Saint Bernadette Soubirous
copper
Main Building
a Marian place of prayer and reflection
a golden statue of the Virgin Mary
September 1876
Scholastic
The Observer
nine
1987
Rome
Moreau Seminary
Old College
Fatima House
Buechner Prize for Preaching
eight
1920
early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science
eight
1870s
Learning Resource Center
one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school
1962
U.S. News & World Report
1924
College of Arts and Letters
Alliance for Catholic Education
1854
Department of Pre-Professional Studies
Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame
1986
Ray Kroc
1986
14
Theodore M. Hesburgh Library
1963
Millard Sheets
Touchdown Jesus
3,577
19.7%
among the top 10 to 15 in the nation
39.1%
1,311
18th
8th
1st overall
10th
57.6%
Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.
1851–1921
Father John Augustine Zahm
Thomas Aquinas and Augustine
Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.
1882
Professor Jerome Green
1899
Father Julius Nieuwland
Albert Zahm
germ-free-life
1950
1950
1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.
1928
1939
German Catholic journals
44
1939
John Jenkins
"one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world"
Kroc Institute for International Peace studies
2013
the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index
12,179
21–24%
Bookstore Basketball
the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh
12,179
20%
29
15
20%
15
Congregatio a Sancta Cruce
93%
over 100 times per week
Fifty-seven
93%
Washington Hall
1879
Rev. William Corby
17th of May
LaFortune Student Center
Father James Burns
College of Commerce
Father James Burns
Father James Burns
Harvard Law School
Knute Rockne
105
1925
three
three
Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America
Ku Klux Klan
Fr. Matthew Walsh
week-long
South Bend
John Francis O'Hara
John Francis O'Hara
Laetare Medal
1883
a spiritual service
more than half
Lobund Institute for Animal Studies
Hall of Liberal Arts
Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C.
Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute
1917–2015
the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million.
the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million.
1952–87
389 to 950
Hesburgh
Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters
Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs
Mary Ann Proctor
Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College
1987–2005
the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than
the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than
$70 million
the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than
2005
17th
Malloy
Compton Family Ice Arena
$400m
Congregation of Holy Cross
Basilica of the Sacred Heart
French Revival
Luigi Gregori
1896
Fr. Zahm
1950
Joseph LaFortune
83,000 square feet
$1.2 million
29
Theodore Hesburgh Library
Theodore Hesburgh Library,
Duncan Hall
Frank Eck Stadium
Office of Sustainability
40%
Sustainable Endowments Institute
Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
1968
Trafalgar Square
Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.
1998
1842
1842
1849
Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University
O'Shaughnessy Hall, includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social sciences, and awards Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees in 33 majors, making it the largest of the university's colleges.
Father Patrick Dillon
1865
six years
Jordan Hall of Science
over 1,200
The School of Architecture
Bond Hall
five-year
Rome
Driehaus Architecture Prize
fall of 2015
on the first floor of Stanford Hall
three million volumes
over three million
John O'Hara
Waldemar Gurian
classics and law
Max Scheler
a renowned sculptor
The University of Notre Dame du Lac
Catholic research university
Our Lady of the Lake
Virgin Mary
1,250 acres
Fighting Irish football team
Knute Rockne
NCAA Division I
62
62
four-year, highly residential research
four
Driehaus Architecture Prize
more than 50
Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art
1842
Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière
Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross
November 26, 1842
Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel
1849
1865
Father Lemonnier
1879
1873
NDtv
one
WSND-FM
WVFI
University of Notre Dame
June 3, 2008
major national chains
the City of South Bend
non-union workers
Atlantic Coast Conference
Big East Conference
Midwest Fencing Conference
Hockey East
Big East Conference
five
five
Central Collegiate Hockey Association
Navy Blue and Gold Rush
Notre Dame Leprechaun
Under Armour
$100 million
1846
oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States
Notre Dame Victory March
Michigan Wolverines
Michigan Wolverines
Ohio State University
Jeweled Shillelagh
Ohio State University
George Gipp
Knute Rockne
Ronald Reagan
George Gipp
80,795
Zahm House's two-story banner
the Drummers' Circle
Bond Hall
Notre Dame Alma Mater
Saturday
over 1,600
over 1,600
over 1,600
Austin Carr
Mike Brey
John F. Shea
1904
Rev. Michael J. Shea
1928
her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory
The Gipper
Airplane!
Sean Astin
George Zipp
Knute Rockne
Condoleezza Rice
Eric F. Wieschaus
Rev. John Jenkins
Hall of Famers
Jim Wetherbee
R&B
R&B
2003
Houston, Texas
R&B
Destiny's Child
Dangerously in Love
Mathew Knowles
Houston
Dangerously in Love
September 4, 1981
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter
R&B
R&B
Dangerously in Love
2003
Dangerously in Love
R&B
Dangerously in Love
2003
acting
Sasha Fierce
Sasha Fierce
The Pink Panther
2010
The Pink Panther
Sasha Fierce
June 2005
Destiny's Child
The Pink Panther
Sasha Fierce
Sasha Fierce
love, relationships, and monogamy
Time
Forbes
The Recording Industry Association of America
Forbes
modern-day feminist
2013 and 2014
over 118 million
over 118 million
over 118 million
20
Forbes
Destiny's Child
her mother's maiden name
African-American
Methodist
Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
hairdresser and salon owner
Solange
Joseph Broussard
Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
Solange
Joseph Broussard.
Methodist
Fredericksburg
Darlette Johnson
Houston
Darlette Johnson
St. John's United Methodist Church
music magnet school
Imagine
Fredericksburg
Darlette Johnson
seven
St. John's United Methodist Church
Arne Frager
1995
Elektra Records
Arne Frager
1995
Sony Music
Elektra Records
eight
eight
Girl's Tyme
Arne Frager
1995
Grass Roots Entertainment
Men in Black
"Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name"
Marc Nelson
1996
a passage in the Book of Isaiah
Men in Black
Say My Name
Marc Nelson
based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah.
Men in Black.
No, No, No
1999
Marc Nelson
Beyoncé
boyfriend
her mother
Beyoncé
a couple of years
her mother
Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.
Beyoncé
her mother
LeToya Luckett and Roberson
Independent Women Part I
eleven
Beyoncé
663,000
Georges Bizet
Luckett and Roberson
Charlie's Angels.
Carmen: A Hip Hopera
Luckett and Roberson
Luckett and Roberson
October 2001
Foxxy Cleopatra
UK, Norway, and Belgium
The Fighting Temptations
Missy Elliott
Summertime
Goldmember
73 million
The Fighting Temptations
The Fighting Temptations
$30 million
Goldmember
Foxxy Cleopatra
Work It Out
The Fighting Temptations
The Fighting Temptations
four
Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland
11 million
Crazy in Love
four
Jay Z
Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland
four
Luther Vandross
Jay Z
June 24, 2003
Crazy in Love
Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
five.
Destiny Fulfilled
March 2006
November 2003
Destiny Fulfilled
Rowland
March 2006
Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
Super Bowl XXXVIII
Rowland
541,000
Déjà Vu
Jay Z,
Jay Z,
twenty-fifth birthday
Jay Z
Jay Z,
twenty-fifth
541,000
Jay Z
Green Light
$158.8 million
Dreamgirls
Dreamgirls
April 2007
24 million
158.8 million
The Beyoncé Experience
Shakira
$158.8 million
Diana Ross.
Listen
The Beyoncé Experience
Shakira
Jay Z
November 18, 2008
2000s
Taylor Swift
119.5 million
in a video montage at the listening party
March 2009
Taylor Swift
119.5 million
April 4, 2008
Jay Z.
Sasha Fierce
Single Ladies
Kanye West
Etta James
Phoenix House
At Last
thriller
MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
Phoenix House
Obsessed
Sharon Charles
60 million
Etta James
Phoenix House
First Couple's first inaugural ball.
Obsessed.
ten
Lauryn Hill
Lady Gaga
six
Mariah Carey
ten nominations
Telephone
Lady Gaga
Mariah Carey
Lauryn Hill
ten
Lauryn Hill
Lady Gaga
Mariah Carey
January 2010
January 2010
Great Wall of China
January 2010
her mother
her father
nine months
Beyoncé
her mother
her father
nine months
2011
Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
Glastonbury Festival
Rolling Stone
highest-paid performer in the world per minute
Beyoncé
2011
Rolling Stone
Glastonbury Festival
Muammar Gaddafi.
Beyoncé
Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.
Glastonbury Festival
June 28, 2011
Love on Top
New York Association of Black Journalists.
Roseland Ballroom
June 28, 2011
310,000
New York Association of Black Journalists
June 28, 2011
June 28, 2011
June 28, 2011
310,000
New York Association of Black Journalists.
Roseland Ballroom
January 7, 2012
Lenox Hill Hospital
Blue Ivy Carter
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
January 7, 2012
Blue Ivy Carter
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
January 7, 2012
Blue Ivy Carter
Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
romance
Life Is But a Dream
Warner/Chappell
January 2013
Nuclear
President Obama
268,000 tweets per minute
January 2013
Nuclear
President Obama's second inauguration
Super Bowl XLVII halftime show
Life Is But a Dream
132
132
Rise Up
Epic
132
2013 Met Gala
20th Century Fox
Rise Up
132
132
Back to Black
She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala.
20th Century Fox
Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store
December 13, 2013
Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store
Jay Z
$115 million
$115 million
December 13, 2013
one million
Drunk in Love
On the Run Tour.
three
Beck
Vogue
Coldplay
three
Beck
Coldplay
six awards
Vogue
Coldplay
Coldplay
57th Annual Grammy Awards
three
Beck
Vogue
Coldplay
Tidal
Formation
February 6, 2016
Tidal
Tidal
Tidal
February 6, 2016
Tidal
300 million
Paris
miscarriage
Jay Z
April 4, 2008
300 million
wrote music
Paris
'03 Bonnie & Clyde
April 4, 2008
300 million
miscarriage
Paris
MTV Video Music Awards
pregnancy
8,868
MTV Video Music Awards
8,868
most tweets per second recorded for a single event"
Beyonce pregnant
Love on Top
MTV Video Music Awards
Love on Top
8,868
Beyonce pregnant
Lifeandtimes.com
Glory
Blue Ivy Carter
Lenox Hill Hospital
Glory
Blue Ivy Carter
B.I.C.
January 7, 2012
Blue Ivy Carter
Glory
"B.I.C."
B.I.C.
George Zimmerman
America the Beautiful
4 million
same sex marriage
George Zimmerman
America the Beautiful
America the Beautiful
At Last
Tumblr
same sex marriage
Vogue
Ban Bossy campaign
Vogue
April 2013
Ban Bossy
Flawless
to encourage leadership in girls
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Ban Bossy
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
Freddie Gray
thousands of dollars
Freddie Gray
thousands of dollars
Madonna and Celine Dion
highest-earning power couple
by the end of 2014
250 million
Madonna and Celine Dion
$80 million
2009 to 2011
115 million
250 million
$80 million
$115 million
MTV
2013
four
Jody Rosen
The Daily Mail
power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop
four octaves
versatile
power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop
range and power
four
Her vocal abilities
"velvety yet tart
hip hop
R&B
pop, soul and funk
Irreemplazable
re-release of B'Day
Rudy Perez
R&B
Irreemplazable
Irreemplazable
Irreemplazable
R&B
Irreemplazable
American record producer Rudy Perez.
Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day.
melodies and ideas
Cater 2 U
Jay Z
Jay Z
Beyoncé
melodies and ideas
Independent Women
Beyoncé
melodies and ideas
Mariah Carey
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards
Diane Warren
Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters
2001
Mariah Carey
17
Mariah Carey
Pop Songwriter of the Year
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.
Mariah Carey
17
Michael Jackson
five
Michael Jackson
Mariah Carey's singing and her song "Vision of Love"
Michael Jackson
Vision of Love
Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson
Diana Ross
Whitney Houston
Vision of Love
Dreamgirls
Josephine Baker
Etta James
Dreamgirls
boldness
Fashion Rocks
feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker.
Déjà Vu
Michelle Obama
February 2013
Oprah Winfrey
Michelle Obama
"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman
lyrical and raw
take control of her own career
lyrical genius
Michelle Obama
Oprah Winfrey
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Madonna
Suga Mama
The Mamas
Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick
2006
Suga Mama
Suga Mama
2006 BET Awards
Suga Mama
Suga Mama
B'Day
The Mamas
2006 BET Awards
Beyoncé
Def Jam L.A. Reid
Beyoncé
New York Post
the greatest entertainer alive
she "takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good
New York Post
Def Jam L.A. Reid
Sasha Fierce
"Crazy in Love"
February 2010
May 2012
too aggressive, too strong
May 2012
Sasha Fierce.
2008
Crazy in Love
Allure
Touré
Touré
Bootylicious
Destiny's Child
Bootylicious
Bootylicious
2006
Touré
Bootylicious
2006
while she likes to dress sexily
Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011
Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show
Complex
January 2013
VH1
Complex
Complex
January 2013
VH1
September 2010
Complex
Hottest Female Singer of All Time
Madame Tussauds Wax Museums
Destiny's Style
Tyra Banks
Destiny's Style
2007
Tyra Banks
Tyra Banks
the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity.
The Bey Hive
The Beyontourage
beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions.
The Bey Hive
"The Beyontourage
The Bey Hive
"The Beyontourage
beehive
House of Deréon
L'Officiel
blackface and tribal makeup
2006
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
L'Officiel
blackface and tribal makeup
L'Officiel
wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon.
blackface and tribal makeup
African-American
Emmett Price
L'Oréal
natural pictures be used
it is categorically untrue
African-American
Emmett Price
L'Oréal
Feria hair color advertisements
L'Oréal
Llewyn-Smith
2013
2014
Artist of the Decade
2013
2014
Baz Luhrmann
Jody Rosen
Llewyn-Smith
Time 100 list
Baz Luhrmann
2014
Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Paltrow
Pepsi
Pepsi
Gwyneth Paltrow
Beyoncé's work has influenced numerous artists
Country Strong
Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong.
Pepsi
Crazy in Love
"Crazy in Love"
"Crazy in Love"
a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia
July 2014
Crazy in Love
"Crazy in Love"
8 million copies
Destiny Child's "Say My Name"
"Crazy in Love"
Destiny Child's "Say My Name"
a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia
15 million
15 million
The Recording Industry Association of America
15 million
Beyoncé
15 million
15 million
15 million
Billboard Millennium Award
64 certifications
15 million
15 million
The Recording Industry Association of America
The Recording Industry Association of America
Billboard Millennium Award
Alison Krauss
Alison Krauss
Alison Krauss
Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
20 Grammy Awards
52 nominations
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010
Alison Krauss
Alison Krauss
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
Best Actress in a Motion Picture
Gladiator-themed
50 million
Center for Science in the Public Interest
70
2002
Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias
Pepsi
Center for Science in the Public Interest
Gladiator-themed
$50 million
Center for Science in the Public Interest
70
Tommy Hilfiger
Tommy Hilfiger
Heat
2013
400 million
Heat
February 2011
Pulse
the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.
Tommy Hilfiger
Heat
Heat
the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.
18
a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
18
a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
June 2013
a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
June 2013
Topshop
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
activewear
fall of 2015
Topshop
fall of 2015
Parkwood Entertainment
Topshop
London
activewear
March 30, 2015
Jay Z
March 30, 2015
Beyoncé
low payout of royalties
Tidal.
Aspiro
Jay Z
Spotify
Beyoncé and her mother
Agnèz Deréon
Beyond Productions
handbags and footwear
department and specialty stores across the US and Canada
Beyoncé and her mother
2005
Agnèz Deréon
Destiny's Child's shows and tours
Beyoncé and her mother
House of Deréon, and its junior collection, Deréon.
shoe
Brazil
July 2009
House of Deréon collection
Sasha Fierce for Deréon
May 27, 2010
House of Brands
Beyoncé Fashion Diva
Sasha Fierce for Deréon
C&A
Macy's and Dillard's
Topshop
autumn 2015
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
50
April 2016
Topshop
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
Beyoncé
Hurricane Katrina
250,000
Hurricane Ike
Hurricane Katrina
$250,000
Hurricane Ike
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Ike
George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
Brooklyn Phoenix House
God Bless the USA
$1 million
Brooklyn Phoenix House
New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund
Theory
George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
Beyoncé Cosmetology Center
God Bless the USA
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
I Was Here
Miss a Meal
June 1, 2013
Tina Knowles
a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.
spread female empowerment
Catapult
Demand A Plan
950
I Was Here
Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini
montaa (mountain)
48th
48th
77
montaa
1908
1949
grizzly bear
grizzly bear
Maiasaura
September 1910
Oro y Plata
Oro y Plata, Spanish for "Gold and Silver"
1865
1895
the bitterroot
35 percent
129
Billings
Missoula and Great Falls
"mountain"
Montaa del Norte
147,040 square miles
Wyoming
Wyoming
western half of the state
60 percent
north
Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.
The Beartooth Plateau
Granite Peak
12,799 feet (3,901 m)
Democrats
Steve Daines
29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.
29 to 21
swing state
1992
40/60
40/60
Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport
spring of 2013
BNSF Railway
1880s
Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
black bear
wolves and mountain lions
1930s
Federation of Fly Fishers
walleye
A River Runs Through It
April 26, 1864
1862
$1.75
1886
450 miles (720 km)
Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay
Triple Divide Peak
Pacific Ocean
Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
Three Forks
Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
1976
Paradise Valley
Missouri
3,223
Flathead Lake
Fort Peck Reservoir
Missouri river
25 percent
14
grizzly bear
five federally endangered species–black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species
at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer
15 inches
34.70 inches
Grinnell Glacier
7
1 percent to 6.9 percent
no
66,000
1851
1887
Great Falls
63%
German
mining camp
6.5 percent
Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt
27.9 percent
July 2007
July
warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement
1855
Isaac Stevens
1859
Flathead Indian Reservation
1866
1866
1876
1877
English
94.8 percent
Spanish
13,040
about 1,700
0.9 percent
0.9 percent
0.9 percent
1,032,949
4.40%
Gallatin County
Billings
1917
1941
smokejumpers
13 million
325
General Philip Sheridan
1875
1881
1882
1871, 1872 and 1873
1874, 1875 and 1876
September 8, 1883
1866
failed bid for statehood
Helena
1889
Grover Cleveland
The Homestead Act of 1862
The Homestead Act of 1862
1868
The Desert Land Act of 1877
The Desert Land Act of 1877
The Desert Land Act of 1877
James J. Hill
1902
1909
Enlarged Homestead Act
June 1917
Sedition Act of 1918
criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means
over 200
78
40,000-plus
40,000-plus
1500
Fort William Henry Harrison
Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow
to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups
"the part must be a substantial part of that group
"in whole or in part"
Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic
The Appeals Chamber
biological-physical destruction
there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide."
there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide."
there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide."
ECHR
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Lemkin
Lemkin
United Nations General Assembly
did not provide a legal definition of the crime
political killings
USSR
international intervention in domestic politics
William Schabas
Great Purge
the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group
national, racial, religious or ethnic group
the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group
the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence,
Lemming
mobilizing much of the international relations and community
Peg LeVine
Peg LeVine
ritualcide
Peg LeVine
language, culture, and economic infrastructure
legal aspect of the term
formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime
deliberate killing of a certain group
genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area
the Peace of Westphalia
genocide is more often than not committed
to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups
the Peace of Westphalia
1944
geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).
a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
Raphael Lemkin
Winston Churchill
1944
"a crime without a name"
Raphael Lemkin
geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)
a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement
The numeric size of the targeted part of the group
not only in absolute terms
prominence within the group
access to the victims
the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach,
the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach
The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him
inform the analysis
12 January 1951
12 January 1951
only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China.
the People's Republic of China
long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations
a diplomatic compromise
the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool
international legal credibility
none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.
academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods
academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods
Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
1979–1982
The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response
1979–1982
Genocide
a state or other authority intends to destroy a group
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
victimized groups
politicides
ethnicity, religion or nationality
pogroms
murder by government of people
murder by government of people
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
eliminate the group
non-killings
Adrian Gallagher
Adrian Gallagher
'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intent
1948
1948
prevent and punish acts of genocide
peace and wartime
no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice
United States
Cyprus and Norway
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Raphael Lemkin
Nikola Jorgi
Nikola Jorgi
ethnic cleansing
expel Muslims and Croats from their homes
Momcilo Krajisnik
30
Zdravko Tolimir
committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide
aiding and abetting genocide
German courts
11 March 2006
Belgrade
Radovan Karadi and Ratko Mladi
11 March 2006
Slobodan Miloevi
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
April 1994
Security Council of the United Nations
Security Council of the United Nations
Security Council of the United Nations
debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur
Colin Powell
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that
Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court,
Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained
"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,"
structural conditions leading up to genocide
structural conditions leading up to genocide
Ervin Staub
past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator
humanizing a devalued group
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics
evolution
1943
penicillin and erythromycin
Emergence of resistance
bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics
1943
1943
concentration
eliminate bacterial infection
bacterial growth phase
ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells
concentration
host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial
markers of drug efficacy
target bacterial functions or growth processes
penicillins and cephalosporins
polymyxins
(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines
their mechanism of action
penicillins and cephalosporins
polymyxins
40-year
their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity
semisynthetic
beta-lactam antibiotics
aminoglycosides
chemical synthesis
semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds
2000 atomic mass units
penicillins
penicillins
eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis
resistance
World Health Organization
20th century
anyone, of any age, in any country
resistance
World Health Organization
eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis
widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis
20th century
resistance
World Health Organization
World Health Organization
20th century
widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
livestock raising
eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis
empirical therapy
several days in the laboratory
broad spectrum antibiotic
the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection
Empirical therapy
broad spectrum antibiotic
a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified
Empirical therapy
fever and nausea
disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
yeast species of the genus Candida
elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals
screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use
mild to very serious
fever and nausea
host microbiota
Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals
fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
diarrhea
yeast species of the genus Candida
elevated risk of tendon damage
increased body mass
with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline
with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline
obesity
the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
increased body mass
intestinal microbiota
obesity
contraceptive pills
about 1%
reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon
inconclusive and controversial
extra contraceptive measures
contraceptive pills
about 1%
inconclusive
extra contraceptive measures be applied duringtherapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives
very low
extra contraceptive measures
about 1%
alcohol and certain antibiotics
moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics
serious side-effects
widespread
side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
moderate alcohol consumption
the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
alcohol and certain antibiotics
serious side-effects
the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
Intrinsic antibacterial resistance
plasmids
an antibiotic target
vertical transmission of mutations during growth
a mutation in the bacterial chromosome
vertical transmission of mutations during growth
Plasmids
superbugs
tuberculosis
nearly half a million
MDR-TB
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics
Self prescription
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics
excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics
excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics
failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment
respiratory tract infections
US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance
the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
2002
2003
Swann report 1969
American Medical Association (AMA)
S.742 and H.R. 2562
American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)
animal husbandry
1977
March 2012
medicinal folklore
over 2000 years ago
mold and plant materials and extracts
against life
Jean Paul Vuillemin
mold
Alexander Fleming
penicillin
its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy
Prontosil
Gerhard Domagk
Gerhard Domagk
Nobel Prize for Medicine
tyrothricin
1939
20%
20%
wounds and ulcers
1942
1945
Norman Heatley
1945
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
immune modulation or augmentation
Antibacterial vaccines
attenuated whole cells or lysates
Phage therapy
pathogenic bacteria
the phages will infect "good" bacteria
Infectious Disease Society of America
Gram-negative bacilli
April 2013
clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA
economic incentives
superbugs
senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts,
Polish and French
Romantic era
solo piano
Duchy of Warsaw
20
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1]
Romantic era
Duchy of Warsaw
solo piano
20
17 October 1849
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
solo piano
Romantic era
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1]
Duchy of Warsaw
20
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1]
17 October 1849
21
30
1835
1838–39
tuberculosis
Paris
30
Franz Liszt
1835
Maria Wodziska
21
30
1835
Jane Stirling
1835
Jane Stirling
tuberculosis
the piano
instrumental ballade
J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
nuance and sensitivity
Paris salons
the piano
instrumental ballade
nuance and sensitivity
J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
Polish
the piano
Polish
nuance and sensitivity
J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
the piano
Polish
Paris salons
indirect
his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death
Romantic era
numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
France
Poland
political insurrection
Romantic era
France
political insurrection
Romantic era
elazowa Wola
22 February 1810
1 March
Fridericus Franciscus
29
elazowa Wola
Napoleon
22 February 1810
1 March
Fridericus Franciscus
Napoleon
22 February 1810
1 March
Fridericus Franciscus
elazowa Wola
Napoleon
Justyna Krzyanowska
Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810
1806
1787
1787
Justyna Krzyanowska
Fryderyk Skarbek
Izabela
1787
1787
Izabela
six months
six months
Palace grounds
flute and violin
illnesses
October 1810
Warsaw Lyceum
flute and violin
the boarding house
six months
six months
flute and violin
the boarding house
Saxon Palace.
