine
+democratic freedoms
+United States, Britain, Germany and France
+h
+Barack Obama
+Xi Jinping
+July 2015
+peacekeeping missions around the world
+in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country
+serious allegations of human rights violations
+Kenya’s armed forces
+“state security”
+Armoured Personnel Carriers
+the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
+145 out of 186 in the world
+145
+less than $1.25 a day
+frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
+62%
+22%
+16%
+22%
+61%
+tourism
+late 1980s
+coastal beaches and the game reserves
+Germany and the United Kingdom
+24%
+tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
+Agriculture
+sharp weather-related fluctuations
+International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
+650 mm
+by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+linking producers to wholesalers
+buy assets
+fertile highlands
+Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
+semi-arid savanna to the north and east
+53%
+Kenyans for Kenya
+14%
+14%
+Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
+household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
+African Growth and Opportunity Act
+2000
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+Kenya Electricity Generating Company
+Turkana
+10 billion barrels.
+Exploration
+20% to 25%
+$474 million
+foreign direct investment
+Uganda
+Base resources of Australia
+environmental and social problems
+Vision 2030
+2030
+National Climate Change Action Plan
+an oversight
+in the coming months
+agriculture
+30%
+9–18.
+poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
+within their own communities
+Swahili
+commerce, schooling and government
+British English is primarily used in the country
+47.7%
+47.7%
+3 million
+Nairobi
+2.4%
+Sixty percent
+Christian
+around 300,000
+80%
+clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
+65,000
+65,000
+Half
+Half
+weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
+weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
+15 million
+British colonists.
+12 December 1963
+Ominde Commission
+identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time
+7–4–2–3
+education system
+8–4–4 system
+8–4–4 system
+1992
+January 1985
+vocational
+to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
+January 2003
+primary school enrolment increased by about 70%.
+eight
+eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
+a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry
+four years
+85%
+three to five
+Standard One (First Grade)
+secondary school or vocational training
+Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
+Kenya National Library Service
+establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
+a peoples university
+it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
+cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
+middle-distance and long-distance athletics
+Kenyan athletes
+Kenyan athletes
+six gold
+Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics
+IAAF Golden League jackpot
+represent other countries
+economic or financial factors
+Africa
+Cricket
+2003
+Rakep Patel
+March 2007
+Safari Rally
+one of the toughest rallies in the world
+Colin McRae
+three
+10 o'clock
+bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
+Ugali
+United Nations
+World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
+to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
+United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
+Resolution 43/53
+Hoesung Lee
+Hoesung Lee
+Ismail El Gizouli
+Bert Bolin
+February 2015
+governments and organizations
+350
+350 government officials and climate change experts
+322
+United Nations Environment Programme
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
+United Nations Environment Programme
+Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
+United Nations Environment Programme
+The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
+published sources
+non-peer-reviewed sources
+model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
+two
+two
+two
+The coordinating lead authors
+the Working Group chairs
+WG I Summary for Policymakers
+additional warming of the Earth's surface
+CO2
+0.3 °C
+0.3 to 0.6 °C
+2001
+16
+Australian Academy of Science
+between 1.4 and 5.8 °C
+between 1.4 and 5.8 °C
+Richard Lindzen
+the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
+John Houghton
+TAR WGI
+scientific evidence
+IPCC Assessment Reports
+Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
+Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
+governments
+National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
+default emission factors
+fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
+WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council
+the date
+"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
+WWF report
+"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+Robert Watson
+overstating the impact
+co-chair of the IPCC working group II
+Himalayan glaciers
+"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+the "hockey stick graph"
+Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
+temperatures between 1000 and 1900
+Fred Singer
+Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
+18 July 2000
+United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
+Rep. Joe Barton
+Ed Whitfield
+23 June 2005
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Mann, Bradley & Hughes
+Mann, Bradley & Hughes
+Ten
+divergence problem
+Ten
+1 February 2007
+temperatures and sea levels
+six years
+six years
+sea levels
+9–88 cm
+50–140 cm
+2001
+smaller assessments of special problems
+Science Magazine
+smaller assessments of special problems
+Montreal Protocol
+Climate Change
+a broad science consensus
+Sheldon Ungar
+varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
+successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts
+Stern Review
+scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies
+significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
+scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies,
+five
+five
+Wikipedia-IPCC
+employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight
+photosynthesis
+ATP and NADPH
+ATP and NADPH
+Calvin cycle
+1
+Chloroplasts
+light color and intensity
+their own DNA
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
+during cell division
+plants and algae
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+Cyanobacteria
+prokaryotes
+two cell membranes
+peptidoglycan
+blue-green algae
+phagocytic vacuole
+billion years ago
+The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts
+The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts
+the nucleus of the host
+chloroplast
+three
+three
+three
+green chloroplast lineage
+glaucophyte
+alga
+glaucophyte chloroplasts
+an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in.
+an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in.
