diff --git "a/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.test.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,11877 @@
+Saint Bernadette Soubirous
+copper
+Main Building
+a Marian place of prayer and reflection
+a golden statue of the Virgin Mary
+September 1876
+Scholastic
+The Observer
+nine
+1987
+Rome
+Moreau Seminary
+Old College
+Fatima House
+Buechner Prize for Preaching
+eight
+1920
+early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science
+eight
+1870s
+Learning Resource Center
+one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school
+1962
+U.S. News & World Report
+1924
+College of Arts and Letters
+Alliance for Catholic Education
+1854
+Department of Pre-Professional Studies
+Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
+Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame
+1986
+Ray Kroc
+1986
+14
+Theodore M. Hesburgh Library
+1963
+Millard Sheets
+Touchdown Jesus
+3,577
+19.7%
+among the top 10 to 15 in the nation
+39.1%
+1,311
+18th
+8th
+1st overall
+10th
+57.6%
+Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.
+1851–1921
+Father John Augustine Zahm
+Thomas Aquinas and Augustine
+Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.
+1882
+Professor Jerome Green
+1899
+Father Julius Nieuwland
+Albert Zahm
+germ-free-life
+1950
+1950
+1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.
+1928
+1939
+German Catholic journals
+44
+1939
+John Jenkins
+"one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world"
+Kroc Institute for International Peace studies
+2013
+the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index
+12,179
+21–24%
+Bookstore Basketball
+the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh
+12,179
+20%
+29
+15
+20%
+15
+Congregatio a Sancta Cruce
+93%
+over 100 times per week
+Fifty-seven
+93%
+Washington Hall
+1879
+Rev. William Corby
+17th of May
+LaFortune Student Center
+Father James Burns
+College of Commerce
+Father James Burns
+Father James Burns
+Harvard Law School
+Knute Rockne
+105
+1925
+three
+three
+Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America
+Ku Klux Klan
+Fr. Matthew Walsh
+week-long
+South Bend
+John Francis O'Hara
+John Francis O'Hara
+Laetare Medal
+1883
+a spiritual service
+more than half
+Lobund Institute for Animal Studies
+Hall of Liberal Arts
+Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C.
+Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute
+1917–2015
+the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million.
+the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million.
+1952–87
+389 to 950
+Hesburgh
+Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters
+Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs
+Mary Ann Proctor
+Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College
+1987–2005
+the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than
+the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than
+$70 million
+the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than
+2005
+17th
+Malloy
+Compton Family Ice Arena
+$400m
+Congregation of Holy Cross
+Basilica of the Sacred Heart
+French Revival
+Luigi Gregori
+1896
+Fr. Zahm
+1950
+Joseph LaFortune
+83,000 square feet
+$1.2 million
+29
+Theodore Hesburgh Library
+Theodore Hesburgh Library,
+Duncan Hall
+Frank Eck Stadium
+Office of Sustainability
+40%
+Sustainable Endowments Institute
+Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
+1968
+Trafalgar Square
+Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.
+1998
+1842
+1842
+1849
+Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University
+O'Shaughnessy Hall, includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social sciences, and awards Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees in 33 majors, making it the largest of the university's colleges.
+Father Patrick Dillon
+1865
+six years
+Jordan Hall of Science
+over 1,200
+The School of Architecture
+Bond Hall
+five-year
+Rome
+Driehaus Architecture Prize
+fall of 2015
+on the first floor of Stanford Hall
+three million volumes
+over three million
+John O'Hara
+Waldemar Gurian
+classics and law
+Max Scheler
+a renowned sculptor
+The University of Notre Dame du Lac
+Catholic research university
+Our Lady of the Lake
+Virgin Mary
+1,250 acres
+Fighting Irish football team
+Knute Rockne
+NCAA Division I
+62
+62
+four-year, highly residential research
+four
+Driehaus Architecture Prize
+more than 50
+Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art
+1842
+Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière
+Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross
+November 26, 1842
+Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel
+1849
+1865
+Father Lemonnier
+1879
+1873
+NDtv
+one
+WSND-FM
+WVFI
+University of Notre Dame
+June 3, 2008
+major national chains
+the City of South Bend
+non-union workers
+Atlantic Coast Conference
+Big East Conference
+Midwest Fencing Conference
+Hockey East
+Big East Conference
+five
+five
+Central Collegiate Hockey Association
+Navy Blue and Gold Rush
+Notre Dame Leprechaun
+Under Armour
+$100 million
+1846
+oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States
+Notre Dame Victory March
+Michigan Wolverines
+Michigan Wolverines
+Ohio State University
+Jeweled Shillelagh
+Ohio State University
+George Gipp
+Knute Rockne
+Ronald Reagan
+George Gipp
+80,795
+Zahm House's two-story banner
+the Drummers' Circle
+Bond Hall
+Notre Dame Alma Mater
+Saturday
+over 1,600
+over 1,600
+over 1,600
+Austin Carr
+Mike Brey
+John F. Shea
+1904
+Rev. Michael J. Shea
+1928
+her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory
+The Gipper
+Airplane!
+Sean Astin
+George Zipp
+Knute Rockne
+Condoleezza Rice
+Eric F. Wieschaus
+Rev. John Jenkins
+Hall of Famers
+Jim Wetherbee
+R&B
+R&B
+2003
+Houston, Texas
+R&B
+Destiny's Child
+Dangerously in Love
+Mathew Knowles
+Houston
+Dangerously in Love
+September 4, 1981
+Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter
+R&B
+R&B
+Dangerously in Love
+2003
+Dangerously in Love
+R&B
+Dangerously in Love
+2003
+acting
+Sasha Fierce
+Sasha Fierce
+The Pink Panther
+2010
+The Pink Panther
+Sasha Fierce
+June 2005
+Destiny's Child
+The Pink Panther
+Sasha Fierce
+Sasha Fierce
+love, relationships, and monogamy
+Time
+Forbes
+The Recording Industry Association of America
+Forbes
+modern-day feminist
+2013 and 2014
+over 118 million
+over 118 million
+over 118 million
+20
+Forbes
+Destiny's Child
+her mother's maiden name
+African-American
+Methodist
+Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
+hairdresser and salon owner
+Solange
+Joseph Broussard
+Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
+Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
+Solange
+Joseph Broussard.
+Methodist
+Fredericksburg
+Darlette Johnson
+Houston
+Darlette Johnson
+St. John's United Methodist Church
+music magnet school
+Imagine
+Fredericksburg
+Darlette Johnson
+seven
+St. John's United Methodist Church
+Arne Frager
+1995
+Elektra Records
+Arne Frager
+1995
+Sony Music
+Elektra Records
+eight
+eight
+Girl's Tyme
+Arne Frager
+1995
+Grass Roots Entertainment
+Men in Black
+"Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name"
+Marc Nelson
+1996
+a passage in the Book of Isaiah
+Men in Black
+Say My Name
+Marc Nelson
+based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah.
+Men in Black.
+No, No, No
+1999
+Marc Nelson
+Beyoncé
+boyfriend
+her mother
+Beyoncé
+a couple of years
+her mother
+Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.
+Beyoncé
+her mother
+LeToya Luckett and Roberson
+Independent Women Part I
+eleven
+Beyoncé
+663,000
+Georges Bizet
+Luckett and Roberson
+Charlie's Angels.
+Carmen: A Hip Hopera
+Luckett and Roberson
+Luckett and Roberson
+October 2001
+Foxxy Cleopatra
+UK, Norway, and Belgium
+The Fighting Temptations
+Missy Elliott
+Summertime
+Goldmember
+73 million
+The Fighting Temptations
+The Fighting Temptations
+$30 million
+Goldmember
+Foxxy Cleopatra
+Work It Out
+The Fighting Temptations
+The Fighting Temptations
+four
+Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland
+11 million
+Crazy in Love
+four
+Jay Z
+Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland
+four
+Luther Vandross
+Jay Z
+June 24, 2003
+Crazy in Love
+Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
+five.
+Destiny Fulfilled
+March 2006
+November 2003
+Destiny Fulfilled
+Rowland
+March 2006
+Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
+Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
+Super Bowl XXXVIII
+Rowland
+541,000
+Déjà Vu
+Jay Z,
+Jay Z,
+twenty-fifth birthday
+Jay Z
+Jay Z,
+twenty-fifth
+541,000
+Jay Z
+Green Light
+$158.8 million
+Dreamgirls
+Dreamgirls
+April 2007
+24 million
+158.8 million
+The Beyoncé Experience
+Shakira
+$158.8 million
+Diana Ross.
+Listen
+The Beyoncé Experience
+Shakira
+Jay Z
+November 18, 2008
+2000s
+Taylor Swift
+119.5 million
+in a video montage at the listening party
+March 2009
+Taylor Swift
+119.5 million
+April 4, 2008
+Jay Z.
+Sasha Fierce
+Single Ladies
+Kanye West
+Etta James
+Phoenix House
+At Last
+thriller
+MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
+Phoenix House
+Obsessed
+Sharon Charles
+60 million
+Etta James
+Phoenix House
+First Couple's first inaugural ball.
+Obsessed.
+ten
+Lauryn Hill
+Lady Gaga
+six
+Mariah Carey
+ten nominations
+Telephone
+Lady Gaga
+Mariah Carey
+Lauryn Hill
+ten
+Lauryn Hill
+Lady Gaga
+Mariah Carey
+January 2010
+January 2010
+Great Wall of China
+January 2010
+her mother
+her father
+nine months
+Beyoncé
+her mother
+her father
+nine months
+2011
+Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
+Glastonbury Festival
+Rolling Stone
+highest-paid performer in the world per minute
+Beyoncé
+2011
+Rolling Stone
+Glastonbury Festival
+Muammar Gaddafi.
+Beyoncé
+Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.
+Glastonbury Festival
+June 28, 2011
+Love on Top
+New York Association of Black Journalists.
+Roseland Ballroom
+June 28, 2011
+310,000
+New York Association of Black Journalists
+June 28, 2011
+June 28, 2011
+June 28, 2011
+310,000
+New York Association of Black Journalists.
+Roseland Ballroom
+January 7, 2012
+Lenox Hill Hospital
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
+romance
+Life Is But a Dream
+Warner/Chappell
+January 2013
+Nuclear
+President Obama
+268,000 tweets per minute
+January 2013
+Nuclear
+President Obama's second inauguration
+Super Bowl XLVII halftime show
+Life Is But a Dream
+132
+132
+Rise Up
+Epic
+132
+2013 Met Gala
+20th Century Fox
+Rise Up
+132
+132
+Back to Black
+She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala.
+20th Century Fox
+Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store
+December 13, 2013
+Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store
+Jay Z
+$115 million
+$115 million
+December 13, 2013
+one million
+Drunk in Love
+On the Run Tour.
+three
+Beck
+Vogue
+Coldplay
+three
+Beck
+Coldplay
+six awards
+Vogue
+Coldplay
+Coldplay
+57th Annual Grammy Awards
+three
+Beck
+Vogue
+Coldplay
+Tidal
+Formation
+February 6, 2016
+Tidal
+Tidal
+Tidal
+February 6, 2016
+Tidal
+300 million
+Paris
+miscarriage
+Jay Z
+April 4, 2008
+300 million
+wrote music
+Paris
+'03 Bonnie & Clyde
+April 4, 2008
+300 million
+miscarriage
+Paris
+MTV Video Music Awards
+pregnancy
+8,868
+MTV Video Music Awards
+8,868
+most tweets per second recorded for a single event"
+Beyonce pregnant
+Love on Top
+MTV Video Music Awards
+Love on Top
+8,868
+Beyonce pregnant
+Lifeandtimes.com
+Glory
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Lenox Hill Hospital
+Glory
+Blue Ivy Carter
+B.I.C.
+January 7, 2012
+Blue Ivy Carter
+Glory
+"B.I.C."
+B.I.C.
+George Zimmerman
+America the Beautiful
+4 million
+same sex marriage
+George Zimmerman
+America the Beautiful
+America the Beautiful
+At Last
+Tumblr
+same sex marriage
+Vogue
+Ban Bossy campaign
+Vogue
+April 2013
+Ban Bossy
+Flawless
+to encourage leadership in girls
+Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
+Ban Bossy
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa
+Freddie Gray
+thousands of dollars
+Freddie Gray
+thousands of dollars
+Madonna and Celine Dion
+highest-earning power couple
+by the end of 2014
+250 million
+Madonna and Celine Dion
+$80 million
+2009 to 2011
+115 million
+250 million
+$80 million
+$115 million
+MTV
+2013
+four
+Jody Rosen
+The Daily Mail
+power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop
+four octaves
+versatile
+power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop
+range and power
+four
+Her vocal abilities
+"velvety yet tart
+hip hop
+R&B
+pop, soul and funk
+Irreemplazable
+re-release of B'Day
+Rudy Perez
+R&B
+Irreemplazable
+Irreemplazable
+Irreemplazable
+R&B
+Irreemplazable
+American record producer Rudy Perez.
+Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day.
+melodies and ideas
+Cater 2 U
+Jay Z
+Jay Z
+Beyoncé
+melodies and ideas
+Independent Women
+Beyoncé
+melodies and ideas
+Mariah Carey
+American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards
+Diane Warren
+Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters
+2001
+Mariah Carey
+17
+Mariah Carey
+Pop Songwriter of the Year
+American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.
+Mariah Carey
+17
+Michael Jackson
+five
+Michael Jackson
+Mariah Carey's singing and her song "Vision of Love"
+Michael Jackson
+Vision of Love
+Michael Jackson
+Michael Jackson
+Diana Ross
+Whitney Houston
+Vision of Love
+Dreamgirls
+Josephine Baker
+Etta James
+Dreamgirls
+boldness
+Fashion Rocks
+feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyoncé's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker.
+Déjà Vu
+Michelle Obama
+February 2013
+Oprah Winfrey
+Michelle Obama
+"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman
+lyrical and raw
+take control of her own career
+lyrical genius
+Michelle Obama
+Oprah Winfrey
+Jean-Michel Basquiat
+Madonna
+Suga Mama
+The Mamas
+Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick
+2006
+Suga Mama
+Suga Mama
+2006 BET Awards
+Suga Mama
+Suga Mama
+B'Day
+The Mamas
+2006 BET Awards
+Beyoncé
+Def Jam L.A. Reid
+Beyoncé
+New York Post
+the greatest entertainer alive
+she "takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good
+New York Post
+Def Jam L.A. Reid
+Sasha Fierce
+"Crazy in Love"
+February 2010
+May 2012
+too aggressive, too strong
+May 2012
+Sasha Fierce.
+2008
+Crazy in Love
+Allure
+Touré
+Touré
+Bootylicious
+Destiny's Child
+Bootylicious
+Bootylicious
+2006
+Touré
+Bootylicious
+2006
+while she likes to dress sexily
+Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011
+Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show
+Complex
+January 2013
+VH1
+Complex
+Complex
+January 2013
+VH1
+September 2010
+Complex
+Hottest Female Singer of All Time
+Madame Tussauds Wax Museums
+Destiny's Style
+Tyra Banks
+Destiny's Style
+2007
+Tyra Banks
+Tyra Banks
+the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and People magazine recognized Beyoncé as the best-dressed celebrity.
+The Bey Hive
+The Beyontourage
+beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions.
+The Bey Hive
+"The Beyontourage
+The Bey Hive
+"The Beyontourage
+beehive
+House of Deréon
+L'Officiel
+blackface and tribal makeup
+2006
+People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
+L'Officiel
+blackface and tribal makeup
+L'Officiel
+wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Deréon.
+blackface and tribal makeup
+African-American
+Emmett Price
+L'Oréal
+natural pictures be used
+it is categorically untrue
+African-American
+Emmett Price
+L'Oréal
+Feria hair color advertisements
+L'Oréal
+Llewyn-Smith
+2013
+2014
+Artist of the Decade
+2013
+2014
+Baz Luhrmann
+Jody Rosen
+Llewyn-Smith
+Time 100 list
+Baz Luhrmann
+2014
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Pepsi
+Pepsi
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Beyoncé's work has influenced numerous artists
+Country Strong
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Gwyneth Paltrow
+Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyoncé at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong.
+Pepsi
+Crazy in Love
+"Crazy in Love"
+"Crazy in Love"
+a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia
+July 2014
+Crazy in Love
+"Crazy in Love"
+8 million copies
+Destiny Child's "Say My Name"
+"Crazy in Love"
+Destiny Child's "Say My Name"
+a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia
+15 million
+15 million
+The Recording Industry Association of America
+15 million
+Beyoncé
+15 million
+15 million
+15 million
+Billboard Millennium Award
+64 certifications
+15 million
+15 million
+The Recording Industry Association of America
+The Recording Industry Association of America
+Billboard Millennium Award
+Alison Krauss
+Alison Krauss
+Alison Krauss
+Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010
+Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
+20 Grammy Awards
+52 nominations
+"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
+Beyoncé set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010
+Alison Krauss
+Alison Krauss
+"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
+Best Actress in a Motion Picture
+Gladiator-themed
+50 million
+Center for Science in the Public Interest
+70
+2002
+Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias
+Pepsi
+Center for Science in the Public Interest
+Gladiator-themed
+$50 million
+Center for Science in the Public Interest
+70
+Tommy Hilfiger
+Tommy Hilfiger
+Heat
+2013
+400 million
+Heat
+February 2011
+Pulse
+the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.
+Tommy Hilfiger
+Heat
+Heat
+the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.
+18
+a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
+18
+a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
+June 2013
+a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
+a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
+a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
+a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development.
+June 2013
+Topshop
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+activewear
+fall of 2015
+Topshop
+fall of 2015
+Parkwood Entertainment
+Topshop
+London
+activewear
+March 30, 2015
+Jay Z
+March 30, 2015
+Beyoncé
+low payout of royalties
+Tidal.
+Aspiro
+Jay Z
+Spotify
+Beyoncé and her mother
+Agnèz Deréon
+Beyond Productions
+handbags and footwear
+department and specialty stores across the US and Canada
+Beyoncé and her mother
+2005
+Agnèz Deréon
+Destiny's Child's shows and tours
+Beyoncé and her mother
+House of Deréon, and its junior collection, Deréon.
+shoe
+Brazil
+July 2009
+House of Deréon collection
+Sasha Fierce for Deréon
+May 27, 2010
+House of Brands
+Beyoncé Fashion Diva
+Sasha Fierce for Deréon
+C&A
+Macy's and Dillard's
+Topshop
+autumn 2015
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+50
+April 2016
+Topshop
+Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
+Beyoncé
+Hurricane Katrina
+250,000
+Hurricane Ike
+Hurricane Katrina
+$250,000
+Hurricane Ike
+Hurricane Katrina
+Hurricane Katrina
+Hurricane Ike
+George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
+Brooklyn Phoenix House
+God Bless the USA
+$1 million
+Brooklyn Phoenix House
+New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund
+Theory
+George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
+Beyoncé Cosmetology Center
+God Bless the USA
+Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
+I Was Here
+Miss a Meal
+June 1, 2013
+Tina Knowles
+a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.
+spread female empowerment
+Catapult
+Demand A Plan
+950
+I Was Here
+Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini
+montaa (mountain)
+48th
+48th
+77
+montaa
+1908
+1949
+grizzly bear
+grizzly bear
+Maiasaura
+September 1910
+Oro y Plata
+Oro y Plata, Spanish for "Gold and Silver"
+1865
+1895
+the bitterroot
+35 percent
+129
+Billings
+Missoula and Great Falls
+"mountain"
+Montaa del Norte
+147,040 square miles
+Wyoming
+Wyoming
+western half of the state
+60 percent
+north
+Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.
+The Beartooth Plateau
+Granite Peak
+12,799 feet (3,901 m)
+Democrats
+Steve Daines
+29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.
+29 to 21
+swing state
+1992
+40/60
+40/60
+Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport
+spring of 2013
+BNSF Railway
+1880s
+Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
+black bear
+wolves and mountain lions
+1930s
+Federation of Fly Fishers
+walleye
+A River Runs Through It
+April 26, 1864
+1862
+$1.75
+1886
+450 miles (720 km)
+Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay
+Triple Divide Peak
+Pacific Ocean
+Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
+Three Forks
+Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
+1976
+Paradise Valley
+Missouri
+3,223
+Flathead Lake
+Fort Peck Reservoir
+Missouri river
+25 percent
+14
+grizzly bear
+five federally endangered species–black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species
+at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer
+15 inches
+34.70 inches
+Grinnell Glacier
+7
+1 percent to 6.9 percent
+no
+66,000
+1851
+1887
+Great Falls
+63%
+German
+mining camp
+6.5 percent
+Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt
+27.9 percent
+July 2007
+July
+warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement
+1855
+Isaac Stevens
+1859
+Flathead Indian Reservation
+1866
+1866
+1876
+1877
+English
+94.8 percent
+Spanish
+13,040
+about 1,700
+0.9 percent
+0.9 percent
+0.9 percent
+1,032,949
+4.40%
+Gallatin County
+Billings
+1917
+1941
+smokejumpers
+13 million
+325
+General Philip Sheridan
+1875
+1881
+1882
+1871, 1872 and 1873
+1874, 1875 and 1876
+September 8, 1883
+1866
+failed bid for statehood
+Helena
+1889
+Grover Cleveland
+The Homestead Act of 1862
+The Homestead Act of 1862
+1868
+The Desert Land Act of 1877
+The Desert Land Act of 1877
+The Desert Land Act of 1877
+James J. Hill
+1902
+1909
+Enlarged Homestead Act
+June 1917
+Sedition Act of 1918
+criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means
+over 200
+78
+40,000-plus
+40,000-plus
+1500
+Fort William Henry Harrison
+Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow
+to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups
+"the part must be a substantial part of that group
+"in whole or in part"
+Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic
+The Appeals Chamber
+biological-physical destruction
+there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide."
+there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide."
+there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide."
+ECHR
+Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+Lemkin
+Lemkin
+United Nations General Assembly
+did not provide a legal definition of the crime
+political killings
+USSR
+international intervention in domestic politics
+William Schabas
+Great Purge
+the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group
+national, racial, religious or ethnic group
+the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group
+the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
+genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence,
+Lemming
+mobilizing much of the international relations and community
+Peg LeVine
+Peg LeVine
+ritualcide
+Peg LeVine
+language, culture, and economic infrastructure
+legal aspect of the term
+formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime
+deliberate killing of a certain group
+genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area
+the Peace of Westphalia
+genocide is more often than not committed
+to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups
+the Peace of Westphalia
+1944
+geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).
+a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+Raphael Lemkin
+Winston Churchill
+1944
+"a crime without a name"
+Raphael Lemkin
+geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)
+a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
+The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement
+The numeric size of the targeted part of the group
+not only in absolute terms
+prominence within the group
+access to the victims
+the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach,
+the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach
+The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him
+inform the analysis
+12 January 1951
+12 January 1951
+only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China.
+the People's Republic of China
+long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations
+a diplomatic compromise
+the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool
+international legal credibility
+none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.
+academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods
+academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods
+Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
+Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
+Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
+1979–1982
+The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response
+1979–1982
+Genocide
+a state or other authority intends to destroy a group
+Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
+victimized groups
+politicides
+ethnicity, religion or nationality
+pogroms
+murder by government of people
+murder by government of people
+the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+eliminate the group
+non-killings
+Adrian Gallagher
+Adrian Gallagher
+'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intent
+1948
+1948
+prevent and punish acts of genocide
+peace and wartime
+no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice
+United States
+Cyprus and Norway
+the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder
+the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
+Raphael Lemkin
+Nikola Jorgi
+Nikola Jorgi
+ethnic cleansing
+expel Muslims and Croats from their homes
+Momcilo Krajisnik
+30
+Zdravko Tolimir
+committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide
+aiding and abetting genocide
+German courts
+11 March 2006
+Belgrade
+Radovan Karadi and Ratko Mladi
+11 March 2006
+Slobodan Miloevi
+The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
+April 1994
+Security Council of the United Nations
+Security Council of the United Nations
+Security Council of the United Nations
+debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur
+Colin Powell
+Senate Foreign Relations Committee
+an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
+the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that
+Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
+Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court,
+Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained
+"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,"
+structural conditions leading up to genocide
+structural conditions leading up to genocide
+Ervin Staub
+past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator
+humanizing a devalued group
+The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics
+evolution
+1943
+penicillin and erythromycin
+Emergence of resistance
+bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics
+1943
+1943
+concentration
+eliminate bacterial infection
+bacterial growth phase
+ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells
+concentration
+host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial
+markers of drug efficacy
+target bacterial functions or growth processes
+penicillins and cephalosporins
+polymyxins
+(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines
+their mechanism of action
+penicillins and cephalosporins
+polymyxins
+40-year
+their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity
+semisynthetic
+beta-lactam antibiotics
+aminoglycosides
+chemical synthesis
+semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds
+2000 atomic mass units
+penicillins
+penicillins
+eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis
+resistance
+World Health Organization
+20th century
+anyone, of any age, in any country
+resistance
+World Health Organization
+eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis
+widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
+eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis
+20th century
+resistance
+World Health Organization
+World Health Organization
+20th century
+widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
+livestock raising
+eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis
+empirical therapy
+several days in the laboratory
+broad spectrum antibiotic
+the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection
+Empirical therapy
+broad spectrum antibiotic
+a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified
+Empirical therapy
+fever and nausea
+disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
+yeast species of the genus Candida
+elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
+indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota
+Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals
+screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use
+mild to very serious
+fever and nausea
+host microbiota
+Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals
+fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
+diarrhea
+yeast species of the genus Candida
+elevated risk of tendon damage
+increased body mass
+with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline
+with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline
+obesity
+the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
+increased body mass
+intestinal microbiota
+obesity
+contraceptive pills
+about 1%
+reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon
+inconclusive and controversial
+extra contraceptive measures
+contraceptive pills
+about 1%
+inconclusive
+extra contraceptive measures be applied duringtherapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives
+very low
+extra contraceptive measures
+about 1%
+alcohol and certain antibiotics
+moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics
+serious side-effects
+widespread
+side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
+moderate alcohol consumption
+the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
+alcohol and certain antibiotics
+serious side-effects
+the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
+Intrinsic antibacterial resistance
+plasmids
+an antibiotic target
+vertical transmission of mutations during growth
+a mutation in the bacterial chromosome
+vertical transmission of mutations during growth
+Plasmids
+superbugs
+tuberculosis
+nearly half a million
+MDR-TB
+Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics
+Self prescription
+Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics
+excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics
+excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics
+failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery
+Inappropriate antibiotic treatment
+respiratory tract infections
+US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance
+the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
+2002
+2003
+Swann report 1969
+American Medical Association (AMA)
+S.742 and H.R. 2562
+American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)
+animal husbandry
+1977
+March 2012
+medicinal folklore
+over 2000 years ago
+mold and plant materials and extracts
+against life
+Jean Paul Vuillemin
+mold
+Alexander Fleming
+penicillin
+its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy
+Prontosil
+Gerhard Domagk
+Gerhard Domagk
+Nobel Prize for Medicine
+tyrothricin
+1939
+20%
+20%
+wounds and ulcers
+1942
+1945
+Norman Heatley
+1945
+Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
+immune modulation or augmentation
+Antibacterial vaccines
+attenuated whole cells or lysates
+Phage therapy
+pathogenic bacteria
+the phages will infect "good" bacteria
+Infectious Disease Society of America
+Gram-negative bacilli
+April 2013
+clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA
+economic incentives
+superbugs
+senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts,
+Polish and French
+Romantic era
+solo piano
+Duchy of Warsaw
+20
+Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1]
+Romantic era
+Duchy of Warsaw
+solo piano
+20
+17 October 1849
+Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
+solo piano
+Romantic era
+Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1]
+Duchy of Warsaw
+20
+Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1]
+17 October 1849
+21
+30
+1835
+1838–39
+tuberculosis
+Paris
+30
+Franz Liszt
+1835
+Maria Wodziska
+21
+30
+1835
+Jane Stirling
+1835
+Jane Stirling
+tuberculosis
+the piano
+instrumental ballade
+J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
+nuance and sensitivity
+Paris salons
+the piano
+instrumental ballade
+nuance and sensitivity
+J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
+Polish
+the piano
+Polish
+nuance and sensitivity
+J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
+the piano
+Polish
+Paris salons
+indirect
+his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death
+Romantic era
+numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
+France
+Poland
+political insurrection
+Romantic era
+France
+political insurrection
+Romantic era
+elazowa Wola
+22 February 1810
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+29
+elazowa Wola
+Napoleon
+22 February 1810
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+Napoleon
+22 February 1810
+1 March
+Fridericus Franciscus
+elazowa Wola
+Napoleon
+Justyna Krzyanowska
+Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810
+1806
+1787
+1787
+Justyna Krzyanowska
+Fryderyk Skarbek
+Izabela
+1787
+1787
+Izabela
+six months
+six months
+Palace grounds
+flute and violin
+illnesses
+October 1810
+Warsaw Lyceum
+flute and violin
+the boarding house
+six months
+six months
+flute and violin
+the boarding house
+Saxon Palace.