Wojciech ywny
Ludwika
seven
two polonaises
a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821
Wojciech ywny
Ludwika
seven
1817
1816 to 1821
Wojciech ywny
Ludwika
seven
Wojciech ywny
Warsaw Lyceum
Warsaw University
Warsaw Lyceum
a march
Nasze Przebiegi
Warsaw Lyceum
Warsaw Lyceum
Grand Duke Constantine
a march
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
a march
Grand Duke Constantine
a march
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
Wilhelm Würfel
Józef Elsner
eolomelodicon
Tsar Alexander I
10 June 1825
Wilhelm Würfel
Józef Elsner
eolomelodicon
diamond ring
Rondo Op. 1
Wilhelm Würfel
Józef Elsner
eolomelodicon
Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring.
Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung
Dominik Dziewanowski
Szafarnia
letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers
letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers
Dominik Dziewanowski
Polish rural folk music
Dominik Dziewanowski
The Szafarnia Courier
Szafarnia
1827
Krakowskie Przedmiecie
1830
the Chopin Family Parlour
Ambroy Mieroszewski
1827
1830
his parents continued running their boarding house for male students
Ambroy Mieroszewski
Emilia
1830
the Chopin Family Parlour
Ambroy Mieroszewski
the Chopin Family Parlour
Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
Konstancja Gadkowska
Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
Konstancja Gadkowska
15 May 1830
July 1829
Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
Konstancja Gadkowska
Tytus Woyciechowski
15 May 1830
Four
Feliks Jarocki
Gaspare Spontini
Prince Antoni Radziwi
Op. 3
Gaspare Spontini
Feliks Jarocki
Gaspare Spontini
Prince Antoni Radziwi
Op. 3
Gaspare Spontini
Feliks Jarocki
Gaspare Spontini
Gaspare Spontini
Prince Antoni Radziwi, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen
Souvenir de Paganini
11 August
two
17 March 1830
Souvenir de Paganini
Vienna
Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21
September 1829
he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists
Niccol Paganini
Vienna
two
three weeks
2 November 1830
Austria
2 November 1830
Zdzisaw Jachimecki
Zdzisaw Jachimecki
Woyciechowski
Italy
Poland
western Europe
Woyciechowski
2 November 1830
"I curse the moment of my departure."
September 1831
Polish Great Emigration
French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship
1835
friends and confidants
Paris
1831
Polish Great Emigration
1835
Adam Zamoyski
he would never return to Poland
French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship
French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship
Adam Zamoyski
Polish Great Emigration
Paris
Adam Mickiewicz
verses he set as songs
Adam Mickiewicz
Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny
Adam Mickiewicz
Polish Literary Society
Julian Fontana
Albert Grzymaa
Albert Grzymaa, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser
Julian Fontana
Two Polish friends
England
England
Albert Grzymaa
Albert Grzymaa
Julian Fontana
Warsaw Conservatory
Robert Schumann
Salle Pleyel
intimate keyboard technique
his father
Robert Schumann
Salle Pleyel
Rothschild banking
1831
intimate keyboard technique
publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
small groups of friends
pianos
Salle Pleyel
Hexameron
Maurice Schlesinger
Adolphe Gutmann
Paris apartment
Joseph Zimmermann
Maurice Schlesinger
Felix Mendelssohn
Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils
Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow
Carlsbad
Lower Rhenish Music Festival
Hiller
Carlsbad
Countess Wodziska
Countess Wodziska
Felix Mendelssohn
Düsseldorf
director of the Academy of Art
Maria
Woyciechowski
Hiller
Woyciechowski
26 February 1832
Woyciechowski
Salle Pleyel
38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin
Hôtel de France
seven
Harriet Smithson
Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
2 April 1833
Beethoven Memorial in Bonn
Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
Rue Lafitte
seven
Harriet Smithson
their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship
theatricality, showmanship and success
an apology
my friend Liszt
Op. 10 Études
Marie d'Agoult
Liszt
Liszt
Marie d'Agoult
Hiller
George Sand
Marie d'Agoult
My tragedy
Grzymaa
George Sand
poor health
My tragedy
Marie d'Agoult
Maria Wodziska's mother
My tragedy
Grzymaa
Camille Pleyel
earnest
six years older
the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
Valldemossa
Camille Pleyel
Camille Pleyel
six years older
Félicien Mallefille
Carthusian monastery
Sand
the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
Sand's two children
to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
Carthusian monastery
Three
Pleyel
Palma
three
3 December
three
Pleyel
3 December
Pleyel
bad weather
Canuts
Marseilles
Nohant
Square d'Orléans
Canuts
Marseilles
Nohant
5 rue Tronchet
Square d'Orléans
bad weather
a local French couple, the Canuts.
Marseilles
Square d'Orléans
Nohant
Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
26 July 1840
Paris
organ
Die Gestirne
Paris
Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.
Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution.
Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53
Pauline Viardot
7 June 1842
piano technique and composition
Pauline Viardot
Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition.
Delacroix
1842
Grzymaa
Erard's
Charles Hallé
temporal lobe epilepsy
1842
Erard's
temporal lobe epilepsy
1842 onwards
mouth and tonsils
Erard's
Charles Hallé
temporal lobe epilepsy.
Auguste Clésinger
utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits
third child
Lucrezia Floriani
1847
1846
Auguste Clésinger
Lucrezia Floriani
Auguste Clésinger.
nurse
Lucrezia Floriani
1847
Op. 58 sonata
these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions
six
six
Op. 58 sonata
six
six
1845
February 1848
Auguste Franchomme
February 1848
Auguste Franchomme
this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially.
Auguste Franchomme
Cello Sonata
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Cornel Wilde
Cornel Wilde
1928
Hugh Grant
George Sand
Cornel Wilde
Cornel Wilde
Hugh Grant
Hugh Grant
1901
Giacomo Orefice
Giacomo Orefice
Chopin
opera
Giacomo Orefice
Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901.
Giacomo Orefice
Leon Ulrich
Marcel Proust and André Gide
1830
Leon Ulrich
1830
English
The Warsaw Chopin Society
The Warsaw Chopin Society
The New York Times
The Warsaw Chopin Society
The Warsaw Chopin Society
The New York Times
1895
Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2
1895
The British Library
1895
Methuen-Campbell
International Chopin Piano Competition
1927
Warsaw
every five years
1,500
International Chopin Piano Competition
1927
Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland
1,500
Chopiniana
Michel Fokine
Les Sylphides
Alexander Glazunov
Michel Fokine
Chopiniana
Michel Fokine
Alexander Glazunov.
Sergei Diaghilev
London
Jane Stirling
London
Jane Stirling and her elder sister
Jane Stirling
Revolution of 1848
Jane Stirling
Dover Street
Broadwood
Stafford House
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
7 July
Dover Street
a grand piano.
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
piano lessons
Viardot
Scotland
Adam yszczyski
Scotland
Hopetoun Rooms
10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh
16 November 1848
London's Guildhall
he played for the benefit of Polish refugees.
terminal
London's Guildhall
Delfina Potocka
Chaillot
Princess Obreskoff
November
Delfina Potocka
Chaillot
Princess Obreskoff.
June 1849
June 1849
Place Vendôme 12
June 1849
her husband and daughter
Jane Stirling
Viardot
fear of being buried alive
"No longer"
Clésinger
fear of being buried alive
Clésinger
tuberculosis
Jean Cruveilhier
Permission for DNA testing
tuberculosis
Jean Cruveilhier
cystic fibrosis
Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.
Church of the Madeleine
almost two weeks
Over 3,000
the Church of the Madeleine in Paris
almost two weeks
Over 3,000
Mozart's Requiem
Louis Lefébure-Wély
Prince Adam Czartoryski
Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2
Mozart's Requiem
Louis Lefébure-Wély
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Prince Adam Czartoryski
Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2
Clésinger
Euterpe
5,000 francs
Jane Stirling
alcohol
Clésinger.
5,000 francs
Jane Stirling
Ludwika
two hundred
Over 230
the piano
Over 230
solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.
Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi
Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi
Bach and Mozart
Haydn
John Field
ballades and scherzi
nocturne
ballades and scherzi
the concert étude
Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles
seven
seven
mazurkas
waltzes
Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression.
the concert hall
the concert hall
seven
waltzes
Revolutionary Étude
Funeral March
Sonata No. 2
Sonata No. 2
Revolutionary Étude
Minute Waltz
65
Julian Fontana
Julian Fontana
17
65
Julian Fontana
1857
Krystyna Kobylaska
1857
1857
Kobylaska Catalogue
KK
Kobylaska Catalogue
Breitkopf & Härtel
Jan Ekier
Maurice Schlesinger
popular 19th-century piano anthologies.
between 1937 and 1966
Jan Ekier
Improvisation
Rosen
Improvisation
Nicholas Temperley
Rosen
Barcarolle Op. 60
J. Barrie Jones
departure and return
modal scales and harmonies
ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.
ternary or episodic
drone bass
a canon at one beat's distance
triple time
Zywny and Elsner
triple time
formidable
Field
middle sections marked by agitated expression
Field
1833
Field
ternary
ternary
ternary
J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier
Ferruccio Busoni
The preludes
J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier
generic preludes to others of his pieces
Ferruccio Busoni
1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844)
Kornel Michaowski and Jim Samson
1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844)
The last movement
Op. 58
Claude Debussy
keyboard improvisation
cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key
his use of very independent finger technique
Léon Escudier
Projet de méthode
Karol Szymanowski
Chopin's use of national modes and idioms
Nikolai Zverev
Karol Szymanowski
Nikolai Zverev
Nikolai Zverev
Jonathan Bellman
rigid procedures
"always crescendo to a high note"
"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art
Berlioz
Hiller
rubato
the practice in performance of disregarding strict time
rubato
Charles Rosen
Friederike Müller
Friederike Müller
He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm.
nationalism
1836
Poland
1836
Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
mazurkas and polonaises
Schumann
cannon buried in flowers
Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
Barbara Milewski
Micha Kleofas Ogiski and Franciszek Lessel
Richard Taruskin
intuitive
freedom
polonaise and mazurka
Arthur Hutchings
Liszt and Henri Herz
Paris
Arthur Hutchings
Carnaval
Schumann
six
Alkan
pianist and composer
Carnaval
Schumann
Liszt
1915
Jacques Durand
Raoul Koczalski
Karol Mikuli
Some Mainland Chinese scholars
horses
1402–1424
Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school
Nepal
armed resistance
Amdo
Ganden Phodrang regime
1578
9th century
821
fixed the borders between Tibet and China
Tang China
821
907–960
960–1279
Song dynasty
Khitan
Jurchen
Genghis Khan
gedei Khan
1229–1241
gedei Khan
Godan
Sakya Pandita
Töregene Khatun
1241–1246
Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
Khagan
gedei Khan
Karma Pakshi
the Phagpa lama
1279
1271–1368
the Song dynasty
universal rule
the Song dynasty
1358
Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang
Red Turban Rebellion
Zhu Yuanzhang
1368–1398
the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.
Rolpe Dorje
Rolpe Dorje
the Hongwu Emperor
Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama
Han Chinese
1402–1424
Morris Rossabi
1644–1912
the "É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office"
É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office
seven
the "É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office"
Grand State Tutors () and State Tutors
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Turrell V. Wylie
Tibet
Morris Rossabi
Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa
Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain
Wang and Nyima
1371
princes
ex-Yuan
Thomas Laird
Mongol khans
Mongol Yuan
A Mongol dynasty of China
the line of Mongol rulers in China
Thomas Laird
Rossabi
1271 to 1368
1311–1320
"Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it,"
Mongols and other ethnicities
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office
Ü-Tsang Commanding Office
China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing
Chen Qingying
1,000 households
10,000 households
John Powers
lamas
no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming.
Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan
the Han Chinese government "maintained the fiction" that the foreign officials administering the various "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives
Education Minister
Degsi
the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
"Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi)
"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation."
Changchub Gyaltsen
Van Praag
University of Washington
Mongol suzerainty
Sagya Gyaincain
Ming officer of Hezhou
Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen
Ming officer of Hezhou
"Initiation State Master"
the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.
1434
the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.
the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.
Karmapa Kargyu
Mongol
Je Tsongkhapa
Je Tsongkhapa
Je Tsongkhapa
1407
1413
Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
Dawa Norbu
the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes
Laird
Laird
Yang Sanbao
Yang Sanbao
Yang Sanbao
to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes
Yang Sanbao
the Gelug
1430s
Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu
the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations
Phagmodru myriarchy
Melvyn C. Goldstein
1435–1565
Melvyn C. Goldstein
1565–1642
1398–1402
Yao Guangxiao
Hongwu Emperor
March 10, 1403
Zhi Guang
Karmapa
1407
Khotan
1403
Deshin Shekpa
Karmapa
Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would "sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric" when receiving religious instructions from him.
the Yongle Emperor
twenty-two
Nanjing
Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects
Deshin Shekpa
Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes
Thinley
Thinley
Deshin Shekpa
Jianwen Emperor
Deshin Shekpa
Marsha Weidner
Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa
Buddhist artifacts
Buddhist artifacts which symbolized "the religious nature of the relationship."
1435–1449
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court
Karmapa hierarchs
1446
1415
Karmapa
the Yongle Emperor
tea, horses, and salt
Shangri-La County in Yunnan
horses
Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.
Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.
Van Praag
horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax
Tibet
Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty
Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty
Mongols
Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty
Hongwu Emperor
Marquis Mu Ying
30,000
30,000
Qu Neng
recovery of the Ordos region
Mongols
the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China
to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes
divide-and-rule
Sakya regime had fallen
the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa
giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas
relatives of the Phagmodrupa
1498
New Years ceremonies and prayers
1518
1505–1521
8th Karmapa Lama
Mikyö Dorje
Manchu Qing dynasty
China's intervening Ming dynasty
the director of the Tibetan Studies program
Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century
the Qing dynasty
Chinese central government
Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans
Republic of China and its Communist successors
San Francisco
anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences
patron and priest
13th century
Ming
1981
Ming
the central government of China
1521–1567
Tibetan Vajrayana
Tibetan lamas
Yang Tinghe
Yang Tinghe
Jiajing
the Neo-Confucian establishment
the Neo-Confucian establishment
Tibetan Buddhism and lamas
Jiajing
Altan Khan
Altan Khan
Altan Khan
1571
Amdo
shamanism and blood sacrifice
Gelug
Gelug
Dalai Lama
Committed to their religious leader
Tümen Khan
the great-grandson of Altan Khan
5th Dalai Lama
1642
Sonam Gyatso
Altan Khan
Zhang Juzheng
Zhang Juzheng
Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the
third Dalai Lama
by allowing him to pay tribute
Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama
the Qing emperor
the Qing emperor
Master of Vajradhara
the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso
1616
the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso
he died before being able to make the journey.
the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet
the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet
1642
the Ming court
1565
Karma Phuntsok Namgyal
1611–1621
Karmapa
fourth Dalai Lama
the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols,
protector
the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols,
1637–1640
1642
Lozang Gyatso
Lozang Gyatso
Dalai Lama
Sonam Chöpel
Lozang Gyatso
Shun dynasty
the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden
Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson
the Kangxi Emperor
the Kangxi Emperor
1720
1751
1735–1796
portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
October 23, 2001
three
portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
three
October 23, 2001
portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
3
ultra-compact iPod Shuffle
July 15, 2015
external data storage
128 GB
128 GB
128 GB
128 GB
128 GB
128 GB
Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
the media player included with the iPh one and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps
the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps
iOS 5
2010
separate apps named "Music" and "Videos"
sixth generation
sixth generation
sixth generation
2015
sixth generation
5
2001
2004
Jon Rubinstein
1958 Braun T3 transistor radio
5 GB
2001
5 GB
the Walkman of the twenty-first century"
Jon Rubinstein
Toshiba disk drive
Pixo
Chicago
2007
Helvetica
Steve Jobs
PortalPlayer
Helvetica
2006
U2
black
33 minutes
U2
black
2006
Burst.com
Kane Kramer
Kane Kramer
1981
IXI
Burst.com
IXI
Kane Kramer
Vinnie Chieco
freelance copywriter
2001: A Space Odyssey
Joseph N. Grasso
2005
2001: A Space Odyssey
Vinnie Chieco
Joseph N. Grasso
mid-2015
Pierre Dandumont
12.2
12.2
Pierre Dandumont
weak bass response
the problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads,
external headphone amplifier
third-generation
undersized DC-blocking capacitors
distortion (clipping)
R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
clipping
equalizer
R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
concerns about hearing loss
100 dB
100 dB
France
100 dB
France
FireWire
a power adapter
FireWire
FireWire or USB
30-pin dock connector
fifth
fourth
3.5 mm minijack phone connector
FireWire or USB
3.5 mm minijack phone connector
FireWire or USB
FireWire or USB
iPod Hi-Fi
Belkin and Griffin
dock connector
royalties
third parties
iPod Hi-Fi
Lightning
seventh generation iPod Nano
30
8
pins on both sides of the plug
Lightning
September 12, 2012
the iPod Hi-Fi
Nike+iPod pedometer
Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation
sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables
Nike +iPod pedometer
Apple
built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit
2005
Scion
built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit
Scion
JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon
personal FM transmitters
audio input jacks
personal FM transmitters
audio input jacks
United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
individual seat-back displays
KLM and Air France
United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
2007
MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file
a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM)
a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM)
Mac OS
MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file
one
Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library
one host computer
the 6th & 7th generation
the 6th & 7th generation
earphone cable
3.5"
identical to that of the iPhone
the 6th & 7th generation
3rd-generation iPod Shuffle
identical to that of the iPhone
April 29, 2003
The iTunes Store
October 12, 2005
September 12, 2006
April 29, 2003
October 12, 2005
September 12, 2006
FairPlay DRM
Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods
iTunes Plus
January 6, 2009
April 2009
FairPlay DRM
FairPlay DRM
iTunes Plus
January 6, 2009
Napster and MSN Music
rival-DRM technologies
DRM
Universal Music Group
Universal Music Group
July 3, 2007
The Beat Goes On...
September 5, 2007
September 5, 2007
an iPhone or an iPod Touch
various versions of iPods
Brick
Steve Wozniak
Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
Brick
Brick
Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
September 2006
iTunes 7
6th and 5th generation
6th and 5th generation
September 2006
fifth generation
third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market.
video game handheld console market
GamePro and EGM
.zip archives
.zip archives
software development kit
the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.
.zip archives
the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone
software development kit
iTunes
iTunes
iTunes
iTunes 7
iTunes 7
hidden
host operating system
manual
2005
Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights
Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch
Ho Keung Tse
Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights
FairPlay
rotational user inputs
August 2005
Creative Technology
Zen Patent
United States International Trade Commission
rotational user inputs
Creative Technology
August 24, 2006
$100 million
Made for iPod
$100 million
by joining the Made for iPod program
70%
October 2004
72.7%
Bloomberg Online
70%
70%
74%
January 8, 2004
Hewlett-Packard
Wal-Mart
5%
unfavorable terms and conditions
HP
hundred million
32%
Mac computers
$5.2 billion
April 9, 2007
32%
$6.22 billion
30.69%
$3.5 billion
$15.4 billion
$3.5 billion
January 22, 2008
$1.58 billion
42%
42%
Peter Oppenheimer
Phil Schiller
14.21%
220 million
the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market.
fourth best computer product
looks, clean design, and ease of use.
Sony Ericsson and Nokia
play AAC files rather than WMA
PC World
Sony Ericsson and Nokia
PC World
business
a delivery mechanism for business communication and training
Royal and Western Infirmaries
Glasgow, Scotland
Duke University
Entertainment Weekly
Duke University
Entertainment Weekly
the end of the Album Era
accelerating shifts within the music industry
the end of the Album Era
the end of the Album Era
14 hours
less than 8 hours
2003
the real-world achievable life.
less than 8 hours
third-party vendors
refurbished replacement iPod
lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use
third-party vendors
lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use
a week
US $99
soldering tools
Fifth generation
November 14, 2003
US $99
iPod Nano
a flawed battery
an Apple product replacement program
short life-span and fragile hard drives
13.7%
13.7%
late 2005
protective sleeves
20%
scratched
15-hour
Code of Conduct
25
15-hour
over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.
Verité
Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group
Foxconn
Longhua, Shenzhen
Foxconn
Verité
December 31, 2006
2010
2009
2010
innovation
HFS+
FAT32
Nintendo
Nintendo
November 2006
December 2006
Nintendo
November 2005
November 2006
Link
Hyrule
Midna
Link
Midna
The Wind Waker
Game of the Year
Nintendo Selects
March 2016
Twilight Princess
Game of the Year
2006
March 2016
combat, exploration, and item collection
Ocarina of Time
L-targeting
Clawshot
Clawshot
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
Ocarina of Time
Clawshot
L-targeting
The on-screen display
The on-screen display
the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still.
The on-screen display
The on-screen display
motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
chime
motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
Nunchuk
the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special "lookaround" mode
motion sensors and built-in speaker
motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
nine
enemies
a large overworld
Epona
battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles
a boss at the end
a large overworld
Wolf Link
biting
Poes
Midna
Epona
Wolf Link
energy field
energy field
Twilight Princess
The Wind Waker
arrows or slingshot pellets
Twilight Princess
arrows or slingshot pellets
nods and facial expressions
Midna
Akiko Kmoto
Japan
grunts
nods and facial expressions
Midna
Akiko Kmoto
a ranch hand
carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit
Midna
Tears of Light
Ordon Village
Bulblins
Tears of Light
Fused Shadows
Zant
Master Sword
Zelda
Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru
Fused Shadows
Zant
Master Sword
Zelda
Shadow Crystal
Midna
Ganondorf
Hyrule Castle
Ganondorf
Shadow Crystal
Gerudo Desert
Midna
Ganondorf
by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast
he crushes Midna's helmet
Ordon Village
Ganondorf
plunges the Master Sword into his chest
Zelda and the Light Spirits
Ganondorf
he crushes Midna's helmet
Mirror of Twilight
2003
Game Developers Conference
North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience.
horseback combat
2003
Eiji Aonuma
horseback combat
realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer
Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
Nintendo DS
Phantom Hourglass
Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit
The Minish Cap
Revolution
Miyamoto
wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit
Wii Remote
pointing-based interface
2005
Satoru Iwata
2005
Nintendo DS
E3 2005
Nintendo DS
E3 2005
swinging gesture
Aonuma
support for the Wii controller
E3 2006
a month
Aonuma
E3 2006
the difficulty of the control scheme
the sword
sword controls were transferred back to gestures—something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see.
right
comfort and ease
Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta
Koji Kondo
Michiru shima
Koji Kondo
Michiru shima
Yasuzo Takemoto
media requests at the trade show
50
November 19, 2006
six- and seven-track versions
media requests at the trade show
November 19, 2006
six- and seven-track versions
"Twilight Hack"
A properly designed save file
Versions 3.3 and 3.4
Twilight Hack
Versions 3.3 and 3.4
Versions 3.3 and 3.4
Tantalus Media
the Wii U
November 12, 2015
March 5, 2016
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD
Tantalus Media
Tantalus Media
March 4, 2016
Wolf Link Amiibo figurine
Ganondorf
Ganondorf
Ganondorf
Cave of Shadows
Wolf Link Amiibo
Cave of Shadows
Ganondorf
Ganondorf
20
20
Japan, Europe, and Australia
20
perfect scores
GameRankings and Metacritic
GameTrailers
Twilight Princess
perfect scores
95
GameTrailers
IGN and GameSpy
Jeff Gerstmann
GameSpot
Javier Glickman
Hyper
IGN and GameSpy
Gaming Nexus
Javier Glickman
Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound
16th
4th
third
Nintendo Power
Best Console Game
16th
4th
Twilight Princess
1.32 million
1.32 million
PAL region
1.32 million
1.32 million
Akira Himekawa
Japan
Shogakukan
MangaOne
Eon Productions
Daniel Craig
twenty-fourth
Skyfall
$245 million,
twenty-four
twenty-fourth
four
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures
Sam Mendes
Spectre
Diamonds Are Forever
Léa Seydoux
Léa Seydoux
Lucia Sciarra
Léa Seydoux
Léa Seydoux
Léa Seydoux
1971
Royal Albert Hall
Royal Albert Hall in London
6 November 2015
action sequences and cinematography
Golden Globe for Best Original Song
Skyfall
Writing's on the Wall
007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
007
007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
Nine Eyes
Garreth Mallory
007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
MI5 and MI6
his ring
Rome
Spectre
Franz Oberhauser
a Spectre assassin
Moneypenny
Rome
Franz Oberhauser
Mr. Hinx
Franz Oberhauser
thallium poisoning
Dr. Madeline Swann
suicide
Hoffler Klinik
Tangier
thallium poisoning.