+phycoerytherin
+phycobilin pigments
+phycoerytherin
+help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water
+granules
+phycobilisomes
+accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
+peptidoglycan wall
+peptidoglycan
+glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts
+primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor, secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes
+secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two
+failed to digest it
+the two cyanobacterial membranes, sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane
+cell membrane and nucleus
+green alga
+Euglenophytes
+pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three
+Starch
+three
+cryptomonads
+red-algal derived chloroplast
+nucleomorph
+in the periplastid space
+pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two
+helicosproidia
+chromalveolates
+Plasmodium, the malaria parasite
+vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
+amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
+iron-sulfur clusters
+apicomplexan-related diseases
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
+true thylakoids
+four
+Peridinin
+peridinin-type chloroplast
+triplet-stacked
+the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
+fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
+fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
+four
+six membraned chloroplast
+cryptophyte
+stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
+Dinophysis
+two-membraned chloroplast
+heterokontophyte
+diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
+up to five
+the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
+granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
+all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus
+green algal derived chloroplast
+green algal derived chloroplast
+green algal derived chloroplast
+green algal derived chloroplast
+first set of endosymbiotic events
+acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
+about a million base pairs
+about a million base pairs
+about a million base pairs
+ctDNA, or cpDNA
+the plastome
+1962
+1986
+two Japanese research teams
+inverted repeat regions
+direct repeats
+help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
+electron
+two
+theta intermediary form
+Cairns replication intermediate
+a rolling circle mechanism
+A  G
+single stranded
+linear
+homologous recombination
+branched, linear, or other complex structures
+bacteriophage T4
+homologous recombination and replication
+D-loop
+via a D loop mechanism
+Endosymbiotic gene transfer
+evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence
+red algal derived chloroplast
+green algal genes
+pseudogenes
+around half
+cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
+you have to cross the cell membrane
+a phosphate group
+a ribosome in the cytosol
+helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
+folding prematurely
+lens-shaped
+5–8 m
+5–8 m
+a single chloroplast
+a single chloroplast
+double membrane
+the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
+the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.
+mitochondrial double membrane
+to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation
+to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
+internal thylakoid system
+inner chloroplast membrane
+rare
+stromule, or stroma-containing tubule
+to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
+1962
+C4 plants
+gymnosperms
+a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles
+increase the chloroplast's surface area
+shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space
+to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
+two-thirds
+17 nm vs 25 nm
+motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
+prokaryotes
+plastoglobule(s)
+45–60 nanometers
+45–60 nanometers
+45–60 nanometers across
+lipid monolayer
+a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
+allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network
+attached directly to their parent thylakoid
+stressed chloroplasts
+chloroplasts
+starch accumulation
+starch accumulation
+starch accumulation
+divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"
+helical thylakoid model
+helical thylakoid
+10–20
+10–20
+helicoid stromal thylakoids
+light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
+light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
+energize electrons
+to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+dam turbine
+stromal
+in grana
+in contact with the stroma
+300–600 nanometers
+pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
+thirty
+dissipate excess energy
+green
+-carotene
+zeaxanthin
+e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria
+Phycobilins
+phycoerytherin
+40 nanometers
+40 nanometers
+rubisco
+it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
+rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
+Calvin cycle
+ATP energy being wasted
+light reactions
+rubisco
+grana and thylakoids
+in a four-carbon compound
+carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
+chlorophyll
+chlorophyll
+parenchyma cells
+collenchyma tissue
+chlorenchyma
+stems
+leaves
+8–15 per cell
+half a million
+mesophyll layers
+low-light conditions
+intense light
+photooxidative damage
+many small chloroplasts
+Mitochondria
+hypersensitive
+programmed cell death
+pathogen's presence
+by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
+reactive oxygen species
+reactive oxygen species
+stress in a cell
+unknown second messenger molecule
+signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
+photosynthesis
+photosynthesis
+sugars
+carbon dioxide
+carbon dioxide
+ATP energy
+thylakoid space
+up to a thousand times
+adenosine diphosphate
+adenosine triphosphate
+NADP+
+cyclic photophosphorylation
+C4 plants
+NADPH
+Rubisco
+unstable six-carbon molecules
+3-phosphoglyceric acid
+one out of every six
+glucose monomers
+high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
+thylakoids
+Waterlogged roots
+another photosynthesis-depressing factor
+O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP
+when the oxygen concentration is too high
+it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
+half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
+distinct chloroplast dimorphism
+Chloroplasts
+methionine
+it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
+in the cytosol
+Chloroplasts
+fertilized egg
+apical meristems
+starch-storing amyloplasts
+etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
+lacks chlorophyll
+a lattice of tubes in their stroma
+yellow chlorophyll precursor
+Gymnosperms
+chromoplasts
+bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
+chromoplasts
+chromoplasts
+If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state,
+filaments
+Z-ring
+Z-ring
+a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma
+Min system
+plastid-dividing rings
+two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings
+5 nanometers across
+5 nanometers
+a third plastid-dividing ring
+Light
+constriction stages
+dumbbell-shaped
+poor quality green light
+pollen
+significantly lower environmental risks
+3 in 1,000,000
+transplastomic plants
+a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself
+composite number
