diff --git "a/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10570 @@
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
+Denver Broncos
+gold
+Roman numerals
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+Roman numerals
+Denver Broncos
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+Levi's Stadium
+Santa Clara
+Super Bowl L
+National Football League (NFL)
+National Football League (NFL)
+Santa Clara
+Levi's Stadium
+Denver Broncos
+February 7, 2016
+National Football League (NFL)
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+National Football League (NFL)
+Denver Broncos
+Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California.
+National Football League (NFL)
+Denver Broncos
+Cam Newton
+New England Patriots
+1995
+Arizona Cardinals
+New England Patriots
+Arizona Cardinals
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+four
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+New England Patriots
+Arizona Cardinals
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+2
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+New England Patriots
+Arizona Cardinals
+Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+1995.
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Broncos
+Von Miller
+five solo tackles
+Denver's defense
+sacked him seven times
+Von Miller
+sacked him seven times
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Broncos
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Broncos
+sacked him seven times
+sacked him seven times
+sacked him seven times
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+sacked him seven times
+sacked him seven times
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+third
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Commissioner Roger Goodell
+Commissioner Roger Goodell
+2012
+Commissioner Roger Goodell
+2012
+Commissioner Roger Goodell
+Commissioner Roger Goodell
+Commissioner Roger Goodell
+spectacular
+spectacular
+2012
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+three
+New Orleans
+Sun Life Stadium
+three
+three
+Sun Life Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+three
+October 16, 2012
+South Florida/Miami area
+South Florida/Miami area
+2010
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Sun Life Stadium
+October 16, 2012
+San Francisco Bay Area
+May 3, 2013
+2010
+Sun Life Stadium
+South Florida/Miami area
+Sun Life Stadium
+Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations, dealing a significant blow to Miami's chances.
+San Francisco Bay Area
+New Orleans
+October 16, 2012
+San Francisco Bay Area
+New Orleans
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations, dealing a significant blow to Miami's chances.
+May 21, 2013
+Boston
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+San Diego
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+$1.2 billion
+San Diego
+San Diego
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+1985
+San Diego
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+2003
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+$1.2 billion
+$1.2 billion
+San Diego
+John Fox
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+John Fox
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Super Bowl XXXVIII
+Denver Broncos
+the number one seeds
+the number one seeds
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII.
+Denver Broncos
+the number one seeds
+Denver Broncos
+John Fox
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 19
+1978
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+Ten
+Ten
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+1978
+13–0
+13–0
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+1978
+Ten
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+Despite waiving longtime running back DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the
+the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+Ten
+six
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+77
+Greg Olsen
+Cam Newton
+99.4
+77
+77
+Jonathan Stewart
+six
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+six
+500
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+77
+six
+136
+118
+six
+Kawann Short
+six
+Kawann Short
+six
+six
+Kurt Coleman
+six
+Kony Ealy
+Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly.
+Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two.
+Gary Kubiak
+Brock Osweiler
+plantar fasciitis
+San Diego Chargers
+Wade Phillips
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+plantar fasciitis
+plantar fasciitis
+plantar fasciitis
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+plantar fasciitis
+plantar fasciitis
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+Gary Kubiak
+a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot.
+Wade Phillips
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+Osweiler
+67.9
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+Demaryius Thomas
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+Demaryius Thomas
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+Ronnie Hillman
+4,530
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Brandon Marshall
+Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three
+DeMarcus Ware
+DeMarcus Ware
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+296
+Von Miller
+Brandon Marshall
+Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three.
+Von Miller
+Brandon Marshall
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+31–24
+Seattle Seahawks
+31–24
+Arizona Cardinals
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Seattle Seahawks
+49–15
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+20–18
+New England Patriots
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+23–16
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+Manning
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+Thomas Davis
+11-year
+11-year
+11
+11-year
+11-year
+11
+Super Bowl
+11-year
+11-year
+11
+Thomas Davis
+39
+John Elway
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
+Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
+John Elway
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+John Elway
+Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
+Peyton Manning
+He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.
+John Elway
+Newton
+2011
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+Von Miller
+Newton
+Newton
+26
+quarterback
+Newton
+2011
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+Super Bowl XX
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Broncos
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Super Bowl XX
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+Ed Mangan
+the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal,
+the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal,
+Justin Tucker
+the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal,
+a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
+Justin Tucker
+a new playing surface
+a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.
+change their cleats
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+the Broncos
+34–19
+Atlanta Falcons
+the Broncos
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+34–19
+Atlanta Falcons
+the Broncos
+the Broncos
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+blue
+0-4
+black jerseys with silver pants.
+San Jose State
+Stanford University
+San Jose State
+Stanford University
+San Jose Marriott
+Santa Clara Marriott
+San Jose State
+Stanford University
+San Jose State
+The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.
+Stanford University
+Stanford University
+San Jose State
+The Panthers used the San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.
+Stanford University
+Stanford University
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl V
+Jaime Weston
+Super Bowl XLV
+large numerals, colored in gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl LI
+Arabic numerals
+gold
+June 4, 2014
+Arabic numerals
+Super Bowl 50
+gold
+The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
+Arabic numerals
+The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
+gold
+week 7
+50
+gold
+gold
+Golden Super Bowl
+Gold footballs were given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl, and "homecoming" events were also held by Super Bowl-winning teams at games.
+Various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 NFL season to tie into the "Golden Super Bowl"; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the NFL's properties and painted on fields, the numbering of the 50-yard line on fields was colored gold, and beginning
+gold
+Moscone Center
+Moscone Center in San Francisco
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+Justin Herman Plaza
+More than 1 million
+Ed Lee
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Ed Lee
+Super Bowl City
+More than 1 million
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+Moscone Center
+Santa Clara University
+Bellomy Field
+week
+Bellomy Field
+pep rally
+city council
+Bellomy Field
+city council
+city council
+Bellomy Field
+city council
+Monday evening
+Monday evening
+February 1, 2016
+SAP Center in San Jose
+an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge
+Monday evening
+Monday evening
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+February 1, 2016
+SAP Center in San Jose
+Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
+Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.
+SAP Center in San Jose.
+an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.
+Monday evening
+Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night.
+SAP Center in San Jose.
+an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.
+February 1, 2016
+Business Connect
+$40 million
+Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
+Gap
+Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron
+disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses
+$40 million
+$40 million
+Business Connect
+Business Connect
+$40 million
+25 percent
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+25 percent
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+the most giving Super Bowl ever
+25 percent
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+25 percent
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+18
+33 lb
+Tiffany & Co.
+Tiffany & Co.
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co.
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+EyeVision 36
+5K
+three
+sidelines
+pylon cameras and microphones
+5K resolution
+sidelines
+CBS
+three
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+5K
+pylon cameras and microphones
+ESPN Deportes
+John Sutcliffe
+Monday Night Football
+December 28, 2015
+Spanish
+ESPN Deportes
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
+NFL Mobile
+WatchESPN
+CBSSports.com
+CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps
+Windows 10
+CBSSports.com
+CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps
+NFL Mobile
+NFL Mobile service
+NFL Mobile
+Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service.
+CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps
+NFL Mobile
+ESPN Deportes Spanish
+Stephen Colbert
+James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+a break for late local programming
+James Corden.
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Crash the Super Bowl
+QuickBooks
+QuickBooks
+QuickBooks
+nine
+QuickBooks
+nine
+Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
+QuickBooks
+nine
+Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
+QuickBooks
+The Secret Life of Pets
+Gods of Egypt
+The Secret Life of Pets
+The Secret Life of Pets
+Gods of Egypt
+The Secret Life of Pets
+The Secret Life of Pets
+Captain America: Civil War
+Independence Day
+20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios
+20th Century Fox
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+throughout North America
+Ed McCaffrey
+Ed McCaffrey
+1110 AM
+Chester, South Carolina
+Mick Mixon
+Ed McCaffrey
+Ed McCaffrey
+Mick Mixon
+Mick Mixon
+Ed McCaffrey
+WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+2001
+Peyton Manning
+39
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+39
+39
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+Six
+the national anthem
+Marlee Matlin
+the national anthem
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Six
+Marlee Matlin
+December 3
+British rock
+Coldplay
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Mark Ronson
+Coldplay.
+Pepsi
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Coldplay.
+Beyoncé
+Hymn for the Weekend
+Bruno Mars
+Peyton Manning
+Andre Caldwell
+Ronnie Hillman
+Brandon McManus
+C. J. Anderson
+18
+Ronnie Hillman
+Brandon McManus
+The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+C. J. Anderson
+Brandon McManus
+The score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.
+Mike Carey
+Cam Newton
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+1993
+Jerricho Cotchery
+Mike Carey
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+1993
+Mike Carey
+Malik Jackson
+Malik Jackson
+1993
+4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
+Brad Nortman
+4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11: 28 left
+61
+33
+4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
+4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
+4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
+Jordan Norwood
+33
+4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter.
+McManus
+Darian Stewart
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+DeMarcus Ware
+DeMarcus Ware
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+Kony Ealy
+DeMarcus Ware
+Mike Tolbert
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+punt
+DeMarcus Ware
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+44
+McManus
+T. J. Ward
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+T. J. Ward. Ward fumbled the ball during the return, but Trevathan recovered it to enable Denver to keep possession.
+Trevathan
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+26-yard line
+Graham Gano
+McManus' 33-yard field goal
+Ealy
+39
+Devin Funchess
+Devin Funchess
+the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line.
+Ealy
+Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.
+punts.
+Ealy
+Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.
+Devin Funchess
+punts.
+24
+Newton
+Josh Norman
+Bennie Fowler
+Bennie Fowler
+five yards
+five yards
+Newton
+Josh Norman
+Bennie Fowler
+4:51
+five yards
+five yards
+Josh Norman
+Bennie Fowler
+five
+13 of 23
+Anderson
+Luke Kuechly
+13 of 23
+13 of 23
+13 of 23
+Anderson
+six
+Luke Kuechly
+six
+Anderson
+McManus
+13 of 23
+Anderson
+Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194
+Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194) and first downs (21 to 11
+Baltimore Ravens
+Jordan Norwood
+Manning and Newton
+Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194
+Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194) and first downs (21 to 11
+Chicago Bears
+The Broncos
+21
+Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194) and first downs (21 to 11
+The Broncos
+Chicago Bears
+13.8
+the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize
+1745
+Maria Skodowska-Curie
+Wadysaw Szpilman
+seven months old
+over 100
+19th
+The Saxon Garden
+Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
+76
+the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly
+otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
+13
+azienki or Wilanów Parks,
+emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments.
+it was the most diverse city
+833,500
+around 34%
+Jewish
+internal migration and urbanisation
+Warsaw University of Technology
+Warsaw University of Technology
+Medical University of Warsaw
+1816
+Warsaw University of Life Sciences
+1816
+over two million
+Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski
+Irena Bajerska
+more than 10,000 m2 (107,639.10 sq ft), and plants covering 5,111 m2 (55,014.35 sq ft).
+the initial Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland (especially Warsaw)
+the initial Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland (especially Warsaw)
+solid economic growth
+the city's metro, roads, sidewalks, health care facilities and sanitation facilities have improved markedly
+Warsaw
+Children's Memorial Health Institute
+Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
+a 10-floor building with 700 beds, 10 operating theatres, an intensive care unit, several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic.
+infrastructure
+Roman and Buffo
+many events and festivals
+Palace of Culture and Science
+Roman and Buffo
+many events and festivals
+Ogród Saski
+Saxon Garden
+1870 to 1939
+Momus
+Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
+Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)
+Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)
+Wianki (Polish for Wreaths)
+maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married
+musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks
+Museum of Hunting and Riding
+National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
+National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
+National Museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army
+the history of arms
+Katy Museum
+Katy Museum
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+The Museum of Independence
+1960
+Royal Ujazdów Castle
+500
+Zachta National Gallery of Art
+mid-19th century
+last weekend of September
+Polonia Warsaw
+1946
+twice
+Konwiktorska Street
+their disastrous financial situation
+syrenka
+The mermaid
+mid-14th century
+1390
+1609
+ary figure
+two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas
+on the coast of Denmark
+Warszowa
+he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.
+Warsaw
+Maria Górska
+Art Deco
+Israeli poet
+Isaac Bashevis Singer
+32nd
+32nd
+wide variety of industries
+Warsaw Stock Exchange
+Frontex
+1313
+Kraków
+1596
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+"Phoenix City"
+Roman Catholic archdiocese
+Polish Academy of Sciences
+UNESCO World Heritage Site
+King Sigismund's Column, St. John's Cathedral, Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions
+luxurious parks and royal gardens
+Warszawa
+belonging to Warsz
+Mariensztat
+Mariensztat
+miasto stoeczne Warszawa
+Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów
+Prince of Pock
+1300
+1413
+1526
+General Sejm
+1569
+1573
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+1596
+1796
+Kingdom of Prussia
+Napoleon's army
+1815
+1816
+November 1918
+1914
+Pisudski
+1920
+the Red Army
+1 September 1939
+a German Nazi colonial administration
+30%
+19 April 1943
+almost a month
+the Germans
+Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
+1 August 1944
+63 days
+between 150,000 and 200,000
+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+Eastern Bloc city
+Palace of Culture and Science
+UNESCO's World Heritage list
+John Paul II
+1979 and 1983
+Victory Square
+Victory Square
+the incentive for the democratic changes
+Carpathian Mountains
+325
+Vistula River
+452.8 ft
+at the right bank of the Vistula
+Vistula Valley
+Vistula Valley
+Vistula Valley
+Vistula River
+Warsaw Escarpment
+plain moraine plateau
+the highest one contains former flooded terraces
+Vistula old
+several levels of the plain Vistula terraces (flooded as well as former flooded once) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment.
+pine
+architectural styles
+Second World War
+After liberation
+Leopold Kronenberg Palace
+Eastern bloc countries
+Gothic architecture
+14th century
+St. John's Cathedral
+"The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement
+Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626)
+17th century
+1688–1692
+Czapski Palace
+the simplicity of the geometrical forms
+1775–1795
+Warsaw Philharmony
+Warsaw Philharmony
+Warsaw Philharmony
+Warsaw University of Technology building
+Saxon Palace and the Brühl Palace,
+Heroic history
+Pawiak
+The Warsaw Citadel
+Wincenty Kuma
+Wincenty Kuma
+Botanic Garden
+a palm house in the New Orangery
+Park Skaryszewski
+Park Skaryszewski
+zoological garden (Ogród Zoologiczny)
+close-to-wilderness areas
+within the borders of Warsaw
+Masovian Primeval Forest
+Kabaty Forest
+Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin
+1,300,000
+420,000
+1951
+Varsovians
+only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth
+multi-cultural
+56.2%
+56.2%
+56.2%
+1944
+a commune
+counties or powiats
+Lublin, Kraków
+60
+60
+every four years
+committees
+30 days
+President
+Jan Andrzej Menich
+1695–1696
+the City council
+the district council of Centrum
+ródmiecie
+304,016
+7th greatest emerging market
+12%
+191.766 billion PLN
+1817
+World War II
+April 1991
+162 584 mln EUR
+Polish United Workers' Party
+1951
+Warszawa, Syrena, Fiat 125p (under license from Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired) and the Polonez
+Daewoo
+AvtoZAZ
+Chevrolet Aveo
+Warsaw
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+2.666 million residents
+9th
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+Vistula River
+9th
+9th
+France
+10th and 11th centuries
+Denmark, Iceland and Norway
+Rollo
+first half of the 10th century
+William the Conqueror
+Richard I
+Catholic orthodoxy
+"Norseman, Viking
+9th century
+King Charles III of West Francia
+King Charles III of West Francia
+Seine
+Rollo
+Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language
+Catholicism (Christianity) and the Gallo-Romance language
+1066
+999
+Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman and rebel, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the Byzantine rule,
+Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman and rebel, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the Byzantine rule,
+Drogo
+William Iron Arm
+Saracens
+1130
+William Iron Arm's citadel at Squillace
+Kitab Rudjdjar
+The Book of Roger
+meritocratic bureaucracy
+Seljuk Turks
+1050s
+1060s
+Alexius Komnenos
+Afranji
+Oursel
+Sassoun and Taron
+Norman mercenary origin
+Robert Guiscard
+February 1082
+1081
+Deabolis
+Bohemond
+Deabolis
+1185
+Dyrrachium
+Adriatic
+Ethelred II
+Ethelred II
+Duke Richard II of Normandy
+Sweyn Forkbeard
+Harthacnut
+1041
+Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury
+Battle of Hastings
+Duke William II
+1066
+Anglo-Saxons
+Modern English
+1169
+east of Ireland
+Bannow Bay
+Edgar Atheling,
+Malcolm III
+1072
+Duncan
+Sybilla of Normandy
+Norman
+Edward the Confessor
+defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh
+Edward the Confessor
+slow conquest
+1018
+William of Montreuil
+1097
+Tancred
+the conquest of Jerusalem
+380 years
+storm
+the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria
+Richard the Lion-hearted
+Isaac Komnenos
+Conrad of Montferrat
+Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons.
+Guy de Lusignan
+Richard the Lion-Heart
+Chapel of St. George
+double coronation
+1489
+Guy de Lusignan
+off the Atlantic coast of Africa
+Bethencourt
+Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
+Maciot de Bethencourt
+Channel Islands
+Grand coutumier de Normandie
+north French
+rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions.
+Early Gothic
+Anglo-Saxon
+Kingdom of Sicily
+the Cluniac reform of monasteries
+the Cluniac reform of monasteries
+The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th
+embroidery
+Bayeux Tapestry
+Odo
+mosaics
+Normandy
+William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
+southern Italy
+the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.
+Robert Guiscard
+a tradition of singing
+Nikola Tesla
+Serbian Cyrillic: икола есla; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)
+7 January 1943
+Nikola Tesla
+7 January 1943
+Serbian Cyrillic: икола есla; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)
+Nikola Tesla
+Thomas Edison
+Thomas Edison
+George Westinghouse
+New York City
+War of Currents
+Thomas Edison
+Thomas Edison
+New York City
+George Westinghouse
+AC induction motor and transformer
+1893
+high-voltage
+mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
+New York and Colorado Springs
+1893
+a wireless controlled boat
+Wardenclyffe Tower project
+7 January 1943
+the General Conference on Weights and Measures
+a series of New York hotels
+mad scientist
+patents
+7 January 1943
+the General Conference on Weights and Measures
+1990s
+his achievements and showmanship
+Croatia
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+eidetic memory and creative abilities
+eidetic memory and creative abilities
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+Milutin Tesla
+uka
+making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
+his mother's genetics and influence
+four
+German
+1862
+Dane
+Milka, Angelina and Marica
+horse-riding accident
+Austrian Empire
+pastor
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+integral calculus
+prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating
+1873
+1870
+math
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+best engineering school
+priesthood
+Smiljan
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+priesthood
+best engineering school
+Tomingaj
+Mark Twain
+mountains
+1874
+hunter's garb
+Smiljan
+1874
+hunter's garb
+Mark Twain
+1875
+Austrian Polytechnic
+1879
+gambling
+Sundays or holidays
+Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria
+1875
+1879
+third
+unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork
+Graz
+to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+60 florins
+to beg his son to return home
+nervous breakdown
+December 1878
+to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+Mur River.
+60 florins
+nervous breakdown
+not having a residence permit
+24 March 1879
+60
+stroke
+a large class of students
+not having a residence permit.
+24 March 1879
+Higher Real Gymnasium
+stroke
+Prague
+Charles-Ferdinand
+auditor
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Prague
+January 1880
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Prague
+Ferenc Puskás
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician
+telephone repeater or amplifier
+draftsman
+1881
+telegraph company
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician
+1882
+France
+New York City
+Thomas Edison
+Thomas Edison
+Continental Edison Company
+France
+June 1884
+Thomas Edison
+Manhattan's lower east side
+fifty thousand dollars
+$10
+months
+fifty thousand dollars
+"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.
+US$10
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+electrical arc light based illumination systems
+electrical arc light based illumination systems
+dynamo electric machine commutators
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
+1886
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+electrical arc light based illumination systems
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail,
+penniless.
+penniless
+$2
+1886/1887
+He even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
+$2
+$2
+Western Union superintendent
+April 1887
+13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development
+89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
+1886
+Western Union superintendent
+Charles F. Peck
+89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
+April 1887
+Europe and the United States
+May 1888
+a commutator
+avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.
+avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.
+Europe and the United States
+long-distance, high-voltage transmission
+avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes
+May 1888
+the editor of Electrical World magazine
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1888
+control the market
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+Galileo Ferraris
+commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+July 1888
+$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+George Westinghouse
+$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month
+$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+July 1888
+$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month
+$2,000 ($52,700 in today's dollars) per month
+Pittsburgh
+streetcars
+60-cycle AC current system
+DC traction motor
+helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars.
+DC traction motor
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+Edison holding all the patents for DC and the incandescent light and Westinghouse using his own patented AC system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design
+Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and converting to an AC delivery system
+Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and converting to an AC delivery system
+AC
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+1888
+the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it
+Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company, which was consolidated into the conglomerate General Electric and converting to an AC delivery system
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+Tesla Polyphase System
+Tesla Polyphase System
+George Westinghouse
+George Westinghouse
+1893
+AC power
+Richard Dean Adams
+Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company
+Westinghouse Electric
+General Electric
+Westinghouse
+Richard Dean Adams
+Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company
+Westinghouse
+Westinghouse
+1896
+$216,000
+$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
+$200,000
+J. P. Morgan
+$200,000
+$216,000
+35
+New York
+electric lamps
+patented the Tesla coil
+30 July 1891
+patented the Tesla coil.
+35
+wireless
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1892 to 1894
+vice president
+1892 to 1894
+Institute of Radio Engineers
+radiant energy of "invisible" kinds
+March 1895
+December 1895
+metal locking screw on the camera lens
+1894
+X-Rays
+March 1895
+an X-ray image
+December 1895
+bremsstrahlung
+March 1896
+radiography
+X-rays
+bremsstrahlung
+March 1896
+bremsstrahlung
+the "instrument will... enable one to generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus."
+longitudinal waves
+ozone generated in contact with the skin
+skin damage
+circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
+force-free magnetic fields
+ozone generated in contact with the skin
+longitudinal waves
+force-free magnetic fields
+skin damage
+Benjamin Lamme
+Benjamin Lamme
+Benjamin Lamme
+the Egg of Columbus
+a copper egg stand on end
+11 July 1934
+break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him
+"Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body
+"The particles in the beam of force... will travel much faster than such particles... and they will travel in concentrations."
+St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the National Electric Light Association
+the Tesla Coil
+1893
+1898
+teleautomaton
+Madison Square Garden
+radio-controlled
+the crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat, such as magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey
+1900
+17
+1901
+1943
+Supreme Court of the United States
+17 May 1899
+Pikes Peak to Paris
+15 June 1899
+five inches
+lightning signals
+stationary waves
+great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms
+artificial lightning
+135 feet
+15 miles
+glowed even when turned off
+electrified
+a power outage
+burned out
+the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out, due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them, and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation!"
+the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out, due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them, and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation!"
+communications from another planet
+Mars
+Collier's Weekly article "Talking With Planets"
+the letter S (dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in Colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission.
+July 1899
+John Jacob Astor IV
+to further develop and produce a new lighting system
+Colorado Springs
+1899
+7 January 1900
+two years
+1904
+two years
+Wardenclyffe
+Wardenclyffe
+Shoreham, Long Island
+Morgan
+Panic of 1901
+his part in the stock market crash
+over 50
+Wardenclyffe.
+Newfoundland
+187 feet
+200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm
+200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm
+1906
+100–5,000 hp
+steam
+Houston Street lab
+sledge hammer
+World Today
+split the earth in two
+the application of electricity to the brain
+saturating them unconsciously with electricity
+William H. Maxwell
+superintendent of New York City schools
+overseas
+lost the funding he was receiving from his patents
+$20,000
+$20,000
+Boldt
+electrical ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen
+electrical ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen
+radar
+Émile Girardeau
+Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
+Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
+There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize
+a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner
+animosity toward each other
+Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915
+Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915
+1937
+1,655,114
+VTOL aircraft
+$1,000
+less than $1,000.:251
+$125
+Hotel New Yorker
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying Tesla $125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker, expenses the Company would pay for the rest of Tesla's life
+impoverished
+transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a related new means of communication, and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits.
+transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance
+transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, a related new means of communication, and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits.
+accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits
+1935
+feed the pigeons
+refused to consult a doctor
+three of his ribs
+1938
+1937
+Van de Graaff
+Van de Graaff generator
+ground-based infantry
+ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes
+death ray
+1937
+a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray,
+a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
+a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
+a little time
+charged particle beam weapons
+Nikola Tesla Museum
+Belgrade
+open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal
+a "superweapon that would put an end to all war
+efforts had been made to steal the invention
+teleforce weapon
+His room
+86
+7 January 1943
+Alice Monaghan
+Alice Monaghan
+coronary thrombosis
+the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings
+John G. Trump
+three-day
+Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
+Fiorello La Guardia
+Fiorello La Guardia
+12 January
+two thousand
+Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
+80 trunks
+Sava Kosanovi
+Charlotte Muzar
+80 trunks
+Nikola Tesla Museum
+around 300
+26
+United States, Britain, and Canada
+patent archives
+8:10 p.m
+from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
+3:00 a.m
+headwaiter
+between 8 to 10 miles per day
+exercise
+one hundred times
+it stimulated his brain cells
+telepathy
+newspaper editor
+he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one
+pigeons
+over $2,000
+to fix her broken wing and leg
+pigeons
+pigeons
+1888 to about 1926.:292
+6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m)
+1926
+New York City
+eight
+visions
+picture thinking
+blinding flashes of light
+photographic memory
+84 hours
+84 hours
+Graz
+Kenneth Swezey
+journalist
+"Sometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too great a sacrifice to my work..."
+numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love
+toward the end of his life
+Dorothy Skerrit
+Robert Underwood Johnson
+asocial
+asocial
+friend
+Mark Twain
+middle
+1920s
+overweight people
+a secretary
+he fired a secretary because of her weight
+go home and change her dress.
+stating there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge (he believed that if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter or "sub-atom" that could only exist in an experimental vacuum
+ether
+an all pervasive "ether" that transmitted electrical energy
+19th century
+Einstein's
+antagonistic
+Einstein's theory of relativity
+a "dynamic theory of gravity
+1892
+matter and energy
+81
+selective breeding version of eugenics
+ruthless
+pity
+1937
+the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, and indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees."
+1926
+Queen Bees
+"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War"
+Science and Discovery
+20 December 1914
+League of Nations
+Orthodox Christian
+religious fanaticism
+Buddhism and Christianity
+"A Machine to End War"
+his religious views remain uncertain
+"A Machine to End War
+magazines
+magazines and journals
+Ben Johnston
+on the web
+1900
+The Century Magazine
+science fiction
+books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games
+The impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by Tesla
+Time magazine
+Time magazine
+his contribution to electrical power generation
+Albert Einstein
+more than 70
+Computational complexity theory
+classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty
+Computational complexity theory
+if its solution requires significant resources
+mathematical models of computation
+time and storage
+the number of gates in a circuit
+to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+analysis of algorithms
+analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+a problem instance
+The input string
+an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance, which can serve as the input for a decision problem.
+infinite collection of instances
+infinite collection of instances
+2000 kilometres
+The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem, such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km.
+complexity theory
+string
+the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet
+bitstrings
+binary notation
+adjacency matrices
+Decision problems
+yes or no
+a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0
+A decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0.
+A decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0.
+an arbitrary graph
+the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings.
+binary strings
+a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem,
+a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem,
+a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem,
+the integer factorization problem
+a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem,
+decision problems
+the multiplication of two integers
+how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
+the instance
+as a function of the size of the instance
+the size of the input in bits
+how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size
+Cobham's thesis
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+a polynomial time algorithm
+Turing machine
+if a problem can be solved by an algorithm
+Turing machines are easy to analyze mathematically, and are believed to be as powerful as any other model of computation, the Turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory.
+a theoretical device
+deterministic
+deterministic
+probabilistic
+A non-deterministic Turing machine
+randomized algorithms
+complexity classes
+time or space
+non-deterministic Turing machines
+random access machines
+without providing any extra computational power
+time and memory consumption
+deterministically
+branch out
+more unusual resources
+branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems.
+branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems.
+total number of state transitions
+classifying problems based on their difficulty
+DTIME(f(n))
+deterministic Turing machine
+time and space are the most well-known complexity resources
+a computational resource
+Blum complexity axioms
+Blum
+Blum
+three
+any other complexity measure
+three
+three
+quicksort
+O(n2)
+O(n2)
+proving upper and lower bounds
+analysis of algorithms
+proving upper and lower bounds
+T(n)
+lower bounds
+the big O notation
+constant factors and smaller terms
+T(n) = O(n2)
+the specific details
+complexity classes
+complicat definitions that do not fit into this framework
+complexity classes
+the chosen machine model
+xx | x is any binary string
+quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines
+Cobham-Edmonds
+complexity class P
+time or space
+time or space
+time or space
+BPP, ZPP and RP
+probabilistic Turing
+probabilistic Turing
+counting problems
+IP and AM
+relaxation the requirements on (say) computation time
+DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2)
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by constraining the respective resources.
+how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved.
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+EXPTIME
+PSPACE
+a reduction
+a transformation of one problem into another problem
+X reduces to Y.
+Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions
+if a problem X can be solved using an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y.
+polynomial-time reduction
+multiplying two integers
+the reduction process takes polynomial time
+giving the same input to both inputs
+giving the same input to both inputs
+an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C. Of course, the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used
+every problem in C can be reduced to X
+solve any problem in C
+NP-hard
+class of NP-complete problems
+NP
+NP is not solved, being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, 2, to another problem, 1, would indicate that there is no known polynomial-time solution for 1.
+NP
+complexity class P
+Cobham–Edmonds thesis
+complexity class NP
+Boolean satisfiability problem
+deterministic Turing machines
+many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions
+protein structure prediction
+$1,000,000
+Ladner
+NP-intermediate problems
+The graph isomorphism problem
+The graph isomorphism problem
+NP-complete
+polynomial time hierarchy
+the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
+Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
+integer factorization
+deciding whether the input has a factor less than k
+it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. No efficient integer factorization algorithm is known, and this fact forms the basis of several modern cryptographic systems
+the general number field sieve
+Many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal
+P  NP  PP  PSPACE
+there are many known complexity classes between P and PSPACE
+Proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory.
+co-NP
+problems with the yes/no answers reversed
+NP
+P is not equal to NP
+it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
+P or equal to P
+it is not known if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
+NL and NC
+distinct or equal classes
+intractable problems
+2n
+NP-complete problems
+algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times
+algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times
+SAT solvers
+SAT solvers
+NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
+complexity of algorithmic problems
+Alan Turing
+Alan Turing
+1936
+a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
+On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+John Myhill
+1961
+Hisao Yamada
+some concrete choice of input encoding
+some concrete choice of input encoding
+Manuel Blum
+speed-up theorem
+"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
+Richard Karp
+a lesson plan
+pedagogy
+a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college.
+a lesson plan
+formal
+cultures
+literacy and numeracy
+literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.
+life skills
+family member
+home schooling
+formal education
+a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting.
+a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting.
+religious texts
+religious texts
+Quran, Torah or Bible
+Religious and spiritual teachers
+homeschooling
+paid professionals.
+Chartered
+homeschooling, or in the wider community
+paid professionals.
+the organization of school functions
+supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors
+study halls
+supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors
+teacher's colleges
+to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession.
+to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession.
+to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers
+to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession.
+investigating complaints involving members
+investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
+investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
+investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
+investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action
+outdoor
+a tutor
+teachers
+facilitate student learning
+informal or formal
+pedagogy
+accompanying students on field trips
+technology
+internet
+a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill
+the relevant authority
+infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
+infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
+standardized curricula
+assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills
+self-study and problem solving
+pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
+pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
+a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game."
+relationship between teachers and children
+every class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum
+ten or more
+primary school and secondary school
+form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent
+alternative approaches for primary education
+platoon
+staying with the same group of peers for all classes
+students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area
+United States
+Co-teaching
+two or more teachers
+social networking support
+two or more teachers
+social networking support
+corporal punishment
+a substitute parent
+a teacher
+the most common form of school discipline
+While a child was in school
+corporal punishment
+Most Western countries
+1977
+1977
+cause physical pain
+30
+South
+declining
+the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle
+principal's office
+caning
+Asian, African and Caribbean countries
+For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.
+detention
+detention
+detention
+sit quietly
+write lines or a punishment essay
+assertive teacher
+Positive reinforcement
+Positive reinforcement
+sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
+sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
+the weakness in school discipline
+East Asia
+the weakness in school discipline
+the weakness in school discipline
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+40 to 50 students
+divert the teacher from instruction
+motivated students
+ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students
+motivated students
+popularly based authority
+popularly based authority
+persuasion and negotiation
+preservation of public order
+good, clear laws
+enthusiasm
+receptive
+attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials
+higher
+intrinsic motivation to learn
+read lecture material outside of the classroom.
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn.
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn.
+Enthusiastic teachers
+teacher enthusiasm
+emotional contagion
+energy and enthusiasm
+student-teacher relationships
+Enthusiastic teachers
+personal success is a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior.
+A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
+student motivation and attitudes towards school
+teachers who are friendly and supportive
+teachers who are friendly and supportive
+teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students
+teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students
+enthusiasm about the students
+The teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter
+spark of excitement
+An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life.
+The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching
+sexual misconduct
+9.6%
+9.6%
+9.6%
+9.6%
+0.3%
+priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
+2,869
+The AAUW study
+Mary Kay Letourneau
+increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
+Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
+Chris Keates
+child protection and parental rights groups
+a shortage of male teachers
+statutory rape
+occupational stress
+organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections.
+occupational burnout
+occupational stress
+occupational stress
+42%
+42%
+twice the figure for the average profession
+double
+teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers
+occupational hazards
+Organizational interventions
+Individual-level interventions
+help to reduce occupational stress among teachers
+Organizational interventions
+a university or college
+certification by a recognized body
+elementary school
+background check and psychiatric evaluation
+many educational institutions especially within the US
+individual states and territories
+three
+tertiary education
+universities and/or TAFE colleges
+tertiary education
+Bachelor's Degree
+a second Bachelor's Degree
+private sector, businesses and sponsors
+teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Lehramtstudien
+Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
+Grundschule
+civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
+Gymnasium
+Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht area or on an island.
+€ 27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to €53,423
+53,423
+90,000
+the Teaching Council
+a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post
+Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001
+Oireachtas funds
+Garda vetting
+new entrants to the teaching profession
+on a phased basis
+teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting "cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity
+41,004
+experience and extra responsibilities
+20,980
+bachelor's degree
+September 2007
+hard-to-fill
+hard-to-fill positions
+geographic area
+Secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.
+secondary school teachers
+General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
+General Teaching Council for Scotland
+a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities
+Provisional Registration
+"Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met.
+April 2008
+£ 20,427
+£20,427
+£20,427
+Educational Institute of Scotland and the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association.
+Education in Wales
+the medium of Welsh
+16
+22 per cent
+Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16.
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+between 2005 and 2010
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+attacks on teachers
+each state
+as long as ten years
+bachelor's degree
+charter schools
+No Child Left Behind
+relatively low salaries
+average teacher salaries
+teachers with more experience and higher education
+elementary school teachers
+TeachersPayTeachers.com
+the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life,
+the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life,
+a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception)
+(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
+LDS Church
+Elder to Bishop, or no office
+spiritual teacher"
+the husband and father of a family
+Priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house
+a guru
+extremely high
+gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples
+the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.
+Lama
+reborn
+Tulku
+often many times
+Bodhisattva
+ulemas
+ulemas
+Sufism
+actions-oriented
+spiritual teacher and an esoteric (as opposed to exoteric, or actions-oriented, e.g. the Five Pillars of Islam) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension, with emphasis on learning from living saints
+German
+1546
+Late Medieval Catholic Church.
+freedom from God's punishment for sin
+Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521
+salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer
+salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer
+sacerdotalism
+sacerdotalism
+considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood
+vernacular
+a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible.
+Tyndale Bible
+hymns influenced the development of singing in churches
+Katharina von Bora
+Martin Luther was born to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) on 10 November 1483
+Eisleben, Saxony
+Holy Roman Empire
+Catholic
+lawyer
+University of Erfurt
+beerhouse and whorehouse
+four
+four
+1505
+law school
+uncertainty
+theology and philosophy
+experience
+God
+his father
+2 July 1505
+Erfurt
+Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends
+his father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education
+Augustinian order
+deep spiritual despair
+hangman
+Johann von Staupitz
+change of heart
+1507
+von Staupitz
+1508
+9 March 1508
+Peter Lombard
+19 October 1512
+21 October 1512
+Doctor in Bible
+University of Wittenberg
+Doctor of Theology
+1516
+St. Peter's Basilica
+St. Peter's Basilica
+good works
+good works
+31 October 1517
+Albert of Mainz
+The Ninety-Five Theses
+Hans Hillerbrand
+Thesis 86
+Johann Tetzel
+the soul from purgatory
+Johann Tetzel
+Johann Tetzel
+God
+forgiveness
+forgiveness
+false assurances
+Christ
+Tetzel
+his capacity to exaggerate
+overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time.
+overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time.
+the story of the posting on the door
+the story of the posting on the door
+Philipp Melanchthon
+Wittenberg
+little foundation in truth
+January 1518
+printing press
+January 1518
+two weeks
+two months
+1519
+Wittenberg
+early part of Luther's career
+1520
+To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
+Luther
+penance and righteousness
+corrupt
+several of the central truths of Christianity
+justification
+entirely the work of God
+1525
+a gift from God
+Smalcald Articles
+faith
+Christ and His salvation
+Christ and His salvation
+railing against the sale of indulgences
+"Christ and His salvation"
+Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
+Rome
+a papal dispensation
+one half
+Theses.
+Pope Leo X
+three years
+October 1518
+the Antichrist
+Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant,
+January 1519
+remain silent
+Johann Eck
+Matthew 16:18
+Jan Hus
+15 June 1520
+the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days.
+60 days
+Karl von Miltitz
+3 January 1521
+secular authorities
+18 April 1521
+a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire
+Emperor Charles V
+Prince Frederick III
+Johann Eck
+Archbishop of Trier
+whether he stood by their contents
+the next day
+time to think about the answer
+a knight
+a knight winning a bout
+"in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout."
+epoch-making oratory
+Luther refused to recant his writings
+Luther
+in later versions of the speech
+Mullett
+private conferences
+25 May 1521
+Edict of Worms
+an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest
+anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence.
+Wittenberg
+Wartburg Castle
+my Patmos
+New Testament from Greek into German
+orthodox theologian
+every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin
+cannot be earned
+1 August 1521
+Melanchthon
+this life is not a place where justice resides."
+1521
+a gift, to be received with thanksgiving
+a gift
+private confession and absolution
+vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
+prophetic faith
+1521
+Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
+Little Horn
+Thessalonians
+Gabriel Zwilling
+June 1521
+disturbances
+Zwickau prophets
+town council
+6 March 1522
+Satan
+eight sermons
+Invocavit Sermons
+trust God's word
+immediate
+Jerome Schurf
+After the sixth sermon
+joy
+misguided people
+public order
+conservative
+banishing the Zwickau prophets
+radical reformers
+radical reformers
+Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
+Nicholas Storch and Thomas Müntzer
+1524–25
+support an attack on the upper classes
+Church
+temporal authorities
+Thuringia
+mad dogs
+the devil's work
+Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, written on his return to Wittenberg, he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth, condemned the violence as the devil's work, and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad
+three grounds
+13:1–7
+13:1–7
+Divine Right of Kings
+"death in body and soul
+Luther's backing for the uprising
+Battle of Frankenhausen
+15 May 1525
+Müntzer's execution
+secular powers
+Katharina von Bora
+herring barrels
+26
+41 years old
+April 1523
+13 June 1525
+evening of the same day, the couple was married
+ceremonyal walk to the church and the wedding banquet
+27 June
+Johannes Bugenhagen
+clerical
+clerical marriage
+Biblical grounds
+death of a heretic
+reckless
+The Black Cloister
+a former monastery
+six children
+Croesus
+Katharina
+congregations' choosing their own ministers
+supervisory church body
+supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service, and wrote a clear summary of the new faith
+two catechisms
+theology of the cross, the negation of every affirmation: as long as the cross is at the center, the system building tendency of reason is held in check, and system building does not degenerate into System.
+extreme change
+Electorate of Saxony
+Electorate of Saxony,
+John the Steadfast
+temporal sovereign
+1526
+1523
+simple people
+"everything that smacks of sacrifice
+freedom of ceremony
+1527
+Luther and his colleagues
+standard of pastoral care and Christian education
+common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine
+well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching
+the catechism
+1529
+pastors and teachers
+a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised
+questions and answers
+The catechism
+volumes
+Bondage of the Will and the Catechism
+The Small Catechism
+Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible
+Small Catechism
+Small Catechism
+German vernacular
+persons
+Salvation
+1522
+1534
+Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament
+alone
+Faith alone justifies us, and not works'.
+Saxon chancellery
+intelligible
+everyday Germans
+"for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance
+removing impediments and difficulties
+German-language publications
+Bible translation
+evolution of the German language
+Lucas Cranach
+William Tyndale
+"Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her"
+high art and folk music
+German hymns
+a lute
+waldzither
+hymns
+Lutheran views
+Ein neues Lied wir heben an
+John C. Messenger
+Flung to the Heedless Winds
+1529
+1529
+the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
+German creedal hymn
+the perceived difficulty of its tune
+one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions,
+Small Catechism
+examining candidates on specific catechism questions
+multiple revisions
+Luther's tune
+1523
+1523
+1523
+Achtliederbuch
+because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine
+Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
+Veni redemptor gentium
+"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
+two
+German Te Deum
+"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"
+Halle
+Psalm 67's prayer for grace
+J. S. Bach
+Halle
+Luther's hymns
+24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524.
+24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524.
+24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, all published in 1524.
+Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
+Johann Sebastian Bach
+Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, as early as possibly 1707, in his second annual cycle
+1707
+1724 to 1725
+Johann Sebastian Bach
+he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages, such as the parable of the rich man
+enter a prepared bedchamber
+enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace
+penitential suffering
+Smalcald Articles
+Franz Pieper
+Johann Gerhard
+Johann Gerhard.
+1755
+"the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat)
+Gottfried Fritschel
+Gottfried Fritschel
+Gottfried Fritschel
+dreams
+October 1529
+Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
+doctrinal unity
+fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.
+fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.
+"This is my body which is for you"
+Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ
+sacramental union
+only spiritually or symbolically present
+confrontational
+Marburg Colloquy
+Marburg Colloquy
+Marburg Colloquy
+Swiss cities
+John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
+Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical
+Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical
+Reason
+Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical
+honoring their different epistemological spheres.
+Jesus Christ was born a Jew
+Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity
+Jesus Christ was born a Jew
+Anabaptists
+1543
+Christians
+Christians
+the antichrist
+the papacy
+Charles V
+the Qur'an
+Islam
+Islam
+the devil
+banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.
+God's wrath to Christians
+Johannes Agricola
+city hall
+six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians, four of which became the basis for disputations
+On the Councils and the Church
+second use of the law
+the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin
+everything that is used to work sorrow over sin
+does not eliminate the accusing law
+the church consists only of essentially holy people
+how the Christian ought to live
+the Ten Commandments
+third use of the law
+an illustration of the Ten Commandments
+the Ten Commandments
+the sacrament of baptism
+The Ten Commandments
+direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.
+Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting.
+Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting.
+one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
+history chiefly holds Luther accountable
+The affair caused lasting damage to Luther's reputation.
+ninety years
+Jews
+Jesus as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ
+they rejected the divinity of Jesus
+That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity.
+Von den Juden and Ihren Lügen
+1543
+three years
+the devil's people
+a sanction for murder
+Luther
+Martin Luther
+whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition
+forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works
+1580s
+Luther
+1930s and 1940s
+Nazis' attacks on Jews
+Luther
+Nuremberg
+17 December 1941
+seven
+Diarmaid MacCulloch
+Bishop Martin Sasse
+the warner of his people against the Jews.
+opportunistic
+Luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism
+the Jews
+18th and 19th centuries
+His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial
+anti-Judaic—that is, opposed to Judaism and its adherence rather than the Jews as an ethnic group—their violence
+Ronald Berger
+hysterical and demonizing mentality
+Christopher J. Probst
+Christopher J. Probst
+it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind
+Mark U. Edwards
+vulgarity and violence
+Muslims) and Catholics
+Mark U. Edwards
+1980s
+Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65
+Richard (Dick) Geary
+who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933
+1531
+Philip of Hesse
+kidney and bladder stones
+an ear infection
+angina
+poor physical health
+short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments
+poor physical health
+Katharina
+1545 and 1546
+Eisleben
+15 February 1546
+obdurate Jews
+expel from all German territory
+"we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert
+Mansfeld
+1546
+1546
+1546
+copper
+17 February 1546
+chest pains
+Ps. 31:5
+the dying
+1 a.m
+apoplectic stroke
+2:45 a.m
+18 February 1546
+Castle Church
+Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
+his last statement
+Latin
+Latin,
+printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size
+frail Catholic saints
+physically imposing
+ascetic life of the medieval religious orders
+1530s and 1540s
+Lutheran Calendar of Saints
+Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
+31 October
+Church of England's Calendar of Saints
+Lutheran Calendar of Saints
+SoCal
+California's southernmost 10 counties
+major economic center
+demographics and economic ties
+historical political divisions
+Southern California Megaregion
+11
+Las Vegas, Nevada
+south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.
+Tijuana
+Southern California
+seven
+three
+San Diego
+the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura
+Colorado River
+Colorado River
+Colorado River
+Mexico–United States border
+Los Angeles
+3,792,621
+Los Angeles
+Los Angeles and San Diego
+south
+Los Angeles
+top 15 most populous counties in the United States
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Hollywood
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+surf and skateboard
+Tony Hawk
+Shaun White
+second only to the island of Oahu
+Transpac
+Palm Springs
+beaches
+Palm Springs
+open spaces
+37° 9' 58.23"
+37° 9' 58.23"
+ten
+Tehachapi Mountains
+northern
+Californiaornios of Monterey
+Alta California
+Californiaornios of Monterey
+Missouri Compromise
+1850
+Californiaornios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California attempted three times in the 1850s
+Cow Counties
+Californiaornios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California attempted three times in the 1850s
+75
+Milton Latham
+Los Angeles Times
+1900
+1999
+Imperial
+Los Angeles Times
+regional tourism groups
+the California State Automobile Association and the Automobile Club of Southern California, choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply, as either northern or southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view.
+the California State Automobile Association and the Automobile Club of Southern California, choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply, as either northern or southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view.
+South of the Tehachapis
+northern, central, and southern
+third
+Southern California
+large, spread-out, suburban communities
+automobiles and highways
+San Diego–Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California.
+Camp Pendleton
+The cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire
+Riverside-San Bernardino area
+most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties (the non-desert portions) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s.
+1980s and 1990s
+Mediterranean
+Mediterranean
+60's
+snow is very rare in the Southwest of the state, it occurs on the Southeast of the state.
+70
+Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts
+geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes
+geologic, topographic
+Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts
+interior valleys
+10,000
+Nearly all of them are so small
+1994
+over $20 billion.
+over $20 billion
+6.7+
+8.0
+Elsinore
+California Earthquake forecast
+California Earthquake forecast
+anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition, which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region
+anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition, which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region
+anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition, which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations.
+southern California
+high growth rates
+northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region.
+northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region.
+northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region.
+Metropolitan Statistical Areas
+five million
+five million
+Southern Border Region
+17,786,419
+Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California
+Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people), both in southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California
+34
+34
+San Bernardino and Riverside
+petroleum
+Hollywood
+housing bubble
+one of the largest
+housing bubble
+1920s
+cattle and citrus
+cattle and citrus
+cattle and citrus
+aerospace
+Southern California
+Central business districts
+Central business districts
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+San Fernando Valley
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+San Bernardino-Riverside
+Riverside
+Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
+Orange County
+University of California, Irvine
+West Irvine
+Orange County
+Orange County
+Downtown San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+Downtown San Diego
+Los Angeles International Airport
+Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.
+Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.
+Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.
+Van Nuys Airport
+Metrolink
+Downtown Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties with the other line connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties directly.
+Downtown Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties with the other line connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties directly.
+Orange
+Port of Los Angeles
+San Diego
+Southern California
+The Tech Coast
+The Tech Coast
+The Tech Coast
+12
+12
+MLB
+MLB
+MLB
+Los Angeles Kings
+LA Galaxy
+the StubHub Center
+the StubHub Center
+2005 to 2014
+the StubHub Center
+2018
+College sports
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+Rugby
+Rugby
+an official school sport
+BSkyB
+BSkyB
+BSkyB's 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90.04% interest in Sky Germany
+Sky plc
+Sky UK Limited
+May 2006
+Setanta Sports
+the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, B
+£1.3bn
+BSkyB was able to join ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and National Grid Wireless.
+Freeview
+three
+Sky Three
+Pick TV
+two or more
+September 2007
+customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee
+January 2010
+January 2010
+VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system
+NDS
+VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system
+VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system
+Sky+
+NTL and Telewest
+2007
+HD channels and Video On Demand content
+HD channels and Video On Demand content
+HD channels and Video On Demand content
+July 2013
+July 2013
+OneDrive
+OneDrive for Business
+unspecified "reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand," plus "financial and other terms, the details of which are confidential."