Dr. Madeline Swann
L'Américain
Hinx.
by train
Hannes
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
MI6 building
Blofeld
Westminster Bridge
M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes
Q
M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes
SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion
Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory
1963
Never Say Never Again
Warhead 2000 A.D.
1963
Never Say Never Again
Thunderball.
MGM and the McClory estate
SPECTRE
Eon Productions
MGM and the McClory estate
MGM and the McClory estate
MGM and the McClory estate
Danjaq
Sony Pictures Entertainment
Sony Pictures Entertainment
John Logan
Eon Productions
November 2014
John Logan
Eon Productions
Christoph Waltz
1983
Quantum of Solace
Quantum of Solace
Octopussy
Charmian Bond
Octopussy
Christoph Waltz.
Quantum of Solace
Franz Oberhauser,
Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
Kingsley Amis
The Hildebrand Rarity
For Your Eyes Only
Blofeld
Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
December 2014
Ralph Fiennes
Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw
Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw
Rory Kinnear
four
Rory Kinnear
Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw
Franz Oberhauser
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
Bérénice Lim Marlohe
Quantum of Solace
fifty
Bérénice Lim Marlohe
Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace.
over fifteen hundred
Detlef Bothe
Detlef Bothe
over fifteen hundred
Mexico
Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria.
Detlef Bothe
Estrella
The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill
Dennis Gassner
Roger Deakins
Skyfall and Spectre
Skyfall and Spectre
Skyfall and Spectre
The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill
six
London, Mexico City and Rome
Van Hoytema
Pinewood Studios
seven months.
Kodak 35 mm film stock
Pinewood Studios
December 2014
February 2015
Ice Q Restaurant
an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously.
Ice Q Restaurant
a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps.
Austria
Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum
Williams
Aston Martin DB10
four
Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire
Ponte Sisto bridge
Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75
Williams
the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar.
Zócalo and the Centro Histórico
Zócalo and the Centro Histórico
Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district
1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers.
Palenque
Zócalo and the Centro Histórico
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105
Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district
New York
22 April
New York
Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
The London Fire Brigade
17 May 2015
Vauxhall Cross
Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
The London Fire Brigade
Covent Garden.
night
Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud
Largest film stunt explosion
Chris Corbould
128 days
Morocco
Largest film stunt explosion
128
Chris Corbould
$20 million
Michael G. Wilson
Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India
Istanbul
Thomas Newman
6 November 2015
6 November 2015
Thomas Newman
6 November 2015
Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming.
On Her Majesty's Secret Service
Writing's on the Wall
under half an hour
he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo
Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes
25 September 2015
Skyfall
Shirley Bassey
Radiohead
Adele
Shirley Bassey
Radiohead
Aston Martin and Eon
Aston Martin and Eon
the 007 logo
only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work
Aston Martin and Eon
the 007 logo
clapperboards
Skyfall
clapperboards
Skyfall
Comic Relief's Red Nose Day
BBC One
July
13 March 2015
Comic Relief's Red Nose Day
Comic Relief's Red Nose Day
Royal Albert Hall
26 October 2015
Skyfall
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre.
$199.8 million
$199.8 million
$199.8 million
£41.7 million ($63.8 million)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Avatar
$9.2 million
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Avatar
The Dark Knight
$14.6 million
$4.8 million
Spider-Man 3
$8.7 million
Spider-Man 3
four weeks
$17.1 million
$70.4 million
$5.25 million
Skyfall
$17.1 million
$5.25 million
$18.5 million
$48.1 million
$12.1 million
$84.7 million
$18.5 million
$84.7 million
60 out of 100
48
274
CinemaScore
64
60 out of 100
Robbie Collin
IGN
four out of five stars
four out of five
Scott Mendelson
Mick LaSalle
We get to believe in Bond as a person.
We get to believe in Bond as a person.
Christopher Orr
Bored
The Washington Post
Bored, James Bored
Indian Central Board of Film Certification
criticism of the board
Christoph Waltz
spring 2016
Sam Mendes
69,197
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake
69,197
69,197
7.9 Mw
69,197
69,197
69,197
Beijing and Shanghai
80 kilometres (50 mi)
new casualties and damage.
Wenchuan earthquake
Wenchuan County, Sichuan
80 kilometres (50 mi)
80 kilometres (50 mi)
69,197
69,197
4.8 million
15 million
the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
69,197
69,197
69,197
4.8 million
11 million
Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
2 minutes
80%
7.9 Mw
2 minutes
80%
along the Longmenshan fault
along the Longmenshan fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate
120 sec
10 km
along the Longmenshan fault
Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture
The rupture lasted close to 120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec.
9 meters
April 30, 2008
1972
Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan
Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan
May 8
Premier Zhou Enlai
The official also denied that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake
240 km
Tom Parsons
240 km
240 km
approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep
deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters
high risk
over 6,000 people
two stages
Yuji Yagi
shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population
over 6,000
firmness of the terrain
72 hours
Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake.
August 5, 2008
72 hours
42,719
6.4 MS
42,719
August 5, 2008
August 30, 2008
August 30, 2008
it was caused by a different fault.
Panzhihua earthquake
August 30, 2008
August 30, 2008
Panzhihua earthquake
CEA
CEA
very destructive
very disastrous
Beichuan
Tibetan Plateau
4.8 metres (16 ft)
2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
Tibetan Plateau
Tibetan Plateau
4.8 metres (16 ft)
4.8 metres (16 ft)
4.8 metres (16 ft)
Shanghai's financial district
calm
10 minutes
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
May 12
evacuated
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
disruption in air traffic services
as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations
cracks on walls of some residential buildings
Beijing office towers
Hui County, Gansu
13
cracks on walls of some residential buildings
Beijing office towers
None
Hui County, Gansu
the rail was distorted
highways
80%
Dujiangyan
900
highways
highways
80%
80 tons
900
southwestern China
oil prices
oil prices
Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
southwestern China
oil prices
Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
Sichuan
Sichuan
piece by piece
Sichuan
Sichuan
piece by piece
a handful of major news and media websites
a handful of major news and media websites
more than 2,300 base stations suspended
Wenchuan
more than 2,300 base stations suspended
power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion
Half
China Unicom
Wenchuan
Wolong National Nature Reserve
280
31
2 80
Wolong National Nature Reserve
Six
Nine-year-old
Mao Mao
20 km
20 km
2,000
391
20 km
20 km
less severe
Tulong reservoir
391
158
158
158
158
158
158
158
158
158
landslides as they tried to repair roads
2,300
2,300
9,000
3,000 to 5,000
3,000 to 5,000
2,300
9,000
3,000 to 5,000
3,000 to 5,000
Eight
Health care is poor
Gao Qiang
public health care system in China is insufficient
an area that has been largely neglected and untouched
Health care is poor
"public health care system in China is insufficient
"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,"
thousands
1,700
1,700
7,000
1, 700
shoddy construction
1,700
1,700
7,000
600
December 2008
May 7, 2009
546
546
May 7, 2009
Ai Weiwei
546
546
the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities.
at least 5 million
11 million
12.5 million
1 million
at least 5 million
11 million
12.5 million animals
60 million
Reginald DesRoches
China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake.
China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake.
1976 Tangshan earthquake
an international reconnaissance team of engineers
to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
an international reconnaissance team of engineers
to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
poorer, rural villages
Swaminathan Krishnan
California Institute of Technology
they were not designed
strong building codes
presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.
$75 billion
the five largest cities in Sichuan
US$75 billion
one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history
the five largest cities in Sichuan
63
6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA)
6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA)
63
63
Qingchuan, Sichuan
more than 90,000
1.94 million
1.94 million
1,300
more than 90,000
more than 90,000
1.94 million
1.94 million
1.94 million
Premier Wen Jiabao
geomechanics
to oversee the rescue work
Chengdu Military Region Command
90 minutes
ten
Chengdu Military Region Command
due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter
Level II emergency contingency plan
the most serious class of natural disasters
May 12
Level II
National Disaster Relief Commission
Level II
National Disaster Relief Commission
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
Armed Police General Hospital
184
China Digital Times
Book Blade
China Digital Times
Book Blade
Children's Day
relief centres
relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake.
many parents went to the rubble of schools
June 1
relief centres
$48.6 million
China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec
48.6 million
China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec
$457 million
$457 million
$457 million
€40,000,000
€40,000,000
83 million
€40,000,000
$457 million
State Council
3 years
State Council
one province to one affected county
3 years
3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget.
violent rupture
Zipingpu Dam
25 times more
large-scale dam projects
large-scale dam projects
seismological and geological data
to model future earthquake predictions
1
time prediction method
Strachimir Mavrodiev
earthquake prediction was a global issue
no proven methods exist
earthquake prediction was a global issue
no prediction notification
Gary Gibson
2002
Chen Xuezhong
Chen Xuezhong
2002
Chen Xuezhong
over 30 years
over 30 years
Earthquake prediction
experts and the general public
Earthquake prediction
Taipei Fire Department
over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain.
Red Cross Society of China
donating cash
it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides
4000 m above sea level
Wenchuan County
20
17:37 CST
3,000
15
Wenchuan County
20
17:37 CST
3,000
around 9,000
helicopters
Premier Wen Jiabao
Premier Wen Jiabao
over 150
over 150
Premier Wen Jiabao
civil aviation industry
Premier Wen Jiabao
Tzu Chi Foundation
Tzu Chi Foundation
May 13
Tzu Chi Foundation
China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.
it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake
Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
17:00 CST, May 15
May 16
Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
Mandarin Airlines
Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
satellite images
Chinese authorities
135,000
May 16
satellite images
tents and generators
135,000
The Internet
Xinhua
find the blind spots of disaster recovery
Wenchuan
The Internet
Xinhua
a student
Volunteers
May 31
a moment of silence
Beichuan county seat
three days
a moment of silence
a state earthquake relic museum
concerts
to remind people of the terrible disaster
blood
text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile
mainland China
blood
all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations.
text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile
text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile
788,000 yuan (US$113,000)
788,000 yuan (US$113,000)
788,000 yuan (US$113,000)
Wenchuan County
30,000
788,000 yuan (US$113,000)
Amity Foundation
30,000
they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless
Amity Foundation
over 7,000
tofu-dregs schoolhouses
over 7,000
over 7,000
tofu-dregs schoolhouses
So-called "illegal children" under 18 years of age
The Giving of Love
Bai Yansong
1.5 billion Chinese Yuan
$1.57 million
Promise
The Giving of Love
US$208 million
The Giving of Love
1.57 million
Promise
This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
Burma's blockage of foreign aid
“This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
Los Angeles Times
Tangshan earthquake
quake lakes
28
28
7.9
large landslides
quake lakes
28
Entire villages
Beichuan County, Sichuan
by foot or air
China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company
more than 200,000
the dam bursting
China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company
Beichuan County, Sichuan
1,200
three-day period of national mourning
three-day period of national mourning
Mao Zedong
May 19, 2008
Cars and trucks
three-day period of national mourning
The Ningbo Organizing Committee
The Ningbo Organizing Committee
The Ningbo Organizing Committee
The Ningbo Organizing Committee
Ruijin, Jiangxi
Ruijin, Jiangxi
black and white
all advertisements
various gaming sites
crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans,
Casinos
Ye Zhiping
credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened
2,323
400,000 yuan
Ye Zhiping
2,323
An County
three-year period
Chinese prosecutors
safety checks
Chinese prosecutors
to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime
safety checks
Chinese prosecutors
money
riot police officers
government officials in Beijing and Sichuan
To limit protests
money
threatened
officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses
June 25, 2008
suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
Sichuan school teacher
suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online
in a media interview
one year
in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement
January 2010
in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement
UNICEF
condolences and assistance
May 14
UNICEF
magnitude of the quake
Houston Rockets
$26 million
10.7 billion yuan
10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public
Yao Ming
26 million
swift and very efficient
"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness
Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.
Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.
Francis Marcus
live earthquake footage
live earthquake footage
suspended
Myanmar
school construction scandal
response to the quake
Thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction, citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged.
they had yet to receive any reports
censors
The AP
propaganda bureau
The AP
Geoffery York
Geoffery York
"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards."
some of the corrupt government officials
some of the corrupt government officials
arrest
the Times
many families who lost their only child
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York City
New York City
five
1898
8,491,079
8,491,079
23.6 million
five
Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island
1898
8,491,079
800
1624
1624
1785 until 1790
1664
1785 until 1790
1624
1626
1664
1785 until 1790
56 million
469
Financial District of Lower Manhattan
over 120
New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ
Long Island and Staten Island
Wisconsinan glaciation
over 1,000 feet
Lenapehoking
1524
Giovanni da Verrazzano
1524
"Nouvelle Angoulême"
Nouvelle Angoulême
1524
1524
"Nouvelle Angoulême"
January 1525
Estêvo Gomes
New York Harbor
Emperor Charles V
La Anunciada
Rio de San Antonio
Padrón Real
Henry Hudson
Dutch East India Company
1614
ten
North River
Dutch East India Company
1614
Henry Hudson
Santo Domingo
Jan Rodrigues
Juan Rodriguez
Juan Rodriguez Way
Santo Domingo
Juan Rodriguez
159th Street to 218th Street
Governors Island
Manhattan Island
1625
$1000
$1000
1624
1625
$24 worth of glass beads
New York
King James II
Peter Stuyvesant
New Amsterdam
1664
Peter Stuyvesant
King William III
August 24, 1673
New Orange
1674
Anthonio Colve
Anthonio Colve
King William III
Second Anglo-Dutch War
200
Run
200
Second Anglo-Dutch War
42%
Charleston, South Carolina
Foley Square
tens of thousands
Charleston, South Carolina
1990s
John Peter Zenger
John Peter Zenger
1754
King George II
King George II
John Peter Zenger
1754
the Sons of Liberty
Battle of Long Island
Brooklyn
August 1776
10,000
1783
Battle of Long Island
Brooklyn
1783
September 11, 1776
the Conference House on Staten Island
about a quarter
West Side of Lower Manhattan
Trinity Church
the Conference House on Staten Island
about a quarter
1785
George Washington
United States Bill of Rights
Federal Hall on Wall Street
Philadelphia
assembly of the Congress of the Confederation
assembly of the Congress of the Confederation
1789
1790
1799
Manhattan
New York Manumission Society
1827
16,000
1799
1827
Commissioners' Plan
1825
Tammany Hall
Irish and German
1825
Central Park
1857
1857
The Great Irish Famine
Over 200,000
Over 200,000
Germans
Germans
The Great Irish Famine
Over 200,000
Fernando Wood
Anger at new military conscription laws
Anger at new military conscription laws
James M. McPherson
eleven
more than 200
1898
1904
Bronx
1904
1904
1,021
the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers
the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers
the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
36,620
Harlem Renaissance
36,620
London
10 million
Fiorello La Guardia
Fiorello La Guardia
10 million
1952
abstract expressionism
abstract expressionism
abstract expressionism
Greenwich Village
Greenwich Village
June 28, 1969
Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
Greenwich Village
Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
2000
2000
Silicon Alley
1990s
1970s
1970s
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
July 19, 1909
541.3
July 19, 1909
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
September 17, 2011
Zuccotti Park
Zuccotti Park
Zuccotti Park
September 17, 2011
William F. Buckley, Jr.
1955
Donald Trump
liberalism of "New York values"
New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.
New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.
Washington, D.C. and Boston
Atlantic
Hudson River
Atlantic
Atlantic Ocean
three
New Jersey
Harlem River
The Bronx River
New York Bay
New York City and Troy, New York
New Jersey
The Bronx River
Harlem River
Battery Park City
468.9 square miles
164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
Todt Hill
Staten Island
468.9 square miles
164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
Todt Hill
Todt Hill
Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
Brooklyn
One World Trade Center
Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
1656
One World Trade Center
550
Hong Kong
550
1913
50
Hong Kong
550
1931
Art Deco
eagles
Seagram Building
Condé Nast Building
eagles
1931
1930
Bronx
Brooklyn
Queens
1870 to 1930
Tudor Revival and Victorian
brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements
1835
high water pressures
Jackson Heights
Stone and brick
wooden roof-mounted water towers
"slightly lower hazard for tall buildings"
four
five
Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx
0 °C (32 °F)
234 days
234 days
humid continental climate
January
0 °C (32 °F)
234 days
USDA 7b Plant Hardiness
Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians
0.3
72%
nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer
July 9, 1936
106 °F (41 °C)
February 9, 1934
July 9, 1936
1,270
66
October 29, 2012
49.9 inches
Hurricane Sandy
25.8 inches
National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
National Park Service
Minneapolis
The Trust for Public Land
Minneapolis
10,521.83
Gateway National Recreation Area
Fort Tilden
Jacob Riis Park
Gateway National Recreation Area
Gateway National Recreation Area
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum
Grant's Tomb
Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark
the modern gay rights movement
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum
New York and New Jersey
New York and New Jersey
Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark
Grant's Tomb
69 feet (21 m)
28
21
69 feet (21 m)
69 feet (21 m)
14 miles (23 km)
14 miles (23 km)
Pelham Bay Park
1,093
14 miles (23 km)
14 miles (23 km)
Pelham Bay Park
Pelham Bay Park
Fort Hamilton
1825
1825
North Atlantic Division
1179th Transportation Brigade
Fort Hamilton
1825
1825
Queens
8,491,079
Los Angeles
316,000
40%
40%
8,491,079
Los Angeles
40
27,858
27,673
Hudson County
44%
44%
28.6%
28.6%
3.3%
44
Civil War
28.6%
25.5
12 million
the Lower East Side
Germans
92%
Irish
12 million
12 million
37%
Dominican Republic
Bangladeshi immigrant population
China
37
Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian)
Nassau County
6.3%
Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian)
0.3%
2.7 million
550,000
560,000
65,000
the Bronx
2.7 million
20 million
1.5 million
20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominic
4.8 million
20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominic
1.3 million
Dominican Republic
Egypt
El Salvador
Ecuador
568,903
June 24, 2011
June 24, 2011
568,903
June 24, 2011
June 24, 2011
59%
33%
1.1 million
Brooklyn
Islam
1.1 million
Judaism
Brooklyn
24
Islam
0.5
0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan
Michael R. Bloomberg
4.6%
$2,749
2,749
0.5
Silicon Alley
The Atlantic
The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine, handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014
2012
One out of ten
FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future
US$914.8 billion
Time Warner Center
450 Park Avenue
$15,887
six
Time Warner Center
660 Madison Avenue
Madison Avenue
180,000
180,000
Omnicom Group
180,000
Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group
US$5 billion
US$5 billion
Brooklyn
US$234 million
"Chocolate District"
Manhattan
US$234 million
US$234 million
Godiva
163,400
163,400
US$3.8 billion
US$360,700
163,400
163,400
Wall Street
165 Broadway
$40 billion
19%
British Bankers Association
Wall Street
165 Broadway
46.5 million m2)
over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2)
over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2)
Manhattan
US$3 billion
US$3 billion
300,000
300,000
Michael R. Bloomberg
Michael R. Bloomberg
Michael R. Bloomberg
more than US$30 million
65,000
Michael R. Bloomberg
54 million
54 million
54 million
US$61.3 billion
54 million
54 million
1977
1977
New York State Empire State Development
1977
1977
1977
Greenwich Village
the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances
Rockefeller Center
Summerstage
Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens
90,000
90,000
Anbang Insurance Group
US$1.95 billion
Waldorf Astoria New York
90,000
Anbang Insurance Group
1.95 billion
one-third
one-third
one-third
Los Angeles
Two
advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries
Seven
25,000
The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
The Wall Street Journal
Joseph Medill Patterson
Alexander Hamilton
25,000
25,000
2
The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
Joseph Medill Patterson
CBS
NYCTV
MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central
Fox News
Manhattan Neighborhood Network
1971
WNET
WNYC
1997
Manhattan Neighborhood Network
1971
WNYC
New York City Department of Education
1,700
1,700
nine
1,700
nine
New York City Charter School Center
900
over half million
one out of four
one out of four
24
over half million
New York Public Library
Queens Borough Public Library
Queens Borough Public Library
Queens Borough Public Library
Manhattan
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
more than 70
$6.7 billion
$6.7 billion
$6.7 billion
1969
more than 70
Bellevue Hospital
Ramanathan Raju
Bellevue Hospital
Bellevue Hospital
Ramanathan Raju, MD
Illinois
Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois.