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
+primality
+trial division
+Miller–Rabin primality test
+AKS primality test
+22,338,618 decimal digits
+infinitely many
+infinitely many
+the distribution of primes,
+prime number theorem
+end of the 19th century
+Goldbach's conjecture
+Goldbach's conjecture
+analytic or algebraic
+public-key cryptography
+prime elements and prime ideals
+2
+1, 2, and n
+odd prime
+1, 3, 7, or 9
+0 or 5
+Greeks
+Christian Goldbach
+Christian Goldbach
+10,006,721
+a "unit"
+Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+the sieve of Eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime
+relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
+relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function
+eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1
+Rhind papyrus
+Ancient Greeks
+Euclid's Elements
+Euclid
+primes
+Pierre de Fermat
+Leibniz and Euler
+all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime
+2p  1
+n = 4 (or 216 + 1)
+trial division
+a complete list of primes up to is known
+dividing n by each integer m
+only three divisions are necessary
+dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n
+two main classes
+probabilistic
+probabilistic
+probabilistic
+1/(1-p)n
+npn (mod p) for any n
+npn (mod p) for any n
+there are some composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity
+Baillie-PSW
+Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests
+Sophie Germain primes
+2p  1
+Lucas–Lehmer test
+primorial primes
+Sophie Germain primes
+distributed computing
+2009
+US$100,000
+$150,000 and $250,000
+[256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1)  1]
+the floor function
+Chebyshev
+any natural number n > 3
+there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2
+Wilson's theorem
+when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one
+Dirichlet's theorem
+1/6
+one prime number
+infinitely many prime numbers
+zeta function
+if there were only finitely many primes then (1) would have a finite value
+diverges
+exceeds any given number
+algebraic number theory
+1859
+all zeroes of the -function
+random noise
+the asymptotic distribution of primes
+the asymptotic distribution of primes
+Goldbach's conjecture
+all four of Landau's problems from 1912
+n = 2  1017
+Vinogradov's theorem
+Chen's theorem
+twin prime conjecture
+there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2
+Polignac's conjecture
+n2 + 1
+Brocard's conjecture
+prime numbers
+G. H. Hardy
+1970s
+hash tables
+hash tables and pseudorandom number generators
+a recurring decimal
+Fermat's little theorem
+base q
+composite
+p is not a prime factor of q
+1024-bit primes
+Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+1024-bit primes
+modular exponentiation
+1024-bit primes
+Magicicada
+grubs underground
+7, 13 or 17 years
+prime number intervals between emergences
+2%
+minimality or indecomposability
+the prime field
+a connected sum of prime knots
+any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
+knot sum of two nontrivial knots
+commutative ring R
+Prime numbers
+irreducible elements
+given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y.
+cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
+The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+Z[i]
+the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi
+arbitrary integers
+4k + 1
+ring theory
+Prime ideals
+Prime ideals,
+Lasker–Noether
+Lasker–Noether
+Prime ideals
+ramification in geometry
+prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
+prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
+norm gets smaller
+transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields
+||p
+local-global
+Olivier Messiaen
+41, 43, 47 and 53
+41, 43, 47 and 53
+the third étude
+the movements of nature
+North Sea
+North Sea
+1,050,000
+Danube
+1,230 km (760 mi)
+Europe
+the North Sea in the Netherlands
+2,900 m3/s
+Rnos
+Rhin
+Rnaz
+1st century BC
+Rnos
+Rhin
+Roman-era geography
+Rnaz
+Rhijn
+Rhine-kilometers
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+number of canalisation projects
+Rhine-kilometers"
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+number of canalisation projects
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+north
+descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley
+Liechtenstein
+Chur
+descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+Liechtenstein
+mouth of the Rhine
+the Alter Rhein
+a modern canalized section
+Isel
+Donkey
+mouth of the Rhine
+a modern canalized section
+the Alter Rhein
+two arms
+Isel
+constant flooding and strong sedimentation
+Fußach
+constant flooding and strong sedimentation
+The Dornbirner Ach
+silt up
+Fußach
+constant flooding and strong sedimentation
+constant flooding and strong sedimentation
+The Dornbirner Ach
+silt up
+three
+lower lake
+Lake Rhine
+Swiss-Austrian border
+upper lake
+three
+Germany, Switzerland and Austria
+near the Alps
+47.650°N 9.317°E
+Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
+greater density of cold water
+Lake Überlingen
+Rheinbrech
+Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible
+Lindau
+Rheinbrech
+Lindau
+Lake Überlingen
+Rhine Gutter
+water level
+westward
+Aare
+1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
+Finsteraarhorn
+Basel
+westward
+Aare
+more than a fifth
+Finsteraarhorn
+German
+Basel
+Rhine knee
+Central Bridge
+300 km
+about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide
+Basel
+Rhine knee
+North
+High Rhine
+Central Bridge
+19th Century
+rate of flow
+the ground water level fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+compensation pools
+a Rhine straightening program
+19th Century
+rate of flow
+the ground water level fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+The Rhine is the longest river in Germany
+more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
+The Rhine
+the Moselle
+2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+The Rhine is the longest river in Germany
+The Rhine is the longest river in Germany
+the Moselle
+Northeastern
+2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+Middle Rhine
+Rhine Gorge
+erosion
+the Romantic Rhine
+Middle Rhine
+Rhine Gorge
+The gorge
+the Romantic Rhine
+Lower Rhine
+Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+drinking water
+along the Rhine up into Switzerland
+water pollution
+Lower Rhine
+along the Rhine up into Switzerland
+Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+viniculture and tourism
+The Rhine Gorge
+Lorelei
+Middle Rhine Valley
+viniculture and tourism
+The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+The Rhine Gorge
+Lorelei
+Sankt Goarshausen
+Duisburg
+Wesel-Datteln Canal
+Lippe
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+Emmerich and Cleves
+The Lower Rhine
+Rhine-Ruhr
+Duisport
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+Emmerich and Cleves
+the Meuse
+the Dutch name Rijn
+Two thirds
+farther west
+Two thirds
+the Meuse
+The Oude Maas
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+IJssel and Nederrijn
+the Lek
+Noord River
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+IJssel and Nederrijn
+two ninths
+the Lek
+Wijk bij Duurstede
+The name Rijn
+these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders.