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+two polonaises
+a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+1817
+1816 to 1821
+Wojciech ywny
+Ludwika
+seven
+Wojciech ywny
+Warsaw Lyceum
+Warsaw University
+Warsaw Lyceum
+a march
+Nasze Przebiegi
+Warsaw Lyceum
+Warsaw Lyceum
+Grand Duke Constantine
+a march
+Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
+a march
+Grand Duke Constantine
+a march
+Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
+Wilhelm Würfel
+Józef Elsner
+eolomelodicon
+Tsar Alexander I
+10 June 1825
+Wilhelm Würfel
+Józef Elsner
+eolomelodicon
+diamond ring
+Rondo Op. 1
+Wilhelm Würfel
+Józef Elsner
+eolomelodicon
+Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring.
+Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung
+Dominik Dziewanowski
+Szafarnia
+letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers
+letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers
+Dominik Dziewanowski
+Polish rural folk music
+Dominik Dziewanowski
+The Szafarnia Courier
+Szafarnia
+1827
+Krakowskie Przedmiecie
+1830
+the Chopin Family Parlour
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+1827
+1830
+his parents continued running their boarding house for male students
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+Emilia
+1830
+the Chopin Family Parlour
+Ambroy Mieroszewski
+the Chopin Family Parlour
+Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+15 May 1830
+July 1829
+Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski and Julian Fontana
+Konstancja Gadkowska
+Tytus Woyciechowski
+15 May 1830
+Four
+Feliks Jarocki
+Gaspare Spontini
+Prince Antoni Radziwi
+Op. 3
+Gaspare Spontini
+Feliks Jarocki
+Gaspare Spontini
+Prince Antoni Radziwi
+Op. 3
+Gaspare Spontini
+Feliks Jarocki
+Gaspare Spontini
+Gaspare Spontini
+Prince Antoni Radziwi, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen
+Souvenir de Paganini
+11 August
+two
+17 March 1830
+Souvenir de Paganini
+Vienna
+Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21
+September 1829
+he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists
+Niccol Paganini
+Vienna
+two
+three weeks
+2 November 1830
+Austria
+2 November 1830
+Zdzisaw Jachimecki
+Zdzisaw Jachimecki
+Woyciechowski
+Italy
+Poland
+western Europe
+Woyciechowski
+2 November 1830
+"I curse the moment of my departure."
+September 1831
+Polish Great Emigration
+French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship
+1835
+friends and confidants
+Paris
+1831
+Polish Great Emigration
+1835
+Adam Zamoyski
+he would never return to Poland
+French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship
+French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship
+Adam Zamoyski
+Polish Great Emigration
+Paris
+Adam Mickiewicz
+verses he set as songs
+Adam Mickiewicz
+Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny
+Adam Mickiewicz
+Polish Literary Society
+Julian Fontana
+Albert Grzymaa
+Albert Grzymaa, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser
+Julian Fontana
+Two Polish friends
+England
+England
+Albert Grzymaa
+Albert Grzymaa
+Julian Fontana
+Warsaw Conservatory
+Robert Schumann
+Salle Pleyel
+intimate keyboard technique
+his father
+Robert Schumann
+Salle Pleyel
+Rothschild banking
+1831
+intimate keyboard technique
+publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
+small groups of friends
+pianos
+Salle Pleyel
+Hexameron
+Maurice Schlesinger
+Adolphe Gutmann
+Paris apartment
+Joseph Zimmermann
+Maurice Schlesinger
+Felix Mendelssohn
+Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils
+Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow
+Carlsbad
+Lower Rhenish Music Festival
+Hiller
+Carlsbad
+Countess Wodziska
+Countess Wodziska
+Felix Mendelssohn
+Düsseldorf
+director of the Academy of Art
+Maria
+Woyciechowski
+Hiller
+Woyciechowski
+26 February 1832
+Woyciechowski
+Salle Pleyel
+38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin
+Hôtel de France
+seven
+Harriet Smithson
+Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
+2 April 1833
+Beethoven Memorial in Bonn
+Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
+Rue Lafitte
+seven
+Harriet Smithson
+their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship
+theatricality, showmanship and success
+an apology
+my friend Liszt
+Op. 10 Études
+Marie d'Agoult
+Liszt
+Liszt
+Marie d'Agoult
+Hiller
+George Sand
+Marie d'Agoult
+My tragedy
+Grzymaa
+George Sand
+poor health
+My tragedy
+Marie d'Agoult
+Maria Wodziska's mother
+My tragedy
+Grzymaa
+Camille Pleyel
+earnest
+six years older
+the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
+Valldemossa
+Camille Pleyel
+Camille Pleyel
+six years older
+Félicien Mallefille
+Carthusian monastery
+Sand
+the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
+Sand's two children
+to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
+Carthusian monastery
+Three
+Pleyel
+Palma
+three
+3 December
+three
+Pleyel
+3 December
+Pleyel
+bad weather
+Canuts
+Marseilles
+Nohant
+Square d'Orléans
+Canuts
+Marseilles
+Nohant
+5 rue Tronchet
+Square d'Orléans
+bad weather
+a local French couple, the Canuts.
+Marseilles
+Square d'Orléans
+Nohant
+Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
+26 July 1840
+Paris
+organ
+Die Gestirne
+Paris
+Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne.
+Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
+to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution.
+Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53
+Pauline Viardot
+7 June 1842
+piano technique and composition
+Pauline Viardot
+Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition.
+Delacroix
+1842
+Grzymaa
+Erard's
+Charles Hallé
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+1842
+Erard's
+temporal lobe epilepsy
+1842 onwards
+mouth and tonsils
+Erard's
+Charles Hallé
+temporal lobe epilepsy.
+Auguste Clésinger
+utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits
+third child
+Lucrezia Floriani
+1847
+1846
+Auguste Clésinger
+Lucrezia Floriani
+Auguste Clésinger.
+nurse
+Lucrezia Floriani
+1847
+Op. 58 sonata
+these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions
+six
+six
+Op. 58 sonata
+six
+six
+1845
+February 1848
+Auguste Franchomme
+February 1848
+Auguste Franchomme
+this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially.
+Auguste Franchomme
+Cello Sonata
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
+Cornel Wilde
+Cornel Wilde
+1928
+Hugh Grant
+George Sand
+Cornel Wilde
+Cornel Wilde
+Hugh Grant
+Hugh Grant
+1901
+Giacomo Orefice
+Giacomo Orefice
+Chopin
+opera
+Giacomo Orefice
+Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901.
+Giacomo Orefice
+Leon Ulrich
+Marcel Proust and André Gide
+1830
+Leon Ulrich
+1830
+English
+The Warsaw Chopin Society
+The Warsaw Chopin Society
+The New York Times
+The Warsaw Chopin Society
+The Warsaw Chopin Society
+The New York Times
+1895
+Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2
+1895
+The British Library
+1895
+Methuen-Campbell
+International Chopin Piano Competition
+1927
+Warsaw
+every five years
+1,500
+International Chopin Piano Competition
+1927
+Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland
+1,500
+Chopiniana
+Michel Fokine
+Les Sylphides
+Alexander Glazunov
+Michel Fokine
+Chopiniana
+Michel Fokine
+Alexander Glazunov.
+Sergei Diaghilev
+London
+Jane Stirling
+London
+Jane Stirling and her elder sister
+Jane Stirling
+Revolution of 1848
+Jane Stirling
+Dover Street
+Broadwood
+Stafford House
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+7 July
+Dover Street
+a grand piano.
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
+piano lessons
+Viardot
+Scotland
+Adam yszczyski
+Scotland
+Hopetoun Rooms
+10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh
+16 November 1848
+London's Guildhall
+he played for the benefit of Polish refugees.
+terminal
+London's Guildhall
+Delfina Potocka
+Chaillot
+Princess Obreskoff
+November
+Delfina Potocka
+Chaillot
+Princess Obreskoff.
+June 1849
+June 1849
+Place Vendôme 12
+June 1849
+her husband and daughter
+Jane Stirling
+Viardot
+fear of being buried alive
+"No longer"
+Clésinger
+fear of being buried alive
+Clésinger
+tuberculosis
+Jean Cruveilhier
+Permission for DNA testing
+tuberculosis
+Jean Cruveilhier
+cystic fibrosis
+Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.
+Church of the Madeleine
+almost two weeks
+Over 3,000
+the Church of the Madeleine in Paris
+almost two weeks
+Over 3,000
+Mozart's Requiem
+Louis Lefébure-Wély
+Prince Adam Czartoryski
+Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2
+Mozart's Requiem
+Louis Lefébure-Wély
+Père Lachaise Cemetery
+Prince Adam Czartoryski
+Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2
+Clésinger
+Euterpe
+5,000 francs
+Jane Stirling
+alcohol
+Clésinger.
+5,000 francs
+Jane Stirling
+Ludwika
+two hundred
+Over 230
+the piano
+Over 230
+solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.
+Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi
+Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi
+Bach and Mozart
+Haydn
+John Field
+ballades and scherzi
+nocturne
+ballades and scherzi
+the concert étude
+Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles
+seven
+seven
+mazurkas
+waltzes
+Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression.
+the concert hall
+the concert hall
+seven
+waltzes
+Revolutionary Étude
+Funeral March
+Sonata No. 2
+Sonata No. 2
+Revolutionary Étude
+Minute Waltz
+65
+Julian Fontana
+Julian Fontana
+17
+65
+Julian Fontana
+1857
+Krystyna Kobylaska
+1857
+1857
+Kobylaska Catalogue
+KK
+Kobylaska Catalogue
+Breitkopf & Härtel
+Jan Ekier
+Maurice Schlesinger
+popular 19th-century piano anthologies.
+between 1937 and 1966
+Jan Ekier
+Improvisation
+Rosen
+Improvisation
+Nicholas Temperley
+Rosen
+Barcarolle Op. 60
+J. Barrie Jones
+departure and return
+modal scales and harmonies
+ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.
+ternary or episodic
+drone bass
+a canon at one beat's distance
+triple time
+Zywny and Elsner
+triple time
+formidable
+Field
+middle sections marked by agitated expression
+Field
+1833
+Field
+ternary
+ternary
+ternary
+J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier
+Ferruccio Busoni
+The preludes
+J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier
+generic preludes to others of his pieces
+Ferruccio Busoni
+1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844)
+Kornel Michaowski and Jim Samson
+1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844)
+The last movement
+Op. 58
+Claude Debussy
+keyboard improvisation
+cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key
+his use of very independent finger technique
+Léon Escudier
+Projet de méthode
+Karol Szymanowski
+Chopin's use of national modes and idioms
+Nikolai Zverev
+Karol Szymanowski
+Nikolai Zverev
+Nikolai Zverev
+Jonathan Bellman
+rigid procedures
+"always crescendo to a high note"
+"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art
+Berlioz
+Hiller
+rubato
+the practice in performance of disregarding strict time
+rubato
+Charles Rosen
+Friederike Müller
+Friederike Müller
+He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm.
+nationalism
+1836
+Poland
+1836
+Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
+mazurkas and polonaises
+Schumann
+cannon buried in flowers
+Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
+Barbara Milewski
+Micha Kleofas Ogiski and Franciszek Lessel
+Richard Taruskin
+intuitive
+freedom
+polonaise and mazurka
+Arthur Hutchings
+Liszt and Henri Herz
+Paris
+Arthur Hutchings
+Carnaval
+Schumann
+six
+Alkan
+pianist and composer
+Carnaval
+Schumann
+Liszt
+1915
+Jacques Durand
+Raoul Koczalski
+Karol Mikuli
+Some Mainland Chinese scholars
+horses
+1402–1424
+Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
+the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school
+Nepal
+armed resistance
+Amdo
+Ganden Phodrang regime
+1578
+9th century
+821
+fixed the borders between Tibet and China
+Tang China
+821
+907–960
+960–1279
+Song dynasty
+Khitan
+Jurchen
+Genghis Khan
+gedei Khan
+1229–1241
+gedei Khan
+Godan
+Sakya Pandita
+Töregene Khatun
+1241–1246
+Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+Khagan
+gedei Khan
+Karma Pakshi
+the Phagpa lama
+1279
+1271–1368
+the Song dynasty
+universal rule
+the Song dynasty
+1358
+Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Phagmodrupa Dynasty
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+Red Turban Rebellion
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+1368–1398
+the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.
+Rolpe Dorje
+Rolpe Dorje
+the Hongwu Emperor
+Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama
+Han Chinese
+1402–1424
+Morris Rossabi
+1644–1912
+the "É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office"
+É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office
+seven
+the "É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office"
+Grand State Tutors () and State Tutors
+Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
+Turrell V. Wylie
+Tibet
+Morris Rossabi
+Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa
+Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain
+Wang and Nyima
+1371
+princes
+ex-Yuan
+Thomas Laird
+Mongol khans
+Mongol Yuan
+A Mongol dynasty of China
+the line of Mongol rulers in China
+Thomas Laird
+Rossabi
+1271 to 1368
+1311–1320
+"Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it,"
+Mongols and other ethnicities
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
+General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office
+Ü-Tsang Commanding Office
+China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing
+Chen Qingying
+1,000 households
+10,000 households
+John Powers
+lamas
+no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming.
+Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan
+the Han Chinese government "maintained the fiction" that the foreign officials administering the various "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives
+Education Minister
+Degsi
+the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
+"Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi)
+"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation."
+Changchub Gyaltsen
+Van Praag
+University of Washington
+Mongol suzerainty
+Sagya Gyaincain
+Ming officer of Hezhou
+Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen
+Ming officer of Hezhou
+"Initiation State Master"
+the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.
+1434
+the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.
+the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.
+Karmapa Kargyu
+Mongol
+Je Tsongkhapa
+Je Tsongkhapa
+Je Tsongkhapa
+1407
+1413
+Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
+Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
+Dawa Norbu
+the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes
+Laird
+Laird
+Yang Sanbao
+Yang Sanbao
+Yang Sanbao
+to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes
+Yang Sanbao
+the Gelug
+1430s
+Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu
+the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations
+Phagmodru myriarchy
+Melvyn C. Goldstein
+1435–1565
+Melvyn C. Goldstein
+1565–1642
+1398–1402
+Yao Guangxiao
+Hongwu Emperor
+March 10, 1403
+Zhi Guang
+Karmapa
+1407
+Khotan
+1403
+Deshin Shekpa
+Karmapa
+Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would "sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric" when receiving religious instructions from him.
+the Yongle Emperor
+twenty-two
+Nanjing
+Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
+religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects
+Deshin Shekpa
+Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes
+Thinley
+Thinley
+Deshin Shekpa
+Jianwen Emperor
+Deshin Shekpa
+Marsha Weidner
+Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa
+Buddhist artifacts
+Buddhist artifacts which symbolized "the religious nature of the relationship."
+1435–1449
+The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
+The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
+Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
+the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court
+Karmapa hierarchs
+1446
+1415
+Karmapa
+the Yongle Emperor
+tea, horses, and salt
+Shangri-La County in Yunnan
+horses
+Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.
+Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.
+Van Praag
+horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax
+Tibet
+Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty
+Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty
+Mongols
+Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty
+Hongwu Emperor
+Marquis Mu Ying
+30,000
+30,000
+Qu Neng
+recovery of the Ordos region
+Mongols
+the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China
+to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes
+divide-and-rule
+Sakya regime had fallen
+the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa
+giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas
+relatives of the Phagmodrupa
+1498
+New Years ceremonies and prayers
+1518
+1505–1521
+8th Karmapa Lama
+Mikyö Dorje
+Manchu Qing dynasty
+China's intervening Ming dynasty
+the director of the Tibetan Studies program
+Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century
+the Qing dynasty
+Chinese central government
+Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans
+Republic of China and its Communist successors
+San Francisco
+anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences
+patron and priest
+13th century
+Ming
+1981
+Ming
+the central government of China
+1521–1567
+Tibetan Vajrayana
+Tibetan lamas
+Yang Tinghe
+Yang Tinghe
+Jiajing
+the Neo-Confucian establishment
+the Neo-Confucian establishment
+Tibetan Buddhism and lamas
+Jiajing
+Altan Khan
+Altan Khan
+Altan Khan
+1571
+Amdo
+shamanism and blood sacrifice
+Gelug
+Gelug
+Dalai Lama
+Committed to their religious leader
+Tümen Khan
+the great-grandson of Altan Khan
+5th Dalai Lama
+1642
+Sonam Gyatso
+Altan Khan
+Zhang Juzheng
+Zhang Juzheng
+Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the
+third Dalai Lama
+by allowing him to pay tribute
+Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama
+the Qing emperor
+the Qing emperor
+Master of Vajradhara
+the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso
+1616
+the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso
+he died before being able to make the journey.
+the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet
+the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet
+1642
+the Ming court
+1565
+Karma Phuntsok Namgyal
+1611–1621
+Karmapa
+fourth Dalai Lama
+the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols,
+protector
+the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols,
+1637–1640
+1642
+Lozang Gyatso
+Lozang Gyatso
+Dalai Lama
+Sonam Chöpel
+Lozang Gyatso
+Shun dynasty
+the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden
+Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson
+the Kangxi Emperor
+the Kangxi Emperor
+1720
+1751
+1735–1796
+portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
+October 23, 2001
+three
+portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
+three
+October 23, 2001
+portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
+3
+ultra-compact iPod Shuffle
+July 15, 2015
+external data storage
+128 GB
+128 GB
+128 GB
+128 GB
+128 GB
+128 GB
+Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
+Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
+Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows
+the media player included with the iPh one and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps
+the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps
+iOS 5
+2010
+separate apps named "Music" and "Videos"
+sixth generation
+sixth generation
+sixth generation
+2015
+sixth generation
+5
+2001
+2004
+Jon Rubinstein
+1958 Braun T3 transistor radio
+5 GB
+2001
+5 GB
+the Walkman of the twenty-first century"
+Jon Rubinstein
+Toshiba disk drive
+Pixo
+Chicago
+2007
+Helvetica
+Steve Jobs
+PortalPlayer
+Helvetica
+2006
+U2
+black
+33 minutes
+U2
+black
+2006
+Burst.com
+Kane Kramer
+Kane Kramer
+1981
+IXI
+Burst.com
+IXI
+Kane Kramer
+Vinnie Chieco
+freelance copywriter
+2001: A Space Odyssey
+Joseph N. Grasso
+2005
+2001: A Space Odyssey
+Vinnie Chieco
+Joseph N. Grasso
+mid-2015
+Pierre Dandumont
+12.2
+12.2
+Pierre Dandumont
+weak bass response
+the problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads,
+external headphone amplifier
+third-generation
+undersized DC-blocking capacitors
+distortion (clipping)
+R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
+clipping
+equalizer
+R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
+concerns about hearing loss
+100 dB
+100 dB
+France
+100 dB
+France
+FireWire
+a power adapter
+FireWire
+FireWire or USB
+30-pin dock connector
+fifth
+fourth
+3.5 mm minijack phone connector
+FireWire or USB
+3.5 mm minijack phone connector
+FireWire or USB
+FireWire or USB
+iPod Hi-Fi
+Belkin and Griffin
+dock connector
+royalties
+third parties
+iPod Hi-Fi
+Lightning
+seventh generation iPod Nano
+30
+8
+pins on both sides of the plug
+Lightning
+September 12, 2012
+the iPod Hi-Fi
+Nike+iPod pedometer
+Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation
+sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables
+Nike +iPod pedometer
+Apple
+built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit
+2005
+Scion
+built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit
+Scion
+JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon
+personal FM transmitters
+audio input jacks
+personal FM transmitters
+audio input jacks
+United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
+individual seat-back displays
+KLM and Air France
+United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
+2007
+MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
+JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file
+a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM)
+a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM)
+Mac OS
+MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
+JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file
+one
+Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library
+one host computer
+the 6th & 7th generation
+the 6th & 7th generation
+earphone cable
+3.5"
+identical to that of the iPhone
+the 6th & 7th generation
+3rd-generation iPod Shuffle
+identical to that of the iPhone
+April 29, 2003
+The iTunes Store
+October 12, 2005
+September 12, 2006
+April 29, 2003
+October 12, 2005
+September 12, 2006
+FairPlay DRM
+Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods
+iTunes Plus
+January 6, 2009
+April 2009
+FairPlay DRM
+FairPlay DRM
+iTunes Plus
+January 6, 2009
+Napster and MSN Music
+rival-DRM technologies
+DRM
+Universal Music Group
+Universal Music Group
+July 3, 2007
+The Beat Goes On...
+September 5, 2007
+September 5, 2007
+an iPhone or an iPod Touch
+various versions of iPods
+Brick
+Steve Wozniak
+Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
+Brick
+Brick
+Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
+September 2006
+iTunes 7
+6th and 5th generation
+6th and 5th generation
+September 2006
+fifth generation
+third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market.
+video game handheld console market
+GamePro and EGM
+.zip archives
+.zip archives
+software development kit
+the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.
+.zip archives
+the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone
+software development kit
+iTunes
+iTunes
+iTunes
+iTunes 7
+iTunes 7
+hidden
+host operating system
+manual
+2005
+Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights
+Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch
+Ho Keung Tse
+Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights
+FairPlay
+rotational user inputs
+August 2005
+Creative Technology
+Zen Patent
+United States International Trade Commission
+rotational user inputs
+Creative Technology
+August 24, 2006
+$100 million
+Made for iPod
+$100 million
+by joining the Made for iPod program
+70%
+October 2004
+72.7%
+Bloomberg Online
+70%
+70%
+74%
+January 8, 2004
+Hewlett-Packard
+Wal-Mart
+5%
+unfavorable terms and conditions
+HP
+hundred million
+32%
+Mac computers
+$5.2 billion
+April 9, 2007
+32%
+$6.22 billion
+30.69%
+$3.5 billion
+$15.4 billion
+$3.5 billion
+January 22, 2008
+$1.58 billion
+42%
+42%
+Peter Oppenheimer
+Phil Schiller
+14.21%
+220 million
+the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market.
+fourth best computer product
+looks, clean design, and ease of use.
+Sony Ericsson and Nokia
+play AAC files rather than WMA
+PC World
+Sony Ericsson and Nokia
+PC World
+business
+a delivery mechanism for business communication and training
+Royal and Western Infirmaries
+Glasgow, Scotland
+Duke University
+Entertainment Weekly
+Duke University
+Entertainment Weekly
+the end of the Album Era
+accelerating shifts within the music industry
+the end of the Album Era
+the end of the Album Era
+14 hours
+less than 8 hours
+2003
+the real-world achievable life.
+less than 8 hours
+third-party vendors
+refurbished replacement iPod
+lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use
+third-party vendors
+lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use
+a week
+US $99
+soldering tools
+Fifth generation
+November 14, 2003
+US $99
+iPod Nano
+a flawed battery
+an Apple product replacement program
+short life-span and fragile hard drives
+13.7%
+13.7%
+late 2005
+protective sleeves
+20%
+scratched
+15-hour
+Code of Conduct
+25
+15-hour
+over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.
+Verité
+Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group
+Foxconn
+Longhua, Shenzhen
+Foxconn
+Verité
+December 31, 2006
+2010
+2009
+2010
+innovation
+HFS+
+FAT32
+Nintendo
+Nintendo
+November 2006
+December 2006
+Nintendo
+November 2005
+November 2006
+Link
+Hyrule
+Midna
+Link
+Midna
+The Wind Waker
+Game of the Year
+Nintendo Selects
+March 2016
+Twilight Princess
+Game of the Year
+2006
+March 2016
+combat, exploration, and item collection
+Ocarina of Time
+L-targeting
+Clawshot
+Clawshot
+The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
+Ocarina of Time
+Clawshot
+L-targeting
+The on-screen display
+The on-screen display
+the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still.
