Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
Denver Broncos
gold
Roman numerals
February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos
Roman numerals
Denver Broncos
February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium
Santa Clara
Super Bowl L
National Football League (NFL)
National Football League (NFL)
Santa Clara
Levi's Stadium
Denver Broncos
February 7, 2016
National Football League (NFL)
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
National Football League (NFL)
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California.
National Football League (NFL)
Denver Broncos
Cam Newton
New England Patriots
1995
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
four
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
2
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
1995.
Von Miller
Von Miller
Broncos
Von Miller
five solo tackles
Denver's defense
sacked him seven times
Von Miller
sacked him seven times
Von Miller
Von Miller
Von Miller
Broncos
Von Miller
Von Miller
Broncos
sacked him seven times
sacked him seven times
sacked him seven times
Von Miller
Von Miller
sacked him seven times
sacked him seven times
Von Miller
Von Miller
$5 million
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Coldplay
$5 million
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Coldplay
$5 million
$5 million
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
third
$5 million
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Coldplay
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Commissioner Roger Goodell
Commissioner Roger Goodell
2012
Commissioner Roger Goodell
2012
Commissioner Roger Goodell
Commissioner Roger Goodell
Commissioner Roger Goodell
spectacular
spectacular
2012
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
three
New Orleans
Sun Life Stadium
three
three
Sun Life Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
three
October 16, 2012
South Florida/Miami area
South Florida/Miami area
2010
San Francisco Bay Area
Sun Life Stadium
October 16, 2012
San Francisco Bay Area
May 3, 2013
2010
Sun Life Stadium
South Florida/Miami area
Sun Life Stadium
Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations, dealing a significant blow to Miami's chances.
San Francisco Bay Area
New Orleans
October 16, 2012
San Francisco Bay Area
New Orleans
San Francisco Bay Area
Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations, dealing a significant blow to Miami's chances.
May 21, 2013
Boston
2014
$1.2 billion
San Diego
Boston
May 21, 2013
$1.2 billion
San Diego
San Diego
May 21, 2013
2014
$1.2 billion
1985
San Diego
May 21, 2013
2014
2003
Boston
May 21, 2013
$1.2 billion
$1.2 billion
San Diego
John Fox
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Super Bowl XLVIII
John Fox
Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos
Super Bowl XXXVIII
Denver Broncos
the number one seeds
the number one seeds
Super Bowl XLVIII
The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII.
Denver Broncos
the number one seeds
Denver Broncos
John Fox
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 19
1978
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
Ten
Ten
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
1978
13–0
13–0
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
1978
Ten
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
Despite waiving longtime running back DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the
the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
Ten
six
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
77
Greg Olsen
Cam Newton
99.4
77
77
Jonathan Stewart
six
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
six
500
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
Cam Newton
77
six
136
118
six
Kawann Short
six
Kawann Short
six
six
Kurt Coleman
six
Kony Ealy
Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly.
Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two.
Gary Kubiak
Brock Osweiler
plantar fasciitis
San Diego Chargers
Wade Phillips
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
plantar fasciitis
plantar fasciitis
plantar fasciitis
Gary Kubiak
Peyton Manning
plantar fasciitis
plantar fasciitis
Gary Kubiak
Gary Kubiak
Peyton Manning
Gary Kubiak
a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot.
Wade Phillips
67.9
67.9
Demaryius Thomas
C. J. Anderson
Osweiler
67.9
67.9
67.9
Demaryius Thomas
Demaryius Thomas
67.9
67.9
Demaryius Thomas
Demaryius Thomas
67.9
67.9
Demaryius Thomas
C. J. Anderson
Ronnie Hillman
4,530
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
Brandon Marshall
Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three
DeMarcus Ware
DeMarcus Ware
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
296
Von Miller
Brandon Marshall
Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three.
Von Miller
Brandon Marshall
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
31–24
Seattle Seahawks
31–24
Arizona Cardinals
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
Seattle Seahawks
49–15
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers
New England Patriots
20–18
New England Patriots
Pittsburgh Steelers
23–16
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
Manning
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steelers
New England Patriots
Pittsburgh Steelers
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
Thomas Davis
11-year
11-year
11
11-year
11-year
11
Super Bowl
11-year
11-year
11
Thomas Davis
39
John Elway
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
John Elway
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
John Elway
Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
Peyton Manning
He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.
John Elway
Newton
2011
26
13 years and 48 days
Von Miller
Newton
Newton
26
quarterback
Newton
2011
Von Miller
Von Miller
26
13 years and 48 days
Super Bowl XX
Kubiak
Kubiak
Kubiak
Broncos
Kubiak
Kubiak
Kubiak
Super Bowl XX
Justin Tucker
Bermuda 419
Ed Mangan
the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal,
the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal,
Justin Tucker
the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal,
a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
Justin Tucker
a new playing surface
a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.
change their cleats
Justin Tucker
Bermuda 419
the Broncos
34–19
Atlanta Falcons
the Broncos
Super Bowl XXXIII
Super Bowl XXXIII
34–19
Atlanta Falcons
the Broncos
the Broncos
Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl XXXIII
blue
0-4
black jerseys with silver pants.
San Jose State
Stanford University
San Jose State
Stanford University
San Jose Marriott
Santa Clara Marriott
San Jose State
Stanford University
San Jose State
The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.
Stanford University
Stanford University
San Jose State
The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.
Stanford University
Stanford University
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl V
Jaime Weston
Super Bowl XLV
large numerals, colored in gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl LI
Arabic numerals
gold
June 4, 2014
Arabic numerals
Super Bowl 50
gold
The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
Arabic numerals
The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
gold
week 7
50
gold
gold
Golden Super Bowl
Gold footballs were given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl, and "homecoming" events were also held by Super Bowl-winning teams at games.
Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the "Golden Super Bowl"; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's properties and painted on fields, the numbering of the 50-yard line on fields was colored gold, and beginning
gold
Moscone Center
Moscone Center in San Francisco
Ed Lee
Jane Kim
Justin Herman Plaza
More than 1 million
Ed Lee
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Ed Lee
Super Bowl City
More than 1 million
Ed Lee
Jane Kim
Moscone Center
Santa Clara University
Bellomy Field
week
Bellomy Field
pep rally
city council
Bellomy Field
city council
city council
Bellomy Field
city council
Monday evening
Monday evening
February 1, 2016
SAP Center in San Jose
an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge
Monday evening
Monday evening
Super Bowl Opening Night
February 1, 2016
SAP Center in San Jose
Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.
SAP Center in San Jose.
an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.
Monday evening
Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.
SAP Center in San Jose.
an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.
February 1, 2016
Business Connect
$40 million
Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
Gap
Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron
disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses
$40 million
$40 million
Business Connect
Business Connect
$40 million
25 percent
The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
25 percent
The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
the most giving Super Bowl ever
25 percent
The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
25 percent
The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
Vince Lombardi Trophy
18
33 lb
Tiffany & Co.
Tiffany & Co.
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co
Vince Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co.
CBS
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
EyeVision 36
5K
three
sidelines
pylon cameras and microphones
5K resolution
sidelines
CBS
three
CBS
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
5K
pylon cameras and microphones
ESPN Deportes
John Sutcliffe
Monday Night Football
December 28, 2015
Spanish
ESPN Deportes
ESPN Deportes
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
ESPN Deportes
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
NFL Mobile
WatchESPN
CBSSports.com
CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps
Windows 10
CBSSports.com
CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps
NFL Mobile
NFL Mobile service
NFL Mobile
Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service.
CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps
NFL Mobile
ESPN Deportes Spanish
Stephen Colbert
James Corden
Stephen Colbert
James Corden
Stephen Colbert
a break for late local programming
James Corden.
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Crash the Super Bowl
QuickBooks
QuickBooks
QuickBooks
nine
QuickBooks
nine
Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
QuickBooks
nine
Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
QuickBooks
The Secret Life of Pets
Gods of Egypt
The Secret Life of Pets
The Secret Life of Pets
Gods of Egypt
The Secret Life of Pets
The Secret Life of Pets
Captain America: Civil War
Independence Day
20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios
20th Century Fox
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
throughout North America
Ed McCaffrey
Ed McCaffrey
1110 AM
Chester, South Carolina
Mick Mixon
Ed McCaffrey
Ed McCaffrey
Mick Mixon
Mick Mixon
Ed McCaffrey
WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman
BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
Greg Brady
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
2001
Peyton Manning
39
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
39
39
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
Six
the national anthem
Marlee Matlin
the national anthem
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Marlee Matlin
Six
Marlee Matlin
December 3
British rock
Coldplay
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Mark Ronson
Coldplay.
Pepsi
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Coldplay.
Beyoncé
Hymn for the Weekend
Bruno Mars
Peyton Manning
Andre Caldwell
Ronnie Hillman
Brandon McManus
C. J. Anderson
18
Ronnie Hillman
Brandon McManus
The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.
Peyton Manning
Peyton Manning
C. J. Anderson
Brandon McManus
The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.
Mike Carey
Cam Newton
Malik Jackson
Malik Jackson
1993
Jerricho Cotchery
Mike Carey
Malik Jackson
Malik Jackson
1993
Mike Carey
Malik Jackson
Malik Jackson
1993
4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
Brad Nortman
4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11: 28 left
61
33
4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
Jordan Norwood
33
4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
McManus
Darian Stewart
Mike Tolbert
Kony Ealy
DeMarcus Ware
DeMarcus Ware
Mike Tolbert
Kony Ealy
Kony Ealy
DeMarcus Ware
Mike Tolbert
Mike Tolbert
Kony Ealy
punt
DeMarcus Ware
Ted Ginn Jr.
Graham Gano
44
McManus
T. J. Ward
Ted Ginn Jr.
Graham Gano
T. J. Ward. Ward fumbled the ball during the return, but Trevathan recovered it to enable Denver to keep possession.
Trevathan
Ted Ginn Jr.
26-yard line
Graham Gano
McManus' 33-yard field goal
Ealy
39
Devin Funchess
Devin Funchess
the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line.
Ealy
Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.
punts.
Ealy
Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.
Devin Funchess
punts.
24
Newton
Josh Norman
Bennie Fowler
Bennie Fowler
five yards
five yards
Newton
Josh Norman
Bennie Fowler
4:51
five yards
five yards
Josh Norman
Bennie Fowler
five
13 of 23
Anderson
Luke Kuechly
13 of 23
13 of 23
13 of 23
Anderson
six
Luke Kuechly
six
Anderson
McManus
13 of 23
Anderson
Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194
Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194) and first downs (21 to 11
Baltimore Ravens
Jordan Norwood
Manning and Newton
Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194
Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194) and first downs (21 to 11
Chicago Bears
The Broncos
21
Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194) and first downs (21 to 11
The Broncos
Chicago Bears
13.8
the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize
1745
Maria Skodowska-Curie
Wadysaw Szpilman
seven months old
over 100
19th
The Saxon Garden
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
76
the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly
otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
13
azienki or Wilanów Parks,
emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments.
it was the most diverse city
833,500
around 34%
Jewish
internal migration and urbanisation
Warsaw University of Technology
Warsaw University of Technology
Medical University of Warsaw
1816
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
1816
over two million
Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski
Irena Bajerska
more than 10,000 m2 (107,639.10 sq ft), and plants covering 5,111 m2 (55,014.35 sq ft).
the initial Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland (especially Warsaw)
the initial Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland (especially Warsaw)
solid economic growth
the city's metro, roads, sidewalks, health care facilities and sanitation facilities have improved markedly
Warsaw
Children's Memorial Health Institute
Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
a 10-floor building with 700 beds, 10 operating theatres, an intensive care unit, several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic.
infrastructure
Roman and Buffo
many events and festivals
Palace of Culture and Science
Roman and Buffo
many events and festivals
Ogród Saski
Saxon Garden
1870 to 1939
Momus
Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)
Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)
Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)
maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married
musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks
Museum of Hunting and Riding
National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
the history of arms
Katy Museum
Katy Museum
Warsaw Uprising Museum
The Museum of Independence
1960
Royal Ujazdów Castle
500
Zachta National Gallery of Art
mid-19th century
last weekend of September
Polonia Warsaw
1946
twice
Konwiktorska Street
their disastrous financial situation
syrenka
The mermaid
mid-14th century
1390
1609
ary figure
two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas
on the coast of Denmark
Warszowa
he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.
Warsaw
Maria Górska
Art Deco
Israeli poet
Isaac Bashevis Singer
32nd
32nd
wide variety of industries
Warsaw Stock Exchange
Frontex
1313
Kraków
1596
King Sigismund III Vasa
"Phoenix City"
Roman Catholic archdiocese
Polish Academy of Sciences
UNESCO World Heritage Site
King Sigismund's Column, St. John's Cathedral, Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions
luxurious parks and royal gardens
Warszawa
belonging to Warsz
Mariensztat
Mariensztat
miasto stoeczne Warszawa
Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów
Prince of Pock
1300
1413
1526
General Sejm
1569
1573
King Sigismund III Vasa
1596
1796
Kingdom of Prussia
Napoleon's army
1815
1816
November 1918
1914
Pisudski
1920
the Red Army
1 September 1939
a German Nazi colonial administration
30%
19 April 1943
almost a month
the Germans
Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
1 August 1944
63 days
between 150,000 and 200,000
"Bricks for Warsaw"
"Bricks for Warsaw"
Eastern Bloc city
Palace of Culture and Science
UNESCO's World Heritage list
John Paul II
1979 and 1983
Victory Square
Victory Square
the incentive for the democratic changes
Carpathian Mountains
325
Vistula River
452.8 ft
at the right bank of the Vistula
Vistula Valley
Vistula Valley
Vistula Valley
Vistula River
Warsaw Escarpment
plain moraine plateau
the highest one contains former flooded terraces
Vistula old
several levels of the plain Vistula terraces (flooded as well as former flooded once) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment.
pine
architectural styles
Second World War
After liberation
Leopold Kronenberg Palace
Eastern bloc countries
Gothic architecture
14th century
St. John's Cathedral
"The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement
Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626)
17th century
1688–1692
Czapski Palace
the simplicity of the geometrical forms
1775–1795
Warsaw Philharmony
Warsaw Philharmony
Warsaw Philharmony
Warsaw University of Technology building
Saxon Palace and the Brühl Palace,
Heroic history
Pawiak
The Warsaw Citadel
Wincenty Kuma
Wincenty Kuma
Botanic Garden
a palm house in the New Orangery
Park Skaryszewski
Park Skaryszewski
zoological garden (Ogród Zoologiczny)
close-to-wilderness areas
within the borders of Warsaw
Masovian Primeval Forest
Kabaty Forest
Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin
1,300,000
420,000
1951
Varsovians
only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth
multi-cultural
56.2%
56.2%
56.2%
1944
a commune
counties or powiats
Lublin, Kraków
60
60
every four years
committees
30 days
President
Jan Andrzej Menich
1695–1696
the City council
the district council of Centrum
ródmiecie
304,016
7th greatest emerging market
12%
191.766 billion PLN
1817
World War II
April 1991
162 584 mln EUR
Polish United Workers' Party
1951
Warszawa, Syrena, Fiat 125p (under license from Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired) and the Polonez
Daewoo
AvtoZAZ
Chevrolet Aveo
Warsaw
Warsaw
Vistula River
2.666 million residents
9th
Warsaw
Vistula River
Vistula River
9th
9th
France
10th and 11th centuries
Denmark, Iceland and Norway
Rollo
first half of the 10th century
William the Conqueror
Richard I
Catholic orthodoxy
"Norseman, Viking
9th century
King Charles III of West Francia
King Charles III of West Francia
Seine
Rollo
Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language
Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language
1066
999
Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman and rebel, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the Byzantine rule,
Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman and rebel, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the Byzantine rule,
Drogo
William Iron Arm
Saracens
1130
William Iron Arm's citadel at Squillace
Kitab Rudjdjar
The Book of Roger
meritocratic bureaucracy
Seljuk Turks
1050s
1060s
Alexius Komnenos
Afranji
Oursel
Sassoun and Taron
Norman mercenary origin
Robert Guiscard
February 1082
1081
Deabolis
Bohemond
Deabolis
1185
Dyrrachium
Adriatic
Ethelred II
Ethelred II
Duke Richard II of Normandy
Sweyn Forkbeard
Harthacnut
1041
Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury
Battle of Hastings
Duke William II
1066
Anglo-Saxons
Modern English
1169
east of Ireland
Bannow Bay
Edgar Atheling,
Malcolm III
1072
Duncan
Sybilla of Normandy
Norman
Edward the Confessor
defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh
Edward the Confessor
slow conquest
1018
William of Montreuil
1097
Tancred
the conquest of Jerusalem
380 years
storm
the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria
Richard the Lion-hearted
Isaac Komnenos
Conrad of Montferrat
Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons.
Guy de Lusignan
Richard the Lion-Heart
Chapel of St. George
double coronation
1489
Guy de Lusignan
off the Atlantic coast of Africa
Bethencourt
Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
Maciot de Bethencourt
Channel Islands
Grand coutumier de Normandie
north French
rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions.
Early Gothic
Anglo-Saxon
Kingdom of Sicily
the Cluniac reform of monasteries
the Cluniac reform of monasteries
The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th
embroidery
Bayeux Tapestry
Odo
mosaics
Normandy
William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
southern Italy
the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.
Robert Guiscard
a tradition of singing
Nikola Tesla
Serbian Cyrillic: икола есla; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)
7 January 1943
Nikola Tesla
7 January 1943
Serbian Cyrillic: икола есla; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)
Nikola Tesla
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse
New York City
War of Currents
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
New York City
George Westinghouse
AC induction motor and transformer
1893
high-voltage
mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
New York and Colorado Springs
1893
a wireless controlled boat
Wardenclyffe Tower project
7 January 1943
the General Conference on Weights and Measures
a series of New York hotels
mad scientist
patents
7 January 1943
the General Conference on Weights and Measures
1990s
his achievements and showmanship
Croatia
Serbian Orthodox priest
eidetic memory and creative abilities
eidetic memory and creative abilities
Serbian Orthodox priest
Milutin Tesla
uka
making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
his mother's genetics and influence
four
German
1862
Dane
Milka, Angelina and Marica
horse-riding accident
Austrian Empire
pastor
Martin Sekuli
German
integral calculus
prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating
1873
1870
math
Martin Sekuli
German
1873
cholera
nine months
best engineering school
priesthood
Smiljan
1873
cholera
nine months
priesthood
best engineering school
Tomingaj
Mark Twain
mountains
1874
hunter's garb
Smiljan
1874
hunter's garb
Mark Twain
1875
Austrian Polytechnic
1879
gambling
Sundays or holidays
Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria
1875
1879
third
unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork
Graz
to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
60 florins
to beg his son to return home
nervous breakdown
December 1878
to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
Mur River.
60 florins
nervous breakdown
not having a residence permit
24 March 1879
60
stroke
a large class of students
not having a residence permit.
24 March 1879
Higher Real Gymnasium
stroke
Prague
Charles-Ferdinand
auditor
Charles-Ferdinand University
Prague
January 1880
Charles-Ferdinand University
Prague
Ferenc Puskás
the Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
telephone repeater or amplifier
draftsman
1881
telegraph company
the Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
1882
France
New York City
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison
Continental Edison Company
France
June 1884
Thomas Edison
Manhattan's lower east side
fifty thousand dollars
$10
months
fifty thousand dollars
"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.
US$10
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
electrical arc light based illumination systems
electrical arc light based illumination systems
dynamo electric machine commutators
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
1886
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
electrical arc light based illumination systems
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail,
penniless.
penniless
$2
1886/1887
He even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
$2
$2
Western Union superintendent
April 1887
13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development
89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
1886
Western Union superintendent
Charles F. Peck
89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
April 1887
Europe and the United States
May 1888
a commutator
avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.
avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.
Europe and the United States
long-distance, high-voltage transmission
avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes
May 1888
the editor of Electrical World magazine
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1888
control the market
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
Galileo Ferraris
commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
July 1888
$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
George Westinghouse
$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month
$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
July 1888
$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month
$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month
Pittsburgh
streetcars
60-cycle AC current system
DC traction motor
helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars.
DC traction motor
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
Edison holding all the patents for DC and the incandescent light and Westinghouse using his own patented AC system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design
Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and converting to an AC delivery system
Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and converting to an AC delivery system
AC
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
1888
the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it
Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and converting to an AC delivery system
George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse
Tesla Polyphase System
Tesla Polyphase System
George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse
1893
AC power
Richard Dean Adams
Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company
Westinghouse Electric
General Electric
Westinghouse
Richard Dean Adams
Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company
Westinghouse
Westinghouse
1896
$216,000
$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
$200,000
J. P. Morgan
$200,000
$216,000
35
New York
electric lamps
patented the Tesla coil
30 July 1891
patented the Tesla coil.
35
wireless
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1892 to 1894
vice president
1892 to 1894
Institute of Radio Engineers
radiant energy of "invisible" kinds
March 1895
December 1895
metal locking screw on the camera lens
1894
X-Rays
March 1895
an X-ray image
December 1895
bremsstrahlung
March 1896
radiography
X-rays
bremsstrahlung
March 1896
bremsstrahlung
the "instrument will... enable one to generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus."
longitudinal waves
ozone generated in contact with the skin
skin damage
circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
force-free magnetic fields
ozone generated in contact with the skin
longitudinal waves
force-free magnetic fields
skin damage
Benjamin Lamme
Benjamin Lamme
Benjamin Lamme
the Egg of Columbus
a copper egg stand on end
11 July 1934
break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him
"Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body
"The particles in the beam of force... will travel much faster than such particles... and they will travel in concentrations."
St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light Association
the Tesla Coil
1893
1898
teleautomaton
Madison Square Garden
radio-controlled
the crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat, such as magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey
1900
17
1901
1943
Supreme Court of the United States
17 May 1899
Pikes Peak to Paris
15 June 1899
five inches
lightning signals
stationary waves
great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms
artificial lightning
135 feet
15 miles
glowed even when turned off
electrified
a power outage
burned out
the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out, due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them, and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation!"
the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out, due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them, and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation!"
communications from another planet
Mars
Collier's Weekly article "Talking With Planets"
the letter S (dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in Colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission.