+the old north branch of the Rhine is called Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine")
+Bent Rhine
+Old Rhine
+Dutch-German border
+Dutch-German border
+Rhine Delta
+Nederrijn at Angeren
+three
+the IJssel
+Old Meuse
+the Rip
+Merwede-Oude Maas
+1421
+Merwede-Oude Maas
+1421 to 1904
+archipelago-like estuary
+Many rivers have been closed
+Delta Works
+dammed
+Delta Works
+a tidal delta
+tidal currents
+strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea.
+Brakel and Zaltbommel
+Tethys sea
+Jurassic Period
+Mediterranean geography
+Mesozoic Era
+microplates
+N–S rift system
+Upper Rhine Graben
+Miocene
+the Rhone and Danube
+stream capture
+Pliocene period
+Vosges Mountains
+Ice Ages
+120 m (390 ft)
+120 m (390 ft)
+northwest
+Brest
+74,000
+11,600 BP
+70,000 BP
+120 m (390 ft)
+lower Rhine
+a glacier
+tundra
+22,000–14,000 yr BP
+ice-sheets
+wind-blown dust
+22,000 years
+22,000 years
+Rhine
+13,000 BP
+9000 BP
+7500 yr ago
+natural sedimentation
+last 7000 years
+ongoing tectonic subsidence
+39 inches
+11,700 years ago
+8,000 years ago
+Late-Glacial valley
+Netherlands
+3000 yr BP
+increased flooding and sedimentation
+increasing land clearance
+11–13th
+80
+North Sea
+Meuse estuary
+IJsselmeer
+a freshwater lake
+three
+Herodotus
+Gaul and Germania
+6th century BC
+Maurus Servius Honoratus
+Augustus
+the Rhine and upper Danube
+until the empire fell
+eastwards
+Moguntiacum
+eight
+Germania Inferior
+oppidum Ubiorum
+threat of war
+town of the Ubii
+Burgundy
+Burgundy
+dragons rock
+Nibelungenlied
+Hagen
+6th century
+10th century
+Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+Peace of Westphalia
+Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine
+Louis XIV
+1806
+1840
+end of World War I
+1935
+1935
+Adolf Hitler's rise to power
+1936
+Arnhem
+formidable natural obstacle
+September 1944
+Ludendorff Bridge
+Seven Days to the River Rhine
+1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
+Knaurs Lexikon
+typographical error
+1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
+2010
+1997
+Scotland Act 1998
+the areas in which it can make laws
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster
+Parliament of Great Britain
+Parliament of Great Britain
+outbreak of the First World War.
+Kilbrandon Commission
+directly elected Scottish Assembly
+Scottish National Party
+Scottish National Party
+1974
+revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
+1978
+1 March 1979
+1 March 1979
+32.9%
+failed
+32.9%
+Conservative
+Conservative Party
+1989 Scottish Constitutional Convention
+the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.
+Scottish Parliament Building
+Enric Miralles
+Enric Miralles
+a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland
+Queen Elizabeth II
+to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly
+the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
+School of Divinity
+Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber
+Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
+City of Edinburgh Council
+Lothian Regional Council
+demolished
+Midlothian County Buildings
+Midlothian County Buildings
+at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker
+Tricia Marwick
+secret ballot
+129
+vote clerk
+the Presiding Officer
+Parliamentary Bureau
+the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats
+at home and abroad
+hemicycle
+to encourage consensus amongst elected members
+131
+2
+cannot vote
+silver
+silver
+a glass case
+Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
+in a glass case suspended from the lid
+Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays
+Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm
+public
+free
+the Official Report
+Wednesdays
+up to four minutes
+the Presiding Officer
+religious beliefs
+Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers
+The Presiding Officer
+The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
+different viewpoints and political parties
+ministers or party leaders
+Scots, Gaelic
+5 pm
+division bell,
+alerts MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote
+electronic consoles on their desks
+the outcome of each division is known in seconds
+The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand
+The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand
+whips
+moral
+deselected as official party candidates during future elections
+45
+an MSP who is not a Scottish minister
+45 minutes
+other members
+winds up
+committee
+backbenchers
+there is no revising chamber
+take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation.