35,000
New York's Finest
35,000
35,000
New York's Finest
328
75%
Provo, Utah
fewer than 500 homicides
328
95.1%
Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards
Five Families
Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards
Black Spades
Tokyo Fire Department
fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services
New York's Bravest
fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services
second largest
11,080
11,080
New York's Bravest
hundreds of miles
brush fires
9 MetroTech Center
Randalls Island
Downtown Brooklyn
9 MetroTech Center
Downtown Brooklyn
Randalls Island
11 Metrotech Center
1940s
1970s
Harlem Renaissance
jazz
jazz
jazz
dance
New York Fashion Week
New York School
New York Fashion Week
Global Language Monitor
1880s
more than 2,000
New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street
Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others
more than 2,000
New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street
12.21 million
The Great White Way
11.4%
11.4%
12.21 million
11.57 million
24,000
4,000
24,000
24,000
nearly one thousand
1882
MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field
Ebbets Field
1882
National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer
five
forty
"Capital of Baseball
35
"Capital of Baseball
five
35
35
five
14
14
MetLife Stadium
2014
MetLife Stadium
MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
MetLife Stadium
2014
New York Islanders
Newark
Newark, New Jersey
New York Islanders
New York Islanders
Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
New York Liberty
1938
New York Liberty
National Invitation Tournament
1938
Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens
The Millrose Games
Belmont Stakes
1932
Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden
Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens
four
The New York Marathon
The Millrose Games
Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden
Stickball
Stickball Boulevard
Stickball Boulevard
New York City Subway system
469
Grand Central Station
1.75 billion
Grand Central Station
38.4 minutes
54.6
22
54.6%
90%
38.4 minutes
52%
22%
Port Authority Bus Terminal
7,000
7,000
Port Authority Bus Terminal
John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
John F. Kennedy International Airport
Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York
109 million
The Staten Island Ferry
The Staten Island Ferry
8.4
The Staten Island Ferry
The Staten Island Ferry
George Washington Bridge
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
Brooklyn Bridge
1903
George Washington Bridge
George Washington Bridge
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
neo-Gothic
1903
The Lincoln Tunnel
1927
1940
Franklin D. Roosevelt
120,000
120,000
New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey
Lower Manhattan to Jersey City
Franklin D. Roosevelt
over 200,000
over 200,000
21%
Citibank
Quinnipiac University
Walk Score
Catskill Mountains watershed
Catskill Mountains
290 million gallons
290 million gallons
290 million gallons
290 million gallons
51
three
four-year
51
three
The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record
four
Democrats
67
Barack Obama
1924
Calvin Coolidge
Democratic Party
67%
1924
Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge
127
Roosevelt Island
127
one million
one million
one million
one-fifth
one-fifth
lead pollution
crack epidemic
Tom Wolfe
National Library of Australia
New York's Baruch College
Iceland and Latvia
Upper West Side of Manhattan
New York City Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet,
Union Square
New York University
Central Park SummerStage
Museum Mile
a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan
1959
2012
Museum Mile
Brooklynese
Archie Bunker
Carroll O'Connor
New Yawk
New York City FC
Yankee Stadium
Harrison, New Jersey
Pelé
Hofstra University
one in every three
more than 250
more than 250
AirTrain people mover system
more than 250
Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan
three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
Copenhagen Metro
Port Authority Trans-Hudson
Second Avenue Subway
more than 12,000
Manhattan Island
theater
finance
the theater, finance, advertising
finance, advertising, and fashion
rush hour
northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
Long Island
Queens and Brooklyn
Queens and Brooklyn
Structural Expressionism
Queensboro Bridge
28%
28%
Bill de Blasio
Hearst Tower
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case
6
110,000
Greenpoint oil spill
mayor-council
1898
Manhattan
Manhattan
executive agencies
Foley Square
District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Foley Square
District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Foley Square
Manhattan
10021
83 cents
$11 billion
83 cents
New York City Global Partners
2006
1960
Pulitzer Prize
Harper Lee
Harper Lee
1960
her family and neighbors
United States
To Kill a Mockingbird
racial injustice and the destruction of innocence
American Deep South
its use of racial epithets
Mary McDonough Murphy
2006
1962
1990
Robert Mulligan
Bible
Horton Foote
Robert Mulligan
Monroeville, Alabama
February 2016
Go Set a Watchman
Go Set a Watchman
July 14, 2015
February 2016
Truman Capote
1950
British Overseas Airways
Monroeville, Alabama
1926
Truman Capote
Huntingdon College
Huntingdon College
J. B. Lippincott
Go Set a Watchman
Therese von Hohoff Torrey
Therese von Hohoff Torrey
mental illness
two years
Her father
July 11, 1960
over two and a half years
Reader's Digest Condensed Books
Maycomb, Alabama
three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression
small gifts in a tree outside the Radley
Dill
Maycomb, Alabama
three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression
Jean Louise Finch (Scout)
Mayella Ewell
Tom Robinson
Scout, Jem, and Dill
Atticus
the colored balcony
the colored balcony
shot and killed
Jem and Scout
Halloween pageant
Boo Radley
Atticus
Boo Radley
Bob Ewell
fell on his own knife
autobiography
1919
25
Monroeville
Scout
1960
In Cold Blood
Truman Capote
Underwood
apart people
Walter Lett
Walter Lett
Emmett Till
Civil Rights Movement
Southern prejudices
Emmett Till
Satire and irony
parody, satire, and irony
Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace
Calpurnia
ham
ham costume
coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel
To Kill a Mockingbird
Atticus
Miss Maudie
separations of race and class
Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted
race relations
a punishment of death
seventeen times
a punishment of death
poor white farmers
seventeen
shoot a rabid dog
Carolyn Jones
Calpurnia
Aunt Alexandra
Walter Cunningham
Jane Austen
individual worth
poor white trash'
issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism
gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior
morphine
Atticus
courage
Charles Shields
Charles Shields
Harper Lee
Mayella Ewell
Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
Mrs. Dubose
Jean Louise
Bob Ewell
Atticus
Boo Radley
Lawyers
frilly clothes
Songbirds
Finch
air-rifles
air-rifles
air-rifles
innocent and harmless
Book of the Month Club
Book of the Month Club
ten
more than 30 million
more than 30 million
more than 30 million
more than 30 million
Scout, Atticus, and Boo
Alice Lee
Scout, Atticus, and Boo
Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer
Atticus Finch's model of integrity
1997
Alabama State Bar
honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who "has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor."
1963
21
1963
21
1966
rape
Tom Robinson
Little Black Sambo
the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Archulus Persons
Truman Capote
Alice
Truman Capote
Lippincott
1961
41
1962
1964
Pulitzer Prize
1964
2001
25
Richard M. Daley
Richard M. Daley
25
University of Notre Dame
President George W. Bush
To Kill a Mockingbird
University of Notre Dame
President George W. Bush
1962
1962
1962
pocketwatch
"Harper"
pocketwatch
"Harper"
May 2005
"She's like a national treasure
Christopher Sergel
1990
Monroeville
May
racially segregated
West Yorkshire Playhouse
Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London
West Yorkshire Playhouse
July 14, 2015
1957
Go Set a Watchman,
Tonja Carter
Go Set a Watchman
1957
Go Set a Watchman,
rape and racial inequality
Atticus Finch
narration
a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood,
all Southerners
Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood
Southern romantic regionalism
fine folks
The South itself
Tom Robinson
Boo Radley
he was real nice
because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy
Chicago Sunday Tribune
Granville Hicks
Flannery O'Connor
William Faulkner
Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen
Allen Barra
Akin Ajayi
Calpurnia
black students
classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash"
every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality
an act of protest
Scripture
Mockingbird groupies
solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
artificial photosynthesis
solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
174,000 terawatts
30%
150 to 300 watts per square meter
174,000 terawatts
30%
150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day
clouds, oceans and land masses
71
Sunlight
photosynthesis
71%
Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises
clouds
amplifies convection
photosynthesis
3,850,000 exajoules
more energy in one hour than the world used in one year
Photosynthesis
more energy in one hour than the world used in one year
3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year
Photosynthesis
coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined
the Sun in a direct or indirect way.
passive or active
passive or active
geothermal and tidal
direct or indirect
photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans
Passive solar techniques
solar thermal collectors
selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air
passive solar technologies
passive solar technologies
Frank Shuman
Sun Power Company
1912
reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes
1897
steam engine
Sun Power Company
1912
Maadi, Egypt
more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute
World War I
Maadi, Egypt
more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute
more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute
World War I
World War I
60 to 70
sunlight
60 to 70%
evacuated tube collectors
evacuated tube collectors
154 thermal gigawatt
Israel and Cyprus
154 thermal gigawatt
China
Israel and Cyprus
In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005.
50
50% (10.1 EJ/yr)
50% (10.1 EJ/yr)
Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies
Thermal mass
any material that can be used to store heat
stone, cement and water
radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night
arid climates or warm temperate regions
auxiliary heating and cooling equipment
a vertical shaft
a vertical shaft
a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building
greenhouses
the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter
Deciduous trees and plants
1/3 to 1/2
they will interfere with winter solar availability
east and west
1767
315 °C (599 °F)
cooking, drying and pasteurization
panel cookers and reflector cookers
Horace de Saussure
90–150 °C (194–302 °F)
315 °C (599 °F)
Shenandoah, Georgia, USA
short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years)
parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors
Shenandoah, Georgia, USA
to obtain salt from sea water
Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks
preheating ventilation air
1872
Solar distillation
16th-century Arab alchemists
1872
4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day
single-slope
World Health Organization
from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions
household water treatment and safe storage
Over two million
carbon dioxide
chemicals or electricity
carbon dioxide
2050
2050
354 MW
less than 1%
354 MW
Mojave Desert of California
India
Charles Fritts
1954
mainstream electricity source
A solar cell
Charles Fritts
Dr Bruno Lange
Russell Ohl
a working fluid
lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
a conventional power plant
the Stirling dish
a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight
Megaron House
orientation relative to the Sun
well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range
Megaron House
pumps, fans and switchable windows
Urban heat islands
3 °C
Urban heat islands
asphalt and concrete
paint buildings and roads white and plant trees
fruit walls
grape presses
to optimize the productivity of plants
timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties
fruit walls
keeping plants warm
cucumbers
16th century
convert solar light to heat
Greenhouses
Tiberius
16th century
3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi)
90.87 kilometres per hour
a biannual solar-powered car race
1987
90.87 kilometres per hour
90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)
The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge
1975
1975
Kenichi Horie
Kenichi Horie
Solar Riser
Solar Impulse
1974
29 April 1979
July 1981
Eric Scott Raymond
36 hours
hydrogen production from protons
Solar chemical processes
artificial photosynthesis
Weizmann Institute
pure zinc
Hydrogen production technologies
oxygen and hydrogen
Weizmann Institute
Thermal mass systems
Thermal mass systems
water, earth and stone
lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements
paraffin wax and Glauber's salt
The "Dover House"
paraffin wax and Glauber's salt
64 °C or 147 °F
Dover House
they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
1.44 terajoules
Off-grid PV systems
Off-grid PV systems
Net metering programs
'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
accurately measure in both directions
hydroelectric power generator
when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one
hydroelectric power generator
1979
1979
Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan
SERI, now NREL
NEDO
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
1920s
20%
1890s
falling petroleum prices
20%
154 GW
The International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency
ISO 10217
solar water heaters
ISO 10217
ISO 10217
passive solar or active solar
solar water heating
orienting a building to the Sun
559.8 EJ
1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)
large magnitude of solar energy
1,575–49,837 exajoules
an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource
mitigating global warming
learning investments
It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise
geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.
areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation
photovoltaics
during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb
clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels
they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans
1,575–49,837 EJ
conversion of sunlight into electricity
directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)
tracking systems
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
photoelectric effect
Sunlight
Greeks and Chinese
Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods
ordinary air
upward buoyancy force
toy market
surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high
coal would soon become scarce
increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060
greenhouse gas emitters
Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
Manichaeism
Oxus
1991
1992 to 1997
Manichaeism
Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
1991
1992 to 1997
260,000
260,000
60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)
Virgin Lands Campaign
clan loyalties
30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
Emomali Rahmon
More than 500,000
Tajik–Afghan
Dushanbe Airport
15 km southwest of Dushanbe
United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
30
Russia
November 2010
August
republic
Kokhir Rasulzoda
Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova
November 1994
the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament
independent press outlets remain restricted
no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists
Tajikistan
mountains of the Pamir range
on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)
Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe
"Land of the Tajiks"
"place of" or "country"
the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
Tibetan empire and Chinese
Tibetan empire and Chinese
Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara
Khorasan
Tibetan empire and Chinese
Tibetan empire and Chinese
Tibetan empire and Chinese
Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara
Tibetan empire and Chinese
Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara
Khorasan
Khorasan
Tibetan empire and Chinese
710
Kara-Khanid Khanate
The Samanid Empire
late 19th century's Imperial Era
Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand
cotton
Russian Turkestan
Emirate of Bukhara
During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region
Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand
1910 and 1913
World War I
basmachi
in a futile attempt to maintain independence
four-year
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
southern region
collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place
peasants
Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan.
nearly 10,000 people
Ethnic Russians
between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%
Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary
four seats in Parliament
President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."
would not affect the will of the Tajik people
143,100 km2
143,100 km2
143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)
Afghanistan
Wakhan Corridor
Afghanistan
143,100 km2
143,100 km2
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
500 BCE
Achaemenid Empire
Alexander the Great
Yuezhi tribes
early eighth century
Arabs
Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
9.6%
aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers
60%
Tajik Aluminum Company
Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports.
great hydropower potential
Nurek Dam
Afghanistan
less than US$1.25 per day
$2.1 billion US dollars
cheap labor
unprecedented
Drug trafficking
US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities
Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations
to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency
Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail.
Iran and Pakistan
1,300 km (810 mi)
2012
26 airports
Dushanbe International Airport
Russia
Khorog Airport
7,349,145
7,349,145
7,349,145
7,349,145
Tajikistanis
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains
Sunni Islam
freedom of religion
Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon
98%
minority religious groups undermine national unity
religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere
Hizb ut-Tahrir
an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state
the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities
a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location
Religious groups who do not have a physical structure
closure of place of worship
health care
104,272
1%
World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
11 years
11 years
76
17%
Anthropology
social anthropology
linguistic anthropology
social anthropology
United States
1870
1869
1902
1865
Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation
During the last three decades of the 19th century
During the last three decades of the 19th century
major theorists
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Association for the Advancement of Science
late 19th and early 20th centuries
Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation
cross-cultural comparisons
Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology
cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques
Anthropology
Anthropology
Anthropology
Classical Greece and Persia
cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies
structuralist and postmodern theories
1970s and 1990s
epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions
archaeology and biological anthropology
four sub-fields
Sociocultural anthropology
Sociocultural anthropology
it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations
There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.
the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them,
cultural relativism
methodology
Participant observation
participant-observation
reductionism in cross-cultural comparison
economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games,
patterns of consumption and exchange
kinship and social organization
economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games,
economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution
Archaeology
patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices
to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups
to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways
evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies
Linguistic anthropology
the interpretation of sociocultural processes
Linguistic anthropology
sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis
universality
do not exist
formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities
1983
an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'
Étienne Serres
Étienne Serres
Étienne Serres
France
Société Ethnologique de Paris
19th
Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them
processes or laws unknown to them then
On the Origin of Species
Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.
late 1850s.
social sciences
Paris
Paris
Transformisme
neurosurgeon
the pathology of speech
Broca's area
psychology
six
the science of the nature of man
animist
comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
empirical
history of civilization
British ethnologists
explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt
explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt
French Société
Waitz
anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions
dozens
forensic archaeologist
recreate the final scene
World Council of Anthropological Associations
Media anthropology
Media anthropology
early 1990s
contexts of media reception
cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education.
Visual anthropology
anthropological study of visual representation
sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs
ethnographic film
Economic anthropology
Economic anthropology
economics
Bronislaw Malinowski
Polish-British
Historical Materialism
History and colonialism
Hunter-gatherers
the vast majority of the world's population
Political Economists
Applied Anthropology
"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems
"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems
activism
activism
critical
poverty
pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing
gap
Why does so much planned development fail
Kinship
anthropology
Over its history
one's social relations during development
by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage
Feminist anthropology
Feminist anthropology
Feminist anthropologists
construction of gender
birth
Nutritional anthropology
interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security
globalization
overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models)
Nutritional anthropology
Psychological anthropology
development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health.
its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories
ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group
the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes
Cognitive anthropology
Cognitive anthropology
experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.
Political anthropology
the basis of the structure of societies
1960s
anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena.
Geertz
American Anthropological Association's annual meeting
1993
STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science
Donna Haraway
modern technological systems
Environmental anthropology
political ecology
more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.
The focus and data interpretation
Hyde Park
historical records
various ethnic groups
historical and ethnographic data as its foundation
documents and manuscripts
Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.
Urban anthropology
Ulf Hannerz
Ulf Hannerz
two
two
human–animal studies
Anthrozoology
a number of other disciplines
quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party
anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy
Evolutionary anthropology
natural science and social science
biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present
scientific
interdisciplinary
Ethical commitments
Ethical commitments
anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation
hu man sacrifice
To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach
Boas' anthropologist contemporaries
Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan
armed forces
intelligence
David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.
for the benefit of the state
codes of ethics or statements
The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth
AAA
no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given
US military
US Army's strategy in Afghanistan
Counterinsurgency
Iraq
CEAUSSIC
Biological anthropologists
Biological anthropologists
into the field
traveling to a community in its own setting
population genetic
relevant time periods and geographic regions
material
Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian
Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian
various kinds of comparative method
the study of "other cultures
time (past societies) and space
non-European/non-Western societies
Ulf Hannerz
late 1960s
the North Atlantic region
limiting research to a single locale
broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people
scientific laboratories
the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations
attempted assassination
Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro
Jesuits
1759
every person involved, even women and children
1770
1779
primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty
opposition
primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty
Napoleon
1822
Brazil
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
20th century
French Invasion of Portugal
1820
Porto
French Invasion of Portugal
Portuguese royal family
before the turn of the 20th century
1884
to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa
to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa
Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, Joo Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia
1 February 1908
14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902
Manuel II
5 October 1910
Political instability and economic weaknesses
António de Oliveira Salazar
1933
five
Angola and Mozambique,
United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
unitary semi-presidential republican form of government
unitary semi-presidential republican form of government
France, Spain and Italy
decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
Battle of Covadonga
722 AD
Reconquista Crist
dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
Alfonso III
868 AD
Alfonso III
Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália
Leonese culture
the Kingdom of Portugal
Galician
Spanish
Castilian (Spanish Language)
Count von Daun
Sebastio José de Carvalho e Melo
The Queen consort of Portugal
The Queen consort of Portugal
John V of Portugal
earthquakes
marching troops around the models
no epidemics
Pombaline City Centre
every parish in the country
Portuguese Republic
Southwestern Europe
Atlantic Ocean
1,214 km (754 mi)
Madeira
Portuguese Republic
Southwestern Europe
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
1,214 km (754 mi)
The Celts and the Romans
Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples
1139
Age of Discovery
15th and 16th centuries
Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822.
1822
Portuguese First Republic
Macau
250 million
Portus Cale
Pre-Celts and Celts
Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes
298 AD
Alankerk
27 BC
Gallaecia
Conmbriga and Mirobriga
hill forts
16 km
only a few months
711
750
Abd-ar-Rahman I
almost two centuries
Emir of their provinces
the Christian kingdoms of the north
Taifa of Seville
Almoravids
Battle of Sagrajas
Muwallad or Muladi
Oman
Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa
south of the Tagus
800
León
Galicia
Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital
910
1230
1348 and 1349
England
England
NATO
Oporto region
Age of Discovery
King Joo I
the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde
Cape of Good Hope
Brazil
increased
Prime Minister
British economic success
Sebastio de Melo
Sebastio de Melo
economic and financial
to ensure the wine's quality
high nobility
Sebastio de Melo
high nobility to the poorest working class
April 1974
Lisbon
social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
Junta de Salvaço Nacional
Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government
Mário Soares
1983 to 1985
neoliberal model
1976
to accommodate socialist and communist principles
Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Be
Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Be
Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Be
mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.
Azores and Madeira
rough topography
Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical
Arrábida mountain
Tertiary period
Pyrenean oak
Boars
seven
Laurisilva
fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mon
migratory birds
more than 100
in the Tagus International Natural Park
habitat loss, pollution and drought
glowing plankton
five
Anbal Cavaco Silva
230
230
thirteen
Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party
national-, regional- and local-levels
Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
between 5 and 15%
President of the Republic
five
direct, universal suffrage
President of the Republic
The Council of Ministers
a mandatory period of debate
failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies
Portuguese law
urban areas
the Polcia de Segurança Pblica – PSP
the Polcia de Segurança Pblica – PSP
2001
10 days worth of personal use
go to a rehab facility
50 percent
308
308
18
three
Navy, Army and Air Force
self-defense force
39,200
2.1 percent of GDP
21,000
Pandur II APC
Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC
paratroopers, commandos and rangers
10,700
World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War
1961–1974
East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon
Angola
Pedro Passos Coelho
improve the State's financial situation
on top of the government's spending cuts
20%
the Diário de Notcias
unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms
the Diário de Notcias
2007–08
Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)
bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes.
bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
the euro (€)
Portuguese Escudo
Banco de Portugal
Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas
Setbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria
1974
PREC period
exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector
textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
2011
€78 billion
May 2014
15.3 percent
small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units
Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezrias and Valouro
edible mushrooms
tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef
Ramirez (the world’s oldest active canned fish producer), Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Lder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vas
Vasco da Gama
fish
Portugal is a significant European minerals producer
tin, tungsten and uranium
hydrocarbon exploration
north
economic globalization
Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen
Embraer and OGMA
AutoEuropa
Alverca, Covilh, Évora, and Ponte de Sor
Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro
Travel and tourism
Eastern European destinations
niche attractions
health, nature and rural tourism
The Economist
65%
10.2%
negative
July 2011
the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility
the late 1970s
Carnation's Revolution
financial weakness
70.8
62.4
slow and inefficient
Italy
over 30 per 100,000
Passos Coelho
35 to 40 hours
€4.8 billion
if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
65 to 66
cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses
Passos Coelho
several institutions
the third quarter of 2014
11.9%
7.3%
December 2009
Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra
between 4-5 million
between 4-5 million
Porto Santo, and Alentejo
Lisbon
1970s
motorways
68,732 km (42,708 mi)
1944
89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja
Lisbon's geographical position
TAP Portugal
Spain
Comboios de Portugal
1,430 km (889 mi)
1,430 km (889 mi)
1,430 km (889 mi)
Porto Metropolitan Area
Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo
Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)
over a century
INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.
INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.
Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation
neuroscience and oncology research centre
one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world
1779
Lisbon Oceanarium
a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population
Visionarium
scientific, technological and knowledge-based
Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)
financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
wind and river power
near Moura, in the south
Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region
66%
Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)
renewable-energy plants
hydropower plants
wind-driven turbines
government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.
52%
52%
52%
Catholicism
Cristos Novos
Paleolithic peoples
45,000 years ago
Paleolithic peoples
south-western corner
Atlantic Ocean
People's Republic of China
emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999
10,617,575
81.0%
Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist
6.8%
6.8%
Christian
13th and 14th
First Portuguese Republic
1910–26
25 July 1139
God's wish to act through Afonso
to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands
Portuguese
Romance
Galicia and Northern Portugal
Galician-Portuguese
the Romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
the Romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
between 1415 and 1999
Brazil
Brazil
99 percent
close to 100 percent
Over 35%
Over 35%
1290
Lisbon
Coimbra
Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificaço e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro
the Escola Médico-Cirrgica of Goa
2006
public money
over 23 years old
developing health policy as well as managing the SNS
Five
implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
noncommunicable diseases
ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A.
mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years
survey results based on self-reporting at the household level
one third
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon
Casa da Msica
15
Portuguese late Gothic
a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century
20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture
Eduardo Souto de Moura, lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne
stadium design
late 19th century
Fernando Lopes
Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado
late 19th century
Fernando Lopes
Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado
Lus de Cames
"Os Lusadas" (The Lusiads)
Lus de Cames
neoclassic and contemporary styles
Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga
bacalhau
caldeirada
a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish
beef, pork, lamb, or chicken
arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)
Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches
the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country
almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor
ovos moles
Romans
Bacchus
Madeira Wine
Port and Madeira
Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality,
Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto
every two years
Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010
2005
Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa
the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia.
Joly Braga Santos
Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira
20th century
Delaunays
Canço Popular a Russa e o Fgaro
Vieira da Silva, Jlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julio Sarmento and Paula Rego
Football
Eusébio
Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José
SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP
"os três grandes" ("the big three")
eight
roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball
The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federaço Portuguesa de Futebol
June 8, 1977
Kanye Omari West
Kanye Omari West
June 8, 1977
Roc-A-Fella Records
Jay-Z and Alicia Keys
7
Roc-A-Fella Records
Chicago
Roc-A-Fella Records
The College Dropout
7
more than 32 million
more than 32 million
21
more than 3 2 million albums and 100 million digital downloads
"500 Greatest Albums of All Time
more than 32 million
21
more than 3 2 million albums and 100 million digital downloads
2005 and 2015
Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University
Atlanta
Good Water Store and Café
Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University
Polaris High School
Nanjing, China
West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it.
A's and B's
10
Nanjing University
poetry
$25
No I.D.
poetry
Green Eggs and Ham
No I.D.
Chicago's American Academy of Art
20
Chicago's American Academy of Art
English
20
College Dropout
burgeoning local artists
speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records
Go-Getters
mid-1990s
mid-1990s
Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie
Go-Getters
Hustle Period
1999
Foxy Brown
guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.
Foxy Brown
Tell 'Em Why U Madd
Roc-A-Fella Records
The Blueprint
2000
The Blueprint
to be a rapper
Capitol Records
to be a rapper
gangsta image
Capitol Records
Joe Weinberger
Damon Dash
Jay-Z
Joe Weinberger
Damon Dash
Through The Wire
Get Well Soon...