July 1899
John Jacob Astor IV
to further develop and produce a new lighting system
Colorado Springs
1899
7 January 1900
two years
1904
two years
Wardenclyffe
Wardenclyffe
Shoreham, Long Island
Morgan
Panic of 1901
his part in the stock market crash
over 50
Wardenclyffe.
Newfoundland
187 feet
200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm
200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm
1906
100–5,000 hp
steam
Houston Street lab
sledge hammer
World Today
split the earth in two
the application of electricity to the brain
saturating them unconsciously with electricity
William H. Maxwell
superintendent of New York City schools
overseas
lost the funding he was receiving from his patents
$20,000
$20,000
Boldt
electrical ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen
electrical ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen
radar
Émile Girardeau
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize
a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner
animosity toward each other
Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915
Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915
1937
1,655,114
VTOL aircraft
$1,000
less than $1,000.:251
$125
Hotel New Yorker
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying Tesla $125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker, expenses the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's life
impoverished
transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a related new means of communication, and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits.
transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance
transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a related new means of communication, and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits.
accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits
1935
feed the pigeons
refused to consult a doctor
three of his ribs
1938
1937
Van de Graaff
Van de Graaff generator
ground-based infantry
ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes
death ray
1937
a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray,
a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
a little time
charged particle beam weapons
Nikola Tesla Museum
Belgrade
open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal
a "superweapon that would put an end to all war
efforts had been made to steal the invention
teleforce weapon
His room
86
7 January 1943
Alice Monaghan
Alice Monaghan
coronary thrombosis
the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings
John G. Trump
three-day
Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
Fiorello La Guardia
Fiorello La Guardia
12 January
two thousand
Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
80 trunks
Sava Kosanovi
Charlotte Muzar
80 trunks
Nikola Tesla Museum
around 300
26
United States, Britain, and Canada
patent archives
8:10 p.m
from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
3:00 a.m
headwaiter
between 8 to 10 miles per day
exercise
one hundred times
it stimulated his brain cells
telepathy
newspaper editor
he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one
pigeons
over $2,000
to fix her broken wing and leg
pigeons
pigeons
1888 to about 1926.:292
6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m)
1926
New York City
eight
visions
picture thinking
blinding flashes of light
photographic memory
84 hours
84 hours
Graz
Kenneth Swezey
journalist
"Sometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too great a sacrifice to my work..."
numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love
toward the end of his life
Dorothy Skerrit
Robert Underwood Johnson
asocial
asocial
friend
Mark Twain
middle
1920s
overweight people
a secretary
he fired a secretary because of her weight
go home and change her dress.
stating there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge (he believed that if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter or "sub-atom" that could only exist in an experimental vacuum
ether
an all pervasive "ether" that transmitted electrical energy
19th century
Einstein's
antagonistic
Einstein's theory of relativity
a "dynamic theory of gravity
1892
matter and energy
81
selective breeding version of eugenics
ruthless
pity
1937
the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, and indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees."
1926
Queen Bees
"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War"
Science and Discovery
20 December 1914
League of Nations
Orthodox Christian
religious fanaticism
Buddhism and Christianity
"A Machine to End War"
his religious views remain uncertain
"A Machine to End War
magazines
magazines and journals
Ben Johnston
on the web
1900
The Century Magazine
science fiction
books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games
The impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by Tesla
Time magazine
Time magazine
his contribution to electrical power generation
Albert Einstein
more than 70
Computational complexity theory
classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty
Computational complexity theory
if its solution requires significant resources
mathematical models of computation
time and storage
the number of gates in a circuit
to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
analysis of algorithms and computability theory
analysis of algorithms
analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm
analysis of algorithms and computability theory
a problem instance
The input string
an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance, which can serve as the input for a decision problem.
infinite collection of instances
infinite collection of instances
2000 kilometres
The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem, such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km.
complexity theory
string
the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet
bitstrings
binary notation
adjacency matrices
Decision problems
yes or no
a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0
A decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0.
A decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0.
an arbitrary graph
the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings.
binary strings
a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem,
a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem,
a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem,
the integer factorization problem
a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem,
decision problems
the multiplication of two integers
how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
the instance
as a function of the size of the instance
the size of the input in bits
how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size
Cobham's thesis
the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
a polynomial time algorithm
Turing machine
if a problem can be solved by an algorithm
Turing machines are easy to analyze mathematically, and are believed to be as powerful as any other model of computation, the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory.
a theoretical device
deterministic
deterministic
probabilistic
A non-deterministic Turing machine
randomized algorithms
complexity classes
time or space
non-deterministic Turing machines
random access machines
without providing any extra computational power
time and memory consumption
deterministically
branch out
more unusual resources
branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems.
branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems.
total number of state transitions
classifying problems based on their difficulty
DTIME(f(n))
deterministic Turing machine
time and space are the most well-known complexity resources
a computational resource
Blum complexity axioms
Blum
Blum
three
any other complexity measure
three
three
quicksort
O(n2)
O(n2)
proving upper and lower bounds
analysis of algorithms
proving upper and lower bounds
T(n)
lower bounds
the big O notation
constant factors and smaller terms
T(n) = O(n2)
the specific details
complexity classes
complicat definitions that do not fit into this framework
complexity classes
the chosen machine model
xx | x is any binary string
quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines
Cobham-Edmonds
complexity class P
time or space
time or space
time or space
BPP, ZPP and RP
probabilistic Turing
probabilistic Turing
counting problems
IP and AM
relaxation the requirements on (say) computation time
DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2)
time and space hierarchy theorems
they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by constraining the respective resources.
how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved.
time and space hierarchy theorems
EXPTIME
PSPACE
a reduction
a transformation of one problem into another problem
X reduces to Y.
Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions
if a problem X can be solved using an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y.
polynomial-time reduction
multiplying two integers
the reduction process takes polynomial time
giving the same input to both inputs
giving the same input to both inputs
an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C. Of course, the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used
every problem in C can be reduced to X
solve any problem in C
NP-hard
class of NP-complete problems
NP
NP is not solved, being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, 2, to another problem, 1, would indicate that there is no known polynomial-time solution for 1.
NP
complexity class P
Cobham–Edmonds thesis
complexity class NP
Boolean satisfiability problem
deterministic Turing machines
many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions
protein structure prediction
$1,000,000
Ladner
NP-intermediate problems
The graph isomorphism problem
The graph isomorphism problem
NP-complete
polynomial time hierarchy
the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
integer factorization
deciding whether the input has a factor less than k
it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm is known, and this fact forms the basis of several modern cryptographic systems
the general number field sieve
Many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal
P  NP  PP  PSPACE
there are many known complexity classes between P and PSPACE
Proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory.
co-NP
problems with the yes/no answers reversed
NP
P is not equal to NP
it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
P or equal to P
it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
NL and NC
distinct or equal classes
intractable problems
2n
NP-complete problems
algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times
algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times
SAT solvers
SAT solvers
NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
complexity of algorithmic problems
Alan Turing
Alan Turing
1936
a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
1965
Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
1965
John Myhill
1961
Hisao Yamada
some concrete choice of input encoding
some concrete choice of input encoding
Manuel Blum
speed-up theorem
"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
Richard Karp
a lesson plan
pedagogy
a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college.
a lesson plan
formal
cultures
literacy and numeracy
literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.
life skills
family member
home schooling
formal education
a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting.
a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting.
religious texts
religious texts
Quran, Torah or Bible
Religious and spiritual teachers
homeschooling
paid professionals.
Chartered
homeschooling, or in the wider community
paid professionals.
the organization of school functions
supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors
study halls
supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors
teacher's colleges
to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession.
to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession.
to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers
to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession.
investigating complaints involving members
investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
outdoor
a tutor
teachers
facilitate student learning
informal or formal
pedagogy
accompanying students on field trips
technology
internet
a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill
the relevant authority
infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
standardized curricula
assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills
self-study and problem solving
pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game."
relationship between teachers and children
every class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum
ten or more
primary school and secondary school
form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent
alternative approaches for primary education
platoon
staying with the same group of peers for all classes
students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area
United States
Co-teaching
two or more teachers
social networking support
two or more teachers
social networking support
corporal punishment
a substitute parent
a teacher
the most common form of school discipline
While a child was in school
corporal punishment
Most Western countries
1977
1977
cause physical pain
30
South
declining
the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle
principal's office
caning
Asian, African and Caribbean countries
For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.
detention
detention
detention
sit quietly
write lines or a punishment essay
assertive teacher
Positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
the weakness in school discipline
East Asia
the weakness in school discipline
the weakness in school discipline
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
40 to 50 students
divert the teacher from instruction
motivated students
ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students
motivated students
popularly based authority
popularly based authority
persuasion and negotiation
preservation of public order
good, clear laws
enthusiasm
receptive
attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials
higher
intrinsic motivation to learn
read lecture material outside of the classroom.
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn.
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn.
Enthusiastic teachers
teacher enthusiasm
emotional contagion
energy and enthusiasm
student-teacher relationships
Enthusiastic teachers
personal success is a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior.
A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
student motivation and attitudes towards school
teachers who are friendly and supportive
teachers who are friendly and supportive
teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students
teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students
enthusiasm about the students
The teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter
spark of excitement
An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life.
The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching
sexual misconduct
9.6%
9.6%
9.6%
9.6%
0.3%
priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
2,869
The AAUW study
Mary Kay Letourneau
increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
Chris Keates
child protection and parental rights groups
a shortage of male teachers
statutory rape
occupational stress
organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections.
occupational burnout
occupational stress
occupational stress
42%
42%
twice the figure for the average profession
double
teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers
occupational hazards
Organizational interventions
Individual-level interventions
help to reduce occupational stress among teachers
Organizational interventions
a university or college
certification by a recognized body
elementary school
background check and psychiatric evaluation
many educational institutions especially within the US
individual states and territories
three
tertiary education
universities and/or TAFE colleges
tertiary education
Bachelor's Degree
a second Bachelor's Degree
private sector, businesses and sponsors
teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Lehramtstudien
Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
Grundschule
civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
Gymnasium
Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht area or on an island.
€ 27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to €53,423
53,423
90,000
the Teaching Council
a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post
Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001
Oireachtas funds
Garda vetting
new entrants to the teaching profession
on a phased basis
teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting "cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity
41,004
experience and extra responsibilities
20,980
bachelor's degree
September 2007
hard-to-fill
hard-to-fill positions
geographic area
Secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.
secondary school teachers
General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
General Teaching Council for Scotland
a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities
Provisional Registration
"Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met.
April 2008
£ 20,427
£20,427
£20,427
Educational Institute of Scotland and the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association.
Education in Wales
the medium of Welsh
16
22 per cent
Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16.
ATL, NUT or NASUWT
ATL, NUT or NASUWT
between 2005 and 2010
ATL, NUT or NASUWT
attacks on teachers
each state
as long as ten years
bachelor's degree
charter schools
No Child Left Behind
relatively low salaries
average teacher salaries
teachers with more experience and higher education
elementary school teachers
TeachersPayTeachers.com
the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life,
the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life,
a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception)
(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
LDS Church
Elder to Bishop, or no office
spiritual teacher"
the husband and father of a family
Priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house
a guru
extremely high
gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples
the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.
Lama
reborn
Tulku
often many times
Bodhisattva
ulemas
ulemas
Sufism
actions-oriented
spiritual teacher and an esoteric (as opposed to exoteric, or actions-oriented, e.g. the Five Pillars of Islam) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension, with emphasis on learning from living saints
German
1546
Late Medieval Catholic Church.
freedom from God's punishment for sin
Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521
salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer
salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer
sacerdotalism
sacerdotalism
considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood
vernacular
a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible.
Tyndale Bible
hymns influenced the development of singing in churches
Katharina von Bora
Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483
Eisleben, Saxony
Holy Roman Empire
Catholic
lawyer
University of Erfurt
beerhouse and whorehouse
four
four
1505
law school
uncertainty
theology and philosophy
experience
God
his father
2 July 1505
Erfurt
Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends
his father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education
Augustinian order
deep spiritual despair
hangman
Johann von Staupitz
change of heart
1507
von Staupitz
1508
9 March 1508
Peter Lombard
19 October 1512
21 October 1512
Doctor in Bible
University of Wittenberg
Doctor of Theology
1516
St. Peter's Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica
good works
good works
31 October 1517
Albert of Mainz
The Ninety-Five Theses
Hans Hillerbrand
Thesis 86
Johann Tetzel
the soul from purgatory
Johann Tetzel
Johann Tetzel
God
forgiveness
forgiveness
false assurances
Christ
Tetzel
his capacity to exaggerate
overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time.
overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time.
the story of the posting on the door
the story of the posting on the door
Philipp Melanchthon
Wittenberg
little foundation in truth
January 1518
printing press
January 1518
two weeks
two months
1519
Wittenberg
early part of Luther's career
1520
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
Luther
penance and righteousness
corrupt
several of the central truths of Christianity
justification
entirely the work of God
1525
a gift from God
Smalcald Articles
faith
Christ and His salvation
Christ and His salvation
railing against the sale of indulgences
"Christ and His salvation"
Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
Rome
a papal dispensation
one half
Theses.
Pope Leo X
three years
October 1518
the Antichrist
Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant,
January 1519
remain silent
Johann Eck
Matthew 16:18
Jan Hus
15 June 1520
the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days.
60 days
Karl von Miltitz
3 January 1521
secular authorities
18 April 1521
a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Charles V
Prince Frederick III
Johann Eck
Archbishop of Trier
whether he stood by their contents
the next day
time to think about the answer
a knight
a knight winning a bout
"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout."
epoch-making oratory
Luther refused to recant his writings
Luther
in later versions of the speech
Mullett
private conferences
25 May 1521
Edict of Worms
an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest
anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence.
Wittenberg
Wartburg Castle
my Patmos
New Testament from Greek into German
orthodox theologian
every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin
cannot be earned
1 August 1521
Melanchthon
this life is not a place where justice resides."
1521
a gift, to be received with thanksgiving
a gift
private confession and absolution
vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
prophetic faith
1521
Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
Little Horn
Thessalonians
Gabriel Zwilling
June 1521
disturbances
Zwickau prophets
town council
6 March 1522
Satan
eight sermons
Invocavit Sermons
trust God's word
immediate
Jerome Schurf
After the sixth sermon
joy
misguided people
public order
conservative
banishing the Zwickau prophets
radical reformers
radical reformers
Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
1524–25
support an attack on the upper classes
Church
temporal authorities
Thuringia
mad dogs
the devil's work
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg, he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth, condemned the violence as the devil's work, and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad
three grounds
13:1–7
13:1–7
Divine Right of Kings
"death in body and soul
Luther's backing for the uprising
Battle of Frankenhausen
15 May 1525
Müntzer's execution
secular powers
Katharina von Bora
herring barrels
26
41 years old
April 1523
13 June 1525
evening of the same day, the couple was married
ceremonyal walk to the church and the wedding banquet
27 June
Johannes Bugenhagen
clerical
clerical marriage
Biblical grounds
death of a heretic
reckless
The Black Cloister
a former monastery
six children
Croesus
Katharina
congregations' choosing their own ministers
supervisory church body
supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service, and wrote a clear summary of the new faith
two catechisms
theology of the cross, the negation of every affirmation: as long as the cross is at the center, the system building tendency of reason is held in check, and system building does not degenerate into System.
extreme change
Electorate of Saxony
Electorate of Saxony,
John the Steadfast
temporal sovereign
1526
1523
simple people
"everything that smacks of sacrifice
freedom of ceremony
1527
Luther and his colleagues
standard of pastoral care and Christian education
common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine
well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching
the catechism
1529
pastors and teachers
a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised
questions and answers
The catechism
volumes
Bondage of the Will and the Catechism
The Small Catechism
Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible
Small Catechism
Small Catechism
German vernacular
persons
Salvation
1522
1534
Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament
alone
Faith alone justifies us, and not works'.
Saxon chancellery
intelligible
everyday Germans
"for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance
removing impediments and difficulties
German-language publications
Bible translation
evolution of the German language
Lucas Cranach
William Tyndale
"Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her"
high art and folk music
German hymns
a lute
waldzither
hymns
Lutheran views
Ein neues Lied wir heben an
John C. Messenger
Flung to the Heedless Winds
1529
1529
the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
German creedal hymn
the perceived difficulty of its tune
one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions,
Small Catechism
examining candidates on specific catechism questions
multiple revisions
Luther's tune
1523
1523
1523
Achtliederbuch
because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
Veni redemptor gentium
"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
two
German Te Deum
"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"
Halle
Psalm 67's prayer for grace
J. S. Bach
Halle
Luther's hymns
24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524.
24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524.
24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524.
Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
Johann Sebastian Bach
Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, as early as possibly 1707, in his second annual cycle
1707
1724 to 1725
Johann Sebastian Bach
he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages, such as the parable of the rich man
enter a prepared bedchamber
enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace
penitential suffering
Smalcald Articles
Franz Pieper
Johann Gerhard
Johann Gerhard.
1755
"the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat)
Gottfried Fritschel
Gottfried Fritschel
Gottfried Fritschel
dreams
October 1529
Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
doctrinal unity
fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.
fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.
"This is my body which is for you"
Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ
sacramental union
only spiritually or symbolically present
confrontational
Marburg Colloquy
Marburg Colloquy
Marburg Colloquy
Swiss cities
John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical
Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical
Reason
Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical
honoring their different epistemological spheres.
Jesus Christ was born a Jew
Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity
Jesus Christ was born a Jew
Anabaptists
1543
Christians
Christians
the antichrist
the papacy
Charles V
the Qur'an
Islam
Islam
the devil
banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.
God's wrath to Christians
Johannes Agricola
city hall
six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians, four of which became the basis for disputations
On the Councils and the Church
second use of the law
the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin
everything that is used to work sorrow over sin
does not eliminate the accusing law
the church consists only of essentially holy people
how the Christian ought to live
the Ten Commandments
third use of the law
an illustration of the Ten Commandments
the Ten Commandments
the sacrament of baptism
The Ten Commandments
direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.
Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting.
Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting.
one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
history chiefly holds Luther accountable
The affair caused lasting damage to Luther's reputation.
ninety years
Jews
Jesus as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ
they rejected the divinity of Jesus
That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity.
Von den Juden and Ihren Lügen
1543
three years
the devil's people
a sanction for murder
Luther
Martin Luther
whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition
forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works
1580s
Luther
1930s and 1940s
Nazis' attacks on Jews
Luther
Nuremberg
17 December 1941
seven
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Bishop Martin Sasse
the warner of his people against the Jews.
opportunistic
Luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism
the Jews
18th and 19th centuries
His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial
anti-Judaic—that is, opposed to Judaism and its adherence rather than the Jews as an ethnic group—their violence
Ronald Berger
hysterical and demonizing mentality
Christopher J. Probst
Christopher J. Probst
it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind
Mark U. Edwards
vulgarity and violence
Muslims) and Catholics
Mark U. Edwards
1980s
Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65
Richard (Dick) Geary
who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933
1531
Philip of Hesse
kidney and bladder stones
an ear infection
angina
poor physical health
short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments
poor physical health
Katharina
1545 and 1546
Eisleben
15 February 1546
obdurate Jews
expel from all German territory
"we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert
Mansfeld
1546
1546
1546
copper
17 February 1546
chest pains
Ps. 31:5
the dying
1 a.m
apoplectic stroke
2:45 a.m
18 February 1546
Castle Church
Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
his last statement
Latin
Latin,
printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size
frail Catholic saints
physically imposing
ascetic life of the medieval religious orders
1530s and 1540s
Lutheran Calendar of Saints
Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
31 October
Church of England's Calendar of Saints
Lutheran Calendar of Saints
SoCal
California's southernmost 10 counties
major economic center
demographics and economic ties
historical political divisions
Southern California Megaregion
11
Las Vegas, Nevada
south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.
Tijuana
Southern California
seven
three
San Diego
the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura
Colorado River
Colorado River
Colorado River
Mexico–United States border
Los Angeles
3,792,621
Los Angeles
Los Angeles and San Diego
south
Los Angeles
top 15 most populous counties in the United States
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
Hollywood
Los Angeles
The Walt Disney Company
Los Angeles
The Walt Disney Company
surf and skateboard
Tony Hawk
Shaun White
second only to the island of Oahu
Transpac
Palm Springs
beaches
Palm Springs
open spaces
37° 9' 58.23"
37° 9' 58.23"
ten
Tehachapi Mountains
northern
Californiaornios of Monterey
Alta California
Californiaornios of Monterey
Missouri Compromise
1850
Californiaornios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California attempted three times in the 1850s
Cow Counties
Californiaornios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California attempted three times in the 1850s
75
Milton Latham
Los Angeles Times
1900
1999
Imperial
Los Angeles Times
regional tourism groups
the California State Automobile Association and the Automobile Club of Southern California, choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply, as either northern or southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view.
the California State Automobile Association and the Automobile Club of Southern California, choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply, as either northern or southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view.
South of the Tehachapis
northern, central, and southern
third
Southern California
large, spread-out, suburban communities
automobiles and highways
San Diego–Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California.
Camp Pendleton
The cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire
Riverside-San Bernardino area
most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties (the non-desert portions) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s.
1980s and 1990s
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
60's
snow is very rare in the Southwest of the state, it occurs on the Southeast of the state.
70
Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts
geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes
geologic, topographic
Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts
interior valleys
10,000
Nearly all of them are so small
1994
over $20 billion.
over $20 billion
6.7+
8.0
Elsinore
California Earthquake forecast
California Earthquake forecast
anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition, which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region
anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition, which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region
anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition, which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations.
southern California
high growth rates
northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region.
northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region.
northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region.
Metropolitan Statistical Areas
five million
five million
Southern Border Region
17,786,419
Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California
Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California
34
34
San Bernardino and Riverside
petroleum
Hollywood
housing bubble
one of the largest
housing bubble
1920s
cattle and citrus
cattle and citrus
cattle and citrus
aerospace
Southern California
Central business districts
Central business districts
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
San Fernando Valley
Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
San Bernardino-Riverside
Riverside
Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
Orange County
University of California, Irvine
West Irvine
Orange County
Orange County
Downtown San Diego
Northern San Diego
Northern San Diego
Downtown San Diego
Los Angeles International Airport
Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.
Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.
Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.
Van Nuys Airport
Metrolink
Downtown Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties with the other line connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties directly.
Downtown Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties with the other line connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties directly.
Orange
Port of Los Angeles
San Diego
Southern California
The Tech Coast
The Tech Coast
The Tech Coast
12
12
MLB
MLB
MLB
Los Angeles Kings
LA Galaxy
the StubHub Center
the StubHub Center
2005 to 2014
the StubHub Center
2018
College sports
UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
Rugby
Rugby
an official school sport
BSkyB
BSkyB
BSkyB's 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90.04% interest in Sky Germany
Sky plc
Sky UK Limited
May 2006
Setanta Sports
the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, B
£1.3bn
BSkyB was able to join ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and National Grid Wireless.
Freeview
three
Sky Three
Pick TV
two or more
September 2007
customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee
January 2010
January 2010
VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system
NDS
VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system
VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system
Sky+
NTL and Telewest
2007
HD channels and Video On Demand content
HD channels and Video On Demand content
HD channels and Video On Demand content
July 2013
July 2013
OneDrive
OneDrive for Business
unspecified "reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand," plus "financial and other terms, the details of which are confidential."
1 September 1993
Astra
27 September 2001
BSkyB's analogue service
400,000
British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
Sky UK Limited
11 million
Freeview
Sky Q Hub
Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection
all set top boxes in a household
2016
2016
DVB-compliant MPEG-2
Dolby Digital
MPEG-4
7-day EPG
MPEG-4
the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
22 May 2006
40,000
Thomson
17,000
4,222,000
8 February 2007
Setanta Sports
four
Virgin Media
English Premier League Football
free-to-view
some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription
a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)
a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
1991
ITV
£18m to £34m per year
BSkyB
£304m
Ofcom
£15–100,000
BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence
BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
1 October 1998
Sky Digital
Sky Active
improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open....
over 100,000 digiboxes
Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, although from 30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009 it only carried one linear HD channel, BBC HD, after the conclusion of the ITV
Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, although from 30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009 it only carried one linear HD channel, BBC HD, after the conclusion of the ITV
Video On Demand
BBC HD
Channel 4 HD
10 million homes
36%
August 2004
36%
flattened
Welfare Cash Card
essentials
often damaging
Sky TV bills
The Daily Mail
£30m
Video On Demand and High Definition content
Virgin Media
BSkyB
the carriage of their respective basic channels
highly diversified
second
second
museums, art galleries and theatres
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Bendigo
New South Wales
Buckland Valley
typhoid
cramped and unsanitary
Victorian Legislative Council
eight
eight
four years
November every four years
The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
The Greens
The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
61.1%
Roman Catholics
Buddhism
Buddhism
20%
south-east
second-most populous
second
Melbourne
second-largest
Koori
1788
New South Wales
Sullivan Bay
1803
More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
7%
More than 2 6,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
pears
121,200
1975
1855 colonial constitution
Parliament of Victoria
absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision.
Victoria Constitution Act 1855
The Mallee and upper Wimmera
32 °C (90 °F)
32 °C (90 °F)
Hopetoun
7 February 2009
Victoria Department of Education
Victoria Department of Education
Victoria Department of Education
Roman Catholic Church
All schools must comply with government-set curriculum
closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that Australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017.
2017
May 2013
October 2016
Ford
Mount Bogong
Mount Bogong
Mount Bogong
extensive series of river systems
pink heath
The Victorian Alps
Great Dividing Range
Great Dividing Range
9 °C (48 °F)
Omeo
private and public railway operators
CFCL Australia
Victorian Government
freight services
CFCL Australia
12
12
Legislative Assembly
Legislative Council
Linda Dessau
1 July 1851
1 July 1851
gold rush
sevenfold
20 million ounces
214
214
311,800
63,519
Over 61
Victoria
60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle
60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle
60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle
Asia
1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)
interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state
760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
mountainous areas
760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
1788
New South Wales
New Holland
Sydney
miners protesting against mining taxes
British troops
Eureka Stockade
mining licence fees
Colony of Victoria Act
The Premier of Victoria
The Premier of Victoria
representatives
Daniel Andrews
representatives
$8.7 billion
17%
32,463
32,463
60%
cultural tourism and sports
cultural tourism and sports
Melbourne
regional cities
Bells Beach SurfClassic
southern and central parts of France
one-eighth
1562 to 1598
Edict of Nantes
granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy
derision
Geneva
Besançon Hugues
France
1560
the Bible in vernacular languages
1294
Guyard de Moulin
1487
Paris
villes de sûreté
66
Protestant rule
1622
1629
1671
Cape Town
Maria de la Queillerie
Dutch East India Company
1700
1624
Jessé de Forest
L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
Brooklyn
Charleston Orange district
Edmund Bellinger
Rev. Elie Prioleau
the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger.
Charleston, South Carolina
William III of Orange
King of England
League of Augsburg
Louis XIV
1672
Edict of Fontainebleau
1685
Louis XIV
nearly three-quarters
The Catholic Church in France
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
militia
some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France
1621 and 1629
southwestern France
Henry IV
Louis XIII
three
2%
2%
Alsace
Alsace
Australia
New Rochelle
New Paltz
National Historic Landmark site
The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains the oldest street in the United States of America
south shore of Staten Island
75,000 to 100,000
75,000 to 100,000 people
ca. 2 million
nearly 25%
After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Tours
Huguon
le roi Huguet
Tours
came back to harm the living at night
Huguenots
The Weavers
economic separation
Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
restaurant
Cork City
Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
Dublin
Bank of Ireland
1696
brain drain
The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
Seven Years' War
1759-60
Henry of Navarre
1598
equality with Catholics under the throne
discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions.
Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes.
Catholics
emigration
Four thousand
"new converts"
Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
Switzerland and the Netherlands
1555
France Antarctique
1560
Guanabara Confession of Faith
Afrikaans
wine industry in South Africa owes a significant debt to the Huguenots, some of whom had vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers, and used their skills in their new home.
Western Cape province
Afrikaans-speaking, have surnames indicating their French Huguenot ancestry.
Thomas Jefferson
Henry Laurens
Charleston, South Carolina
Manakin Episcopal Church
Texas
Huguenots
first half of the eighteenth century
twenty-five widows who settled in Dover
first half of the eighteenth century
Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
one-fifth
Napoleon
1806-07
Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
Frederick William
Cévennes
Camisards
Catholic Church in the region
1702 and 1709
Jacksonville
Jean Ribault
Jean Ribault
September 1565
September 1565
Jean Ribault
Parris Island
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1562
Wars of Religion
Virginia
Lower Norfolk County
Manakin Town
390
12 May 1705
1568–1609
the Dutch against Spain
the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur,
William the Silent
Calvinist
Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
50,000
50,000
Andrew Lortie
Andrew Lortie
William of Orange
William of Orange
Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
flax cultivation
flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry
Prince Louis de Condé
Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
glass-making
1890s
1604
Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec
Dutch Cape Colony
they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
Hugues Capet
The "Hugues hypothesis"
Janet Gray
little Hugos, or those who want Hugo
double or triple non-French linguistic origins
Jacques Lefevre
University of Paris
1530
William Farel
Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August – 3 October 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
3,000
1573
almost 25,000
Louis XIV
to force the Huguenots to convert
backed by a fund
closed Huguenot schools
dragonnades
the county of Westchester
England
John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
La Rochelle
Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
Huguenot congregations
outside their immediate French communities
E.I. du Pont
nineteenth century
Eleutherian gunpowder mills
Pierre Bayle
Rotterdam
Historical and Critical Dictionary
US Library of Congress
Saint Nicolas
French Protestant Church of London
1550
Soho Square
Shoreditch
1724
Lutheran and Reformed states
Germany and Scandinavia
Edict of Potsdam
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13
Frederick William
Theodor Fontane
Adolf Galland
Lothar de Maizière
German Federal Minister of the Interior
solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy
ideal thermodynamic cycle
water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure.
water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure.
Steam engines
atmospheric engine
Thomas Newcomen
1712
Savery's steam pump
Papin
Richard Trevithick
21 February 1804
Richard Trevithick
south Wales
Richard Trevithick
Rankine cycle
multi-stage centrifugal
1850s
steam locomotives
a steam jet
triple and quadruple expansion
triple and quadruple expansion
Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy
Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy
large passenger liners
Corliss
Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts
lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side
Lead fusible plugs
the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire.
steam escapes
manually suppress the fire
dampening the fire
James Watt
James Watt
James Watt
1883
The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution
the aeolipile
Hero of Alexandria
the aeolipile
Giovanni Branca
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
19th century
expansions
double and triple expansion engines
Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.
double and triple expansion engines
steam turbines
steam turbines
reciprocating piston type steam engines
90
electric
burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space
combustion chamber
nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine
electric heating element.
steam engine indicator
1851
Charles Porter
Charles Porter
Charles Porter
90 ° out of phase
180
90 ° out of phase
counterflow
four
four
four
admission, expansion
Quasiturbine
the port and the cylinder walls
the port and the cylinder walls
oscillating cylinder steam engine
trunnion
toys and models
toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.
recycled continuously
open loop
Mercury
a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler
working fluid
565 °C
stainless steel
42%
30 °C
Steam engines
Steam engines
Stanley Steamer
factories
increase in the land available for cultivation
Trevithick
Matthew Murray
Matthew Murray
edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway
George Stephenson
Arthur Woolf
1804
torque variability
larger cylinder volume
90
reciprocating steam engines
reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
80%
80%
The Rankine cycle
in a condenser
1990s
biomass
Scottish
duty
17
7 million
94
Watt
Reciprocating piston type steam engines
Reciprocating piston type steam engines
steam turbine
Reciprocating piston type steam engines
Thomas Savery
a water pump
1698
Bento de Moura Portugal
Bento de Moura Portugal
Richard Trevithick
Richard Trevithick
1802
more powerful for a given cylinder size
more power ful for a given cylinder size
Sweden
Sweden
5
8.8
27-30
surface condensers
automobile radiator
in locations where water is costly
wet
700 megawatt coal-fired power plant
James Watt
James Watt
flour mill
cotton spinning
The governor could not actually hold a set speed
1880
railway locomotives
complicated
1930
railway locomotives
shortening the cutoff
kick back
cannot evacuate the cylinder
one
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
1606
Thomas Savery
Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine
rotating discs
drive shaft
static discs
rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing
3600 revolutions per minute
boilers and condensers
internal combustion engines or electric motors
steam turbine
Advanced Steam
fuel sources and pollution
a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine
a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine
the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion
1775
condenser
Boulton and Watt's early engines used half as much coal
James Watt
air pressure
two
plug valve
tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken.
tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken.
engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power
Corliss steam engine
1849
cotton spinning.
four
Rumford
the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure
Watt
separate condenser
Joseph Black
latent heat
relatively little work is required to drive the pump
relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase
1% to 3%
1500 °C
injector
to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation
condensers
bunker
chain or screw stoking mechanism
feed water
steam turbine
dreadnought battleships
dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners
1905
heating water
heating water
heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator
turbo-electric transmission
Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain
TS diagram
in the condenser
constant pressure
heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are isobaric (constant pressure) processes
a pump
8
hydrogen and helium
colorless and odorless
half
20.8%
20.8%
Oxygen
8
downward trend
hydrogen and helium
8
chalcogen
oxides
third
dioxygen
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
UVB radiation
oxygen
water
photosynthesis
water
UVB radiation
Robert Boyle
John Mayow
John Mayow
1679
Robert Boyle
John Mayow
late 17th century
respiration
John Mayow
mercuric oxide
mercuric oxide
HgO
mercuric oxide
mercuric oxide
dephlogisticated air
1775
Because he published his findings first
candles burned brighter in the gas
Leonardo da Vinci
Philo of Byzantium
Philo
part of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
Philo of Byzantium
part of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
Pneumatica
Leonardo da Vinci
Philo
heat or a spark
oxidant
peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
Oxygen
ignition event
oxidant
rapid combustion
Oxygen
peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
Steel pipes and storage vessels
the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
Steel pipes and storage vessels
Concentrated O 2
Steel pipes and storage vessels
Steel pipes and storage vessels
the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
iron
carbon dioxide
The Earth's mantle
carbon dioxide
iron
The Earth's mantle
The Earth's mantle
complex silicates
all elements were monatomic
all elements were monatomic
HO
8 times that of hydrogen
Amedeo Avogadro
phlogiston
Non-combustible substances
Air
metals
Air
filling of molecular orbitals
two oxygen atoms
, filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons, after sequential filling of the low  and * orbitals.
two oxygen atoms
filling of molecular orbitals
Joseph Priestley
1774
his work was published first
Antoine Lavoisier
1777
spin triplet state
triplet oxygen
electron configuration with two unpaired electrons
triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.
antibonding
Lavoisier
Lavoisier
Lavoisier
1777
azote
ozone
ozone
a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue
a protective radiation shield
UV
dioxygen
121 pm
the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere
its energy content
cellular respiration
James Dewar
James Dewar
Carl von Linde
oxyacetylene
Oxygen
temperature
6.04 milliliters
6.04 milliliters
twice as much (14.6 mgL1) dissolves at 0 °C
Oxygen
third
0.9%
49.2%
ultraviolet radiation
late 19th century
late 19th century
Raoul Pierre Pictet
a few drops
March 29, 1883
the isotope ratios in the Sun
a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft
a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft
dust grains
Earth
Singlet oxygen
common organic molecules
photosynthesis
the immune system
Carotenoids
Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago
Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago
Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18;
Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago
During periods of lower global temperatures
687 and 760 nm
low signal-to-noise ratio
satellite platform
global
the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies
paramagnetic
Liquid oxygen
spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons
when it is in the presence of a magnetic field
a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet
hydrogen peroxide
destroy invading microbes
pathogen attack
2.5 billion years ago
2.5 billion years ago
54.36 K
absorption in the red
fractional distillation of liquefied air
liquid nitrogen
segregated from combustible materials
oxygen
polar oceans
polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content
nitrates or phosphates
by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand
about 3.5 billion years ago
Paleoproterozoic eon
banded iron formations
around 1.7 billion years ago
3–2.7 billion years ago
the oxygen cycle
biogeochemical cycle
biogeochemical cycle
photosynthesis
oxygen gas
passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves
a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%
a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%
non-cryogenic technologies
a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%
Oxygen gas
electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen
DC electricity
oxides and oxoacids
chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles
mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars
mild euphoric
to get a "boost" in performance
a placebo effect
enriched O 2 mixtures
oxygen chambers
Increased O 2 concentration in the lungs
Oxygen gas
Decompression sickness
Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
easing work load on the heart
oxygen supplementation
respiration
Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
electronegativity
oxides
FeO
oxide
corrosion
cabin depressurization
chemical oxygen generators
steady stream of oxygen gas
steady stream of oxygen gas
high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics
specially insulated tankers
840 liters
in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas
hospitals and other institutions
acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid.
aldehydes
Acetone ((CH 3) 2CO) and phenol (C 6H 5OH)
Epoxides
aldehydes
almost all biomolecules
squalene
carbohydrates
carbonyl groups
phosphate (PO3 4) groups
Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system
permanent pulmonary fibrosis
convulsions
Acute oxygen toxicity
seizures
Breathing pure O 2
30 kPa
1.4 times normal
Breathing pure O 2
30 kPa
elevated partial pressures
50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure
50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure
patients on mechanical ventilators
30 kPa
October 1973
$12
1979
first oil shock
October 1973
to avoid being targeted by the boycott
They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
Henry Kissinger
March 1974
August 15, 1971
value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
increased their reserves
September 1971
Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
less than two percent per year
1971
1973–1974
Until the oil shock
October 6, 1973
second-largest
ten times more
second-largest
economic pressure
response to American aid to Israel
$5.11
a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met
$2.2 billion
response to American aid to Israel
over 100 billion dollars
Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
Middle East
shrinking Western demand
Wahhabism
production, distribution and price disruptions
the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR
1973
Kissinger
embargo
automobiles
inflationary and deflationary
Arctic
five to ten years
the Netherlands
the Netherlands
the Netherlands
the Netherlands
Ted Heath
coal miners and railroad workers
coal miners and railroad workers
coal miners and railroad workers
Germany
Sweden
Price controls
investment
Price controls
rationing
William E. Simon
1973
to coordinate the response to the embargo
20%
55 mph (about 88 km/h)
Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
Bill Clinton
November 28, 1995
Bill Clinton
energy crisis
market and technology realities
congresses and presidents
U.S
Schlesinger had told him that "it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force."
"the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources, and would result in the ‘total alienation’ of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World.
the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
Japan
71%
5%
November 22
December 25
USSR's invasion of Afghanistan
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Wahhabi extremists
large cars
Japanese imports
four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines
Japan
1981
Toyota Corona Mark II
power steering
1981
Compact trucks
Dodge D-50
Ford, Chrysler, and GM
ending their captive import policy
An increase in imported cars into North America
Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon
1985
Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans
Chevrolet Bel Air
1979
Chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 (except for the M-body Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury and Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue sedans).
NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215
1981
$40
trying to recover market share
$40 per barrel
Project Mercury
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
1968
Dwight D. Eisenhower
two
1962 to 1972
Gemini
three
Skylab
1967
a prelaunch test
Budget cuts
oxygen tank explosion
an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
Apollo 8
Apollo 8
382 kg
avionics, telecommunications, and computers
three
three
Abe Silverstein
ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings
1960
1960
Maxime Faget
three
Hugh L. Dryden
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
massive financial commitment
James E. Webb
missile gap
Yuri Gagarin
American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union
US House Committee on Science and Astronautics
Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.
April 20
Lyndon B. Johnson
"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
Robert R. Gilruth
Langley Research Center
Houston, Texas
Rice University
Florida
Merritt Island
Kurt H. Debus
the LOC's first Director
Kennedy
two, designated A and B, were completed
Operations and Checkout Building
two vacuum chambers
Vertical Assembly Building
Dr. George E. Mueller
July 23, 1963
Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes
Mueller
Air Force missile projects
United States Air Force
General Samuel C. Phillips
July 1969
Apollo Program Director
rendezvous
1961
Associate Administrator Robert Seamans
Nicholas E. Golovin
July 1961
Manned Spacecraft Center
Joseph Shea
Wernher von Braun
Jerome Wiesner
Golovin
NASA
July 11, 1962
Wiesner
"No, that's no good"
Lunar Excursion Module
Grumman
a "lifeboat"
oxygen tank explosion
Lunar Module
1964
a cone-shaped command module, supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power, sized appropriately for the space station, cislunar, and lunar landing missions.
Command/Service Module
Lunar Excursion Module
Command Module
Command Module
an ablative heat shield
Parachutes
5,560 kg
liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen
high-gain S-band antenna
discarded
51,300 pounds
orbital scientific instrument package
North American Aviation
the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon,
1964
North American Aviation
Lunar Module
its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations, and was of an extremely lightweight construction.
15,100 kg
3 days
Wernher von Braun
Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center.
June 11, 1962
water
1964 and 1965
Pegasus satellites
measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
200,000 lbf (890 kN)
200,000 lbf (890 kN)
A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.
A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.
three-stage Saturn V
363 feet (110.6 m) tall
three
liquid hydrogen
Project Mercury and Gemini
Gemini or Mercury
Dr. Harrison Schmitt
Apollo 17
landed on the Moon on the last mission
Distinguished Service Medal, given for "distinguished service, ability, or courage", and personal "contribution
Distinguished Service Medal
1969
discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders
Grissom, White, and Chaffee
Block I CSMs
265.7 nautical miles
25,700 km
Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278
Apollo spacesuit
a clear "fishbowl" type
water-cooled undergarment
Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot
Deke Slayton
Donn F. Eisele
January 1966
Donn F. Eisele
AS-205
canceled
August 1967
Saturn IB
Apollo 1 backup crew
Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller
Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller
1967
Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller
altitude chamber
Grissom, White, and Chaffee
"plugs-out" test
North American
a strange odor in their spacesuits
January 27, 1967
100% oxygen
asphyxiated
100% oxygen
both houses of Congress
deficiencies
George Low
accident review board,
nitrogen/oxygen mixture
use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials
a quick-release, outward opening door
Saturn V
Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not.
Mueller
successful
letters
AS-501
the Command Module's heat shield
April 4, 1968
cancelling a third unmanned test
Saturn IB
Saturn IB
George Low
computer programming error
abort
Saturn IBs
Zond 5
Christmas Eve
George Low
human cosmonauts
Gemini
July 1969
21 hours, 36 minutes
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
July 24
Gemini veteran Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean
Gemini veteran Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean
they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth
accidentally pointed into the Sun
Lunar Roving Vehicle
Block II spacesuit
payload capacity of the Saturn V.
over three days
payload capacity of the Saturn V.
liquid oxygen tank exploded
two rookies
oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.
liquid oxygen tank
April 1970
Apollo 20
NASA's yearly budget
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
1971
extremely old
3.2 billion years
KREEP
Genesis Rock
micrometeoroid impact craters
impact process effects
materials melted near an impact crater.
$170 billion
15
$20.4 billion
Apollo X
Apollo Applications Program
an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly-by mission.
on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V.
on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V.
February 8, 1974
Apollo Telescope Mount
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
the one left during the Apollo 11 mission, which was blown over during that mission's lift-off from the lunar surface and return to the mission Command Module in lunar orbit; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown.
the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown
Apollo 8
Book of Genesis
one-quarter
Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
Apollo TV camera
Apollo TV camera
National Archives and Records Administration
NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data
Stan Lebar
Nafzger
to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy
kinescope recordings
Nafzger
black and white
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
a body of treaties and legislation
Treaties establishing the European Union
regulations and directives
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
a body of treaties and legislation
direct effect or indirect effect
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
Treaties establishing the European Union
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
three
Court of Justice of the European Union
Court of Justice
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.
Court of Justice of the European Union
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.