+at other locations throughout Scotland
+MSPs
+Committees
+There are different committees
+Mandatory Committees
+Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated Powers and Law Reform.
+at the beginning of each parliamentary session
+departments (or ministries)
+Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
+Economy, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
+an outside party or promoter
+large-scale development projects
+not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.
+Private Bill Committees
+The Scotland Act 1998
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+extends the devolved competencies
+Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act
+Scottish Parliament
+automatically
+3 pence in the pound
+borrowing powers
+Reserved matters
+Westminster
+Westminster
+UK Government ministers
+a committee of the Parliament
+a committee of the Parliament
+private member
+an outside proposer
+in a number of stages
+Minister or member in charge
+Minister or member in charge
+whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
+the relevant committee or committees
+Stage 2
+Stage 3
+consideration of amendments to the bill
+Stage 3
+wrecking
+Decision Time
+Monarch
+Monarch
+4-week
+4-week
+"The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent on [Date]".
+The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament
+Any member
+First Minister
+MSPs
+the Sovereign
+every four years
+every four years
+Monarch
+they supplant it.
+two-thirds
+Several procedures
+The First Minister or members of the cabinet
+Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year
+the substance of the statement
+Parliamentary time
+11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m.
+any member of the Scottish Government
+issues under their jurisdiction
+four
+129
+Orkney and Shetland
+the member with most votes
+island archipelagos
+55,000
+The total number of seats in the Parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot
+d'Hondt method
+The party with the highest quotient
+constituency seats
+It is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.
+a number of qualifications
+House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981
+18
+Members of the police and the armed forces
+Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
+making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
+16 seats from Labour
+151 votes
+eight
+hold a referendum on Scottish independence
+Conservatives
+Edinburgh Pentlands
+five seats
+Annabel Goldie
+congratulated the SNP on their victory
+English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish
+English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
+West Lothian question
+Standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.
+England
+Islamism
+an Islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.
+the reordering of government and society
+"oscillating between two poles
+revolution or invasion
+Moderate and reformist Islamists
+Hezbollah
+Israel
+reject democracy
+religious
+Graham E. Fuller
+Sunni pan-Islamism
+sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
+democracy
+Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy
+apolitical
+Islam
+apolitical
+illiberal Islamic regimes
+religion from politics
+Muslims
+quietist/non-political
+quietist/non-political
+between 1945 and 1970
+non-political Islam
+enemies
+Islamists and Islamist groups
+considerable impact
+non-Afghan veterans
+leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
+considerable impact
+Anwar Sadat
+Anwar Sadat
+Anwar Sadat
+1975
+assassinated
+Saudi-based Wahhabism
+hate
+democracy
+democracy
+Saudi
+Islamist
+incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments
+Islamist
+limited to rhetoric
+prohibitively costly dowry demands
+law and philosophy
+All India Muslim League
+Indian National Congress
+1908
+The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
+Hindu-majority
+Hindu-majority
+nationalist differences
+Allahabad
+Pakistan movement
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+Jamaat-e-Islami party
+writing
+a modern context
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+writing
+a modern context
+Sharia
+an Islamic state
+unity of God
+the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process
+the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process
+1928
+1928
+Hassan al Banna
+the Qur'an
+Shariah law
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+banned
+Gamal Abdul Nasser
+Muslim Brotherhood
+75% of the total seats
+"semi-legal"
+"semi-legal"
+Mohamed Morsi
+Israeli troops
+Israeli troops
+secular Arab nationalism
+secular, socialist and nationalist politics
+Maududi and Sayyid Qutb
+Sunni Islamic
+Ali Shariati
+Sunni Islamic
+Sharia law
+Sharia law
+Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah)
+Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah)
+Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah)
+2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
+Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
+an allied Marxist regime
+an allied Marxist regime
+to go themselves to fight for their faith
+marginal
+16,000 to 35,000
+several hundred thousand
+Saddam Hussein
+Islamist
+US and allied non-Muslim military personnel
+a puppet of the west
+American
+Saudi Arabia
+American troops remained stationed in the kingdom
+Osama bin Laden's terror attacks
+Osama bin Laden
+radical
+1966
+the Brotherhood
+Fringe or splinter movements
+1970s
+Anwar Sadat
+1981
+apostate
+introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
+Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+2003
+unsuccessful
+attempted assassinations of political figures
+quiescent
+HAMAS
+Hamas charter
+cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class
+Muslim Brotherhood
+Hamas
+140
+January 2006
+140
+driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
+Islamist
+Hassan al-Turabi
+Gaafar al-Nimeiry
+foreign Islamist banking systems
+students
+al-Nimeiry
+the military
+sharia law
+Osama bin Laden
+Osama bin Laden
+FLN
+1989
+Algeria
+Front Islamique de Salut
+a military coup d'état
+justice and prosperity
+the Soviet Union
+1992
+one of the poorest countries on earth
+80%
+thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement
+Pakistan
+Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
+Sharia
+Osama bin Laden
+July 1977
+alcohol and nightclubs
+Islamism
+legitimize his means of seizing power
+1988
+Daesh
+Daesh
+ten million
+international recognition
+caliphate
+2004
+al-Qaeda
+notorious intransigence
+March 2011
+terrorist organisation
+different view
+7th century
+1924
+"the disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers"
+the true Islamic system
+armed jihad
+ideological struggle
+armed jihad
+Egypt
+terrorist groups
+900,000
+strong Islamist
+Channel 4
+Londonistan
+incitement to terrorism
+2001
+public diplomacy
+Christian Whiton
+Robert Gates
+Robert Gates
+Latin
+use of military force
+Japan
+rapid spread of technologies and ideas
+Imperialism
+"Formal imperialism"
+othering
+less direct
+"formal" and "informal" imperialism
+physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule"
+general-purpose aggressiveness
+land officials
+informal
+amount of land
+world systems theory
+Lenin
+economic and cultural
+Asia and Africa
+colonialism
+lacks a political focus
+Robert Young
+Russian or Ottoman
+one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people
+Imperialism and colonialism
+process of a country taking physical control of another
+conquering the other state's lands
+the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered
+the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.