+The on-screen display
+The on-screen display
+motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
+chime
+motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
+Nunchuk
+the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special "lookaround" mode
+motion sensors and built-in speaker
+motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
+nine
+enemies
+a large overworld
+Epona
+battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles
+a boss at the end
+a large overworld
+Wolf Link
+biting
+Poes
+Midna
+Epona
+Wolf Link
+energy field
+energy field
+Twilight Princess
+The Wind Waker
+arrows or slingshot pellets
+Twilight Princess
+arrows or slingshot pellets
+nods and facial expressions
+Midna
+Akiko Kmoto
+Japan
+grunts
+nods and facial expressions
+Midna
+Akiko Kmoto
+a ranch hand
+carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit
+Midna
+Tears of Light
+Ordon Village
+Bulblins
+Tears of Light
+Fused Shadows
+Zant
+Master Sword
+Zelda
+Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru
+Fused Shadows
+Zant
+Master Sword
+Zelda
+Shadow Crystal
+Midna
+Ganondorf
+Hyrule Castle
+Ganondorf
+Shadow Crystal
+Gerudo Desert
+Midna
+Ganondorf
+by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast
+he crushes Midna's helmet
+Ordon Village
+Ganondorf
+plunges the Master Sword into his chest
+Zelda and the Light Spirits
+Ganondorf
+he crushes Midna's helmet
+Mirror of Twilight
+2003
+Game Developers Conference
+North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience.
+horseback combat
+2003
+Eiji Aonuma
+horseback combat
+realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer
+Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
+Nintendo DS
+Phantom Hourglass
+Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
+wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit
+The Minish Cap
+Revolution
+Miyamoto
+wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit
+Wii Remote
+pointing-based interface
+2005
+Satoru Iwata
+2005
+Nintendo DS
+E3 2005
+Nintendo DS
+E3 2005
+swinging gesture
+Aonuma
+support for the Wii controller
+E3 2006
+a month
+Aonuma
+E3 2006
+the difficulty of the control scheme
+the sword
+sword controls were transferred back to gestures—something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see.
+right
+comfort and ease
+Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta
+Koji Kondo
+Michiru shima
+Koji Kondo
+Michiru shima
+Yasuzo Takemoto
+media requests at the trade show
+50
+November 19, 2006
+six- and seven-track versions
+media requests at the trade show
+November 19, 2006
+six- and seven-track versions
+"Twilight Hack"
+A properly designed save file
+Versions 3.3 and 3.4
+Twilight Hack
+Versions 3.3 and 3.4
+Versions 3.3 and 3.4
+Tantalus Media
+the Wii U
+November 12, 2015
+March 5, 2016
+The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD
+Tantalus Media
+Tantalus Media
+March 4, 2016
+Wolf Link Amiibo figurine
+Ganondorf
+Ganondorf
+Ganondorf
+Cave of Shadows
+Wolf Link Amiibo
+Cave of Shadows
+Ganondorf
+Ganondorf
+20
+20
+Japan, Europe, and Australia
+20
+perfect scores
+GameRankings and Metacritic
+GameTrailers
+Twilight Princess
+perfect scores
+95
+GameTrailers
+IGN and GameSpy
+Jeff Gerstmann
+GameSpot
+Javier Glickman
+Hyper
+IGN and GameSpy
+Gaming Nexus
+Javier Glickman
+Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound
+16th
+4th
+third
+Nintendo Power
+Best Console Game
+16th
+4th
+Twilight Princess
+1.32 million
+1.32 million
+PAL region
+1.32 million
+1.32 million
+Akira Himekawa
+Japan
+Shogakukan
+MangaOne
+Eon Productions
+Daniel Craig
+twenty-fourth
+Skyfall
+$245 million,
+twenty-four
+twenty-fourth
+four
+Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures
+Sam Mendes
+Spectre
+Diamonds Are Forever
+Léa Seydoux
+Léa Seydoux
+Lucia Sciarra
+Léa Seydoux
+Léa Seydoux
+Léa Seydoux
+1971
+Royal Albert Hall
+Royal Albert Hall in London
+6 November 2015
+action sequences and cinematography
+Golden Globe for Best Original Song
+Skyfall
+Writing's on the Wall
+007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
+007
+007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
+Nine Eyes
+Garreth Mallory
+007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
+MI5 and MI6
+his ring
+Rome
+Spectre
+Franz Oberhauser
+a Spectre assassin
+Moneypenny
+Rome
+Franz Oberhauser
+Mr. Hinx
+Franz Oberhauser
+thallium poisoning
+Dr. Madeline Swann
+suicide
+Hoffler Klinik
+Tangier
+thallium poisoning.
+Dr. Madeline Swann
+L'Américain
+Hinx.
+by train
+Hannes
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+MI6 building
+Blofeld
+Westminster Bridge
+M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes
+Q
+M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes
+SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion
+Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory
+1963
+Never Say Never Again
+Warhead 2000 A.D.
+1963
+Never Say Never Again
+Thunderball.
+MGM and the McClory estate
+SPECTRE
+Eon Productions
+MGM and the McClory estate
+MGM and the McClory estate
+MGM and the McClory estate
+Danjaq
+Sony Pictures Entertainment
+Sony Pictures Entertainment
+John Logan
+Eon Productions
+November 2014
+John Logan
+Eon Productions
+Christoph Waltz
+1983
+Quantum of Solace
+Quantum of Solace
+Octopussy
+Charmian Bond
+Octopussy
+Christoph Waltz.
+Quantum of Solace
+Franz Oberhauser,
+Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
+Kingsley Amis
+The Hildebrand Rarity
+For Your Eyes Only
+Blofeld
+Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
+December 2014
+Ralph Fiennes
+Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw
+Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw
+Rory Kinnear
+four
+Rory Kinnear
+Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw
+Franz Oberhauser
+Ernst Stavro Blofeld
+Bérénice Lim Marlohe
+Quantum of Solace
+fifty
+Bérénice Lim Marlohe
+Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace.
+over fifteen hundred
+Detlef Bothe
+Detlef Bothe
+over fifteen hundred
+Mexico
+Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria.
+Detlef Bothe
+Estrella
+The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill
+Dennis Gassner
+Roger Deakins
+Skyfall and Spectre
+Skyfall and Spectre
+Skyfall and Spectre
+The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill
+six
+London, Mexico City and Rome
+Van Hoytema
+Pinewood Studios
+seven months.
+Kodak 35 mm film stock
+Pinewood Studios
+December 2014
+February 2015
+Ice Q Restaurant
+an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously.
+Ice Q Restaurant
+a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps.
+Austria
+Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum
+Williams
+Aston Martin DB10
+four
+Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire
+Ponte Sisto bridge
+Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75
+Williams
+the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar.
+Zócalo and the Centro Histórico
+Zócalo and the Centro Histórico
+Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district
+1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers.
+Palenque
+Zócalo and the Centro Histórico
+Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105
+Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district
+New York
+22 April
+New York
+Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
+The London Fire Brigade
+17 May 2015
+Vauxhall Cross
+Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
+The London Fire Brigade
+Covent Garden.
+night
+Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud
+Largest film stunt explosion
+Chris Corbould
+128 days
+Morocco
+Largest film stunt explosion
+128
+Chris Corbould
+$20 million
+Michael G. Wilson
+Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India
+Istanbul
+Thomas Newman
+6 November 2015
+6 November 2015
+Thomas Newman
+6 November 2015
+Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming.
+On Her Majesty's Secret Service
+Writing's on the Wall
+under half an hour
+he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo
+Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes
+25 September 2015
+Skyfall
+Shirley Bassey
+Radiohead
+Adele
+Shirley Bassey
+Radiohead
+Aston Martin and Eon
+Aston Martin and Eon
+the 007 logo
+only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work
+Aston Martin and Eon
+the 007 logo
+clapperboards
+Skyfall
+clapperboards
+Skyfall
+Comic Relief's Red Nose Day
+BBC One
+July
+13 March 2015
+Comic Relief's Red Nose Day
+Comic Relief's Red Nose Day
+Royal Albert Hall
+26 October 2015
+Skyfall
+Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
+Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre.
+$199.8 million
+$199.8 million
+$199.8 million
+£41.7 million ($63.8 million)
+Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
+Avatar
+$9.2 million
+Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
+Avatar
+The Dark Knight
+$14.6 million
+$4.8 million
+Spider-Man 3
+$8.7 million
+Spider-Man 3
+four weeks
+$17.1 million
+$70.4 million
+$5.25 million
+Skyfall
+$17.1 million
+$5.25 million
+$18.5 million
+$48.1 million
+$12.1 million
+$84.7 million
+$18.5 million
+$84.7 million
+60 out of 100
+48
+274
+CinemaScore
+64
+60 out of 100
+Robbie Collin
+IGN
+four out of five stars
+four out of five
+Scott Mendelson
+Mick LaSalle
+We get to believe in Bond as a person.
+We get to believe in Bond as a person.
+Christopher Orr
+Bored
+The Washington Post
+Bored, James Bored
+Indian Central Board of Film Certification
+criticism of the board
+Christoph Waltz
+spring 2016
+Sam Mendes
+69,197
+The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake
+69,197
+69,197
+7.9 Mw
+69,197
+69,197
+69,197
+Beijing and Shanghai
+80 kilometres (50 mi)
+new casualties and damage.
+Wenchuan earthquake
+Wenchuan County, Sichuan
+80 kilometres (50 mi)
+80 kilometres (50 mi)
+69,197
+69,197
+4.8 million
+15 million
+the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
+69,197
+69,197
+69,197
+4.8 million
+11 million
+Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
+2 minutes
+80%
+7.9 Mw
+2 minutes
+80%
+along the Longmenshan fault
+along the Longmenshan fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate
+120 sec
+10 km
+along the Longmenshan fault
+Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture
+The rupture lasted close to 120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec.
+9 meters
+April 30, 2008
+1972
+Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan
+Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan
+May 8
+Premier Zhou Enlai
+The official also denied that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake
+240 km
+Tom Parsons
+240 km
+240 km
+approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep
+deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters
+high risk
+over 6,000 people
+two stages
+Yuji Yagi
+shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population
+over 6,000
+firmness of the terrain
+72 hours
+Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake.
+August 5, 2008
+72 hours
+42,719
+6.4 MS
+42,719
+August 5, 2008
+August 30, 2008
+August 30, 2008
+it was caused by a different fault.
+Panzhihua earthquake
+August 30, 2008
+August 30, 2008
+Panzhihua earthquake
+CEA
+CEA
+very destructive
+very disastrous
+Beichuan
+Tibetan Plateau
+4.8 metres (16 ft)
+2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
+2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
+2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
+Tibetan Plateau
+Tibetan Plateau
+4.8 metres (16 ft)
+4.8 metres (16 ft)
+4.8 metres (16 ft)
+Shanghai's financial district
+calm
+10 minutes
+Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+May 12
+evacuated
+Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
+disruption in air traffic services
+as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations
+cracks on walls of some residential buildings
+Beijing office towers
+Hui County, Gansu
+13
+cracks on walls of some residential buildings
+Beijing office towers
+None
+Hui County, Gansu
+the rail was distorted
+highways
+80%
+Dujiangyan
+900
+highways
+highways
+80%
+80 tons
+900
+southwestern China
+oil prices
+oil prices
+Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
+southwestern China
+oil prices
+Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
+Sichuan
+Sichuan
+piece by piece
+Sichuan
+Sichuan
+piece by piece
+a handful of major news and media websites
+a handful of major news and media websites
+more than 2,300 base stations suspended
+Wenchuan
+more than 2,300 base stations suspended
+power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion
+Half
+China Unicom
+Wenchuan
+Wolong National Nature Reserve
+280
+31
+2 80
+Wolong National Nature Reserve
+Six
+Nine-year-old
+Mao Mao
+20 km
+20 km
+2,000
+391
+20 km
+20 km
+less severe
+Tulong reservoir
+391
+158
+158
+158
+158
+158
+158
+158
+158
+158
+landslides as they tried to repair roads
+2,300
+2,300
+9,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+2,300
+9,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+3,000 to 5,000
+Eight
+Health care is poor
+Gao Qiang
+public health care system in China is insufficient
+an area that has been largely neglected and untouched
+Health care is poor
+"public health care system in China is insufficient
+"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,"
+thousands
+1,700
+1,700
+7,000
+1, 700
+shoddy construction
+1,700
+1,700
+7,000
+600
+December 2008
+May 7, 2009
+546
+546
+May 7, 2009
+Ai Weiwei
+546
+546
+the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities.
+at least 5 million
+11 million
+12.5 million
+1 million
+at least 5 million
+11 million
+12.5 million animals
+60 million
+Reginald DesRoches
+China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake.
+China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake.
+1976 Tangshan earthquake
+an international reconnaissance team of engineers
+to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
+a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
+an international reconnaissance team of engineers
+to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
+a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
+poorer, rural villages
+Swaminathan Krishnan
+California Institute of Technology
+they were not designed
+strong building codes
+presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.
+$75 billion
+the five largest cities in Sichuan
+US$75 billion
+one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history
+the five largest cities in Sichuan
+63
+6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA)
+6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA)
+63
+63
+Qingchuan, Sichuan
+more than 90,000
+1.94 million
+1.94 million
+1,300
+more than 90,000
+more than 90,000
+1.94 million
+1.94 million
+1.94 million
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+geomechanics
+to oversee the rescue work
+Chengdu Military Region Command
+90 minutes
+ten
+Chengdu Military Region Command
+due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter
+Level II emergency contingency plan
+the most serious class of natural disasters
+May 12
+Level II
+National Disaster Relief Commission
+Level II
+National Disaster Relief Commission
+184
+184
+184
+184
+184
+184
+184
+Armed Police General Hospital
+184
+China Digital Times
+Book Blade
+China Digital Times
+Book Blade
+Children's Day
+relief centres
+relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake.
+many parents went to the rubble of schools
+June 1
+relief centres
+$48.6 million
+China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec
+48.6 million
+China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec
+$457 million
+$457 million
+$457 million
+€40,000,000
+€40,000,000
+83 million
+€40,000,000
+$457 million
+State Council
+3 years
+State Council
+one province to one affected county
+3 years
+3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget.
+violent rupture
+Zipingpu Dam
+25 times more
+large-scale dam projects
+large-scale dam projects
+seismological and geological data
+to model future earthquake predictions
+1
+time prediction method
+Strachimir Mavrodiev
+earthquake prediction was a global issue
+no proven methods exist
+earthquake prediction was a global issue
+no prediction notification
+Gary Gibson
+2002
+Chen Xuezhong
+Chen Xuezhong
+2002
+Chen Xuezhong
+over 30 years
+over 30 years
+Earthquake prediction
+experts and the general public
+Earthquake prediction
+Taipei Fire Department
+over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain.
+Red Cross Society of China
+donating cash
+it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides
+4000 m above sea level
+Wenchuan County
+20
+17:37 CST
+3,000
+15
+Wenchuan County
+20
+17:37 CST
+3,000
+around 9,000
+helicopters
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+over 150
+over 150
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+civil aviation industry
+Premier Wen Jiabao
+Tzu Chi Foundation
+Tzu Chi Foundation
+May 13
+Tzu Chi Foundation
+China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.
+it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake
+Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
+17:00 CST, May 15
+May 16
+Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
+Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
+Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
+Mandarin Airlines
+Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan
+satellite images
+Chinese authorities
+135,000
+May 16
+satellite images
+tents and generators
+135,000
+The Internet
+Xinhua
+find the blind spots of disaster recovery
+Wenchuan
+The Internet
+Xinhua
+a student
+Volunteers
+May 31
+a moment of silence
+Beichuan county seat
+three days
+a moment of silence
+a state earthquake relic museum
+concerts
+to remind people of the terrible disaster
+blood
+text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile
+mainland China
+blood
+all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations.
+text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile
+text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile
+788,000 yuan (US$113,000)
+788,000 yuan (US$113,000)
+788,000 yuan (US$113,000)
+Wenchuan County
+30,000
+788,000 yuan (US$113,000)
+Amity Foundation
+30,000
+they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless
+Amity Foundation
+over 7,000
+tofu-dregs schoolhouses
+over 7,000
+over 7,000
+tofu-dregs schoolhouses
+So-called "illegal children" under 18 years of age
+The Giving of Love
+Bai Yansong
+1.5 billion Chinese Yuan
+$1.57 million
+Promise
+The Giving of Love
+US$208 million
+The Giving of Love
+1.57 million
+Promise
+This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
+Burma's blockage of foreign aid
+“This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
+Los Angeles Times
+Tangshan earthquake
+quake lakes
+28
+28
+7.9
+large landslides
+quake lakes
+28
+Entire villages
+Beichuan County, Sichuan
+by foot or air
+China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company
+more than 200,000
+the dam bursting
+China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company
+Beichuan County, Sichuan
+1,200
+three-day period of national mourning
+three-day period of national mourning
+Mao Zedong
+May 19, 2008
+Cars and trucks
+three-day period of national mourning
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee
+The Ningbo Organizing Committee
+Ruijin, Jiangxi
+Ruijin, Jiangxi
+black and white
+all advertisements
+various gaming sites
+crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans,
+Casinos
+Ye Zhiping
+credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened
+2,323
+400,000 yuan
+Ye Zhiping
+2,323
+An County
+three-year period
+Chinese prosecutors
+safety checks
+Chinese prosecutors
+to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime
+safety checks
+Chinese prosecutors
+money
+riot police officers
+government officials in Beijing and Sichuan
+To limit protests
+money
+threatened
+officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses
+June 25, 2008
+suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
+Sichuan school teacher
+suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
+travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online
+in a media interview
+one year
+in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement
+January 2010
+in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement
+UNICEF
+condolences and assistance
+May 14
+UNICEF
+magnitude of the quake
+Houston Rockets
+$26 million
+10.7 billion yuan
+10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public
+Yao Ming
+26 million
+swift and very efficient
+"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness
+Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.
+Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.
+Francis Marcus
+live earthquake footage
+live earthquake footage
+suspended
+Myanmar
+school construction scandal
+response to the quake
+Thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction, citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged.
+they had yet to receive any reports
+censors
+The AP
+propaganda bureau
+The AP
+Geoffery York
+Geoffery York
+"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards."
+some of the corrupt government officials
+some of the corrupt government officials
+arrest
+the Times
+many families who lost their only child
+New York
+New York
+New York
+New York
+New York City
+New York City
+five
+1898
+8,491,079
+8,491,079
+23.6 million
+five
+Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island
+1898
+8,491,079
+800
+1624
+1624
+1785 until 1790
+1664
+1785 until 1790
+1624
+1626
+1664
+1785 until 1790
+56 million
+469
+Financial District of Lower Manhattan
+over 120
+New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ
+Long Island and Staten Island
+Wisconsinan glaciation
+over 1,000 feet
+Lenapehoking
+1524
+Giovanni da Verrazzano
+1524
+"Nouvelle Angoulême"
+Nouvelle Angoulême
+1524
+1524
+"Nouvelle Angoulême"
+January 1525
+Estêvo Gomes
+New York Harbor
+Emperor Charles V
+La Anunciada
+Rio de San Antonio
+Padrón Real
+Henry Hudson
+Dutch East India Company
+1614
+ten
+North River
+Dutch East India Company
+1614
+Henry Hudson
+Santo Domingo
+Jan Rodrigues
+Juan Rodriguez
+Juan Rodriguez Way
+Santo Domingo
+Juan Rodriguez
+159th Street to 218th Street
+Governors Island
+Manhattan Island
+1625
+$1000
+$1000
+1624
+1625
+$24 worth of glass beads
+New York
+King James II
+Peter Stuyvesant
+New Amsterdam
+1664
+Peter Stuyvesant
+King William III
+August 24, 1673
+New Orange
+1674
+Anthonio Colve
+Anthonio Colve
+King William III
+Second Anglo-Dutch War
+200
+Run
+200
+Second Anglo-Dutch War
+42%
+Charleston, South Carolina
+Foley Square
+tens of thousands
+Charleston, South Carolina
+1990s
+John Peter Zenger
+John Peter Zenger
+1754
+King George II
+King George II
+John Peter Zenger
+1754
+the Sons of Liberty
+Battle of Long Island
+Brooklyn
+August 1776
+10,000
+1783
+Battle of Long Island
+Brooklyn
+1783
+September 11, 1776
+the Conference House on Staten Island
+about a quarter
+West Side of Lower Manhattan
+Trinity Church
+the Conference House on Staten Island
+about a quarter
+1785
+George Washington
+United States Bill of Rights
+Federal Hall on Wall Street
+Philadelphia
+assembly of the Congress of the Confederation
+assembly of the Congress of the Confederation
+1789
+1790
+1799
+Manhattan
+New York Manumission Society
+1827
+16,000
+1799
+1827
+Commissioners' Plan
+1825
+Tammany Hall
+Irish and German
+1825
+Central Park
+1857
+1857
+The Great Irish Famine
+Over 200,000
+Over 200,000
+Germans
+Germans
+The Great Irish Famine
+Over 200,000
+Fernando Wood
+Anger at new military conscription laws
+Anger at new military conscription laws
+James M. McPherson
+eleven
+more than 200
+1898
+1904
+Bronx
+1904
+1904
+1,021
+the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers
+the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers
+the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers
+Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
+36,620
+Harlem Renaissance
+36,620
+London
+10 million
+Fiorello La Guardia
+Fiorello La Guardia
+10 million
+1952
+abstract expressionism
+abstract expressionism
+abstract expressionism
+Greenwich Village
+Greenwich Village
+June 28, 1969
+Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
+Greenwich Village
+Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
+2000
+2000
+Silicon Alley
+1990s
+1970s
+1970s
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+July 19, 1909
+541.3
+July 19, 1909
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
+September 17, 2011
+Zuccotti Park
+Zuccotti Park
+Zuccotti Park
+September 17, 2011
+William F. Buckley, Jr.
+1955
+Donald Trump
+liberalism of "New York values"
+New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.
+New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.
+Washington, D.C. and Boston
+Atlantic
+Hudson River
+Atlantic
+Atlantic Ocean
+three
+New Jersey
+Harlem River
+The Bronx River
+New York Bay
+New York City and Troy, New York
+New Jersey
+The Bronx River
+Harlem River
+Battery Park City
+468.9 square miles
+164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
+164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
+Todt Hill
+Staten Island
+468.9 square miles
+164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
+164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
+Todt Hill
+Todt Hill
+Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
+Brooklyn
+One World Trade Center
+Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
+1656
+One World Trade Center
+550
+Hong Kong
+550
+1913
+50
+Hong Kong
+550
+1931
+Art Deco
+eagles
+Seagram Building
+Condé Nast Building
+eagles
+1931
+1930
+Bronx
+Brooklyn
+Queens
+1870 to 1930
+Tudor Revival and Victorian
+brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements
+1835
+high water pressures
+Jackson Heights
+Stone and brick
+wooden roof-mounted water towers
+"slightly lower hazard for tall buildings"
+four
+five
+Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx
+0 °C (32 °F)
+234 days
+234 days
+humid continental climate
+January
+0 °C (32 °F)
+234 days
+USDA 7b Plant Hardiness
+Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians
+0.3
+72%
+nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer
+July 9, 1936
+106 °F (41 °C)
+February 9, 1934
+July 9, 1936
+1,270
+66
+October 29, 2012
+49.9 inches
+Hurricane Sandy
+25.8 inches
+National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
+National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
+National Park Service
+Minneapolis
+The Trust for Public Land
+Minneapolis
+10,521.83
+Gateway National Recreation Area
+Fort Tilden
+Jacob Riis Park
+Gateway National Recreation Area
+Gateway National Recreation Area
+The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum
+Grant's Tomb
+Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark
+the modern gay rights movement
+The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum
+New York and New Jersey
+New York and New Jersey
+Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark
+Grant's Tomb
+69 feet (21 m)
+28
+21
+69 feet (21 m)
+69 feet (21 m)
+14 miles (23 km)
+14 miles (23 km)
+Pelham Bay Park
+1,093
+14 miles (23 km)
+14 miles (23 km)
+Pelham Bay Park
+Pelham Bay Park
+Fort Hamilton
+1825
+1825
+North Atlantic Division
+1179th Transportation Brigade
+Fort Hamilton
+1825
+1825
+Queens
+8,491,079
+Los Angeles
+316,000
+40%
+40%
+8,491,079
+Los Angeles
+40
+27,858
+27,673
+Hudson County
+44%
+44%
+28.6%
+28.6%
+3.3%
+44
+Civil War
+28.6%
+25.5
+12 million
+the Lower East Side
+Germans
+92%
+Irish
+12 million
+12 million
+37%
+Dominican Republic
+Bangladeshi immigrant population
+China
+37
+Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian)
+Nassau County
+6.3%
+Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian)
+0.3%
+2.7 million
+550,000
+560,000
+65,000
+the Bronx
+2.7 million
+20 million
+1.5 million
+20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominic
+4.8 million
+20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominic
+1.3 million
+Dominican Republic
+Egypt
+El Salvador
+Ecuador
+568,903
+June 24, 2011
+June 24, 2011
+568,903
+June 24, 2011
+June 24, 2011
+59%
+33%
+1.1 million
+Brooklyn
+Islam
+1.1 million
+Judaism
+Brooklyn
+24
+Islam
+0.5
+0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan
+Michael R. Bloomberg
+4.6%
+$2,749
+2,749
+0.5
+Silicon Alley
+The Atlantic
+The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine, handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014
+2012
+One out of ten
+FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future
+US$914.8 billion
+Time Warner Center
+450 Park Avenue
+$15,887
+six
+Time Warner Center
+660 Madison Avenue
+Madison Avenue
+180,000
+180,000
+Omnicom Group
+180,000
+Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group
+US$5 billion
+US$5 billion
+Brooklyn
+US$234 million
+"Chocolate District"
+Manhattan
+US$234 million
+US$234 million
+Godiva
+163,400
+163,400
+US$3.8 billion
+US$360,700
+163,400
+163,400
+Wall Street
+165 Broadway
+$40 billion
+19%
+British Bankers Association
+Wall Street
+165 Broadway
+46.5 million m2)
+over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2)
+over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2)
+Manhattan
+US$3 billion
+US$3 billion
+300,000
+300,000
+Michael R. Bloomberg
+Michael R. Bloomberg
+Michael R. Bloomberg
+more than US$30 million
+65,000
+Michael R. Bloomberg
+54 million
+54 million
+54 million
+US$61.3 billion
+54 million
+54 million
+1977
+1977
+New York State Empire State Development
+1977
+1977
+1977
+Greenwich Village
+the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances
+Rockefeller Center
+Summerstage
+Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens
+90,000
+90,000
+Anbang Insurance Group
+US$1.95 billion
+Waldorf Astoria New York
+90,000
+Anbang Insurance Group
+1.95 billion
+one-third
+one-third
+one-third
+Los Angeles
+Two
+advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries
+Seven
+25,000
+The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
+The Wall Street Journal
+Joseph Medill Patterson
+Alexander Hamilton
+25,000
+25,000
+2
+The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
+Joseph Medill Patterson
+CBS
+NYCTV
+MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central
+Fox News
+Manhattan Neighborhood Network
+1971
+WNET
+WNYC
+1997
+Manhattan Neighborhood Network
+1971
+WNYC
+New York City Department of Education
+1,700
+1,700
+nine
+1,700
+nine
+New York City Charter School Center
+900
+over half million
+one out of four
+one out of four
+24
+over half million
+New York Public Library
+Queens Borough Public Library
+Queens Borough Public Library
+Queens Borough Public Library
+Manhattan
+New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
+more than 70
+$6.7 billion
+$6.7 billion
+$6.7 billion
+1969
+more than 70
+Bellevue Hospital
+Ramanathan Raju
+Bellevue Hospital
+Bellevue Hospital
+Ramanathan Raju, MD
+Illinois
+Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois.