Court of Justice of the European Union
Court of Justice
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
The European Commission
citizens
The European Court of Justice
Prime Ministers or executive Presidents
Treaty on European Union
Faroe Islands
the Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity
if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.
as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
Gibraltar and the land islands
as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
coal and steel, and then atomic energy
Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
1985
1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)
Greenland
coal and steel, and then atomic energy
Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
Single European Act 1986
the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004, Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia
1985
Nice Treaty
the Netherlands
Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty, and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them.
it was formally an amending treaty
Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty, and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them.
make it more transparent
a single constitutional document
the Netherlands
Lisbon Treaty
The European Commission
Article 17(1)
The Commission's President
28 member states
Federica Mogherini
Article 17(1)
The Commission's President
simple majority vote
Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, there remains one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states, including the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy
Article 17(1)
Santer Commission
did in fact not break any law
a Committee of Independent Experts
European Council
voting rights
1999
Commission v Edith Cresson
a Committee of Independent Experts
European Anti-fraud Office
€60m
the Council of the European Union
elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
every five years
calling inquiries into maladministration
calling inquiries into maladministration
the Council of the European Union
the Council of the European Union
1979
every five years
the Party of European Socialists
different ministers of the member states
Donald Tusk
inversely
352
65 per cent
the Council
each six months
352
65 per cent of the population of the EU
Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present)
Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present)
a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission: it is harder to change EU law
TEU articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred,
Court of Justice
TFEU article 294
a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
TEU articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred,
Conciliation Committee
judicial branch
Court of Justice of the European Union
28
member state courts
ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
economic and political integration
Court of Justice of the European Union
Civil Service Tribunal
three years
to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
Court of Justice's view is that if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy.
1958
1964 and 1968
European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
1964
Court of Justice
the Court of Justice
the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
Solange I and Solange II
administrative law
1986
All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality, particularly where general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged.
administrative law
Van Gend en Loos
urea-formaldehyde plastics
postal company
EU Regulations
Treaties and Regulations
at least 4 weeks paid holidays
at least 4 weeks paid holidays
three Advocate Generals
if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action
a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company
10 years
Foster v British Gas plc
Foster v British Gas plc
national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law
required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
the Italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
6 million Lira
European Court of Justice
fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
1950s
Article 5
the least onerous
1960s
international law and public law
The adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have a proper legal basis
principles of legal certainty and good faith
constitutional traditions common to the member states
measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
None
1950
1950
the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights.
1999
the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law
the European Court of Justice
The Social Chapter
The Social Chapter
1989
30
40
11 of the then 12 member states
The UK refused to sign the Social Charter
The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam.
1997
1994 Works Council Directive
1996
workforce consultation in businesses
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement
Article 65
Article 65
1957
Article 101(1)
abuse of dominant position
Articles 106 and 107
Article 102
2007
Treaty of Rome 1957
to reduce consumer prices
a common market, then monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union
Increasingly the Court of Justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being.
a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination
Mr Dassonville
states can be responsible for private actors
French farmer vigilantes
Schmidberger v Austria
Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol für Branntwein, the Court of Justice found that a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent
France
Commission v Italy
British, Danish and Irish
derogatory
Keck and Mithouard
cut throat competition
Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
European Community
citizenship
Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
The Free Movement of Workers Regulation articles 1 to 7
Jean-Marc Bosman
Groener v Minister for Education
the tax was "likely to have a negative bearing on the tax
the tax was "likely to have a negative bearing on the tax
Citizenship of the EU
increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem.
higher education
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
non-discriminatory
Reyners v Belgium
article 49
a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client
2006
Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste
October 2007
2005
people who give services "for remuneration"
Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
narcotic drugs
The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the German health clinic)
the Netherlands
£1
£1
restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany
Floresta Amazônica
5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.
This region includes territory belonging to nine nations.
States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names.
over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
Amazoneregenwoud
Floresta Amazônica
Brazil
over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.
over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.
Floresta Amazônica
5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi)
nine nations
Brazil
390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species
the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
inland formation at the last glacial maximum.
the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
45
savanna
Oligocene
Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
66–34 Mya
Middle Miocene
glacial maximum
savanna
Purus Arch.
Pacific
Solimes Basin
5–10 million years
5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.
mid-Eocene
Atlantic
Pacific
Amazonas Basin
Solimes Basin
mid-Eocene
Purus Arch
Atlantic
Pacific
Solimes Basin
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
lower than for the present
the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
deglaciation
rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
182 million tons
182 million tons
182 million tons
27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin
182 million tons
182 million tons
182 million tons
182 million tons
182 million tons
182 million tons
182 million tons
NASA
182 million tons
182 million tons
182 million tons
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.52/sq mi
agriculture
recent anthropological findings
5 million
poor soil
Archeologist
0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
Archeologist
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)
5 million
1900
Francisco de Orellana
1540s
spread of diseases from Europe
1970s
AD 0–1250
Francisco de Orellana
1542
AD 0–1250
Ondemar Dias
at least 11,000 years
black earth
Terra preta
agricultural and silviculture
Xingu tribe
University of Florida
Terra preta (black earth)
agricultural and silviculture
Xingu tribe
2003
roads, bridges and large plazas
2.5 million
One in five
40,000
One in five
between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species
2.5 million
2.5 million
40,000
40,000
One in five
62 acres
a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
one square kilometer (247 acres)
356  47 tonnes per hectare
438,000
a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
one square kilometer (247 acres)
356  47 tonnes
438,000
electric eels
black caiman
electric eels
Various species of poison dart frogs
Vampire bats
Deforestation
early 1960s
crop cultivation and the slash and burn method
loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
visible to the naked eye
415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
pasture for cattle
second-largest
Seventy percent
soy farmers
increased settlement and deforestation
18% higher
deforestation has declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day.
18% higher
loss of biodiversity
loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest
release of the carbon contained within the vegetation
10%
10%
severe reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin
2100
21st century
deforestation
Peruvian Amazon
the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples
deforestation and ecocide
Peruvian Amazon
the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples
remote sensing
Trio Tribe
southern Suriname
map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims
commercial interests
classification of tree growth stages
To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions
Tatiana Kuplich
Tatiana Kuplich
Synthetic aperture radar
2005
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
savanna or desert
Woods Hole Research Center
2010
734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2)
three
2010
8 gigatons
comb jellies
a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide.
Adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
Ctenophora
groups of cilia
ctenophores and cnidarians
a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
groups of cilia
comb jellies
a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
ctenophores and cnidarians
 kteis 'comb' and  pher 'carry'
Ctenophora
ten times their own weight
100–150
100–150
100–150
cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles")
ten times their own weight
cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles")
flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large
ten times their own weight
cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles")
flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large
colloblasts
100–150
hermaphrodites
miniature cydippids
juveniles
fertilize its own egg
simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
sequential
platyctenids
hermaphroditism and early reproduction
a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
the eggs and sperm mature at different times
platyctenids
beroids
Black Sea
Mnemiopsis
over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
Beroe preys on other ctenophores
Mnemiopsis
causing fish stocks to collapse
phytoplankton
phytoplankton
planktonic plants
Mnemiopsis
causing fish stocks to collapse
Beroe
66 million years ago
monophyletic
lagerstätten
lagerstätten
lagerstätten
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
monophyletic
lagerstätten
bilaterians
colloblasts
bilaterians
bilaterians
colloblasts
bilaterians
colloblasts
colloblasts
cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs.
bilaterians
mesoglea
diploblastic
mesoglea
mesoglea
ctenophores
the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion
ctenes
comb-bearing
Pleurobrachia
Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact
Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
epithelium
germ cells that produce eggs or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence
pharynx
a system of internal canals.
the mesoglea
swimming-plates
"ctenes" or "comb plates
the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function
ctenophores
up to 2 millimeters (0.079 in)
osmotic pressure
the ciliary rosettes
increase its bulk and decrease its density
the rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density.
aboral organ
at the opposite end from the mouth
long, immobile cilia
statocyst
a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia,
sea gooseberry
a pair of long, slender tentacles
more or less rounded
a sheath
the mouth at the narrow end
tentilla
specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
Euplokamis
three
three types of movement that are used in capturing prey
eight
near the mouth to the opposite end
round the body
ciliary groove
lobes
gelatinous projections edged with cilia
gelatinous projections edged with cilia
direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
suspended planktonic prey
clapping their lobes
so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
nerves
nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia
Nuda
The Beroida
zip" the mouth shut
a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall
large pharynx
Cestida
Cestum veneris
belt animals
by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
Velamen parallelum
flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles
everting the pharynx
comb-rows
invertebrates
via pores in the epidermis
platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
Mnemiopsis
parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
platyctenids
tentacles and tentacle sheaths
plankton
dropping to the sea-floor
true larvae
tentacles
secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths
secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths
ink
Juveniles
Almost all ctenophores are predators
Haeckelia
colloblasts
Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis
salps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles of Lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow.
low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
chum salmon
combs
during blooms in the Red Sea
jellyfish
the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
ballast tanks of ships
Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate
the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
significantly slowed the animal's metabolism
Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies
Ediacaran Eoandromeda
Cambrian period.
Burgess Shale
between 24 and 80
Vendobionta
Stromatoveris
Stromatoveris
Vendobionta
Ediacaran period
ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals
Porifera
egg-shaped body
the cydippids are not monophyletic
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago
Richard Harbison
Fresno
220 miles (350 km)
ash tree
an ash leaf
Fresno (/frzno/ FREZ-noh)
1872
flooding
1885
47
Fresno
94.0%
Chinatown
Pinedale
internment camps
assembly center
BankAmericard
BankAmericard
a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance
1976
renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.
Bill Aken
Bill Aken
Madera
The Fresno Barn
Lupe Mayorga
three
Roeding Park
Kearney Mansion
Shinzen Japanese Gardens
Kearney Mansion
Between the 1880s and World War II
Hughes Hotel
Hughes Hotel
Hughes Hotel
1964
Fulton Mall
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street)
wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street)
on Fresno's far southeast side
Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
1950s through the 1970s
Chestnut Avenue
William P. Bell
Tower Theatre
1939
a well-known landmark water tower
Fresno Normal School
one-half mile
late 1970s
second and third run movies, along with classic films
1978
Audra McDonald
Audra McDonald
Olive
within a few hundred feet of each other
Tower District
Tower District
Tower District
early twentieth century homes
Spanish Colonial Revival Style
the Tower District
many of which have been restored in recent decades
Cedar Avenue
William Stranahan
Billings & Meyering
267
Fresno Traction Company
"Southwest Fresno"
the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave
African-American
Hmong or Laotian
"West Side"
M. Theo Kearney
tall palm trees
half-mile
Brookhaven
"Dogg Pound"
1960s and 1990s
the corner of Fresno and B streets
Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
West Side
Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway (Kearney Palm Shopping Center, built in the late 1990s)
Ralph Woodward
300
two-mile (3 km) equestrian trail, exercise par course, three children's playgrounds, a lake, 3 small ponds, 7 picnic areas and five miles (8 km) of multipurpose trails
22 miles
April through October
1946
William Smilie
personal aircraft and automobiles
personal aircraft and automobiles
Sierra Sky Park
Mediterranean
July
11.5 inches
northwest
winds are driven downward along the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions
17 °F
January 6, 1913
9.54 inches (242.3 mm)
2.2 inches
9.54 inches (242.3 mm)
494,665
49.6%
849 (0.2%)
72.6%
4,404.5 people per square mile
158,349
19.3%
12,843
3.62
3.07
97,915
149,025
0.1%
0.1%
4,097.9
Federal Communications Commission
KMJ-TV
June 1, 1953
KSEE
KGPE
State Route 99
Sierra Freeway
Atascadero
State Route 180
Fresno
1950s
State Route 99
rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99
Amtrak San Joaquins
Downtown Fresno
Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
San Joaquin Valley Railroad
Downtown Fresno
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
pre-allocation of network bandwidth
packet switching
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
packet switching
circuit switching
a fee per unit of connection time
a fee per unit of information transmitted
circuit switching
pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency
a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
characters, packets, or messages
intermediate forwarding nodes
fair queuing
a multiple access scheme
intermediate forwarding nodes
fair queuing
a multiple access scheme
RAND Corporation for the US Air Force
survivable communications networks
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
RAND Corporation for the US Air Force
packets
Baran
packet switching
build a nationwide network in the UK
ARPANET
Donald Davies
packet switching
ARPANET
complete addressing information
different paths and out-of-order delivery
a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
based on the packet sequence number
length, timestamp, or sequence number
Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table
error checking
to establish the parameters of communication
connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer
The virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses.
The virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses.
The virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses.
1969
the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
sequenced delivery of data to the host
User Datagram Protocol
Apple Inc.
local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
plug-n-play system
CYCLADES packet switching network
It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself
unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
ARPANET architecture
Digital Equipment Corporation
two PDP-11 minicomputers
seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
Linux
GE's four computer sales and service centers
the world's first commercial online service
turning the business around
profitable
to help the state's educational and economic development
an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems
TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network
first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
Larry Roberts
making ARPANET technology public
X.29
1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE
San Jose, CA
thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
build their own dedicated networks
to reach locations not on the private network
There were two kinds of X.25 networks.
Bell Canada
by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address
Telstra
the Australian Tax Office
linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
Datanet 1
leased lines
DNIC 2049
all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET
a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet
research and education communities, industry, and government
Qwest
Abilene
launch a brand new nationwide network
Internet2 Network
National Science Foundation Network
to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States
Internet backbone
The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF
DS-3 (45 Mbit/s), OC-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 Mbit/s) links
OC-48c
the arid plains of Central Asia
it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships.
30–60% of Europe's total population
17th century
19th century
commonly present
Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan
Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan
1331
25 million
Genoese traders
Jani Beg
Jani Beg
Sicily
war, famine, and weather
Europe
northwestern Russia
smaller trade relations with their neighbours
France, Spain, Portugal and England
1349
economic and social structures
1347
the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
The city's residents fled to the north
1631
1631
J.I. Pontanus
1823
mid 14th-century
heavens
1345
bad air
Miasma theory
Yersinia pestis
1894
Alexandre Yersin
Paul-Louis Simond
rodents
Francis Aidan Gasquet
bubonic plague
1908
the Justinian plague
the Justinian plague
30–75%
100–106 °F
80 percent
90 to 95 percent
high fevers and purple skin patches
October 2010
Drancourt and Raoult
the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe
the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe
unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages.
genetic branches
Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
the plague may have entered Europe in two waves
the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics.
spring of 1349
confirmed and amended
East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al.
may no longer exist
the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.
J. F. D. Shrewsbury
the modern bubonic plague
exaggerations
Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
Graham Twigg
an epidemiological account of the plague
lack of reliable statistics from this period
no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377.
the clergy
1377
sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be
transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance
temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
5 to 15 years
anthrax
a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
"blood poisoning"
25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.
about a third.
Half
pre-planning and Christian burials
50%
The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion.
14th to 17th centuries
between 1346 and 1671.
almost a million people
7 million to as low as 4 million
1350
10–15% of the population
1665
40,000
Russia
1629–1631
Oslo
between 1361 and 1528
14%
about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants
half
Sweden v. Russia and allies
1720
between 1500 and 1850
30 to 50 thousand
second quarter of the 19th century.
two-thirds
When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava)
heat and pressure
a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize.
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
heat and pressure
seafloor spreading
the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
asthenosphere
the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle
1960s
divergent boundaries
convergent boundaries
Transform boundaries
Alfred Wegener
its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle
arrival times of seismic waves
crust and lithosphere
crust and lithosphere
a doctor
crust and lithosphere
the most recent eon with an expanded scale
Quaternary
Holocene
Quaternary period
the age of the sequences
the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault
Finding the key bed
formations that were cut are older than the fault
xenoliths
magma or lava flows
clasts
inclusions
gravel
fossils
William Smith
The principle becomes quite complex
their presence or (sometimes) absence
Charles Darwin
beginning of the 20th century
fossils and stratigraphic correlation
isotopic dates
fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another
isotopic dates
Thermochemical techniques
the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature
isotope ratios
dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
horizontal compression
shallow crust
antiforms
synforms
anticlines and synclines
Extension
boudins
Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
metamorphosed
normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
Dikes
areas that are being actively deformed
topographic gradients
Continual motion
volcanism
basaltic lava flows
Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton
mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States
Cambrian time
northwestern Canada
the study of rocks
the study of sedimentary layers
the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
modern soils
petrologists
plane-polarized and cross-polarized
geochemical evolution of rock units
petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory
a petrographic microscope
fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments
fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments
igneous and metamorphic processes
oriented thin sections of geologic samples
oriented thin sections of geologic samples
to better understand the orientations of faults and folds
analog and numerical
orogenic wedges
orogenic wedges
horizontal layers of sand
all angles remain the same
Numerical models
stratigraphers
geophysical surveys
Geophysical data and well logs
Geophysical data and well logs
water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
biostratigraphers
Magnetic stratigraphers
Geochronologists
Persia
Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
Shen Kuo
Ibn Sina
Shen Kuo
James Hutton
1785
1795
the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea,
William Maclure
1809
1807
Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
American Philosophical Society
Principles of Geology
uniformitarianism
uniformitarianism
catastrophism
Charles Darwin
Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London
Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London
English Core Cities Group
county of Northumberland
Geordie
Robert Curthose
wool trade
wool trade
16th century
Great North Run
Pons Aelius
a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne
2,000
Fragments of Hadrian's Wall
Pictish tribes
Newcastle
Elizabeth
25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall
Edward I
three
1530
Hostmen
a pointless pursuit
an eccentric
merchants plotting to ruin him
close-knit community of keelmen and their families
boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London
7,000 out of 20,000
47%
47%
the King
Scots
roaring drummes
Triumphing by a brave defence
Charles I
urbanization
Maling company
electric lighting
shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity
steam turbine
medieval
Narrow alleys
Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact
Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and "House of Tides",
Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and "House of Tides",
Tyneside Classical
Stuart Maconie
Stuart Maconie
Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.
Eldon Square Shopping Centre
Town Moor
Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
The Hoppings funfair
June
Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
Norman Foster
tourist promotion
The River Tyne
Grainger Town area
between 1835 and 1842
four
244
Butcher Market
1835
2000
2000
English Heritage
oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream
oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream
rain
January 1982
the British Isles
2010
Eldon Square
Bainbridge's
revenue by department
March 2007
Eldon Garden
Gosforth
Kingston Park
MetroCentre
Gateshead
Tyneside flat
terraces
the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.
the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.
the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.
7.8%
5.9%
the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
2001
2001
Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
Jesmond
37.8
Scottish or Irish ancestors
Border Reiver
between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians
between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians
Geordie
Anglo-Saxon
Latin and Norman French
strong
stream
Scandinavia
Northern United Kingdom
Scots
Many words
"Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "
a report
the noisy city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 decibels.
the noisy city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 decibels.
negative long-term impact
attaching too much weight to readings
Collingwood Street
"The Gate"
12
'The Pink Triangle'
bars, cafés and clubs
theatre
Stephen Kemble
celebrated seasons
21 January 1788
Grey Street
theatres
Theatre Royal
Royal Shakespeare Company
The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent
2006
The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
8000
John and Benjamin Green
1793 and founded as a ‘conversation club,’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.
1793 and founded as a ‘conversation club,’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.
Newcastle Beer Festival
May
AV Festival
2 weeks
2 weeks
The Hoppings
June
Temperance Movement
cycling festival
Leazes Park
Newcastle Mela
Norman Foster
Design Event festival
East Asian
NewcastleGateshead
Lindisfarne
1971
Venom
Skyclad
Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran
May 2008
Old Town Hall
Classic
Classic
Classic
Seven Stories
Tyneside
Seven Stories
Seven Stories
Seven Stories
On the Night of the Fire
Get Carter
Mike Figgis
Mike Figgis
Mike Figgis
Gosforth Park
Newcastle Eagles
Newcastle Diamonds
Newcastle Diamonds
5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race
Ponteland
Metro Light Rail system
20 minutes
15 million
over 90
Victorian
six
Victoria
Robert Stephenson.
Manors
Virgin Trains East Coast
Virgin Trains East Coast
Virgin Trains East Coast
CrossCountry
Northern Rail
Tyne and Wear Metro
five
deep-level tunnels
Queen Elizabeth II
DB Regio
Metro: All Change.'
smart ticketing
tracks, signalling and overhead wires
Longer term plans
trams
A1
A696
"Great North Road"
Tyne Tunnel
November 2011
3
Haymarket
3
Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.
Go-Ahead
1998
local council social aims and objectives
local council social aims and objectives
developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working
link the local networks to national networks
IJmuiden
the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated
the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated
late 2008
Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.
eleven
eleven
Royal Grammar School
Newcastle College
Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School, St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School, George Stephenson High School, Sacred Heart
two
two
Sunday Times University of the Year
as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities
Newcastle University and Northumbria University
Augustus Welby Pugin
1474
Augustus Welby Pugin
Church of St Thomas the Martyr
parish churches
Parish Church of St Andrew
1726
12th Century
the last of the ancient churchyards
the Scots
City Road
The Watermark business park
1980s
its colouring
BBC Radio Newcastle
NE1fm
Newcastle Student Radio
1951
Great North Children's Hospital
Newcastle Student Radio
1770
Basil Hume, Archbishop of Westminster
George Stephenson
incandescent light bulb
Thailand
Rutherford Grammar School
Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch
Nobel Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville
keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
Newcastle
Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London, is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
2001
12.5 acres (51,000 m2)
12.5 acres (51,000 m2)
5,000 years
Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
post-classical sculpture
1851
Henry Cole
Museum of Manufactures
Somerset House
Gottfried Semper
Queen Victoria
22 June 1857
George Wallis
late night openings
1949
September and November 1946
nearly a million and a half
Festival of Britain (1951)
Festival of Britain
1948
rock concert
Gryphon
Roy Strong
the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation
University of Dundee
£76 million
on the city's waterfront
fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
five years
Brompton Park House
1857
Captain Francis Fowke
Secretariat Wing
the Secretariat Wing, also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room
Oriental Courts
Italian Renaissance
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
Philip Webb and William Morris
Edward Burne-Jones
James Gamble
Alfred Stevens
Sir Edward Poynter
Henry Young Darracott Scott
the five-storey School for Naval Architects
J.W. Wild
Royal Institute of British Architects
2008
wrought iron gates
Starkie Gardner
the two Cast Courts 1870–73 to the southeast of the garden
Sir John Taylor
Sir John Taylor
Aston Webb
red brick and Portland stone
Aston Webb
a statue of fame
the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum.