+1 September 1993
+Astra
+27 September 2001
+BSkyB's analogue service
+400,000
+British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
+Sky UK Limited
+11 million
+Freeview
+Sky Q Hub
+Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection
+all set top boxes in a household
+2016
+2016
+DVB-compliant MPEG-2
+Dolby Digital
+MPEG-4
+7-day EPG
+MPEG-4
+the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5°E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+22 May 2006
+40,000
+Thomson
+17,000
+4,222,000
+8 February 2007
+Setanta Sports
+four
+Virgin Media
+English Premier League Football
+free-to-view
+some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription
+a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
+universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz)
+a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver
+1991
+ITV
+£18m to £34m per year
+BSkyB
+£304m
+Ofcom
+£15–100,000
+BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence
+BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+1 October 1998
+Sky Digital
+Sky Active
+improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open....
+over 100,000 digiboxes
+Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, although from 30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009 it only carried one linear HD channel, BBC HD, after the conclusion of the ITV
+Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, although from 30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009 it only carried one linear HD channel, BBC HD, after the conclusion of the ITV
+Video On Demand
+BBC HD
+Channel 4 HD
+10 million homes
+36%
+August 2004
+36%
+flattened
+Welfare Cash Card
+essentials
+often damaging
+Sky TV bills
+The Daily Mail
+£30m
+Video On Demand and High Definition content
+Virgin Media
+BSkyB
+the carriage of their respective basic channels
+highly diversified
+second
+second
+museums, art galleries and theatres
+Melbourne Cricket Ground
+Bendigo
+New South Wales
+Buckland Valley
+typhoid
+cramped and unsanitary
+Victorian Legislative Council
+eight
+eight
+four years
+November every four years
+The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
+The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
+The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
+The Greens
+The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens
+61.1%
+Roman Catholics
+Buddhism
+Buddhism
+20%
+south-east
+second-most populous
+second
+Melbourne
+second-largest
+Koori
+1788
+New South Wales
+Sullivan Bay
+1803
+More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
+7%
+More than 2 6,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi)
+pears
+121,200
+1975
+1855 colonial constitution
+Parliament of Victoria
+absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision.
+Victoria Constitution Act 1855
+The Mallee and upper Wimmera
+32 °C (90 °F)
+32 °C (90 °F)
+Hopetoun
+7 February 2009
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Victoria Department of Education
+Roman Catholic Church
+All schools must comply with government-set curriculum
+closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that Australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017.
+2017
+May 2013
+October 2016
+Ford
+Mount Bogong
+Mount Bogong
+Mount Bogong
+extensive series of river systems
+pink heath
+The Victorian Alps
+Great Dividing Range
+Great Dividing Range
+9 °C (48 °F)
+Omeo
+private and public railway operators
+CFCL Australia
+Victorian Government
+freight services
+CFCL Australia
+12
+12
+Legislative Assembly
+Legislative Council
+Linda Dessau
+1 July 1851
+1 July 1851
+gold rush
+sevenfold
+20 million ounces
+214
+214
+311,800
+63,519
+Over 61
+Victoria
+60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle
+60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle
+60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle
+Asia
+1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)
+interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state
+760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
+mountainous areas
+760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
+1788
+New South Wales
+New Holland
+Sydney
+miners protesting against mining taxes
+British troops
+Eureka Stockade
+mining licence fees
+Colony of Victoria Act
+The Premier of Victoria
+The Premier of Victoria
+representatives
+Daniel Andrews
+representatives
+$8.7 billion
+17%
+32,463
+32,463
+60%
+cultural tourism and sports
+cultural tourism and sports
+Melbourne
+regional cities
+Bells Beach SurfClassic
+southern and central parts of France
+one-eighth
+1562 to 1598
+Edict of Nantes
+granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy
+derision
+Geneva
+Besançon Hugues
+France
+1560
+the Bible in vernacular languages
+1294
+Guyard de Moulin
+1487
+Paris
+villes de sûreté
+66
+Protestant rule
+1622
+1629
+1671
+Cape Town
+Maria de la Queillerie
+Dutch East India Company
+1700
+1624
+Jessé de Forest
+L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
+L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
+Brooklyn
+Charleston Orange district
+Edmund Bellinger
+Rev. Elie Prioleau
+the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger.
+Charleston, South Carolina
+William III of Orange
+King of England
+League of Augsburg
+Louis XIV
+1672
+Edict of Fontainebleau
+1685
+Louis XIV
+nearly three-quarters
+The Catholic Church in France
+St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
+St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
+militia
+some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France
+1621 and 1629
+southwestern France
+Henry IV
+Louis XIII
+three
+2%
+2%
+Alsace
+Alsace
+Australia
+New Rochelle
+New Paltz
+National Historic Landmark site
+The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains the oldest street in the United States of America
+south shore of Staten Island
+75,000 to 100,000
+75,000 to 100,000 people
+ca. 2 million
+nearly 25%
+After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+Tours
+Huguon
+le roi Huguet
+Tours
+came back to harm the living at night
+Huguenots
+The Weavers
+economic separation
+Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
+restaurant
+Cork City
+Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
+Dublin
+Bank of Ireland
+1696
+brain drain
+The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
+The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
+Seven Years' War
+1759-60
+Henry of Navarre
+1598
+equality with Catholics under the throne
+discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions.
+Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes.
+Catholics
+emigration
+Four thousand
+"new converts"
+Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
+Switzerland and the Netherlands
+1555
+France Antarctique
+1560
+Guanabara Confession of Faith
+Afrikaans
+wine industry in South Africa owes a significant debt to the Huguenots, some of whom had vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers, and used their skills in their new home.
+Western Cape province
+Afrikaans-speaking, have surnames indicating their French Huguenot ancestry.
+Thomas Jefferson
+Henry Laurens
+Charleston, South Carolina
+Manakin Episcopal Church
+Texas
+Huguenots
+first half of the eighteenth century
+twenty-five widows who settled in Dover
+first half of the eighteenth century
+Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
+one-fifth
+Napoleon
+1806-07
+Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
+Frederick William
+Cévennes
+Camisards
+Catholic Church in the region
+1702 and 1709
+Jacksonville
+Jean Ribault
+Jean Ribault
+September 1565
+September 1565
+Jean Ribault
+Parris Island
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+1562
+Wars of Religion
+Virginia
+Lower Norfolk County
+Manakin Town
+390
+12 May 1705
+1568–1609
+the Dutch against Spain
+the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur,
+William the Silent
+Calvinist
+Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
+50,000
+50,000
+Andrew Lortie
+Andrew Lortie
+William of Orange
+William of Orange
+Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
+flax cultivation
+flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry
+Prince Louis de Condé
+Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
+glass-making
+1890s
+1604
+Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
+Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
+Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec
+Dutch Cape Colony
+they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
+Hugues Capet
+The "Hugues hypothesis"
+Janet Gray
+little Hugos, or those who want Hugo
+double or triple non-French linguistic origins
+Jacques Lefevre
+University of Paris
+1530
+William Farel
+Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
+St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August – 3 October 1572
+St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
+3,000
+1573
+almost 25,000
+Louis XIV
+to force the Huguenots to convert
+backed by a fund
+closed Huguenot schools
+dragonnades
+the county of Westchester
+England
+John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
+La Rochelle
+Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
+Huguenot congregations
+outside their immediate French communities
+E.I. du Pont
+nineteenth century
+Eleutherian gunpowder mills
+Pierre Bayle
+Rotterdam
+Historical and Critical Dictionary
+US Library of Congress
+Saint Nicolas
+French Protestant Church of London
+1550
+Soho Square
+Shoreditch
+1724
+Lutheran and Reformed states
+Germany and Scandinavia
+Edict of Potsdam
+Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
+Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13
+Frederick William
+Theodor Fontane
+Adolf Galland
+Lothar de Maizière
+German Federal Minister of the Interior
+solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy
+ideal thermodynamic cycle
+water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure.
+water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure.
+Steam engines
+atmospheric engine
+Thomas Newcomen
+1712
+Savery's steam pump
+Papin
+Richard Trevithick
+21 February 1804
+Richard Trevithick
+south Wales
+Richard Trevithick
+Rankine cycle
+multi-stage centrifugal
+1850s
+steam locomotives
+a steam jet
+triple and quadruple expansion
+triple and quadruple expansion
+Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy
+Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy
+large passenger liners
+Corliss
+Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts
+lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side
+Lead fusible plugs
+the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire.
+steam escapes
+manually suppress the fire
+dampening the fire
+James Watt
+James Watt
+James Watt
+1883
+The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution
+the aeolipile
+Hero of Alexandria
+the aeolipile
+Giovanni Branca
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+19th century
+expansions
+double and triple expansion engines
+Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.
+double and triple expansion engines
+steam turbines
+steam turbines
+reciprocating piston type steam engines
+90
+electric
+burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space
+combustion chamber
+nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine
+electric heating element.
+steam engine indicator
+1851
+Charles Porter
+Charles Porter
+Charles Porter
+90 ° out of phase
+180
+90 ° out of phase
+counterflow
+four
+four
+four
+admission, expansion
+Quasiturbine
+the port and the cylinder walls
+the port and the cylinder walls
+oscillating cylinder steam engine
+trunnion
+toys and models
+toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.
+recycled continuously
+open loop
+Mercury
+a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler
+working fluid
+565 °C
+stainless steel
+42%
+30 °C
+Steam engines
+Steam engines
+Stanley Steamer
+factories
+increase in the land available for cultivation
+Trevithick
+Matthew Murray
+Matthew Murray
+edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway
+George Stephenson
+Arthur Woolf
+1804
+torque variability
+larger cylinder volume
+90
+reciprocating steam engines
+reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
+80%
+80%
+The Rankine cycle
+in a condenser
+1990s
+biomass
+Scottish
+duty
+17
+7 million
+94
+Watt
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+steam turbine
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+Thomas Savery
+a water pump
+1698
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+Richard Trevithick
+Richard Trevithick
+1802
+more powerful for a given cylinder size
+more power ful for a given cylinder size
+Sweden
+Sweden
+5
+8.8
+27-30
+surface condensers
+automobile radiator
+in locations where water is costly
+wet
+700 megawatt coal-fired power plant
+James Watt
+James Watt
+flour mill
+cotton spinning
+The governor could not actually hold a set speed
+1880
+railway locomotives
+complicated
+1930
+railway locomotives
+shortening the cutoff
+kick back
+cannot evacuate the cylinder
+one
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+1606
+Thomas Savery
+Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine
+rotating discs
+drive shaft
+static discs
+rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing
+3600 revolutions per minute
+boilers and condensers
+internal combustion engines or electric motors
+steam turbine
+Advanced Steam
+fuel sources and pollution
+a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine
+a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine
+the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion
+1775
+condenser
+Boulton and Watt's early engines used half as much coal
+James Watt
+air pressure
+two
+plug valve
+tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken.
+tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken.
+engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power
+Corliss steam engine
+1849
+cotton spinning.
+four
+Rumford
+the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure
+Watt
+separate condenser
+Joseph Black
+latent heat
+relatively little work is required to drive the pump
+relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase
+1% to 3%
+1500 °C
+injector
+to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation
+condensers
+bunker
+chain or screw stoking mechanism
+feed water
+steam turbine
+dreadnought battleships
+dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners
+1905
+heating water
+heating water
+heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator
+turbo-electric transmission
+Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain
+TS diagram
+in the condenser
+constant pressure
+heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are isobaric (constant pressure) processes
+a pump
+8
+hydrogen and helium
+colorless and odorless
+half
+20.8%
+20.8%
+Oxygen
+8
+downward trend
+hydrogen and helium
+8
+chalcogen
+oxides
+third
+dioxygen
+photosynthesis
+cellular respiration
+UVB radiation
+oxygen
+water
+photosynthesis
+water
+UVB radiation
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+John Mayow
+1679
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+late 17th century
+respiration
+John Mayow
+mercuric oxide
+mercuric oxide
+HgO
+mercuric oxide
+mercuric oxide
+dephlogisticated air
+1775
+Because he published his findings first
+candles burned brighter in the gas
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo of Byzantium
+Philo
+part of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
+Philo of Byzantium
+part of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
+Pneumatica
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo
+heat or a spark
+oxidant
+peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
+Oxygen
+ignition event
+oxidant
+rapid combustion
+Oxygen
+peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
+Steel pipes and storage vessels
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
+Steel pipes and storage vessels
+Concentrated O 2
+Steel pipes and storage vessels
+Steel pipes and storage vessels
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
+iron
+carbon dioxide
+The Earth's mantle
+carbon dioxide
+iron
+The Earth's mantle
+The Earth's mantle
+complex silicates
+all elements were monatomic
+all elements were monatomic
+HO
+8 times that of hydrogen
+Amedeo Avogadro
+phlogiston
+Non-combustible substances
+Air
+metals
+Air
+filling of molecular orbitals
+two oxygen atoms
+, filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons, after sequential filling of the low  and * orbitals.
+two oxygen atoms
+filling of molecular orbitals
+Joseph Priestley
+1774
+his work was published first
+Antoine Lavoisier
+1777
+spin triplet state
+triplet oxygen
+electron configuration with two unpaired electrons
+triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.
+antibonding
+Lavoisier
+Lavoisier
+Lavoisier
+1777
+azote
+ozone
+ozone
+a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue
+a protective radiation shield
+UV
+dioxygen
+121 pm
+the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere
+its energy content
+cellular respiration
+James Dewar
+James Dewar
+Carl von Linde
+oxyacetylene
+Oxygen
+temperature
+6.04 milliliters
+6.04 milliliters
+twice as much (14.6 mgL1) dissolves at 0 °C
+Oxygen
+third
+0.9%
+49.2%
+ultraviolet radiation
+late 19th century
+late 19th century
+Raoul Pierre Pictet
+a few drops
+March 29, 1883
+the isotope ratios in the Sun
+a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft
+a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed Genesis spacecraft
+dust grains
+Earth
+Singlet oxygen
+common organic molecules
+photosynthesis
+the immune system
+Carotenoids
+Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago
+Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago
+Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18;
+Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago
+During periods of lower global temperatures
+687 and 760 nm
+low signal-to-noise ratio
+satellite platform
+global
+the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies
+paramagnetic
+Liquid oxygen
+spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons
+when it is in the presence of a magnetic field
+a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet
+hydrogen peroxide
+destroy invading microbes
+pathogen attack
+2.5 billion years ago
+2.5 billion years ago
+54.36 K
+absorption in the red
+fractional distillation of liquefied air
+liquid nitrogen
+segregated from combustible materials
+oxygen
+polar oceans
+polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content
+nitrates or phosphates
+by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand
+about 3.5 billion years ago
+Paleoproterozoic eon
+banded iron formations
+around 1.7 billion years ago
+3–2.7 billion years ago
+the oxygen cycle
+biogeochemical cycle
+biogeochemical cycle
+photosynthesis
+oxygen gas
+passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves
+a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%
+a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%
+non-cryogenic technologies
+a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%
+Oxygen gas
+electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen
+DC electricity
+oxides and oxoacids
+chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles
+mild euphoric, has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars
+mild euphoric
+to get a "boost" in performance
+a placebo effect
+enriched O 2 mixtures
+oxygen chambers
+Increased O 2 concentration in the lungs
+Oxygen gas
+Decompression sickness
+Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
+easing work load on the heart
+oxygen supplementation
+respiration
+Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure, and any disease that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
+electronegativity
+oxides
+FeO
+oxide
+corrosion
+cabin depressurization
+chemical oxygen generators
+steady stream of oxygen gas
+steady stream of oxygen gas
+high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics
+specially insulated tankers
+840 liters
+in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas
+hospitals and other institutions
+acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid.
+aldehydes
+Acetone ((CH 3) 2CO) and phenol (C 6H 5OH)
+Epoxides
+aldehydes
+almost all biomolecules
+squalene
+carbohydrates
+carbonyl groups
+phosphate (PO3 4) groups
+Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system
+permanent pulmonary fibrosis
+convulsions
+Acute oxygen toxicity
+seizures
+Breathing pure O 2
+30 kPa
+1.4 times normal
+Breathing pure O 2
+30 kPa
+elevated partial pressures
+50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure
+50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure
+patients on mechanical ventilators
+30 kPa
+October 1973
+$12
+1979
+first oil shock
+October 1973
+to avoid being targeted by the boycott
+They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
+Henry Kissinger
+March 1974
+August 15, 1971
+value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
+increased their reserves
+September 1971
+Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
+less than two percent per year
+1971
+1973–1974
+Until the oil shock
+October 6, 1973
+second-largest
+ten times more
+second-largest
+economic pressure
+response to American aid to Israel
+$5.11
+a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met
+$2.2 billion
+response to American aid to Israel
+over 100 billion dollars
+Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
+Middle East
+shrinking Western demand
+Wahhabism
+production, distribution and price disruptions
+the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR
+1973
+Kissinger
+embargo
+automobiles
+inflationary and deflationary
+Arctic
+five to ten years
+the Netherlands
+the Netherlands
+the Netherlands
+the Netherlands
+Ted Heath
+coal miners and railroad workers
+coal miners and railroad workers
+coal miners and railroad workers
+Germany
+Sweden
+Price controls
+investment
+Price controls
+rationing
+William E. Simon
+1973
+to coordinate the response to the embargo
+20%
+55 mph (about 88 km/h)
+Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
+Bill Clinton
+November 28, 1995
+Bill Clinton
+energy crisis
+market and technology realities
+congresses and presidents
+U.S
+Schlesinger had told him that "it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force."
+"the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources, and would result in the ‘total alienation’ of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World.
+the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
+Japan
+71%
+5%
+November 22
+December 25
+USSR's invasion of Afghanistan
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
+Wahhabi extremists
+large cars
+Japanese imports
+four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines
+Japan
+1981
+Toyota Corona Mark II
+power steering
+1981
+Compact trucks
+Dodge D-50
+Ford, Chrysler, and GM
+ending their captive import policy
+An increase in imported cars into North America
+Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon
+1985
+Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans
+Chevrolet Bel Air
+1979
+Chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 (except for the M-body Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury and Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue sedans).
+NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215
+1981
+$40
+trying to recover market share
+$40 per barrel
+Project Mercury
+National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
+1968
+Dwight D. Eisenhower
+two
+1962 to 1972
+Gemini
+three
+Skylab
+1967
+a prelaunch test
+Budget cuts
+oxygen tank explosion
+an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
+Apollo 8
+Apollo 8
+382 kg
+avionics, telecommunications, and computers
+three
+three
+Abe Silverstein
+ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings
+1960
+1960
+Maxime Faget
+three
+Hugh L. Dryden
+John F. Kennedy
+John F. Kennedy
+massive financial commitment
+James E. Webb
+missile gap
+Yuri Gagarin
+American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union
+US House Committee on Science and Astronautics
+Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.
+April 20
+Lyndon B. Johnson
+"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
+"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
+Robert R. Gilruth
+Langley Research Center
+Houston, Texas
+Rice University
+Florida
+Merritt Island
+Kurt H. Debus
+the LOC's first Director
+Kennedy
+two, designated A and B, were completed
+Operations and Checkout Building
+two vacuum chambers
+Vertical Assembly Building
+Dr. George E. Mueller
+July 23, 1963
+Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes
+Mueller
+Air Force missile projects
+United States Air Force
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+July 1969
+Apollo Program Director
+rendezvous
+1961
+Associate Administrator Robert Seamans
+Nicholas E. Golovin
+July 1961
+Manned Spacecraft Center
+Joseph Shea
+Wernher von Braun
+Jerome Wiesner
+Golovin
+NASA
+July 11, 1962
+Wiesner
+"No, that's no good"
+Lunar Excursion Module
+Grumman
+a "lifeboat"
+oxygen tank explosion
+Lunar Module
+1964
+a cone-shaped command module, supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power, sized appropriately for the space station, cislunar, and lunar landing missions.
+Command/Service Module
+Lunar Excursion Module
+Command Module
+Command Module
+an ablative heat shield
+Parachutes
+5,560 kg
+liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen
+high-gain S-band antenna
+discarded
+51,300 pounds
+orbital scientific instrument package
+North American Aviation
+the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon,
+1964
+North American Aviation
+Lunar Module
+its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations, and was of an extremely lightweight construction.
+15,100 kg
+3 days
+Wernher von Braun
+Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center.
+June 11, 1962
+water
+1964 and 1965
+Pegasus satellites
+measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
+200,000 lbf (890 kN)
+200,000 lbf (890 kN)
+A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.
+A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V.
+three-stage Saturn V
+363 feet (110.6 m) tall
+three
+liquid hydrogen
+Project Mercury and Gemini
+Gemini or Mercury
+Dr. Harrison Schmitt
+Apollo 17
+landed on the Moon on the last mission
+Distinguished Service Medal, given for "distinguished service, ability, or courage", and personal "contribution
+Distinguished Service Medal
+1969
+discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+Block I CSMs
+265.7 nautical miles
+25,700 km
+Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
+a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278
+Apollo spacesuit
+a clear "fishbowl" type
+water-cooled undergarment
+Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot
+Deke Slayton
+Donn F. Eisele
+January 1966
+Donn F. Eisele
+AS-205
+canceled
+August 1967
+Saturn IB
+Apollo 1 backup crew
+Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller
+Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller
+1967
+Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller
+altitude chamber
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+"plugs-out" test
+North American
+a strange odor in their spacesuits
+January 27, 1967
+100% oxygen
+asphyxiated
+100% oxygen
+both houses of Congress
+deficiencies
+George Low
+accident review board,
+nitrogen/oxygen mixture
+use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials
+a quick-release, outward opening door
+Saturn V
+Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not.
+Mueller
+successful
+letters
+AS-501
+the Command Module's heat shield
+April 4, 1968
+cancelling a third unmanned test
+Saturn IB
+Saturn IB
+George Low
+computer programming error
+abort
+Saturn IBs
+Zond 5
+Christmas Eve
+George Low
+human cosmonauts
+Gemini
+July 1969
+21 hours, 36 minutes
+Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
+July 24
+Gemini veteran Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean
+Gemini veteran Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean
+they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth
+accidentally pointed into the Sun
+Lunar Roving Vehicle
+Block II spacesuit
+payload capacity of the Saturn V.
+over three days
+payload capacity of the Saturn V.
+liquid oxygen tank exploded
+two rookies
+oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.
+liquid oxygen tank
+April 1970
+Apollo 20
+NASA's yearly budget
+Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
+1971
+extremely old
+3.2 billion years
+KREEP
+Genesis Rock
+micrometeoroid impact craters
+impact process effects
+materials melted near an impact crater.
+$170 billion
+15
+$20.4 billion
+Apollo X
+Apollo Applications Program
+an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly-by mission.
+on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V.
+on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V.
+February 8, 1974
+Apollo Telescope Mount
+Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
+the one left during the Apollo 11 mission, which was blown over during that mission's lift-off from the lunar surface and return to the mission Command Module in lunar orbit; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown.
+the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown
+Apollo 8
+Book of Genesis
+one-quarter
+Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
+Apollo TV camera
+Apollo TV camera
+National Archives and Records Administration
+NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data
+Stan Lebar
+Nafzger
+to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy
+kinescope recordings
+Nafzger
+black and white
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
+a body of treaties and legislation
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+regulations and directives
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+a body of treaties and legislation
+direct effect or indirect effect
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+three
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+Court of Justice
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+Court of Justice
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+The European Commission
+citizens
+The European Court of Justice
+Prime Ministers or executive Presidents
+Treaty on European Union
+Faroe Islands
+the Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity
+if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+Gibraltar and the land islands
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
+coal and steel, and then atomic energy
+Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
+1985
+1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)
+Greenland
+coal and steel, and then atomic energy
+Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
+Single European Act 1986
+the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004, Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia
+1985
+Nice Treaty
+the Netherlands
+Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty, and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them.
+it was formally an amending treaty
+Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty, and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them.
+make it more transparent
+a single constitutional document
+the Netherlands
+Lisbon Treaty
+The European Commission
+Article 17(1)
+The Commission's President
+28 member states
+Federica Mogherini
+Article 17(1)
+The Commission's President
+simple majority vote
+Ireland refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, there remains one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states, including the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy
+Article 17(1)
+Santer Commission
+did in fact not break any law
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Council
+voting rights
+1999
+Commission v Edith Cresson
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Anti-fraud Office
+€60m
+the Council of the European Union
+elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
+every five years
+calling inquiries into maladministration
+calling inquiries into maladministration
+the Council of the European Union
+the Council of the European Union
+1979
+every five years
+the Party of European Socialists
+different ministers of the member states
+Donald Tusk
+inversely
+352
+65 per cent
+the Council
+each six months
+352
+65 per cent of the population of the EU
+Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present)
+Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present)
+a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission: it is harder to change EU law
+TEU articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred,
+Court of Justice
+TFEU article 294
+a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
+TEU articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred,
+Conciliation Committee
+judicial branch
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+28
+member state courts
+ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
+economic and political integration
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+Civil Service Tribunal
+three years
+to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
+Court of Justice's view is that if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy.