The College Dropout
October 23, 2002
"Through The Wire"
Get Well Soon
leaked months
August 200 3
Los Angeles
August 200 3
August 2003
Roc-A-Fella
Roc-A-Fella
Jesus Walks
GOOD Music
February 2004
"Slow Jamz"
10
GOOD Music
string orchestra
Jon Brion
Late Registration
over 2.3 million
Portishead
Late Registration
over 2.3 million
Best New Artist
Hurricane Katrina
a crown of thorns.
Best New Artist
Mike Myers
a crown of thorns.
A Concert for Hurricane Relief
anthemic rap songs
large arenas
Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
anthemic rap songs
1980s
The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin
Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
Graduation
50 Cent
957,000
Daft Punk
Graduation
50 Cent
Daft Punk
Alexis Phifer
Auto-Tune
November 2007
Alexis Phifer
2008 Glow in the Dark Tour
Honolulu, Hawaii
"Love Lockdown"
Island Def Jam
808s & Heartbreak
Island Def Jam
November 2008
Heartless
Island Def Jam
Matthew Trammell
Matthew Trammell
2009 MTV Video Music Awards
Taylor Swift
Lady Gaga
2009 MTV Video Music Awards
Beyoncé
Lady Gaga
808s & Heartbreak's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards
Hawaii
fashion
Hawaii
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
54th Grammy Awards
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
November 2010
"All of the Lights"
GOOD Fridays
Watch the Throne with Jay-Z.
Jay-Z
2012 Cannes Film Festival
Watch the Throne with Jay-Z.
Watch the Throne with Jay-Z.
"Niggas in Paris"
2012
2012 Cannes Film Festival
his own personal Loft's living room
Yeezus
Kendrick Lamar
his own personal Loft's living room
architecture
Yeezus
June 18, 2013
Kendrick Lamar
North
Adidas
Paul McCartney
2015 BRIT Awards
Kim Kardashian
North
Florence
Paul McCartney
Yeezy Season 1
SWISH
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
135,000
So Help Me God
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
135,000
February 11
Waves
Wiz Khalifa
The Life of Pablo
Tidal
"Facts"
Waves
Wiz Khalifa
Yeezy Season 3
David Bowie
Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard
chipmunk soul
David Bowie
David Bowie
"This Can't Be Life"
Jon Brion
string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation
Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section
Jon Brion
Portishead
Graduation
a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape
melody and chord progression
2007
808s & Heartbreak
Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano
Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
1980s post-punk and new wave
Matthew Trammell
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson
Sean Fennessey
Sean Fennessey
808s & Heartbreak
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
a protest to music
distorted drum machines and "synthesizers that sound like they're malfunctioning, low-resolution samplers
2013
Yeezus
Pastelle Clothing
four years
September 2005
2009
Nike
Louis Vuitton
women
mixed-to-negative reviews
March 6, 2012
October 1, 2011
DW Kanye West
October 1, 2011
DW Kanye West
The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, Elleuk.com, The Daily Telegraph, Harper's Bazaar
March 6, 2012
Adidas
December 3
Adidas Yeezy Boosts
9000 pairs
Adidas Yeezy Boosts
2015
The Life of Pablo
10
10
February 2011
10
10
February 2011
KW Foods LLC
GOOD Music
Pusha T
2004
John Legend
Pusha T
make products and experiences that people want and can afford
Donda West
January 5, 2012
Tidal
Beyoncé and Jay-Z
low payout of royalties
Tidal
lossless audio and high definition music videos
Jay Z
Spotify
Kanye West Foundation
provide underprivileged youth access to music education
Kanye West Foundation
2007
Chicago
provide underprivileged youth access to music education
Strong American Schools
an inaugural benefit concert
The Dr. Donda West Foundation
2011
2008
The Dr. Donda West Foundation
2008
MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home.
A Concert for Hurricane Relief
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina
September 2, 2005
Chris Tucker
George Bush
"one of the most disgusting moments" of his presidency
Matt Lauer
Kazakhstan
$3 million
one of the poorest human rights records
Kazakhstan
Shakira and Rage Against The Machine
human rights concerns
Zane Lowe
an apology
Zane Lowe
Zane Lowe
Zane Lowe
oil money
Jewish people
oil money
December 21, 2013
Bill Cosby
Bill Cosby
Gretchen Wilson
Touch the Sky
Gretchen Wilson
Touch the Sky
November 7, 2006
Saturday Night Live
MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs)
Stronger
MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs)
"Stronger"
Taylor Swift
President Barack Obama
President Barack Obama
"I did not diss Taylor Swift
Famous
September 2010
November 8, 2010
The Life of Pablo
West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year
Beyoncé
West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year
February 26, 2015
Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
2020
Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
133,000+
Pan American Games
Change.org
133,000+
over 50,000
Alexis Phifer
Amber Rose
Kim Kardashian
Alexis Phifer
2002
August 2006
Amber Rose
April 2012
the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James
58
Andre Aboolian
7:35 pm
heart disease
Andre Aboolian
Jan Adams
Larry King Live
"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty"
Ed McPherson
Ed McPherson, filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian
Larry King Live
January 10, 2008
Oklahoma City
"Don't Stop Believin'"
Oklahoma City
November 20, 2007
November 22
Glow in the Dark tour
New Zealand
New Zealand
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Arnold Schwarzenegger
"Donda West Law"
Robert "Evel" Knievel
November 2007
Robert "Evel" Knievel
Evel Kanyevel
November 2007
Don "Don C." Crowley
$20,000
one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery
September 11, 2008
Don "Don C." Crowley
Don "Don C." Crowley
$20,000
Tup Tup Palace
Tup Tup Palace
Tup Tup Palace
Tup Tup Palace
Daniel Ramos
misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft
Daniel Ramos
2
24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos.
250
Christian
The College Dropout
Christian
music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures
David Bowie
"As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold."
Ben Westhoff
"he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure," while Complex called him the 21st century's "most important artist of any art form, of any genre."
preponderance of homophobia in hip hop
Rosie Swash
middle-class
50 Cent
Ben Detrick
Elon Musk
Elon Musk
6
over 30 million
6
Yeezus
3,086,000
third
over 30 million
21
Bob Dylan
Time 100
21
8
May 16, 2008
MTV Man of the Year
Bob Dylan
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
The Pitchfork online music publication
The Pitchfork online music publication
The Pitchfork online music publication
The Pitchfork online music publication
the song "Runaway" (featuring Pusha T) was ranked in the third position in the publication's list of the 200 "best tracks" released since 2010.
Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift
clothing and footwear
DONDA
2013
Buddhism
Gautama Buddha
Nepal
Four Noble Truths
elimination of ignorance and craving
Buddhism
Gautama Buddha
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
Nepal
Gautama Buddha
Nepal
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
Gautama Buddha
6th and 4
Nepal
Gautama Buddha
Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle")
Vajrayana
Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
Tiantai
488 million[web 1] and 535 million
Mahayana
Vajrayana
Vajrayana
Indian siddhas
The School of the Elders
Nirvana
Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)
to help other beings reach awakening
rainbow body
Noble Eightfold Path
Noble Eightfold Path
Tibetan Buddhism
Middle Way
Mahayana
escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth
the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)
cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment
Ten Meritorious Deeds
renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic
Mahabrahma
giving charity to reduce the greediness
Ten Meritorious Deeds
Theravada
the Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravdin Mahvastu, and the Sarvstivdin Lalitavistara Stra
monastic order
5th century CE
Buddhacarita
Buddha ghoa
Buddha ghoa
do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.
Buddhaghoa
Michael Carrithers
renunciation
Karen Armstrong
Siddhatta Gotama
his disciples
Michael Carrithers
her biography of the Buddha
Siddhatta Gotama
fifth century BCE
northeastern Indian subcontinent
an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.
northeastern Indian subcontinent
fifth century BCE
a small republic
northeastern Indian subcontinent
an oligarchy
northeastern Indian subcontinent
elected chieftain
Asita
renounce the material world to become a holy man
whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls
Asita
Suddhodana
Asita
Asita
Suddhodana
holy man
he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds
29
the suffering of ordinary people
ascetic holy man
to see his son become a king
29
four sights
a spiritual quest.
to see his son become a king
29
ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world.
ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world.
famous religious teachers of the day
Middle Way
prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain
anapanasati meditation
extreme asceticism
milk and rice
Middle Way
they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
milk and rice
Middle Way
Middle Way
35
Bodhi Tree
teaching the path of awakening he had discovered
80
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
Bodhi Tree
Bodhi Tree
80
Bodhi Tree
Bodhi Tree
Bodhi Tree
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
samsara
ignorance
suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction
liberation from samsara
dukkha
six
ignorance
following the Buddhist path
samsara
six
six
dukkha
following the Buddhist path
action, work
sasra
sla
phala
action, work
sla
cetan
phala
sasra
sla
result
the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts
Mahyna Mahparinirva Stra
Vajrayana
Genshin
the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts
Genshin
the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts
the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts
Genshin
Genshin
Rebirth
anatt
prattyasamutpda
a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death.
karma
Rebirth
anatta
prattyasamutpda
a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul
angmis (non-returners)
the highest object of meditation
angmis
Pure Abodes
angmis
formless realms
arpajhnas
angmis
angmis
arpajhnas
formless realms
intermediate state
Samyutta Nikaya
Samyutta Nikaya
bardo
Samyutta Nikaya
Samyutta Nikaya
intermediate state
intermediate state
Samyutta Nikaya
Samyutta Nikaya
Four Noble Truths
the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome
Four Noble Truths
suffering
Four Noble Truths
dukkha
dukkha
"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.
three
suffering
anxiety
three
unsatisfactoriness
three
three
the origin of dukkha can be known
craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)
the complete cessation of dukkha is possible
identifies a path to this cessation
the origin of dukkha can be known.
ignorance
ignorance
the origin of dukkha can be known
ignorance
ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things
the origin of dukkha
The Noble Eightfold Path
dukkha
Right Concentration
the fourth
eight
dukkha
Right Action
the fourth
eight
dukkha
Ajahn Sucitto
eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour
mental, spoken, and bodily
Ajahn Sucitto
"the immeasurables"
egotism
four immeasurables
mett
wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
Kalama
egotism
Thich Nhat Hanh
Pema Chödrön
mett
Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment
Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment
Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism
Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.
Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts
Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.
overcoming ignorance
suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sasra)
nirva
nirva
suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths
three marks
inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent
loss
because things are impermanent
Every we can experience through our senses
Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be
sasra
attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering
suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration
disquietude
realistic
Buddhism
disquietude
disquietude
dukkha
Not-self
an approach for gaining release from suffering
the Buddha refused to answer
neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self
Not-self
Nikayas
"I have a Self" and "I have no Self"
skandhas
prattyasamutpda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: )
"dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"
prattyasamutpda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: )
Twelve Nidnas
Twelve Nidnas
Twelve Nidnas
cause, foundation, source or origin
The Twelve Nidnas
The Twelve Nidnas
Nirvana
ignorance
the others
Sentient beings
dukkha
Nirvana
ignorance
nyat
emptiness
tman
svabhava
Sarvastivada teachings
Vasubandhu and Asanga
cittamatra
Vasubandhu and Asanga
Buddha-nature
Buddha-nature
the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness
innate qualities of the mind
tathgatagarbha
"extinction" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (sasra)), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is also known as "Awakening" or "En
anybody who has achieved nirvana
arahant
Bodhi
nirvana
extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha
raga
delusion
bodhisattva
buddha
nirvana
parinirvana
a fully awakened being
Samsara
Samsara
Amitabha or Vairocana
Maitreya
Buddhas of celestial
directly realizing the true nature of reality
arahants
Bodhi and nirvana
anagami
earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being
earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being
Mahayana
he is living on in other planes of existence
monks
bodhisattvas
bodhisattvas
Pure Land
Pure Land
salvific "other-power"
Gautama Buddha
A Buddha era
Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha
Mahayana Buddhists
Theravada
Pure Land Buddhism
enlightenment being
anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta
enlightenment
enlightenment
enlightenment
the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings
bodhisattva vow
dna, la, kanti, vrya, dhyna, and praj
the 14th Dalai Lama
Buddhists
bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting
meditative absorption
early sermons of the Buddha
yoga
liberating
Meditation
mindfulness and clear awareness
vision
the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of "transcendent wisdom"
transcendent wisdom
Buddhist texts
Buddhist texts
Upanishads
Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha
Nasadiya Sukta
Nasadiya Sukta
Three Jewels
Majjhima Nikaya
Tibetan Buddhism
they have an eternal and immutable essence.
The Three Jewels
Gautama Buddha
The Dharma
Sangha
la (Sanskrit) or sla (Pli)
pramit
meritorious
la
meritorious
overall principles of ethical behavior
five precepts
eight
training rules
the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens
the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens
sexual misconduct
celibacy
ten
a tenth
ten precepts
different schools or subschools
227
different schools or subschools
it is the spirit that counts
assure a satisfying life
provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments
islands unto themselves
the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged
the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged
Japan
Zen
eight jhnas
right concentration
samyak samdhi
defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
jhna
vipassan
his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassan) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering.
an object or idea
jhna
calm the mind
nirva
jna
praj
nirva
craving
various defilements
deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress
Nibbna
The Four Noble Truths
extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi
Praj
praj
Nirvana
daily life
China, Korea and Japan
China, Korea and Japan
China, Korea and Japan
scriptures
Rinzai
Rinzai
the ego
the ego
"When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence."
Mahayana
Diamond Vehicle
Vajrayana
ritual and physical techniques
second half of the first millennium BCE
shramanas
shramanas
Vedic
Greater Magadha
Rajagrha
2nd or 3rd centuries BCE
Upanishads
Pakudha Kaccayana
Ajnanas
the Jains
Vedic animal sacrifice
hymn of the cosmic man
a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices
it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas
Theravadin Pali Canon
dhyana and insight
Rupa Jhanas
On some Aspects of descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism
Schmithausen
Bruce Matthews
Bronkhorst
Bronkhorst
fourth
liberating insight
linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.
Nirvna
Nikayas
Nirvna
the middle way
eightfold
prajna
liberating insight
person al, "adjusted to the need of each person."
Upanishadic
Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
Pre-sectarian Buddhism
karma and rebirth
Gautama Buddha
parinirva
nanda
stras
abhidhamma
Sangha
Sangha
100 BCE
Mahasanghikas
Mahasanghika
the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya
The Sthaviras
monasteries
doctrinal disagreements
Abhidharma
summaries or numerical lists
around the 3rd century BCE
scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka
Mahsghika
Mahsghika
Prajpramit
Prajpramit
Guang Xing
lower Ka Valley, including Amaravati, Ngrjunako and Jaggayyapea
Akira Hirakawa
There is no evidence that Mahyna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism
Paul Williams
non-Mahyna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.
early Chinese translations
Lokakema
Prajpramit
Prajpramit
Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
Yogacara
Ashoka
Sri Lanka
Buddhist religious memorials
eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms
whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries
eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms
changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism.
Menander
Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma
Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma
2nd century CE
2nd century CE
Korea and Japan
8th century onwards
China and India
the teachings of the Buddha
the Buddhist community
exotic and progressive
Modern influences
second half of the 20th Century
neo-Buddhism
Soka Gakkai
Value Creation Society
12 million
SGI
7% to 8%
China
China
18,2 million
18,2 million
Seven million
495 million
495 million
495 million
lesser vehicle
rvakayna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.
Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts
one Buddhist ecumenical organization
Theravada
Sthvirya
Pali Canon
west
Theravadin Buddhists
merit
Nland University
Mahayana Sutras
faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.
the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra
Eastern Buddhism
Northern Buddhism
the Pure Land school of Mahayana
Buddhism and Saivism
mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras
Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra
Buddhist scriptures
scholastic
no single central text
Tibetan Buddhists
Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka
The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.
Dhammapada
all of the major principles of Buddhism
condensed'study texts'
Zen
The Buddha and His Dhamma
Pli Tipitaka
the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
Vinaya Pitaka
Sutta Pitaka
the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
Pli Tipitaka
five or seven
Mahkyapa
record the Buddha's teachings
Upli
nanda
dhamma
Theravadin
The Theravadins
The Mahayana sutras
The Mahayana sutras
Sarvastivada Abhidharma
bodhisattva
the Great Vehicle
bodhisattva path
Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds
Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds
Mahayana tradition
six hundred
East Asian Buddhism
Hinnayana groups
pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.
Theravada
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Hinayana
rvakayna
Buddhism
Middle way
moral and spiritual parallels
Christianity
dependent origination
differences of opinion
differences of opinion
Simon Fuller
19 Entertainment
June 11, 2002
Pop Idol
Pop Idol
19 Entertainment
Pop Idol
Simon Fuller
19 Entertainment
June 11, 2002
Pop Idol
Randy Jackson
Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman
Jennifer Lopez
Ryan Seacrest
Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman
Paula Abdul
Jennifer Lopez
Randy Jackson
Paula Abdul
Simon Cowell
Keith Urban
country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr.
Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks
Kelly Clarkson
"the most impactful show
Carrie Underwood
Fantasia
Carrie Underwood
Fantasia
Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks
"the most impactful show
May 11, 2015
May 11, 2015
May 11, 20 15
eight
May 11, 2015
Popstars
Simon Fuller
the executive producer and production leader
the executive producer and production leader
Nigel Lythgoe
Popstars
Nigel Lythgoe
telephone voting
the executive producer and production leader
Nigel Lythgoe
seven
2002
2001
Elisabeth
Rupert Murdoch
American Idol: The Search for a Superstar
season eight
three
Angie Martinez
DJ Stryker
three
DJ Stryker
Angie Martinez
season eight
Kara DioGuardi
Ellen DeGeneres
two
January 11, 2010
Simon Cowell
Kara DioGuardi
Paula Abdul
January 11, 2010
Ellen DeGeneres
season ten
season two
Adam Lambert
Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
season six
nine
Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
season eight
Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
Ryan Seacrest
Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
Jimmy Iovine
Jimmy Iovine
to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance
Jimmy Iovine
Jimmy Iovine
Jimmy Iovine
fifteen to twenty-eight
season four
legal U.S. residents, cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons (varies depending on the season, currently by the semi-final stage until season thirteen), and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage).
at least three sets
the judges
10,000
the judges
at least three sets
a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers
Hollywood
seven
seasons two and three
three
season twelve
three
individually or in groups
seasons two and three
Las Vegas
five guys and five girls
five guys and five girls
178 million
Over 110 million
Telescope Inc
public
Over 110 million
nearly 750 million
three groups of ten
contestants who failed to qualify
three groups of ten
eight
season one
three groups of ten
12
twenty-four
twenty-four
The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve
the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer
the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer
five
thirteen
season eight
the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer
the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer
five of each gender advancing to form the final 10
CBS Television City
Jimmy Iovine
thirteen
eleven weeks
CBS Television City
Jimmy Iovine
season one
one
season eight
once
One of these three is usually sent to safety
season six
fourteen
a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
Fan Save
a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
Top 8
Nokia Theatre
3,400
two-hour
Dolby Theatre
3,400
over 6,000
Nokia Theatre
19 Management
Big Machine Records
BMG/Sony
19 Management
19 Management
Big Machine Records
golden ticket
golden ticket
The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show
seven
Ray Chew
American Idol
Rickey Minor
Rickey Minor
Ray Chew
seven
June 2002
June 2002
Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
June 2002
June 2002
Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
121
121
Jim Verraros
Tamyra Gray
chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital
121
30
Delano Cagnolatti
at the top four
Christina Christian
September 4, 2002
Justin Guarini
Betty Hutton's
Justin Guarini
Kelly Clarkson
September 4, 2002
A Moment Like This
From Justin to Kelly
23 million
A Moment Like This
coronation song
A Moment Like This
38-year-old
From Justin to Kelly
23 million
January 2003
Kristin Adams
January 2003
Kristin Adams
Corey Clark
Frenchie Davis
Corey Clark
Frenchie Davis
Corey Clark
Frenchie Davis
Frenchie Davis
Ruben Studdard
134,000
Ruben Studdard
134,000
Nigel Lythgoe
Ruben Studdard
Ruben Studdard
134,000
134,000
Ruben Studdard
Flying Without Wings
Josh Gracin
This Is the Night
Flying Without Wings
This Is the Night
"Flying Without Wings"
Josh Gracin
January 19, 2004
William Hung
William Hung
January 19, 2004
William Hung
William Hung
Three Divas
Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
Elton John
John Stevens and Jasmine Trias
Three Divas
Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
Elton John
John Stevens and Jasmine Trias
Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo
I Believe
Dreams
Summertime
Simon Cowell
Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo
Fantasia
I Believe
Nikko Smith
Nikko Smith
Freemantle Media
Mario Vazquez
During the top 11 week
the following night
May 2005
over 14 million albums copies in the U.S.
Inside Your Heaven
Carrie Underwood
May 2005
Carrie Underwood
Inside Your Heaven
over 14 million albums copies in the U.S.
Season five
Brittenum twins
Season five
January 17, 2006
Brittenum twins
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
lead singer
Chris Daughtry
I Walk the Line
not crediting the arrangement to Live
Katharine McPhee
Do I Make You Proud
My Destiny
May 30, 2006
Katharine McPhee
Do I Make You Proud
My Destiny
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
January 16, 2007
41 million
January 16, 2007
41 million
Sanjaya Malakar
Howard Stern
Sanjaya Malakar
April 18
Sanjaya Malakar
Sanjaya Malakar
Sanjaya Malakar
Sanjaya Malakar
Howard Stern
April 18
more than $76 million
more than $76 million
Melinda Doolittle
more than $76 million
Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson
Melinda Doolittle
Jordin Sparks
Blake Lewis
Jordin Sparks
Jordin Sparks
Jordin Sparks
Blake Lewis
January 18, 2005
over 100,000
28
Season four
Season four
January 18, 2005
high definition
over 100,000
28
May 24, 2007
This Is My Now
20 entries selected for the public vote
American Idol Songwriter contest
coronation song
20
This Is My Now
May 24, 2007
January 15, 2008
David Hernandez
Carly Smithson
January 15, 2008
David Hernandez
Carly Smithson,
Carly Smithson
Billie Jean
David Cook
Chris Cornell
March 11, 2008
March 11, 2008
Chris Cornell
David Cook
David Archuleta
season ten
Hallelujah
Jeff Buckley
leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
John Lennon's "Imagine"
Jennifer Lopez
Jason Castro
Jeff Buckley
leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
David Cook
David Cook
May 21, 2008
David Cook
The Time of My Life
American Idol Songwriter
May 22, 2008
The Time of My Life
May 22, 2008
January 13, 2009
Danny Gokey
president of alternative programming
Season eight
January 13, 2009
Mike Darnell
Danny Gokey
Kara DioGuardi
two weeks
So You Think You Can Dance
Kodak Theatre
Idol Gives Back
four
Kara DioGuardi
So You Think You Can Dance
Kodak Theatre
Idol Gives Back
13
Matt Giraud
13
13
Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai
13
13
Matt Giraud
Kris Allen and Adam Lambert
Kris Allen
AT&T employees
AT&T employees
Kris Allen
season two
AT&T employees
AT&T employees
No Boundaries
DioGuardi
No Boundaries
DioGuardi
this is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status
none
January 12, 2010
Ellen DeGeneres
Hollywood Week
January 12, 2010
Ellen DeGeneres
Ellen DeGeneres
Hollywood Week
Crystal Bowersox
Ken Warwick
diabetic ketoacidosis
Crystal Bowersox
diabetic ketoacidosis
Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.