Alfred Drury
four
Alfred Drury
the entrance hall and flanking staircases, although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings, very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the Victorian galleries, although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century.
Queen Victoria
Art Library
the Henry Cole wing
a new entrance building
Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
Spiral
the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery
linoleum
FuturePlan
Gilbert Bayes
McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
Kim Wilkie
John Madejski Garden
elliptical water feature
receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
the south, east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade; in the two corners by the north façade there is planted an American Sweetgum tree; the southern, eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange
2004
Royal Institute of British Architects
700,000
RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
700,000
Andrea Palladio
Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Charles Holden, Frank Hoar, Lord Richard Rogers, Lord Norman Foster, Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Zaha Hadid and Alick Horsnell.
Andrea Palladio
Sir Christopher Wren
Sir Edwin Lutyens
c1600
a rare survivor of the Great Fire of London
c1600
chateau of Montal
Alhambra
over 19,000
2006
Ardabil Carpet
Spain
1909
60,000
60,000
60,000
1991
Jawaharlal Nehru gallery
more than 70,000
China, Japan and Korea
T. T. Tsui Gallery
1991
Tang dynasty
Toshiba gallery of Japanese art
December 1986
13th
1550 to 1900
2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter
14th to the 19th century
Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks.
green-glazed ceramics, silk embroideries from officials' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl
Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
Leonardo da Vinci
Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
Alexander Dyce
1869
1876
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
1524
Joan of Arc
Lucas Horenbout
Word and Image Department
MODES cataloging system
Encoded Archival Description
most of the items in the collection, unless those were newly accessioned into the collection
Search the Collections
2007
Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol
15,000
catalog everything
British patrons
Asia
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Horace Walpole
porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
tea drinking
entertainment and leisure
John Ruskin
the growth of mass production
Arts and Crafts
Trajan's Column
Trajan's Column, cut in half
Michelangelo's David
plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs
in a glass case
1762
Frederick II the Great
1762
1909
enriched the museum's stock of Chinese and Japanese ceramics
Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach
Holland
elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves
a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries
Germany and Switzerland
4000 years
4000 years
Art Deco
René Lalique
Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
1994
Danny Lane
the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery
Dale Chihuly
13th
10,000
10,000
Dürer
Rembrandt
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
over 14,000
Word and Image department
everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
1913
1913
2002
178
178
178
modern fashion
Soulages
1859 and 1865
The John Jones Collection
1882
£250,000
1580
Hans Vredeman de Vries
Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet
Germany
Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames
over 6000
over 6000
1869
154
William and Judith Bollinger
over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15% of the collection) is divided into secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels
1496–97
8
Sir George Gilbert Scott
over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15% of the collection) is divided into secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels
c1110
gilt bronze
St Thomas Becket
Becket Casket
gilt copper
Chris Smith
Horniman Museum
Horniman Museum
35
25 February 2010
6800
6800
6800
Queen Elizabeth II
Andrés Marzal De Sax
233
233
'A National Gallery of British Art'
The Hay Wain
233
1600–1800
Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the works were French, for example Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882
Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child
Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the works were French, for example Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882
Eadweard Muybridge
1887
781
different animals and humans performimg various actions
James Lafayette
The sculpture collection at the V&A
22,000
400 AD to 1914
gardens
National Galleries of Scotland
Neptune and Triton
Chancel Chapel
Chancel Chapel
1493–1500
more than 20
sculptor
1914
Britain's support of France in World War I
more than 20
George Frampton
Thomas Brock
Sir Francis Chantrey
Sculptors both British and Europeans who were based in Britain and whose work is in the collection
Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
1950
theme
Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
Tate Britain
more than 53,000
more than 53,000
1st century AD to the present
more than 53,000
technique
Cloth of St Gereon
15th
the Netherlands
the hunting of various animals
John Vanderbank's workshop
14th-century Sicilian Tristan
William Morris
1887
Marion Dorn
Serge Chermayeff
Theatre Museum
March 2009
UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK
Shakespeare
research, exhibitions and other shows
Conservation
temperature and light
interventive
V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood
preventive
The Walt Disney Company
1957
Manhattan
Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
The American Broadcasting Company
October 12, 1943
radio network
1948
ESPN
Capital Cities Communications
232
Citadel Broadcasting
232
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Citadel Broadcasting
Radio Corporation of America
NBC Red
the major cities
for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series
Radio Corporation of America
Federal Communications Commission
1938
1940
NBC Red Network
NBC Red or NBC Blue
Mark Woods
NBC Red and NBC Blue
Swiss Bank Corporation
David Sarnoff
Swiss Bank Corporation
Life Savers candy
October 12, 1943
George B. Storer
vice-chairman of the board
June 30, 1951
Magnetophon tape recorder
Paul Whiteman
The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street
Bing Crosby
NBC Blue's traditions of public service
ESPN
ABC1
September 8, 2007
ABC International
the United States
1959
The arrival of satellite television ended the need for ABC to hold interests in other countries; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties.
Japan and Latin America
increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
Queen Elizabeth II
Beirut
Nihon Educational Television
technical problems and flight delays
Queen Elizabeth II
1965
Emmy Awards
1965
Academy Awards
It's the Great Pumpkin
1974
Ryan Seacrest
1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005 (with the television rights being assumed by cable channel TLC in 2006, when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in Atlantic City to Las Vegas, before returning to Atlantic City in 2013)
New Year's Rockin' Eve
1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005 (with the television rights being assumed by cable channel TLC in 2006, when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in Atlantic City to Las Vegas, before returning to Atlantic City in 2013)
General Hospital
1975
The Edge of Night
The View and The Chew
1963
X Games
2006
Saturday nights
January
The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis
Frank Marx
channels 2 through 6
1947
VHF channel 7
108
ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival
DuMont Television Network
CBS and NBC
United Paramount Theatres
Paramount Pictures
nine
CBS
Prudential Insurance Company of America
Leonard Goldenson
William S. Paley
June 6, 1951
1952
February 9, 1953
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc.
August 10, 1948
October 1948
Mount Wilson
The Prospect Studios
September 30, 1960
the rise of family-oriented series
William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
the rise of family-oriented series
1959
anthology series
1961
1985
circle logo
Troika Design Group
Troika Design Group
the dot
Pittard Sullivan
fall of 2015
four-note theme tune
ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
1993–94 season
1995–96 season
1983
That Special Feeling
a bubble on a black background
a bubble on a black background
a bubble on a black background
Paul Rand
Herbert Bayer
Herbert Bayer
1963–64 season
ABC Radio
October 19, 2005
six divisions
2004
Desperate Housewives, Lost and Grey's Anatomy
George Bodenheimer
NASCAR
2002
Michael Eisner
elimination-style dating show's success led to a spinoff, The Bachelorette, which premiered the following year, as well as two additional spinoffs that later debuted in the early 2010s.
The Bachelorette
Time Warner Cable removed ABC owned-and-operated stations from the cable provider's systems in four markets
carriage dispute with ABC
carriage dispute with ABC
the Federal Communications Commission
2000
Family Matters and Step by Step
Family Matters and Step by Step
August 1999
Regis Philbin
Buena Vista Television
Meredith Vieira
July 31, 1995
ABC Inc.
Knight Ridder
Thomas S. Murphy
Sports Night
1965–66
third place
Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
May 1, 1953
7 West 66th Street
Baltimore
Robert Kintner
DuMont Television Network
ABC-DuMont
$5 million in cash
Paramount Pictures
The Lone Ranger
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
1943
1943
Walt Disney
Warner Bros. Presents
Walt Disney and his brother Roy contacted Goldenson at the end of 1953 for ABC to agree to finance part of the Disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network.
$500,000
1954
Walt Disney and his brother Roy contacted Goldenson at the end of 1953 for ABC to agree to finance part of the Disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network.
Allen Shaw
Harold L. Neal
LOVE Radio
seven
September 1969
Duel
Aaron Spelling, David Wolper and Steven Spielberg
$400,000–$450,000
1970s
CBS and NBC
behavioral and demographic data
Sunday Night Football, which moved to NBC that year as part of a broadcast deal that in turn saw MNF move to ESPN, took over as the league's marquee game.
2006
ESPN
15%–16%
1970
1972
Worldvision Enterprises
banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
January 2, 1971
Henry Plitt
Elton Rule
1966
Happy Days
developing youth-oriented programming
1976
Fred Pierce
Fred Silverman
S.W.A.T
November 3, 1975
president of NBC's entertainment division
Laverne & Shirley
jiggle TV
Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling
nine seasons
1976–77 season
Soap
Roone Arledge
Roone Arledge was named president of the new ABC News in addition to being president of ABC Sports
7 Lincoln Square
June 1979
June 1978
Hugh Downs
Barbara Walters
$30 million; the label was discontinued by March 5 of that year, and all of its 300 employees were laid off (the rights to the works of ABC Records and all of MCA's other labels have since been acquired by Universal Music Group).
ABC Cable News
ABC News Now
WJRT-TV and WTVG
WJRT-TV and WTVG
The Writers Guild of America strike
Duel
Caris & Co.
Disney–ABC Television Group
ABC Entertainment Group
Citadel Media
iTunes
2010
2004
Fridays
Fridays
1970
Worldvision Enterprises
Worldvision Enterprises
Turner Broadcasting System
Selmur Productions
Buena Vista Television
Buena Vista International Television
Selznick library
WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
235
235
96.26%
1946
the seal of the Federal Communications Commission
1957
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
January 2012
Litton's Weekend Aventure
720p high definition
1080i HD
11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard definition either due to technical considerations for affiliates of other major networks that carry ABC programming on a digital subchannel or because a primary feed ABC affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment to allow content to be presented in
720p high definition
Body of Proof
Happy Endings
third place
V
41 and 43 years
Prospect Park
41 and 43 years
The Revolution
fourth place in the 18–49 demographic
2004
CBS
The Neighbors
The Neighbors
The Middle and Modern Family
Shark Tank (based on the Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays in the spring of 2010; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's Friday night schedule, gradually helping make ABC a strong competitor
Shark Tank (based on the Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays in the spring of 2010; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's Friday night schedule, gradually helping make ABC a strong competitor
Shark Tank (based on the Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays in the spring of 2010; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's Friday night schedule, gradually helping make ABC a strong competitor
Thomas Murphy
Thomas Murphy
NYPD Blue
Doogie Howser, M.D. and the critically pilloried Cop Rock
ten seasons
1993
DIC Entertainment
Time Warner Cable
23.63% of American households
WLS
May 9, 1960
John Bassett
Leonard Goldenson agreed to acquire a 25% interest in CFTO-TV
Wide World of Sports
Roone Arledge
Roone Arledge
Roone Arledge
American Broadcasting Companies
The Dating Game
The Newlywed Game
Manhattan
the three major networks represented 90% of all prime-time television viewership
Dynasty
Mork & Mindy
Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
Getty Oil
The Entertainment Channel
Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
Daniel B. Burke
chairman and CEO
$465 million
America's Funniest Home Videos
Home Improvement
General Hospital
Eastern/Pacific
Good Morning America
Jimmy Kimmel
New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV;
WBMA-LD
WBND-LD
WLQP-LP
ABC Circle Films
ABC Circle Films
Prospect Avenue
ABC Television Center, East
Good Morning America and Nightline
Good Morning America and Nightline
Peter Jennings Way
in honor of the recently deceased longtime ABC News chief anchor and anchor of World News Tonight
ABC on Demand
The Walt Disney Company
The Walt Disney Company
The Walt Disney Company
the day after their original broadcast
eight days after their initial broadcast, in order to encourage live or same-week (via both DVR and cable on demand) viewing, with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers (such as Comcast, Verizon FiOS and Time Warner Cable) using an I
fast forwarding of accessed content
eight days after their initial broadcast, in order to encourage live or same-week (via both DVR and cable on demand) viewing, with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers (such as Comcast, Verizon FiOS and Time Warner Cable) using an I
LoyalKaspar
four
ABC Modern
four
74
74
All-Channel Receiver Act
the inclusion of UHF tuning
Youngstown
five times lower viewership
WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
Walt Disney Presents
Desilu Productions
its use of violence
April 1959
ABC Sunday Night Movie
$15.5 million
Hanna-Barbera
The Jetsons
April 1, 1963
Goldenson
Donald F. Turner
head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice
January 1, 1968
Capital Cities Communications
$121
Warren Buffett
E. W. Scripps Company
12 television stations
September 5, 1985
Fairchild Publications
Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division
Roone Arledge
Roone Arledge
Laverne & Shirley
Laverne & Shirley
NBC had regained the ratings lead among the Big Three networks in 1984
Laverne & Shirley
comedies and family-oriented series
Friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the "TGIF" block
Thank Goodness It's Funny
Miller-Boyett Productions
Warner Bros.
$1 million in shares and $1.5 million
Charly
Ralph Nelson
1985
Redwood City, California
westerns and detective series
between 10% and 18%
between 10% and 18%
Ollie Treiz
Dick Clark
Goldenson
Zorro
the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows at the expense of news programming
western series (as well as series such as the actioner Zorro) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by NBC and CBS
WATCH ABC
New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
Hearst Television
ESPN's WatchESPN service
Sinclair Broadcast Group
WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market
E. W. Scripps Company
28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
E. W. Scripps Company
Start Here
Troika
Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division
ABC News
WFTS-TV and WWSB
KMBC-TV and KQTV
WZZM and WOTV
WTSP's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of Miami affiliate WPLG
Mongol invasions
Northeast Asia
Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
Central Asia and China
Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
gedei Khan
1227
Western Xia
his sons and grandsons
in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location
Delüün Boldog
Toghrul Khan
1162
his father had just captured
Temülen
Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
Börte
Khongirad
Dai Setsen
Begter
wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game
Temujin's resentment
Temujin's resentment
Tayichi'ud
portable stocks
Chilaun
Jelme and Bo'orchu
hiding in a river crevice
arranged marriages
Hoelun
Chinese dynasties to the south
the need for alliances
Onggirat
Merkits
Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe
Jochi
1185
Chagatai
Chagatai
1241
Chagatai
no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan.
sworn brother or blood brother
Toghrul
Keraites
20,000
Jamukha
Mongolian aristocracy
Eternal Blue Sky
1186
Battle of Dalan Balzhut
Qara Khitai
Yassa code
future possible war spoils
He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe
he took the conquered tribe under his protection
Jochi
Jamukha
Jamukha
Keraite
Naimans
1201
universal ruler
Subutai
1206
Temüjin
stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army
a noble death
breaking the back
siege warfare from the Chinese
rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to
Khasar
Yam route systems
rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to
1206
Khuruldai
gedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father
gedei
a council of Mongol chiefs
Jin dynasty
Ming-Tan
1215
Kaifeng
gedei Khan
Kuchlug
Liao dynasty
20,000
Jebe
The Arrow
Qara Khitai
west of Kashgar
Lake Balkhash
Khwarezmid Empire
the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south.
Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
Inalchuq
The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded
100,000
Silk Road
Genghis Khan, generals and his sons
three
Jebe
Tolui
Samarkand
Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces
Otrar
Genghis Khan
fled
Subutai and Jebe
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.
Mongols
Genghis
the people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised
a unit of Turkish defenders
a unit of Turkish defenders
Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army
he was the flail of God
Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army
1220
Subutai
near the Black Sea
Battle of Kalka River
Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus'
Batu and the Golden Horde
Subutai and Jebe
1225
Samarkand
1226
Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou
Helan Mountains
Yellow River
a line of five stars arranged in the sky
Genghis Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of Ning Hia
Ma Jianlong
wounds received from arrows
Liupanshan
executed
Jochi
Chagatai
Khwarezmid Empire
gedei
Chagatai and Jochi
Chagatai
Tolui
gedei
1226
Khorasan
a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench
Sultan Muhammad
Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223
fall of Yinchuan
falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting
Marco Polo
Western Xia
Oirads
without markings
Khentii Aimag
Burkhan Khaldun
The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
Edsen Khoroo
Dongshan Dafo Dian
Ta'er Shi near Xining
1954
1968
October 6, 2004
a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find
Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
horses
Genghis Khan
Yassa
meritocracy
Genghis Khan and his family
Muhammad Khan
tax exemptions
Ong Khan
Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept
Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
Töregene Khatun
Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
Chinese
women
Chu'Tsai
Mongol people
Mongol army
lineal descendant of Khitan rulers
Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals
Karakorum
Muqali
Jin dynasty
unwavering loyalty
diverting certain rivers
Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers
feigned retreat
driving them in front of the army
the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan
Caspian Sea
gedei Khan
1279
Genghis Khan
Turkey
tolerant of religions
increased communication and trade
Mongolian People's Republic
uniting warring tribes
Genghis Khan's children
brutality
Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated.
tögrög
Genghis Khan
Chinggis Khaan International Airport
trivialization
Ulaanbaatar
Ikh Zasag
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Ikh Zasag
Mongols
5 million
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
Iran
10 to 15 million
10 to 15 million
Hulagu Khan
Mamluks of Egypt
Hulagu Khan
1237
Novgorod and Pskov
Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur
Timur
Nishapur
tenggis
Lake Baikal
"right", "just", or "true"
Zhèng
Chinggis
Mongolian Chinggis Khaan
Cengiz Han
Timùzhn
Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
Chéngjs Hán
15th–17th
tobacco and patent medicines
sorcery or even poison
if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
many other herbs not listed
healthcare professionals with specialised education and training
healthcare professionals with specialised education and training
optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
small-business proprietors
healthcare professionals with specialised education and training
other senior pharmacy technicians
General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
a health care professional
to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
Pedanius Dioscorides
De Materia Medica
materia medica
Diocles of Carystus
De Materia Medica
highly respected
Yr Code (718)
Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court
physicians and acupuncturists
the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.
botany and chemistry
Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Al-Muwaffaq
sodium carbon
1317
Florence, Italy
a perfume museum
albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs
Church of Santa Maria Novella
pharmacy legislation
compounding/dispensing medications
automation
patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
pharmacy practice residency
various disciplines of pharmacy
effectiveness of treatment regimens
pharmacy practice residency
within the premises of the hospital
unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
high risk preparations
The high cost of medications and drug-related technology
specialized medications
health, wellness, and disease prevention
hospitals and clinics
physicians and other healthcare professionals
patient care rounds drug product selection
care for patients in all health care settings
patient-specific problems
an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy)
an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
full independent prescribing authority
North Carolina and New Mexico
board of Pharmaceutical Specialties
Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
medication regimen review
nursing homes
Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
2000
brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
online pharmacies
traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
the method by which the medications are requested and received
to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.
substandard products
some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner
it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner
it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid
individual state laws
hydrocodone
to reduce consumer costs
Canada
international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities.
Canada and other countries
pharmacy practice science and applied information science
healthcare information technology vendor companies
to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
medication management system development, deployment and optimization
health system interoperability
novel medications
19
cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
physicians
pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians
American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
7 to 10 percent
form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
Austria
In some rural areas in the United Kingdom
1.6 kilometres
Austria
the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
checks and balances system
exaggerating their seriousness
side-effects
health care system
patient care skills
clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
an individual
increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
Alberta and British Columbia
Australia
medicine use reviews
pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree
mortar and pestle and the  (recipere) character
show globe
the Netherlands
red stylized letter A
green Greek cross in France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
adaptive immune system
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
The immune system
pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
adaptive immune system
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
pathogens
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
pathogens
adaptive immune system
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
rapidly evolve and adapt
enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections
ancient eukaryotes
Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
simple unicellular organisms
defensins
vaccination
Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
when the immune system is less active than normal
recurring and life-threatening infections
genetic disease
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis
Immunodeficiency
hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues
Immunology
HIV/AIDS
430 BC
Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
Louis Pasteur
Walter Reed
Robert Koch
Nobel Prize
yellow fever virus
430 BC
immunological memory
innate immune system
adaptive immune system
Innate immune systems
adaptive immune system
immunological memory
physical barriers
self and non-self
self molecules
self and non-self molecules
antigens
antigens
pattern recognition receptors
cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system
recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms
non-specific
The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin
The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin
coughing and sneezing
mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
-defensins
lysozyme and phospholipase A2
semen
gastric acid and proteases
menarche
commensal flora
most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi
helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children
by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron
Inflammation
increased blood flow into tissue
eicosanoids and cytokines
leukotrienes
interleukins
phagocytes
cytokines
a phagosome
phagolysosome
acquiring nutrients
Neutrophils and macrophages
Neutrophils and macrophages
50% to 60%
chemotaxis
interleukin 1
Leukocytes
Leukocytes
Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system
macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
neuronal dendrites
T cells
T cells
missing self
Natural killer cells
cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I
killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR
early vertebrates
the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called antigen presentation
the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
the killer T cell and the helper T cell
regulatory T cells
Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules
Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules
 T cells
Killer T cells
CD8
when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor
granulysin
perforin
CD4 co-receptor
around 200–300
engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule
cytokines
CD40 ligand
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
Gamma delta T cells ( T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ () T cells
 T cells
 T cells are a component of adaptive immunity
V9/V2 T cells
A B cell
proteolysis
lymphokines
long-lived memory cells
adaptive
passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
each specific pathogen encountered
Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes
IgG
Breast milk or colostrum
passive immunity
immunomodulators
adaptive and innate immune responses
lupus erythematosus
immunosuppressive
NFIL3
heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
sleep deprivation
weakened immune responses
vitamin D
thyroid hormone
cholecalciferol
to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells
MHC class I molecules
viral antigens
antibodies
phagocytic cells
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
rapid apoptosis
Systemic acquired resistance
RNA silencing mechanisms
autoimmune disorders
self and non-self
thymus and bone marrow
"self" peptides
Immunodeficiencies
The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly
50 years of age
obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
malnutrition
vaccination
immunization
introduce an antigen from a pathogen
it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system
Bacteria
type III secretion system
shut down host defenses
its ability to elude host immune responses
Frank Burnet
pathogens, an allograft
histocompatibility
Niels Jerne
Glucocorticoids
Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
methotrexate or azathioprine
cyclosporin
cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
cortisol and catecholamines
melatonin
oxidative stress
vitamin D receptor
calcitriol
T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D.