+1958
+1964 and 1968
+European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
+1964
+Court of Justice
+the Court of Justice
+the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
+the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
+Solange I and Solange II
+administrative law
+1986
+All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality, particularly where general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged.
+administrative law
+Van Gend en Loos
+urea-formaldehyde plastics
+postal company
+EU Regulations
+Treaties and Regulations
+at least 4 weeks paid holidays
+at least 4 weeks paid holidays
+three Advocate Generals
+if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action
+a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company
+10 years
+Foster v British Gas plc
+Foster v British Gas plc
+national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law
+required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
+the Italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
+6 million Lira
+European Court of Justice
+fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
+1950s
+Article 5
+the least onerous
+1960s
+international law and public law
+The adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have a proper legal basis
+principles of legal certainty and good faith
+constitutional traditions common to the member states
+measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
+None
+1950
+1950
+the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights.
+1999
+the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
+the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
+the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law
+the European Court of Justice
+The Social Chapter
+The Social Chapter
+1989
+30
+40
+11 of the then 12 member states
+The UK refused to sign the Social Charter
+The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam.
+1997
+1994 Works Council Directive
+1996
+workforce consultation in businesses
+European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement
+European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement
+Article 65
+Article 65
+1957
+Article 101(1)
+abuse of dominant position
+Articles 106 and 107
+Article 102
+2007
+Treaty of Rome 1957
+to reduce consumer prices
+a common market, then monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union
+Increasingly the Court of Justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being.
+a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination
+Mr Dassonville
+states can be responsible for private actors
+French farmer vigilantes
+Schmidberger v Austria
+Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol für Branntwein, the Court of Justice found that a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent
+France
+Commission v Italy
+British, Danish and Irish
+derogatory
+Keck and Mithouard
+cut throat competition
+Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
+Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
+to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
+European Community
+citizenship
+Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
+so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
+The Free Movement of Workers Regulation articles 1 to 7
+Jean-Marc Bosman
+Groener v Minister for Education
+the tax was "likely to have a negative bearing on the tax
+the tax was "likely to have a negative bearing on the tax
+Citizenship of the EU
+increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
+Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems" if (mainly German) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem.
+higher education
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+non-discriminatory
+Reyners v Belgium
+article 49
+a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client
+2006
+Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste
+October 2007
+2005
+people who give services "for remuneration"
+Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
+narcotic drugs
+The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the German health clinic)
+the Netherlands
+£1
+£1
+restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
+a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany
+Floresta Amazônica
+5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.
+This region includes territory belonging to nine nations.
+States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names.
+over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
+Amazoneregenwoud
+Floresta Amazônica
+Brazil
+over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.
+over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.
+Floresta Amazônica
+5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi)
+nine nations
+Brazil
+390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species
+the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
+Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
+During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
+inland formation at the last glacial maximum.
+the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
+the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+45
+savanna
+Oligocene
+Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+66–34 Mya
+Middle Miocene
+glacial maximum
+savanna
+Purus Arch.
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+5–10 million years
+5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.
+mid-Eocene
+Atlantic
+Pacific
+Amazonas Basin
+Solimes Basin
+mid-Eocene
+Purus Arch
+Atlantic
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
+lower than for the present
+the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
+Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
+deglaciation
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
+Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+NASA
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.52/sq mi
+agriculture
+recent anthropological findings
+5 million
+poor soil
+Archeologist
+0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+Archeologist
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi)
+5 million
+1900
+Francisco de Orellana
+1540s
+spread of diseases from Europe
+1970s
+AD 0–1250
+Francisco de Orellana
+1542
+AD 0–1250
+Ondemar Dias
+at least 11,000 years
+black earth
+Terra preta
+agricultural and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+University of Florida
+Terra preta (black earth)
+agricultural and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+2003
+roads, bridges and large plazas
+2.5 million
+One in five
+40,000
+One in five
+between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species
+2.5 million
+2.5 million
+40,000
+40,000
+One in five
+62 acres
+a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
+one square kilometer (247 acres)
+356  47 tonnes per hectare
+438,000
+a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
+a quarter square kilometer (62 acres)
+one square kilometer (247 acres)
+356  47 tonnes
+438,000
+electric eels
+black caiman
+electric eels
+Various species of poison dart frogs
+Vampire bats
+Deforestation
+early 1960s
+crop cultivation and the slash and burn method
+loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
+visible to the naked eye
+415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
+415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
+pasture for cattle
+second-largest
+Seventy percent
+soy farmers
+increased settlement and deforestation
+18% higher
+deforestation has declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day.
+18% higher
+loss of biodiversity
+loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest
+release of the carbon contained within the vegetation
+10%
+10%
+severe reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
+the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin
+2100
+21st century
+deforestation
+Peruvian Amazon
+the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples
+deforestation and ecocide
+Peruvian Amazon
+the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples
+remote sensing
+Trio Tribe
+southern Suriname
+map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims
+commercial interests
+classification of tree growth stages
+To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions
+Tatiana Kuplich
+Tatiana Kuplich
+Synthetic aperture radar
+2005
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+savanna or desert
+Woods Hole Research Center
+2010
+734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2)
+three
+2010
+8 gigatons
+comb jellies
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide.
+Adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
+Ctenophora
+groups of cilia
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
+groups of cilia
+comb jellies
+a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+ kteis 'comb' and  pher 'carry'
+Ctenophora
+ten times their own weight
+100–150
+100–150
+100–150
+cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles")
+ten times their own weight
+cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles")
+flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large
+ten times their own weight
+cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles")
+flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large
+colloblasts
+100–150
+hermaphrodites
+miniature cydippids
+juveniles
+fertilize its own egg
+simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+sequential
+platyctenids
+hermaphroditism and early reproduction
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
+Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
+the eggs and sperm mature at different times
+platyctenids
+beroids
+Black Sea
+Mnemiopsis
+over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
+Beroe preys on other ctenophores
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse
+phytoplankton
+phytoplankton
+planktonic plants
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse
+Beroe
+66 million years ago
+monophyletic
+lagerstätten
+lagerstätten
+lagerstätten
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+monophyletic
+lagerstätten
+bilaterians
+colloblasts
+bilaterians
+bilaterians
+colloblasts
+bilaterians
+colloblasts
+colloblasts
+cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs.
+bilaterians
+mesoglea
+diploblastic
+mesoglea
+mesoglea
+ctenophores
+the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ("hairs") as their main method of locomotion
+ctenes
+comb-bearing
+Pleurobrachia
+Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact
+Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
+Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
+epithelium
+germ cells that produce eggs or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence
+pharynx
+a system of internal canals.
+the mesoglea
+swimming-plates
+"ctenes" or "comb plates
+the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function
+ctenophores
+up to 2 millimeters (0.079 in)
+osmotic pressure
+the ciliary rosettes
+increase its bulk and decrease its density
+the rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density.
+aboral organ
+at the opposite end from the mouth
+long, immobile cilia
+statocyst
+a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia,
+sea gooseberry
+a pair of long, slender tentacles
+more or less rounded
+a sheath
+the mouth at the narrow end
+tentilla
+specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
+Euplokamis
+three
+three types of movement that are used in capturing prey
+eight
+near the mouth to the opposite end
+round the body
+ciliary groove
+lobes
+gelatinous projections edged with cilia
+gelatinous projections edged with cilia
+direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+suspended planktonic prey
+clapping their lobes
+so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
+nerves
+nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia
+Nuda
+The Beroida
+zip" the mouth shut
+a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall
+large pharynx
+Cestida
+Cestum veneris
+belt animals
+by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
+Velamen parallelum
+flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles
+everting the pharynx
+comb-rows
+invertebrates
+via pores in the epidermis
+platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
+Mnemiopsis
+parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
+platyctenids
+tentacles and tentacle sheaths
+plankton
+dropping to the sea-floor
+true larvae
+tentacles
+secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths
+secretions (ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths
+ink
+Juveniles
+Almost all ctenophores are predators
+Haeckelia
+colloblasts
+Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis
+salps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles of Lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow.
+low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
+chum salmon
+combs
+during blooms in the Red Sea
+jellyfish
+the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
+ballast tanks of ships
+Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate
+the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
+significantly slowed the animal's metabolism
+Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies
+Ediacaran Eoandromeda
+Cambrian period.
+Burgess Shale
+between 24 and 80
+Vendobionta
+Stromatoveris
+Stromatoveris
+Vendobionta
+Ediacaran period
+ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals
+Porifera
+egg-shaped body
+the cydippids are not monophyletic
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago
+Richard Harbison
+Fresno
+220 miles (350 km)
+ash tree
+an ash leaf
+Fresno (/frzno/ FREZ-noh)
+1872
+flooding
+1885
+47
+Fresno
+94.0%
+Chinatown
+Pinedale
+internment camps
+assembly center
+BankAmericard
+BankAmericard
+a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance
+1976
+renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.
+Bill Aken
+Bill Aken
+Madera
+The Fresno Barn
+Lupe Mayorga
+three
+Roeding Park
+Kearney Mansion
+Shinzen Japanese Gardens
+Kearney Mansion
+Between the 1880s and World War II
+Hughes Hotel
+Hughes Hotel
+Hughes Hotel
+1964
+Fulton Mall
+Pierre-Auguste Renoir
+wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street)
+wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street)
+on Fresno's far southeast side
+Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
+1950s through the 1970s
+Chestnut Avenue
+William P. Bell
+Tower Theatre
+1939
+a well-known landmark water tower
+Fresno Normal School
+one-half mile
+late 1970s
+second and third run movies, along with classic films
+1978
+Audra McDonald
+Audra McDonald
+Olive
+within a few hundred feet of each other
+Tower District
+Tower District
+Tower District
+early twentieth century homes
+Spanish Colonial Revival Style
+the Tower District
+many of which have been restored in recent decades
+Cedar Avenue
+William Stranahan
+Billings & Meyering
+267
+Fresno Traction Company
+"Southwest Fresno"
+the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave
+African-American
+Hmong or Laotian
+"West Side"
+M. Theo Kearney
+tall palm trees
+half-mile
+Brookhaven
+"Dogg Pound"
+1960s and 1990s
+the corner of Fresno and B streets
+Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
+West Side
+Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway (Kearney Palm Shopping Center, built in the late 1990s)
+Ralph Woodward
+300
+two-mile (3 km) equestrian trail, exercise par course, three children's playgrounds, a lake, 3 small ponds, 7 picnic areas and five miles (8 km) of multipurpose trails
+22 miles
+April through October
+1946
+William Smilie
+personal aircraft and automobiles
+personal aircraft and automobiles
+Sierra Sky Park
+Mediterranean
+July
+11.5 inches
+northwest
+winds are driven downward along the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions
+17 °F
+January 6, 1913
+9.54 inches (242.3 mm)
+2.2 inches
+9.54 inches (242.3 mm)
+494,665
+49.6%
+849 (0.2%)
+72.6%
+4,404.5 people per square mile
+158,349
+19.3%
+12,843
+3.62
+3.07
+97,915
+149,025
+0.1%
+0.1%
+4,097.9
+Federal Communications Commission
+KMJ-TV
+June 1, 1953
+KSEE
+KGPE
+State Route 99
+Sierra Freeway
+Atascadero
+State Route 180
+Fresno
+1950s
+State Route 99
+rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99
+Amtrak San Joaquins
+Downtown Fresno
+Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+Downtown Fresno
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+pre-allocation of network bandwidth
+packet switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+packet switching
+circuit switching
+a fee per unit of connection time
+a fee per unit of information transmitted
+circuit switching
+pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency
+a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
+characters, packets, or messages
+intermediate forwarding nodes
+fair queuing
+a multiple access scheme
+intermediate forwarding nodes
+fair queuing
+a multiple access scheme
+RAND Corporation for the US Air Force
+survivable communications networks
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
+a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
+RAND Corporation for the US Air Force
+packets
+Baran
+packet switching
+build a nationwide network in the UK
+ARPANET
+Donald Davies
+packet switching
+ARPANET
+complete addressing information
+different paths and out-of-order delivery
+a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
+based on the packet sequence number
+length, timestamp, or sequence number
+Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table
+error checking
+to establish the parameters of communication
+connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer
+The virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses.
+The virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses.
+The virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses.
+1969
+the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
+sequenced delivery of data to the host
+User Datagram Protocol
+Apple Inc.
+local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
+automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
+plug-n-play system
+CYCLADES packet switching network
+It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself
+unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
+ARPANET architecture
+Digital Equipment Corporation
+two PDP-11 minicomputers
+seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
+Linux
+GE's four computer sales and service centers
+the world's first commercial online service
+turning the business around
+profitable
+to help the state's educational and economic development
+an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems
+TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network
+first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+Larry Roberts
+making ARPANET technology public
+X.29
+1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE
+San Jose, CA
+thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
+dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
+build their own dedicated networks
+to reach locations not on the private network
+There were two kinds of X.25 networks.
+Bell Canada
+by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address
+Telstra
+the Australian Tax Office
+linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
+Datanet 1
+leased lines
+DNIC 2049
+all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
+U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
+to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET
+a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet
+research and education communities, industry, and government
+Qwest
+Abilene
+launch a brand new nationwide network
+Internet2 Network
+National Science Foundation Network
+to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States
+Internet backbone
+The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
+to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
+MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF
+DS-3 (45 Mbit/s), OC-3c (155 Mbit/s), and OC-12c (622 Mbit/s) links
+OC-48c
+the arid plains of Central Asia
+it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships.
+30–60% of Europe's total population
+17th century
+19th century
+commonly present
+Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan
+Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan
+1331
+25 million
+Genoese traders
+Jani Beg
+Jani Beg
+Sicily
+war, famine, and weather
+Europe
+northwestern Russia
+smaller trade relations with their neighbours
+France, Spain, Portugal and England
+1349
+economic and social structures
+1347
+the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
+The city's residents fled to the north
+1631
+1631
+J.I. Pontanus
+1823
+mid 14th-century
+heavens
+1345
+bad air
+Miasma theory
+Yersinia pestis
+1894
+Alexandre Yersin
+Paul-Louis Simond
+rodents
+Francis Aidan Gasquet
+bubonic plague
+1908
+the Justinian plague
+the Justinian plague
+30–75%
+100–106 °F
+80 percent
+90 to 95 percent
+high fevers and purple skin patches
+October 2010
+Drancourt and Raoult
+the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe
+the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe
+unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages.
+genetic branches
+Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
+the plague may have entered Europe in two waves
+the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics.
+spring of 1349
+confirmed and amended
+East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al.
+may no longer exist
+the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.
+J. F. D. Shrewsbury
+the modern bubonic plague
+exaggerations
+Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
+Graham Twigg
+an epidemiological account of the plague
+lack of reliable statistics from this period
+no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377.
+the clergy
+1377
+sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be
+transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance
+temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
+despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
+5 to 15 years
+anthrax
+a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
+typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
+"blood poisoning"
+25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.
+about a third.
+Half
+pre-planning and Christian burials
+50%
+The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion.
+14th to 17th centuries
+between 1346 and 1671.
+almost a million people
+7 million to as low as 4 million
+1350
+10–15% of the population
+1665
+40,000
+Russia
+1629–1631
+Oslo
+between 1361 and 1528
+14%
+about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants
+half
+Sweden v. Russia and allies
+1720
+between 1500 and 1850
+30 to 50 thousand
+second quarter of the 19th century.
+two-thirds
+When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava)
+heat and pressure
+a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize.
+igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
+heat and pressure
+seafloor spreading
+the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
+asthenosphere
+the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle
+1960s
+divergent boundaries
+convergent boundaries
+Transform boundaries
+Alfred Wegener
+its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle
+arrival times of seismic waves
+crust and lithosphere
+crust and lithosphere
+a doctor
+crust and lithosphere
+the most recent eon with an expanded scale
+Quaternary
+Holocene
+Quaternary period
+the age of the sequences
+the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault
+Finding the key bed
+formations that were cut are older than the fault
+xenoliths
+magma or lava flows
+clasts
+inclusions
+gravel
+fossils
+William Smith
+The principle becomes quite complex
+their presence or (sometimes) absence
+Charles Darwin
+beginning of the 20th century
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation
+isotopic dates
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another
+isotopic dates
+Thermochemical techniques
+the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature
+isotope ratios
+dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
+horizontal compression
+shallow crust
+antiforms
+synforms
+anticlines and synclines
+Extension
+boudins
+Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
+metamorphosed
+normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
+Dikes
+areas that are being actively deformed
+topographic gradients
+Continual motion
+volcanism
+basaltic lava flows
+Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton
+mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States
+Cambrian time
+northwestern Canada
+the study of rocks
+the study of sedimentary layers
+the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
+modern soils
+petrologists
+plane-polarized and cross-polarized
+geochemical evolution of rock units
+petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory
+a petrographic microscope
+fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments
+fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments
+igneous and metamorphic processes
+oriented thin sections of geologic samples
+oriented thin sections of geologic samples
+to better understand the orientations of faults and folds
+analog and numerical
+orogenic wedges
+orogenic wedges
+horizontal layers of sand
+all angles remain the same
+Numerical models
+stratigraphers
+geophysical surveys
+Geophysical data and well logs
+Geophysical data and well logs
+water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
+to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
+biostratigraphers
+Magnetic stratigraphers
+Geochronologists
+Persia
+Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
+Shen Kuo
+Ibn Sina
+Shen Kuo
+James Hutton
+1785
+1795
+the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea,
+William Maclure
+1809
+1807
+Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
+American Philosophical Society
+Principles of Geology
+uniformitarianism
+uniformitarianism
+catastrophism
+Charles Darwin
+Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London
+Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London
+English Core Cities Group
+county of Northumberland
+Geordie
+Robert Curthose
+wool trade
+wool trade
+16th century
+Great North Run
+Pons Aelius
+a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne
+2,000
+Fragments of Hadrian's Wall
+Pictish tribes
+Newcastle
+Elizabeth
+25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall
+Edward I
+three
+1530
+Hostmen
+a pointless pursuit
+an eccentric
+merchants plotting to ruin him
+close-knit community of keelmen and their families
+boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London
+7,000 out of 20,000
+47%
+47%
+the King
+Scots
+roaring drummes
+Triumphing by a brave defence
+Charles I
+urbanization
+Maling company
+electric lighting
+shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity
+steam turbine
+medieval
+Narrow alleys
+Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact
+Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and "House of Tides",
+Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and "House of Tides",
+Tyneside Classical
+Stuart Maconie
+Stuart Maconie
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre
+Town Moor
+Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
+The Hoppings funfair
+June
+Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
+the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
+the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
+Norman Foster
+tourist promotion
+The River Tyne
+Grainger Town area
+between 1835 and 1842
+four
+244
+Butcher Market
+1835
+2000
+2000
+English Heritage
+oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream
+oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream
+rain
+January 1982
+the British Isles
+2010
+Eldon Square
+Bainbridge's
+revenue by department
+March 2007
+Eldon Garden
+Gosforth
+Kingston Park
+MetroCentre
+Gateshead
+Tyneside flat
+terraces
+the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.
+the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.
+the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.
+7.8%
+5.9%
+the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census
+2001
+2001
+Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
+Newcastle and Northumbria Universities
+Jesmond
+37.8
+Scottish or Irish ancestors
+Border Reiver
+between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians
+between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians
+Geordie
+Anglo-Saxon
+Latin and Norman French
+strong
+stream
+Scandinavia
+Northern United Kingdom
+Scots
+Many words
+"Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "
+a report
+the noisy city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 decibels.
+the noisy city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 decibels.
+negative long-term impact
+attaching too much weight to readings
+Collingwood Street
+"The Gate"
+12
+'The Pink Triangle'
+bars, cafés and clubs
+theatre
+Stephen Kemble
+celebrated seasons
+21 January 1788
+Grey Street
+theatres
+Theatre Royal
+Royal Shakespeare Company
+The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent
+2006
+The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
+8000
+John and Benjamin Green
+1793 and founded as a ‘conversation club,’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.
+1793 and founded as a ‘conversation club,’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.
+Newcastle Beer Festival
+May
+AV Festival
+2 weeks
+2 weeks
+The Hoppings
+June
+Temperance Movement
+cycling festival
+Leazes Park
+Newcastle Mela
+Norman Foster
+Design Event festival
+East Asian
+NewcastleGateshead
+Lindisfarne
+1971
+Venom
+Skyclad
+Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran
+May 2008
+Old Town Hall
+Classic
+Classic
+Classic
+Seven Stories
+Tyneside
+Seven Stories
+Seven Stories
+Seven Stories
+On the Night of the Fire
+Get Carter
+Mike Figgis
+Mike Figgis
+Mike Figgis
+Gosforth Park
+Newcastle Eagles
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Newcastle Diamonds
+5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race
+Ponteland
+Metro Light Rail system
+20 minutes
+15 million
+over 90
+Victorian
+six
+Victoria
+Robert Stephenson.
+Manors
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+CrossCountry
+Northern Rail
+Tyne and Wear Metro
+five
+deep-level tunnels
+Queen Elizabeth II
+DB Regio
+Metro: All Change.'
+smart ticketing
+tracks, signalling and overhead wires
+Longer term plans
+trams
+A1
+A696
+"Great North Road"
+Tyne Tunnel
+November 2011
+3
+Haymarket
+3
+Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.
+Go-Ahead
+1998
+local council social aims and objectives
+local council social aims and objectives
+developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working
+link the local networks to national networks
+IJmuiden
+the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated
+the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated
+late 2008
+Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.
+eleven
+eleven
+Royal Grammar School
+Newcastle College
+Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School, St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School, George Stephenson High School, Sacred Heart
+two
+two
+Sunday Times University of the Year
+as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities
+Newcastle University and Northumbria University
+Augustus Welby Pugin
+1474
+Augustus Welby Pugin
+Church of St Thomas the Martyr
+parish churches
+Parish Church of St Andrew
+1726
+12th Century
+the last of the ancient churchyards
+the Scots
+City Road
+The Watermark business park
+1980s
+its colouring
+BBC Radio Newcastle
+NE1fm
+Newcastle Student Radio
+1951
+Great North Children's Hospital
+Newcastle Student Radio
+1770
+Basil Hume, Archbishop of Westminster
+George Stephenson
+incandescent light bulb
+Thailand
+Rutherford Grammar School
+Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch
+Nobel Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville
+keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
+Newcastle
+Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London, is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Department for Culture, Media and Sport
+2001
+12.5 acres (51,000 m2)
+12.5 acres (51,000 m2)
+5,000 years
+Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
+post-classical sculpture
+1851
+Henry Cole
+Museum of Manufactures
+Somerset House
+Gottfried Semper
+Queen Victoria
+22 June 1857
+George Wallis
+late night openings
+1949
+September and November 1946
+nearly a million and a half
+Festival of Britain (1951)
+Festival of Britain
+1948
+rock concert
+Gryphon
+Roy Strong
+the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation
+University of Dundee
+£76 million
+on the city's waterfront
+fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
+five years
+Brompton Park House
+1857
+Captain Francis Fowke
+Secretariat Wing
+the Secretariat Wing, also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room
+Oriental Courts
+Italian Renaissance
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+Philip Webb and William Morris
+Edward Burne-Jones
+James Gamble
+Alfred Stevens
+Sir Edward Poynter
+Henry Young Darracott Scott
+the five-storey School for Naval Architects
+J.W. Wild
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+2008
+wrought iron gates
+Starkie Gardner
+the two Cast Courts 1870–73 to the southeast of the garden
+Sir John Taylor
+Sir John Taylor
+Aston Webb
+red brick and Portland stone
+Aston Webb
+a statue of fame
+the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum.
+Alfred Drury
+four
+Alfred Drury
+the entrance hall and flanking staircases, although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings, very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the Victorian galleries, although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century.
+Queen Victoria
+Art Library
+the Henry Cole wing
+a new entrance building
+Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
+Spiral
+the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery
+linoleum
+FuturePlan
+Gilbert Bayes
+McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
+Kim Wilkie
+John Madejski Garden
+elliptical water feature
+receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
+the south, east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade; in the two corners by the north façade there is planted an American Sweetgum tree; the southern, eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange
+2004
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+700,000
+RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
+700,000
+Andrea Palladio
+Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Charles Holden, Frank Hoar, Lord Richard Rogers, Lord Norman Foster, Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Zaha Hadid and Alick Horsnell.
+Andrea Palladio
+Sir Christopher Wren
+Sir Edwin Lutyens
+c1600
+a rare survivor of the Great Fire of London
+c1600
+chateau of Montal
+Alhambra
+over 19,000
+2006
+Ardabil Carpet
+Spain
+1909
+60,000
+60,000
+60,000
+1991
+Jawaharlal Nehru gallery
+more than 70,000
+China, Japan and Korea
+T. T. Tsui Gallery
+1991
+Tang dynasty
+Toshiba gallery of Japanese art
+December 1986
+13th
+1550 to 1900
+2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter
+14th to the 19th century
+Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
+betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks.