Ken Warwick
the show producer
Michael Lynche
Michael Lynche
Adam Lambert
$45 million
Michael Lynche
Adam Lambert
Simon Cowell
Simon Cowell
Simon Cowell
Paula Abdul
Lee DeWyze
Beautiful Day
May 26
Lee DeWyze
Beautiful Day
Up to the Mountain
January 19, 2011
Season ten
Jimmy Iovine
The X Factor
Nigel Lythgoe
January 19, 2011
Nigel Lythgoe
Nigel Lythgoe
Jimmy Iovine
Season ten
Myspace
Myspace
Season ten
Myspace
Chris Medina
Top 40
Casey Abrams
Casey Abrams
Chris Medina
Top 40 round
Casey Abrams
hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show
Casey Abrams
Pia Toscano
Tom Hanks
Pia Toscano
Tom Hanks
Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery,
Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery
I Love You This Big
Like My Mother Does
Soulful
May 25
Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery
Ruben Studdard
January 18, 2012
Top 25
Jermaine Jones
January 18, 2012
Jermaine Jones
March 14
concealing arrests and outstanding warrants
kidney pain
to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones
eight
kidney pain
kidney pain
kidney pain
Jessica Sanchez
Jessica Sanchez
Colton Dixon
final two
Jessica Sanchez
Jessica Sanchez
Colton Dixon
Diana DeGarmo
Diana DeGarmo
Diana DeGarmo
Phillips
Diana DeGarmo
Diana DeGarmo
Home
Change Nothing
Home
Change Nothing
Home
January 16, 2013
Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler
TMZ
January 16, 2013
four
Lazaro Arbos
Lazaro Arbos
Lazaro Arbos
Lazaro Arbos
Lazaro Arbos
the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week.
Candice Glover
Candice Glover
I Am Beautiful
All Cried Out
Candice Glover
Candice Glover
I Am Beautiful
All Cried Out
this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label
Randy Jackson
Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
Randy Jackson
Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
January 15, 2014
Ryan Seacrest
in-mentor
Louis J. Horvitz
January 15, 2014
Randy Jackson and Keith Urban
Harry Connick, Jr.
Harry Connick, Jr.
Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick
Sam Woolf
Top 3 performance night
the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves
Sam Woolf
Top 8
Top 3 performance night
Jena Irene
Jena Irene
As Long as You Love Me
We Are One
Jena Irene
Jena Irene
As Long as You Love Me
We Are One
January 7, 2015
Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr.
Adam Lambert
judges
Randy Jackson
January 7, 2015
Adam Lambert
one episode a week
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company
Big Machine Records
one episode a week
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company
Big Machine Records
Nick Fradiani
Clark Beckham
Jax
Beautiful Life
Forcefield
Nick Fradiani
Clark Beckham
Beautiful Life
Champion
Jax
May 11, 2015
15
May 11, 201
third, fourth, and fifth seasons as judges
Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez
May 11, 2015
Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez
48%
2002
ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States.
North Carolina
North Carolina
ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States.
Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry
85 percent
16 percent
85 percent
85 percent
Taylor Hicks
Alabama
text-voting
text-voting
Alabama
White guy with guitar
Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, "You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as.... who's
American Idol: The Untold Story
a white male who plays the guitar
a white male who plays the guitar
White guy with guitar
Richard Rushfield
Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, "You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as.... who's
19 Entertainment
Ruben Studdard
Ruben Studdard
2013
100 million
Ruben Studdard
season eight
power voting
2010
2013
Idol Gives Back
nearly $185 million
Idol Gives Back
Idol Gives Back
June 2002
9.9 million
23 million
June 2002
June 2002
9.9 million
23 million
26.5 million
18–49
Ruben Studdard
season four
season five
26.5 million
18–49
season four
Season six
Season six
the Death Star
NBC
Season six
the Death Star
decline
second highest-rated
seven
Writers Guild of America strike
seven
11%
seven
Fox
Writers Guild of America strike
NBC
CBS
NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics
NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics
NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics
six
47.2
47.2
47.2
47.2
American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football, although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-
NBC Sunday Night Football
eight years
13.3 million
13
2002
44%
13.3 million
the loss of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds
8.03 million
May 11, 20 15
May 11, 2015
8.03 million
Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades).
8
eight
eight
Simon Fuller
Dancing with the Stars
The Voice
American Idol
American Idol
American Idol
345
Rich Meyer
Kelly Clarkson
345
Fred Bronson
Kelly Clarkson
Kelly Clarkson
120 million
120 million
120 million
120 million
Dreamgirls
Dreamgirls
musical theatre
Dreamgirls
Dreamgirls
Debra Byrd
Ken Tucker
Lincoln Memorial
Ken Tucker
Ken Tucker
Karla Peterson
Lincoln Memorial
Entertainment Weekly
Simon Cowell
John Mayer
Ramin Setoodeh
commercialism
Ann Powers
Simon Cowell
John Mayer
Elton John
2006
LeAnn Rimes
Usher
Carrie Underwood
Carrie Underwood
LeAnn Rimes
Elton John
country music
country music
Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 200 9
Bruce Gower
8
Idol Gives Back
Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program
Bruce Gower
$900 million
$6.4 billion
The American Idol Experience
$900 million
Disney
season four
over $700,000
$300,000
$737,000
season four
800 million
$10 million in season one
$10 million in season one
AT&T Wireless
AT&T Wireless
season seven
10 million
35 million
AT&T Wireless
AT&T text-messaging
4,349
PepsiCo
Cowell's The X Factor
PepsiCo
Cowell's The X Factor
Los Angeles Times
season five
M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies
a semi-finalist who won a sing-off
Kellogg's Pop-Tarts
M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies
season five
iTunes
compilation album
iTunes
studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single
compilation album
Billboard 200
iTunes
19 Recordings
UMG
BMG
19 Entertainment
19 Recordings
BMG
Sony Music Entertainment
UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records
Walt Disney World Resort
February 14, 2009
August 30, 2014
19 Entertainment
February 14, 2009
Walt Disney World Resort
Dream Ticket
August 30, 2014
over 100
thirteen
August 2014
Yes TV
over 100
CTV and/or CTV Two
Yes TV
La3
one day after the U.S. broadcast
STAR World
Thursday and Friday
STAR World
La3
ringers
the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall.
the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall.
Canis lupus familiaris
selectively bred for millennia
selectively bred for millennia
sensory capabilities
40,000 years
40,000 years
40,000 years
starch-rich diet
40,000 years
man's best friend
man's best friend
meat
dukkn
Proto-Indo-European
Old English docga
Proto-Indo-European
hound
hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff.
16th
hound
16th century
types used for hunting
"dog"
A group of offspring is a litter.
the sire
French poupée
whelping
bitch
bitch
a litter
the sire
the dam
a year
Linnaeus
1758
Linnaeus
wolf
Mammal Species of the World
Linnaeus
"Dog-family" or the family dog
Canis lupus
Canis dingo
1982
2003
the Dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding.
Canis familiaris
Opinion 2027
Canis familiaris
Opinion 2027
Opinion 2027
dogs and gray wolves
dogs and gray wolves
human hunter-gatherers
Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia
human hunter-gatherers
27,000–40,000 years
Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia
Modern dog breeds
scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
predators and scavengers
scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
sprinting and endurance
catching and tearing
predators and scavengers
Dogs are highly variable in height and weight.
English Mastiff
English Mastiff
double
a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair
double
a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only
countershading
dark coloring
countershading
dark coloring
reduces its general visibility
dog tails
communicate their emotional state
dog tails
elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees.
parasites
pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs.
pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs.
parasites
chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ing
xylitol
chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ing
theobromine
chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ing
nicotine
Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.
1.2 years longer
shorter
2013
1.2 years longer
10 to 13 years.
Dogue de Bordeaux
5.2 years
Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds
Dogue de Bordeaux
5.2 years
14 to 15 years.
Bluey
Pusuke
1939
Bluey
1939
Pusuke
six to twelve months
they will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy.
six to twelve months
the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle
58 to 68 days
63 days
six
one to four
63 days
six
one to four
Neutering
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
Neutering
removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus
Neutering
removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus
neutered
Neutering
urinary incontinence
Spayed female dogs
urinary incontinence
urinary incontinence
Rico
Chaser
gesturing and pointing
Australian dingos
humans
Dog intelligence
Rico
memory
border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.
9,000–30,000 years BCE
millennia of contact with humans.
human children
millennia of contact with humans.
millennia of contact with humans.
internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli.
understand and communicate with humans
human children
scents, pheromones and taste
hand signals
body posture
hand signals
Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs.
The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles.
gray wolves
dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year.
dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
11
gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior
selection for tameness
reduced fear and aggression
production-related traits
dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
11
reduced fear and aggression
525 million
525 million
525 million:225
large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes
fearless
large wild dogs
large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes
wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep
Russia
Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards.
Striped hyenas
alligators and pythons
Leopards
Tigers
alligators and pythons
Striped hyenas
carnivores or omnivores
vegetables and grains
a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein
carnivores or omnivores
a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein
starch digestion
at most a few hundred years old,
at most a few hundred years old,
selective breeding
Irish Wolfhound
a few hundred years old
more behavioral and morphological variation
blue
natural selection and selective breeding
natural selection and selective breed
non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
natural selection and selective breeding
dog types and dog breeds
non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic.
four
Malamute and Shar Pei
herding
four
old world dogs
all others
bite inhibition
trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136
trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.
bite inhibition
early human hunter-gatherers
aiding handicapped individuals.
man's best friend
meat
dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps.
three dog night
"three dog night"
cleaning up food scraps
three dog night
The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf,
The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf,
the use of dogs' robust sense of smell
domestication of the wolf
sled dogs
sled dogs
sled dogs
12,000 years ago
Athabascan
Apache and Navajo
pack animals
Ain Mallaha
humans and dogs
after World War II
1980s
dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home)
elites
dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home)
1980s
commodification
There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs.
two
commodification
broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.
commodity forms
dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
18th century
dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
part of the family
A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer.
part of the family
Dog Whisperer
licking the plates
licking the plates
dog dancing
licking the plates
licking the plates
77.5 million
77.5 million
dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans
dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans
dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans
emotion al human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.
MRI
friendly social pets
man's best friend
hunt
nets
husky-terrier mix
husky-terrier mix
man's best friend
pointers and hounds
nets
husky-terrier mix
1957
psychological therapy dogs
epileptics
breed shows
a judge familiar with the specific dog breed
a judge familiar with the specific dog breed
separate tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging
separate tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging
a judge familiar with the specific dog breed
separate tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging
ability or health
East Asian countries
taboo.
lungs
western hypocrisy
taboo
medicinal properties
gaejang-guk
gaejang-guk
gaejang-guk
the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder.
to balance the body's heat during the summer months
the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder.
4.5 million
17
26
4.5 million
17
Colorado
60.7
60.7
children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck.
Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them
Colorado
60.7
Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them
cats and dogs
two-wheeled
two-wheeled vehicles
dog roundworm
Toxocara canis
14%
retinal damage and decreased vision.
dog roundworm
14
14%
24
retinal damage and decreased vision
a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health
absenteeism
a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health
dogs
dogs
immune-stimulating microorganisms
dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions
2015
anxiety
wheelchair users
dogs and other animals
increase social behaviors
increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior
late 18th century
dogs and other animals
dogs and other animals
increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.
Medical detection dogs
40 times larger
one part per trillion
40 times larger
93 percent
Cerberus
Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.
Garmr
Kimat
thunder
two
Cerberus
Garmr
thunder
Kimat
They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.
Yama
Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.
Yama
Naraka
Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount
bronze dog figurines
dogs are viewed as unclean
scavengers
Hasan Küçük
leather dog booties
scavengers
Hasan Küçük
Lérida, Spain
luggage
faithfulness.
before themselves
feed dogs (and other animals that they own)
faithfulness
dogs are viewed as kind protectors.
China
kind protectors
dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves.
Hunting scenes
dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves
Hunting scenes
individual breeds
humans
Male French Bulldogs
run away
run away
great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.
safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed.
dogs and humans
being poorly controlled
fewer visits to the doctor
129 days
129 days
one world, one dream
Journey of Harmony
one world, one dream
Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China.
"Journey of Harmony"
85,000 mi
March 24
Panathinaiko Stadium
March 31
six
Silk Road
Panathinaiko Stadium
March 24
Panathinaiko Stadium
Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31.
Mount Everest
hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened
hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened
Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations
Chinese security officials
Chinese government
the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
skirmishes
Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia
Jacques Rogge
Jacques Rogge
The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.
Jacques Rogge
Jacques Rogge
he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members.
The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.
Beijing Games' Organizing Committee
Beijing Games' Organizing Committee
Lucky Cloud
aluminum.
985 grams
ignition key
Lucky Cloud
aluminum.
37
2 centimetres
propane.
Air China Airbus A330
Air China Airbus A330
March 2008
137,000 km
Air China Airbus A330
Air China Airbus A330
Air China Airbus A330
137,000 km
137,000 km
six
Ho Chi Minh City
placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau
six
The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan.
placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau
24 km
March 24, 2008
three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert Ménard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece.
taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis
Maria Nafpliotou
10
three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert Ménard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece.
Maria Nafpliotou
taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis
taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis
Nepal.
French hypermart Carrefour
LVMH Group
Nazism's Swastika to the French flag
Kunming
LVMH Group
the Chinese government was attempting to "calm the situation" through censorship
French hypermart Carrefour
People's Daily
People's Daily
People's Daily
Almaty
Nursultan Nazarbaev.
President of Kazakhstan
The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square.
Uighur activists
Kazakhstan
Nursultan Nazarbaev.
20 km
Uighur activists
April 3
Taksim Square
Sultanahmet Square
Uyghurs
Istanbul
Sultanahmet Square
Taksim Square.
Uyghurs
Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police.
April 5
Victory Square
Palace Square
Fedor Emelianenko
Saint Petersburg
Victory Square
The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square.
Fedor Emelianenko
London
O2 Arena
£750,000
London
Wembley Stadium
O2 Arena
30 mi
thugs
80
Sir Steve Redgrave
Konnie Huq
Prime Minister Gordon Brown
Sir Steve Redgrave
80
Konnie Huq
Prime Minister Gordon Brown
Ladbroke Grove
April 7
Eiffel Tower
bus
Teddy Riner
April 7
Paris
Eiffel Tower
3,000
water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris)
a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials.
Jin Jing
Angel in Wheelchair
a Tibetan flag
Jin Jing
Angel in Wheelchair
a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials.
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders
Notre Dame cathedral
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders
Trocadéro
Jane Birkin
Thupten Gyatso
Trocadéro
Trocadéro
Jane Birkin
freedom of speech
a pause in the National Assembly's session
Respect for Human Rights in China
Freedom for Tibet!
French members of Parliament and other French politicians
a pause in the National Assembly's session
Respect for Human Rights in China
Freedom for Tibet!
Tibetan flags
Libération
Trocadéro
Michèle Alliot-Marie
Tibetan flags
The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro.
Michèle Alliot-Marie
A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer
San Francisco
April 9
Lin Li
San Francisco International Airport
Peter Ueberroth
San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Norman Bellingham
Justin Herman Plaza
San Francisco Board of Supervisors
"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses
April 8
April 1, 2008
San Francisco Board of Supervisors
Richard Gere
Richard Gere
three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream.
KPIX-CBS5
China
three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream.
Laurel Sutherlin
trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.
three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream.
a warehouse on a waterfront pier
Andrew Michael
Andrew Michael
San Francisco International Airport
San Francisco International Airport
Van Ness Avenue
April 11
Lola Mora amphitheatre
Mauricio Macri
Buenos Aires
Lola Mora amphitheatre
Mauricio Macri
Carlos Espnola.
confetti
Jorge Carcavallo
the Obelisk to the city hall
Free Tibet
Jorge Carcavallo.
the Obelisk to the city hall
Human Rights Torch.
Free Tibet
Human Rights Torch Relay
Susan Prager
Friends of Falun Gong
Diego Maradona
1200
water balloons
Friends of Falun Gong
Diego Maradona
1200
water balloons
water balloons
Dar es Salaam
April 13
TAZARA Railway
Dar es Salaam
Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
China
Ali Mohamed Shein.
Muscat
April 14
Sulaf Fawakherji
Muscat
20
Syrian actress
April 16
Jinnah Stadium
Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani
Islamabad
the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding "militant threats or anti-China protests", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium.
2.3 km
2.3 km
Baichung Bhutia
five
2.3 km
2.3 km
2.3 km
five
Baichung Bhutia
Republic Day celebrations
Nirupama Sen.
Commerce Minister
Kamal Nath
angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied
Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay
the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets.
150,000
a democracy
150,000-strong
150,000
"a wholesale ban on protests
Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit
"rapid deterioration"
Tibetan government in exile
Kiran Bedi
Kiran Bedi
Soha Ali Khan
April 16
Kiran Bedi
Soha Ali Khan
Delhi
Delhi
caged woman
April 18
M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse
shirts
April 18
10
Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters
Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse
April 21
Kuala Lumpur
Independence Square
1964
Independence Square
Petronas Twin Towers.
1964
A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad
Falun Gong
Falun Gong
Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons
Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.
placards
April 22
the Chinese embassy
Only invitees and journalists
Olympic flame
20 km
security worries
The event was held in the streets around the city main's stadium.
outside
April 24
Agnes Shea
a message stick
a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives
Canberra
16 km
16 km
Australian Federal Police.
Agnes Shea
People's Liberation Army personnel
"go defend our sacred torch
Tony Goh
Stephen Smith
People's Liberation Army personnel
Chinese Students and Scholars Association
Tony Goh
Zhang Rongan
Stephen Smith
Lin Hatfield Dodds
Stephen Smith
Lin Hatfield Dodds
Stephen Smith
Ted Quinlan
between 2,000 and 10,000
Jon Stanhope
Ian Thorpe
between 2,000 and 10,000
between 2,000 and 10,000
Ted Quinlan
Jon Stanhope
Nagano
April 26
Nagano
1998 Winter Olympics
Zenk-ji
new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot,
two Chinese guards
Seoul
1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic Park
Chinese students
Seoul
1988 Summer Olympics
April 28
Kim Yong Nam
Pak Du Ik
the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower
Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang.
April 28.
pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo
Pak Du Ik
raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt.
North Korea
raising awareness of conditions for children
UNICEF withdrew their staff
raising awareness of conditions for children
North Korea
April 29
Ho Chi Minh City
Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Tan Son Nhat International Airport
the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Spratly and Paracel Islands
Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007
the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Prime Minister Nguyn Tn Dng
seven
iu Cày
Lê Minh Phiu
seven
Nguyn Văn Hi
iu Cày (real name Nguyn Văn Hi), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion.
Lê Minh Phiu
to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.
May 2
Lee Lai Shan
Donald Tsang
Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai
120
Donald Tsang
Donald Tsang
dragon boat
120
celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians.
novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames
Tiananmen Square
Christina Chan
police vehicle
claiming her human rights were breached.
waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy.
Leung Kwok-hung
Christina Chan
The Color Orange democracy group
Pillar of Shame
immigration reasons
Mia Farrow
Cheung Man Kwong
the Hong Kong Alliance relay
Pillar of Shame
immigration reasons
Mia Farrow
May 3
Macau Fisherman's Wharf
120
Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
athletes
May 3
120
Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
120
the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes
April 26
orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com
April 26
April 26
Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation
May 4
Jackie Chan
May 4
April.
IOC
May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan.
Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored
Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased.
Xinhua
distinct in a number of ways
Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored
Reporters Without Borders
Xinhua
saboteurs
the more disruptive protesters
condemned the protests
Marie-José Pérec
radicals
Marie-José Pérec
Xinhua and CCTV
run for spirit of Olympics
Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu
run for spirit of Olympics
Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu
The Daily Telegraph
"I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying."
Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias.
Fu Ying
The Daily Telegraph
"I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying."
CNN
CNN
"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government."
The challenges of reporting in China
Paul Danahar
1,300
Paul Danahar
"People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there."
People's Daily
People's Daily
anti-CNN
The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen.
The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen.
foreign correspondents
30 unarmed attendants
August 2007
blue tracksuits
Second Right Brother
30 unarmed attendants
August 2007
blue tracksuits
Second Right Brother
Carrefour
LVMH Group
donating funds to the Dalai Lama
Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag
LVMH Group
pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism.
the Chinese government
People's Daily
Sohu.com
May 1
may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.
People's Daily
the Chinese government
in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang
Shoichi Washizawa
great nuisance
a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,
Shoichi Washizawa
great nuisance
a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,
8
8
Michael Mak Kwok-fung
Jin Jing
"heroic" and an "angel",
Two
Two
logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
mixed
Kurt Gödel
Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem
Whitehead and Russell's book
Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem
there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them
Principia Mathematica
logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
1916
ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture
"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."
1929
1912 and 1927
1929
1929
inert ideas
a relatively few important concepts
discovering their application in actual life
transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
a relatively few important concepts
Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.
transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
undergraduate education
"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."
one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians
Bertrand Russell
undergraduate
"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."
rank amateur
20th century's
"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized."
they remain unexamined and unquestioned
if philosophy and science are to make any real progress
good science and good philosophy
scientists and philosophers
they remain unexamined and unquestioned
he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic.
metaphysical investigations
bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another
events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another
so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience
either exclusively material or else exclusively mental
"philosophy of organism"
an event-based or "process" ontology
an event-based or "process" ontology
an event-based or "process" ontology
experiential
process philosophy
materialists
"quality", "matter", and "form"
these "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.
a continuum of overlapping events
a "society" of events
active and experiential nature
change
quality", "matter", and "form"
society
a continuum of overlapping events
discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing
a "defining essence" or a "core identity"
things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity
defining essence
occasions of experience
discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space
all things flow"
Identities do not define people, people define identities
it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things
"material substances" or "essences"
limitations of language
thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all;
limitations of language
limitations of language
constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago
an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things
the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything
relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves
It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.
it obscures the importance of relations
it obscures the importance
distinct and discrete
an inert clump of matter
its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it
that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
it could not be said to really exist
Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.
the sum of its relations to other entities
if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist.
Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is
its synthesis of and reaction to the wo rld around it
that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
Europe and China
William Temple
Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934
ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education
ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology
University of Chicago's Divinity School
Henry Nelson Wieman
John B. Cobb
Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams
China
modernization and industrialization
Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism
twenty-three
an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts
matter is an abstraction
the sheer difficulty and density of his prose
the perception of metaphysics itself as passé
Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools
American pragmatism
William James and John Dewey
Nicholas Rescher
Charles Sanders Peirce
Richard Rorty
It has been severely criticized
Henry Stapp and David Bohm
gravitational waves
largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes
a local approximation
Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order
Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology
Herman Daly
Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy
Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy
Xie Bangxiu
Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher
to "help a person become whole."
Institute for the Postmodern Development of China
Mark Dibben
"applied process thought"
philosophy of management and business ethics
philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."
mathematics
metaphysics
processes
bits of matter that exist independently of one another
Process and Reality
mathematics
mathematics
metaphysics
comprehensive metaphysical system
processes
Ramsgate, Kent, England
1861
Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather
Chatham House Academy
Maria Sarah Buckmaster
Ramsgate, Kent, England
1861
minister and schoolmaster
Maria Sarah Whitehead,
Evelyn
University of London system
Dean of the Faculty of Science
Dean of the Faculty of Science
1924
Bachelor of Science degree
Imperial College London
Dean of the Faculty of Science
Imperial College London
1924
Victor Lowe
his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death
almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy
"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."
Victor Lowe
Victor Lowe
his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death.
his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy
Principia Mathematica
Principia Mathematica
professional mathematicians
Principia Mathematica
one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century
mathematics
three
Principia Mathematica
Principia Mathematica
1898
the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
comparative study of their several structures
G. B. Mathews
Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions
G. B. Mathews
comparative study of their several structures
Principia Mathematica
ten years
600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece
600 pounds, 3 00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece
today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica
Principia Mathematica
ten years
three
600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece
Cambridge University Press
among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon
Arthur Eddington's lectures
Process and Reality
professional philosophers
Process and Reality
Arthur Eddington's lectures
among the most difficult to understand
interest
without fully grasping all of the details and implications
Henry Nelson Wieman
twenty years
Mathews
Chicago's Divinity School
Henry Nelson Wieman
Henry Nelson Wieman
twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.
Isabelle Stengers
"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus."