CYP27B1
dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
Pattern recognition receptors
defensins
complement system and phagocytic cells
Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway
immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
lamprey and hagfish
Variable lymphocyte receptors
an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates.
invertebrates
restriction modification system
bacteriophages
CRISPR sequences
"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
Elie Metchnikoff
cells – more precisely, phagocytes
Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.
cancers
MHC class I molecules
secreting the cytokine TGF-
macrophages and lymphocytes
hypersensitivity
four
Type I
IgE
Type II
intracellular pathogenesis
food poisoning bacterium Salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and leishmaniasis
Plasmodium falciparum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
protein A
antigenic variation
HIV
Trypanosoma brucei
frequent changes in antigens
immune surveillance
human papillomavirus
tyrosinase
melanomas
melanocytes
>500 Da
hydrophilic amino acids
Immunoproteomics
A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells
immunoinformatics
leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
the milieu of hormones produced at this time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports Th1, an increase in
the milieu of hormones produced at this time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1 /Th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports Th1, an
the initiation of Th1 immune responses
complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes
disrupting their plasma membrane
signal amplification
catalytic cascade
Civil disobedience
apartheid
the Singing Revolution
2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine
the Singing Revolution
Egyptians
Egyptians
the Singing Revolution
Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws
American Civil Rights Movement
Antigone
King of Thebes
Creon
Oedipus
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
Antigone
Sophocles
current King of Thebes
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law
Percy Shelley
nonviolent
Satyagraha
campaign for a free India
Henry David Thoreau
Percy Shelley
Percy Shelley
nonviolent protest
Satyagraha
Henry David Thoreau
muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
Marshall Cohen
ambiguity
become utterly debased
become utterly debased
Marshall Cohen
draft evaders
Vice President Agnew
ambiguity
LeGrande
extremely difficult, if not impossible
lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
the student of civil disobedience
specific terminology has no more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have.
LeGrande
the student of civil disobedience
semantical problems and grammatical niceties
nonviolent civil disobedience
non violent civil disobedience
civil disobedience
civil disobedience
pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
civil disobedience
pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen
two equally sovereign branches of government
Thoreau
Before Thoreau’s imprisonment
The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right
Resign
elite politicians
The individual
only individuals
Thoreau
Resign
The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right
governmental entities
Brownlee
Brownlee
international organizations and foreign governments
Brownlee
a larger challenge to the legal system
governmental entities
Brownlee
civil disobedience
covert lawbreaking
Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew in their house
(Exodus 1: 15-19)
Shiphrah and Puah
lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced
if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality
assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
The Fully Informed Jury Association's publication "A Primer for Prospective Jurors"
Book of Exodus
Black's Law Dictionary
Black's Law Dictionary
rebellion
Civil disobedients' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience.
violence
whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent
rebellion
rebellion is much more destructive
society's tolerance of civil disobedience
Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government
Ferenc Deák
Ferenc Deák
Gandhi's
cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
Non-revolutionary civil disobedience
a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
render certain laws ineffective
Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government
Gandhi
Roman Empire
unarmed Jews
not yet a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened.
The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office
after the end of the Mexican War
Roman Empire
unarmed Jews
some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists.
a form of jail solidarity
after the end of the Mexican War
Civil disobedients
very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals
Voice in the Wilderness
738 days
successfully preventing it from being cut down
Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts
trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation
very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals
direct achieve a desired social goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick)
180-foot (55 m)-tall, 600-year-old California Redwood tree
Joseph Haas
Joseph Haas
civil disobedience
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
George Carlin
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech
George Carlin
Threatening government officials
Joseph Haas
make it more difficult for a system to function
padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.
padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
Brownlee
coercive
refusals to pay taxes
Brownlee
engage in moral dialogue
padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.
civil disobedience
consent
a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful.
some civil disobedients have nevertheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators' questions, sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear
make an impression
their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy
their belief in the validity of the social contract
the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted.
anarchists
a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
whether or not to plead guilty
some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law
I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law
Guilt implies wrong-doing
creative plea
13
13
immediately arrested
nolo contendere
suspended sentences
as a way of continuing their protest
reminding their countrymen of injustice
the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way
a spirit of subservience, to demean the seriousness of the protest.
one misdemeanor count
the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time
solidarity tactics
some activists have opted to enter a blind plea
Mohandas Gandhi
defiant speech
defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions
lack of remorse
likelihood of repeating her illegal actions.
mistreatment from government officials
Steven Barkan
Steven Barkan
Steven Barkan
Benjamin Spock
some civil disobedients seek jury nullification
encourage general disobedience
encourage general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit
breaking the law for self-gratification
not being a civil disobedient
a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution
Indirect civil disobedience
direct civil disobedience
Vietnam War
the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense
if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters, the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
whether it would do more harm than good
the state (including the judges) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not.
it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law
Construction
mass production of similar items
six to nine percent
planning,[citation needed] design, and financing
on location for a known client
architect
architect
effective planning
megaprojects
zoning requirements, the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays
buildings, infrastructure and industrial
residential and non-residential
heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
heavy/highway, heavy civil
refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing
a trade magazine for the construction industry
ENR
2014
heavy contractors.
building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
construction managers
Standard Industrial Classification
firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
Building construction
small renovations
the owner of the property
structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.
local building authority regulations and codes of practice
Materials readily available in the area
waste
cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis
advances in 3D printing technology
20 hours
2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
translation of designs into reality
property owner
either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor
the most cost efficient bidder
integration of previously separated specialties
architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies
"one-stop shopping"
performance specification
design-build, partnering and construction management
architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
preventable financial problems
builders ask for too little money to complete the project
when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
Fraud
mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
owner's equity in the property
Accountants
when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
Cost engineers and estimators
zoning and building code requirements
does not benefit the owner
malum
things that are a matter of custom or expectation
An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed
construction project
exchange of a set of obligations
extremely expensive
to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse.
a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders
Public-Private Partnering (PPPs)
Public-Private Partnering (PPPs)
to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices
architect or engineer
project coordinator
the architect's client and the main contractor
the architect's client and the main contractor
The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy.
The owner
Several D&B contractors
The owner
a consortium of several contractors
phase 2
verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services.
lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages
lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
municipal building inspector
an occupancy permit
$680 billion
$680 billion
667,000
fewer than 10 employees
828,000
£42,090
£26,719
more than $100,000
Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union.
Falls
electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
tax credit scholarships
tax credit scholarships
by charging their students tuition
tax credit scholarships
$45,000
'tuition-free
the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary
Private education
lower sixth
upper sixth
prep schools
Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors, including the location of the school, the willingness of parents to pay, peer tuitions and the school's financial endowment.
High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments, including a low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers.
Roman Catholic
Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians
their particular faith's beliefs and traditions
stricter discipline based on their power of expulsion
compulsory blazer
more expensive
Anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian
Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College, St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst
Sydney
girls
Article 7
to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung or similar event
7.8
11.1
0.5
Sonderungsverbot
private individuals, private organizations or religious groups.
very low tuition fees
private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
vocational
the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees.
private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
private schools are called independent schools, but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school.
CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE
30
the union government and the state governments
non-profit trusts and societies
only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India
Annual Status of Education Report
evaluates learning levels in rural India
English
scoil phrobháideach
a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State
€5,000
Society of Jesus
€25,000 per year
1957
Chinese
English
the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties
Over 60
aided
private parties
Galaxy Public School in Kathmandu
English
Nepali
88
88
3.7
Catholic
Auckland
Anglican
Wellington
Presbyterian
Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch
three
7.5
32
80
August 1992
the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools
The Education Service Contracting scheme
The Tuition Fee Supplement
Private Education Student Financial Assistance
South African Schools Act of 1996
South African Schools Act of 1996
independent
South African Schools Act of 1996
private church schools
government schools formerly reserved for white children
These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
All schools in South Africa (including both independent schools and public schools) have the right to set compulsory school fees, and formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools.
10
700
700
The Knowledge School
Sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model
13
public
9 per cent
13
£27,000+ per year
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
segregation academies
South
public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
endowments
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
independent control of their student admissions and course content
Massachusetts
1852
1972
Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390
McCrary
close to $40,000
close to $40,000
Groton School
Groton School
John Harvard
1977
James Bryant Conant
Charles W. Eliot's
Charles W. Eliot
Harvard Library
79
79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes
eight U.S. presidents
150 Nobel laureates
Boston metropolitan area
$37.6 billion
209-acre (85 ha)
eleven separate academic units
209-acre (85 ha)
1636
vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
1638
1639
1650
Puritan ministers
English university model
It was never affiliated with any particular denomination
1804
Samuel Webber
1805
Louis Agassiz
observation with intuition
Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
Charles W. Eliot
Transcendentalist Unitarian
William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
James Bryant Conant
recruit
1945
about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe
1977
mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
209-acre
twelve residential Houses
Charles River
half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle
Allston
John W. Weeks Bridge
Longwood Medical and Academic Area
fifty percent
new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.
enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space
1,4,000
1,4,000
1,4,000
1875
1858
$32 billion
30%
Allston Science Complex
$159 million
$159 million
the late 1980s
During the divestment from South Africa movement in the late 1980s, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech given by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
$230 million
5.3%
2007
2007
2007
seven
eight General Education categories
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows
mid-May
four-course rate average
degrees summa cum laude
60%
$38,000
$57,000
room and board
$340 million
88%
Widener Library
Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
Pusey Library
nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes
The Harvard Art Museums comprises three museums.
the Fogg Museum of Art, covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art.
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2003
2011
The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named "dream college", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents
42
Harvard–Yale Regatta
Oxford University and Cambridge University team
1875
1903
1906
former captain of the Yale football team
Lavietes Pavilion
The Malkin Athletic Center
three weight rooms
23 years
June
Cornell
2003
Ban Ki-moon
Juan Manuel Santos
José Mara Figueres
Benjamin Netanyahu
Conan O'Brien
Leonard Bernstein
Yo Yo Ma
W. E. B. Du Bois
Shing-Tung Yau
Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
Stephen Greenblatt
Jacksonville
1,345,596
853,382
Duval
1968
340 miles (550 km)
340 miles (550 km)
Fort Caroline
1564
Andrew Jackson
third
golf
third
"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
thousands
University of North Florida
Timucua
the beginning of the historical era
Ossachite
Jean Ribault
France
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
fort San Mateo
Fort Caroline
French and Indian War
1763
Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.
1763
February 9, 1832
hogs and cattle
1862
Battle of Olustee
Warfare
Battle of Cedar Creek
During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
Grover Cleveland
yellow fever outbreaks
Florida East Coast Railway
steamboat and later by railroad
Spanish moss
146
Governor Jennings
Great Fire of 1901
New York–based filmmakers
more than 30
Winter Film Capital of the World
Hollywood
highways
55.1%
middle class "white flight"
W. Haydon Burns
World War II
dissipated
residents in unincorporated suburbs
Jacksonville
six
old boy network
11
Jacksonville Consolidation
all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation
voters approved the plan
actress Lee Meredith
actress Lee Meredith
The Better Jacksonville Plan
half-penny sales tax
86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2)
St. Johns River
Trout River
86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2)
Baldwin
Downtown Jacksonville
Barnett Center
617 ft (188 m)
Wells Fargo Center
Wells Fargo Center
humid subtropical climate
May through September
humid subtropical climate
low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny.
104 °F (40 °C)
thunderstorms
extremely high humidity
July
Hurricane Dora
110 mph
Tropical Storm Beryl
Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale
2008
5,751
821,784
tenth-
25,033
29.7%
23.9%
94.1
91.3
the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University
3.5 billion people
$759,900
on the basis of the methodology used
diversion
the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University
The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations
$41 trillion
46%
a greater tendency to take on debts
the top 400 richest Americans
the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent."
Inherited wealth
grew up in substantial privilege
the top 400 richest Americans
richest 1 percent
Inherited wealth
over 60 percent
Institute for Policy Studies
inequalities in the distribution of income
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
differences in value added by different classifications of workers
productivity gap
marginal value added of each economic actor
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
differences in value added by different classifications of workers
marginal value added of each economic actor
worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
to reduce costs and maximize profits
increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment
increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment
stagnant wages
labor inputs
to reduce costs and maximize profits
labor inputs
stagnant wages
stagnant wages
purely capitalist mode of production
law of supply and demand
chronically understaffed
higher wage
high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair
the market
Wages
purely capitalist mode of production
environmental costs
high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair
expendable nature
low demand
A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions
collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
higher demand and greater incomes
A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand)
competition between workers
expendable nature
high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand)
competition between employers for employees
higher economic inequality
Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter
push
pull
Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter
higher economic inequality
necessity
Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter
Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter
redistributive
A progressive tax
the level of the top tax rate
steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system
A progressive tax
the level of the top tax rate
steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation
variation in individuals' access to education
those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education
generally receive much lower wages
it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor
lower aggregate savings and investment
variation in individuals' access to education
increases in education first increase and then decrease growth
those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages.
lower incomes
variation in individuals' access to education
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
Standard & Poor
2014
2008-2009
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
1910–1940
increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price
increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price
Lagerlof and Galor
decrease in wages
1910–1940
a decrease in the price of skilled labor
to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy.
Lagerlof and Galor
Anglo-American liberal policies
the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."
U.S.-style labor-market flexibility
continental European liberalism
economic inequality
substantial levels of social exclusion
John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer
U.S.-style labor-market flexibility
the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."
Scandinavia
high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap
technological changes and globalization
the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap
the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap
the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap
high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
low-skilled workers
increased wages
technological innovation
Robert Lawrence
Trade liberalization
low-skilled workers
Paul Krugman
he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in America is minor
Robert Lawrence
53%
53%
travel or relocate
Gender pay gap
Gender pay gap
males in the labor market
women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay
Thomas Sowell
A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men.
social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.
countries with low levels of development
it acquires more capital
social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.
Simon Kuznets
Simon Kuznets
it acquires more capital
it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.
lower levels of inequality
High school movement
after the 1970s
it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.
it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.
middle-income developing economies
Kuznets curve
very weak
decrease
it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.
Wealth concentration
those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth
Thomas Piketty
larger fortunes generate higher returns
Wealth concentration
those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth
wealth condensation
Thomas Piketty
Thomas Piketty
Joseph Stiglitz
Joseph Stiglitz
it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits
use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups
rent-seeking
higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society
higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society
life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries
higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society
life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries
Robert J. Shiller
Robert J. Shiller
High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth.
it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem
Increasing inequality
Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US and UK) and states (Mississippi and New York) with large differences in household income.
in countries and states with higher in equality
longer lives
poorer countries
income expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries
Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders
Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82)
income inequality
Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
larger income inequalities
greater equality but not per capita income.
inequality
homicides
over fifty
half
Daly et al. 2001
economic inequality
distributive efficiency
luxury items
A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency"
higher aggregate utility
consumption
Will Wilkinson
2001
Thomas B. Edsall
"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"
Financial crisis of 2007–08
systematic economic inequalities
Financial crisis of 2007–08
to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells
High levels of inequality
the top 20 percent
higher GDP growth
The poor and the middle class
increasing inequality
economic growth
has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth
it is a waste of resources
policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects
Joseph Stiglitz
aggregate demand
Joseph Stiglitz
increasing importance of human capital in development
widespread education
1993
Galor and Zeira
channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
higher levels of redistributive taxation
politically and socially unstable
high levels of inequality
high levels of inequality
income inequality and rates of growth and investment
Harvard
Swedish counties
Kuznets curve hypothesis
with economic development, inequality first increases
Thomas Piketty
Thomas Piketty
Thomas Piketty
1970s
reduced consumer demand
growth has risen with increased income inequality
Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading
more equality in the income distribution
special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth.
the existing level of inequality
special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth.
Secretary General of the United Nations
it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty
land and housing
various associations and other arrangements
over 200 steps and up to 14 years
over 200 steps and up to 14 years
over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land
a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US
the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased
the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased
landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
ad valorem property tax policy
certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone
those who are worse equipped to manage their finances
aspirational consumption
taking on debt
even greater inequality and potential economic instability
The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created
increase of emissions per person
environmental degradation
population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level (1/3 of current levels, so about 2 billion people), human inequality can be addressed/corrected, while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage.
private ownership of the means of production
private ownership of the means of production
income in the form of a wage or salary
income differentials
income differentials
Robert Nozick
taxation
Robert Nozick
forceful taking of property
when they improve society as a whole
capability deprivation
a means to an end rather than the end itself
to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”
to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”
the ability to pursue valued goals
they are in some way deprived of earning as much income
An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man
gender roles and customs
fear of their lives
to ensure that people aren’t denied their functionings, capabilities, and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income.
British science-fiction television programme
1963
TARDIS
blue British police box
British science-fiction television programme
1963 to 1989
Russell T Davies
K-9
Russell T Davies, who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival, produced in-house by BBC Wales
Christopher Eccleston
Twelve
Peter Capaldi
The Time of the Doctor
the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species.
the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality
Gallifrey
Mark I Type 40
Time and Relative Dimension in Space
chameleon circuit
a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
companions
the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master
regenerate
humans
Time Lord
Saturday, 23 November 1963
The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
Terry Nation
25 minutes of transmission length
26
Jonathan Powell
Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
the BBC repeatedly affirmed that the series would return
BBC 1
the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show
Philip Segal
Who
9.1 million
Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States
Rose
26 March 2005
2009
Chris Chibnall
Christmas Day specials
1996
1996
1996
Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots (for example, Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman[citation needed]) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and
30 November 1963
eighty seconds
ten minutes
ten minutes
The BBC believed that many viewers had missed this introduction to a new series due to the coverage of the assassination, as well as a series of power blackouts across the country
Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
Museum of the Moving Image
Behind the Sofa
scariest TV show of all time
2012
Doctor Who
3%
Monopoly
Monopoly
The Times newspaper
Herne Bay, Kent,
blue
a time machine
Metropolitan Police Authority
2002
26
6 December 1989
14
The Master
Black Guardian Trilogy
13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day.
60
Christmas Day
Journey's End
"Journey's End" from 2008 and "The Eleventh Hour" from 2010 exceeded an hour in length.
eight Christmas specials
eight Christmas specials
eight Christmas specials
72 minutes
2009
William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
97
3, 4, & 5
1978
Between about 1964 and 1973
from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast
8 mm cine film
Mission to the Unknown
8 mm cine film
home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
"Official" reconstructions
Cosgrove Hall
1968
Theta-Sigma
November 2006
regeneration
Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
William Hartnell's poor health
renewal
change of appearance
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
The Time of the Doctor
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
John Hurt
The Day of the Doctor
Michael Jayston
The Trial of a Time Lord
McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
War Doctor
The Three Doctors
Peter Davison
The Space Museum
The Day of the Doctor
Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
Paul McGann, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Peter Davison
Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
To celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003
The Time of the Doctor
The Brain of Morbius
Mawdryn Undead
The Lodger
1983
An Unearthly Child
Susan Foreman
Dr. Constantine
his home planet had been destroyed
Smith and Jones
companion figure
The Deadly Assassin
Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton
Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton
Sarah Jane Smith
the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies a larger narrative role.
Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) with Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness
River Song (Alex Kingston) and Clara Oswald
Bill
Catherine Tate
the Macra and the Master
series 1
the Macra and the Master
series 3
Zygons
The Dalek race
Skaro
to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
Davros
their eyestalk
The Master
The Master
Eric Roberts
Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
Roger Delgado
Derek Jacobi
Utopia
"Missy"
Missy
Michelle Gomez
Delia Derbyshire
BBC Radiophonic Workshop
individual test oscillators
Derbyshire arrangement
Did I write that?
The Trial of a Time Lord
Dominic Glynn
Keff McCulloch
Murray Gold
The Christmas Invasion
Voyage of the Damned
Classic FM's Hall of Fame
2010
228
Gold
Jon Pertwee
Mankind
1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia
Doctorin' the Tardis
Doctorin' the Tardis
Dudley Simpson
Planet of Giants
1960s and 1970s
The Horns of Nimon
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
BBC National Orchestra of Wales
BBC National Orchestra of Wales
Royal Albert Hall
Music of the Spheres
BBC National Orchestra of Wales
Six
The first featured tracks from the first two series
4 October 2010
A Christmas Carol
8 November 2010
the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor"
Twelfth Doctor
the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past Doctors, and the current Doctor Who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor.
1973–80
Eleventh Doctor
John F. Kennedy
BBC One channel
late 1970s
circa 1964–1965
BBC Three
1979
three to five million
Coronation Street
the most popular show at the time
2005
23 November
Silver Nemesis
Edmonton, Canada
CITV in Edmonton, Canada, 15 days before the BBC One showing, and two days before it aired on Fox in the United States.
23 November
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
The Five Doctors
BBC UKTV, SF and later on SyFy
weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
ABC1
The Three Doctors
The Three Doctors
Space
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
Judith Merril
Christopher Eccleston
Billie Piper
The Christmas Invasion
9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador), shortly after that day's CFL double header on Thanksgiving in most of the country.
9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador), shortly after that day's CFL double header on Thanksgiving in most of the country.
United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
Eight
The Infinite Quest
Spearhead from Space
2009
Trevor Martin
Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
The Curse of the Daleks
Seven Keys to Doomsday
David Banks
Torchwood
22 October 2006
2008
Children of Earth
Starz
Elisabeth Sladen
24 September 2007
David Tennant
2010
autumn 2011
Dimensions in Time
Children in Need
EastEnders
glasses with one darkened lens
the BBC
Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
running down the same corridor several times when being chased
Rowan Atkinson
Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
Steven Moffat,
The Neutral Zone
"Blue Harvest" and "420"
Queer as Folk
Oliver on Coupling
EastEnders, the Adult Swim comedy show Robot Chicken, the Family Guy episodes "Blue Harvest" and "420",
The Chase
The Chase
Ten years
1981
Slipback
Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
Destiny of the Doctor
Big Finish Productions
1999
2012
novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction
mid-sixties
1979
Panini
BBC Books
early 1960s
BBC Television
the BBC takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories, and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea.
the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC
2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005–2010) awards at the National Television Awards
2005–2010
2011
Michelle Gomez
Michelle Gomez
Guinness World Records
the Peabody Awards
electronic music
2013
50th anniversary special
Writers' Guild of Great Britain
"Auntie Awards"
British Film Institute
SFX magazine
eight
Best Drama Series
five
25
2009
Mind Award
six
over 200
over 200
Matt Smith
The Waters of Mars
Spike Milligan
Jon Culshaw
Spike Milligan
Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Family Guy, American Dad!, Futurama, South Park, Community as Inspector Spacetime, The Simpsons and The Big Bang Theory.