+green-glazed ceramics, silk embroideries from officials' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl
+Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
+Alexander Dyce
+1869
+1876
+Charles Dickens
+Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
+1524
+Joan of Arc
+Lucas Horenbout
+Word and Image Department
+MODES cataloging system
+Encoded Archival Description
+most of the items in the collection, unless those were newly accessioned into the collection
+Search the Collections
+2007
+Andy Warhol
+Andy Warhol
+15,000
+catalog everything
+British patrons
+Asia
+Gian Lorenzo Bernini
+Horace Walpole
+porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
+tea drinking
+entertainment and leisure
+John Ruskin
+the growth of mass production
+Arts and Crafts
+Trajan's Column
+Trajan's Column, cut in half
+Michelangelo's David
+plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs
+in a glass case
+1762
+Frederick II the Great
+1762
+1909
+enriched the museum's stock of Chinese and Japanese ceramics
+Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach
+Holland
+elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves
+a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries
+Germany and Switzerland
+4000 years
+4000 years
+Art Deco
+René Lalique
+Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
+1994
+Danny Lane
+the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of Danny Lane, the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery
+Dale Chihuly
+13th
+10,000
+10,000
+Dürer
+Rembrandt
+Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
+over 14,000
+Word and Image department
+everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
+1913
+1913
+2002
+178
+178
+178
+modern fashion
+Soulages
+1859 and 1865
+The John Jones Collection
+1882
+£250,000
+1580
+Hans Vredeman de Vries
+Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet
+Germany
+Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames
+over 6000
+over 6000
+1869
+154
+William and Judith Bollinger
+over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15% of the collection) is divided into secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels
+1496–97
+8
+Sir George Gilbert Scott
+over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15% of the collection) is divided into secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels
+c1110
+gilt bronze
+St Thomas Becket
+Becket Casket
+gilt copper
+Chris Smith
+Horniman Museum
+Horniman Museum
+35
+25 February 2010
+6800
+6800
+6800
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Andrés Marzal De Sax
+233
+233
+'A National Gallery of British Art'
+The Hay Wain
+233
+1600–1800
+Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the works were French, for example Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882
+Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child
+Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the works were French, for example Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882
+Eadweard Muybridge
+1887
+781
+different animals and humans performimg various actions
+James Lafayette
+The sculpture collection at the V&A
+22,000
+400 AD to 1914
+gardens
+National Galleries of Scotland
+Neptune and Triton
+Chancel Chapel
+Chancel Chapel
+1493–1500
+more than 20
+sculptor
+1914
+Britain's support of France in World War I
+more than 20
+George Frampton
+Thomas Brock
+Sir Francis Chantrey
+Sculptors both British and Europeans who were based in Britain and whose work is in the collection
+Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
+1950
+theme
+Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
+Tate Britain
+more than 53,000
+more than 53,000
+1st century AD to the present
+more than 53,000
+technique
+Cloth of St Gereon
+15th
+the Netherlands
+the hunting of various animals
+John Vanderbank's workshop
+14th-century Sicilian Tristan
+William Morris
+1887
+Marion Dorn
+Serge Chermayeff
+Theatre Museum
+March 2009
+UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK
+Shakespeare
+research, exhibitions and other shows
+Conservation
+temperature and light
+interventive
+V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood
+preventive
+The Walt Disney Company
+1957
+Manhattan
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
+The American Broadcasting Company
+October 12, 1943
+radio network
+1948
+ESPN
+Capital Cities Communications
+232
+Citadel Broadcasting
+232
+Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
+Citadel Broadcasting
+Radio Corporation of America
+NBC Red
+the major cities
+for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series
+Radio Corporation of America
+Federal Communications Commission
+1938
+1940
+NBC Red Network
+NBC Red or NBC Blue
+Mark Woods
+NBC Red and NBC Blue
+Swiss Bank Corporation
+David Sarnoff
+Swiss Bank Corporation
+Life Savers candy
+October 12, 1943
+George B. Storer
+vice-chairman of the board
+June 30, 1951
+Magnetophon tape recorder
+Paul Whiteman
+The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street
+Bing Crosby
+NBC Blue's traditions of public service
+ESPN
+ABC1
+September 8, 2007
+ABC International
+the United States
+1959
+The arrival of satellite television ended the need for ABC to hold interests in other countries; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties.
+Japan and Latin America
+increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Beirut
+Nihon Educational Television
+technical problems and flight delays
+Queen Elizabeth II
+1965
+Emmy Awards
+1965
+Academy Awards
+It's the Great Pumpkin
+1974
+Ryan Seacrest
+1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005 (with the television rights being assumed by cable channel TLC in 2006, when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in Atlantic City to Las Vegas, before returning to Atlantic City in 2013)
+New Year's Rockin' Eve
+1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005 (with the television rights being assumed by cable channel TLC in 2006, when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in Atlantic City to Las Vegas, before returning to Atlantic City in 2013)
+General Hospital
+1975
+The Edge of Night
+The View and The Chew
+1963
+X Games
+2006
+Saturday nights
+January
+The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis
+Frank Marx
+channels 2 through 6
+1947
+VHF channel 7
+108
+ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival
+DuMont Television Network
+CBS and NBC
+United Paramount Theatres
+Paramount Pictures
+nine
+CBS
+Prudential Insurance Company of America
+Leonard Goldenson
+William S. Paley
+June 6, 1951
+1952
+February 9, 1953
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc.
+August 10, 1948
+October 1948
+Mount Wilson
+The Prospect Studios
+September 30, 1960
+the rise of family-oriented series
+William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
+the rise of family-oriented series
+1959
+anthology series
+1961
+1985
+circle logo
+Troika Design Group
+Troika Design Group
+the dot
+Pittard Sullivan
+fall of 2015
+four-note theme tune
+ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
+1993–94 season
+1995–96 season
+1983
+That Special Feeling
+a bubble on a black background
+a bubble on a black background
+a bubble on a black background
+Paul Rand
+Herbert Bayer
+Herbert Bayer
+1963–64 season
+ABC Radio
+October 19, 2005
+six divisions
+2004
+Desperate Housewives, Lost and Grey's Anatomy
+George Bodenheimer
+NASCAR
+2002
+Michael Eisner
+elimination-style dating show's success led to a spinoff, The Bachelorette, which premiered the following year, as well as two additional spinoffs that later debuted in the early 2010s.
+The Bachelorette
+Time Warner Cable removed ABC owned-and-operated stations from the cable provider's systems in four markets
+carriage dispute with ABC
+carriage dispute with ABC
+the Federal Communications Commission
+2000
+Family Matters and Step by Step
+Family Matters and Step by Step
+August 1999
+Regis Philbin
+Buena Vista Television
+Meredith Vieira
+July 31, 1995
+ABC Inc.
+Knight Ridder
+Thomas S. Murphy
+Sports Night
+1965–66
+third place
+Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
+May 1, 1953
+7 West 66th Street
+Baltimore
+Robert Kintner
+DuMont Television Network
+ABC-DuMont
+$5 million in cash
+Paramount Pictures
+The Lone Ranger
+The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
+1943
+1943
+Walt Disney
+Warner Bros. Presents
+Walt Disney and his brother Roy contacted Goldenson at the end of 1953 for ABC to agree to finance part of the Disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network.
+$500,000
+1954
+Walt Disney and his brother Roy contacted Goldenson at the end of 1953 for ABC to agree to finance part of the Disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network.
+Allen Shaw
+Harold L. Neal
+LOVE Radio
+seven
+September 1969
+Duel
+Aaron Spelling, David Wolper and Steven Spielberg
+$400,000–$450,000
+1970s
+CBS and NBC
+behavioral and demographic data
+Sunday Night Football, which moved to NBC that year as part of a broadcast deal that in turn saw MNF move to ESPN, took over as the league's marquee game.
+2006
+ESPN
+15%–16%
+1970
+1972
+Worldvision Enterprises
+banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
+January 2, 1971
+Henry Plitt
+Elton Rule
+1966
+Happy Days
+developing youth-oriented programming
+1976
+Fred Pierce
+Fred Silverman
+S.W.A.T
+November 3, 1975
+president of NBC's entertainment division
+Laverne & Shirley
+jiggle TV
+Aaron Spelling
+Aaron Spelling
+nine seasons
+1976–77 season
+Soap
+Roone Arledge
+Roone Arledge was named president of the new ABC News in addition to being president of ABC Sports
+7 Lincoln Square
+June 1979
+June 1978
+Hugh Downs
+Barbara Walters
+$30 million; the label was discontinued by March 5 of that year, and all of its 300 employees were laid off (the rights to the works of ABC Records and all of MCA's other labels have since been acquired by Universal Music Group).
+ABC Cable News
+ABC News Now
+WJRT-TV and WTVG
+WJRT-TV and WTVG
+The Writers Guild of America strike
+Duel
+Caris & Co.
+Disney–ABC Television Group
+ABC Entertainment Group
+Citadel Media
+iTunes
+2010
+2004
+Fridays
+Fridays
+1970
+Worldvision Enterprises
+Worldvision Enterprises
+Turner Broadcasting System
+Selmur Productions
+Buena Vista Television
+Buena Vista International Television
+Selznick library
+WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
+235
+235
+96.26%
+1946
+the seal of the Federal Communications Commission
+1957
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+January 2012
+Litton's Weekend Aventure
+720p high definition
+1080i HD
+11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard definition either due to technical considerations for affiliates of other major networks that carry ABC programming on a digital subchannel or because a primary feed ABC affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment to allow content to be presented in
+720p high definition
+Body of Proof
+Happy Endings
+third place
+V
+41 and 43 years
+Prospect Park
+41 and 43 years
+The Revolution
+fourth place in the 18–49 demographic
+2004
+CBS
+The Neighbors
+The Neighbors
+The Middle and Modern Family
+Shark Tank (based on the Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays in the spring of 2010; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's Friday night schedule, gradually helping make ABC a strong competitor
+Shark Tank (based on the Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays in the spring of 2010; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's Friday night schedule, gradually helping make ABC a strong competitor
+Shark Tank (based on the Dragon's Den reality format) also became a midseason sleeper hit on Sundays in the spring of 2010; the following season, it became the tentpole of the network's Friday night schedule, gradually helping make ABC a strong competitor
+Thomas Murphy
+Thomas Murphy
+NYPD Blue
+Doogie Howser, M.D. and the critically pilloried Cop Rock
+ten seasons
+1993
+DIC Entertainment
+Time Warner Cable
+23.63% of American households
+WLS
+May 9, 1960
+John Bassett
+Leonard Goldenson agreed to acquire a 25% interest in CFTO-TV
+Wide World of Sports
+Roone Arledge
+Roone Arledge
+Roone Arledge
+American Broadcasting Companies
+The Dating Game
+The Newlywed Game
+Manhattan
+the three major networks represented 90% of all prime-time television viewership
+Dynasty
+Mork & Mindy
+Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
+Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
+Getty Oil
+The Entertainment Channel
+Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
+Daniel B. Burke
+chairman and CEO
+$465 million
+America's Funniest Home Videos
+Home Improvement
+General Hospital
+Eastern/Pacific
+Good Morning America
+Jimmy Kimmel
+New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV;
+WBMA-LD
+WBND-LD
+WLQP-LP
+ABC Circle Films
+ABC Circle Films
+Prospect Avenue
+ABC Television Center, East
+Good Morning America and Nightline
+Good Morning America and Nightline
+Peter Jennings Way
+in honor of the recently deceased longtime ABC News chief anchor and anchor of World News Tonight
+ABC on Demand
+The Walt Disney Company
+The Walt Disney Company
+The Walt Disney Company
+the day after their original broadcast
+eight days after their initial broadcast, in order to encourage live or same-week (via both DVR and cable on demand) viewing, with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers (such as Comcast, Verizon FiOS and Time Warner Cable) using an I
+fast forwarding of accessed content
+eight days after their initial broadcast, in order to encourage live or same-week (via both DVR and cable on demand) viewing, with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers (such as Comcast, Verizon FiOS and Time Warner Cable) using an I
+LoyalKaspar
+four
+ABC Modern
+four
+74
+74
+All-Channel Receiver Act
+the inclusion of UHF tuning
+Youngstown
+five times lower viewership
+WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
+WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
+Walt Disney Presents
+Desilu Productions
+its use of violence
+April 1959
+ABC Sunday Night Movie
+$15.5 million
+Hanna-Barbera
+The Jetsons
+April 1, 1963
+Goldenson
+Donald F. Turner
+head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice
+January 1, 1968
+Capital Cities Communications
+$121
+Warren Buffett
+E. W. Scripps Company
+12 television stations
+September 5, 1985
+Fairchild Publications
+Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division
+Roone Arledge
+Roone Arledge
+Laverne & Shirley
+Laverne & Shirley
+NBC had regained the ratings lead among the Big Three networks in 1984
+Laverne & Shirley
+comedies and family-oriented series
+Friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the "TGIF" block
+Thank Goodness It's Funny
+Miller-Boyett Productions
+Warner Bros.
+$1 million in shares and $1.5 million
+Charly
+Ralph Nelson
+1985
+Redwood City, California
+westerns and detective series
+between 10% and 18%
+between 10% and 18%
+Ollie Treiz
+Dick Clark
+Goldenson
+Zorro
+the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows at the expense of news programming
+western series (as well as series such as the actioner Zorro) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by NBC and CBS
+WATCH ABC
+New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
+Hearst Television
+ESPN's WatchESPN service
+Sinclair Broadcast Group
+WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market
+E. W. Scripps Company
+28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
+E. W. Scripps Company
+Start Here
+Troika
+Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division
+ABC News
+WFTS-TV and WWSB
+KMBC-TV and KQTV
+WZZM and WOTV
+WTSP's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of Miami affiliate WPLG
+Mongol invasions
+Northeast Asia
+Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
+Central Asia and China
+Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
+gedei Khan
+1227
+Western Xia
+his sons and grandsons
+in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location
+Delüün Boldog
+Toghrul Khan
+1162
+his father had just captured
+Temülen
+Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
+Börte
+Khongirad
+Dai Setsen
+Begter
+wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game
+Temujin's resentment
+Temujin's resentment
+Tayichi'ud
+portable stocks
+Chilaun
+Jelme and Bo'orchu
+hiding in a river crevice
+arranged marriages
+Hoelun
+Chinese dynasties to the south
+the need for alliances
+Onggirat
+Merkits
+Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe
+Jochi
+1185
+Chagatai
+Chagatai
+1241
+Chagatai
+no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan.
+sworn brother or blood brother
+Toghrul
+Keraites
+20,000
+Jamukha
+Mongolian aristocracy
+Eternal Blue Sky
+1186
+Battle of Dalan Balzhut
+Qara Khitai
+Yassa code
+future possible war spoils
+He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe
+he took the conquered tribe under his protection
+Jochi
+Jamukha
+Jamukha
+Keraite
+Naimans
+1201
+universal ruler
+Subutai
+1206
+Temüjin
+stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army
+a noble death
+breaking the back
+siege warfare from the Chinese
+rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to
+Khasar
+Yam route systems
+rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to
+1206
+Khuruldai
+gedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father
+gedei
+a council of Mongol chiefs
+Jin dynasty
+Ming-Tan
+1215
+Kaifeng
+gedei Khan
+Kuchlug
+Liao dynasty
+20,000
+Jebe
+The Arrow
+Qara Khitai
+west of Kashgar
+Lake Balkhash
+Khwarezmid Empire
+the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south.
+Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
+Inalchuq
+The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded
+100,000
+Silk Road
+Genghis Khan, generals and his sons
+three
+Jebe
+Tolui
+Samarkand
+Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces
+Otrar
+Genghis Khan
+fled
+Subutai and Jebe
+Genghis Khan
+Genghis Khan
+divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.
+Mongols
+Genghis
+the people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised
+a unit of Turkish defenders
+a unit of Turkish defenders
+Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army
+he was the flail of God
+Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army
+1220
+Subutai
+near the Black Sea
+Battle of Kalka River
+Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
+Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus'
+Batu and the Golden Horde
+Subutai and Jebe
+1225
+Samarkand
+1226
+Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou
+Helan Mountains
+Yellow River
+a line of five stars arranged in the sky
+Genghis Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of Ning Hia
+Ma Jianlong
+wounds received from arrows
+Liupanshan
+executed
+Jochi
+Chagatai
+Khwarezmid Empire
+gedei
+Chagatai and Jochi
+Chagatai
+Tolui
+gedei
+1226
+Khorasan
+a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench
+Sultan Muhammad
+Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223
+fall of Yinchuan
+falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting
+Marco Polo
+Western Xia
+Oirads
+without markings
+Khentii Aimag
+Burkhan Khaldun
+The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
+Edsen Khoroo
+Dongshan Dafo Dian
+Ta'er Shi near Xining
+1954
+1968
+October 6, 2004
+a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find
+Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
+horses
+Genghis Khan
+Yassa
+meritocracy
+Genghis Khan and his family
+Muhammad Khan
+tax exemptions
+Ong Khan
+Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept
+Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
+Töregene Khatun
+Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
+Chinese
+women
+Chu'Tsai
+Mongol people
+Mongol army
+lineal descendant of Khitan rulers
+Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals
+Karakorum
+Muqali
+Jin dynasty
+unwavering loyalty
+diverting certain rivers
+Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers
+feigned retreat
+driving them in front of the army
+the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan
+Caspian Sea
+gedei Khan
+1279
+Genghis Khan
+Turkey
+tolerant of religions
+increased communication and trade
+Mongolian People's Republic
+uniting warring tribes
+Genghis Khan's children
+brutality
+Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated.
+tögrög
+Genghis Khan
+Chinggis Khaan International Airport
+trivialization
+Ulaanbaatar
+Ikh Zasag
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Ikh Zasag
+Mongols
+5 million
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+Iran
+10 to 15 million
+10 to 15 million
+Hulagu Khan
+Mamluks of Egypt
+Hulagu Khan
+1237
+Novgorod and Pskov
+Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur
+Timur
+Nishapur
+tenggis
+Lake Baikal
+"right", "just", or "true"
+Zhèng
+Chinggis
+Mongolian Chinggis Khaan
+Cengiz Han
+Timùzhn
+Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
+Chéngjs Hán
+15th–17th
+tobacco and patent medicines
+sorcery or even poison
+if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
+many other herbs not listed
+healthcare professionals with specialised education and training
+healthcare professionals with specialised education and training
+optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
+small-business proprietors
+healthcare professionals with specialised education and training
+other senior pharmacy technicians
+General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
+pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
+a health care professional
+to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
+Pedanius Dioscorides
+De Materia Medica
+materia medica
+Diocles of Carystus
+De Materia Medica
+highly respected
+Yr Code (718)
+Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court
+physicians and acupuncturists
+the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.
+botany and chemistry
+Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Al-Muwaffaq
+sodium carbon
+1317
+Florence, Italy
+a perfume museum
+albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs
+Church of Santa Maria Novella
+pharmacy legislation
+compounding/dispensing medications
+automation
+patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
+pharmacy practice residency
+various disciplines of pharmacy
+effectiveness of treatment regimens
+pharmacy practice residency
+within the premises of the hospital
+unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
+high risk preparations
+The high cost of medications and drug-related technology
+specialized medications
+health, wellness, and disease prevention
+hospitals and clinics
+physicians and other healthcare professionals
+patient care rounds drug product selection
+care for patients in all health care settings
+patient-specific problems
+an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy)
+an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
+potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
+full independent prescribing authority
+North Carolina and New Mexico
+board of Pharmaceutical Specialties
+Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
+VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
+medication regimen review
+nursing homes
+Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
+many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
+Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
+2000
+brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
+online pharmacies
+traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
+the method by which the medications are requested and received
+to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
+those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.
+substandard products
+some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
+most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
+Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner
+it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner
+it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid
+individual state laws
+hydrocodone
+to reduce consumer costs
+Canada
+international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
+There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities.
+Canada and other countries
+pharmacy practice science and applied information science
+healthcare information technology vendor companies
+to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+medication management system development, deployment and optimization
+health system interoperability
+novel medications
+19
+cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
+Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
+cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
+physicians
+pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians
+American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
+7 to 10 percent
+form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
+Austria
+In some rural areas in the United Kingdom
+1.6 kilometres
+Austria
+the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
+checks and balances system
+exaggerating their seriousness
+side-effects
+health care system
+patient care skills
+clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
+an individual
+increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
+Alberta and British Columbia
+Australia
+medicine use reviews
+pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
+Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree
+mortar and pestle and the  (recipere) character
+show globe
+the Netherlands
+red stylized letter A
+green Greek cross in France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
+adaptive immune system
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+The immune system
+pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
+adaptive immune system
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+pathogens
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
+pathogens
+adaptive immune system
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+rapidly evolve and adapt
+enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections
+ancient eukaryotes
+Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
+simple unicellular organisms
+defensins
+vaccination
+Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
+autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
+when the immune system is less active than normal
+recurring and life-threatening infections
+genetic disease
+Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis
+Immunodeficiency
+hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues
+Immunology
+HIV/AIDS
+430 BC
+Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
+Louis Pasteur
+Walter Reed
+Robert Koch
+Nobel Prize
+yellow fever virus
+430 BC
+immunological memory
+innate immune system
+adaptive immune system
+Innate immune systems
+adaptive immune system
+immunological memory
+physical barriers
+self and non-self
+self molecules
+self and non-self molecules
+antigens
+antigens
+pattern recognition receptors
+cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system
+recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms
+non-specific
+The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin
+The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin
+coughing and sneezing
+mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
+mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
+-defensins
+lysozyme and phospholipase A2
+semen
+gastric acid and proteases
+menarche
+commensal flora
+most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi
+helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children
+by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron
+Inflammation
+increased blood flow into tissue
+eicosanoids and cytokines
+leukotrienes
+interleukins
+phagocytes
+cytokines
+a phagosome
+phagolysosome
+acquiring nutrients
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+50% to 60%
+chemotaxis
+interleukin 1
+Leukocytes
+Leukocytes
+Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system
+macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
+Dendritic cells
+neuronal dendrites
+T cells
+T cells
+missing self
+Natural killer cells
+cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I
+killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR
+early vertebrates
+the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called antigen presentation
+the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
+the killer T cell and the helper T cell
+regulatory T cells
+Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules
+Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules
+ T cells
+Killer T cells
+CD8
+when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor
+granulysin
+perforin
+CD4 co-receptor
+around 200–300
+engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule
+cytokines
+CD40 ligand
+helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
+Gamma delta T cells ( T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ () T cells
+ T cells
+ T cells are a component of adaptive immunity
+V9/V2 T cells
+A B cell
+proteolysis
+lymphokines
+long-lived memory cells
+adaptive
+passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
+each specific pathogen encountered
+Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes
+IgG
+Breast milk or colostrum
+passive immunity
+immunomodulators
+adaptive and innate immune responses
+lupus erythematosus
+immunosuppressive
+NFIL3
+heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
+sleep deprivation
+weakened immune responses
+vitamin D
+thyroid hormone
+cholecalciferol
+to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells
+MHC class I molecules
+viral antigens
+antibodies
+phagocytic cells
+Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
+rapid apoptosis
+Systemic acquired resistance
+RNA silencing mechanisms
+autoimmune disorders
+self and non-self
+thymus and bone marrow
+"self" peptides
+Immunodeficiencies
+The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly
+50 years of age
+obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
+malnutrition
+vaccination
+immunization
+introduce an antigen from a pathogen
+it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system
+Bacteria
+type III secretion system
+shut down host defenses
+its ability to elude host immune responses
+Frank Burnet
+pathogens, an allograft
+histocompatibility
+Niels Jerne
+Glucocorticoids
+Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
+methotrexate or azathioprine
+cyclosporin
+cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
+cortisol and catecholamines
+melatonin
+oxidative stress
+vitamin D receptor
+calcitriol
+T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D.
+CYP27B1
+dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
+Pattern recognition receptors
+defensins
+complement system and phagocytic cells
+Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway
+immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
+lamprey and hagfish
+Variable lymphocyte receptors
+an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates.
+invertebrates
+restriction modification system
+bacteriophages
+CRISPR sequences
+"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
+Elie Metchnikoff
+cells – more precisely, phagocytes
+Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
+Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.