+the defense and justification of empire-building
+the defense and justification of empire-building
+races of highest'social efficiency'
+"Social Darwinism" and a theory of races
+whiteness
+Halford Mackinder
+Halford Mackinder
+Halford Mackinder
+Royal Geographical Society of London
+Royal Geographical Society of London
+uncivilized
+Ellen Churchill Semple
+Orientalism
+uncivilized
+Europe
+Terra nullius
+eighteenth century
+British Empire
+Australia
+empty land
+imaginative geography
+irrational and backward
+inferior
+Orientalism
+irrational and backward
+nineteenth-century
+to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
+unknown or unexplored territory
+cartographic techniques
+French and British
+Aztec Empire
+Genghis Khan
+in the dozens
+Ethiopian Empire
+Sub-Saharan Africa
+Cultural imperialism
+soft power
+smuggled South Korean drama series
+Roman
+internet and unauthorised satellite dishes
+around 1700
+colonizing
+the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world
+activities of European powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century
+Open Door Policy
+1919
+1999
+John Gallagher
+the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected
+the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected
+economic growth
+the mid-18th century
+collecting resources from colonies
+the political weakness of the Mughal state
+communication
+explosives
+machine gun
+arrows, swords, and leather shields
+explosives
+British
+late 1870s
+a policy of idealism and philanthropy
+need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment
+aristocracy
+1950s
+World War I
+domestic social reforms
+taxation
+environmental determinism
+the environment in which they lived
+less civilized
+Africa
+orientalism and tropicality
+geographic scholars
+Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate
+European empire
+orientalism
+colonizing empires
+the sixteenth century
+1599
+1599
+1767
+Portuguese
+1830
+1850
+Catholicism
+North and West Africa
+Germany
+inferior
+assimilation
+France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.
+Christianity and French culture
+Algeria
+Charles de Gaulle and the Free French
+anti-colonial movements
+Vietnam
+Algeria
+1960
+Germanic tribes
+Muslim Iberia
+middle period of classical antiquity
+800 CE
+an amorphous area of central Europe
+late 19th century
+1862
+Franco-German War
+Napoleon
+Europe
+Africa and the South Pacific
+reasons of German prestige
+1884
+German New Guinea
+Hamburg merchants and traders
+Sakhalin Island
+1894
+Thailand
+1931
+China
+1932
+Lenin
+Eastern Europe
+Lenin
+a world revolution
+Lenin
+Mao Zedong
+Nikita Khrushchev
+socialism in one country
+mercantilism
+1776
+free trade
+1820
+1815
+The British Empire
+Social Darwinism and theories of race
+The British spirit of imperialism
+Asia and the Middle East
+Monroe Doctrine
+interventionism
+a war
+Anti-Imperialist League
+"racket"
+Isiah Bowman
+1917
+Paris Peace Conference
+to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'
+Wilson's geographer
+imperialism
+"internal colonialism"
+12 to 15 million
+Orient
+1299 to 1923
+Suleiman the Magnificent
+32 provinces
+Southeast Europe
+16th and 17th centuries
+Istanbul
+Germany
+World War I
+Germany
+The United Methodist Church
+a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
+John and Charles Wesley
+the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
+Wesleyan
+80 million
+80 million
+largest mainline Protestant denomination
+3.6%
+mid-18th century
+Church of England
+being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study
+1735
+Georgia
+John and Charles Wesley
+salvation by God's grace
+the American Revolution
+1784
+Thomas Coke
+Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+1767
+a sail loft on Dock Street
+1784
+Absalom Jones
+St. George's Church
+1784
+1830
+the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
+1844
+tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
+April 23, 1968
+Dallas, Texas
+Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
+catholic
+Chalcedonian Creed
+Church invisible
+American Revolution
+Dr. Thomas Coke
+Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
+1968
+Jacob Albright
+Albert C. Outler
+Albert C. Outler
+Prevenient grace
+Prevenient grace
+grace that "goes before" us
+Prevenient grace
+Justifying Grace
+justifying grace
+conversion
+conversion
+New Birth
+Christian Perfection
+Sanctifying Grace
+a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
+Christian Perfection
+evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed
+prima scriptura
+moderate and tolerant
+The Book of Discipline
+2008
+the denomination is pro-choice
+Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
+United Methodist Women
+all women
+the mother
+Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality
+May 2012
+Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
+temperance movement
+2011 and 2012
+The Use of Money
+unfermented grape juice
+capital punishment
+John 8:7.