Jon Culshaw
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C)
1890
four
four
15,000
various academic disciplines
physics
Stagg Field
University of Chicago Press
2020
William Rainey Harper
John D. Rockefeller
William Rainey Harper
1891
1892
Marshall Field
Silas B. Cobb
Cobb Lecture Hall
$100,000
Martin A. Ryerson
several regional colleges and universities
1896
any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years
history
1910
Robert Maynard Hutchins
Common Core
academics over athletics
24-year tenure
1929
1950s
increasing crime and poverty
second year
increasing crime and poverty
very young students to attend college
1962
students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies.
1967
"To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures."
social and political action
mid-2000s
Milton Friedman Institute
$200 million
Chicago Theological Seminary
David G. Booth
Main Quadrangles
six
Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic
Magdalen Tower
Christ Church Hall
1940s
Eero Saarinen
School of Social Service Administration
Eero Saarinen
2003
Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
left bank of the Seine
fall 2010
Renmin University
2015
a board of trustees
50
fourteen
Andrew Alper
Robert Zimmer
The Higher Learning Commission
seven
seven
The College of the University of Chicago
The College of the University of Chicago
five
the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division
Common Core
17
heavy workload and academic difficulty; according to Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience."
Uni in the USA
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
the University of Chicago campus
11th
11th
Regenstein Library
2011
John Crerar Library
113
113
Oriental Institute
Fermilab
Sunspot, New Mexico
Milton Friedman
Willard F. Libby
Miller–Urey experiment
1953
a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track
2000
1996
2002
Several thousand
5,792
5,792
5,792
5,792
19%
University Athletic Association
University Athletic Association
NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football
Jay Berwanger
Robert Maynard Hutchins
over 400
over 400
University of Chicago College Bowl Team
Doc Films
Off-Off Campus
graduate and undergraduate students
Executive Committee
Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and the other for Student Life, elected together as a slate by the student body
$2 million
fifteen
fifteen
Alpha Phi Omega
Alpha Phi Omega
Four of the sororities are members of the National Panhellenic Conference, and ten of the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council.
University of Chicago
1987
Festival of the Arts
Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
Summer Breeze
Satya Nadella
Larry Ellison
Larry Ellison
Jon Corzine
James O. McKinsey
Saul Alinsky
David Axelrod
Robert Bork
Masaaki Shirakawa
Eliot Ness
Allan Bloom
"The Closing of the American Mind"
Lauren Oliver
Studs Terkel
Philip Roth
Philip Glass
Alex Seropian
the 2014 documentary film Life Itself
Ed Asner
Mike Nichols
Carl Sagan
John M. Grunsfeld
uranium-lead dating method
John B. Goodenough
Clair Cameron Patterson
Milton Friedman
George Stigler
Paul Samuelson
Eugene Fama
David Graeber and Donald Johanson
Samuel Reshevsky
Samuel P. Huntington
A. A. Michelson
Arthur H. Compton
Enrico Fermi
Edward Teller
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
James Henry Breasted
Alberto Calderón
Ted Fujita
Yuan T. Lee
Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
Raghuram Rajan
physicist
David Bevington
John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
Yuán Cháo
Great Yuan
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
1271
Mongol Empire
the Song dynasty
the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty
Genghis Khan
1271
Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section
Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
Great Mongol State
"Empire of the Great Khan
Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes
1206
gedei Khan
1251
Kublai
to fight against the Jin
Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops.
Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
Shi Tianze
Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty
Jurchen
Shi Bingzhi
Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Zhang Rou jointly launched an attack on the Song dynasty ordered by Töregene Khatun.
Möngke Khan
southern China
1259
Ariq Böke
Zhongtong
Ogedei
south
1259
1259
1262
preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
Imperial Secretariat
three, later four, classes
four
salt and iron
Karakorum
Karakorum
1264
Zhongdu
by following the rituals of Confucian,ty and ancestor veneration
Kublai Khan
Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace
Daidu
north
Marco Polo
Kong Duancao
1115
1234
Kong Duancao
30,000
northern China
1268 and 1273
Yangzi River basin
Hangzhou
drowned
1279
an inauspicious typhoon
Battle of Bch ng
Battle of Bch ng
1288
1253
Zhenjin
1285
Emperor Chengzong
1294 to 1307
Buyantu Khan
mainstream Chinese culture
Li Meng
Department of State Affairs
1313
Gegeen Khan
1321 to 1323
Baiju
"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
assassinated
Shangdu
War of the Two Capitals
four days
El Temür
Shangdu
Tugh Temür
the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
Jingshi Dadian
Buddhism
Toghun Temür
Emperor Ningzong
Toghun Temür
Toghun Temür
Liao, Jin, and Song
Yuan dynasty
too Chinese
they were separated from both the army and the populace
Outlaws
administration
late 1340s onwards
Red Turban Rebellion
fear of betrayal
Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels
1368–1644
China and much of central Asia
Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
the Ilkhanate
carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
Western musical instruments
Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
Taoism
Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society.
travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
Venetian Marco Polo
Cambaluc
Travels of Marco Polo
Il milione
Persian traders
Guo Shoujing
modern Gregorian calendar
granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
Beijing
sorghum
Yuan dynasty
Eternal Heaven
Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty.
Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty.
a period of foreign domination
Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
Central Secretariat
civil, military, and censorial offices
Privy Council
Sui and Tang dynasties
Mongols and Semuren
the Privy Council.
1269
Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
Most of the Emperors
Tugh Temur
Emperor Wenzong
1290
1291
the Yuan dynasty
painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals, though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements
Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty
the qu
poetry
Yuan dynasty
Tibetan variants
Tibetan Buddhism
Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
Sakya
1249
1314
modern matrices
polynomial algebra
1303
calendars
cubic interpolation formula
1281
the Shoushi Li () or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
1281
otachi
their use of herbal remedies
spiritual cures
Imperial Academy of Medicine
it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches
Jin dynasty
Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols
acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs
1347
huihui or Muslim medicine
1263
1263
Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy
Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy
Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
Wang Zhen
12th century
Töregene Khatun
1273
chao
bark of mulberry trees
1275
woodblocks
1294
Mongolian patrimonial feudalism
Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system
Central Asia and the western end of the empire
colonial
Ilkhanate
Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara
Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara
Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
artisans and farmers
Qara-Khitay (Khitan
circumcision
Kosher butchering
Zhu Yuanzhang
thanks
the Ispah Rebellion
"degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Se
degrees of privilege
"degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Se
lived in poverty and were ill treated
Southern Chinese
Southern Chinese
Southern Chinese
higher they were placed
private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
Karluk Kara-Khanid
Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
Karluk Kara-Khanid
the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
The Central Region
the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
Beijing
Zhongshu Sheng
East African Community
East African Community
Nairobi
Ethiopia
45 million
Indian Ocean coastline
savannah grasslands
Mount Kenya
north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia
Kenya is known for its safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
Lower Paleolithic period
first millennium AD
97%
19th century
December 1963
Mount Kenya
Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba
God's resting place
Kenia and Kegnia
a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation
Joseph Thompsons
Mt. Kenia, 1862
Masai Mara
lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
Masai Mara
June and September
2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi)
more than 20 million years ago
Pleistocene epoch
Richard Leakey
1
Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
The Swahili
The Swahili
Duarte Barbosa
Kenyan Coast
Malindi
Mombasa
August 1914
the governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce
Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
undefeated
Northern Rhodesia
over a million
itinerant farmers
less and less land in exchange for their labour
80,000
Warhi Itote
Mau Mau command structure
24 April 1954
4,686 Mau Mau
reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.
1957
Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta
12 December 1963
12 December 1963
Republic of Kenya
voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
constitutional reform
Daniel arap Moi
presidential representative democratic republic
head of state and head of government
the government
both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
The Judiciary
Corruption Perception Index
gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
139th
Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
Orange Democratic Movement
Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
votes from his stronghold arrived later
Raila Odinga
to avoid similar disasters in the future
Evangelical Lutheran Church
Evangelical Lutheran Church
Evangelical Lutheran Church
28 February 2008
Kenya's second Prime Minister
PNU and ODM
Parliament
the coalition would hold until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
an elected MP who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members
Jakaya Kikwete
Harambee House
29 February 2008
the two political parties would share power equally
eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
4 August 2010
a bill of rights
27 August 2010
Second Republic
December 2014
to guard against armed groups
nine
it infringed on democratic freedoms
United States, Britain, Germany and France
International Criminal Court trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto
Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto
Xi Jinping
July 2015
peacekeeping missions around the world
the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country
human rights violations
Kenya’s armed forces
the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”
Armoured Personnel Carriers
Further
145 out of 186 in the world
145 out of 186
$1.25 a day
frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
62%
75%
Industry and manufacturing
75%
61%
tourism
the late 1980s
coastal beaches and the game reserves
Germany and the United Kingdom
24%
tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
second largest
weather-related fluctuations
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
650 mm
by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
linking producers to wholesalers
enabling some farmers to buy assets
fertile highlands
Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
north and east
53%
August and September 2011
14%
14%
Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
African Growth and Opportunity Act
2000
Turkwel Gorge Dam
Turkwel Gorge Dam
1997
Kenya has proven deposits of oil in Turkana
around 10 billion barrels.
Exploration
20% to 25%
$474 million
Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment
Uganda
Base resources of Australia
environmental and social problems
Vision 2030
2030
National Climate Change Action Plan
an oversight
climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months
agriculture
30%
9–18.
poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
their mother tongues within their own communities
English and Swahili
commerce, schooling and government
in the country
23.5%
23.5%
3 million
Nairobi
2.4%
Sixty percent
Christian
around 300,000
80%
clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
7,000
7,000
Half
Half
malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
15 million
British colonists.
12 December 1963
Ominde Commission
critical issues at the time
seven years of primary, four years of lower secondary, two years of upper secondary, and three years of university.
reforming of the entire education system
8–4–4 system
8–4–4 system
1992
January 1985
vocational subjects
to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
January 2003
about 70%.
four years
six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry
four years
85%
three to five
Standard One (First Grade)
those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
National and Public Library Services
establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
A public library is seen as a peoples university
it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
middle-distance and long-distance athletics
Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)
Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)
six gold
2008 Olympics
the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot
the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries
economic or financial factors
Kenya has been a dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa
Cricket
2003
Rakep Patel
March 2007
Safari Rally
one of the toughest rallies in the world
Björn Waldegrd, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
three
10 o'clock
bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
Ugali
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Resolution 43/53
Hoesung Lee
Hoesung Lee
Ismail El Gizouli
Bert Bolin
February 2015
representatives appointed by governments and organizations
350
350 government officials and climate change experts
7-eighths
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
climate related data
published sources
non-peer-reviewed sources
model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
two
two
two
assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group
ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs
WG I Summary for Policymakers
additional warming of the Earth's surface
CO2
0.3 °C
0.3 to 0.6 °C
2001
16
Australian Academy of Science
90%
90%
Richard Lindzen
does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
John Houghton
John Houghton, who was a co-chair of TAR WGI
scientific evidence
the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports
two
two
governments
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
publishing default emission factors
to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions
The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect,
"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
WWF report
"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
Robert Watson
overstating the impact
co-chair of the IPCC working group II
"What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance"
"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
"hockey stick graph"
Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
between 1000 and 1900
Fred Singer
Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
18 July 2000
United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
Rep. Joe Barton
Ed Whitfield
23 June 2005
Sherwood Boehlert
Sherwood Boehlert
Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000
Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000
Ten
divergence problem
Ten
1 February 2007
temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report
near the top end of the range
near the top end of the range
projected rises in sea levels
9–88 cm
50–140 cm
2001
Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009
Science Magazine
Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009
Kyoto Protocol
Climate Change
The lockstep situation
Sheldon Ungar
varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts
Stern Review
it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies
any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report
the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release.
Nature
Nature
Wikipedia-IPCC
full-time staff
conduct photosynthesis
ATP and NADPH
ATP and NADPH
Calvin cycle
varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.
Chloroplasts
light color and intensity
their own DNA
a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
each daughter cell during cell division
plants and algae
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Konstantin Mereschkowski
Cyanobacteria
prokaryotes
two cell membranes
peptidoglycan
blue-green algae
phagocytic vacuole
around a billion years ago
phagosomal membrane
phagosomal membrane
many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
almost the same thing as chloroplast
green
green
green
green chloroplast lineage
glaucophyte
alga Cyanophora,
glaucophyte chloroplasts
carbon fixation enzyme rubisco
carbon fixation enzyme rubisco
chlorophyll a and phycobilins
phycobilin pigments
chlorophyll a and phycobilins
to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water
starch
they have lost their phycobilisomes
accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
peptidoglycan wall
Some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer, though they've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division
chlorophyll b
secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to
secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two
a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it
phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane
The engulfed alga was broken down, leaving only its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus
green alga
Euglenophytes
pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three
Starch
three
cryptomonads
a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast
nucleomorph
in granules found in the periplastid space
stacks of two
helicosproidia
chromalveolates
Plasmodium, the malaria parasite
vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters
apicomplexan-related diseases
isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
true thylakoids
four
Peridinin
peridinin-type chloroplast
triplet-stacked
red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
fucoxanthin
fucoxanthin
tertiary endosymbiosis
tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast
cryptophyte
the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
phycobilin-containing chloroplast
two-membraned chloroplast
heterokontophyte
a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
red algal derived chloroplast
the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
in granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus
peridinin chloroplast
peridinin chloroplast
peridinin chloroplast
peridinin chloroplast
first set of endosymbiotic events
a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome
around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome
around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome
ctDNA, or cpDNA
the plastome
1962
1986
two Japanese research teams
inverted repeat regions
direct repeats
stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
electron microscopy
two
theta intermediary form
Cairns replication intermediate
rolling circle mechanism
A  G
single stranded
linear
homologous recombination
branched, linear, or other complex structures
bacteriophage T4
homologous recombination and replication structures
a D-loop mechanism of replication
a D loop mechanism
Endosymbiotic gene transfer
evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence
red algal derived chloroplast
the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor (probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too) had a green algal derived chloroplast
pseudogenes
around half
participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross the cell membrane
a phosphate group
after a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol
Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely
lens-shaped
lens-shaped, 5–8 m in diameter and 1–3 m
lens-shaped, 5–8 m in diameter and 1–3 m
a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net
a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net
The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane
the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.
mitochondrial double membrane
oxidative phosphorylation
to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
internal thylakoid system
inner chloroplast membrane
amyloplasts
stroma-containing tubule
to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
1962
C4 plants
gymnosperms
membranous tubes and vesicles
cross-membrane transport
to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space
to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
two-thirds
17 nm vs 25 nm
shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
plastoglobule(s)
spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins
spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins
45–60 nanometers across
a lipid monolayer
attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
thylakoid network
attached directly to their parent thylakoid
old or stressed chloroplasts
chloroplasts
spherical and highly refractive bodies
spherical and highly refractive bodies
spherical and highly refractive bodies
"de novo"
helical thylakoid model
helical thylakoid
two to a hundred
two to a hundred
helicoid stromal thylakoids
light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons
pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
dam turbine
two
grana
in contact with the stroma
pancake-shaped circular disks
pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
thirty
transfer and dissipate excess energy
chlorophyll green
-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts, like chlorophyll a.
orange-red zeaxanthin
cyanobacteria
Phycobilins
phycoerytherin
40 nanometers
40 nanometers
rubisco
it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
Calvin cycle
ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced.
light reactions
rubisco
normal grana and thylakoids
four-carbon compound
carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
chlorophyll
chlorophyll
parenchyma cells
collenchyma tissue
A plant cell which contains chloroplasts
stems
leaves
8–15 per cell
half a million
mesophyll layers
low-light conditions
intense light
reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage
distribution chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
Mitochondria
two
programmed cell death
warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
reactive oxygen species
reactive oxygen species
stress in a cell
an unknown second messenger molecule
signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
sugars
water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
ATP energy
pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
up to a thousand times
adenosine diphosphate
adenosine triphosphate
NADP+
cyclic photophosphorylation
C4 plants
C4 plants, which need more ATP than NADPH
Rubisco
unstable six-carbon molecules
3-phosphoglyceric acid
one out of every six
glucose monomers
high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
thylakoids
Waterlogged roots
another photosynthesis-depressing factor
RuBP
oxygen concentration is too high
it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
Calvin cycle
chloroplast dimorphism
Chloroplasts
methionine
it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
Chloroplasts
fertilized egg
an adult plant's apical meristems
starch-storing amyloplasts
chloroplasts
a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
a lattice of tubes in their stroma
yellow chlorophyll
Gymnosperms
chromoplasts
bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
chromoplasts
chromoplasts
chloroplasts and other plastids
filaments
a structure called a Z-ring
a structure called a Z-ring
chloroplast's stroma
Min system
two plastid-dividing rings
two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings
about 5 nanometers across
6.4 nanometers
Cyanidioschyzon merol, chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space.
Light
green light, but are slow to complete division— they require exposure to bright white light
Spinach leaves
poor quality green light
pollen
significantly lower environmental risks
3 in 1,000,000
3 in 1,000,000.
a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself
composite number
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
primality
trial division
Miller–Rabin primality test
AKS primality test
22,338,618 decimal digits
Euclid
Euclid
statistical behaviour
prime number theorem
end of the 19th century
infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2).
infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2).
analytic or algebraic
public-key cryptography
prime elements and prime ideals
2
1, 2, and n
odd prime
1, 3, 7, or 9
even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5.
1
Christian Goldbach
Christian Goldbach
10,006,721
forms its own special category as a "unit"
Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
the sieve of Eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime
the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function.
the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function
eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1
the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus
Ancient Greeks
Euclid's Elements
Euclid
a simple method to compute primes
Pierre de Fermat
Leibniz and Euler
22n + 1
2p  1
up to n = 4 (or 216 +1)
trial division
if a complete list of primes up to is known
dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root
only three divisions
dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n
two main classes
probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
1/(1-p)n
npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number.
npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number.
there are some composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity
Baillie-PSW
Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests
p + 1 or p  1
prime numbers that are of the form 2p  1
Lucas–Lehmer test
primorial primes
p + 1 or p  1
distributed computing
2009
US$100,000
$150,000 and $250,000
[256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1)  1]
floor function
Chebyshev
at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2, for any natural number n > 3
there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2
Wilson's theorem
one
Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions
1/6
at most one prime number
infinitely many prime numbers
The zeta function
if there were only finitely many primes then (1) would have a finite value
diverges
exceeds any given number
the following identity (Basel problem), due to Euler,
1859
all zeroes of the -function
random noise
asymptotic distribution of primes
asymptotic distribution of primes
Goldbach's conjecture
1912
all numbers up to n = 2  1017
Vinogradov's theorem
Chen's theorem
twin prime conjecture
pairs of primes with difference 2
Polignac's conjecture
n2 + 1
Brocard's conjecture
prime numbered gear teeth
G. H. Hardy
1970s
hash tables
hash tables and pseudorandom number generators
a recurring decimal
p  1
The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10) has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q.
n > 4
p is not a prime factor of q
512-bit primes
RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
512-bit primes
modular exponentiation
512-bit primes
cicadas
grubs underground
7, 13 or 17 years
prime number intervals between emergences
up to 2% higher
minimality or indecomposability
smallest subfield
a connected sum of prime knots
any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
elements of any commutative ring R
commutative ring
prime elements and irreducible elements
given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y.
given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y. An element is irreducible if it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Gaussian integers Z[i]
Gaussian integers
arbitrary integers
Rational primes
ring theory
Prime ideals
Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal, are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry.
Lasker–Noether theorem, which expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals,
Lasker–Noether theorem, which expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals,
Prime ideals
ramification in geometry
prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value
completed (or local) fields
completing with respect to the p-adic norm
local-global principle
Olivier Messiaen
La Nativité du Seigneur
La Nativité du Seigneur
third étude
movements of nature
the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea
the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea
1,050,000
Danube
1,230 km (760 mi)
the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea
the Netherlands
2,900 m3/s
Rnos
English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin
Rnaz
1st century BC
Rnos
English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin
the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *Rnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rn, Old High German Rn, Dutch Rijn
Rnaz
Rhijn
Rhine-kilometers
1939
1939
1939
The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course
Rhine-kilometers"
1939
1939
The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course
1939
north
599 m to 396 m.
599 m to 396 m.
Near Sargans
the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East.
Chur
599 m to 396 m.
599 m to 396 m.
599 m to 396 m.
the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East.
Lake Constance
Alter Rhein
modern canalized section
Isel
Donkey
Lake Constance
modern canalized section
Alter Rhein
at least two arms
Isel
the Rhine
Fußach
the Rhine
Dornbirner Ach
continuous input of sediment into the lake
Fußach
the Rhine
the Rhine
Dornbirner Ach
continuous input of sediment into the lake
Lake Constance
lower lake
Lake Rhine
the Swiss-Austrian border
upper lake
Lake Constance
Germany, Switzerland and Austria
near the Alps
47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E
Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
greater density of cold water
Lake Überlingen
Rheinbrech
the entire length of the lake.