+35,000
+New York's Finest
+35,000
+35,000
+New York's Finest
+328
+75%
+Provo, Utah
+fewer than 500 homicides
+328
+95.1%
+Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards
+Five Families
+Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards
+Black Spades
+Tokyo Fire Department
+fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services
+New York's Bravest
+fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services
+second largest
+11,080
+11,080
+New York's Bravest
+hundreds of miles
+brush fires
+9 MetroTech Center
+Randalls Island
+Downtown Brooklyn
+9 MetroTech Center
+Downtown Brooklyn
+Randalls Island
+11 Metrotech Center
+1940s
+1970s
+Harlem Renaissance
+jazz
+jazz
+jazz
+dance
+New York Fashion Week
+New York School
+New York Fashion Week
+Global Language Monitor
+1880s
+more than 2,000
+New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street
+Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others
+more than 2,000
+New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street
+12.21 million
+The Great White Way
+11.4%
+11.4%
+12.21 million
+11.57 million
+24,000
+4,000
+24,000
+24,000
+nearly one thousand
+1882
+MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field
+Ebbets Field
+1882
+National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer
+five
+forty
+"Capital of Baseball
+35
+"Capital of Baseball
+five
+35
+35
+five
+14
+14
+MetLife Stadium
+2014
+MetLife Stadium
+MetLife Stadium
+East Rutherford, New Jersey
+MetLife Stadium
+2014
+New York Islanders
+Newark
+Newark, New Jersey
+New York Islanders
+New York Islanders
+Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
+New York Liberty
+1938
+New York Liberty
+National Invitation Tournament
+1938
+Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
+Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens
+The Millrose Games
+Belmont Stakes
+1932
+Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden
+Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens
+four
+The New York Marathon
+The Millrose Games
+Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden
+Stickball
+Stickball Boulevard
+Stickball Boulevard
+New York City Subway system
+469
+Grand Central Station
+1.75 billion
+Grand Central Station
+38.4 minutes
+54.6
+22
+54.6%
+90%
+38.4 minutes
+52%
+22%
+Port Authority Bus Terminal
+7,000
+7,000
+Port Authority Bus Terminal
+John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport
+Newark Liberty International Airport
+John F. Kennedy International Airport
+Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York
+109 million
+The Staten Island Ferry
+The Staten Island Ferry
+8.4
+The Staten Island Ferry
+The Staten Island Ferry
+George Washington Bridge
+Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
+Brooklyn Bridge
+1903
+George Washington Bridge
+George Washington Bridge
+Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
+neo-Gothic
+1903
+The Lincoln Tunnel
+1927
+1940
+Franklin D. Roosevelt
+120,000
+120,000
+New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey
+Lower Manhattan to Jersey City
+Franklin D. Roosevelt
+over 200,000
+over 200,000
+21%
+Citibank
+Quinnipiac University
+Walk Score
+Catskill Mountains watershed
+Catskill Mountains
+290 million gallons
+290 million gallons
+290 million gallons
+290 million gallons
+51
+three
+four-year
+51
+three
+The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record
+four
+Democrats
+67
+Barack Obama
+1924
+Calvin Coolidge
+Democratic Party
+67%
+1924
+Calvin Coolidge
+Calvin Coolidge
+127
+Roosevelt Island
+127
+one million
+one million
+one million
+one-fifth
+one-fifth
+lead pollution
+crack epidemic
+Tom Wolfe
+National Library of Australia
+New York's Baruch College
+Iceland and Latvia
+Upper West Side of Manhattan
+New York City Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet,
+Union Square
+New York University
+Central Park SummerStage
+Museum Mile
+a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan
+1959
+2012
+Museum Mile
+Brooklynese
+Archie Bunker
+Carroll O'Connor
+New Yawk
+New York City FC
+Yankee Stadium
+Harrison, New Jersey
+Pelé
+Hofstra University
+one in every three
+more than 250
+more than 250
+AirTrain people mover system
+more than 250
+Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan
+three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
+three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
+Copenhagen Metro
+Port Authority Trans-Hudson
+Second Avenue Subway
+more than 12,000
+Manhattan Island
+theater
+finance
+the theater, finance, advertising
+finance, advertising, and fashion
+rush hour
+northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
+northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
+Long Island
+Queens and Brooklyn
+Queens and Brooklyn
+Structural Expressionism
+Queensboro Bridge
+28%
+28%
+Bill de Blasio
+Hearst Tower
+Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case
+6
+110,000
+Greenpoint oil spill
+mayor-council
+1898
+Manhattan
+Manhattan
+executive agencies
+Foley Square
+District Court for the Eastern District of New York
+Foley Square
+District Court for the Eastern District of New York
+Foley Square
+Manhattan
+10021
+83 cents
+$11 billion
+83 cents
+New York City Global Partners
+2006
+1960
+Pulitzer Prize
+Harper Lee
+Harper Lee
+1960
+her family and neighbors
+United States
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+racial injustice and the destruction of innocence
+American Deep South
+its use of racial epithets
+Mary McDonough Murphy
+2006
+1962
+1990
+Robert Mulligan
+Bible
+Horton Foote
+Robert Mulligan
+Monroeville, Alabama
+February 2016
+Go Set a Watchman
+Go Set a Watchman
+July 14, 2015
+February 2016
+Truman Capote
+1950
+British Overseas Airways
+Monroeville, Alabama
+1926
+Truman Capote
+Huntingdon College
+Huntingdon College
+J. B. Lippincott
+Go Set a Watchman
+Therese von Hohoff Torrey
+Therese von Hohoff Torrey
+mental illness
+two years
+Her father
+July 11, 1960
+over two and a half years
+Reader's Digest Condensed Books
+Maycomb, Alabama
+three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression
+small gifts in a tree outside the Radley
+Dill
+Maycomb, Alabama
+three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression
+Jean Louise Finch (Scout)
+Mayella Ewell
+Tom Robinson
+Scout, Jem, and Dill
+Atticus
+the colored balcony
+the colored balcony
+shot and killed
+Jem and Scout
+Halloween pageant
+Boo Radley
+Atticus
+Boo Radley
+Bob Ewell
+fell on his own knife
+autobiography
+1919
+25
+Monroeville
+Scout
+1960
+In Cold Blood
+Truman Capote
+Underwood
+apart people
+Walter Lett
+Walter Lett
+Emmett Till
+Civil Rights Movement
+Southern prejudices
+Emmett Till
+Satire and irony
+parody, satire, and irony
+Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace
+Calpurnia
+ham
+ham costume
+coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+Atticus
+Miss Maudie
+separations of race and class
+Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted
+race relations
+a punishment of death
+seventeen times
+a punishment of death
+poor white farmers
+seventeen
+shoot a rabid dog
+Carolyn Jones
+Calpurnia
+Aunt Alexandra
+Walter Cunningham
+Jane Austen
+individual worth
+poor white trash'
+issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism
+gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior
+morphine
+Atticus
+courage
+Charles Shields
+Charles Shields
+Harper Lee
+Mayella Ewell
+Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
+Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
+Mrs. Dubose
+Jean Louise
+Bob Ewell
+Atticus
+Boo Radley
+Lawyers
+frilly clothes
+Songbirds
+Finch
+air-rifles
+air-rifles
+air-rifles
+innocent and harmless
+Book of the Month Club
+Book of the Month Club
+ten
+more than 30 million
+more than 30 million
+more than 30 million
+more than 30 million
+Scout, Atticus, and Boo
+Alice Lee
+Scout, Atticus, and Boo
+Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer
+Atticus Finch's model of integrity
+1997
+Alabama State Bar
+honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who "has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor."
+1963
+21
+1963
+21
+1966
+rape
+Tom Robinson
+Little Black Sambo
+the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions
+Uncle Tom's Cabin
+Uncle Tom's Cabin
+Archulus Persons
+Truman Capote
+Alice
+Truman Capote
+Lippincott
+1961
+41
+1962
+1964
+Pulitzer Prize
+1964
+2001
+25
+Richard M. Daley
+Richard M. Daley
+25
+University of Notre Dame
+President George W. Bush
+To Kill a Mockingbird
+University of Notre Dame
+President George W. Bush
+1962
+1962
+1962
+pocketwatch
+"Harper"
+pocketwatch
+"Harper"
+May 2005
+"She's like a national treasure
+Christopher Sergel
+1990
+Monroeville
+May
+racially segregated
+West Yorkshire Playhouse
+Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London
+West Yorkshire Playhouse
+July 14, 2015
+1957
+Go Set a Watchman,
+Tonja Carter
+Go Set a Watchman
+1957
+Go Set a Watchman,
+rape and racial inequality
+Atticus Finch
+narration
+a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood,
+all Southerners
+Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood
+Southern romantic regionalism
+fine folks
+The South itself
+Tom Robinson
+Boo Radley
+he was real nice
+because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy
+Chicago Sunday Tribune
+Granville Hicks
+Flannery O'Connor
+William Faulkner
+Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen
+Allen Barra
+Akin Ajayi
+Calpurnia
+black students
+classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash"
+every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality
+an act of protest
+Scripture
+Mockingbird groupies
+solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
+solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
+artificial photosynthesis
+solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
+174,000 terawatts
+30%
+150 to 300 watts per square meter
+174,000 terawatts
+30%
+150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day
+clouds, oceans and land masses
+71
+Sunlight
+photosynthesis
+71%
+Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises
+clouds
+amplifies convection
+photosynthesis
+3,850,000 exajoules
+more energy in one hour than the world used in one year
+Photosynthesis
+more energy in one hour than the world used in one year
+3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year
+Photosynthesis
+coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined
+the Sun in a direct or indirect way.
+passive or active
+passive or active
+geothermal and tidal
+direct or indirect
+photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans
+Passive solar techniques
+solar thermal collectors
+selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air
+passive solar technologies
+passive solar technologies
+Frank Shuman
+Sun Power Company
+1912
+reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes
+1897
+steam engine
+Sun Power Company
+1912
+Maadi, Egypt
+more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute
+World War I
+Maadi, Egypt
+more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute
+more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute
+World War I
+World War I
+60 to 70
+sunlight
+60 to 70%
+evacuated tube collectors
+evacuated tube collectors
+154 thermal gigawatt
+Israel and Cyprus
+154 thermal gigawatt
+China
+Israel and Cyprus
+In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005.
+50
+50% (10.1 EJ/yr)
+50% (10.1 EJ/yr)
+Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies
+Thermal mass
+any material that can be used to store heat
+stone, cement and water
+radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night
+arid climates or warm temperate regions
+auxiliary heating and cooling equipment
+a vertical shaft
+a vertical shaft
+a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building
+greenhouses
+the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter
+Deciduous trees and plants
+1/3 to 1/2
+they will interfere with winter solar availability
+east and west
+1767
+315 °C (599 °F)
+cooking, drying and pasteurization
+panel cookers and reflector cookers
+Horace de Saussure
+90–150 °C (194–302 °F)
+315 °C (599 °F)
+Shenandoah, Georgia, USA
+short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years)
+parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors
+Shenandoah, Georgia, USA
+to obtain salt from sea water
+Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks
+preheating ventilation air
+1872
+Solar distillation
+16th-century Arab alchemists
+1872
+4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day
+single-slope
+World Health Organization
+from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions
+household water treatment and safe storage
+Over two million
+carbon dioxide
+chemicals or electricity
+carbon dioxide
+2050
+2050
+354 MW
+less than 1%
+354 MW
+Mojave Desert of California
+India
+Charles Fritts
+1954
+mainstream electricity source
+A solar cell
+Charles Fritts
+Dr Bruno Lange
+Russell Ohl
+a working fluid
+lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
+a conventional power plant
+the Stirling dish
+a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight
+Megaron House
+orientation relative to the Sun
+well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range
+Megaron House
+pumps, fans and switchable windows
+Urban heat islands
+3 °C
+Urban heat islands
+asphalt and concrete
+paint buildings and roads white and plant trees
+fruit walls
+grape presses
+to optimize the productivity of plants
+timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties
+fruit walls
+keeping plants warm
+cucumbers
+16th century
+convert solar light to heat
+Greenhouses
+Tiberius
+16th century
+3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi)
+90.87 kilometres per hour
+a biannual solar-powered car race
+1987
+90.87 kilometres per hour
+90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)
+The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge
+1975
+1975
+Kenichi Horie
+Kenichi Horie
+Solar Riser
+Solar Impulse
+1974
+29 April 1979
+July 1981
+Eric Scott Raymond
+36 hours
+hydrogen production from protons
+Solar chemical processes
+artificial photosynthesis
+Weizmann Institute
+pure zinc
+Hydrogen production technologies
+oxygen and hydrogen
+Weizmann Institute
+Thermal mass systems
+Thermal mass systems
+water, earth and stone
+lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements
+paraffin wax and Glauber's salt
+The "Dover House"
+paraffin wax and Glauber's salt
+64 °C or 147 °F
+Dover House
+they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
+1.44 terajoules
+Off-grid PV systems
+Off-grid PV systems
+Net metering programs
+'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
+accurately measure in both directions
+hydroelectric power generator
+when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one
+hydroelectric power generator
+1979
+1979
+Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan
+SERI, now NREL
+NEDO
+Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
+1920s
+20%
+1890s
+falling petroleum prices
+20%
+154 GW
+The International Energy Agency
+The International Energy Agency
+ISO 10217
+solar water heaters
+ISO 10217
+ISO 10217
+passive solar or active solar
+solar water heating
+orienting a building to the Sun
+559.8 EJ
+1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)
+large magnitude of solar energy
+1,575–49,837 exajoules
+an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource
+mitigating global warming
+learning investments
+It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise
+geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.
+areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation
+photovoltaics
+during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb
+clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
+solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels
+they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
+insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans
+1,575–49,837 EJ
+conversion of sunlight into electricity
+directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)
+tracking systems
+focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
+photoelectric effect
+Sunlight
+Greeks and Chinese
+Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods
+ordinary air
+upward buoyancy force
+toy market
+surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high
+coal would soon become scarce
+increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
+solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060
+greenhouse gas emitters
+Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
+Manichaeism
+Oxus
+1991
+1992 to 1997
+Manichaeism
+Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
+1991
+1992 to 1997
+260,000
+260,000
+60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)
+Virgin Lands Campaign
+clan loyalties
+30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
+Emomali Rahmon
+More than 500,000
+Tajik–Afghan
+Dushanbe Airport
+15 km southwest of Dushanbe
+United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
+30
+Russia
+November 2010
+August
+republic
+Kokhir Rasulzoda
+Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova
+November 1994
+the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament
+independent press outlets remain restricted
+no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
+no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
+avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists
+Tajikistan
+mountains of the Pamir range
+on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
+between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)
+Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
+a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe
+"Land of the Tajiks"
+"place of" or "country"
+the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
+Tibetan empire and Chinese
+Tibetan empire and Chinese
+Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara
+Khorasan
+Tibetan empire and Chinese
+Tibetan empire and Chinese
+Tibetan empire and Chinese
+Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara
+Tibetan empire and Chinese
+Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara
+Khorasan
+Khorasan
+Tibetan empire and Chinese
+710
+Kara-Khanid Khanate
+The Samanid Empire
+late 19th century's Imperial Era
+Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand
+cotton
+Russian Turkestan
+Emirate of Bukhara
+During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region
+Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand
+1910 and 1913
+World War I
+basmachi
+in a futile attempt to maintain independence
+four-year
+Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
+Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
+southern region
+collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place
+peasants
+Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan.
+nearly 10,000 people
+Ethnic Russians
+between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%
+Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary
+four seats in Parliament
+President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
+"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."
+would not affect the will of the Tajik people
+143,100 km2
+143,100 km2
+143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)
+Afghanistan
+Wakhan Corridor
+Afghanistan
+143,100 km2
+143,100 km2
+Afghanistan
+Afghanistan
+500 BCE
+Achaemenid Empire
+Alexander the Great
+Yuezhi tribes
+early eighth century
+Arabs
+Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
+9.6%
+aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers
+60%
+Tajik Aluminum Company
+Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports.
+great hydropower potential
+Nurek Dam
+Afghanistan
+less than US$1.25 per day
+$2.1 billion US dollars
+cheap labor
+unprecedented
+Drug trafficking
+US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities
+Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations
+to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency
+Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail.
+Iran and Pakistan
+1,300 km (810 mi)
+2012
+26 airports
+Dushanbe International Airport
+Russia
+Khorog Airport
+7,349,145
+7,349,145
+7,349,145
+7,349,145
+Tajikistanis
+Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
+Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
+the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains
+Sunni Islam
+freedom of religion
+Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon
+98%
+minority religious groups undermine national unity
+religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere
+Hizb ut-Tahrir
+an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state
+the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities
+a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location
+Religious groups who do not have a physical structure
+closure of place of worship
+health care
+104,272
+1%
+World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
+11 years
+11 years
+76
+17%
+Anthropology
+social anthropology
+linguistic anthropology
+social anthropology
+United States
+1870
+1869
+1902
+1865
+Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation
+During the last three decades of the 19th century
+During the last three decades of the 19th century
+major theorists
+American Association for the Advancement of Science
+American Association for the Advancement of Science
+late 19th and early 20th centuries
+Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation
+cross-cultural comparisons
+Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology
+cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques
+Anthropology
+Anthropology
+Anthropology
+Classical Greece and Persia
+cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies
+structuralist and postmodern theories
+1970s and 1990s
+epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions
+archaeology and biological anthropology
+four sub-fields
+Sociocultural anthropology
+Sociocultural anthropology
+it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations
+There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.
+the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them,
+cultural relativism
+methodology
+Participant observation
+participant-observation
+reductionism in cross-cultural comparison
+economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games,
+patterns of consumption and exchange
+kinship and social organization
+economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games,
+economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution
+Archaeology
+patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices
+to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups
+to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways
+evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies
+Linguistic anthropology
+the interpretation of sociocultural processes
+Linguistic anthropology
+sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis
+universality
+do not exist
+formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities
+1983
+an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'
+Étienne Serres
+Étienne Serres
+Étienne Serres
+France
+Société Ethnologique de Paris
+19th
+Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them
+processes or laws unknown to them then
+On the Origin of Species
+Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.
+late 1850s.
+social sciences
+Paris
+Paris
+Transformisme
+neurosurgeon
+the pathology of speech
+Broca's area
+psychology
+six
+the science of the nature of man
+animist
+comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
+empirical
+history of civilization
+British ethnologists
+explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt
+explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt
+French Société
+Waitz
+anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions
+dozens
+forensic archaeologist
+recreate the final scene
+World Council of Anthropological Associations
+Media anthropology
+Media anthropology
+early 1990s
+contexts of media reception
+cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education.
+Visual anthropology
+anthropological study of visual representation
+sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs
+ethnographic film
+Economic anthropology
+Economic anthropology
+economics
+Bronislaw Malinowski
+Polish-British
+Historical Materialism
+History and colonialism
+Hunter-gatherers
+the vast majority of the world's population
+Political Economists
+Applied Anthropology
+"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems
+"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems
+activism
+activism
+critical
+poverty
+pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing
+gap
+Why does so much planned development fail
+Kinship
+anthropology
+Over its history
+one's social relations during development
+by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage
+Feminist anthropology
+Feminist anthropology
+Feminist anthropologists
+construction of gender
+birth
+Nutritional anthropology
+interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security
+globalization
+overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models)
+Nutritional anthropology
+Psychological anthropology
+development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health.
+its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories
+ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group
+the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes
+Cognitive anthropology
+Cognitive anthropology
+experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
+what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.
+Political anthropology
+the basis of the structure of societies
+1960s
+anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena.
+Geertz
+American Anthropological Association's annual meeting
+1993
+STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science
+Donna Haraway
+modern technological systems
+Environmental anthropology
+political ecology
+more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.
+The focus and data interpretation
+Hyde Park
+historical records
+various ethnic groups
+historical and ethnographic data as its foundation
+documents and manuscripts
+Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.
+Urban anthropology
+Ulf Hannerz
+Ulf Hannerz
+two
+two
+human–animal studies
+Anthrozoology
+a number of other disciplines
+quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party
+anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy
+Evolutionary anthropology
+natural science and social science
+biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present
+scientific
+interdisciplinary
+Ethical commitments
+Ethical commitments
+anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation
+hu man sacrifice
+To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach
+Boas' anthropologist contemporaries
+Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan
+armed forces
+intelligence
+David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.
+for the benefit of the state
+codes of ethics or statements
+The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth
+AAA
+no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given
+US military
+US Army's strategy in Afghanistan
+Counterinsurgency
+Iraq
+CEAUSSIC
+Biological anthropologists
+Biological anthropologists
+into the field
+traveling to a community in its own setting
+population genetic
+relevant time periods and geographic regions
+material
+Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian
+Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian
+various kinds of comparative method
+the study of "other cultures
+time (past societies) and space
+non-European/non-Western societies
+Ulf Hannerz
+late 1960s
+the North Atlantic region
+limiting research to a single locale
+broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people
+scientific laboratories
+the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations
+attempted assassination
+Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro
+Jesuits
+1759
+every person involved, even women and children
+1770
+1779
+primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty
+opposition
+primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty
+Napoleon
+1822
+Brazil
+United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
+20th century
+French Invasion of Portugal
+1820
+Porto
+French Invasion of Portugal
+Portuguese royal family
+before the turn of the 20th century
+1884
+to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa
+to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa
+Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, Joo Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia
+1 February 1908
+14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902
+Manuel II
+5 October 1910
+Political instability and economic weaknesses
+António de Oliveira Salazar
+1933
+five
+Angola and Mozambique,
+United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
+unitary semi-presidential republican form of government
+unitary semi-presidential republican form of government
+France, Spain and Italy
+decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
+a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
+a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
+Battle of Covadonga
+722 AD
+Reconquista Crist
+dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
+Alfonso III
+868 AD
+Alfonso III
+Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália
+Leonese culture
+the Kingdom of Portugal
+Galician
+Spanish
+Castilian (Spanish Language)
+Count von Daun
+Sebastio José de Carvalho e Melo
+The Queen consort of Portugal
+The Queen consort of Portugal
+John V of Portugal
+earthquakes
+marching troops around the models
+no epidemics
+Pombaline City Centre
+every parish in the country
+Portuguese Republic
+Southwestern Europe
+Atlantic Ocean
+1,214 km (754 mi)
+Madeira
+Portuguese Republic
+Southwestern Europe
+Atlantic Ocean
+Atlantic Ocean
+1,214 km (754 mi)
+The Celts and the Romans
+Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples
+1139
+Age of Discovery
+15th and 16th centuries
+Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822.
+1822
+Portuguese First Republic
+Macau
+250 million
+Portus Cale
+Pre-Celts and Celts
+Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes
+298 AD
+Alankerk
+27 BC
+Gallaecia
+Conmbriga and Mirobriga
+hill forts
+16 km
+only a few months
+711
+750
+Abd-ar-Rahman I
+almost two centuries
+Emir of their provinces
+the Christian kingdoms of the north
+Taifa of Seville
+Almoravids
+Battle of Sagrajas
+Muwallad or Muladi
+Oman
+Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa
+south of the Tagus
+800
+León
+Galicia
+Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital
+910
+1230
+1348 and 1349
+England
+England
+NATO
+Oporto region
+Age of Discovery
+King Joo I
+the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde
+Cape of Good Hope
+Brazil
+increased
+Prime Minister
+British economic success
+Sebastio de Melo
+Sebastio de Melo
+economic and financial
+to ensure the wine's quality
+high nobility
+Sebastio de Melo
+high nobility to the poorest working class
+April 1974
+Lisbon
+social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
+Junta de Salvaço Nacional
+Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government
+Mário Soares
+1983 to 1985
+neoliberal model
+1976
+to accommodate socialist and communist principles
+Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Be
+Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Be
+Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Be
+mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.
+Azores and Madeira
+rough topography
+Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical
+Arrábida mountain
+Tertiary period
+Pyrenean oak
+Boars
+seven
+Laurisilva
+fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mon
+migratory birds
+more than 100
+in the Tagus International Natural Park
+habitat loss, pollution and drought
+glowing plankton
+five
+Anbal Cavaco Silva
+230
+230
+thirteen
+Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party
+national-, regional- and local-levels
+Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
+between 5 and 15%
+President of the Republic
+five
+direct, universal suffrage
+President of the Republic
+The Council of Ministers
+a mandatory period of debate
+failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies
+Portuguese law
+urban areas
+the Polcia de Segurança Pblica – PSP
+the Polcia de Segurança Pblica – PSP
+2001
+10 days worth of personal use
+go to a rehab facility
+50 percent
+308
+308
+18
+three
+Navy, Army and Air Force
+self-defense force
+39,200
+2.1 percent of GDP
+21,000
+Pandur II APC
+Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC
+paratroopers, commandos and rangers
+10,700
+World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War
+1961–1974
+East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon
+Angola
+Pedro Passos Coelho
+improve the State's financial situation
+on top of the government's spending cuts
+20%
+the Diário de Notcias
+unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms
+the Diário de Notcias
+2007–08
+Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)
+bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
+personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes.
+bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
+the euro (€)
+Portuguese Escudo
+Banco de Portugal
+Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas
+Setbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria
+1974
+PREC period
+exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector
+textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
+textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
+European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
+2011
+€78 billion
+May 2014
+15.3 percent
+small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units
+Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezrias and Valouro
+edible mushrooms
+tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef
+Ramirez (the world’s oldest active canned fish producer), Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Lder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vas
+Vasco da Gama
+fish
+Portugal is a significant European minerals producer
+tin, tungsten and uranium
+hydrocarbon exploration
+north
+economic globalization
+Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen
+Embraer and OGMA
+AutoEuropa
+Alverca, Covilh, Évora, and Ponte de Sor
+Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro
+Travel and tourism
+Eastern European destinations
+niche attractions
+health, nature and rural tourism
+The Economist
+65%
+10.2%
+negative
+July 2011
+the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility
+the late 1970s
+Carnation's Revolution
+financial weakness
+70.8
+62.4
+slow and inefficient
+Italy
+over 30 per 100,000
+Passos Coelho
+35 to 40 hours
+€4.8 billion
+if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
+65 to 66
+cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses
+Passos Coelho
+several institutions
+the third quarter of 2014
+11.9%
+7.3%
+December 2009
+Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra
+between 4-5 million
+between 4-5 million
+Porto Santo, and Alentejo
+Lisbon
+1970s
+motorways
+68,732 km (42,708 mi)
+1944
+89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
+89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
+Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja
+Lisbon's geographical position
+TAP Portugal
+Spain
+Comboios de Portugal
+1,430 km (889 mi)
+1,430 km (889 mi)
+1,430 km (889 mi)
+Porto Metropolitan Area
+Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo
+Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)
+over a century
+INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.
+INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.
+Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education
+Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation
+neuroscience and oncology research centre
+one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world
+1779
+Lisbon Oceanarium
+a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population
+Visionarium
+scientific, technological and knowledge-based
+Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)
+financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
+wind and river power
+near Moura, in the south
+Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region
+66%
+Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)
+renewable-energy plants
+hydropower plants
+wind-driven turbines
+government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.
+52%
+52%
+52%
+Catholicism
+Cristos Novos
+Paleolithic peoples
+45,000 years ago
+Paleolithic peoples
+south-western corner
+Atlantic Ocean
+People's Republic of China
+emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999
+10,617,575
+81.0%
+Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist
+6.8%
+6.8%
+Christian
+13th and 14th
+First Portuguese Republic
+1910–26
+25 July 1139
+God's wish to act through Afonso
+to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands
+Portuguese
+Romance
+Galicia and Northern Portugal
+Galician-Portuguese
+the Romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
+the Romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
+between 1415 and 1999
+Brazil
+Brazil
+99 percent
+close to 100 percent
+Over 35%
+Over 35%
+1290
+Lisbon
+Coimbra
+Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificaço e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro
+the Escola Médico-Cirrgica of Goa
+2006
+public money
+over 23 years old
+developing health policy as well as managing the SNS
+Five
+implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
+noncommunicable diseases
+ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
+ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
+mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A.
+mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years
+survey results based on self-reporting at the household level
+one third
+Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
+Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
+the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon
+Casa da Msica
+15
+Portuguese late Gothic
+a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century
+20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture
+Eduardo Souto de Moura, lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne
+stadium design
+late 19th century
+Fernando Lopes
+Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado
+late 19th century
+Fernando Lopes
+Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado
+Lus de Cames
+"Os Lusadas" (The Lusiads)
+Lus de Cames
+neoclassic and contemporary styles
+Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga
+bacalhau
+caldeirada
+a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish
+beef, pork, lamb, or chicken
+arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)
+Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches
+the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country
+almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor
+ovos moles
+Romans
+Bacchus
+Madeira Wine
+Port and Madeira
+Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality,
+Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto
+every two years
+Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010
+2005
+Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa
+the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia.
+Joly Braga Santos
+Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira
+20th century
+Delaunays
+Canço Popular a Russa e o Fgaro
+Vieira da Silva, Jlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julio Sarmento and Paula Rego
+Football
+Eusébio
+Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
+Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
+José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José
+SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP
+"os três grandes" ("the big three")
+eight
+roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball
+The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federaço Portuguesa de Futebol
+June 8, 1977
+Kanye Omari West
+Kanye Omari West
+June 8, 1977
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+Jay-Z and Alicia Keys
+7
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+Chicago
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+The College Dropout
+7
+more than 32 million
+more than 32 million
+21
+more than 3 2 million albums and 100 million digital downloads
+"500 Greatest Albums of All Time
+more than 32 million
+21
+more than 3 2 million albums and 100 million digital downloads
+2005 and 2015
+Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University
+Atlanta
+Good Water Store and Café
+Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University
+Polaris High School
+Nanjing, China
+West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it.
+A's and B's
+10
+Nanjing University
+poetry
+$25
+No I.D.
+poetry
+Green Eggs and Ham
+No I.D.
+Chicago's American Academy of Art
+20
+Chicago's American Academy of Art
+English
+20
+College Dropout
+burgeoning local artists
+speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records
+Go-Getters
+mid-1990s
+mid-1990s
+Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie
+Go-Getters
+Hustle Period
+1999
+Foxy Brown
+guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.
+Foxy Brown
+Tell 'Em Why U Madd
+Roc-A-Fella Records
+The Blueprint
+2000
+The Blueprint
+to be a rapper
+Capitol Records
+to be a rapper
+gangsta image
+Capitol Records
+Joe Weinberger
+Damon Dash
+Jay-Z
+Joe Weinberger
+Damon Dash
+Through The Wire
+Get Well Soon...
+The College Dropout
+October 23, 2002
+"Through The Wire"
+Get Well Soon
+leaked months
+August 200 3
+Los Angeles
+August 200 3
+August 2003
+Roc-A-Fella
+Roc-A-Fella
+Jesus Walks
+GOOD Music
+February 2004
+"Slow Jamz"
+10
+GOOD Music
+string orchestra
+Jon Brion
+Late Registration
+over 2.3 million
+Portishead
+Late Registration
+over 2.3 million
+Best New Artist
+Hurricane Katrina
+a crown of thorns.
+Best New Artist
+Mike Myers
+a crown of thorns.
+A Concert for Hurricane Relief
+anthemic rap songs
+large arenas
+Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
+anthemic rap songs
+1980s
+The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin
+Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
+Graduation
+50 Cent
+957,000
+Daft Punk
+Graduation
+50 Cent
+Daft Punk
+Alexis Phifer
+Auto-Tune
+November 2007
+Alexis Phifer
+2008 Glow in the Dark Tour
+Honolulu, Hawaii
+"Love Lockdown"
+Island Def Jam
+808s & Heartbreak
+Island Def Jam
+November 2008
+Heartless
+Island Def Jam
+Matthew Trammell
+Matthew Trammell
+2009 MTV Video Music Awards
+Taylor Swift
+Lady Gaga
+2009 MTV Video Music Awards
+Beyoncé
+Lady Gaga
+808s & Heartbreak's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards
+Hawaii
+fashion
+Hawaii
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+54th Grammy Awards
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+November 2010
+"All of the Lights"
+GOOD Fridays
+Watch the Throne with Jay-Z.
+Jay-Z
+2012 Cannes Film Festival
+Watch the Throne with Jay-Z.
+Watch the Throne with Jay-Z.
+"Niggas in Paris"
+2012
+2012 Cannes Film Festival
+his own personal Loft's living room
+Yeezus
+Kendrick Lamar
+his own personal Loft's living room
+architecture
+Yeezus
+June 18, 2013
+Kendrick Lamar
+North
+Adidas
+Paul McCartney
+2015 BRIT Awards
+Kim Kardashian
+North
+Florence
+Paul McCartney
+Yeezy Season 1
+SWISH
+School of the Art Institute of Chicago
+135,000
+So Help Me God
+School of the Art Institute of Chicago
+135,000
+February 11
+Waves
+Wiz Khalifa
+The Life of Pablo
+Tidal
+"Facts"
+Waves
+Wiz Khalifa
+Yeezy Season 3
+David Bowie
+Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard
+chipmunk soul
+David Bowie
+David Bowie
+"This Can't Be Life"
+Jon Brion
+string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation
+Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section
+Jon Brion
+Portishead
+Graduation
+a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape
+melody and chord progression
+2007
+808s & Heartbreak
+Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
+dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano
+Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
+1980s post-punk and new wave
+Matthew Trammell
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson
+Sean Fennessey
+Sean Fennessey
+808s & Heartbreak
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+a protest to music
+distorted drum machines and "synthesizers that sound like they're malfunctioning, low-resolution samplers
+2013
+Yeezus
+Pastelle Clothing
+four years
+September 2005
+2009
+Nike
+Louis Vuitton
+women
+mixed-to-negative reviews
+March 6, 2012
+October 1, 2011
+DW Kanye West
+October 1, 2011
+DW Kanye West
+The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, Elleuk.com, The Daily Telegraph, Harper's Bazaar
+March 6, 2012
+Adidas
+December 3
+Adidas Yeezy Boosts
+9000 pairs
+Adidas Yeezy Boosts
+2015
+The Life of Pablo
+10
+10
+February 2011
+10
+10
+February 2011
+KW Foods LLC
+GOOD Music
+Pusha T
+2004
+John Legend
+Pusha T
+make products and experiences that people want and can afford
+Donda West
+January 5, 2012
+Tidal
+Beyoncé and Jay-Z
+low payout of royalties
+Tidal
+lossless audio and high definition music videos
+Jay Z
+Spotify
+Kanye West Foundation
+provide underprivileged youth access to music education
+Kanye West Foundation
+2007
+Chicago
+provide underprivileged youth access to music education
+Strong American Schools
+an inaugural benefit concert
+The Dr. Donda West Foundation
+2011
+2008
+The Dr. Donda West Foundation
+2008
+MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home.
+A Concert for Hurricane Relief
+Hurricane Katrina
+Hurricane Katrina
+September 2, 2005
+Chris Tucker
+George Bush
+"one of the most disgusting moments" of his presidency
+Matt Lauer
+Kazakhstan
+$3 million
+one of the poorest human rights records
+Kazakhstan
+Shakira and Rage Against The Machine
+human rights concerns
+Zane Lowe
+an apology
+Zane Lowe
+Zane Lowe
+Zane Lowe
+oil money
+Jewish people
+oil money
+December 21, 2013
+Bill Cosby
+Bill Cosby
+Gretchen Wilson
+Touch the Sky
+Gretchen Wilson
+Touch the Sky
+November 7, 2006
+Saturday Night Live
+MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs)
+Stronger
+MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs)
+"Stronger"
+Taylor Swift
+President Barack Obama
+President Barack Obama
+"I did not diss Taylor Swift
+Famous
+September 2010
+November 8, 2010
+The Life of Pablo
+West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year
+Beyoncé
+West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year
+February 26, 2015
+Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
+2020
+Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
+133,000+
+Pan American Games
+Change.org
+133,000+
+over 50,000
+Alexis Phifer
+Amber Rose
+Kim Kardashian
+Alexis Phifer
+2002
+August 2006
+Amber Rose
+April 2012
+the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James
+58
+Andre Aboolian
+7:35 pm
+heart disease
+Andre Aboolian
+Jan Adams
+Larry King Live
+"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty"
+Ed McPherson
+Ed McPherson, filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian
+Larry King Live
+January 10, 2008
+Oklahoma City
+"Don't Stop Believin'"
+Oklahoma City
+November 20, 2007
+November 22
+Glow in the Dark tour
+New Zealand
+New Zealand
+Arnold Schwarzenegger
+Arnold Schwarzenegger
+"Donda West Law"
+Robert "Evel" Knievel
+November 2007
+Robert "Evel" Knievel
+Evel Kanyevel
+November 2007
+Don "Don C." Crowley
+$20,000
+one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery
+September 11, 2008
+Don "Don C." Crowley
+Don "Don C." Crowley
+$20,000
+Tup Tup Palace
+Tup Tup Palace
+Tup Tup Palace
+Tup Tup Palace
+Daniel Ramos
+misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft
+Daniel Ramos
+2
+24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos.
+250
+Christian
+The College Dropout
+Christian
+music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures
+David Bowie
+"As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold."
+Ben Westhoff
+"he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure," while Complex called him the 21st century's "most important artist of any art form, of any genre."
+preponderance of homophobia in hip hop
+Rosie Swash
+middle-class
+50 Cent
+Ben Detrick
+Elon Musk
+Elon Musk
+6
+over 30 million
+6
+Yeezus
+3,086,000
+third
+over 30 million
+21
+Bob Dylan
+Time 100
+21
+8
+May 16, 2008
+MTV Man of the Year
+Bob Dylan
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
+The Pitchfork online music publication
+The Pitchfork online music publication
+The Pitchfork online music publication
+The Pitchfork online music publication
+the song "Runaway" (featuring Pusha T) was ranked in the third position in the publication's list of the 200 "best tracks" released since 2010.
+Taylor Swift
+Taylor Swift
+clothing and footwear
+DONDA
+2013
+Buddhism
+Gautama Buddha
+Nepal
+Four Noble Truths
+elimination of ignorance and craving
+Buddhism
+Gautama Buddha
+between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
+Nepal
+Gautama Buddha
+Nepal
+between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
+Gautama Buddha
+6th and 4
+Nepal
+Gautama Buddha
+Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle")
+Vajrayana
+Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
+Tiantai
+488 million[web 1] and 535 million
+Mahayana
+Vajrayana
+Vajrayana
+Indian siddhas
+The School of the Elders
+Nirvana
+Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)
+to help other beings reach awakening
+rainbow body
+Noble Eightfold Path
+Noble Eightfold Path
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Middle Way
+Mahayana
+escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth
+the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)
+cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment
+Ten Meritorious Deeds
+renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic
+Mahabrahma
+giving charity to reduce the greediness
+Ten Meritorious Deeds
+Theravada
+the Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravdin Mahvastu, and the Sarvstivdin Lalitavistara Stra
+monastic order
+5th century CE
+Buddhacarita
+Buddha ghoa
+Buddha ghoa
+do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.
+Buddhaghoa
+Michael Carrithers
+renunciation
+Karen Armstrong
+Siddhatta Gotama
+his disciples
+Michael Carrithers
+her biography of the Buddha
+Siddhatta Gotama
+fifth century BCE
+northeastern Indian subcontinent
+an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.
+northeastern Indian subcontinent
+fifth century BCE
+a small republic
+northeastern Indian subcontinent
+an oligarchy
+northeastern Indian subcontinent
+elected chieftain
+Asita
+renounce the material world to become a holy man
+whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls
+Asita
+Suddhodana
+Asita
+Asita
+Suddhodana
+holy man
+he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds
+29
+the suffering of ordinary people
+ascetic holy man
+to see his son become a king
+29
+four sights
+a spiritual quest.
+to see his son become a king
+29
+ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world.
+ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world.
+famous religious teachers of the day
+Middle Way
+prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain
+anapanasati meditation
+extreme asceticism
+milk and rice
+Middle Way
+they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
+milk and rice
+Middle Way
+Middle Way
+35
+Bodhi Tree
+teaching the path of awakening he had discovered
+80
+Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
+Bodhi Tree
+Bodhi Tree
+80
+Bodhi Tree
+Bodhi Tree
+Bodhi Tree
+Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
+samsara
+ignorance
+suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction
+liberation from samsara
+dukkha
+six
+ignorance
+following the Buddhist path
+samsara
+six
+six
+dukkha
+following the Buddhist path
+action, work
+sasra
+sla
+phala
+action, work
+sla
+cetan
+phala
+sasra
+sla
+result
+the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts
+Mahyna Mahparinirva Stra
+Vajrayana
+Genshin
+the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts
+Genshin
+the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts
+the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts
+Genshin
+Genshin
+Rebirth
+anatt
+prattyasamutpda
+a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death.
+karma
+Rebirth
+anatta
+prattyasamutpda
+a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul
+angmis (non-returners)
+the highest object of meditation
+angmis
+Pure Abodes
+angmis
+formless realms
+arpajhnas
+angmis
+angmis
+arpajhnas
+formless realms
+intermediate state
+Samyutta Nikaya
+Samyutta Nikaya
+bardo
+Samyutta Nikaya
+Samyutta Nikaya
+intermediate state
+intermediate state
+Samyutta Nikaya
+Samyutta Nikaya
+Four Noble Truths
+the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome
+Four Noble Truths
+suffering
+Four Noble Truths
+dukkha
+dukkha
+"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.
+three
+suffering
+anxiety
+three
+unsatisfactoriness
+three
+three
+the origin of dukkha can be known
+craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)
+the complete cessation of dukkha is possible
+identifies a path to this cessation
+the origin of dukkha can be known.
+ignorance
+ignorance
+the origin of dukkha can be known
+ignorance
+ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things
+the origin of dukkha
+The Noble Eightfold Path
+dukkha
+Right Concentration
+the fourth
+eight
+dukkha
+Right Action
+the fourth
+eight
+dukkha
+Ajahn Sucitto
+eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour
+mental, spoken, and bodily
+Ajahn Sucitto
+"the immeasurables"
+egotism
+four immeasurables
+mett
+wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
+Kalama
+egotism
+Thich Nhat Hanh
+Pema Chödrön
+mett
+Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment
+Gautama Buddha
+Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment
+Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism
+Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.
+Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts
+Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.
+overcoming ignorance
+suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sasra)
+nirva
+nirva
+suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths
+three marks
+inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent
+loss
+because things are impermanent
+Every we can experience through our senses
+Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be
+sasra
+attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering
+suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration
+disquietude
+realistic
+Buddhism
+disquietude
+disquietude
+dukkha
+Not-self
+an approach for gaining release from suffering
+the Buddha refused to answer
+neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self
+Not-self
+Nikayas
+"I have a Self" and "I have no Self"
+skandhas
+prattyasamutpda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: )
+"dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"
+prattyasamutpda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: )
+Twelve Nidnas
+Twelve Nidnas
+Twelve Nidnas
+cause, foundation, source or origin
+The Twelve Nidnas
+The Twelve Nidnas
+Nirvana
+ignorance
+the others
+Sentient beings
+dukkha
+Nirvana
+ignorance
+nyat
+emptiness
+tman
+svabhava
+Sarvastivada teachings
+Vasubandhu and Asanga
+cittamatra
+Vasubandhu and Asanga
+Buddha-nature
+Buddha-nature
+the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness
+innate qualities of the mind
+tathgatagarbha
+"extinction" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (sasra)), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is also known as "Awakening" or "En
+anybody who has achieved nirvana
+arahant
+Bodhi
+nirvana
+extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha
+raga
+delusion
+bodhisattva
+buddha
+nirvana
+parinirvana
+a fully awakened being
+Samsara
+Samsara
+Amitabha or Vairocana
+Maitreya
+Buddhas of celestial
+directly realizing the true nature of reality
+arahants
+Bodhi and nirvana
+anagami
+earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being
+earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being
+Mahayana
+he is living on in other planes of existence
+monks
+bodhisattvas
+bodhisattvas
+Pure Land
+Pure Land
+salvific "other-power"
+Gautama Buddha
+A Buddha era
+Gautama Buddha
+Gautama Buddha
+Mahayana Buddhists
+Theravada
+Pure Land Buddhism
+enlightenment being
+anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta
+enlightenment
+enlightenment
+enlightenment
+the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings
+bodhisattva vow
+dna, la, kanti, vrya, dhyna, and praj
+the 14th Dalai Lama
+Buddhists
+bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting
+meditative absorption
+early sermons of the Buddha
+yoga
+liberating
+Meditation
+mindfulness and clear awareness
+vision
+the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of "transcendent wisdom"
+transcendent wisdom
+Buddhist texts
+Buddhist texts
+Upanishads
+Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha
+Nasadiya Sukta
+Nasadiya Sukta
+Three Jewels
+Majjhima Nikaya
+Tibetan Buddhism
+they have an eternal and immutable essence.
+The Three Jewels
+Gautama Buddha
+The Dharma
+Sangha
+la (Sanskrit) or sla (Pli)
+pramit
+meritorious
+la
+meritorious
+overall principles of ethical behavior
+five precepts
+eight
+training rules
+the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens
+the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens
+sexual misconduct
+celibacy
+ten
+a tenth
+ten precepts
+different schools or subschools
+227
+different schools or subschools
+it is the spirit that counts
+assure a satisfying life
+provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments
+islands unto themselves
+the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged
+the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged
+Japan
+Zen
+eight jhnas
+right concentration
+samyak samdhi
+defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
+jhna
+vipassan
+his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassan) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering.
+an object or idea
+jhna
+calm the mind
+nirva
+jna
+praj
+nirva
+craving
+various defilements
+deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress
+Nibbna
+The Four Noble Truths
+extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi
+Praj
+praj
+Nirvana
+daily life
+China, Korea and Japan
+China, Korea and Japan
+China, Korea and Japan
+scriptures
+Rinzai
+Rinzai
+the ego
+the ego
+"When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence."
+Mahayana
+Diamond Vehicle
+Vajrayana
+ritual and physical techniques
+second half of the first millennium BCE
+shramanas
+shramanas
+Vedic
+Greater Magadha
+Rajagrha
+2nd or 3rd centuries BCE
+Upanishads
+Pakudha Kaccayana
+Ajnanas
+the Jains
+Vedic animal sacrifice
+hymn of the cosmic man
+a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices
+it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas
+Theravadin Pali Canon
+dhyana and insight
+Rupa Jhanas
+On some Aspects of descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism
+Schmithausen
+Bruce Matthews
+Bronkhorst
+Bronkhorst
+fourth
+liberating insight
+linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.
+Nirvna
+Nikayas
+Nirvna
+the middle way
+eightfold
+prajna
+liberating insight
+person al, "adjusted to the need of each person."
+Upanishadic
+Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
+Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
+Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
+Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
+Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism:
+Pre-sectarian Buddhism
+karma and rebirth
+Gautama Buddha
+parinirva
+nanda
+stras
+abhidhamma
+Sangha
+Sangha
+100 BCE
+Mahasanghikas
+Mahasanghika
+the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya
+The Sthaviras
+monasteries
+doctrinal disagreements
+Abhidharma
+summaries or numerical lists
+around the 3rd century BCE
+scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka
+Mahsghika
+Mahsghika
+Prajpramit
+Prajpramit
+Guang Xing
+lower Ka Valley, including Amaravati, Ngrjunako and Jaggayyapea
+Akira Hirakawa
+There is no evidence that Mahyna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism
+Paul Williams
+non-Mahyna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.
+early Chinese translations
+Lokakema
+Prajpramit
+Prajpramit
+Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
+Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
+Yogacara
+Ashoka
+Sri Lanka
+Buddhist religious memorials
+eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms
+whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries
+eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms
+changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism.
+Menander
+Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma
+Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma
+2nd century CE
+2nd century CE
+Korea and Japan
+8th century onwards
+China and India
+the teachings of the Buddha
+the Buddhist community
+exotic and progressive
+Modern influences
+second half of the 20th Century
+neo-Buddhism
+Soka Gakkai
+Value Creation Society
+12 million
+SGI
+7% to 8%
+China
+China
+18,2 million
+18,2 million
+Seven million
+495 million
+495 million
+495 million
+lesser vehicle
+rvakayna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.
+Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts
+one Buddhist ecumenical organization
+Theravada
+Sthvirya
+Pali Canon
+west
+Theravadin Buddhists
+merit
+Nland University
+Mahayana Sutras
+faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.
+the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra
+Eastern Buddhism
+Northern Buddhism
+the Pure Land school of Mahayana
+Buddhism and Saivism
+mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras
+Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra
+Buddhist scriptures
+scholastic
+no single central text
+Tibetan Buddhists
+Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka
+The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.
+Dhammapada
+all of the major principles of Buddhism
+condensed'study texts'
+Zen
+The Buddha and His Dhamma
+Pli Tipitaka
+the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
+Vinaya Pitaka
+Sutta Pitaka
+the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
+Pli Tipitaka
+five or seven
+Mahkyapa
+record the Buddha's teachings
+Upli
+nanda
+dhamma
+Theravadin
+The Theravadins
+The Mahayana sutras
+The Mahayana sutras
+Sarvastivada Abhidharma
+bodhisattva
+the Great Vehicle
+bodhisattva path
+Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds
+Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds
+Mahayana tradition
+six hundred
+East Asian Buddhism
+Hinnayana groups
+pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.
+Theravada
+Sri Lanka
+Sri Lanka
+Hinayana
+rvakayna
+Buddhism
+Middle way
+moral and spiritual parallels
+Christianity
+dependent origination
+differences of opinion
+differences of opinion
+Simon Fuller
+19 Entertainment
+June 11, 2002
+Pop Idol
+Pop Idol
+19 Entertainment
+Pop Idol
+Simon Fuller
+19 Entertainment
+June 11, 2002
+Pop Idol
+Randy Jackson
+Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman
+Jennifer Lopez
+Ryan Seacrest
+Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman
+Paula Abdul
+Jennifer Lopez
+Randy Jackson
+Paula Abdul
+Simon Cowell
+Keith Urban
+country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr.
+Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks
+Kelly Clarkson
+"the most impactful show
+Carrie Underwood
+Fantasia
+Carrie Underwood
+Fantasia
+Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks
+"the most impactful show
+May 11, 2015
+May 11, 2015
+May 11, 20 15
+eight
+May 11, 2015
+Popstars
+Simon Fuller
+the executive producer and production leader
+the executive producer and production leader
+Nigel Lythgoe
+Popstars
+Nigel Lythgoe
+telephone voting
+the executive producer and production leader
+Nigel Lythgoe
+seven
+2002
+2001
+Elisabeth
+Rupert Murdoch
+American Idol: The Search for a Superstar
+season eight
+three
+Angie Martinez
+DJ Stryker
+three
+DJ Stryker
+Angie Martinez
+season eight
+Kara DioGuardi
+Ellen DeGeneres
+two
+January 11, 2010
+Simon Cowell
+Kara DioGuardi
+Paula Abdul
+January 11, 2010
+Ellen DeGeneres
+season ten
+season two
+Adam Lambert
+Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
+season six
+nine
+Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
+season eight
+Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
+Ryan Seacrest
+Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
+Jimmy Iovine
+Jimmy Iovine
+to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance
+Jimmy Iovine
+Jimmy Iovine
+Jimmy Iovine
+fifteen to twenty-eight
+season four
+legal U.S. residents, cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons (varies depending on the season, currently by the semi-final stage until season thirteen), and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage).