+the lex talionis
+bishops
+celebration of same-sex unions
+Rev. Jimmy Creech
+blessings
+Connectional Table
+many organizations, conferences, and congregations
+resolutions
+1987
+2005
+The Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
+The United Methodist Church
+military action
+all war
+Christ's message and teachings
+national foreign policy
+general and complete disarmament
+"deplore[s] all forms of commercialization, abuse, and exploitation of sex."
+violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
+girls and women
+embryos created for IVF
+stem cells
+embryos created for IVF
+Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
+When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
+Sunday Service
+The United Methodist Church in Africa
+Anglican tradition's Book of Common Prayer
+laying on of hands and anointing with oil
+biblical figure
+William Booth
+African missionary David Livingstone
+The United Methodist Church
+General Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+General Conference
+every four years
+five
+seven
+bishops
+bishops
+Episcopal Areas
+Mission Council
+church bishops
+36
+George W. Bush Presidential Library
+36
+General Conference
+The Judicial Council
+eight-year term
+twice a year
+various locations throughout the world
+The Annual Conference
+geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
+Clergy
+The Book of Discipline
+a board of trustees
+a board of trustees
+The church conference
+The church conference
+around one hundred
+three hundred sixty
+International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
+John Wesley
+pastors
+Annual Conference Order of Elders
+Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+Annual Conference Cabinet
+one year at a time
+the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
+a bishop
+the local church
+2–3 years
+District Superintendents
+2–3 years
+a bishop
+a bishop
+sacramental authority
+1996
+seminary graduate
+1996
+Licensed Local Pastor
+licensed local pastor
+five
+Associate Membership
+Baptized Members
+profession of faith
+through transfer from another Christian denomination
+a sacrament
+confirmation and membership preparation classes
+The Book of Discipline
+the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
+lay servants
+basic course for lay servant
+annually
+every three years
+The United Methodist Church
+National Association of Evangelicals
+blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
+Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union
+May 2012
+African Methodist Episcopal Zion
+11 million
+11 million
+8 million
+8 million
+Texas
+11.4 million
+7.9 million
+7.9 million
+Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
+World Methodist Council
+July 18, 2006
+1754–1763
+The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France
+60,000 European settlers
+2 million
+primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
+Forks of the Ohio
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+1755
+Battle of the Monongahela
+poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
+Fort Beauséjour
+expulsion of the Acadians
+France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France.
+France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
+France concentrated its forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.
+the British were later defeated at Sainte Foy in Quebec
+Great Britain
+Spain
+Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America
+1740s
+Seven Years' War
+France and Great Britain
+the Great War for the Empire
+1763
+the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years
+1760
+these dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years,
+about 75,000
+about 75,000
+Indian women
+British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1
+from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
+interior
+native tribes
+Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
+Ohio Country
+authority to make agreements
+Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
+the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region
+Anglo-Cherokee War
+North America
+few British troops
+Most British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods,
+The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.
+200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+informed them of the French claims on the territory
+that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
+Pickawillany
+if he continued to trade with the British
+ignored the warning.
+the English
+that action be taken
+British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
+1749
+1749
+Christopher Gist
+1752
+at the mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
+King George's War
+Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
+The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission
+Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides
+Marquis de la Jonquière
+French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
+to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
+Old Briton
+Paul Marin de la Malgue
+Erie, Pennsylvania
+Waterford, Pennsylvania
+to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
+Tanaghrisson
+British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
+"He who does great things."
+colonel of the Iroquois
+Mohawk Chief Hendrick
+the Ohio Company
+the Virginia Regiment
+Tanaghrisson
+December 12
+Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
+Ohio Country
+As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
+the British
+April 5, 1754
+William Trent
+purchased their construction tools
+Jumonville Glen
+Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
+they had long trading relationships
+to dislodge the French
+Word of the British military plans leaked to France
+King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
+February 1755
+Albany Congress
+allegiance of the various tribes and nations
+The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
+prototype for confederation during the War of Independence
+Braddock
+disaster
+Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.
+Thomas Gage
+Shirley and Johnson.
+Oswego
+Fort Niagara
+Oneida Carry
+Marquis de Vaudreuil.
+Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
+both sides withdrawing from the field
+Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
+Fort Carillon
+Colonel Monckton
+Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.