21st century
Isabelle Stengers
Isabelle Stengers
western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works
21st century
he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions
the absolute principle of existence
an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them.
consciousness
fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities
the absolute principle of existence
a valuation of them and reaction to them
causal or mechanistic laws
"to seize."
the mind only has private ideas about other entities
prehension
Latin
to seize
a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious
causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy
to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons
independent of them
causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension")
unmediated by the senses
pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive
causal efficacy
Presentational immediacy
Presentational immediacy
"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go."
unconscious interpretation
fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality
symbolic reference
fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality
appearance with causation
fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality
both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
an ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair
"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."
a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."
"life is comparatively deficient in survival value."
they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
living, living well, and living better
increasing its own satisfaction
survival value
they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
three
increasing its own satisfaction
totally unintelligible
" they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them."
"the brief Galilean vision of humility"
"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."
power
religion
primordial nature of God
the consequent nature
dipolar
an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.
God's reception of the world's activity
God saves and cherishes all experiences forever
It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.
change the way God interacts with the world
finite creatures
actuality and change
eternally unrealized possibilities
fulfilling one another
fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe
taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
individual
"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious."
a system of general truths that transformed a person's character
a "dangerous delusion"
solitariness
"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."
meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community
The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself
mutually dependent
his students and admirers
Bruno Latour
liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs
Willard Van Orman Quine
"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror."
American progressive theology
Charles Hartshorne
a full-blown process theology
John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller
God's relational nature
the being who is supremely affected by temporal events
people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?
God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world
C. Robert Mesle,
biology and economics
poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory
a theologian and a geneticist
Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist
process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests
"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone."
a system of general truths about the world
a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society
to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
organizational theory and organizational behavior
Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."
Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
over-priced (under-yielding) investments
a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments
compensated based on the volume of client assets
to maximize their compensation
plausible deniability
Countrywide Financial
July 11, 2008
IndyMac
IndyMac Bank
IndyMac Bancorp
April 2008
9.27%
$160 million
$160 million
minimum 10%
Senator Charles Schumer
Senator Charles Schumer
$18.9 billion
June 30
$500 million
$1.55 billion
$1.55 billion
IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell
Senator Charles Schumer
unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB
up to US$100,000
10,000
July 11, 2008
July 14, 2008
Over 100
Bear Stearns
September and October 2008
Oct. 6, 2008
Lehman Brothers
a bank run on the money market funds
commercial paper
September 2008
$144.5 billion
4.65%
the shadow banking system
the shadow banking system
investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system
Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
nearly one-third
collapse of the shadow banking system
Brookings Institution
securitization
"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume."
45%
45%
20–35%
$8.8 trillion
$8.8 trillion
a homeowner who has no equity
close to $6 trillion
Tens of millions
their future profits
Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008
global economic collapse
UBS
three quarters
all three of the country's major banks.
interest rate cuts
more than a third
14.4%
14.4%
spending too much and borrowing too much for years
recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere
7%
$251 billion
300,000
Bruno Wenn
falls in trade
Arab World
remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market
this gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn
lower oil prices
lower oil prices
10.1%
33
6%
10.1%
patent applications
faulty risk-weightings
AAA-rated
Basel III
Johan Norberg
capital ratios
June 2009
June 2009
2008
More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over."
January 27, 2010
"emerging" and "developing" economies
69%
"emerging" and "developing" economies
69%
"emerging" and "developing" economies
Krugman
December 2010
2006
commercial mortgage-backed securities
the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate.
mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation
$70 trillion
roughly doubled in size
mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation
$70 trillion
collateralized debt obligation
collateralized debt obligation
investment-grade ratings
cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool
Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested.
20%
20%
79%
81%
14.4%
1.0%
to combat a perceived risk of deflation
as early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment
excessive credit growth
Lower interest rates
$650 billion
1.5% to 5.8%
emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations
The balance of payments identity
foreign funds
The Fed funds rate
ARM interest rate resets more expensive
asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate
The Fed funds rate
U.S. housing and financial assets
Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup
Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup
60% of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were "defective" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents)
60% of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were "defective" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents)
over 80%
Clayton Holdings
54%
28%
28%
54%
Predatory lending
Countrywide Financial
adjustable rate mortgage
negative amortization
low interest rates
California Attorney General Jerry Brown
California Attorney General Jerry Brown
their home equity had disappeared
Office of Thrift Supervision
weak credit
Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
Basel accords
Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
Basel accords
highly leveraged
complex financial instruments
virtually impossible
virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy
complex financial instruments
the top five U.S. investment banks
financial shock
Changes in capital requirements
over $4.1 trillion
Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley
saving more during adverse economic conditions
Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously
cause or deepen a recession
Hyman Minsky
financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets
Janet Yellen
it didn’t take long before we were in a recession
recession
cancelling planned investments
balance sheet deleveraging
financial innovation
adjustable-rate mortgage
CDS
the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO)
expanded dramatically
2007
$20 billion
$20 billion
36%
$20 billion
innovative financial products
it multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage
FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks
FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks
a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006–2008.
interest rates or fees
The pricing of risk
Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in 
straightforward, readily understandable format
Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in 
market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs
For a variety of reasons
32 cents on the dollar
five cents for every dollar
$450bn of CDO were sold between "late 2005 to the middle of 2007"; among the $102bn of those that had been liquidated, JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for "high quality" CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar,
AIG
credit default swaps
September 2008
$180 billion
AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted.
George Soros
financial assets became more and more complex
the originators of synthetic products
George Soros
international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models
World Scientific
Merrill Lynch
Merrill Lynch
several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations
Merrill Lynch
Timothy Geithner
New York Federal Reserve Bank
entities in the "parallel" banking system
shadow banking system
maturity mismatch
spring of 2007
fall of 2008
More than a third
Brookings Institution
"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume."
Mark Zandi
Mark Zandi
close to $2 trillion
less than $150 billion
Federal Reserve's TALF program
Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices
$50 to $147
$50 to $147
monetary policy
gasoline
Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP
IntercontinentalExchange
Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP
International Petroleum Exchange
London and New York
Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.
Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
Raghuram Rajan
Raghuram Rajan
Alan Greenspan
"Has Financial Development Made the World riskier?"
tail risks
Raghuram Rajan
Great Moderation
Dirk Bezemer
Alan Greenspan
Alan Greenspan
BusinessWeek
BusinessWeek
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal
Nouriel Roubini
"Dr. Doom"
Nassim Nicholas Taleb
David Brooks
the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general
making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis
Phil Dow
54.7%
54.7%
Floyd Norris
Northern Rock
Bank of England
September 2007
February 2008
Northern Rock
IndyMac
Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral
IndyMac
risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages
tighten their issuing criteria
half
63 percent
77 percent
77 percent
half
0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK
0.1%
1.0%
0.3%
3%
lower wages and higher unemployment
large fiscal stimulus packages
to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.
to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.
lower wages and higher unemployment
credit freeze
US$2.5 trillion
the United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock
the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy
emerging markets
Barack Obama
consumer protection
January 2010
Paul Volcker
Paul Volcker
May 2010
December 2009
Volcker Rule
Senate
bailout of banks
trillions of U.S. dollars
August 9, 2007
2008– 2012
BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing "a complete evaporation of liquidity."
2004
2008 and early 2009
the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate
a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that
a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that
Levin–Coburn Report
Glass-Steagall Act
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
credit rating agencies
credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices
mortgage-backed securities
mortgage-backed securities
subprime MBS
financial innovation
mortgage payments and housing prices
trillions of U.S. dollars
a financial incentive to enter foreclosure
2006
Defaults and losses on other loan types
2006
investment banks and hedge funds
investment banks and hedge funds
financialization
1970s
1970s
a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses.
slowing economic activity
the stability of key financial institutions
Governments
large loan defaults or MBS losses
January 2011
widespread failures in financial regulation
Federal Reserve
widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street
widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street
underwriting standards
2003
2004–2007
2004–2007
government-sponsored enterprises
the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars
Paul Krugman
the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars
GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios.
the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars
13 million
$2 trillion
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Peter J. Wallison
13 million
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
the Bush administration
September 10, 2003
The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation.
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
$467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending
$467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending
$467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending
25%
25%
1995
$4.5 trillion
high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)
the explosion of sub prime lending
September 11, 2001
credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
Portfolio Magazine
credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs
it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.
it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments
it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.
1997–2007
Krugman
160
Saint-Barthélemy Channel
little Turtle rocks
Renaissance
Île Chevreau
Saint-Barthélemoise
French citizens
500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island
French citizens
geographically, and not racially
Saint Martin
seven
March 2012
15 July 2007
seven
September 2014
St. Barthélemy
One
21 September 2008
six policemen and thirteen gendarmes
Agricultural production
Sweet potato
salt
vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing
Gustavia
a playground of the rich and famous
200,000
€61,200,000
International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists
airplane or boat
25
58
Brazil and Portugal
12
400
cacti and succulent
eastern
1994
Sea grapes and palm trees
Pacific islands
barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell
cereus
South America
1773
barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell
December till May
December till May.
Turtles
jellyfish
tall sea grasses
pearly-pink
turtles, conch
sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs
ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water
garbage and sewerage
Reserve Naturelle
coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles
Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier
Reserve Naturelle
Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier
the Swedes
Gustav Adolph
1787
modern military building
La Pointe
70
hotels
les petits creux
spicier
spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet
every alternate year
Concarneau
10 m length
10 m length
two
Gustaf III Airport
small regional commercial aircraft and charters
Princess Juliana International Airport
Sint Maarten
Gustaf III Airport
an overseas collectivity of France
Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy
St. Barts or St. Barths in English
Ouanalao
Puerto Rico
25, square kilometres (9.7 sq mi)
25, square kilometres (9.7 sq mi)
Gustavia
Guadeloupe
winter holiday season
Guadeloupe
2003
2007
Hotel de la Collectivité
senator
Colombier Bay
Grande Saline Bay
visible coral reef
shallow waters
marine reserve
"Anse de..." etc.
"Anse de..." etc.
windward side
windward side
windsurfing
arid
2,500
1000 mm
May to November
13 °C
1744
1785
Carénage
Gustavia
18th
St. Barts Municipal Museum
Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy
Gustavia
French, Swedish and British
ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses
molecular biology and genetics
DNA
DNA
Hans Winkler
1920
University of Hamburg
biome, rhizome
half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell
segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
mitochondria and chloroplasts
genomics
studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes
sequenced
C-value paradox
trichomoniasis
around 60,000
almost three times
University of Ghent
Bacteriophage MS2
Fred Sanger
The Institute for Genomic Research
1996
US National Institutes of Health
mouse
puffer fish
December 2013
130,000
massive parallel sequencing
Manteia Predictive Medicine
James D. Watson
one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA
a genome map
The Human Genome Project
Jean Weissenbach
Jean Weissenbach
genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA
comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
exon-intron
mammals and plants
sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe
more complex than a virus
plasmids
plants, protozoa and animals
plastome
mitochondrial genome
Genome size
morphological complexity
repetitive DNA act
minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms
in vivo and in silico
Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
the length of non-repetitive DNA
by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size
lower eukaryotes
C. elegans and fruit fly
20%
tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size.
slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites
slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites
interspersed repeats.
Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site
TEs
retrotransposons
DNA transposons
RNA
cut and paste
Class 2 TEs
karyotype
chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content
Duplications
creation of genetic novelty
Horizontal gene transfer
microbes
eukaryotic cells
A comprehensive school
selective school system
England and Wales
90%
the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule
design and technology and vocational learning
Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges
City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes
164
1965
neighbourhood
Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges
1970s
from the age 7 to 16
Germany
college preparatory classes
Abitur
more than 50%
more than 50%
Sekundarschule
Sekundarschule
2010/2011
college preparatory classes
Abitur
the Hauptschule
Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class
Social Democratic Party of Germany
Sigrid Beer
Christian Democratic Union
Alliance '90/The Greens
working class students
middle class peers
Hauptschule
Helmut Fend
tripartite system
1972
sixth form
A-levels
1966
Patrick Hillery
vocational school system
community school
1970s
The state
the denominational basis of the schools
amalgamations of unviable local schools
1946
Holyhead County School in Anglesey
Holyhead County School in Anglesey
1949
Woodlands Boys School in Coventry
Anthony Crosland
Secretary of State for Education
between 15% and 25%
Margaret Thatcher
more comprehensive schools
Margaret Thatcher
11-plus
large neighbourhood comprehensives
Sandwell and Dudley
Sandwell and Dudley
James Callaghan
Comprehensive school
James Callaghan
Education Reform Act
the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them
specialisation
league tables of school performance
Scotland
The Scottish Government
2005
Scotland
Education in Northern Ireland
République du Congo
Gabon
Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic of the Congo to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda
Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic of the Congo to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda
Central Africa
Bantu
1960
Denis Sassou Nguesso
Denis Sassou Nguesso
fourth largest
an unequal distribution of oil revenues
Bantu-speaking peoples
1500 BC
Bantu
Diogo Co
Portuguese
European merchants
late 19th century
eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
1880
Pierre de Brazza
Middle Congo
French Equatorial Africa
the Congo–Ocean Railroad
Brazzaville
The Brazzaville Conference of 1944
1946
Fourth Republic
1958
the Fifth Republic
Republic of the Congo
1959
August 15, 1960
Fulbert Youlou
Alphonse Massamba-Débat
Fulbert Youlou
Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
Massamba-Débat
scientific socialism
Cuban army troops
September 1968
Marien Ngouabi
People's Republic of the Congo
Congolese Labour Party
1972
March 16, 1977
Sassou Nguesso
Soviet Union
political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship
political repression
Pascal Lissouba
IMF
June 1996
June 1996
Lissouba and Sassou
Cobras
Angolan socialist régime
October
Andre Milongo
seven years
January 2002
April 2003
Sassou
Congolese Observatory of Human Rights
very low
President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule.
Congolese Labour Party
Parti Congolais du Travail
corruption revelations
over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France
Sassou Nguesso
Sassou Nguesso
the government
around 10 small private television channels.
around 10 small private television channels.
Bantus
pets
December 30, 2010
4°N and 5°S
11° and 19°E
Atlantic Ocean
Cabinda (Angola)
Angola
Brazzaville
Congo River
Kinshasa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kouilou-Niari
Kouilou-Niari River
Kouilou-Niari
Forests
Equator
24 °C (75 °F)
16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F)
June to August
Wildlife Conservation Society
Sangha Region
inhospitable swamps
Petroleum extraction
budget problems and overstaffing
Petroleum extraction
92%
92%
5%
5%
devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.
devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.
June 1997
slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict
December 1998
stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
Natural gas and diamonds
2007
Republic of the Congo
Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
200,000 hectares
land, air and water
forced laborers
over 1000 km
Pointe-Noire
southwest
Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire
62
The Kongo
2%
Boulangui
9,000
French
300
Catholics
22.3%
19.9%
1.6%
1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.
8.9%
2.8%
$30
8.9%
59.34 deaths/1,000
Female genital mutilation
59.34 deaths/1,000
16
44%
baccalaureate
French
parliamentary or semi-presidential
parliamentary or semi-presidential
the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
Westminster system
the head of state or the head of state's official representative
The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature.
the royal prerogative
a member of parliament
First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Benjamin Netanyahu
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu
France
Louis XIV
18th century
Sir Robert Walpole
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
Thomas Cromwell
the monarch
the monarch
St John
Cromwell
the Glorious Revolution of 1688
the Glorious Revolution of 1688
House of Commons
Anne
Anne
Hanover
twenty-one years
twenty-one
cabinet solidarity
all ministers must defend it in public, or resign
Lord Melbourne
Walpole
George II and George III
Benjamin Disraeli
1905
constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president
Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
1970
Bahrain
Finland
Finland
Premier of the State Council
Taiwan
the legislature
(political) cohabitation
the parliament may force the resignation of the government
the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
his/her appointment and dismissal
National People's Congress
Zngl
the Constitution Act
1982
the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers
the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
first decade of the twentieth century
Chancellor of the Exchequer
1905
Margaret Thatcher
1979
1990
to reshuffle her cabinet
Irish Taoiseach
the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament
after every general election
the confidence of the lower house of parliament
giving a right to block supply to upper houses
Where they lose a vote of confidence
prime minister
the prime minister and his or her government
prime minister
1918
Executive Council
Executive Council
cabinet
s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion
Rosh HaMemshalah
Rosh HaMemshalah
President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)
Rosh HaMemshalah
president of the council of ministers
statsminister
prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier
Germany and Austria
Minister of State
Secretary of State
President
Excellency
Right Honourable
Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council
Prime Minister of Canada
Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments
First Minister
Pradhan Mantri
Wazir-e-Azam
Grand Vizier
Office of the Prime Minister
Office of the Prime Minister
abbreviated IT
early 19th century
École Polytechnique
 (pol or pol)
polytechnic
the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary
18th
Collegium Carolinum
1794
institutions of higher education
1992
University of Westminster
Regent Street
polytechnics and institutes of technology
University of Technology
College of Advanced Education system
TAFE
Melbourne Polytechnic
2009
seven
tertiary education
bachelor's degrees and master's degrees
ammattikorkeakoulu
academization
four
three
Cambodia
Affiliate Schools
Quebec
public funding
Polytechnics Canada
collaborative institute-industry projects
1895
Capital University
about half
1997
Geophysics Institute
Quito Astronomical Observatory
National Polytechnic School
1873
The Nuclear Science Department at EPN
to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development
50
Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany
180
160
academic universities in Finland
"university of applied sciences"
yrkeshögskola
Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles
institut universitaire de technologie
IUT
Fachhochschule
Escola Politécnica
French education system
Escola Politécnica
the early 1970s
bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
social science, medicine, business and design.
TU
habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research
RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München
TU9 German Institutes of Technology
17
17
Saxony
Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule
Higher Education Reform Act
The Hong Kong Polytechnic
1972
1984
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
1994
1735
1735
1735
16
16
AICTE
a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses
four
three
Regional Technical College
Dublin Institute of Technology
Politecnico
two
the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance
Imperial College of Engineering
a type of university that specializes in the sciences
Polytechnics
Ministry of Education
Ipoh
87,440
87,440
87,440
University of Technology, Mauritius
technology
Education Act 1989
Universal College of Learning
Education Act 1989
Wellington Polytechnic
1990s
Hutt Valley
North Island
The Auckland University of Technology
10th grade
to train people in various trades
three years
BE
4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan
Politechnika
short-cycle degrees
Bologna Process
Millennia Institute
5
three
Maria Theresa
1735
Maria Theresa
1764
University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching
Technikons
1993
the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).
technical colleges
bachelor's degrees
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
Rajamangala University of Technology
Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
Suranaree University of Technology
1989
Suranaree University of Technology
Bursa Technical University
six
Ankara and Trabzon
1970
UK Council for National Academic Awards
Central Institutions
Regent Street in London
polytechnics
Loughborough University of Technology
1960s
Further and Higher Education Act 1992
degrees
regional colleges
early 20th century
early 20th century
1824
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
sound middle class
1950s
Caracas
Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
The Wayback Machine
the Internet Archive
San Francisco
Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
three dimensional index
cached pages
archive a new version if the content has changed
to archive the entire Internet
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
Mr. Peabody and Sherman
WABAC machine
the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable
crawlers
robots
Archive-It.org
Kahle
Kahle
fifth anniversary
University of California, Berkeley
more than six months
more than six months
variable
Open Directory
Jeff Kaplan
November 2010
three petabytes
12 terabytes/month
PetaBox rack systems
Capricorn Technologies
2009
Sun Open Storage
Sun Microsystems' California campus
2011
March 2011
The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008
2010
Save a Page
October 2013
Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
the robots.txt file
the robots.txt file
Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site
Chordiant
Howard Lloyd
Northern District of California, San Jose Division
Howard Lloyd
EchoStar
Dish Network
Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys
Ronald Guzman
examining a patent application
an authoritative statement of the archivist
archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided
the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed
non-RESTful e-commerce databases
non-RESTful e-commerce databases
violating copyright laws
only the content creator
the FAQ section
Scientology
response to a "request by the site owner
lawyers from the Church of Scientology
Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey
Healthcare Advocates
the Internet Archive
DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
robots.txt
robots.txt
robots.txt
contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving
Suzanne Shell
Suzanne Shell
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
United States District Court for the District of Colorado
April 25, 2007
Suzanne Shell
Suzanne Shell
pornographic actor
Federal Court of Canada
United Provinces (Verenigde Provincin), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)
1795
the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.
Flanders
House of Habsburg
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
Protestants
modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces
1579
1579
Act of Abjuration
1581
they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
Antwerp
1583
10 July 1584
Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England
1588
1783–1795
France
Batavian Republic
1813
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège
Dutch Republic
The County of Holland
1602
Rotterdam
Rotterdam
a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles.
Between 1590–1712
Africa and the Pacific
Indian Ocean and in the Orient
seven
the federal government
representatives of each of the seven provinces
County of Drenthe
the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes
raadspensionaris
stadtholder
stadtholder
by and subordinate to the states of each province
William the Silent
Utrecht
Orangists
Republicans
Peace of Westphalia
Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)
Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)
some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.
Holland and/or Zeeland
Federalist No. 20,
James Madison
the declaration of independence of the United Provinces
20 January 1579
every person should be free in the choice of personal religion
William of Orange
Reformed Church
Reformed Church
the time period and regional or city leaders
banned from the city
personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
predestination
Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants
1618
18th century
private churches
Symbiosis
lichens
Heinrich Anton de Bary
130 years
obligate
facultative
fungal and photosynthetic
mistletoe
disjunctive symbiosis
endosymbiosis
10%–15% of insects
Frankia
nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria
barnacles
lice
exosymbiosis
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism
close physical and biochemical contact
mutualistic gut flora
Coral reefs
carbon from the air
carbon
ocellaris
special mucus
ocellaris
goby fish
the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail
encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs
Galapagos Islands
its internal symbionts for nutrition
Galapagos Islands
nutrients
producing some specialized cells
to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission
drastic reduction in its genome size
Muller's ratchet phenomenon
lack of selection mechanisms
com- and mensa,
Commensalism
inquilinism
metabiosis
phoresy
parasitic
necrotrophic
biotrophic
as many as half
tick
Amensalism
competition and antibiosis
competition
secreting juglone
Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha
the same type of shrub
Amensalism
Synnecrosis
death
evolution selects against synnecrosis
to protect the hive
endosymbiotic theory
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
endo symbiosis
Margulis and Dorion Sagan
Symbiosis
nectar and large sticky pollen
the relationship has become dependent
Forces armées canadiennes
National Defence Act
the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.
les Forces canadiennes
four
National Defence Act
Queen Elizabeth II
Governor General of Canada
Chief of the Defence Staff
Chief of the Defence Staff,
Cold War
Canada defence policy
Soviet military threat
1950s
early 1990s
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
2002
out of area
Canada First Defence Strategy
2008
six
six
Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums
deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés
System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces
Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums
outreach and relationship-building efforts
1867
French and British forces
attacks by other European powers
American Revolutionary War
to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States
British Crown-in-Council
Halifax
1906
Department of Militia and Defence
November 1940
Second Boer War
several units were raised to serve under British command
First World War
The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War
The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War
more than 200
more than 200
Kosovo War
United Nations Peacekeeping operations
1957 to 1970
Normandy Landings
German cities
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Croatia
fifth-largest
Soviet Union
third-largest
1968
Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force
Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.
1931
First World War
Canadian Armed Forces
1980s
2013
Canadian Forces
Land Forces
2011
ISAF
the Government of Afghanistan
Land Forces
74th
74th
119,000
2020
124,000
Canada First Defence Strategy
the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness
the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members
main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles
the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet
CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters
2006
medicine, communication, logistics, and administration
1971
air-traffic controllers
the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
air-defence artillery
5 February 1987
Minister of National Defence
Combat-Related Employment of Women
1989
submarine service
100 percent
Jean Chretien
mixed-gender force
combat boots
brassiere undergarments
at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel
Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces
the governor general
troop deployment and disposition orders
either the monarch or governor general
the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet
115,349
Chief of the Defence Staff
Chief of the Defence Staff
Ottawa, Ontario
Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.