+at least three sets
+the judges
+10,000
+the judges
+at least three sets
+a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers
+Hollywood
+seven
+seasons two and three
+three
+season twelve
+three
+individually or in groups
+seasons two and three
+Las Vegas
+five guys and five girls
+five guys and five girls
+178 million
+Over 110 million
+Telescope Inc
+public
+Over 110 million
+nearly 750 million
+three groups of ten
+contestants who failed to qualify
+three groups of ten
+eight
+season one
+three groups of ten
+12
+twenty-four
+twenty-four
+The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
+The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
+to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve
+the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer
+the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer
+five
+thirteen
+season eight
+the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer
+the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer
+five of each gender advancing to form the final 10
+CBS Television City
+Jimmy Iovine
+thirteen
+eleven weeks
+CBS Television City
+Jimmy Iovine
+season one
+one
+season eight
+once
+One of these three is usually sent to safety
+season six
+fourteen
+a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
+Fan Save
+a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
+Top 8
+Nokia Theatre
+3,400
+two-hour
+Dolby Theatre
+3,400
+over 6,000
+Nokia Theatre
+19 Management
+Big Machine Records
+BMG/Sony
+19 Management
+19 Management
+Big Machine Records
+golden ticket
+golden ticket
+The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show
+seven
+Ray Chew
+American Idol
+Rickey Minor
+Rickey Minor
+Ray Chew
+seven
+June 2002
+June 2002
+Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
+June 2002
+June 2002
+Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
+121
+121
+Jim Verraros
+Tamyra Gray
+chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital
+121
+30
+Delano Cagnolatti
+at the top four
+Christina Christian
+September 4, 2002
+Justin Guarini
+Betty Hutton's
+Justin Guarini
+Kelly Clarkson
+September 4, 2002
+A Moment Like This
+From Justin to Kelly
+23 million
+A Moment Like This
+coronation song
+A Moment Like This
+38-year-old
+From Justin to Kelly
+23 million
+January 2003
+Kristin Adams
+January 2003
+Kristin Adams
+Corey Clark
+Frenchie Davis
+Corey Clark
+Frenchie Davis
+Corey Clark
+Frenchie Davis
+Frenchie Davis
+Ruben Studdard
+134,000
+Ruben Studdard
+134,000
+Nigel Lythgoe
+Ruben Studdard
+Ruben Studdard
+134,000
+134,000
+Ruben Studdard
+Flying Without Wings
+Josh Gracin
+This Is the Night
+Flying Without Wings
+This Is the Night
+"Flying Without Wings"
+Josh Gracin
+January 19, 2004
+William Hung
+William Hung
+January 19, 2004
+William Hung
+William Hung
+Three Divas
+Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
+Elton John
+John Stevens and Jasmine Trias
+Three Divas
+Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
+Elton John
+John Stevens and Jasmine Trias
+Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo
+I Believe
+Dreams
+Summertime
+Simon Cowell
+Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo
+Fantasia
+I Believe
+Nikko Smith
+Nikko Smith
+Freemantle Media
+Mario Vazquez
+During the top 11 week
+the following night
+May 2005
+over 14 million albums copies in the U.S.
+Inside Your Heaven
+Carrie Underwood
+May 2005
+Carrie Underwood
+Inside Your Heaven
+over 14 million albums copies in the U.S.
+Season five
+Brittenum twins
+Season five
+January 17, 2006
+Brittenum twins
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+lead singer
+Chris Daughtry
+I Walk the Line
+not crediting the arrangement to Live
+Katharine McPhee
+Do I Make You Proud
+My Destiny
+May 30, 2006
+Katharine McPhee
+Do I Make You Proud
+My Destiny
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+Chris Daughtry
+January 16, 2007
+41 million
+January 16, 2007
+41 million
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Howard Stern
+Sanjaya Malakar
+April 18
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Sanjaya Malakar
+Howard Stern
+April 18
+more than $76 million
+more than $76 million
+Melinda Doolittle
+more than $76 million
+Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson
+Melinda Doolittle
+Jordin Sparks
+Blake Lewis
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+Jordin Sparks
+Blake Lewis
+January 18, 2005
+over 100,000
+28
+Season four
+Season four
+January 18, 2005
+high definition
+over 100,000
+28
+May 24, 2007
+This Is My Now
+20 entries selected for the public vote
+American Idol Songwriter contest
+coronation song
+20
+This Is My Now
+May 24, 2007
+January 15, 2008
+David Hernandez
+Carly Smithson
+January 15, 2008
+David Hernandez
+Carly Smithson,
+Carly Smithson
+Billie Jean
+David Cook
+Chris Cornell
+March 11, 2008
+March 11, 2008
+Chris Cornell
+David Cook
+David Archuleta
+season ten
+Hallelujah
+Jeff Buckley
+leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
+John Lennon's "Imagine"
+Jennifer Lopez
+Jason Castro
+Jeff Buckley
+leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
+David Cook
+David Cook
+May 21, 2008
+David Cook
+The Time of My Life
+American Idol Songwriter
+May 22, 2008
+The Time of My Life
+May 22, 2008
+January 13, 2009
+Danny Gokey
+president of alternative programming
+Season eight
+January 13, 2009
+Mike Darnell
+Danny Gokey
+Kara DioGuardi
+two weeks
+So You Think You Can Dance
+Kodak Theatre
+Idol Gives Back
+four
+Kara DioGuardi
+So You Think You Can Dance
+Kodak Theatre
+Idol Gives Back
+13
+Matt Giraud
+13
+13
+Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai
+13
+13
+Matt Giraud
+Kris Allen and Adam Lambert
+Kris Allen
+AT&T employees
+AT&T employees
+Kris Allen
+season two
+AT&T employees
+AT&T employees
+No Boundaries
+DioGuardi
+No Boundaries
+DioGuardi
+this is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status
+none
+January 12, 2010
+Ellen DeGeneres
+Hollywood Week
+January 12, 2010
+Ellen DeGeneres
+Ellen DeGeneres
+Hollywood Week
+Crystal Bowersox
+Ken Warwick
+diabetic ketoacidosis
+Crystal Bowersox
+diabetic ketoacidosis
+Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.
+Ken Warwick
+the show producer
+Michael Lynche
+Michael Lynche
+Adam Lambert
+$45 million
+Michael Lynche
+Adam Lambert
+Simon Cowell
+Simon Cowell
+Simon Cowell
+Paula Abdul
+Lee DeWyze
+Beautiful Day
+May 26
+Lee DeWyze
+Beautiful Day
+Up to the Mountain
+January 19, 2011
+Season ten
+Jimmy Iovine
+The X Factor
+Nigel Lythgoe
+January 19, 2011
+Nigel Lythgoe
+Nigel Lythgoe
+Jimmy Iovine
+Season ten
+Myspace
+Myspace
+Season ten
+Myspace
+Chris Medina
+Top 40
+Casey Abrams
+Casey Abrams
+Chris Medina
+Top 40 round
+Casey Abrams
+hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show
+Casey Abrams
+Pia Toscano
+Tom Hanks
+Pia Toscano
+Tom Hanks
+Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery,
+Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery
+I Love You This Big
+Like My Mother Does
+Soulful
+May 25
+Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery
+Ruben Studdard
+January 18, 2012
+Top 25
+Jermaine Jones
+January 18, 2012
+Jermaine Jones
+March 14
+concealing arrests and outstanding warrants
+kidney pain
+to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones
+eight
+kidney pain
+kidney pain
+kidney pain
+Jessica Sanchez
+Jessica Sanchez
+Colton Dixon
+final two
+Jessica Sanchez
+Jessica Sanchez
+Colton Dixon
+Diana DeGarmo
+Diana DeGarmo
+Diana DeGarmo
+Phillips
+Diana DeGarmo
+Diana DeGarmo
+Home
+Change Nothing
+Home
+Change Nothing
+Home
+January 16, 2013
+Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler
+TMZ
+January 16, 2013
+four
+Lazaro Arbos
+Lazaro Arbos
+Lazaro Arbos
+Lazaro Arbos
+Lazaro Arbos
+the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week.
+Candice Glover
+Candice Glover
+I Am Beautiful
+All Cried Out
+Candice Glover
+Candice Glover
+I Am Beautiful
+All Cried Out
+this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label
+Randy Jackson
+Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
+Randy Jackson
+Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
+January 15, 2014
+Ryan Seacrest
+in-mentor
+Louis J. Horvitz
+January 15, 2014
+Randy Jackson and Keith Urban
+Harry Connick, Jr.
+Harry Connick, Jr.
+Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick
+Sam Woolf
+Top 3 performance night
+the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves
+Sam Woolf
+Top 8
+Top 3 performance night
+Jena Irene
+Jena Irene
+As Long as You Love Me
+We Are One
+Jena Irene
+Jena Irene
+As Long as You Love Me
+We Are One
+January 7, 2015
+Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr.
+Adam Lambert
+judges
+Randy Jackson
+January 7, 2015
+Adam Lambert
+one episode a week
+Ford Motor Company
+Ford Motor Company
+Big Machine Records
+one episode a week
+Ford Motor Company
+Ford Motor Company
+Big Machine Records
+Nick Fradiani
+Clark Beckham
+Jax
+Beautiful Life
+Forcefield
+Nick Fradiani
+Clark Beckham
+Beautiful Life
+Champion
+Jax
+May 11, 2015
+15
+May 11, 201
+third, fourth, and fifth seasons as judges
+Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez
+May 11, 2015
+Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez
+48%
+2002
+ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States.
+North Carolina
+North Carolina
+ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States.
+Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry
+85 percent
+16 percent
+85 percent
+85 percent
+Taylor Hicks
+Alabama
+text-voting
+text-voting
+Alabama
+White guy with guitar
+Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, "You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as.... who's
+American Idol: The Untold Story
+a white male who plays the guitar
+a white male who plays the guitar
+White guy with guitar
+Richard Rushfield
+Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, "You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as.... who's
+19 Entertainment
+Ruben Studdard
+Ruben Studdard
+2013
+100 million
+Ruben Studdard
+season eight
+power voting
+2010
+2013
+Idol Gives Back
+nearly $185 million
+Idol Gives Back
+Idol Gives Back
+June 2002
+9.9 million
+23 million
+June 2002
+June 2002
+9.9 million
+23 million
+26.5 million
+18–49
+Ruben Studdard
+season four
+season five
+26.5 million
+18–49
+season four
+Season six
+Season six
+the Death Star
+NBC
+Season six
+the Death Star
+decline
+second highest-rated
+seven
+Writers Guild of America strike
+seven
+11%
+seven
+Fox
+Writers Guild of America strike
+NBC
+CBS
+NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics
+NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics
+NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics
+six
+47.2
+47.2
+47.2
+47.2
+American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football, although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-
+NBC Sunday Night Football
+eight years
+13.3 million
+13
+2002
+44%
+13.3 million
+the loss of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds
+8.03 million
+May 11, 20 15
+May 11, 2015
+8.03 million
+Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades).
+8
+eight
+eight
+Simon Fuller
+Dancing with the Stars
+The Voice
+American Idol
+American Idol
+American Idol
+345
+Rich Meyer
+Kelly Clarkson
+345
+Fred Bronson
+Kelly Clarkson
+Kelly Clarkson
+120 million
+120 million
+120 million
+120 million
+Dreamgirls
+Dreamgirls
+musical theatre
+Dreamgirls
+Dreamgirls
+Debra Byrd
+Ken Tucker
+Lincoln Memorial
+Ken Tucker
+Ken Tucker
+Karla Peterson
+Lincoln Memorial
+Entertainment Weekly
+Simon Cowell
+John Mayer
+Ramin Setoodeh
+commercialism
+Ann Powers
+Simon Cowell
+John Mayer
+Elton John
+2006
+LeAnn Rimes
+Usher
+Carrie Underwood
+Carrie Underwood
+LeAnn Rimes
+Elton John
+country music
+country music
+Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 200 9
+Bruce Gower
+8
+Idol Gives Back
+Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program
+Bruce Gower
+$900 million
+$6.4 billion
+The American Idol Experience
+$900 million
+Disney
+season four
+over $700,000
+$300,000
+$737,000
+season four
+800 million
+$10 million in season one
+$10 million in season one
+AT&T Wireless
+AT&T Wireless
+season seven
+10 million
+35 million
+AT&T Wireless
+AT&T text-messaging
+4,349
+PepsiCo
+Cowell's The X Factor
+PepsiCo
+Cowell's The X Factor
+Los Angeles Times
+season five
+M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies
+a semi-finalist who won a sing-off
+Kellogg's Pop-Tarts
+M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies
+season five
+iTunes
+compilation album
+iTunes
+studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single
+compilation album
+Billboard 200
+iTunes
+19 Recordings
+UMG
+BMG
+19 Entertainment
+19 Recordings
+BMG
+Sony Music Entertainment
+UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records
+Walt Disney World Resort
+February 14, 2009
+August 30, 2014
+19 Entertainment
+February 14, 2009
+Walt Disney World Resort
+Dream Ticket
+August 30, 2014
+over 100
+thirteen
+August 2014
+Yes TV
+over 100
+CTV and/or CTV Two
+Yes TV
+La3
+one day after the U.S. broadcast
+STAR World
+Thursday and Friday
+STAR World
+La3
+ringers
+the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall.
+the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall.
+Canis lupus familiaris
+selectively bred for millennia
+selectively bred for millennia
+sensory capabilities
+40,000 years
+40,000 years
+40,000 years
+starch-rich diet
+40,000 years
+man's best friend
+man's best friend
+meat
+dukkn
+Proto-Indo-European
+Old English docga
+Proto-Indo-European
+hound
+hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff.
+16th
+hound
+16th century
+types used for hunting
+"dog"
+A group of offspring is a litter.
+the sire
+French poupée
+whelping
+bitch
+bitch
+a litter
+the sire
+the dam
+a year
+Linnaeus
+1758
+Linnaeus
+wolf
+Mammal Species of the World
+Linnaeus
+"Dog-family" or the family dog
+Canis lupus
+Canis dingo
+1982
+2003
+the Dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding.
+Canis familiaris
+Opinion 2027
+Canis familiaris
+Opinion 2027
+Opinion 2027
+dogs and gray wolves
+dogs and gray wolves
+human hunter-gatherers
+Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia
+human hunter-gatherers
+27,000–40,000 years
+Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia
+Modern dog breeds
+scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
+predators and scavengers
+scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
+sprinting and endurance
+catching and tearing
+predators and scavengers
+Dogs are highly variable in height and weight.
+English Mastiff
+English Mastiff
+double
+a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair
+double
+a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only
+countershading
+dark coloring
+countershading
+dark coloring
+reduces its general visibility
+dog tails
+communicate their emotional state
+dog tails
+elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees.
+parasites
+pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs.
+pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs.
+parasites
+chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ing
+xylitol
+chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ing
+theobromine
+chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ing
+nicotine
+Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.
+1.2 years longer
+shorter
+2013
+1.2 years longer
+10 to 13 years.
+Dogue de Bordeaux
+5.2 years
+Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds
+Dogue de Bordeaux
+5.2 years
+14 to 15 years.
+Bluey
+Pusuke
+1939
+Bluey
+1939
+Pusuke
+six to twelve months
+they will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy.
+six to twelve months
+the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle
+58 to 68 days
+63 days
+six
+one to four
+63 days
+six
+one to four
+Neutering
+American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
+Neutering
+removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus
+Neutering
+removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus
+neutered
+Neutering
+urinary incontinence
+Spayed female dogs
+urinary incontinence
+urinary incontinence
+Rico
+Chaser
+gesturing and pointing
+Australian dingos
+humans
+Dog intelligence
+Rico
+memory
+border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.
+9,000–30,000 years BCE
+millennia of contact with humans.
+human children
+millennia of contact with humans.
+millennia of contact with humans.
+internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli.
+understand and communicate with humans
+human children
+scents, pheromones and taste
+hand signals
+body posture
+hand signals
+Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs.
+The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles.
+gray wolves
+dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year.
+dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
+11
+gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior
+selection for tameness
+reduced fear and aggression
+production-related traits
+dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
+11
+reduced fear and aggression
+525 million
+525 million
+525 million:225
+large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes
+fearless
+large wild dogs
+large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes
+wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep
+Russia
+Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards.
+Striped hyenas
+alligators and pythons
+Leopards
+Tigers
+alligators and pythons
+Striped hyenas
+carnivores or omnivores
+vegetables and grains
+a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein
+carnivores or omnivores
+a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein
+starch digestion
+at most a few hundred years old,
+at most a few hundred years old,
+selective breeding
+Irish Wolfhound
+a few hundred years old
+more behavioral and morphological variation
+blue
+natural selection and selective breeding
+natural selection and selective breed
+non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
+natural selection and selective breeding
+dog types and dog breeds
+non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
+kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic.
+four
+Malamute and Shar Pei
+herding
+four
+old world dogs
+all others
+bite inhibition
+trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136
+trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.
+bite inhibition
+early human hunter-gatherers
+aiding handicapped individuals.
+man's best friend
+meat
+dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps.
+three dog night
+"three dog night"
+cleaning up food scraps
+three dog night
+The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf,
+The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf,
+the use of dogs' robust sense of smell
+domestication of the wolf
+sled dogs
+sled dogs
+sled dogs
+12,000 years ago
+Athabascan
+Apache and Navajo
+pack animals
+Ain Mallaha
+humans and dogs
+after World War II
+1980s
+dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home)
+elites
+dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home)
+1980s
+commodification
+There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs.
+two
+commodification
+broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.
+commodity forms
+dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
+dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
+18th century
+dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
+dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
+part of the family
+A dominance model of dog–human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer.
+part of the family
+Dog Whisperer
+licking the plates
+licking the plates
+dog dancing
+licking the plates
+licking the plates
+77.5 million
+77.5 million
+dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans
+dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans
+dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans
+emotion al human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.
+MRI
+friendly social pets
+man's best friend
+hunt
+nets
+husky-terrier mix
+husky-terrier mix
+man's best friend
+pointers and hounds
+nets
+husky-terrier mix
+1957
+psychological therapy dogs
+epileptics
+breed shows
+a judge familiar with the specific dog breed
+a judge familiar with the specific dog breed
+separate tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging
+separate tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging
+a judge familiar with the specific dog breed
+separate tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging
+ability or health
+East Asian countries
+taboo.
+lungs
+western hypocrisy
+taboo
+medicinal properties
+gaejang-guk
+gaejang-guk
+gaejang-guk
+the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder.
+to balance the body's heat during the summer months
+the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder.
+4.5 million
+17
+26
+4.5 million
+17
+Colorado
+60.7
+60.7
+children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck.
+Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them
+Colorado
+60.7
+Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them
+cats and dogs
+two-wheeled
+two-wheeled vehicles
+dog roundworm
+Toxocara canis
+14%
+retinal damage and decreased vision.
+dog roundworm
+14
+14%
+24
+retinal damage and decreased vision
+a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health
+absenteeism
+a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health
+dogs
+dogs
+immune-stimulating microorganisms
+dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions
+2015
+anxiety
+wheelchair users
+dogs and other animals
+increase social behaviors
+increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior
+late 18th century
+dogs and other animals
+dogs and other animals
+increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.
+Medical detection dogs
+40 times larger
+one part per trillion
+40 times larger
+93 percent
+Cerberus
+Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.
+Garmr
+Kimat
+thunder
+two
+Cerberus
+Garmr
+thunder
+Kimat
+They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.
+Yama
+Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.
+Yama
+Naraka
+Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount
+bronze dog figurines
+dogs are viewed as unclean
+scavengers
+Hasan Küçük
+leather dog booties
+scavengers
+Hasan Küçük
+Lérida, Spain
+luggage
+faithfulness.
+before themselves
+feed dogs (and other animals that they own)
+faithfulness
+dogs are viewed as kind protectors.
+China
+kind protectors
+dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves.
+Hunting scenes
+dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves
+Hunting scenes
+individual breeds
+humans
+Male French Bulldogs
+run away
+run away
+great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.
+safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed.
+dogs and humans
+being poorly controlled
+fewer visits to the doctor
+129 days
+129 days
+one world, one dream
+Journey of Harmony
+one world, one dream
+Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China.
+"Journey of Harmony"
+85,000 mi
+March 24
+Panathinaiko Stadium
+March 31
+six
+Silk Road
+Panathinaiko Stadium
+March 24
+Panathinaiko Stadium
+Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31.
+Mount Everest
+hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened
+hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened
+Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations
+Chinese security officials
+Chinese government
+the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
+the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
+the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
+skirmishes
+Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia
+Jacques Rogge
+Jacques Rogge
+The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.
+Jacques Rogge
+Jacques Rogge
+he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members.
+The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.
+Beijing Games' Organizing Committee
+Beijing Games' Organizing Committee
+Lucky Cloud
+aluminum.
+985 grams
+ignition key
+Lucky Cloud
+aluminum.
+37
+2 centimetres
+propane.
+Air China Airbus A330
+Air China Airbus A330
+March 2008
+137,000 km
+Air China Airbus A330
+Air China Airbus A330
+Air China Airbus A330
+137,000 km
+137,000 km
+six
+Ho Chi Minh City
+placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau
+six
+The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan.
+placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau
+24 km
+March 24, 2008
+three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert Ménard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece.
+taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis
+Maria Nafpliotou
+10
+three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert Ménard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece.
+Maria Nafpliotou
+taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis
+taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis
+Nepal.
+French hypermart Carrefour
+LVMH Group
+Nazism's Swastika to the French flag
+Kunming
+LVMH Group
+the Chinese government was attempting to "calm the situation" through censorship
+French hypermart Carrefour
+People's Daily
+People's Daily
+People's Daily
+Almaty
+Nursultan Nazarbaev.
+President of Kazakhstan
+The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square.
+Uighur activists
+Kazakhstan
+Nursultan Nazarbaev.
+20 km
+Uighur activists
+April 3
+Taksim Square
+Sultanahmet Square
+Uyghurs
+Istanbul
+Sultanahmet Square
+Taksim Square.
+Uyghurs
+Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police.
+April 5
+Victory Square
+Palace Square
+Fedor Emelianenko
+Saint Petersburg
+Victory Square
+The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square.
+Fedor Emelianenko
+London
+O2 Arena
+£750,000
+London
+Wembley Stadium
+O2 Arena
+30 mi
+thugs
+80
+Sir Steve Redgrave
+Konnie Huq
+Prime Minister Gordon Brown
+Sir Steve Redgrave
+80
+Konnie Huq
+Prime Minister Gordon Brown
+Ladbroke Grove
+April 7
+Eiffel Tower
+bus
+Teddy Riner
+April 7
+Paris
+Eiffel Tower
+3,000
+water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris)
+a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials.
+Jin Jing
+Angel in Wheelchair
+a Tibetan flag
+Jin Jing
+Angel in Wheelchair
+a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials.
+Reporters Without Borders
+Reporters Without Borders
+Notre Dame cathedral
+Reporters Without Borders
+Reporters Without Borders
+Reporters Without Borders
+Trocadéro
+Jane Birkin
+Thupten Gyatso
+Trocadéro
+Trocadéro
+Jane Birkin
+freedom of speech
+a pause in the National Assembly's session
+Respect for Human Rights in China
+Freedom for Tibet!
+French members of Parliament and other French politicians
+a pause in the National Assembly's session
+Respect for Human Rights in China
+Freedom for Tibet!
+Tibetan flags
+Libération
+Trocadéro
+Michèle Alliot-Marie
+Tibetan flags
+The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro.
+Michèle Alliot-Marie
+A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer
+San Francisco
+April 9
+Lin Li
+San Francisco International Airport
+Peter Ueberroth
+San Francisco
+San Francisco, California
+Norman Bellingham
+Justin Herman Plaza
+San Francisco Board of Supervisors
+"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses
+April 8
+April 1, 2008
+San Francisco Board of Supervisors
+Richard Gere
+Richard Gere
+three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream.
+KPIX-CBS5
+China
+three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream.
+Laurel Sutherlin
+trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.
+three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying "One World, One Dream.
+a warehouse on a waterfront pier
+Andrew Michael
+Andrew Michael
+San Francisco International Airport
+San Francisco International Airport
+Van Ness Avenue
+April 11
+Lola Mora amphitheatre
+Mauricio Macri
+Buenos Aires
+Lola Mora amphitheatre
+Mauricio Macri
+Carlos Espnola.
+confetti
+Jorge Carcavallo
+the Obelisk to the city hall
+Free Tibet
+Jorge Carcavallo.
+the Obelisk to the city hall
+Human Rights Torch.
+Free Tibet
+Human Rights Torch Relay
+Susan Prager
+Friends of Falun Gong
+Diego Maradona
+1200
+water balloons
+Friends of Falun Gong
+Diego Maradona
+1200
+water balloons
+water balloons
+Dar es Salaam
+April 13
+TAZARA Railway
+Dar es Salaam
+Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
+Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
+China
+Ali Mohamed Shein.
+Muscat
+April 14
+Sulaf Fawakherji
+Muscat
+20
+Syrian actress
+April 16
+Jinnah Stadium
+Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani
+Islamabad
+the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding "militant threats or anti-China protests", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium.
+2.3 km
+2.3 km
+Baichung Bhutia
+five
+2.3 km
+2.3 km
+2.3 km
+five
+Baichung Bhutia
+Republic Day celebrations
+Nirupama Sen.
+Commerce Minister
+Kamal Nath
+angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied
+Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay
+the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets.
+150,000
+a democracy
+150,000-strong
+150,000
+"a wholesale ban on protests
+Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit
+"rapid deterioration"
+Tibetan government in exile
+Kiran Bedi
+Kiran Bedi
+Soha Ali Khan
+April 16
+Kiran Bedi
+Soha Ali Khan
+Delhi
+Delhi
+caged woman
+April 18
+M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse
+shirts
+April 18
+10
+Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters
+Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse
+April 21
+Kuala Lumpur
+Independence Square
+1964
+Independence Square
+Petronas Twin Towers.
+1964
+A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad
+Falun Gong
+Falun Gong
+Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons
+Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.
+placards
+April 22
+the Chinese embassy
+Only invitees and journalists
+Olympic flame
+20 km
+security worries
+The event was held in the streets around the city main's stadium.
+outside
+April 24
+Agnes Shea
+a message stick
+a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives
+Canberra
+16 km
+16 km
+Australian Federal Police.