+cancers
+MHC class I molecules
+secreting the cytokine TGF-
+macrophages and lymphocytes
+hypersensitivity
+four
+Type I
+IgE
+Type II
+intracellular pathogenesis
+food poisoning bacterium Salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and leishmaniasis
+Plasmodium falciparum
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+protein A
+antigenic variation
+HIV
+Trypanosoma brucei
+frequent changes in antigens
+immune surveillance
+human papillomavirus
+tyrosinase
+melanomas
+melanocytes
+>500 Da
+hydrophilic amino acids
+Immunoproteomics
+A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells
+immunoinformatics
+leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
+the milieu of hormones produced at this time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports Th1, an increase in
+the milieu of hormones produced at this time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) support the interactions between APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1 /Th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports Th1, an
+the initiation of Th1 immune responses
+complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes
+disrupting their plasma membrane
+signal amplification
+catalytic cascade
+Civil disobedience
+apartheid
+the Singing Revolution
+2004 Orange Revolution in Ukraine
+the Singing Revolution
+Egyptians
+Egyptians
+the Singing Revolution
+Civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws
+American Civil Rights Movement
+Antigone
+King of Thebes
+Creon
+Oedipus
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+Antigone
+Sophocles
+current King of Thebes
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law
+Percy Shelley
+nonviolent
+Satyagraha
+campaign for a free India
+Henry David Thoreau
+Percy Shelley
+Percy Shelley
+nonviolent protest
+Satyagraha
+Henry David Thoreau
+muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
+Marshall Cohen
+ambiguity
+become utterly debased
+become utterly debased
+Marshall Cohen
+draft evaders
+Vice President Agnew
+ambiguity
+LeGrande
+extremely difficult, if not impossible
+lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
+the student of civil disobedience
+specific terminology has no more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have.
+LeGrande
+the student of civil disobedience
+semantical problems and grammatical niceties
+nonviolent civil disobedience
+non violent civil disobedience
+civil disobedience
+civil disobedience
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
+civil disobedience
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen
+two equally sovereign branches of government
+Thoreau
+Before Thoreau’s imprisonment
+The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right
+Resign
+elite politicians
+The individual
+only individuals
+Thoreau
+Resign
+The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right
+governmental entities
+Brownlee
+Brownlee
+international organizations and foreign governments
+Brownlee
+a larger challenge to the legal system
+governmental entities
+Brownlee
+civil disobedience
+covert lawbreaking
+Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew in their house
+(Exodus 1: 15-19)
+Shiphrah and Puah
+lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced
+if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality
+assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
+The Fully Informed Jury Association's publication "A Primer for Prospective Jurors"
+Book of Exodus
+Black's Law Dictionary
+Black's Law Dictionary
+rebellion
+Civil disobedients' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience.
+violence
+whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent
+rebellion
+rebellion is much more destructive
+society's tolerance of civil disobedience
+Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government
+Ferenc Deák
+Ferenc Deák
+Gandhi's
+cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
+Non-revolutionary civil disobedience
+a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
+render certain laws ineffective
+Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government
+Gandhi
+Roman Empire
+unarmed Jews
+not yet a well-known author, and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened.
+The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office
+after the end of the Mexican War
+Roman Empire
+unarmed Jews
+some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met, such as favorable bail conditions, or the release of all the activists.
+a form of jail solidarity
+after the end of the Mexican War
+Civil disobedients
+very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals
+Voice in the Wilderness
+738 days
+successfully preventing it from being cut down
+Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts
+trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation
+very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals
+direct achieve a desired social goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick)
+180-foot (55 m)-tall, 600-year-old California Redwood tree
+Joseph Haas
+Joseph Haas
+civil disobedience
+FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
+George Carlin
+in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech
+George Carlin
+Threatening government officials
+Joseph Haas
+make it more difficult for a system to function
+padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.
+padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
+Brownlee
+coercive
+refusals to pay taxes
+Brownlee
+engage in moral dialogue
+padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.
+civil disobedience
+consent
+a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose, and may be harmful.
+some civil disobedients have nevertheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators' questions, sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear
+make an impression
+their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy
+their belief in the validity of the social contract
+the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted.
+anarchists
+a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
+whether or not to plead guilty
+some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law
+I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law
+Guilt implies wrong-doing
+creative plea
+13
+13
+immediately arrested
+nolo contendere
+suspended sentences
+as a way of continuing their protest
+reminding their countrymen of injustice
+the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way
+a spirit of subservience, to demean the seriousness of the protest.
+one misdemeanor count
+the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time
+solidarity tactics
+some activists have opted to enter a blind plea
+Mohandas Gandhi
+defiant speech
+defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions
+lack of remorse
+likelihood of repeating her illegal actions.
+mistreatment from government officials
+Steven Barkan
+Steven Barkan
+Steven Barkan
+Benjamin Spock
+some civil disobedients seek jury nullification
+encourage general disobedience
+encourage general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit
+breaking the law for self-gratification
+not being a civil disobedient
+a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution
+Indirect civil disobedience
+direct civil disobedience
+Vietnam War
+the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense
+if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters, the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
+achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
+whether it would do more harm than good
+the state (including the judges) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not.
+it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law
+Construction
+mass production of similar items
+six to nine percent
+planning,[citation needed] design, and financing
+on location for a known client
+architect
+architect
+effective planning
+megaprojects
+zoning requirements, the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays
+buildings, infrastructure and industrial
+residential and non-residential
+heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
+heavy/highway, heavy civil
+refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing
+a trade magazine for the construction industry
+ENR
+2014
+heavy contractors.
+building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
+construction managers
+Standard Industrial Classification
+firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
+Building construction
+small renovations
+the owner of the property
+structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
+those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.
+local building authority regulations and codes of practice
+Materials readily available in the area
+waste
+cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis
+advances in 3D printing technology
+20 hours
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
+translation of designs into reality
+property owner
+either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor
+the most cost efficient bidder
+integration of previously separated specialties
+architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies
+"one-stop shopping"
+performance specification
+design-build, partnering and construction management
+architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
+establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
+preventable financial problems
+builders ask for too little money to complete the project
+when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
+Fraud
+mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
+owner's equity in the property
+Accountants
+when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
+Cost engineers and estimators
+zoning and building code requirements
+does not benefit the owner
+malum
+things that are a matter of custom or expectation
+An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed
+construction project
+exchange of a set of obligations
+extremely expensive
+to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
+clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse.
+a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders
+Public-Private Partnering (PPPs)
+Public-Private Partnering (PPPs)
+to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices
+architect or engineer
+project coordinator
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy.
+The owner
+Several D&B contractors
+The owner
+a consortium of several contractors
+phase 2
+verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services.
+lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages
+lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+municipal building inspector
+an occupancy permit
+$680 billion
+$680 billion
+667,000
+fewer than 10 employees
+828,000
+£42,090
+£26,719
+more than $100,000
+Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union.
+Falls
+electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
+Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
+tax credit scholarships
+tax credit scholarships
+by charging their students tuition
+tax credit scholarships
+$45,000
+'tuition-free
+the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary
+Private education
+lower sixth
+upper sixth
+prep schools
+Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors, including the location of the school, the willingness of parents to pay, peer tuitions and the school's financial endowment.
+High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments, including a low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers.
+Roman Catholic
+Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians
+their particular faith's beliefs and traditions
+stricter discipline based on their power of expulsion
+compulsory blazer
+more expensive
+Anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian
+Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College, St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst
+Sydney
+girls
+Article 7
+to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung or similar event
+7.8
+11.1
+0.5
+Sonderungsverbot
+private individuals, private organizations or religious groups.
+very low tuition fees
+private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
+vocational
+the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees.
+private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
+private schools are called independent schools, but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school.
+CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE
+30
+the union government and the state governments
+non-profit trusts and societies
+only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India
+Annual Status of Education Report
+evaluates learning levels in rural India
+English
+scoil phrobháideach
+a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State
+€5,000
+Society of Jesus
+€25,000 per year
+1957
+Chinese
+English
+the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties
+Over 60
+aided
+private parties
+Galaxy Public School in Kathmandu
+English
+Nepali
+88
+88
+3.7
+Catholic
+Auckland
+Anglican
+Wellington
+Presbyterian
+Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch
+three
+7.5
+32
+80
+August 1992
+the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools
+The Education Service Contracting scheme
+The Tuition Fee Supplement
+Private Education Student Financial Assistance
+South African Schools Act of 1996
+South African Schools Act of 1996
+independent
+South African Schools Act of 1996
+private church schools
+government schools formerly reserved for white children
+These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
+All schools in South Africa (including both independent schools and public schools) have the right to set compulsory school fees, and formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools.
+10
+700
+700
+The Knowledge School
+Sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model
+13
+public
+9 per cent
+13
+£27,000+ per year
+Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
+segregation academies
+South
+public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
+public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
+endowments
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
+independent control of their student admissions and course content
+Massachusetts
+1852
+1972
+Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390
+McCrary
+close to $40,000
+close to $40,000
+Groton School
+Groton School
+John Harvard
+1977
+James Bryant Conant
+Charles W. Eliot's
+Charles W. Eliot
+Harvard Library
+79
+79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes
+eight U.S. presidents
+150 Nobel laureates
+Boston metropolitan area
+$37.6 billion
+209-acre (85 ha)
+eleven separate academic units
+209-acre (85 ha)
+1636
+vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
+1638
+1639
+1650
+Puritan ministers
+English university model
+It was never affiliated with any particular denomination
+1804
+Samuel Webber
+1805
+Louis Agassiz
+observation with intuition
+Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
+Charles W. Eliot
+Transcendentalist Unitarian
+William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
+James Bryant Conant
+recruit
+1945
+about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe
+1977
+mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
+209-acre
+twelve residential Houses
+Charles River
+half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle
+Allston
+John W. Weeks Bridge
+Longwood Medical and Academic Area
+fifty percent
+new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.
+enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space
+1,4,000
+1,4,000
+1,4,000
+1875
+1858
+$32 billion
+30%
+Allston Science Complex
+$159 million
+$159 million
+the late 1980s
+During the divestment from South Africa movement in the late 1980s, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech given by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
+$230 million
+5.3%
+2007
+2007
+2007
+seven
+eight General Education categories
+The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows
+mid-May
+four-course rate average
+degrees summa cum laude
+60%
+$38,000
+$57,000
+room and board
+$340 million
+88%
+Widener Library
+Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
+Pusey Library
+nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes
+The Harvard Art Museums comprises three museums.
+the Fogg Museum of Art, covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art.
+Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
+2003
+2011
+The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named "dream college", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents
+42
+Harvard–Yale Regatta
+Oxford University and Cambridge University team
+1875
+1903
+1906
+former captain of the Yale football team
+Lavietes Pavilion
+The Malkin Athletic Center
+three weight rooms
+23 years
+June
+Cornell
+2003
+Ban Ki-moon
+Juan Manuel Santos
+José Mara Figueres
+Benjamin Netanyahu
+Conan O'Brien
+Leonard Bernstein
+Yo Yo Ma
+W. E. B. Du Bois
+Shing-Tung Yau
+Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
+Stephen Greenblatt
+Jacksonville
+1,345,596
+853,382
+Duval
+1968
+340 miles (550 km)
+340 miles (550 km)
+Fort Caroline
+1564
+Andrew Jackson
+third
+golf
+third
+"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
+thousands
+University of North Florida
+Timucua
+the beginning of the historical era
+Ossachite
+Jean Ribault
+France
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+fort San Mateo
+Fort Caroline
+French and Indian War
+1763
+Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.
+1763
+February 9, 1832
+hogs and cattle
+1862
+Battle of Olustee
+Warfare
+Battle of Cedar Creek
+During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
+Grover Cleveland
+yellow fever outbreaks
+Florida East Coast Railway
+steamboat and later by railroad
+Spanish moss
+146
+Governor Jennings
+Great Fire of 1901
+New York–based filmmakers
+more than 30
+Winter Film Capital of the World
+Hollywood
+highways
+55.1%
+middle class "white flight"
+W. Haydon Burns
+World War II
+dissipated
+residents in unincorporated suburbs
+Jacksonville
+six
+old boy network
+11
+Jacksonville Consolidation
+all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation
+voters approved the plan
+actress Lee Meredith
+actress Lee Meredith
+The Better Jacksonville Plan
+half-penny sales tax
+86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2)
+St. Johns River
+Trout River
+86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2)
+Baldwin
+Downtown Jacksonville
+Barnett Center
+617 ft (188 m)
+Wells Fargo Center
+Wells Fargo Center
+humid subtropical climate
+May through September
+humid subtropical climate
+low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny.
+104 °F (40 °C)
+thunderstorms
+extremely high humidity
+July
+Hurricane Dora
+110 mph
+Tropical Storm Beryl
+Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale
+2008
+5,751
+821,784
+tenth-
+25,033
+29.7%
+23.9%
+94.1
+91.3
+the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University
+3.5 billion people
+$759,900
+on the basis of the methodology used
+diversion
+the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University
+The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations
+$41 trillion
+46%
+a greater tendency to take on debts
+the top 400 richest Americans
+the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent."
+Inherited wealth
+grew up in substantial privilege
+the top 400 richest Americans
+richest 1 percent
+Inherited wealth
+over 60 percent
+Institute for Policy Studies
+inequalities in the distribution of income
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+productivity gap
+marginal value added of each economic actor
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+marginal value added of each economic actor
+worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
+productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+to reduce costs and maximize profits
+increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment
+increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment
+stagnant wages
+labor inputs
+to reduce costs and maximize profits
+labor inputs
+stagnant wages
+stagnant wages
+purely capitalist mode of production
+law of supply and demand
+chronically understaffed
+higher wage
+high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair
+the market
+Wages
+purely capitalist mode of production
+environmental costs
+high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair
+expendable nature
+low demand
+A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions
+collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
+higher demand and greater incomes
+A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand)
+competition between workers
+expendable nature
+high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand)
+competition between employers for employees
+higher economic inequality
+Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter
+push
+pull
+Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter
+higher economic inequality
+necessity
+Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter
+Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter
+redistributive
+A progressive tax
+the level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system
+A progressive tax
+the level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation
+variation in individuals' access to education
+those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education
+generally receive much lower wages
+it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor
+lower aggregate savings and investment
+variation in individuals' access to education
+increases in education first increase and then decrease growth
+those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages.
+lower incomes
+variation in individuals' access to education
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+Standard & Poor
+2014
+2008-2009
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+1910–1940
+increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price
+increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price
+Lagerlof and Galor
+decrease in wages
+1910–1940
+a decrease in the price of skilled labor
+to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
+Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy.
+Lagerlof and Galor
+Anglo-American liberal policies
+the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."
+U.S.-style labor-market flexibility
+continental European liberalism
+economic inequality
+substantial levels of social exclusion
+John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer
+U.S.-style labor-market flexibility
+the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."
+Scandinavia
+high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
+the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap
+technological changes and globalization
+the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap
+the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap
+the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap
+high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
+high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
+low-skilled workers
+increased wages
+technological innovation
+Robert Lawrence
+Trade liberalization
+low-skilled workers
+Paul Krugman
+he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in America is minor
+Robert Lawrence
+53%
+53%
+travel or relocate
+Gender pay gap
+Gender pay gap
+males in the labor market
+women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay
+Thomas Sowell
+A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men.
+social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.
+countries with low levels of development
+it acquires more capital
+social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.
+Simon Kuznets
+Simon Kuznets
+it acquires more capital
+it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.
+lower levels of inequality
+High school movement
+after the 1970s
+it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.
+it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.
+middle-income developing economies
+Kuznets curve
+very weak
+decrease
+it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.
+Wealth concentration
+those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth
+Thomas Piketty
+larger fortunes generate higher returns
+Wealth concentration
+those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth
+wealth condensation
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+Joseph Stiglitz
+Joseph Stiglitz
+it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits
+use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups
+rent-seeking
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society
+life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society
+life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries
+Robert J. Shiller
+Robert J. Shiller
+High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth.
+it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem
+Increasing inequality
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US and UK) and states (Mississippi and New York) with large differences in household income.
+in countries and states with higher in equality
+longer lives
+poorer countries
+income expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries
+Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders
+Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82)
+income inequality
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+larger income inequalities
+greater equality but not per capita income.
+inequality
+homicides
+over fifty
+half
+Daly et al. 2001
+economic inequality
+distributive efficiency
+luxury items
+A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency"
+higher aggregate utility
+consumption
+Will Wilkinson
+2001
+Thomas B. Edsall
+"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"
+Financial crisis of 2007–08
+systematic economic inequalities
+Financial crisis of 2007–08
+to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
+to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
+inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells
+High levels of inequality
+the top 20 percent
+higher GDP growth
+The poor and the middle class
+increasing inequality
+economic growth
+has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth
+it is a waste of resources
+policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects
+Joseph Stiglitz
+aggregate demand
+Joseph Stiglitz
+increasing importance of human capital in development
+widespread education
+1993
+Galor and Zeira
+channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
+higher levels of redistributive taxation
+politically and socially unstable
+high levels of inequality
+high levels of inequality
+income inequality and rates of growth and investment
+Harvard
+Swedish counties
+Kuznets curve hypothesis
+with economic development, inequality first increases
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+1970s
+reduced consumer demand
+growth has risen with increased income inequality
+Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading
+more equality in the income distribution
+special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth.
+the existing level of inequality
+special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth.
+Secretary General of the United Nations
+it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty
+land and housing
+various associations and other arrangements
+over 200 steps and up to 14 years
+over 200 steps and up to 14 years
+over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land
+a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US
+the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased
+the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased
+landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
+ad valorem property tax policy
+certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone
+those who are worse equipped to manage their finances
+aspirational consumption
+taking on debt
+even greater inequality and potential economic instability
+The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created
+increase of emissions per person
+environmental degradation
+population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level (1/3 of current levels, so about 2 billion people), human inequality can be addressed/corrected, while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage.
+private ownership of the means of production
+private ownership of the means of production
+income in the form of a wage or salary
+income differentials
+income differentials
+Robert Nozick
+taxation
+Robert Nozick
+forceful taking of property
+when they improve society as a whole
+capability deprivation
+a means to an end rather than the end itself
+to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”
+to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”
+the ability to pursue valued goals
+they are in some way deprived of earning as much income
+An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man
+gender roles and customs
+fear of their lives
+to ensure that people aren’t denied their functionings, capabilities, and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income.
+British science-fiction television programme
+1963
+TARDIS
+blue British police box
+British science-fiction television programme
+1963 to 1989
+Russell T Davies
+K-9
+Russell T Davies, who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival, produced in-house by BBC Wales
+Christopher Eccleston
+Twelve
+Peter Capaldi
+The Time of the Doctor
+the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species.
+the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality
+Gallifrey
+Mark I Type 40
+Time and Relative Dimension in Space
+chameleon circuit
+a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
+companions
+the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master
+regenerate
+humans
+Time Lord
+Saturday, 23 November 1963
+The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
+the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
+Terry Nation
+25 minutes of transmission length
+26
+Jonathan Powell
+Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
+the BBC repeatedly affirmed that the series would return
+BBC 1
+the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show
+Philip Segal
+Who
+9.1 million
+Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States
+Rose
+26 March 2005
+2009
+Chris Chibnall
+Christmas Day specials
+1996
+1996
+1996
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots (for example, Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman[citation needed]) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and
+30 November 1963
+eighty seconds
+ten minutes
+ten minutes
+The BBC believed that many viewers had missed this introduction to a new series due to the coverage of the assassination, as well as a series of power blackouts across the country
+Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
+Museum of the Moving Image
+Behind the Sofa
+scariest TV show of all time
+2012
+Doctor Who
+3%
+Monopoly
+Monopoly
+The Times newspaper
+Herne Bay, Kent,
+blue
+a time machine
+Metropolitan Police Authority
+2002
+26
+6 December 1989
+14
+The Master
+Black Guardian Trilogy
+13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day.
+60
+Christmas Day
+Journey's End
+"Journey's End" from 2008 and "The Eleventh Hour" from 2010 exceeded an hour in length.
+eight Christmas specials
+eight Christmas specials
+eight Christmas specials
+72 minutes
+2009
+William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
+97
+3, 4, & 5
+1978
+Between about 1964 and 1973
+from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast
+8 mm cine film
+Mission to the Unknown
+8 mm cine film
+home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
+"Official" reconstructions
+Cosgrove Hall
+1968
+Theta-Sigma
+November 2006
+regeneration
+Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
+William Hartnell's poor health
+renewal
+change of appearance
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+John Hurt
+The Day of the Doctor
+Michael Jayston
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
+War Doctor
+The Three Doctors
+Peter Davison
+The Space Museum
+The Day of the Doctor
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+Paul McGann, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Peter Davison
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+To celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Brain of Morbius
+Mawdryn Undead
+The Lodger
+1983
+An Unearthly Child
+Susan Foreman
+Dr. Constantine
+his home planet had been destroyed
+Smith and Jones
+companion figure
+The Deadly Assassin
+Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton
+Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton
+Sarah Jane Smith
+the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies a larger narrative role.
+Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) with Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness
+River Song (Alex Kingston) and Clara Oswald
+Bill
+Catherine Tate
+the Macra and the Master
+series 1
+the Macra and the Master
+series 3
+Zygons
+The Dalek race
+Skaro
+to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
+Davros
+their eyestalk
+The Master
+The Master
+Eric Roberts
+Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
+Roger Delgado
+Derek Jacobi
+Utopia
+"Missy"
+Missy
+Michelle Gomez
+Delia Derbyshire
+BBC Radiophonic Workshop
+individual test oscillators
+Derbyshire arrangement
+Did I write that?
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+Dominic Glynn
+Keff McCulloch
+Murray Gold
+The Christmas Invasion
+Voyage of the Damned
+Classic FM's Hall of Fame
+2010
+228
+Gold
+Jon Pertwee
+Mankind
+1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Dudley Simpson
+Planet of Giants
+1960s and 1970s
+The Horns of Nimon
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+BBC National Orchestra of Wales
+BBC National Orchestra of Wales
+Royal Albert Hall
+Music of the Spheres
+BBC National Orchestra of Wales
+Six
+The first featured tracks from the first two series
+4 October 2010
+A Christmas Carol
+8 November 2010
+the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor"
+Twelfth Doctor
+the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past Doctors, and the current Doctor Who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor.
+1973–80
+Eleventh Doctor
+John F. Kennedy
+BBC One channel
+late 1970s
+circa 1964–1965
+BBC Three
+1979
+three to five million
+Coronation Street
+the most popular show at the time
+2005
+23 November
+Silver Nemesis
+Edmonton, Canada
+CITV in Edmonton, Canada, 15 days before the BBC One showing, and two days before it aired on Fox in the United States.
+23 November
+Australian Broadcasting Corporation
+The Five Doctors
+BBC UKTV, SF and later on SyFy
+weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
+ABC1
+The Three Doctors
+The Three Doctors
+Space
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Judith Merril
+Christopher Eccleston
+Billie Piper
+The Christmas Invasion
+9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador), shortly after that day's CFL double header on Thanksgiving in most of the country.
+9 October 2006 at 20:00 E/P (20:30 in Newfoundland and Labrador), shortly after that day's CFL double header on Thanksgiving in most of the country.
+United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
+Eight
+The Infinite Quest
+Spearhead from Space
+2009
+Trevor Martin
+Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
+The Curse of the Daleks
+Seven Keys to Doomsday
+David Banks
+Torchwood
+22 October 2006
+2008
+Children of Earth
+Starz
+Elisabeth Sladen
+24 September 2007
+David Tennant
+2010
+autumn 2011
+Dimensions in Time
+Children in Need
+EastEnders
+glasses with one darkened lens
+the BBC
+Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
+running down the same corridor several times when being chased
+Rowan Atkinson
+Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
+Steven Moffat,
+The Neutral Zone
+"Blue Harvest" and "420"
+Queer as Folk
+Oliver on Coupling
+EastEnders, the Adult Swim comedy show Robot Chicken, the Family Guy episodes "Blue Harvest" and "420",
+The Chase
+The Chase
+Ten years
+1981
+Slipback
+Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
+Destiny of the Doctor
+Big Finish Productions
+1999
+2012
+novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction
+mid-sixties
+1979
+Panini
+BBC Books
+early 1960s
+BBC Television
+the BBC takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories, and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea.
+the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC
+2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005–2010) awards at the National Television Awards
+2005–2010
+2011
+Michelle Gomez
+Michelle Gomez
+Guinness World Records
+the Peabody Awards
+electronic music
+2013
+50th anniversary special
+Writers' Guild of Great Britain
+"Auntie Awards"
+British Film Institute
+SFX magazine
+eight
+Best Drama Series
+five
+25
+2009
+Mind Award
+six
+over 200
+over 200
+Matt Smith
+The Waters of Mars
+Spike Milligan
+Jon Culshaw
+Spike Milligan
+Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Family Guy, American Dad!, Futurama, South Park, Community as Inspector Spacetime, The Simpsons and The Big Bang Theory.
+Jon Culshaw
+The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or U of C)
+1890
+four
+four
+15,000
+various academic disciplines
+physics
+Stagg Field
+University of Chicago Press
+2020
+William Rainey Harper
+John D. Rockefeller
+William Rainey Harper
+1891
+1892
+Marshall Field
+Silas B. Cobb
+Cobb Lecture Hall
+$100,000
+Martin A. Ryerson
+several regional colleges and universities
+1896
+any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years
+history
+1910
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+Common Core
+academics over athletics
+24-year tenure
+1929
+1950s
+increasing crime and poverty
+second year
+increasing crime and poverty
+very young students to attend college
+1962
+students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies.