Lindau
Rheinbrech
Lindau
Lake Überlingen
Rhine Gutter
water level
westward
Aare
1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
Finsteraarhorn
Basel
westward
Aare
more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s), and provides more than a fifth of the discharge
Finsteraarhorn
German
centre of Basel
Rhine knee
Central Bridge
300 km
about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide
centre of Basel
Rhine knee
the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North
High Rhine
Central Bridge
19th Century
ground water level
The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
large compensation pools
a Rhine straightening program
19th Century
ground water level
The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
Germany
300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
The Rhine
the Moselle
2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
Germany
Germany
the Moselle
Northeastern France
2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
erosion
the Romantic Rhine
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
The gorge
Romantic Rhine
Rhine
Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
The Ruhr
drinking water
Switzerland
water pollution
Rhine
Switzerland
Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
The Ruhr
viniculture and tourism
Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz
Lorelei
scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes,
viniculture and tourism
The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz
Lorelei
Sankt Goarshausen
Duisburg
Wesel-Datteln Canal
parallel to the Lippe
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
400 m
Lower Rhine
Rhine-Ruhr
Duisport
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
400 m
Meuse
Rijn
Two thirds
west
Two thirds
Meuse
Oude Maas
Pannerdens Kanaal
The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn
Lek
Nieuwe Maas
Pannerdens Kanaal
The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn
one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer
Lek
Wijk bij Duurstede
Rijn
these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders.
Kromme Rijn
Bent Rhine
Old Rhine
Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands
Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands
Rhine Delta
Nederrijn at Angeren
three
Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel
Old Meuse
the Rip
Merwede-Oude Maas
1421
Merwede-Oude Maas
1421 to 1904
archipelago-like estuary
Many rivers have been closed ("dammed")
the second half of the 20th Century
dammed
the second half of the 20th Century
tidal delta
tidal currents
strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea.
Brakel and Zaltbommel
Tethys sea
Jurassic Period
Mediterranean geography
Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era
Iberia
Eocene
Upper Rhine Graben
Miocene
watersheds of the Rhone and Danube
stream capture
Pliocene period
Vosges Mountains
Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages
sea level dropped 120 m (390 ft)
sea level dropped 120 m (390 ft)
northwest
Brest
 74,000
11,600 BP
70,000 BP
120 m (390 ft) lower
the lower Rhine
a glacier
tundra
22,000–14,000 yr BP
ice-sheets
loess
frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers
frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers
Rhine
13,000 BP
9000 BP
7500 yr ago
natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes
last 7000 years
tectonic subsidence
1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century
11,700 years ago
8,000 years ago
Late-Glacial valley
the Netherlands
 3000 yr BP
increased flooding and sedimentation
sediment load of the Rhine
11–13th
80
North Sea
Meuse estuary
IJsselmeer
a freshwater lake
River Waal
Herodotus
Gaul and Germania
6th century BC
Maurus Servius Honoratus
the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube.
Rhine and upper Danube
until the empire fell
drifted across the river eastwards
Moguntiacum
eight
Germania Inferior
Gallia Narbonensis and XXI, possibly a Galatian legion from the other side of the empire.
whether a state or threat of war
town of the Ubii
Alemannia
Alemannia
dragons rock
the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) ("dragons rock"), near Bonn at the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms, at the Rhine and Kriemhild's golden treasure, which was thrown into
Hagen
6th century
10th century
Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine
Archduke Sigismund of Austria
Archduke Sigismund of Austria
the Peace of Westphalia
Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine
Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte,
1806
1840
end of World War I
1935
1935
Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1936
The Rhine bridge at Arnhem
formidable natural obstacle
September 1944
Ludendorff Bridge
Seven Days to the River Rhine
1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
Knaurs Lexikon
typographical error
1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
2010
1997
Scotland Act 1998
the areas in which it can make laws
explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster
Parliament of Great Britain
Parliament of Great Britain
Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War.
Kilbrandon Commission
1973
"It's Scotland's oil" campaign
"It's Scotland's oil" campaign
1974
the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
1978
Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh
Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh
32.9%
The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed
32.9%
Conservative
Conservative Party
Scottish Constitutional Convention
the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.
a new Scottish Parliament Building
Enric Miralles
Enric Miralles
leaf-shaped
Queen Elizabeth II
to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly
General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
School of Divinity
Strathclyde Regional Council
Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
City of Edinburgh Council
George IV Bridge
demolished
Parliament's visitors' centre
Parliament's visitors' centre
two MSPs
Tricia Marwick
secret ballot
129
A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.
Presiding Officer
Convening the Parliamentary Bureau
one representative from each political parties with five or more seats
at home and abroad
hemicycle
the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members
131
2
cannot vote
silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
the Queen
Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
in a glass case suspended from the lid
Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays
Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm
the public
free
the Official Report
Wednesdays
up to four minutes
Presiding Officer
Speakers are drawn from across Scotland
Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers
The Presiding Officer
the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
the Presiding Officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties
ministers or party leaders
Scots, Gaelic
5 pm
the sounding of the division bell, which is heard throughout the Parliamentary campus
return and vote
electronic consoles on their desks
the outcome of each division is known in seconds
political parties
political parties
whips
moral
Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections
45
an MSP who is not a Scottish minister
45 minutes
other members
winds up
committee
backbenchers
there is no revising chamber
take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise
at other locations throughout Scotland
MSPs
Committees
different committees
Mandatory Committees
fourth Session
at the beginning of each parliamentary session
one (or more) of the departments (or ministries)
Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
an outside party or promoter
large-scale development projects
to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.
Private Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland.
The Scotland Act 1998
Queen Elizabeth II
The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies
Westminster
Queen Elizabeth II
all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act
automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament
All matters that are not specifically reserved
up to 3 pence in the pound
borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns.
Reserved matters
Westminster
Westminster
UK Government ministers
Scottish Government
Scottish Government
a private member
an outside proposer
Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages
a Policy Memorandum
a Policy Memorandum
whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
in the relevant committee or committees
Stage 2
Stage 3
consideration of amendments to the bill
Stage 3
wrecking
Decision Time
the Monarch
the Monarch
Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government
Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government
"The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent
The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament
Any member
a number of candidates
elected MSPs
the Sovereign
the first Thursday in May
the first Thursday in May
Monarch
unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case they supplant it.
the Queen
Scottish Parliament
First Minister or members of the cabinet
at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year
issues related to the substance of the statement
Parliamentary time
11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m.
members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government
issues under their jurisdiction
four
73
Orkney and Shetland
one
Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
55,000
d'Hondt
d'Hondt method
The party with the highest quotient
constituency seats
repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.
a number of qualifications
House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981
over the age of 18
Members of the police and the armed forces
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
Labour
151 votes
one
a referendum on Scottish independence
Conservatives
Edinburgh Pentlands
five seats
Annabel Goldie
Union
Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland
English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
West Lothian question
standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.
England
Islamism
moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.
reordering of government and society
"oscillating between two poles
a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion
Tunisian Ennahda
Hamas
to abolish the state of Israel
democracy
religious
Graham E. Fuller
Sunni pan-Islamism
sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
"increasingly interdependent" with democracy
Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy
Islamism
Islam ism
Islamism
illiberal Islamic regimes
separate religion from politics
Muslims
the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam
the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam
1945 and 1970
quietist/ non-political Islam
dangerous enemies
During the 1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups
considerable impact
US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact.
leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
considerable impact
Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat
1975
assassinated
Wahhabism
hate them for their religion
Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims
Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims
Saudi
Islamist
incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments
Islamist
rhetoric
prohibitively costly dowry demands
London branch
All India Muslim League
Indian National Congress
1908
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
Hindu-majority population
Hindu-majority population
nationalist differences
Allahabad
Pakistan movement
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
1941
writing
placed Islam in a modern context
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
writing
placed Islam in a modern context
Sharia
an Islamic state
unity of God
the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah.
the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah.
Ismailiyah, Egypt
Ismailiyah, Egypt
Hassan al Banna
the Qur'an
government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world.
Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
1948
Gamal Abdul Nasser
the Brotherhood
75% of the total seats
"semi-legal"
"semi-legal"
Mohamed Morsi
Israeli troops
Israeli troops
secular Arab nationalism
A steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics
Maududi and Sayyid Qutb
Sunni Islamic thinkers
Ali Shariati
Sunni Islamic thinkers
"plundering" of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Western governments.
"plundering" of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Western governments.
Shia terrorist groups
Shia terrorist groups
Shia terrorist groups
Israel-Lebanon conflict
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
40th Army
40th Army
send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
marginal
16,000 to 35,000
US and allied non-Muslim military personnel
Saddam Hussein
Islamist
US and allied non-Muslim military personnel
a puppet of the west
American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process
Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups (Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups)
American troops remained stationed in the kingdom
Osama bin Laden's terror attacks
Osama bin Laden
Hasan al-Hudaybi,
1966
Brotherhood
Fringe or splinter
1970s
Anwar Sadat
1981
apostate
leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
2003
the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful
attempted assassinations of political figures
quiescent
HAMAS
1988
the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without hijab.
First Palestine Intifada
Hamas
542
January 2006
542
driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
Islamist
Hassan al-Turabi
General Gaafar al-Nimeiry
foreign Islamist banking systems
loyalists
1985
the military
strict application of sharia law
Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden
Sharia law, economic liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment
1989
Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria
Front Islamique de Salut
voting was canceled by a military coup d'état
justice and prosperity
Soviet Union
1992
one of the poorest countries on earth
80%
Deobandi
Pakistan
Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
Sharia
Osama bin Laden
July 1977
alcohol and nightclubs
Islamism
imposing "symbols" rather than substance, and using Islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power
1988
Daesh
Daesh
ten million
it lacks international recognition
caliphate
2004
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
notorious intransigence
March 2011
the United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria
the Caliphate, the party takes a different view of Muslim history
7th century
1924
Turkish modernist
ended the true Islamic system
"ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government,"
ideological struggle
"ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government,"
1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt
jihadi terrorists
900,000
strong Islamist
2007
Londonistan
Abu Hamza al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park Mosque, was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism
2001
public diplomacy programmes
Christian Whiton
Robert Gates
Robert Gates
Latin
extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force
Japan
rapid spread of technologies and ideas
extending a country’s power and influence
"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule."
othering
less direct
"formal" and "informal" imperialism
physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule"
general-purpose aggressiveness
enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries
informal
land
how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory
Lenin
expansion overland, economic and cultural influences spread at least as much
Asia and Africa
colonialism
it lacks a political focus
Robert Young
Contiguous land empires
to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people
Imperialism and colonialism
the process of a country taking physical control of another
create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands
exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered
Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.
defense and justification of empire-building
defense and justification of empire-building
races of highest'social efficiency'
"Social Darwinism" and a theory of races
whiteness
Friedrich Ratzel
Friedrich Ratzel
Friedrich Ratzel
The Royal Geographical Society of London
The Royal Geographical Society of London
environmental determinism
Ellen Churchill Semple
Edward Said’s Orientalism
environmental determinism
Orientalism
Terra nullius
eighteenth century
generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire
Australia
empty land
imaginative geography
irrational and backward
Defining the East as a negative vision of itself, as its inferior
Orientalism
irrational and backward
nineteenth-century maps
"information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
to denote unknown or unexplored territory
cartographic techniques
French and British
Aztec Empire
Genghis Khan
dozens
Ethiopian Empire
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cultural imperialism
soft power
Dallas
Roman
authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes
1700
colonizing
the "Scramble for Africa" and the "Open Door Policy"
early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century
Open Door Policy
1919
1999
John Gallagher
the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.
the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.
economic growth
the "British exploited the political weakness of the Mughal state, and, while military activity was important at various times, the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance"
collecting resources from colonies
Mughal state
advancements in communication
European chemists
machine gun
arrows, swords, and leather shields
European chemists
British
late 1870s
idealism and philanthropy
investment
aristocracy
1950s
World War I
domestic social reforms
state intervention through taxation
environmental determinism
a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived
less civilized
Africa
orientalism and tropicality
climatic
Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate
guidance and intervention from the European empire
orientalism
colonizing empires
sixteenth century
Queen Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth
1767
Portuguese
France took control of Algeria in 1830
1850
Catholicism
North and West Africa
Germany
lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior
assimilation
France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.
Christianity and French culture
Algeria
Charles de Gaulle and the Free French
anti-colonial movements
Vietnam
Algeria
1960
the Holy Roman Empire,
Muslim Iberia
middle period of classical antiquity
800 CE
an amorphous area of central Europe
late 19th century
1862
Franco-German War
Napoleon
Habsburg control of the First Empire, the Spanish throne, and other royal houses.
Africa and the South Pacific
reasons of German prestige
1884
German New Guinea
Hamburg merchants and traders
Russo-Japanese War
1894
Thailand
1931
The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China
1932
Lenin
Eastern Europe
Lenin
the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution
Lenin
Mao Zedong
Nikita Khrushchev
socialism in one country
mercantilism
1776
Britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade
1820
1815
The British Empire
Social Darwinism
British spirit of imperialism
Asia and the Middle East
Monroe Doctrine
Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism
a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines
Anti-Imperialist League
a "racket"
Isiah Bowman
1917
Paris Peace Conference
to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'
Wilson's geographer
imperialism
"internal colonialism"
12 to 15 million
using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary Orient
1299 to 1923
Suleiman the Magnificent
32
Southeast Europe
16th and 17th centuries
Istanbul
the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions.
World War I
the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions.
United Methodist Church
mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
John and Charles Wesley
the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
Wesleyan
80 million
80 million
largest mainline Protestant denomination
3.6%
mid-18th century
Church of England
methodical and exceptional detailed in their Bible study
1735
Georgia
John and Charles Wesley
salvation by God's grace
John Wesley
1784
Thomas Coke
the Lovely Lane Methodist Church
the Lovely Lane Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
1767
sail Loft on Dock Street
1784
Absalom Jones
St. George's Church
1784
1830
laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
1844
tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
April 23, 1968
Dallas, Texas
Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
the Apostle's Creed
The Book of Discipline
all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
the American Revolution
Dr. Thomas Coke
Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
1968
John Wesley and Charles Wesley
Albert C. Outler
Albert C. Outler
Prevenient grace
Prevenient grace
the grace that "goes before" us
Prevenient grace
Justifying Grace
justifying grace
conversion
conversion
the New Birth
Christian Perfection
Sanctifying Grace
a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
Christian Perfection
Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology
prima scriptura
moderate and tolerant
The Book of Discipline
2008 General Conference
2008 General Conference
2008 General Conference
The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women
the need to be in supportive ministry with all women
they "are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother
TUMAS
May 2012
Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
temperance movement
2011 and 2012
The Use of Money
unfermented grape juice
capital punishment
Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7.
Matthew 5:38-39
General Conference of the United Methodist Church
the celebration of same-sex unions
Rev. Jimmy Creech
2016
Connectional Table
LGBT community
voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions
1987
2005
Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
United Methodist Church
neither the way of military action
the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war
Christ's message and teachings
an instrument of national foreign policy
general and complete disarmament
"about violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion" and "deplore[s] all forms of commercialization, abuse, and exploitation of sex."
violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
their perspective, relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of girls and women
the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent
stem cells
the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent
Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
Sunday Service of the Methodists
Africa
Book of Common Prayer
laying on of hands and anointing with oil
a biblical figure
William Booth
John Wesley
United Methodist Church
General Conference
The Book of Discipline
General Conference
every four years
five
seven
bishops
bishops
Episcopal Areas
Mission Council
church bishops
the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction
George W. Bush Presidential Library
the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction
eight-year
The Judicial Council
eight-year term
twice a year
twice a year at various locations throughout the world
Annual Conference
geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
Clergy
The Book of Discipline
board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members
board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members
The church conference
The church conference
around one hundred
three hundred sixty
International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
John Wesley
pastors
Annual Conference Order of Elders
Annual Conference Order of Deacons
Annual Conference Cabinet
one year at a time
Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
Elders are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service
the local church
2–3 years
District Superintendents
2–3 years
bishop
bishop
elders
1996
seminary graduate
1996
Licensed Local Pastor
Full-time and part-time licensed local pastor
five
Associate Membership
Baptized Members
confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
transfer from another Christian denomination
Baptism
confirmation and membership preparation classes
The Book of Discipline
Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
two categories of lay servants
they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant
annually
at least one advanced course every three years
The United Methodist Church
observer status
blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union
May 2012
The United Methodist Church has since 1985 been exploring a possible merger with three historically African-American Methodist denominations:
42,000
42,000
8 million
8 million
Texas
11.4 million
7.9 million
7.9 million
Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
World Methodist Council
July 18, 2006
1754–1763
colonies of British America and New France
60,000 European settlers
2 million
New France and the British colonies
Forks of the Ohio
Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington
1755
Battle of the Monongahela
poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
Fort Beauséjour
Acadians
William Pitt
France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.
Sainte Foy in Quebec
Great Britain
Spain
Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America
1740s
Seven Years' War
France and Great Britain
the Great War for the Empire
1763
six years
1760
Battle of Jumonville Glen
75,000
75,000
Indian women
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
the interior
native tribes
Father Le Loutre's War
Ohio Country
limited by them in authority to make agreements
Creek and Choctaw
the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region
Anglo-Cherokee War
North America
British troops
local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.
June and November 1749.
about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.
they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
Pickawillany
severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British
"Old Briton" ignored the warning.
The Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English
the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken
British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
1749
1749
Christopher Gist
the Monongahela River
the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
King George's War
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
British and French colonies
Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides
Marquis de la Jonquière
French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
Old Briton
Paul Marin de la Malgue
Erie, Pennsylvania
Waterford, Pennsylvania
to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
Tanaghrisson
The British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
"He who does great things."
colonel of the Iroquois
Chief Hendrick
Ohio Company
Major George Washington
Tanaghrisson
December 12
Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
Ohio Country
As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British
April 5, 1754
William Trent
construction tools
Battle of Jumonville Glen
Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships
to dislodge the French
the British military plans
King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
February 1755
Albany Congress
allegiance of the various tribes and nations
The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
War of Independence
1,500
a disaster
Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.
Thomas Gage
Shirley and Johnson.
logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience in managing large expeditions.
Fort Niagara
Mohawk River and Wood Creek
Marquis de Vaudreuil.
Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
both sides withdrawing from the field
Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
Fort Carillon
Colonel Monckton
To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.
1757
William Shirley
Albany
Fort Frontenac
Quebec
James Abercrombie
Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
May 18, 1756
Oneida Carry
March Battle of Fort Bull
45,000 pounds
Oswego garrison
Loudoun
Ticonderoga
Oswego
disposition of prisoners' personal effects
Quebec
Montcalm
William Pitt
New York
Fort William Henry
Lake George
killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
poor harvest
Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg,
The British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
Loudoun
large numbers of regular troops
Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
3,600
3,600
Fort Frontenac
Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.
to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
New France
Prussia, and the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
Montcalm
cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
Battle of Sainte-Foy
the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche
Governor Vaudreuil
French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes.
Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst.
10 February 1763
15 February 1763
Guadeloupe and Martinique
greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
80,000
1755
North American provinces
New Orleans
King George III
outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains
Christianized Yamasee
Braddock and Forbes
1769
Choctaw and the Creek
the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession
Aristotle and Archimedes
fundamental error
Sir Isaac Newton
nearly three hundred years
Einstein
Standard Model
gauge bosons
strong
strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational
electroweak interaction
Aristotle
Aristotelian cosmology
four
motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground
innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place"
17th century
Galileo Galilei
impetus
17th century
friction
Newton
constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force
Newton
Newton's First Law of Motion
the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.
the laws of physics
curving parabolic path
the laws of physics do not change from being at rest
Inertia
inertia
rotational inertia of planet Earth
Albert Einstein
Newton's Laws of Motion
principle of equivalence
Newton's Second Law
kinematic
General relativity
General relativity
the relative units of force and mass then are fixed
Newton's Third Law
Newton's Third Law
all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3]
F and F
action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system
internal forces
action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system
pushes or pulls,
using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale
Newtonian mechanics
experimentation
vector quantities
denoted scalar quantities
Associating forces with vectors
ambiguous
Associating forces with vectors
static equilibrium
magnitude and direction
net force
their respective lines of application
parallelogram
right angles
horizontal force pointing northeast
Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force
scalar addition
right-angles
static friction
static friction
Pushing against an object on a frictional surface
Pushing against an object on a frictional surface
A static equilibrium between two forces
spring reaction force
force of gravity
force of gravity
Isaac Newton
Galileo
simple velocity addition
Galileo
the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast
the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast
constant velocity motion
a force is applied in the direction of motion
constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction
Aristotle
Schrödinger equation
Schrödinger equation
classical position variables
quantized
force
spin
the Pauli principle
spin
the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force)
the spatial variables must be antisymmetric
momentum-carrying gauge
force
conservation of momentum
sophisticated mathematical descriptions
matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right
four
strong and weak forces
the gravitational force
masses
Pauli exclusion principle
Isaac Newton
the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of matter (fermions) interacting by exchanging virtual particles
fundamental theories for forces
Physicists
Isaac Newton
Galileo
9.81 meters per second squared
9.81 meters per second squared
directly proportional
Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances.
acceleration of the Moon around the Earth
mass
mass () and the radius
Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,
1798
1798
Newton
Mercury
Vulcan
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
general relativity
ballistic trajectory
gravitational force
when observing the motion in a global sense
Lorentz's Law
The connection between electricity and magnetism
Lorentz's Law
a sum of the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell
the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe,
quantum mechanics
quantum electrodynamics
photons
quantum electrodynamics
stiffness and rigidity
Pauli exclusion principle
not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states.
macroscopically as a structural force
stiffness and rigidity
Pauli exclusion principle
not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states.
macroscopically as a structural force
elementary particles
a residual of the force is observed between hadrons
a residual of the force is observed between hadrons
gluons
color confinement
The weak force
beta decay
beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity
1013 times less
1015 kelvins
repulsive forces of interaction between atoms
Pauli repulsion
fermionic nature of electrons
repulsive forces of interaction between atoms
ideal strings
ideal pulleys
action-reaction pairs
the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.
by connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys
Newtonian mechanics
how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects
extended structure
extended structure
extended structure
tensile stresses and compressions.:133–133:38-1–38-11
shear terms
shear terms
shear terms
position
unbalanced torque
instantaneous angular acceleration
the center of the curving path
perpendicular
unbalanced centripetal force
the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path
the tangential force
A conservative force that acts on a closed system
A conservative force that acts on a closed system
net mechanical energy
the direction and amount of a flow of water
an artifact of the potential field
it is impossible to model forces
gradient of potentials
friction
Nonconservative
statistical mechanics
macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
entropy
macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
pound-force
kilopond
1 ms2
the kip
sthène