+Agnes Shea
+People's Liberation Army personnel
+"go defend our sacred torch
+Tony Goh
+Stephen Smith
+People's Liberation Army personnel
+Chinese Students and Scholars Association
+Tony Goh
+Zhang Rongan
+Stephen Smith
+Lin Hatfield Dodds
+Stephen Smith
+Lin Hatfield Dodds
+Stephen Smith
+Ted Quinlan
+between 2,000 and 10,000
+Jon Stanhope
+Ian Thorpe
+between 2,000 and 10,000
+between 2,000 and 10,000
+Ted Quinlan
+Jon Stanhope
+Nagano
+April 26
+Nagano
+1998 Winter Olympics
+Zenk-ji
+new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot,
+two Chinese guards
+Seoul
+1988 Summer Olympics
+Olympic Park
+Chinese students
+Seoul
+1988 Summer Olympics
+April 28
+Kim Yong Nam
+Pak Du Ik
+the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower
+Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang.
+April 28.
+pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo
+Pak Du Ik
+raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt.
+North Korea
+raising awareness of conditions for children
+UNICEF withdrew their staff
+raising awareness of conditions for children
+North Korea
+April 29
+Ho Chi Minh City
+Tan Son Nhat International Airport
+Tan Son Nhat International Airport
+Tan Son Nhat International Airport
+the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
+Spratly and Paracel Islands
+Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007
+the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
+Prime Minister Nguyn Tn Dng
+seven
+iu Cày
+Lê Minh Phiu
+seven
+Nguyn Văn Hi
+iu Cày (real name Nguyn Văn Hi), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion.
+Lê Minh Phiu
+to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.
+May 2
+Lee Lai Shan
+Donald Tsang
+Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai
+120
+Donald Tsang
+Donald Tsang
+dragon boat
+120
+celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians.
+novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames
+Tiananmen Square
+Christina Chan
+police vehicle
+claiming her human rights were breached.
+waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy.
+Leung Kwok-hung
+Christina Chan
+The Color Orange democracy group
+Pillar of Shame
+immigration reasons
+Mia Farrow
+Cheung Man Kwong
+the Hong Kong Alliance relay
+Pillar of Shame
+immigration reasons
+Mia Farrow
+May 3
+Macau Fisherman's Wharf
+120
+Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
+athletes
+May 3
+120
+Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
+120
+the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes
+April 26
+orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com
+April 26
+April 26
+Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation
+May 4
+Jackie Chan
+May 4
+April.
+IOC
+May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan.
+Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored
+Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased.
+Xinhua
+distinct in a number of ways
+Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored
+Reporters Without Borders
+Xinhua
+saboteurs
+the more disruptive protesters
+condemned the protests
+Marie-José Pérec
+radicals
+Marie-José Pérec
+Xinhua and CCTV
+run for spirit of Olympics
+Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu
+run for spirit of Olympics
+Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu
+The Daily Telegraph
+"I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying."
+Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias.
+Fu Ying
+The Daily Telegraph
+"I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying."
+CNN
+CNN
+"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government."
+The challenges of reporting in China
+Paul Danahar
+1,300
+Paul Danahar
+"People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there."
+People's Daily
+People's Daily
+anti-CNN
+The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen.
+The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen.
+foreign correspondents
+30 unarmed attendants
+August 2007
+blue tracksuits
+Second Right Brother
+30 unarmed attendants
+August 2007
+blue tracksuits
+Second Right Brother
+Carrefour
+LVMH Group
+donating funds to the Dalai Lama
+Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag
+LVMH Group
+pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism.
+the Chinese government
+People's Daily
+Sohu.com
+May 1
+may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.
+People's Daily
+the Chinese government
+in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang
+Shoichi Washizawa
+great nuisance
+a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,
+Shoichi Washizawa
+great nuisance
+a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,
+8
+8
+Michael Mak Kwok-fung
+Jin Jing
+"heroic" and an "angel",
+Two
+Two
+logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
+mixed
+Kurt Gödel
+Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem
+Whitehead and Russell's book
+Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem
+there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them
+Principia Mathematica
+logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
+1916
+ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture
+"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."
+1929
+1912 and 1927
+1929
+1929
+inert ideas
+a relatively few important concepts
+discovering their application in actual life
+transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
+transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
+a relatively few important concepts
+Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.
+transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
+undergraduate education
+"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."
+one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians
+Bertrand Russell
+undergraduate
+"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."
+rank amateur
+20th century's
+"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized."
+they remain unexamined and unquestioned
+if philosophy and science are to make any real progress
+good science and good philosophy
+scientists and philosophers
+they remain unexamined and unquestioned
+he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic.
+metaphysical investigations
+bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another
+events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another
+so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience
+either exclusively material or else exclusively mental
+"philosophy of organism"
+an event-based or "process" ontology
+an event-based or "process" ontology
+an event-based or "process" ontology
+experiential
+process philosophy
+materialists
+"quality", "matter", and "form"
+these "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.
+a continuum of overlapping events
+a "society" of events
+active and experiential nature
+change
+quality", "matter", and "form"
+society
+a continuum of overlapping events
+discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing
+a "defining essence" or a "core identity"
+things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity
+defining essence
+occasions of experience
+discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space
+all things flow"
+Identities do not define people, people define identities
+it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things
+"material substances" or "essences"
+limitations of language
+thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all;
+limitations of language
+limitations of language
+constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago
+an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things
+the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything
+relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves
+It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.
+it obscures the importance of relations
+it obscures the importance
+distinct and discrete
+an inert clump of matter
+its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it
+that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
+it could not be said to really exist
+Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.
+the sum of its relations to other entities
+if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist.
+Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is
+its synthesis of and reaction to the wo rld around it
+that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
+Europe and China
+William Temple
+Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934
+ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education
+ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology
+University of Chicago's Divinity School
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+John B. Cobb
+Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams
+China
+modernization and industrialization
+Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism
+twenty-three
+an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts
+matter is an abstraction
+the sheer difficulty and density of his prose
+the perception of metaphysics itself as passé
+Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools
+American pragmatism
+William James and John Dewey
+Nicholas Rescher
+Charles Sanders Peirce
+Richard Rorty
+It has been severely criticized
+Henry Stapp and David Bohm
+gravitational waves
+largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes
+a local approximation
+Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order
+Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology
+Herman Daly
+Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy
+Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy
+Xie Bangxiu
+Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher
+to "help a person become whole."
+Institute for the Postmodern Development of China
+Mark Dibben
+"applied process thought"
+philosophy of management and business ethics
+philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
+"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."
+mathematics
+metaphysics
+processes
+bits of matter that exist independently of one another
+Process and Reality
+mathematics
+mathematics
+metaphysics
+comprehensive metaphysical system
+processes
+Ramsgate, Kent, England
+1861
+Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather
+Chatham House Academy
+Maria Sarah Buckmaster
+Ramsgate, Kent, England
+1861
+minister and schoolmaster
+Maria Sarah Whitehead,
+Evelyn
+University of London system
+Dean of the Faculty of Science
+Dean of the Faculty of Science
+1924
+Bachelor of Science degree
+Imperial College London
+Dean of the Faculty of Science
+Imperial College London
+1924
+Victor Lowe
+his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death
+almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy
+"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."
+Victor Lowe
+Victor Lowe
+his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death.
+his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy
+Principia Mathematica
+Principia Mathematica
+professional mathematicians
+Principia Mathematica
+one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century
+mathematics
+three
+Principia Mathematica
+Principia Mathematica
+1898
+the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
+comparative study of their several structures
+G. B. Mathews
+Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions
+G. B. Mathews
+comparative study of their several structures
+Principia Mathematica
+ten years
+600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece
+600 pounds, 3 00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece
+today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica
+Principia Mathematica
+ten years
+three
+600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece
+Cambridge University Press
+among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon
+Arthur Eddington's lectures
+Process and Reality
+professional philosophers
+Process and Reality
+Arthur Eddington's lectures
+among the most difficult to understand
+interest
+without fully grasping all of the details and implications
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+twenty years
+Mathews
+Chicago's Divinity School
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+Henry Nelson Wieman
+twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.
+Isabelle Stengers
+"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus."
+21st century
+Isabelle Stengers
+Isabelle Stengers
+western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works
+21st century
+he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions
+the absolute principle of existence
+an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them.
+consciousness
+fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities
+the absolute principle of existence
+a valuation of them and reaction to them
+causal or mechanistic laws
+"to seize."
+the mind only has private ideas about other entities
+prehension
+Latin
+to seize
+a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious
+causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy
+to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons
+independent of them
+causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension")
+unmediated by the senses
+pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive
+causal efficacy
+Presentational immediacy
+Presentational immediacy
+"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go."
+unconscious interpretation
+fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality
+symbolic reference
+fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality
+appearance with causation
+fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality
+both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
+an ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair
+"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."
+a dog " would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."
+"life is comparatively deficient in survival value."
+they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
+living, living well, and living better
+increasing its own satisfaction
+survival value
+they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
+three
+increasing its own satisfaction
+totally unintelligible
+" they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them."
+"the brief Galilean vision of humility"
+"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."
+power
+religion
+primordial nature of God
+the consequent nature
+dipolar
+an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.
+God's reception of the world's activity
+God saves and cherishes all experiences forever
+It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.
+change the way God interacts with the world
+finite creatures
+actuality and change
+eternally unrealized possibilities
+fulfilling one another
+fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe
+taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
+individual
+"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious."
+a system of general truths that transformed a person's character
+a "dangerous delusion"
+solitariness
+"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."
+meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community
+The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself
+mutually dependent
+his students and admirers
+Bruno Latour
+liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs
+Willard Van Orman Quine
+"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror."
+American progressive theology
+Charles Hartshorne
+a full-blown process theology
+John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller
+God's relational nature
+the being who is supremely affected by temporal events
+people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?
+God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world
+C. Robert Mesle,
+biology and economics
+poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory
+a theologian and a geneticist
+Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist
+process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests
+"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone."
+a system of general truths about the world
+a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society
+to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
+organizational theory and organizational behavior
+Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."
+Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
+over-priced (under-yielding) investments
+a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments
+compensated based on the volume of client assets
+to maximize their compensation
+plausible deniability
+Countrywide Financial
+July 11, 2008
+IndyMac
+IndyMac Bank
+IndyMac Bancorp
+April 2008
+9.27%
+$160 million
+$160 million
+minimum 10%
+Senator Charles Schumer
+Senator Charles Schumer
+$18.9 billion
+June 30
+$500 million
+$1.55 billion
+$1.55 billion
+IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell
+Senator Charles Schumer
+unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
+IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB
+up to US$100,000
+10,000
+July 11, 2008
+July 14, 2008
+Over 100
+Bear Stearns
+September and October 2008
+Oct. 6, 2008
+Lehman Brothers
+a bank run on the money market funds
+commercial paper
+September 2008
+$144.5 billion
+4.65%
+the shadow banking system
+the shadow banking system
+investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system
+Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
+nearly one-third
+collapse of the shadow banking system
+Brookings Institution
+securitization
+"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume."
+45%
+45%
+20–35%
+$8.8 trillion
+$8.8 trillion
+a homeowner who has no equity
+close to $6 trillion
+Tens of millions
+their future profits
+Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008
+global economic collapse
+UBS
+three quarters
+all three of the country's major banks.
+interest rate cuts
+more than a third
+14.4%
+14.4%
+spending too much and borrowing too much for years
+recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere
+7%
+$251 billion
+300,000
+Bruno Wenn
+falls in trade
+Arab World
+remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market
+this gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn
+lower oil prices
+lower oil prices
+10.1%
+33
+6%
+10.1%
+patent applications
+faulty risk-weightings
+AAA-rated
+Basel III
+Johan Norberg
+capital ratios
+June 2009
+June 2009
+2008
+More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over."
+January 27, 2010
+"emerging" and "developing" economies
+69%
+"emerging" and "developing" economies
+69%
+"emerging" and "developing" economies
+Krugman
+December 2010
+2006
+commercial mortgage-backed securities
+the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate.
+mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation
+$70 trillion
+roughly doubled in size
+mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation
+$70 trillion
+collateralized debt obligation
+collateralized debt obligation
+investment-grade ratings
+cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool
+Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested.
+20%
+20%
+79%
+81%
+14.4%
+1.0%
+to combat a perceived risk of deflation
+as early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment
+excessive credit growth
+Lower interest rates
+$650 billion
+1.5% to 5.8%
+emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations
+The balance of payments identity
+foreign funds
+The Fed funds rate
+ARM interest rate resets more expensive
+asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate
+The Fed funds rate
+U.S. housing and financial assets
+Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup
+Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup
+60% of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were "defective" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents)
+60% of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were "defective" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents)
+over 80%
+Clayton Holdings
+54%
+28%
+28%
+54%
+Predatory lending
+Countrywide Financial
+adjustable rate mortgage
+negative amortization
+low interest rates
+California Attorney General Jerry Brown
+California Attorney General Jerry Brown
+their home equity had disappeared
+Office of Thrift Supervision
+weak credit
+Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
+Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
+Basel accords
+Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
+Basel accords
+highly leveraged
+complex financial instruments
+virtually impossible
+virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy
+complex financial instruments
+the top five U.S. investment banks
+financial shock
+Changes in capital requirements
+over $4.1 trillion
+Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley
+saving more during adverse economic conditions
+Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously
+cause or deepen a recession
+Hyman Minsky
+financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets
+Janet Yellen
+it didn’t take long before we were in a recession
+recession
+cancelling planned investments
+balance sheet deleveraging
+financial innovation
+adjustable-rate mortgage
+CDS
+the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO)
+expanded dramatically
+2007
+$20 billion
+$20 billion
+36%
+$20 billion
+innovative financial products
+it multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage
+FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks
+FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks
+a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006–2008.
+interest rates or fees
+The pricing of risk
+Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in 
+straightforward, readily understandable format
+Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in 
+market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs
+For a variety of reasons
+32 cents on the dollar
+five cents for every dollar
+$450bn of CDO were sold between "late 2005 to the middle of 2007"; among the $102bn of those that had been liquidated, JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for "high quality" CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar,
+AIG
+credit default swaps
+September 2008
+$180 billion
+AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted.
+George Soros
+financial assets became more and more complex
+the originators of synthetic products
+George Soros
+international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models
+World Scientific
+Merrill Lynch
+Merrill Lynch
+several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations
+Merrill Lynch
+Timothy Geithner
+New York Federal Reserve Bank
+entities in the "parallel" banking system
+shadow banking system
+maturity mismatch
+spring of 2007
+fall of 2008
+More than a third
+Brookings Institution
+"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume."
+Mark Zandi
+Mark Zandi
+close to $2 trillion
+less than $150 billion
+Federal Reserve's TALF program
+Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices
+$50 to $147
+$50 to $147
+monetary policy
+gasoline
+Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP
+IntercontinentalExchange
+Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP
+International Petroleum Exchange
+London and New York
+Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
+Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
+socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.
+Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
+Raghuram Rajan
+Raghuram Rajan
+Alan Greenspan
+"Has Financial Development Made the World riskier?"
+tail risks
+Raghuram Rajan
+Great Moderation
+Dirk Bezemer
+Alan Greenspan
+Alan Greenspan
+BusinessWeek
+BusinessWeek
+Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal
+Nouriel Roubini
+"Dr. Doom"
+Nassim Nicholas Taleb
+David Brooks
+the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general
+making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis
+Phil Dow
+54.7%
+54.7%
+Floyd Norris
+Northern Rock
+Bank of England
+September 2007
+February 2008
+Northern Rock
+IndyMac
+Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral
+IndyMac
+risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages
+tighten their issuing criteria
+half
+63 percent
+77 percent
+77 percent
+half
+0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK
+0.1%
+1.0%
+0.3%
+3%
+lower wages and higher unemployment
+large fiscal stimulus packages
+to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.
+to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.
+lower wages and higher unemployment
+credit freeze
+US$2.5 trillion
+the United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock
+the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy
+emerging markets
+Barack Obama
+consumer protection
+January 2010
+Paul Volcker
+Paul Volcker
+May 2010
+December 2009
+Volcker Rule
+Senate
+bailout of banks
+trillions of U.S. dollars
+August 9, 2007
+2008– 2012
+BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing "a complete evaporation of liquidity."
+2004
+2008 and early 2009
+the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate
+a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that
+a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that
+Levin–Coburn Report
+Glass-Steagall Act
+Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
+credit rating agencies
+credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices
+mortgage-backed securities
+mortgage-backed securities
+subprime MBS
+financial innovation
+mortgage payments and housing prices
+trillions of U.S. dollars
+a financial incentive to enter foreclosure
+2006
+Defaults and losses on other loan types
+2006
+investment banks and hedge funds
+investment banks and hedge funds
+financialization
+1970s
+1970s
+a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses.
+slowing economic activity
+the stability of key financial institutions
+Governments
+large loan defaults or MBS losses
+January 2011
+widespread failures in financial regulation
+Federal Reserve
+widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street
+widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street
+underwriting standards
+2003
+2004–2007
+2004–2007
+government-sponsored enterprises
+the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars
+Paul Krugman
+the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars
+GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios.
+the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars
+13 million
+$2 trillion
+Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
+Peter J. Wallison
+13 million
+Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
+the Bush administration
+September 10, 2003
+The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation.
+Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
+$467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending
+$467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending
+$467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending
+25%
+25%
+1995
+$4.5 trillion
+high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)
+the explosion of sub prime lending
+September 11, 2001
+credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
+credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
+Portfolio Magazine
+credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
+credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs
+it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.
+it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments
+it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.
+1997–2007
+Krugman
+160
+Saint-Barthélemy Channel
+little Turtle rocks
+Renaissance
+Île Chevreau
+Saint-Barthélemoise
+French citizens
+500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island
+French citizens
+geographically, and not racially
+Saint Martin
+seven
+March 2012
+15 July 2007
+seven
+September 2014
+St. Barthélemy
+One
+21 September 2008
+six policemen and thirteen gendarmes
+Agricultural production
+Sweet potato
+salt
+vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing
+Gustavia
+a playground of the rich and famous
+200,000
+€61,200,000
+International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists
+airplane or boat
+25
+58
+Brazil and Portugal
+12
+400
+cacti and succulent
+eastern
+1994
+Sea grapes and palm trees
+Pacific islands
+barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell
+cereus
+South America
+1773
+barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell
+December till May
+December till May.
+Turtles
+jellyfish
+tall sea grasses
+pearly-pink
+turtles, conch
+sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs
+ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water
+garbage and sewerage
+Reserve Naturelle
+coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles
+Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier
+Reserve Naturelle
+Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier
+the Swedes
+Gustav Adolph
+1787
+modern military building
+La Pointe
+70
+hotels
+les petits creux
+spicier
+spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet
+every alternate year
+Concarneau
+10 m length
+10 m length
+two
+Gustaf III Airport
+small regional commercial aircraft and charters
+Princess Juliana International Airport
+Sint Maarten
+Gustaf III Airport
+an overseas collectivity of France
+Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy
+St. Barts or St. Barths in English
+Ouanalao
+Puerto Rico
+25, square kilometres (9.7 sq mi)
+25, square kilometres (9.7 sq mi)
+Gustavia
+Guadeloupe
+winter holiday season
+Guadeloupe
+2003
+2007
+Hotel de la Collectivité
+senator
+Colombier Bay
+Grande Saline Bay
+visible coral reef
+shallow waters
+marine reserve
+"Anse de..." etc.
+"Anse de..." etc.
+windward side
+windward side
+windsurfing
+arid
+2,500
+1000 mm
+May to November
+13 °C
+1744
+1785
+Carénage
+Gustavia
+18th
+St. Barts Municipal Museum
+Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy
+Gustavia
+French, Swedish and British
+ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses
+molecular biology and genetics
+DNA
+DNA
+Hans Winkler
+1920
+University of Hamburg
+biome, rhizome
+half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell
+segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
+mitochondria and chloroplasts
+genomics
+studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes
+sequenced
+C-value paradox
+trichomoniasis
+around 60,000
+almost three times
+University of Ghent
+Bacteriophage MS2
+Fred Sanger
+The Institute for Genomic Research
+1996
+US National Institutes of Health
+mouse
+puffer fish
+December 2013
+130,000
+massive parallel sequencing
+Manteia Predictive Medicine
+James D. Watson
+one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA
+a genome map
+The Human Genome Project
+Jean Weissenbach
+Jean Weissenbach
+genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA
+comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.
+prokaryotes and eukaryotes
+exon-intron
+mammals and plants
+sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe
+more complex than a virus
+plasmids
+plants, protozoa and animals
+plastome
+mitochondrial genome
+Genome size
+morphological complexity
+repetitive DNA act
+minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms
+in vivo and in silico
+Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
+the length of non-repetitive DNA
+by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size
+lower eukaryotes
+C. elegans and fruit fly
+20%
+tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
+length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size.
+slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites
+slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites
+interspersed repeats.
+Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site
+TEs
+retrotransposons
+DNA transposons
+RNA
+cut and paste
+Class 2 TEs
+karyotype
+chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content
+Duplications
+creation of genetic novelty
+Horizontal gene transfer
+microbes
+eukaryotic cells
+A comprehensive school
+selective school system
+England and Wales
+90%
+the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule
+design and technology and vocational learning
+Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges
+City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes
+164
+1965
+neighbourhood
+Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges
+1970s
+from the age 7 to 16
+Germany
+college preparatory classes
+Abitur
+more than 50%
+more than 50%
+Sekundarschule
+Sekundarschule
+2010/2011
+college preparatory classes
+Abitur
+the Hauptschule
+Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class
+Social Democratic Party of Germany
+Sigrid Beer
+Christian Democratic Union
+Alliance '90/The Greens
+working class students
+middle class peers
+Hauptschule
+Helmut Fend
+tripartite system
+1972
+sixth form
+A-levels
+1966
+Patrick Hillery
+vocational school system
+community school
+1970s
+The state
+the denominational basis of the schools
+amalgamations of unviable local schools
+1946
+Holyhead County School in Anglesey
+Holyhead County School in Anglesey
+1949
+Woodlands Boys School in Coventry
+Anthony Crosland
+Secretary of State for Education
+between 15% and 25%
+Margaret Thatcher
+more comprehensive schools
+Margaret Thatcher
+11-plus
+large neighbourhood comprehensives
+Sandwell and Dudley
+Sandwell and Dudley
+James Callaghan
+Comprehensive school
+James Callaghan
+Education Reform Act
+the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them
+specialisation
+league tables of school performance
+Scotland
+The Scottish Government
+2005
+Scotland
+Education in Northern Ireland
+République du Congo
+Gabon
+Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic of the Congo to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda
+Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic of the Congo to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda
+Central Africa
+Bantu
+1960
+Denis Sassou Nguesso
+Denis Sassou Nguesso
+fourth largest
+an unequal distribution of oil revenues
+Bantu-speaking peoples
+1500 BC
+Bantu
+Diogo Co
+Portuguese
+European merchants
+late 19th century
+eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
+1880
+Pierre de Brazza
+Middle Congo
+French Equatorial Africa
+the Congo–Ocean Railroad
+Brazzaville
+The Brazzaville Conference of 1944
+1946
+Fourth Republic
+1958
+the Fifth Republic
+Republic of the Congo
+1959
+August 15, 1960
+Fulbert Youlou
+Alphonse Massamba-Débat
+Fulbert Youlou
+Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
+Massamba-Débat
+scientific socialism
+Cuban army troops
+September 1968
+Marien Ngouabi
+People's Republic of the Congo
+Congolese Labour Party
+1972
+March 16, 1977
+Sassou Nguesso
+Soviet Union
+political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship
+political repression
+Pascal Lissouba
+IMF
+June 1996
+June 1996
+Lissouba and Sassou
+Cobras
+Angolan socialist régime
+October
+Andre Milongo
+seven years
+January 2002
+April 2003
+Sassou
+Congolese Observatory of Human Rights
+very low
+President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule.
+Congolese Labour Party
+Parti Congolais du Travail
+corruption revelations
+over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France
+Sassou Nguesso
+Sassou Nguesso
+the government
+around 10 small private television channels.
+around 10 small private television channels.
+Bantus
+pets
+December 30, 2010
+4°N and 5°S
+11° and 19°E
+Atlantic Ocean
+Cabinda (Angola)
+Angola
+Brazzaville
+Congo River
+Kinshasa
+Democratic Republic of the Congo
+Kouilou-Niari
+Kouilou-Niari River
+Kouilou-Niari
+Forests
+Equator
+24 °C (75 °F)
+16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F)
+June to August
+Wildlife Conservation Society
+Sangha Region
+inhospitable swamps
+Petroleum extraction
+budget problems and overstaffing
+Petroleum extraction
+92%
+92%
+5%
+5%
+devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.
+devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.
+June 1997
+slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict
+December 1998
+stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
+Natural gas and diamonds
+2007
+Republic of the Congo
+Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
+200,000 hectares
+land, air and water
+forced laborers
+over 1000 km
+Pointe-Noire
+southwest
+Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire
+62
+The Kongo
+2%
+Boulangui
+9,000
+French
+300
+Catholics
+22.3%
+19.9%
+1.6%
+1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.
+8.9%
+2.8%
+$30
+8.9%
+59.34 deaths/1,000
+Female genital mutilation
+59.34 deaths/1,000
+16
+44%
+baccalaureate
+French
+parliamentary or semi-presidential
+parliamentary or semi-presidential
+the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
+Westminster system
+the head of state or the head of state's official representative
+The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature.