+1967
+"To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures."
+social and political action
+mid-2000s
+Milton Friedman Institute
+$200 million
+Chicago Theological Seminary
+David G. Booth
+Main Quadrangles
+six
+Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic
+Magdalen Tower
+Christ Church Hall
+1940s
+Eero Saarinen
+School of Social Service Administration
+Eero Saarinen
+2003
+Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
+left bank of the Seine
+fall 2010
+Renmin University
+2015
+a board of trustees
+50
+fourteen
+Andrew Alper
+Robert Zimmer
+The Higher Learning Commission
+seven
+seven
+The College of the University of Chicago
+The College of the University of Chicago
+five
+the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division
+Common Core
+17
+heavy workload and academic difficulty; according to Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience."
+Uni in the USA
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+the University of Chicago campus
+11th
+11th
+Regenstein Library
+2011
+John Crerar Library
+113
+113
+Oriental Institute
+Fermilab
+Sunspot, New Mexico
+Milton Friedman
+Willard F. Libby
+Miller–Urey experiment
+1953
+a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track
+2000
+1996
+2002
+Several thousand
+5,792
+5,792
+5,792
+5,792
+19%
+University Athletic Association
+University Athletic Association
+NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football
+Jay Berwanger
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+over 400
+over 400
+University of Chicago College Bowl Team
+Doc Films
+Off-Off Campus
+graduate and undergraduate students
+Executive Committee
+Executive Committee, chaired by a President with the assistance of two Vice Presidents, one for Administration and the other for Student Life, elected together as a slate by the student body
+$2 million
+fifteen
+fifteen
+Alpha Phi Omega
+Alpha Phi Omega
+Four of the sororities are members of the National Panhellenic Conference, and ten of the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council.
+University of Chicago
+1987
+Festival of the Arts
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Summer Breeze
+Satya Nadella
+Larry Ellison
+Larry Ellison
+Jon Corzine
+James O. McKinsey
+Saul Alinsky
+David Axelrod
+Robert Bork
+Masaaki Shirakawa
+Eliot Ness
+Allan Bloom
+"The Closing of the American Mind"
+Lauren Oliver
+Studs Terkel
+Philip Roth
+Philip Glass
+Alex Seropian
+the 2014 documentary film Life Itself
+Ed Asner
+Mike Nichols
+Carl Sagan
+John M. Grunsfeld
+uranium-lead dating method
+John B. Goodenough
+Clair Cameron Patterson
+Milton Friedman
+George Stigler
+Paul Samuelson
+Eugene Fama
+David Graeber and Donald Johanson
+Samuel Reshevsky
+Samuel P. Huntington
+A. A. Michelson
+Arthur H. Compton
+Enrico Fermi
+Edward Teller
+Maria Goeppert-Mayer
+James Henry Breasted
+Alberto Calderón
+Ted Fujita
+Yuan T. Lee
+Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
+Raghuram Rajan
+physicist
+David Bevington
+John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
+Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
+Yuán Cháo
+Great Yuan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+1271
+Mongol Empire
+the Song dynasty
+the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty
+Genghis Khan
+1271
+Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section
+Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
+Great Mongol State
+"Empire of the Great Khan
+Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes
+1206
+gedei Khan
+1251
+Kublai
+to fight against the Jin
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
+4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops.
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala
+Shi Tianze
+Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty
+Jurchen
+Shi Bingzhi
+Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Zhang Rou jointly launched an attack on the Song dynasty ordered by Töregene Khatun.
+Möngke Khan
+southern China
+1259
+Ariq Böke
+Zhongtong
+Ogedei
+south
+1259
+1259
+1262
+preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
+Imperial Secretariat
+three, later four, classes
+four
+salt and iron
+Karakorum
+Karakorum
+1264
+Zhongdu
+by following the rituals of Confucian,ty and ancestor veneration
+Kublai Khan
+Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace
+Daidu
+north
+Marco Polo
+Kong Duancao
+1115
+1234
+Kong Duancao
+30,000
+northern China
+1268 and 1273
+Yangzi River basin
+Hangzhou
+drowned
+1279
+an inauspicious typhoon
+Battle of Bch ng
+Battle of Bch ng
+1288
+1253
+Zhenjin
+1285
+Emperor Chengzong
+1294 to 1307
+Buyantu Khan
+mainstream Chinese culture
+Li Meng
+Department of State Affairs
+1313
+Gegeen Khan
+1321 to 1323
+Baiju
+"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
+assassinated
+Shangdu
+War of the Two Capitals
+four days
+El Temür
+Shangdu
+Tugh Temür
+the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+Jingshi Dadian
+Buddhism
+Toghun Temür
+Emperor Ningzong
+Toghun Temür
+Toghun Temür
+Liao, Jin, and Song
+Yuan dynasty
+too Chinese
+they were separated from both the army and the populace
+Outlaws
+administration
+late 1340s onwards
+Red Turban Rebellion
+fear of betrayal
+Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels
+1368–1644
+China and much of central Asia
+Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
+the Ilkhanate
+carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
+Western musical instruments
+Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
+Taoism
+Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society.
+travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
+Venetian Marco Polo
+Cambaluc
+Travels of Marco Polo
+Il milione
+Persian traders
+Guo Shoujing
+modern Gregorian calendar
+granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
+Beijing
+sorghum
+Yuan dynasty
+Eternal Heaven
+Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty.
+Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty.
+a period of foreign domination
+Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
+native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
+Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
+Central Secretariat
+civil, military, and censorial offices
+Privy Council
+Sui and Tang dynasties
+Mongols and Semuren
+the Privy Council.
+1269
+Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
+Most of the Emperors
+Tugh Temur
+Emperor Wenzong
+1290
+1291
+the Yuan dynasty
+painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
+the coming together of painting, poetry, and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals, though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements
+Song dynasty and the Yuan dynasty
+the qu
+poetry
+Yuan dynasty
+Tibetan variants
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+Sakya
+1249
+1314
+modern matrices
+polynomial algebra
+1303
+calendars
+cubic interpolation formula
+1281
+the Shoushi Li () or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
+1281
+otachi
+their use of herbal remedies
+spiritual cures
+Imperial Academy of Medicine
+it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
+All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches
+Jin dynasty
+Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols
+acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs
+1347
+huihui or Muslim medicine
+1263
+1263
+Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy
+Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy
+Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
+Wang Zhen
+12th century
+Töregene Khatun
+1273
+chao
+bark of mulberry trees
+1275
+woodblocks
+1294
+Mongolian patrimonial feudalism
+Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system
+Central Asia and the western end of the empire
+colonial
+Ilkhanate
+Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara
+Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara
+Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
+artisans and farmers
+Qara-Khitay (Khitan
+circumcision
+Kosher butchering
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+thanks
+the Ispah Rebellion
+"degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Se
+degrees of privilege
+"degrees of privilege" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Se
+lived in poverty and were ill treated
+Southern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+higher they were placed
+private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
+Karluk Kara-Khanid
+Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+Karluk Kara-Khanid
+the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
+The Central Region
+the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+Beijing
+Zhongshu Sheng
+East African Community
+East African Community
+Nairobi
+Ethiopia
+45 million
+Indian Ocean coastline
+savannah grasslands
+Mount Kenya
+north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia
+Kenya is known for its safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the East and West Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
+Lower Paleolithic period
+first millennium AD
+97%
+19th century
+December 1963
+Mount Kenya
+Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba
+God's resting place
+Kenia and Kegnia
+a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation
+Joseph Thompsons
+Mt. Kenia, 1862
+Masai Mara
+lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
+Masai Mara
+June and September
+2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi)
+more than 20 million years ago
+Pleistocene epoch
+Richard Leakey
+1
+Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
+The Swahili
+The Swahili
+Duarte Barbosa
+Kenyan Coast
+Malindi
+Mombasa
+August 1914
+the governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce
+Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
+undefeated
+Northern Rhodesia
+over a million
+itinerant farmers
+less and less land in exchange for their labour
+80,000
+Warhi Itote
+Mau Mau command structure
+24 April 1954
+4,686 Mau Mau
+reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.
+1957
+Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta
+12 December 1963
+12 December 1963
+Republic of Kenya
+voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
+constitutional reform
+Daniel arap Moi
+presidential representative democratic republic
+head of state and head of government
+the government
+both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
+The Judiciary
+Corruption Perception Index
+gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
+139th
+Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
+Orange Democratic Movement
+Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
+votes from his stronghold arrived later
+Raila Odinga
+to avoid similar disasters in the future
+Evangelical Lutheran Church
+Evangelical Lutheran Church
+Evangelical Lutheran Church
+28 February 2008
+Kenya's second Prime Minister
+PNU and ODM
+Parliament
+the coalition would hold until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
+an elected MP who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members
+Jakaya Kikwete
+Harambee House
+29 February 2008
+the two political parties would share power equally
+eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
+4 August 2010
+a bill of rights
+27 August 2010
+Second Republic
+December 2014
+to guard against armed groups
+nine
+it infringed on democratic freedoms
+United States, Britain, Germany and France
+International Criminal Court trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto
+Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto
+Xi Jinping
+July 2015
+peacekeeping missions around the world
+the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country
+human rights violations
+Kenya’s armed forces
+the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”
+Armoured Personnel Carriers
+Further
+145 out of 186 in the world
+145 out of 186
+$1.25 a day
+frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
+62%
+75%
+Industry and manufacturing
+75%
+61%
+tourism
+the late 1980s
+coastal beaches and the game reserves
+Germany and the United Kingdom
+24%
+tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
+second largest
+weather-related fluctuations
+International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
+650 mm
+by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+linking producers to wholesalers
+enabling some farmers to buy assets
+fertile highlands
+Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
+north and east
+53%
+August and September 2011
+14%
+14%
+Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
+household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
+African Growth and Opportunity Act
+2000
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+1997
+Kenya has proven deposits of oil in Turkana
+around 10 billion barrels.
+Exploration
+20% to 25%
+$474 million
+Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment
+Uganda
+Base resources of Australia
+environmental and social problems
+Vision 2030
+2030
+National Climate Change Action Plan
+an oversight
+climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months
+agriculture
+30%
+9–18.
+poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
+their mother tongues within their own communities
+English and Swahili
+commerce, schooling and government
+in the country
+23.5%
+23.5%
+3 million
+Nairobi
+2.4%
+Sixty percent
+Christian
+around 300,000
+80%
+clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
+7,000
+7,000
+Half
+Half
+malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
+malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
+15 million
+British colonists.
+12 December 1963
+Ominde Commission
+critical issues at the time
+seven years of primary, four years of lower secondary, two years of upper secondary, and three years of university.
+reforming of the entire education system
+8–4–4 system
+8–4–4 system
+1992
+January 1985
+vocational subjects
+to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
+January 2003
+about 70%.
+four years
+six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
+free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry
+four years
+85%
+three to five
+Standard One (First Grade)
+those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
+Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
+National and Public Library Services
+establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
+A public library is seen as a peoples university
+it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
+cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
+middle-distance and long-distance athletics
+Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)
+Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)
+six gold
+2008 Olympics
+the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot
+the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries
+economic or financial factors
+Kenya has been a dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa
+Cricket
+2003
+Rakep Patel
+March 2007
+Safari Rally
+one of the toughest rallies in the world
+Björn Waldegrd, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
+three
+10 o'clock
+bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
+Ugali
+The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations
+World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
+to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference
+United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
+Resolution 43/53
+Hoesung Lee
+Hoesung Lee
+Ismail El Gizouli
+Bert Bolin
+February 2015
+representatives appointed by governments and organizations
+350
+350 government officials and climate change experts
+7-eighths
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
+Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
+climate related data
+published sources
+non-peer-reviewed sources
+model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
+two
+two
+two
+assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group
+ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs
+WG I Summary for Policymakers
+additional warming of the Earth's surface
+CO2
+0.3 °C
+0.3 to 0.6 °C
+2001
+16
+Australian Academy of Science
+90%
+90%
+Richard Lindzen
+does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
+John Houghton
+John Houghton, who was a co-chair of TAR WGI
+scientific evidence
+the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports
+two
+two
+governments
+National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
+publishing default emission factors
+to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
+the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions
+The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect,
+"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
+WWF report
+"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+Robert Watson
+overstating the impact
+co-chair of the IPCC working group II
+"What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance"
+"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+"hockey stick graph"
+Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
+between 1000 and 1900
+Fred Singer
+Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
+18 July 2000
+United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
+Rep. Joe Barton
+Ed Whitfield
+23 June 2005
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000
+Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000
+Ten
+divergence problem
+Ten
+1 February 2007
+temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report
+near the top end of the range
+near the top end of the range
+projected rises in sea levels
+9–88 cm
+50–140 cm
+2001
+Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009
+Science Magazine
+Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009
+Kyoto Protocol
+Climate Change
+The lockstep situation
+Sheldon Ungar
+varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
+successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts
+Stern Review
+it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies
+any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report
+the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release.
+Nature
+Nature
+Wikipedia-IPCC
+full-time staff
+conduct photosynthesis
+ATP and NADPH
+ATP and NADPH
+Calvin cycle
+varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.
+Chloroplasts
+light color and intensity
+their own DNA
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
+each daughter cell during cell division
+plants and algae
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+Konstantin Mereschkowski
+Cyanobacteria
+prokaryotes
+two cell membranes
+peptidoglycan
+blue-green algae
+phagocytic vacuole
+around a billion years ago
+phagosomal membrane
+phagosomal membrane
+many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
+almost the same thing as chloroplast
+green
+green
+green
+green chloroplast lineage
+glaucophyte
+alga Cyanophora,
+glaucophyte chloroplasts
+carbon fixation enzyme rubisco
+carbon fixation enzyme rubisco
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+phycobilin pigments
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water
+starch
+they have lost their phycobilisomes
+accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
+peptidoglycan wall
+Some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer, though they've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division
+chlorophyll b
+secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two, as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event, when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to
+secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two
+a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it
+phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane
+The engulfed alga was broken down, leaving only its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus
+green alga
+Euglenophytes
+pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three
+Starch
+three
+cryptomonads
+a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast
+nucleomorph
+in granules found in the periplastid space
+stacks of two
+helicosproidia
+chromalveolates
+Plasmodium, the malaria parasite
+vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
+in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
+fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters
+apicomplexan-related diseases
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
+true thylakoids
+four
+Peridinin
+peridinin-type chloroplast
+triplet-stacked
+red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
+fucoxanthin
+fucoxanthin
+tertiary endosymbiosis
+tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast
+cryptophyte
+the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
+phycobilin-containing chloroplast
+two-membraned chloroplast
+heterokontophyte
+a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
+red algal derived chloroplast
+the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
+in granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
+all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus
+peridinin chloroplast
+peridinin chloroplast
+peridinin chloroplast
+peridinin chloroplast
+first set of endosymbiotic events
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
+around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome
+around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome
+around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome, but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome
+ctDNA, or cpDNA
+the plastome
+1962
+1986
+two Japanese research teams
+inverted repeat regions
+direct repeats
+stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
+electron microscopy
+two
+theta intermediary form
+Cairns replication intermediate
+rolling circle mechanism
+A  G
+single stranded
+linear
+homologous recombination
+branched, linear, or other complex structures
+bacteriophage T4
+homologous recombination and replication structures
+a D-loop mechanism of replication
+a D loop mechanism
+Endosymbiotic gene transfer
+evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence
+red algal derived chloroplast
+the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor (probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too) had a green algal derived chloroplast
+pseudogenes
+around half
+participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
+to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross the cell membrane
+a phosphate group
+after a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol
+Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
+Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely
+lens-shaped
+lens-shaped, 5–8 m in diameter and 1–3 m
+lens-shaped, 5–8 m in diameter and 1–3 m
+a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net
+a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net
+The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane
+the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
+the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.
+mitochondrial double membrane
+oxidative phosphorylation
+to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
+internal thylakoid system
+inner chloroplast membrane
+amyloplasts
+stroma-containing tubule
+to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
+1962
+C4 plants
+gymnosperms
+membranous tubes and vesicles
+cross-membrane transport
+to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space
+to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
+two-thirds
+17 nm vs 25 nm
+shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
+translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
+plastoglobule(s)
+spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins
+spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins
+45–60 nanometers across
+a lipid monolayer
+attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
+thylakoid network
+attached directly to their parent thylakoid
+old or stressed chloroplasts
+chloroplasts
+spherical and highly refractive bodies
+spherical and highly refractive bodies
+spherical and highly refractive bodies
+"de novo"
+helical thylakoid model
+helical thylakoid
+two to a hundred
+two to a hundred
+helicoid stromal thylakoids
+light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
+light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
+absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons
+pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+dam turbine
+two
+grana
+in contact with the stroma
+pancake-shaped circular disks
+pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
+thirty
+transfer and dissipate excess energy
+chlorophyll green
+-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts, like chlorophyll a.
+orange-red zeaxanthin
+cyanobacteria
+Phycobilins
+phycoerytherin
+40 nanometers
+40 nanometers
+rubisco
+it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
+accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
+Calvin cycle
+ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced.
+light reactions
+rubisco
+normal grana and thylakoids
+four-carbon compound
+carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
+chlorophyll
+chlorophyll
+parenchyma cells
+collenchyma tissue
+A plant cell which contains chloroplasts
+stems
+leaves
+8–15 per cell
+half a million
+mesophyll layers
+low-light conditions
+intense light
+reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage
+distribution chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
+Mitochondria
+two
+programmed cell death
+warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
+by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
+reactive oxygen species
+reactive oxygen species
+stress in a cell
+an unknown second messenger molecule
+signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
+photosynthesis
+photosynthesis
+sugars
+water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
+water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
+ATP energy
+pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+up to a thousand times
+adenosine diphosphate
+adenosine triphosphate
+NADP+
+cyclic photophosphorylation
+C4 plants
+C4 plants, which need more ATP than NADPH
+Rubisco
+unstable six-carbon molecules
+3-phosphoglyceric acid
+one out of every six
+glucose monomers
+high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
+thylakoids
+Waterlogged roots
+another photosynthesis-depressing factor
+RuBP
+oxygen concentration is too high
+it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
+Calvin cycle
+chloroplast dimorphism
+Chloroplasts
+methionine
+it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
+whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
+Chloroplasts
+fertilized egg
+an adult plant's apical meristems
+starch-storing amyloplasts
+chloroplasts
+a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
+a lattice of tubes in their stroma
+yellow chlorophyll
+Gymnosperms
+chromoplasts
+bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
+chromoplasts
+chromoplasts
+chloroplasts and other plastids
+filaments
+a structure called a Z-ring
+a structure called a Z-ring
+chloroplast's stroma
+Min system
+two plastid-dividing rings
+two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings
+about 5 nanometers across
+6.4 nanometers
+Cyanidioschyzon merol, chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space.
+Light
+green light, but are slow to complete division— they require exposure to bright white light
+Spinach leaves
+poor quality green light
+pollen
+significantly lower environmental risks
+3 in 1,000,000
+3 in 1,000,000.
+a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself
+composite number
+The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
+primality
+trial division
+Miller–Rabin primality test
+AKS primality test
+22,338,618 decimal digits
+Euclid
+Euclid
+statistical behaviour
+prime number theorem
+end of the 19th century
+infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2).
+infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2).
+analytic or algebraic
+public-key cryptography
+prime elements and prime ideals
+2
+1, 2, and n
+odd prime
+1, 3, 7, or 9
+even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5.
+1
+Christian Goldbach
+Christian Goldbach
+10,006,721
+forms its own special category as a "unit"
+Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+the sieve of Eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime
+the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function.
+the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function
+eliminate all multiples of 1 (that is, all other numbers) and produce as output only the single number 1
+the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus
+Ancient Greeks
+Euclid's Elements
+Euclid
+a simple method to compute primes
+Pierre de Fermat
+Leibniz and Euler
+22n + 1
+2p  1
+up to n = 4 (or 216 +1)
+trial division
+if a complete list of primes up to is known
+dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root
+only three divisions
+dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n
+two main classes
+probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
+probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
+probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
+1/(1-p)n
+npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number.
+npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number.
+there are some composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity
+Baillie-PSW
+Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests
+p + 1 or p  1
+prime numbers that are of the form 2p  1
+Lucas–Lehmer test
+primorial primes
+p + 1 or p  1
+distributed computing
+2009
+US$100,000
+$150,000 and $250,000
+[256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1)  1]
+floor function
+Chebyshev
+at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2, for any natural number n > 3
+there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2
+Wilson's theorem
+one
+Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions
+1/6
+at most one prime number
+infinitely many prime numbers
+The zeta function
+if there were only finitely many primes then (1) would have a finite value
+diverges
+exceeds any given number
+the following identity (Basel problem), due to Euler,
+1859
+all zeroes of the -function
+random noise
+asymptotic distribution of primes
+asymptotic distribution of primes
+Goldbach's conjecture
+1912
+all numbers up to n = 2  1017
+Vinogradov's theorem
+Chen's theorem
+twin prime conjecture
+pairs of primes with difference 2
+Polignac's conjecture
+n2 + 1
+Brocard's conjecture
+prime numbered gear teeth
+G. H. Hardy
+1970s
+hash tables
+hash tables and pseudorandom number generators
+a recurring decimal
+p  1
+The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10) has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q.
+n > 4
+p is not a prime factor of q
+512-bit primes
+RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+512-bit primes
+modular exponentiation
+512-bit primes
+cicadas
+grubs underground
+7, 13 or 17 years
+prime number intervals between emergences
+up to 2% higher
+minimality or indecomposability
+smallest subfield
+a connected sum of prime knots
+any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
+a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
+elements of any commutative ring R
+commutative ring
+prime elements and irreducible elements
+given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y.
+given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y. An element is irreducible if it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
+The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+Gaussian integers Z[i]
+Gaussian integers
+arbitrary integers
+Rational primes
+ring theory
+Prime ideals
+Prime ideals, which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal, are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra, algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry.
+Lasker–Noether theorem, which expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals,
+Lasker–Noether theorem, which expresses every ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals,
+Prime ideals
+ramification in geometry
+prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
+prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
+this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value
+completed (or local) fields
+completing with respect to the p-adic norm
+local-global principle
+Olivier Messiaen
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+third étude
+movements of nature
+the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea
+the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea
+1,050,000
+Danube
+1,230 km (760 mi)
+the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea
+the Netherlands
+2,900 m3/s
+Rnos
+English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin
+Rnaz
+1st century BC
+Rnos
+English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin
+the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *Rnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rn, Old High German Rn, Dutch Rijn
+Rnaz
+Rhijn
+Rhine-kilometers
+1939
+1939
+1939
+The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course
+Rhine-kilometers"
+1939
+1939
+The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course
+1939
+north
+599 m to 396 m.
+599 m to 396 m.
+Near Sargans
+the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East.
+Chur
+599 m to 396 m.
+599 m to 396 m.
+599 m to 396 m.
+the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East.
+Lake Constance
+Alter Rhein
+modern canalized section
+Isel
+Donkey
+Lake Constance
+modern canalized section
+Alter Rhein
+at least two arms
+Isel
+the Rhine
+Fußach
+the Rhine
+Dornbirner Ach
+continuous input of sediment into the lake
+Fußach
+the Rhine
+the Rhine
+Dornbirner Ach
+continuous input of sediment into the lake
+Lake Constance
+lower lake
+Lake Rhine
+the Swiss-Austrian border
+upper lake
+Lake Constance
+Germany, Switzerland and Austria
+near the Alps
+47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E
+Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
+greater density of cold water
+Lake Überlingen
+Rheinbrech
+the entire length of the lake.
+Lindau
+Rheinbrech
+Lindau
+Lake Überlingen
+Rhine Gutter
+water level
+westward
+Aare
+1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
+Finsteraarhorn
+Basel
+westward
+Aare
+more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s), and provides more than a fifth of the discharge
+Finsteraarhorn
+German
+centre of Basel
+Rhine knee
+Central Bridge
+300 km
+about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide
+centre of Basel
+Rhine knee
+the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North
+High Rhine
+Central Bridge
+19th Century
+ground water level
+The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+large compensation pools
+a Rhine straightening program
+19th Century
+ground water level
+The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+Germany
+300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
+The Rhine
+the Moselle
+2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+Germany
+Germany
+the Moselle
+Northeastern France
+2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+Middle Rhine
+Rhine Gorge
+erosion
+the Romantic Rhine
+Middle Rhine
+Rhine Gorge
+The gorge
+Romantic Rhine
+Rhine
+Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+drinking water
+Switzerland
+water pollution
+Rhine
+Switzerland
+Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+viniculture and tourism
+Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz
+Lorelei
+scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes,
+viniculture and tourism
+The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz
+Lorelei
+Sankt Goarshausen
+Duisburg
+Wesel-Datteln Canal
+parallel to the Lippe
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m
+Lower Rhine
+Rhine-Ruhr
+Duisport
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m
+Meuse
+Rijn
+Two thirds
+west
+Two thirds
+Meuse
+Oude Maas
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn
+Lek
+Nieuwe Maas
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn
+one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer
+Lek
+Wijk bij Duurstede
+Rijn
+these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders.