+1757
+William Shirley
+Albany
+Fort Frontenac
+Quebec
+James Abercrombie
+Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
+May 18, 1756
+the Oneida Carry
+Battle of Fort Bull
+45,000 pounds
+the Oswego garrison
+Loudoun
+Ticonderoga
+Oswego
+disposition of prisoners' personal effects
+attack on New France's capital, Quebec
+Montcalm
+William Pitt
+a massacre
+French irregular forces
+Lake George
+several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
+British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
+poor harvest
+argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years.
+British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
+Loudoun
+large numbers of regular troops
+Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
+3,600
+3,600
+Fort Frontenac
+Jeffery Amherst,
+to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
+Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France
+the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
+James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec
+Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
+Battle of Sainte-Foy
+the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche
+Governor Vaudreuil
+freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes.
+General Amherst.
+10 February 1763
+15 February 1763
+Guadeloupe and Martinique
+sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
+80,000
+The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755
+The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces
+New Orleans
+Royal Proclamation of 1763
+division and administration of the newly conquered territory
+reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population,
+Most went to Cuba, including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico.
+Braddock and Forbes
+Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769
+Choctaw and the Creek
+disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession
+Aristotle and Archimedes
+fundamental error
+Sir Isaac Newton
+nearly three hundred years
+Einstein
+Standard Model
+gauge bosons
+strong
+strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational
+electroweak interaction
+Aristotle
+cosmology
+four
+in their natural place on the ground
+innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place"
+Aristotelian
+Galileo Galilei
+innate force of impetus
+Aristotelian
+friction
+Newton
+lack of net force
+Newton
+Newton's First Law of Motion
+the laws of physics
+laws of physics
+curving parabolic path
+at rest
+Inertia
+inertia
+rotational inertia
+Albert Einstein
+Newton's Laws of Motion
+principle of equivalence
+Newton's Second Law
+kinematic
+General relativity
+General relativity
+fixed
+Third Law
+Third Law
+interactions
+opposite
+action-reaction force
+internal forces
+action-reaction force
+intuitive
+standard measurement scale
+Newtonian mechanics
+experimentation
+vector quantities
+denoted scalar quantities
+vectors
+ambiguous
+vectors
+static equilibrium
+magnitude and direction
+net force
+lines of application
+parallelogram rule
+independent components
+A horizontal force pointing northeast
+the original force
+scalar addition
+Orthogonal force vectors
+static friction
+static friction
+a frictional surface
+a frictional surface
+static equilibrium between two forces
+spring reaction force
+vertical spring scale
+vertical spring scale
+Isaac Newton
+Aristotelian physics
+simple velocity addition
+Aristotelian physics
+behind the foot of the mast
+behind the foot of the mast
+constant velocity
+kinetic friction
+kinetic friction
+Aristotle
+Schrödinger equation
+Schrödinger equation
+classical position variables
+quantized
+force
+spin
+discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable
+spin
+antisymmetric
+antisymmetric
+forces and the acceleration of particles
+force
+conservation of momentum
+sophisticated mathematical descriptions
+straight line
+four
+strong and weak forces
+gravitational force
+masses
+Pauli exclusion principle
+Isaac Newton
+quantum mechanics
+fundamental theories for forces
+self-consistent unification models
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+9.81 meters per second squared
+9.81 meters per second squared
+directly proportional
+effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances.
+acceleration of the Moon around the Earth
+mass
+mass () and the radius ()
+Universal Gravitation Constant,
+Henry Cavendish
+Henry Cavendish
+Newton
+orbit of the planet Mercury
+Vulcan
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+general relativity
+ballistic
+gravitational force
+when observing the motion in a global sense
+Lorentz's Law
+magnetism
+Lorentz's Law
+electrostatic force
+James Clerk Maxwell
+James Clerk Maxwell
+James Clerk Maxwell
+4
+James Clerk Maxwell
+electromagnetic theory
+quantum mechanics
+quantum electrodynamics
+photons
+quantum electrodynamics
+repulsion of like charges
+Pauli exclusion principle
+there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states
+structural force
+repulsion of like charges
+Pauli exclusion principle
+there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states
+structural force
+elementary particles
+hadrons
+hadrons
+gluons
+color confinement
+weak force
+beta decay
+radioactivity
+1013 times
+1015 kelvins
+repulsive forces
+Pauli repulsion
+fermionic nature of electrons
+repulsive forces
+ideal strings
+ideal pulleys
+instantaneously
+conservation of mechanical energy
+movable pulleys
+Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics
+idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects
+matter
+matter
+matter
+forces that cause all strains (deformations)
+parallel
+parallel
+parallel
+position
+unbalanced torque
+Newton's Second Law of Motion
+center of the curving path
+perpendicular
+unbalanced centripetal force
+is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path
+tangential force
+A conservative force
+A conservative force
+net mechanical energy
+artifact of the potential field
+artifact of the potential field
+gradient of potentials.
+gradient of potentials
+friction
+Nonconservative
+statistical mechanics
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+Second law of thermodynamics,
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+kilogram-force
+kilopond
+metric slug
+kip
+sthène
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