27
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School
Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard
Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard
Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard
NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.
Commander of the Canadian Army
four divisions
the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
3
one
tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance
tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance
CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.
Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force
Winnipeg
eleven
Wings
Manitoba
Winnipeg and North Bay
Geilenkirchen, Germany
NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen
British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador
RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN)
forward operating locations
supporting fighter operations
CF-18 squadrons
CF-18 squadrons
October 2012
Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command
as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget
Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC
CFB Trenton
427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron
the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks
Ottawa
CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.
Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber
Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber
over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces
Surgeon General
Surgeon General
times of national emergency or threat
50,000
Chief of Reserves and Cadets
the Health Services Reserve
Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service
Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service
Cadet Instructors Cadre
Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List)
Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory
service dress
ceremonial occasions
operational dress
light casual jacket
ceremonial/regimental full dress
beret, wedge cap, ballcap
according to the distinctive uniform worn
The beret
CG634 helmet
The Constitution of Canada
3,000
the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.
one of the suburbicarian dioceses
cardinal
ninth century
ninth century
cardinal
College of Minor Canons
the deacons of the seven regions of the city
8th century
769
Nicholas II
Papal Bull In nomine Domini
1244
Pope Innocent IV
cardinal
Pope Zacharias
1567
Pope Zacharias
Pope Zacharias
1567
1567
1563
Pope Pius IV
1563
Pope Pius IV
French kings
secular affairs.
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu
Henry, King of Portugal
70
Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.
Pope John XXIII
120
twenty-five
120
set no limit on the number of cardinals generally
either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees
The Dean of the College of Cardinals
Ostia
1630
Eminence
Prince
crowned monarchs
Eminence
"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"
Cardinal [First name] [Surname]
place the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname
Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis
they do not belong to the Roman clergy
Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum
Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum
1378
1378
no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.
no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate
Cardinal bishops
cardinals of the episcopal order
Cardinal bishops
a Roman priest
apostolic succession
Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
seven
1914
Pope Pius X
Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri
1962
Ostia
Cardinal Vicar
1962
Ostia
Cardinal Vicar
College of Cardinals
the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where 
gold ring
kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal
he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero.
1969
scarlet biretta
Eastern-style cassocks
a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith
cassock, mozzetta, and biretta
because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture
1460s
expires
Pope Martin V
they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry
Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.
only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
ordination
over the age of 80
1917
1962
College of Cardinals
The cardinal protodeacon
Vatican City State
Pope John Paul I
the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre
over 50
10 years
about half
one third
the Papal Household
cardinal deacons
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests
Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil
the Pope
Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see
Cardinal priests
above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops
Cardinal priests
Bishop of Rome
every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome
1587
70
Pope John XXIII
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Iranian languages
Indo-European language family
400 BCE
Middle Persian
86
Proto-Iranian
Persian and Sanskrit
1836
Christian Lassen
Robert Needham Cust
1878
Proto-Iranian
Central Asia
Andronovo
2000 BC
satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland
Central Asia
Middle Iranian languages and peoples
two
one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription
520 BC
4th century BC
Avestan
vohu daena
Rigvedic Sanskrit
Old Persian
Kurdish
Scythian
Old Avestan
Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian
Old Avestan
* and *d
Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants
Nuristani languages
*w and *dw
consonant clusters
other distinct dialect groups
Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian
Old Parthian
9th century
Western and Eastern
Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian)
Avestan
Aramaic
an adapted Greek script
Pahlavi
3rd century CE
Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian
Syriac script
Islam
Dari
Saffarid dynasty
875 CE
Khorasan
Persian
second half of the 8th century
1920s
Cyrillicized
Soviet government
Khuzestan
Sogdian and Bactrian
6th century AD
Yaghnobi
Yaghnobi
Daylighting
improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.
energy
artificial light sources
Lighting
Daylighting
Lighting
improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.
energy
Lighting
light fixtures
Indoor
Indoor
light fixtures
Indoor
fluorescent lighting
Recessed lighting
400,000 BCE
birds and fish
campfires or torches
Lascaux caves
incandescent light bulb
early 1800s
street lights
Lighting fixtures
as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare
lumen per watt
incandescent
incandescent
lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance.
lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance.
distribution of the light produced by the fixture.
Lightolier
A master transformer
cable lighting
12 or 24 volts
A torchiere
The portable or table lamp
task lighting
accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.
1960s and 1970s
accent lighting
a row of small lights
LED based versions
small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube
Street Lights
LED and photovoltaic luminaires
Floodlights
along roadways
Entry lights
Tail and brake lights
white or selective yellow lights
1950s
White rear-facing reversing lamps
Flashing turn signals
light bulbs
lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation.
700
800 lumens
architectural lighting design
Lighting design as it applies to the built environment
Radiance
hand-calculations based on tabular data
Daylight factor calculation.
dark paint
dark paint
Photometric studies
A set of lighting cues
stage lighting
candela (cd)
cd/m2
Stilb
lumen (lm)
luminosity function
Lux
The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index
color rendering index
color rendering index
CRI
CCT
gamut area index
GAI
gamut area index
exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.
personal circadian light meter
personal circadian light meter
30 days
short-wavelength light
Specification of illumination requirements
Lighting control systems
interoperability with other standards-based building control systems
ZigBee
no need to run control wires)
Occupancy sensors
changes in heat
Ultrasonic sensors
motion
Daylighting
lack of information
LEDs
nonimaging optics
headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels
Alzheimer's Disease
24
they disrupt the natural circadian cycle
Robert Ulrich
fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ no
fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ no
University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
Dr. Abraham Gesner
1849
coal-gas
mercury
not all of them are suitable for dimming.
10%
50,000
up to 50,000 hours
70%
Light pollution
glare
searchlights and flares
light
infrared cameras and image intensifiers.
laser-guided and GPS weapons
laser-guided and GPS weapons
The International Commission on Illumination
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
ANSI and ASHRAE
photometric data
The International Association of Lighting Designers
Professional Lighting Designers Association
Professional Lighting Designers Association
NCQLP
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions
LC
CLEP and CLMC
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
UK
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
The Spirit of the Laws
The Spirit of the Laws
United States Constitution
a system of checks and balances
separation of powers
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Montesquieu
the framers of the United States Constitution
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Montesquieu
Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons)
parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
separate and distinct
The United Kingdom
Court of Appeals
Congress
Clinton v. City of New York
Clinton v. City of New York
Congress
the nondelegation doctrine
Clinton v. City of New York
Clinton v. City of New York
Wayman v. Southard
1825
John Marshall
Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers.
Wayman v. Southard
John Marshall
1930s
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495
1935
1935
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
Advice and Consent of the Senate
impeachment
quasi-judicial
Executive power
the President
impeachment
The Constitution
to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties
INS v. Chadha
1983
 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative
Supreme Court
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office.
the Senate
constitutional courts
Judicial power
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office.
the Senate
legislative courts
Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States
Vice President
a two-thirds majority
Vice President
The president
The president
Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
Congress
Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
executive branch and the legislative branch
Marbury v. Madison
Supreme Court
Congress
The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court
Chief Justice
James Madison
Federalist 51
Congress
George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams
James Monroe one
twelve
Andrew Jackson
fifteen
Tenure of Office Act
Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power
Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power
national security
checks and balances
the Supreme Court
Florida Supreme Court
Florida Supreme Court
cultural symbols
architectura
the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings
Architectural works
their surviving architectural achievements
the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings
"chief" and  "builder"
planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures
cultural symbols and as works of art
Historical civilizations
De architectura
Vitruvius
early 1st century AD.
firmness, commodity and delight.
De architectura
Vitruvius
Vitruvius
firmitas, utilitas, venustas
firmness, commodity and delight
16th century
Vasari
Italian, French, Spanish and English
the architect
Leon Battista Alberti
proportion
the Golden mean
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
1836
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
1836
the modern, industrial world
Gothic
John Ruskin
John Ruskin
art critic
1849
to his mental health, power, and pleasure
a building is not truly a work of architecture
overriding
a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned"
string courses or rustication
20th-century
20th-century
Architect
20th-century
suddenly you touch my heart
I am happy
Function
aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Vitruvius
encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
popularity and skepticism
modern architects
modern architects
modern architects
poststructuralism
late 20th century
sustainability
non-sustainable power sources
the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
shelter, security, worship
oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
craft
architecture
dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means
vernacular buildings
urbanization
trial and error
vernacular
rural
urbanization
urbanization
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
the divine and the supernatural
monumentality
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
7th–5th centuries BCE
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
pantheistic religion
Buddhist architecture
around the 3rd century BCE
macrocosm and the microcosm
Shastras
Buddhist
pantheistic religion
the pointed arch
7th century CE
Middle East and Byzantium
Islamic architecture
the pointed arch
the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals.
abbeys and cathedrals
Romanesque
Romanesque
Romanesque
900 CE onwards
Renaissance Humanism
1400 onwards
Renaissance Europe
Renaissance Humanism
Renaissance Humanism
artist, architect and engineer
form, space and ambience
form, space and ambience
pragmatic
aesthetic dimension
Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects
stimulate and influence social life
it will promote social development
aesthetic dimension
to art for art's sake
to art for art's sake
a purposeless quest for perfection or originality
civic ideals
civic ideals
civic ideals
Architectural "style"
ancient time
general advice
general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons
1st-century BCE Roman Architect
religious
guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades
guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades
ecclesiastical buildings
Magister lathomorum
burgeoning of science and engineering
the generalist
aesthetics and the humanist
technical aspects of building design
Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial
production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility
offices of other architects
mass production and consumption
ornamented products
Aesthetics
pattern books and architectural journals
House builders
a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration
Modern Architecture
1907
to produce better quality machine made objects
Bauhaus school
avant-garde
meeting the needs of the middle and working classes
aristocratic order
removing historical references and ornament
removing historical references and ornament
Robie House
Robie House and Fallingwater
Robie House
the Industrial Revolution
steel-frame construction
International Style
Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center
Minoru Yamasaki
decorative richness
Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
unfinished concrete
the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.
the school of metaphoric architecture
biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
biomorphism and zoomorphic
expressionist architecture
1950s and 1960s
modernism
Charles Moore
Robert Venturi
Robert Venturi
1980s
A large structure can no longer be the design of one person
it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.
Environmental sustainability
the environment
Frank Lloyd Wright
Buckminster Fuller
U.S. Green Building Council
New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
solitary housing estates
smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design
modernist and globally uniform architecture
four
when the life expectancy at birth is longer
Mahbub ul Haq
United Nations Development Programme
when the life expectancy at birth is longer
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).
the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development
Mahbub ul Haq
Amartya Sen
people-centered policies
Mahbub ul Haq
Mean years of schooling
Mean years of schooling
Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
United Nations Development Programme
December 14, 2015
estimates for 2014
July 24, 2014
estimates for 2013
Inequality
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Cuba
very high human development"
lack of necessary data
North Korea
March 14, 2013
estimates for 2012
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Barbados
Barbados
2011
Barbados
Barbados
the unavailability of certain crucial data
North Korea
November 4, 2010
United Nations Development Program
income, life expectancy, and education
Barbados
the unavailability of certain crucial data
Cuba
High Human Development country
October 5, 2009
2007
Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
very high human development
developed countries
being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
statistical update
Human Development Report
2006
November 27, 2007
Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world
2005
2005
Braslia, Brazil
high income countries
below 0.5
Africa
119th
119th and 121st
Gabon and South Africa
0.8 or more
Brazil
Seven
red arrows
red arrows
Blue Dash
Norway
Iceland
national performance and ranking
Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in
the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low','medium', 'high' or'very high' human development countries.
the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low','medium', 'high' or'very high' human development countries.
11%, 21% and 34%
the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.
Wolff et al.
UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.
UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.
Mediterranean Europe
Iberian peninsula
the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.
Iberian peninsula
political, economic, and cultural attributes
geography, climate, and flora
The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey
The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey
dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.
Spain and Italy
wetter Atlantic
wetter Atlantic climate
phytochoria
Armen Takhtajan
classical antiquity
classical antiquity
Alexander the Great
Rome
Constantinople
the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
AD 476
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire
kingdoms and empires of their own
the Crusades
1204
Genoa and Venice
The Reconquista
Byzantine Empire
Late Middle Ages
The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine
the Ottoman Empire
1453
14th century
Florence
science and theology
14th century
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain
The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France
Galileo Galilei
Guglielmo Marconi
colonial empires
Columbian Exchange
manufacturing
The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
1815 and 1871
the Ottoman Empire
1870
The Age of Empire
the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe
1918
Paris Peace Conference
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Mussolini
Warsaw Pact
taxation, health and education
market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism
1989
1991
2013
Romance languages
San Marino, and the Vatican
eastern Spain
Galician
over 40 million people
Hellenic languages or Greek language
Cyprus
Macedonian
Macedonian
Slovenia
English
Spanish
Maltese
Albanian
Maltese
northern Spain and southwestern France
Christianity
380 AD
Roman Catholic
Greek Orthodox
a classification of regions
The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories
Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:
Tourism Decision Metrics
Tourism Decision Metrics
BBC Television
Royal charter
1932
2 November 1936
Royal charter
more than 30%
one of the world's largest television production companies
Baird Television Ltd.
Long Acre, London
Baird Television Ltd.
June 1932
30 March 1930
Broadcasting House, London
the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
16 Portland Place, London
February 1934
Alexandra Palace
Alexandra Palace
240
405
240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI
six months
Farnsworth image dissector cameras
Saturday 13 February 1937
RCA
RCA
RCA
a British television set
Brookmans Park
2 August 1932
Opening of the BBC Television Service
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
September 1939
two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London.
radar programme
Mickey's Gala Premier
broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon
18,999
Jasmine Bligh
BBC Television
Lime Grove Studios
Mickey Mouse
1949
Sutton Coldfield transmitting station
1949
VHF
BBC tv
ITV
Doctor Who
Alexandra Palace
ITV
BBC1
massive power failure
Battersea Power Station
Denis Tuohy
West German PAL system
15 November 1969
soap opera or standard news programming
Sir David Attenborough
Sir David Attenborough
Tom and Jerry
2000
Tom and Jerry
CBBC
David Attenborough
1950s
Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet
fifteen
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
local announcers
major local events
River City
River City
Gaelic
Erpa and Dè a-nis?
Patrick Kielty Almost Live
25%
Neighbours
Neighbours
The BBC
1974
CEEFAX
all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC1) unencrypted
Astra 2D satellite
14 July
£85 million
Western Europe
Hollywood studios and sporting organisations
Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup
Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football
5 July 2004
DVD
fiftieth anniversary
Little Angels
Jana Bennett
BBC Vision
new media outlets and technology
2008
November 2008
Keeping Up Appearances
Keeping Up Appearances
Keeping Up Appearances
annually
advertisements and subscription
2013
Danny Cohen
commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting
BBC Japan
December 2004 and April 2006
BBC Japan
July 30, 1947
Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger
38th Governor of California
15
Mr. Olympia
Conan the Barbarian
Mr. Olympia
Arnie
2011
Republican
Gray Davis
January 5, 2007
Graz
Jadrny
Aurelia Schwarzenegger
chief of police
Meinhard
the family bought a refrigerator
barbell
In his first movie experience as a boy,
police officer
Steve Reeves
May 20, 1971
Patrick
stroke
Barbara Baker
Fortune
"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America – the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich."
Junior Mr. Europe
1966
London
Reg Park
improving the muscle definition and power in his legs
business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966–1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title.
Rolf Putziger
10
21
New York
Ric Drasin
2002
Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder
international marketing of fitness and business administration
Transcendental Meditation
Transcendental Meditation
Arnold Classic
monthly
$250,000
executive editor
Junior Mr. Europe
Lee Haney
half an hour
Munich stone-lifting contest
1969
Sergio Oliva
1970
23
Franco Columbu
1975
Mr. Olympia
Pumping Iron
three months
Jeff Bridges
Conan
seven weeks
seven weeks
"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet
Dr. Willi Heepe
$10,000
The Globe
Hercules
"Arnold Strong
Robert Altman
New Male Star of the Year
my body was 'too weird
1991
1980
The Incredible Hulk
The Villain
Conan the Destroyer
1984
James Cameron
Sylvester Stallone
1987
Twins
Total Recall
Christmas in Connecticut
Tales from the Crypt
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
National Association of Theatre Owners
True Lies
Ivan Reitman
$150 million
82
Forum Stadtpark
The Kid & I
the Governator
Stan Lee
With Wings as Eagles
Randall Wallace
May 20
10 years
Escape Plan
Terminator Genisys
Terminator Genisys
2004
"Stop the Madness"
George H.W. Bush
George H.W. Bush
Conan the Republican
1999
The possibility is there, because I feel it inside."
August 6, 2003
"Governator"
Gray Davis
Cruz Bustamante
about 1.3 million
31%
John G. Downey
Willie Brown
Hans and Franz
four
four
Susan Kennedy
Phil Angelides
Gavin Newsom
term-limited
Wendy Leigh
Eunice and Sargent Shriver
Sylvester Stallone
1983
Austrian
Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain
Rudy Giuliani
their concerns for the environment and economy
Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
89%
23%
Gropegate
Los Angeles Times
Los Angeles Times
A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit
GQ
marijuana
Anna Richardson
tarnish her reputation
Los Angeles Times article
1968
Peter Pilz
September 27, 2006
refineries and manufacturing plants
2020
Northeast
solar panels
2009
carbon dioxide emissions
Detroit
Article II, Section I, Clause V
New York Post
Michael Dorf
index cards
30
Franco Columbu
San Fernando earthquake
$10,000
Planet Hollywood
early 2000
Hard Rock Cafe
Dimensional Fund Advisors
Columbus, Ohio
movie production company
Simon & Schuster
Schatzi On Main
Santa Monica
little treasure
1998
2011
$38 million
2006
polite society
six to eight months
Sue Moray
Maria Shriver
August 1978
television journalist
Hyannis
Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger
Heather Milligan
25 years
Los Angeles Times
20 years
Joseph
KNX 1070
Bob Kaufman
Schwarzenegger
spousal support
Brigitte Nielsen
two
two to eight years
Patrick
tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur
Sun Valley, Idaho
Van Nuys Airport
6'2" (1.88 m)
Herb Wesson
Bob Mulholland
Total Recall
"The Secret"
October 2012
1992
AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.
2015 Summer
6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide
$21,000
California Hydrogen Highway Network
U.S. Department of Energy grant
Inner City Games Foundation
Shanghai
over 250,000
USC Sol Price School of Public Policy
2012
chairman
60
Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with
Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with
south coast of Devon
Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with
Mount Batten
Sutton
1620
1642 and 1646
Pilgrim Fathers
Devonport
1928
Plymouth Blitz
1967
East Stonehouse
261,546
30th
three
Santander
Plymouth University
TAMARI OSTIA
Mount Batten
mouth/estuaries of the Tamar
the River Plym
south town
a Pipe Roll of 1211
King Henry VI
mouth of the River Plym
1340
Breton raiders
1596
Sutton Pool
1512
Sir John Hawkins
Sir Francis Drake
1588
Pilgrim Fathers
Pilgrim Fathers
Parliamentarians
Parliamentarians
Freedom Fields Park
1660
Drake's Island
Atlantic slave trade
17th century
1690
on the eastern bank of the River Tamar
3,000
3,000
1690
grain, timber and then coal
Devonport
The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century
John Foulston
Union Street
1768
1768
1768
John Smeaton
2
John Rennie
1841
1812
to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport
guano
Devonport
Scapa Flow
Devonport
Mount Batten
Royal Australian Air Force
Sunderland
59
over 3,700
over 3,700
Sir Patrick Abercrombie
over 20,000
over 20,000
mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.
mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.
new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector
1971
42 Commando of the Royal Marines
1086
1086
Sudtone
1254
1439
Nancy Astor
Plymouth Sutton
18 October 1928
1935
Plympton and the parish of Plymstock
Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.
Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.
Health and Safety at Work Act
Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.
Plymouth
250,000
250,000
Tamarside
1 April 1974
Banham Commission
South West England
Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer
Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer
Plymouth Moor View
17
57
a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years
Brest
2001
King George V
six
Conservative Party and the Labour Party
Dr John Mahony
3 Elliot Terrace
Lady Astor
the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.
the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.
the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.
River Tamar
River Tamar
Hamoaze
the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound
1967
Cattewater
1814
Drake's Island
30.83
155
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Lower Devonian slates
limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian
Upper Devonian slates and shales
geology
Cremyll to Plymstock
Dartmoor
Tamar
the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock
Cremyll to Plymstock
Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city
Sir Patrick Abercrombie
Armada Way
Barcelona-based architect David MacKay
28
temperate oceanic climate
52
between 3 and 4 °C (37 and 39 °F).
at least 1 inch (2.5 cm)
July and August
Atlantic depressions
autumn and winter
39
June to August
autumn and winter
Coastal areas
South West England
89
26.6 °C
45.1 °C (77 °F)
4.1 °C (25 °F)
4.1 °C (25 °F)
25,895
22nd
3,000
£160 million
Polytechnic South West
The University of St Mark & St John
teacher training
Plymouth College of Art
The City College Plymouth
153 years ago
153 years ago
two
71
71
71
Plymouth College
Devonport High School for Girls
Royal Naval Engineering College
1910
1959
1994
University of Southampton
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre,
Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership
National Marine Aquarium
256,384
240,720
15,664
2.3
0.5
5,169 million GBP
5,169 million GBP
£19,943
£23,755
7.0%
26.2%
82.1
82.1
82.1
over 12,000
over 12,000
1793
Plymouth Gin Distillery
1930s
Devonport Dockyard
Devonport Dockyard
270
Tamar Science Park
Hemsley Fraser
Pannier Market
Pannier Market
29th
The Tinside Pool
£3.4 million
David Mackay
David Mackay
David Mackay
300,000
300,000
Charles Cross
October 2006
wasteland at Cattedown
2003
David Mackay
Bretonside bus station
Millbay
Millbay
The Parkway
40 miles (65 km)
Tamar Bridge
Plymouth City Airport
First South West
France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander)
Roscoff
MV Armorique
passenger ferry
1204
4 miles (6 km)
6
2018
FlyPlymouth
1877
Great Western Railway
Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line
Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.
Great Western Railway
4 February 2014
130
4 April 2014
4 February 2014
about 150
1858
St Andrew's
Anglican
thirteen
Moses the Jew"
1762
1762
1762
58.1%
58.1%
32.9%
24.7%
7%
1815
Charlie Chaplin
19 30s
Royal Navy
Outdoor events and festivals
Roy Lowry
Roy Lowry
University of Plymouth
the 29 Commando Regiment
1,315
200
The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery
The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery
1961 to 2009
BBC South West
Radio Plymouth
16 February 2009
Radio Plymouth
BBC Radio Devon
Plymouth Argyle F.C.
Football League Two
Home Park
The Pilgrims
Plymstock United F.C.
Plymouth Albion R.F.C.
Plymouth Albion R.F.C.
third tier of Professional English Rugby
Plymouth Pavilions
1983
1823
September 2011
nine
1973
Plymouth County Borough Corporation
24 April 1591
River Meavy
1801
South West Water
South West Water
Western Power Distribution
2009
Langage Power Station,
1836
Charles Cross and Crownhill
five
Millbay Docks
Devon and Cornwall Constabulary
Derriford Hospital
6
Royal Eye Infirmary
South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
Exeter
the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford
the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford
Drake Memorial Park
Drake Memorial Park
the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford
the Royal Citadel
the Royal Citadel
1759
23
Armada Memorial
Sutton
1620
1620
National Marine Aquarium
100
Crownhill Fort
north
Landmark Trust
west
70
south-east Cornwall
Kingsand
Tamar Valley
Henning Larsen
2008
University of Plymouth
2008
central quarter
Plymothians
Janners
Cousin Jan
John
Tavistock
El Draco
1596
1596
Sir Joshua Reynolds
Robert Lenkiewicz
Plymouth College of Art
2012
Keith Rowe
Trematon Castle
swimron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer
Chris Axworthy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Clear and Present Danger
Angela Rippon