+Kromme Rijn
+Bent Rhine
+Old Rhine
+Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands
+Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands
+Rhine Delta
+Nederrijn at Angeren
+three
+Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel
+Old Meuse
+the Rip
+Merwede-Oude Maas
+1421
+Merwede-Oude Maas
+1421 to 1904
+archipelago-like estuary
+Many rivers have been closed ("dammed")
+the second half of the 20th Century
+dammed
+the second half of the 20th Century
+tidal delta
+tidal currents
+strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea.
+Brakel and Zaltbommel
+Tethys sea
+Jurassic Period
+Mediterranean geography
+Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era
+Iberia
+Eocene
+Upper Rhine Graben
+Miocene
+watersheds of the Rhone and Danube
+stream capture
+Pliocene period
+Vosges Mountains
+Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages
+sea level dropped 120 m (390 ft)
+sea level dropped 120 m (390 ft)
+northwest
+Brest
+ 74,000
+11,600 BP
+70,000 BP
+120 m (390 ft) lower
+the lower Rhine
+a glacier
+tundra
+22,000–14,000 yr BP
+ice-sheets
+loess
+frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers
+frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers
+Rhine
+13,000 BP
+9000 BP
+7500 yr ago
+natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes
+last 7000 years
+tectonic subsidence
+1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century
+11,700 years ago
+8,000 years ago
+Late-Glacial valley
+the Netherlands
+ 3000 yr BP
+increased flooding and sedimentation
+sediment load of the Rhine
+11–13th
+80
+North Sea
+Meuse estuary
+IJsselmeer
+a freshwater lake
+River Waal
+Herodotus
+Gaul and Germania
+6th century BC
+Maurus Servius Honoratus
+the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube.
+Rhine and upper Danube
+until the empire fell
+drifted across the river eastwards
+Moguntiacum
+eight
+Germania Inferior
+Gallia Narbonensis and XXI, possibly a Galatian legion from the other side of the empire.
+whether a state or threat of war
+town of the Ubii
+Alemannia
+Alemannia
+dragons rock
+the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) ("dragons rock"), near Bonn at the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms, at the Rhine and Kriemhild's golden treasure, which was thrown into
+Hagen
+6th century
+10th century
+Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+the Peace of Westphalia
+Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine
+Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte,
+1806
+1840
+end of World War I
+1935
+1935
+Adolf Hitler's rise to power
+1936
+The Rhine bridge at Arnhem
+formidable natural obstacle
+September 1944
+Ludendorff Bridge
+Seven Days to the River Rhine
+1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
+Knaurs Lexikon
+typographical error
+1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
+2010
+1997
+Scotland Act 1998
+the areas in which it can make laws
+explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
+The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster
+Parliament of Great Britain
+Parliament of Great Britain
+Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War.
+Kilbrandon Commission
+1973
+"It's Scotland's oil" campaign
+"It's Scotland's oil" campaign
+1974
+the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
+1978
+Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh
+Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh
+32.9%
+The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed
+32.9%
+Conservative
+Conservative Party
+Scottish Constitutional Convention
+the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.
+a new Scottish Parliament Building
+Enric Miralles
+Enric Miralles
+leaf-shaped
+Queen Elizabeth II
+to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly
+General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
+School of Divinity
+Strathclyde Regional Council
+Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
+City of Edinburgh Council
+George IV Bridge
+demolished
+Parliament's visitors' centre
+Parliament's visitors' centre
+two MSPs
+Tricia Marwick
+secret ballot
+129
+A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.
+Presiding Officer
+Convening the Parliamentary Bureau
+one representative from each political parties with five or more seats
+at home and abroad
+hemicycle
+the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members
+131
+2
+cannot vote
+silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
+silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
+the Queen
+Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
+in a glass case suspended from the lid
+Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays
+Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm
+the public
+free
+the Official Report
+Wednesdays
+up to four minutes
+Presiding Officer
+Speakers are drawn from across Scotland
+Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers
+The Presiding Officer
+the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
+the Presiding Officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties
+ministers or party leaders
+Scots, Gaelic
+5 pm
+the sounding of the division bell, which is heard throughout the Parliamentary campus
+return and vote
+electronic consoles on their desks
+the outcome of each division is known in seconds
+political parties
+political parties
+whips
+moral
+Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections
+45
+an MSP who is not a Scottish minister
+45 minutes
+other members
+winds up
+committee
+backbenchers
+there is no revising chamber
+take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise
+at other locations throughout Scotland
+MSPs
+Committees
+different committees
+Mandatory Committees
+fourth Session
+at the beginning of each parliamentary session
+one (or more) of the departments (or ministries)
+Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
+Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
+an outside party or promoter
+large-scale development projects
+to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.
+Private Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland.
+The Scotland Act 1998
+Queen Elizabeth II
+The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies
+Westminster
+Queen Elizabeth II
+all subjects which are not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act
+automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament
+All matters that are not specifically reserved
+up to 3 pence in the pound
+borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns.
+Reserved matters
+Westminster
+Westminster
+UK Government ministers
+Scottish Government
+Scottish Government
+a private member
+an outside proposer
+Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages
+a Policy Memorandum
+a Policy Memorandum
+whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
+in the relevant committee or committees
+Stage 2
+Stage 3
+consideration of amendments to the bill
+Stage 3
+wrecking
+Decision Time
+the Monarch
+the Monarch
+Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government
+Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government
+"The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent
+The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament
+Any member
+a number of candidates
+elected MSPs
+the Sovereign
+the first Thursday in May
+the first Thursday in May
+Monarch
+unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case they supplant it.
+the Queen
+Scottish Parliament
+First Minister or members of the cabinet
+at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year
+issues related to the substance of the statement
+Parliamentary time
+11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m.
+members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government
+issues under their jurisdiction
+four
+73
+Orkney and Shetland
+one
+Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
+55,000
+d'Hondt
+d'Hondt method
+The party with the highest quotient
+constituency seats
+repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.
+a number of qualifications
+House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981
+over the age of 18
+Members of the police and the armed forces
+Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
+a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
+Labour
+151 votes
+one
+a referendum on Scottish independence
+Conservatives
+Edinburgh Pentlands
+five seats
+Annabel Goldie
+Union
+Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland
+English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
+West Lothian question
+standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.
+England
+Islamism
+moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.
+reordering of government and society
+"oscillating between two poles
+a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion
+Tunisian Ennahda
+Hamas
+to abolish the state of Israel
+democracy
+religious
+Graham E. Fuller
+Sunni pan-Islamism
+sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
+"increasingly interdependent" with democracy
+Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy
+Islamism
+Islam ism
+Islamism
+illiberal Islamic regimes
+separate religion from politics
+Muslims
+the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam
+the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam
+1945 and 1970
+quietist/ non-political Islam
+dangerous enemies
+During the 1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups
+considerable impact
+US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact.
+leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
+considerable impact
+Anwar Sadat
+Anwar Sadat
+Anwar Sadat
+1975
+assassinated
+Wahhabism
+hate them for their religion
+Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims
+Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims
+Saudi
+Islamist
+incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments
+Islamist
+rhetoric
+prohibitively costly dowry demands
+London branch
+All India Muslim League
+Indian National Congress
+1908
+The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
+Hindu-majority population
+Hindu-majority population
+nationalist differences
+Allahabad
+Pakistan movement
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+1941
+writing
+placed Islam in a modern context
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+writing
+placed Islam in a modern context
+Sharia
+an Islamic state
+unity of God
+the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah.
+the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah.
+Ismailiyah, Egypt
+Ismailiyah, Egypt
+Hassan al Banna
+the Qur'an
+government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world.
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+1948
+Gamal Abdul Nasser
+the Brotherhood
+75% of the total seats
+"semi-legal"
+"semi-legal"
+Mohamed Morsi
+Israeli troops
+Israeli troops
+secular Arab nationalism
+A steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics
+Maududi and Sayyid Qutb
+Sunni Islamic thinkers
+Ali Shariati
+Sunni Islamic thinkers
+"plundering" of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Western governments.
+"plundering" of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Western governments.
+Shia terrorist groups
+Shia terrorist groups
+Shia terrorist groups
+Israel-Lebanon conflict
+Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
+40th Army
+40th Army
+send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
+marginal
+16,000 to 35,000
+US and allied non-Muslim military personnel
+Saddam Hussein
+Islamist
+US and allied non-Muslim military personnel
+a puppet of the west
+American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process
+Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups (Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups)
+American troops remained stationed in the kingdom
+Osama bin Laden's terror attacks
+Osama bin Laden
+Hasan al-Hudaybi,
+1966
+Brotherhood
+Fringe or splinter
+1970s
+Anwar Sadat
+1981
+apostate
+leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
+Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+2003
+the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful
+attempted assassinations of political figures
+quiescent
+HAMAS
+1988
+the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without hijab.
+First Palestine Intifada
+Hamas
+542
+January 2006
+542
+driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
+Islamist
+Hassan al-Turabi
+General Gaafar al-Nimeiry
+foreign Islamist banking systems
+loyalists
+1985
+the military
+strict application of sharia law
+Osama bin Laden
+Osama bin Laden
+Sharia law, economic liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment
+1989
+Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria
+Front Islamique de Salut
+voting was canceled by a military coup d'état
+justice and prosperity
+Soviet Union
+1992
+one of the poorest countries on earth
+80%
+Deobandi
+Pakistan
+Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
+Sharia
+Osama bin Laden
+July 1977
+alcohol and nightclubs
+Islamism
+imposing "symbols" rather than substance, and using Islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power
+1988
+Daesh
+Daesh
+ten million
+it lacks international recognition
+caliphate
+2004
+Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
+notorious intransigence
+March 2011
+the United Nations, the European Union and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria
+the Caliphate, the party takes a different view of Muslim history
+7th century
+1924
+Turkish modernist
+ended the true Islamic system
+"ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government,"
+ideological struggle
+"ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government,"
+1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt
+jihadi terrorists
+900,000
+strong Islamist
+2007
+Londonistan
+Abu Hamza al-Masri, the imam of the Finsbury Park Mosque, was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism
+2001
+public diplomacy programmes
+Christian Whiton
+Robert Gates
+Robert Gates
+Latin
+extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force
+Japan
+rapid spread of technologies and ideas
+extending a country’s power and influence
+"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule."
+othering
+less direct
+"formal" and "informal" imperialism
+physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule"
+general-purpose aggressiveness
+enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries
+informal
+land
+how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory
+Lenin
+expansion overland, economic and cultural influences spread at least as much
+Asia and Africa
+colonialism
+it lacks a political focus
+Robert Young
+Contiguous land empires
+to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people
+Imperialism and colonialism
+the process of a country taking physical control of another
+create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands
+exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered
+Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.
+defense and justification of empire-building
+defense and justification of empire-building
+races of highest'social efficiency'
+"Social Darwinism" and a theory of races
+whiteness
+Friedrich Ratzel
+Friedrich Ratzel
+Friedrich Ratzel
+The Royal Geographical Society of London
+The Royal Geographical Society of London
+environmental determinism
+Ellen Churchill Semple
+Edward Said’s Orientalism
+environmental determinism
+Orientalism
+Terra nullius
+eighteenth century
+generalizable to the policies and practices of the British Empire
+Australia
+empty land
+imaginative geography
+irrational and backward
+Defining the East as a negative vision of itself, as its inferior
+Orientalism
+irrational and backward
+nineteenth-century maps
+"information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
+to denote unknown or unexplored territory
+cartographic techniques
+French and British
+Aztec Empire
+Genghis Khan
+dozens
+Ethiopian Empire
+Sub-Saharan Africa
+Cultural imperialism
+soft power
+Dallas
+Roman
+authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes
+1700
+colonizing
+the "Scramble for Africa" and the "Open Door Policy"
+early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century
+Open Door Policy
+1919
+1999
+John Gallagher
+the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.
+the world's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before World War I, making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous.
+economic growth
+the "British exploited the political weakness of the Mughal state, and, while military activity was important at various times, the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance"
+collecting resources from colonies
+Mughal state
+advancements in communication
+European chemists
+machine gun
+arrows, swords, and leather shields
+European chemists
+British
+late 1870s
+idealism and philanthropy
+investment
+aristocracy
+1950s
+World War I
+domestic social reforms
+state intervention through taxation
+environmental determinism
+a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived
+less civilized
+Africa
+orientalism and tropicality
+climatic
+Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate
+guidance and intervention from the European empire
+orientalism
+colonizing empires
+sixteenth century
+Queen Elizabeth
+Queen Elizabeth
+1767
+Portuguese
+France took control of Algeria in 1830
+1850
+Catholicism
+North and West Africa
+Germany
+lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior
+assimilation
+France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.
+Christianity and French culture
+Algeria
+Charles de Gaulle and the Free French
+anti-colonial movements
+Vietnam
+Algeria
+1960
+the Holy Roman Empire,
+Muslim Iberia
+middle period of classical antiquity
+800 CE
+an amorphous area of central Europe
+late 19th century
+1862
+Franco-German War
+Napoleon
+Habsburg control of the First Empire, the Spanish throne, and other royal houses.
+Africa and the South Pacific
+reasons of German prestige
+1884
+German New Guinea
+Hamburg merchants and traders
+Russo-Japanese War
+1894
+Thailand
+1931
+The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China
+1932
+Lenin
+Eastern Europe
+Lenin
+the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution
+Lenin
+Mao Zedong
+Nikita Khrushchev
+socialism in one country
+mercantilism
+1776
+Britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade
+1820
+1815
+The British Empire
+Social Darwinism
+British spirit of imperialism
+Asia and the Middle East
+Monroe Doctrine
+Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism
+a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines
+Anti-Imperialist League
+a "racket"
+Isiah Bowman
+1917
+Paris Peace Conference
+to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'
+Wilson's geographer
+imperialism
+"internal colonialism"
+12 to 15 million
+using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary Orient
+1299 to 1923
+Suleiman the Magnificent
+32
+Southeast Europe
+16th and 17th centuries
+Istanbul
+the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions.
+World War I
+the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions.
+United Methodist Church
+mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
+John and Charles Wesley
+the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
+Wesleyan
+80 million
+80 million
+largest mainline Protestant denomination
+3.6%
+mid-18th century
+Church of England
+methodical and exceptional detailed in their Bible study
+1735
+Georgia
+John and Charles Wesley
+salvation by God's grace
+John Wesley
+1784
+Thomas Coke
+the Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+the Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+1767
+sail Loft on Dock Street
+1784
+Absalom Jones
+St. George's Church
+1784
+1830
+laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
+1844
+tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
+April 23, 1968
+Dallas, Texas
+Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
+the Apostle's Creed
+The Book of Discipline
+all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
+the American Revolution
+Dr. Thomas Coke
+Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
+1968
+John Wesley and Charles Wesley
+Albert C. Outler
+Albert C. Outler
+Prevenient grace
+Prevenient grace
+the grace that "goes before" us
+Prevenient grace
+Justifying Grace
+justifying grace
+conversion
+conversion
+the New Birth
+Christian Perfection
+Sanctifying Grace
+a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
+Christian Perfection
+Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology
+prima scriptura
+moderate and tolerant
+The Book of Discipline
+2008 General Conference
+2008 General Conference
+2008 General Conference
+The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women
+the need to be in supportive ministry with all women
+they "are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother
+TUMAS
+May 2012
+Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
+temperance movement
+2011 and 2012
+The Use of Money
+unfermented grape juice
+capital punishment
+Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7.
+Matthew 5:38-39
+General Conference of the United Methodist Church
+the celebration of same-sex unions
+Rev. Jimmy Creech
+2016
+Connectional Table
+LGBT community
+voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions
+1987
+2005
+Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
+United Methodist Church
+neither the way of military action
+the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war
+Christ's message and teachings
+an instrument of national foreign policy
+general and complete disarmament
+"about violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion" and "deplore[s] all forms of commercialization, abuse, and exploitation of sex."
+violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
+their perspective, relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of girls and women
+the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent
+stem cells
+the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent
+Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
+Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
+Sunday Service of the Methodists
+Africa
+Book of Common Prayer
+laying on of hands and anointing with oil
+a biblical figure
+William Booth
+John Wesley
+United Methodist Church
+General Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+General Conference
+every four years
+five
+seven
+bishops
+bishops
+Episcopal Areas
+Mission Council
+church bishops
+the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction
+George W. Bush Presidential Library
+the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction
+eight-year
+The Judicial Council
+eight-year term
+twice a year
+twice a year at various locations throughout the world
+Annual Conference
+geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
+Clergy
+The Book of Discipline
+board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members
+board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members
+The church conference
+The church conference
+around one hundred
+three hundred sixty
+International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
+John Wesley
+pastors
+Annual Conference Order of Elders
+Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+Annual Conference Cabinet
+one year at a time
+Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
+Elders are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service
+the local church
+2–3 years
+District Superintendents
+2–3 years
+bishop
+bishop
+elders
+1996
+seminary graduate
+1996
+Licensed Local Pastor
+Full-time and part-time licensed local pastor
+five
+Associate Membership
+Baptized Members
+confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
+transfer from another Christian denomination
+Baptism
+confirmation and membership preparation classes
+The Book of Discipline
+Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
+two categories of lay servants
+they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant
+annually
+at least one advanced course every three years
+The United Methodist Church
+observer status
+blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
+Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union
+May 2012
+The United Methodist Church has since 1985 been exploring a possible merger with three historically African-American Methodist denominations:
+42,000
+42,000
+8 million
+8 million
+Texas
+11.4 million
+7.9 million
+7.9 million
+Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
+World Methodist Council
+July 18, 2006
+1754–1763
+colonies of British America and New France
+60,000 European settlers
+2 million
+New France and the British colonies
+Forks of the Ohio
+Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington
+1755
+Battle of the Monongahela
+poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
+Fort Beauséjour
+Acadians
+William Pitt
+France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
+Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.
+Sainte Foy in Quebec
+Great Britain
+Spain
+Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America
+1740s
+Seven Years' War
+France and Great Britain
+the Great War for the Empire
+1763
+six years
+1760
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+75,000
+75,000
+Indian women
+Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
+Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
+the interior
+native tribes
+Father Le Loutre's War
+Ohio Country
+limited by them in authority to make agreements
+Creek and Choctaw
+the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region
+Anglo-Cherokee War
+North America
+British troops
+local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.
+June and November 1749.
+about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.
+they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
+Pickawillany
+severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British
+"Old Briton" ignored the warning.
+The Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English
+the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken
+British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
+1749
+1749
+Christopher Gist
+the Monongahela River
+the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
+King George's War
+Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
+British and French colonies
+Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides
+Marquis de la Jonquière
+French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
+not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
+Old Briton
+Paul Marin de la Malgue
+Erie, Pennsylvania
+Waterford, Pennsylvania
+to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
+Tanaghrisson
+The British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
+"He who does great things."
+colonel of the Iroquois
+Chief Hendrick
+Ohio Company
+Major George Washington
+Tanaghrisson
+December 12
+Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
+Ohio Country
+As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
+France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British
+April 5, 1754
+William Trent
+construction tools
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
+to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships
+to dislodge the French
+the British military plans
+King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
+February 1755
+Albany Congress
+allegiance of the various tribes and nations
+The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
+War of Independence
+1,500
+a disaster
+Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.
+Thomas Gage
+Shirley and Johnson.
+logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience in managing large expeditions.
+Fort Niagara
+Mohawk River and Wood Creek
+Marquis de Vaudreuil.
+Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
+both sides withdrawing from the field
+Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
+Fort Carillon
+Colonel Monckton
+To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.
+1757
+William Shirley
+Albany
+Fort Frontenac
+Quebec
+James Abercrombie
+Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
+May 18, 1756
+Oneida Carry
+March Battle of Fort Bull
+45,000 pounds
+Oswego garrison
+Loudoun
+Ticonderoga
+Oswego
+disposition of prisoners' personal effects
+Quebec
+Montcalm
+William Pitt
+New York
+Fort William Henry
+Lake George
+killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
+the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
+poor harvest
+Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg,
+The British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
+Loudoun
+large numbers of regular troops
+Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
+3,600
+3,600
+Fort Frontenac
+Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.
+to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
+New France
+Prussia, and the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
+Montcalm
+cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
+Battle of Sainte-Foy
+the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche
+Governor Vaudreuil
+French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes.
+Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst.
+10 February 1763
+15 February 1763
+Guadeloupe and Martinique
+greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
+80,000
+1755
+North American provinces
+New Orleans
+King George III
+outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
+reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains
+Christianized Yamasee
+Braddock and Forbes
+1769
+Choctaw and the Creek
+the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession
+Aristotle and Archimedes
+fundamental error
+Sir Isaac Newton
+nearly three hundred years
+Einstein
+Standard Model
+gauge bosons
+strong
+strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational
+electroweak interaction
+Aristotle
+Aristotelian cosmology
+four
+motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground
+innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place"
+17th century
+Galileo Galilei
+impetus
+17th century
+friction
+Newton
+constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force
+Newton
+Newton's First Law of Motion
+the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.
+the laws of physics
+curving parabolic path
+the laws of physics do not change from being at rest
+Inertia
+inertia
+rotational inertia of planet Earth
+Albert Einstein
+Newton's Laws of Motion
+principle of equivalence
+Newton's Second Law
+kinematic
+General relativity
+General relativity
+the relative units of force and mass then are fixed
+Newton's Third Law
+Newton's Third Law
+all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3]
+F and F
+action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system
+internal forces
+action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system
+pushes or pulls,
+using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale
+Newtonian mechanics
+experimentation
+vector quantities
+denoted scalar quantities
+Associating forces with vectors
+ambiguous
+Associating forces with vectors
+static equilibrium
+magnitude and direction
+net force
+their respective lines of application
+parallelogram
+right angles
+horizontal force pointing northeast
+Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force
+scalar addition
+right-angles
+static friction
+static friction
+Pushing against an object on a frictional surface
+Pushing against an object on a frictional surface
+A static equilibrium between two forces
+spring reaction force
+force of gravity
+force of gravity
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+simple velocity addition
+Galileo
+the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast
+the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast
+constant velocity motion
+a force is applied in the direction of motion
+constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction
+Aristotle
+Schrödinger equation
+Schrödinger equation
+classical position variables
+quantized
+force
+spin
+the Pauli principle
+spin
+the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force)
+the spatial variables must be antisymmetric
+momentum-carrying gauge
+force
+conservation of momentum
+sophisticated mathematical descriptions
+matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right
+four
+strong and weak forces
+the gravitational force
+masses
+Pauli exclusion principle
+Isaac Newton
+the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of matter (fermions) interacting by exchanging virtual particles
+fundamental theories for forces
+Physicists
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+9.81 meters per second squared
+9.81 meters per second squared
+directly proportional
+Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances.
+acceleration of the Moon around the Earth
+mass
+mass () and the radius
+Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,
+1798
+1798
+Newton
+Mercury
+Vulcan
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+general relativity
+ballistic trajectory
+gravitational force
+when observing the motion in a global sense
+Lorentz's Law
+The connection between electricity and magnetism
+Lorentz's Law
+a sum of the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force
+James Clerk Maxwell
+James Clerk Maxwell
+James Clerk Maxwell
+James Clerk Maxwell
+James Clerk Maxwell
+the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe,
+quantum mechanics
+quantum electrodynamics
+photons
+quantum electrodynamics
+stiffness and rigidity
+Pauli exclusion principle
+not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states.
+macroscopically as a structural force
+stiffness and rigidity
+Pauli exclusion principle
+not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states.
+macroscopically as a structural force
+elementary particles
+a residual of the force is observed between hadrons
+a residual of the force is observed between hadrons
+gluons
+color confinement
+The weak force
+beta decay
+beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity
+1013 times less
+1015 kelvins
+repulsive forces of interaction between atoms
+Pauli repulsion
+fermionic nature of electrons
+repulsive forces of interaction between atoms
+ideal strings
+ideal pulleys
+action-reaction pairs
+the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.
+by connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys
+Newtonian mechanics
+how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects
+extended structure
+extended structure
+extended structure
+tensile stresses and compressions.:133–133:38-1–38-11
+shear terms
+shear terms
+shear terms
+position
+unbalanced torque
+instantaneous angular acceleration
+the center of the curving path
+perpendicular
+unbalanced centripetal force
+the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path
+the tangential force
+A conservative force that acts on a closed system
+A conservative force that acts on a closed system
+net mechanical energy
+the direction and amount of a flow of water
+an artifact of the potential field
+it is impossible to model forces
+gradient of potentials
+friction
+Nonconservative
+statistical mechanics
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+entropy
+macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces
+pound-force
+kilopond
+1 ms2
+the kip
+sthène
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