+the royal prerogative
+a member of parliament
+First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
+Benjamin Netanyahu
+Cardinal Richelieu
+Cardinal Richelieu
+France
+Louis XIV
+18th century
+Sir Robert Walpole
+Thomas Cromwell
+Thomas Cromwell
+Thomas Cromwell
+the monarch
+the monarch
+St John
+Cromwell
+the Glorious Revolution of 1688
+the Glorious Revolution of 1688
+House of Commons
+Anne
+Anne
+Hanover
+twenty-one years
+twenty-one
+cabinet solidarity
+all ministers must defend it in public, or resign
+Lord Melbourne
+Walpole
+George II and George III
+Benjamin Disraeli
+1905
+constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president
+Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
+1970
+Bahrain
+Finland
+Finland
+Premier of the State Council
+Taiwan
+the legislature
+(political) cohabitation
+the parliament may force the resignation of the government
+the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
+his/her appointment and dismissal
+National People's Congress
+Zngl
+the Constitution Act
+1982
+the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers
+the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
+first decade of the twentieth century
+Chancellor of the Exchequer
+1905
+Margaret Thatcher
+1979
+1990
+to reshuffle her cabinet
+Irish Taoiseach
+the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament
+after every general election
+the confidence of the lower house of parliament
+giving a right to block supply to upper houses
+Where they lose a vote of confidence
+prime minister
+the prime minister and his or her government
+prime minister
+1918
+Executive Council
+Executive Council
+cabinet
+s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion
+Rosh HaMemshalah
+Rosh HaMemshalah
+President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)
+Rosh HaMemshalah
+president of the council of ministers
+statsminister
+prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier
+Germany and Austria
+Minister of State
+Secretary of State
+President
+Excellency
+Right Honourable
+Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council
+Prime Minister of Canada
+Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments
+First Minister
+Pradhan Mantri
+Wazir-e-Azam
+Grand Vizier
+Office of the Prime Minister
+Office of the Prime Minister
+abbreviated IT
+early 19th century
+École Polytechnique
+ (pol or pol)
+polytechnic
+the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary
+18th
+Collegium Carolinum
+1794
+institutions of higher education
+1992
+University of Westminster
+Regent Street
+polytechnics and institutes of technology
+University of Technology
+College of Advanced Education system
+TAFE
+Melbourne Polytechnic
+2009
+seven
+tertiary education
+bachelor's degrees and master's degrees
+ammattikorkeakoulu
+academization
+four
+three
+Cambodia
+Affiliate Schools
+Quebec
+public funding
+Polytechnics Canada
+collaborative institute-industry projects
+1895
+Capital University
+about half
+1997
+Geophysics Institute
+Quito Astronomical Observatory
+National Polytechnic School
+1873
+The Nuclear Science Department at EPN
+to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development
+50
+Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany
+180
+160
+academic universities in Finland
+"university of applied sciences"
+yrkeshögskola
+Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles
+institut universitaire de technologie
+IUT
+Fachhochschule
+Escola Politécnica
+French education system
+Escola Politécnica
+the early 1970s
+bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
+social science, medicine, business and design.
+TU
+habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research
+RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München
+TU9 German Institutes of Technology
+17
+17
+Saxony
+Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule
+Higher Education Reform Act
+The Hong Kong Polytechnic
+1972
+1984
+The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
+1994
+1735
+1735
+1735
+16
+16
+AICTE
+a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses
+four
+three
+Regional Technical College
+Dublin Institute of Technology
+Politecnico
+two
+the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance
+Imperial College of Engineering
+a type of university that specializes in the sciences
+Polytechnics
+Ministry of Education
+Ipoh
+87,440
+87,440
+87,440
+University of Technology, Mauritius
+technology
+Education Act 1989
+Universal College of Learning
+Education Act 1989
+Wellington Polytechnic
+1990s
+Hutt Valley
+North Island
+The Auckland University of Technology
+10th grade
+to train people in various trades
+three years
+BE
+4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan
+Politechnika
+short-cycle degrees
+Bologna Process
+Millennia Institute
+5
+three
+Maria Theresa
+1735
+Maria Theresa
+1764
+University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching
+Technikons
+1993
+the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).
+technical colleges
+bachelor's degrees
+King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
+Rajamangala University of Technology
+Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
+Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
+Suranaree University of Technology
+1989
+Suranaree University of Technology
+Bursa Technical University
+six
+Ankara and Trabzon
+1970
+UK Council for National Academic Awards
+Central Institutions
+Regent Street in London
+polytechnics
+Loughborough University of Technology
+1960s
+Further and Higher Education Act 1992
+degrees
+regional colleges
+early 20th century
+early 20th century
+1824
+Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
+sound middle class
+1950s
+Caracas
+Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
+The Wayback Machine
+the Internet Archive
+San Francisco
+Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
+three dimensional index
+cached pages
+archive a new version if the content has changed
+to archive the entire Internet
+The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
+Mr. Peabody and Sherman
+WABAC machine
+the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable
+crawlers
+robots
+Archive-It.org
+Kahle
+Kahle
+fifth anniversary
+University of California, Berkeley
+more than six months
+more than six months
+variable
+Open Directory
+Jeff Kaplan
+November 2010
+three petabytes
+12 terabytes/month
+PetaBox rack systems
+Capricorn Technologies
+2009
+Sun Open Storage
+Sun Microsystems' California campus
+2011
+March 2011
+The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008
+2010
+Save a Page
+October 2013
+Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
+the robots.txt file
+the robots.txt file
+Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site
+Chordiant
+Howard Lloyd
+Northern District of California, San Jose Division
+Howard Lloyd
+EchoStar
+Dish Network
+Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys
+Ronald Guzman
+examining a patent application
+an authoritative statement of the archivist
+archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided
+the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed
+non-RESTful e-commerce databases
+non-RESTful e-commerce databases
+violating copyright laws
+only the content creator
+the FAQ section
+Scientology
+response to a "request by the site owner
+lawyers from the Church of Scientology
+Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey
+Healthcare Advocates
+the Internet Archive
+DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
+robots.txt
+robots.txt
+robots.txt
+contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving
+Suzanne Shell
+Suzanne Shell
+United States District Court for the Northern District of California
+United States District Court for the District of Colorado
+April 25, 2007
+Suzanne Shell
+Suzanne Shell
+pornographic actor
+Federal Court of Canada
+United Provinces (Verenigde Provincin), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)
+1795
+the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
+Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.
+Flanders
+House of Habsburg
+Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
+Protestants
+modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces
+1579
+1579
+Act of Abjuration
+1581
+they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
+Antwerp
+1583
+10 July 1584
+Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England
+1588
+1783–1795
+France
+Batavian Republic
+1813
+Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
+Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège
+Dutch Republic
+The County of Holland
+1602
+Rotterdam
+Rotterdam
+a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles.
+Between 1590–1712
+Africa and the Pacific
+Indian Ocean and in the Orient
+seven
+the federal government
+representatives of each of the seven provinces
+County of Drenthe
+the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes
+raadspensionaris
+stadtholder
+stadtholder
+by and subordinate to the states of each province
+William the Silent
+Utrecht
+Orangists
+Republicans
+Peace of Westphalia
+Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)
+Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)
+some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.
+Holland and/or Zeeland
+Federalist No. 20,
+James Madison
+the declaration of independence of the United Provinces
+20 January 1579
+every person should be free in the choice of personal religion
+William of Orange
+Reformed Church
+Reformed Church
+the time period and regional or city leaders
+banned from the city
+personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
+predestination
+Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants
+1618
+18th century
+private churches
+Symbiosis
+lichens
+Heinrich Anton de Bary
+130 years
+obligate
+facultative
+fungal and photosynthetic
+mistletoe
+disjunctive symbiosis
+endosymbiosis
+10%–15% of insects
+Frankia
+nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria
+barnacles
+lice
+exosymbiosis
+Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism
+close physical and biochemical contact
+mutualistic gut flora
+Coral reefs
+carbon from the air
+carbon
+ocellaris
+special mucus
+ocellaris
+goby fish
+the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail
+encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs
+Galapagos Islands
+its internal symbionts for nutrition
+Galapagos Islands
+nutrients
+producing some specialized cells
+to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission
+drastic reduction in its genome size
+Muller's ratchet phenomenon
+lack of selection mechanisms
+com- and mensa,
+Commensalism
+inquilinism
+metabiosis
+phoresy
+parasitic
+necrotrophic
+biotrophic
+as many as half
+tick
+Amensalism
+competition and antibiosis
+competition
+secreting juglone
+Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha
+the same type of shrub
+Amensalism
+Synnecrosis
+death
+evolution selects against synnecrosis
+to protect the hive
+endosymbiotic theory
+plants, animals, fungi, and protists
+endo symbiosis
+Margulis and Dorion Sagan
+Symbiosis
+nectar and large sticky pollen
+the relationship has become dependent
+Forces armées canadiennes
+National Defence Act
+the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.
+les Forces canadiennes
+four
+National Defence Act
+Queen Elizabeth II
+Governor General of Canada
+Chief of the Defence Staff
+Chief of the Defence Staff,
+Cold War
+Canada defence policy
+Soviet military threat
+1950s
+early 1990s
+Afghanistan
+Afghanistan
+Afghanistan
+2002
+out of area
+Canada First Defence Strategy
+2008
+six
+six
+Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums
+deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés
+System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces
+Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums
+outreach and relationship-building efforts
+1867
+French and British forces
+attacks by other European powers
+American Revolutionary War
+to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States
+British Crown-in-Council
+Halifax
+1906
+Department of Militia and Defence
+November 1940
+Second Boer War
+several units were raised to serve under British command
+First World War
+The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War
+The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War
+more than 200
+more than 200
+Kosovo War
+United Nations Peacekeeping operations
+1957 to 1970
+Normandy Landings
+German cities
+Battle of Vimy Ridge
+Croatia
+fifth-largest
+Soviet Union
+third-largest
+1968
+Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force
+Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.
+1931
+First World War
+Canadian Armed Forces
+1980s
+2013
+Canadian Forces
+Land Forces
+2011
+ISAF
+the Government of Afghanistan
+Land Forces
+74th
+74th
+119,000
+2020
+124,000
+Canada First Defence Strategy
+the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness
+the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members
+main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles
+the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet
+CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters
+2006
+medicine, communication, logistics, and administration
+1971
+air-traffic controllers
+the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.
+Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
+air-defence artillery
+5 February 1987
+Minister of National Defence
+Combat-Related Employment of Women
+1989
+submarine service
+100 percent
+Jean Chretien
+mixed-gender force
+combat boots
+brassiere undergarments
+at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel
+Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces
+the governor general
+troop deployment and disposition orders
+either the monarch or governor general
+the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet
+115,349
+Chief of the Defence Staff
+Chief of the Defence Staff
+Ottawa, Ontario
+Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.
+27
+Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
+Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School
+Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard
+Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard
+Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard
+NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.
+Commander of the Canadian Army
+four divisions
+the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
+2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
+2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
+3
+one
+tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance
+tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance
+CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.
+Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force
+Winnipeg
+eleven
+Wings
+Manitoba
+Winnipeg and North Bay
+Geilenkirchen, Germany
+NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen
+British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador
+RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN)
+forward operating locations
+supporting fighter operations
+CF-18 squadrons
+CF-18 squadrons
+October 2012
+Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command
+as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget
+Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
+Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
+generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC
+CFB Trenton
+427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron
+the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks
+Ottawa
+CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.
+Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber
+Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber
+over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces
+Surgeon General
+Surgeon General
+times of national emergency or threat
+50,000
+Chief of Reserves and Cadets
+the Health Services Reserve
+Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service
+Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service
+Cadet Instructors Cadre
+Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List)
+Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
+Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
+Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
+Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory
+service dress
+ceremonial occasions
+operational dress
+light casual jacket
+ceremonial/regimental full dress
+beret, wedge cap, ballcap
+according to the distinctive uniform worn
+The beret
+CG634 helmet
+The Constitution of Canada
+3,000
+the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.
+one of the suburbicarian dioceses
+cardinal
+ninth century
+ninth century
+cardinal
+College of Minor Canons
+the deacons of the seven regions of the city
+8th century
+769
+Nicholas II
+Papal Bull In nomine Domini
+1244
+Pope Innocent IV
+cardinal
+Pope Zacharias
+1567
+Pope Zacharias
+Pope Zacharias
+1567
+1567
+1563
+Pope Pius IV
+1563
+Pope Pius IV
+French kings
+secular affairs.
+Cardinal Richelieu
+Cardinal Richelieu
+Henry, King of Portugal
+70
+Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.
+Pope John XXIII
+120
+twenty-five
+120
+set no limit on the number of cardinals generally
+either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees
+The Dean of the College of Cardinals
+Ostia
+1630
+Eminence
+Prince
+crowned monarchs
+Eminence
+"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"
+Cardinal [First name] [Surname]
+place the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname
+Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis
+they do not belong to the Roman clergy
+Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum
+Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum
+1378
+1378
+no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.
+no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate
+Cardinal bishops
+cardinals of the episcopal order
+Cardinal bishops
+a Roman priest
+apostolic succession
+Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
+Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
+seven
+1914
+Pope Pius X
+Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri
+1962
+Ostia
+Cardinal Vicar
+1962
+Ostia
+Cardinal Vicar
+College of Cardinals
+the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where 
+gold ring
+kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal
+he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero.
+1969
+scarlet biretta
+Eastern-style cassocks
+a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith
+cassock, mozzetta, and biretta
+because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture
+1460s
+expires
+Pope Martin V
+they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry
+Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.
+only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
+ordination
+over the age of 80
+1917
+1962
+College of Cardinals
+The cardinal protodeacon
+Vatican City State
+Pope John Paul I
+the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre
+over 50
+10 years
+about half
+one third
+the Papal Household
+cardinal deacons
+The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests
+Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil
+the Pope
+Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see
+Cardinal priests
+above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops
+Cardinal priests
+Bishop of Rome
+every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome
+1587
+70
+Pope John XXIII
+Indo-Iranian
+Indo-Iranian languages
+Indo-European language family
+400 BCE
+Middle Persian
+86
+Proto-Iranian
+Persian and Sanskrit
+1836
+Christian Lassen
+Robert Needham Cust
+1878
+Proto-Iranian
+Central Asia
+Andronovo
+2000 BC
+satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland
+Central Asia
+Middle Iranian languages and peoples
+two
+one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription
+520 BC
+4th century BC
+Avestan
+vohu daena
+Rigvedic Sanskrit
+Old Persian
+Kurdish
+Scythian
+Old Avestan
+Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian
+Old Avestan
+* and *d
+Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants
+Nuristani languages
+*w and *dw
+consonant clusters
+other distinct dialect groups
+Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian
+Old Parthian
+9th century
+Western and Eastern
+Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian)
+Avestan
+Aramaic
+an adapted Greek script
+Pahlavi
+3rd century CE
+Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian
+Syriac script
+Islam
+Dari
+Saffarid dynasty
+875 CE
+Khorasan
+Persian
+second half of the 8th century
+1920s
+Cyrillicized
+Soviet government
+Khuzestan
+Sogdian and Bactrian
+6th century AD
+Yaghnobi
+Yaghnobi
+Daylighting
+improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.
+energy
+artificial light sources
+Lighting
+Daylighting
+Lighting
+improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.
+energy
+Lighting
+light fixtures
+Indoor
+Indoor
+light fixtures
+Indoor
+fluorescent lighting
+Recessed lighting
+400,000 BCE
+birds and fish
+campfires or torches
+Lascaux caves
+incandescent light bulb
+early 1800s
+street lights
+Lighting fixtures
+as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare
+lumen per watt
+incandescent
+incandescent
+lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance.
+lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance.
+distribution of the light produced by the fixture.
+Lightolier
+A master transformer
+cable lighting
+12 or 24 volts
+A torchiere
+The portable or table lamp
+task lighting
+accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.
+1960s and 1970s
+accent lighting
+a row of small lights
+LED based versions
+small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube
+Street Lights
+LED and photovoltaic luminaires
+Floodlights
+along roadways
+Entry lights
+Tail and brake lights
+white or selective yellow lights
+1950s
+White rear-facing reversing lamps
+Flashing turn signals
+light bulbs
+lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation.
+700
+800 lumens
+architectural lighting design
+Lighting design as it applies to the built environment
+Radiance
+hand-calculations based on tabular data
+Daylight factor calculation.
+dark paint
+dark paint
+Photometric studies
+A set of lighting cues
+stage lighting
+candela (cd)
+cd/m2
+Stilb
+lumen (lm)
+luminosity function
+Lux
+The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index
+color rendering index
+color rendering index
+CRI
+CCT
+gamut area index
+GAI
+gamut area index
+exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.
+personal circadian light meter
+personal circadian light meter
+30 days
+short-wavelength light
+Specification of illumination requirements
+Lighting control systems
+interoperability with other standards-based building control systems
+ZigBee
+no need to run control wires)
+Occupancy sensors
+changes in heat
+Ultrasonic sensors
+motion
+Daylighting
+lack of information
+LEDs
+nonimaging optics
+headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels
+Alzheimer's Disease
+24
+they disrupt the natural circadian cycle
+Robert Ulrich
+fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ no
+fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ no
+University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
+University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
+Dr. Abraham Gesner
+1849
+coal-gas
+mercury
+not all of them are suitable for dimming.
+10%
+50,000
+up to 50,000 hours
+70%
+Light pollution
+glare
+searchlights and flares
+light
+infrared cameras and image intensifiers.
+laser-guided and GPS weapons
+laser-guided and GPS weapons
+The International Commission on Illumination
+Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
+ANSI and ASHRAE
+photometric data
+The International Association of Lighting Designers
+Professional Lighting Designers Association
+Professional Lighting Designers Association
+NCQLP
+The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions
+LC
+CLEP and CLMC
+The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
+UK
+The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
+Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
+The Spirit of the Laws
+The Spirit of the Laws
+United States Constitution
+a system of checks and balances
+separation of powers
+John Locke
+Thomas Hobbes
+Montesquieu
+the framers of the United States Constitution
+John Locke
+Thomas Hobbes
+Montesquieu
+Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons)
+parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
+separate and distinct
+The United Kingdom
+Court of Appeals
+Congress
+Clinton v. City of New York
+Clinton v. City of New York
+Congress
+the nondelegation doctrine
+Clinton v. City of New York
+Clinton v. City of New York
+Wayman v. Southard
+1825
+John Marshall
+Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers.
+Wayman v. Southard
+John Marshall
+1930s
+A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495
+1935
+1935
+Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
+Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
+Advice and Consent of the Senate
+impeachment
+quasi-judicial
+Executive power
+the President
+impeachment
+The Constitution
+to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties
+INS v. Chadha
+1983
+ 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative
+Supreme Court
+The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office.
+the Senate
+constitutional courts
+Judicial power
+The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office.
+the Senate
+legislative courts
+Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States
+Vice President
+a two-thirds majority
+Vice President
+The president
+The president
+Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
+Congress
+Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
+executive branch and the legislative branch
+Marbury v. Madison
+Supreme Court
+Congress
+The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court
+Chief Justice
+James Madison
+Federalist 51
+Congress
+George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams
+James Monroe one
+twelve
+Andrew Jackson
+fifteen
+Tenure of Office Act
+Grover Cleveland
+Grover Cleveland
+Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power
+Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power
+national security
+checks and balances
+the Supreme Court
+Florida Supreme Court
+Florida Supreme Court
+cultural symbols
+architectura
+the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings
+Architectural works
+their surviving architectural achievements
+the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings
+"chief" and  "builder"
+planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures
+cultural symbols and as works of art
+Historical civilizations
+De architectura
+Vitruvius
+early 1st century AD.
+firmness, commodity and delight.
+De architectura
+Vitruvius
+Vitruvius
+firmitas, utilitas, venustas
+firmness, commodity and delight
+16th century
+Vasari
+Italian, French, Spanish and English
+the architect
+Leon Battista Alberti
+proportion
+the Golden mean
+Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
+Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
+1836
+Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
+1836
+the modern, industrial world
+Gothic
+John Ruskin
+John Ruskin
+art critic
+1849
+to his mental health, power, and pleasure
+a building is not truly a work of architecture
+overriding
+a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned"
+string courses or rustication
+20th-century
+20th-century
+Architect
+20th-century
+suddenly you touch my heart
+I am happy
+Function
+aesthetic, psychological and cultural
+Vitruvius
+encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
+popularity and skepticism
+modern architects
+modern architects
+modern architects
+poststructuralism
+late 20th century
+sustainability
+non-sustainable power sources
+the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
+shelter, security, worship
+oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
+craft
+architecture
+dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means
+vernacular buildings
+urbanization
+trial and error
+vernacular
+rural
+urbanization
+urbanization
+Mesopotamia
+Mesopotamia
+the divine and the supernatural
+monumentality
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+7th–5th centuries BCE
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
+pantheistic religion
+Buddhist architecture
+around the 3rd century BCE
+macrocosm and the microcosm
+Shastras
+Buddhist
+pantheistic religion
+the pointed arch
+7th century CE
+Middle East and Byzantium
+Islamic architecture
+the pointed arch
+the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals.
+abbeys and cathedrals
+Romanesque
+Romanesque
+Romanesque
+900 CE onwards
+Renaissance Humanism
+1400 onwards
+Renaissance Europe
+Renaissance Humanism
+Renaissance Humanism
+artist, architect and engineer
+form, space and ambience
+form, space and ambience
+pragmatic
+aesthetic dimension
+Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects
+stimulate and influence social life
+it will promote social development
+aesthetic dimension
+to art for art's sake
+to art for art's sake
+a purposeless quest for perfection or originality
+civic ideals
+civic ideals
+civic ideals
+Architectural "style"
+ancient time
+general advice
+general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons
+1st-century BCE Roman Architect
+religious
+guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades
+guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades
+ecclesiastical buildings
+Magister lathomorum
+burgeoning of science and engineering
+the generalist
+aesthetics and the humanist
+technical aspects of building design
+Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial
+production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility
+offices of other architects
+mass production and consumption
+ornamented products
+Aesthetics
+pattern books and architectural journals
+House builders
+a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration
+Modern Architecture
+1907
+to produce better quality machine made objects
+Bauhaus school
+avant-garde
+meeting the needs of the middle and working classes
+aristocratic order
+removing historical references and ornament
+removing historical references and ornament
+Robie House
+Robie House and Fallingwater
+Robie House
+the Industrial Revolution
+steel-frame construction
+International Style
+Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center
+Minoru Yamasaki
+decorative richness
+Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
+unfinished concrete
+the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.
+the school of metaphoric architecture
+biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
+biomorphism and zoomorphic
+expressionist architecture
+1950s and 1960s
+modernism
+Charles Moore
+Robert Venturi
+Robert Venturi
+1980s
+A large structure can no longer be the design of one person
+it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.
+Environmental sustainability
+the environment
+Frank Lloyd Wright
+Buckminster Fuller
+U.S. Green Building Council
+New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
+solitary housing estates
+smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design
+modernist and globally uniform architecture
+four
+when the life expectancy at birth is longer
+Mahbub ul Haq
+United Nations Development Programme
+when the life expectancy at birth is longer
+Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).
+the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development
+Mahbub ul Haq
+Amartya Sen
+people-centered policies
+Mahbub ul Haq
+Mean years of schooling
+Mean years of schooling
+Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
+Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
+United Nations Development Programme
+December 14, 2015
+estimates for 2014
+July 24, 2014
+estimates for 2013
+Inequality
+Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+Cuba
+very high human development"
+lack of necessary data
+North Korea
+March 14, 2013
+estimates for 2012
+Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
+Barbados
+Barbados
+2011
+Barbados
+Barbados
+the unavailability of certain crucial data
+North Korea
+November 4, 2010
+United Nations Development Program
+income, life expectancy, and education
+Barbados
+the unavailability of certain crucial data
+Cuba
+High Human Development country
+October 5, 2009
+2007
+Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
+very high human development
+developed countries
+being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
+statistical update
+Human Development Report
+2006
+November 27, 2007
+Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world
+2005
+2005
+Braslia, Brazil
+high income countries
+below 0.5
+Africa
+119th
+119th and 121st
+Gabon and South Africa
+0.8 or more
+Brazil
+Seven
+red arrows
+red arrows
+Blue Dash
+Norway
+Iceland
+national performance and ranking
+Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in
+the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low','medium', 'high' or'very high' human development countries.
+the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low','medium', 'high' or'very high' human development countries.
+11%, 21% and 34%
+the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.
+Wolff et al.
+UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.
+UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.
+Mediterranean Europe
+Iberian peninsula
+the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.
+Iberian peninsula
+political, economic, and cultural attributes
+geography, climate, and flora
+The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey
+The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey
+dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.
+Spain and Italy
+wetter Atlantic
+wetter Atlantic climate
+phytochoria
+Armen Takhtajan
+classical antiquity
+classical antiquity
+Alexander the Great
+Rome
+Constantinople
+the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
+AD 476
+Western Roman Empire
+Byzantine Empire
+Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire
+kingdoms and empires of their own
+the Crusades
+1204
+Genoa and Venice
+The Reconquista
+Byzantine Empire
+Late Middle Ages
+The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine
+the Ottoman Empire
+1453
+14th century
+Florence
+science and theology
+14th century
+The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain
+The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain
+The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France
+Galileo Galilei
+Guglielmo Marconi
+colonial empires
+Columbian Exchange
+manufacturing
+The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
+1815 and 1871
+the Ottoman Empire
+1870
+The Age of Empire
+the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe
+1918
+Paris Peace Conference
+Adolf Hitler
+Adolf Hitler
+Adolf Hitler
+Mussolini
+Warsaw Pact
+taxation, health and education
+market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism
+1989
+1991
+2013
+Romance languages
+San Marino, and the Vatican
+eastern Spain
+Galician
+over 40 million people
+Hellenic languages or Greek language
+Cyprus
+Macedonian
+Macedonian
+Slovenia
+English
+Spanish
+Maltese
+Albanian
+Maltese
+northern Spain and southwestern France
+Christianity
+380 AD
+Roman Catholic
+Greek Orthodox
+a classification of regions
+The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories
+Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:
+Tourism Decision Metrics
+Tourism Decision Metrics
+BBC Television
+Royal charter
+1932
+2 November 1936
+Royal charter
+more than 30%
+one of the world's largest television production companies
+Baird Television Ltd.
+Long Acre, London
+Baird Television Ltd.
+June 1932
+30 March 1930
+Broadcasting House, London
+the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
+the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
+16 Portland Place, London
+February 1934
+Alexandra Palace
+Alexandra Palace
+240
+405
+240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI
+six months
+Farnsworth image dissector cameras
+Saturday 13 February 1937
+RCA
+RCA
+RCA
+a British television set
+Brookmans Park
+2 August 1932
+Opening of the BBC Television Service
+King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
+September 1939
+two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London.
+radar programme
+Mickey's Gala Premier
+broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon
+18,999
+Jasmine Bligh
+BBC Television
+Lime Grove Studios
+Mickey Mouse
+1949
+Sutton Coldfield transmitting station
+1949
+VHF
+BBC tv
+ITV
+Doctor Who
+Alexandra Palace
+ITV
+BBC1
+massive power failure
+Battersea Power Station
+Denis Tuohy
+West German PAL system
+15 November 1969
+soap opera or standard news programming
+Sir David Attenborough
+Sir David Attenborough
+Tom and Jerry
+2000
+Tom and Jerry
+CBBC
+David Attenborough
+1950s
+Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet
+fifteen
+Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
+local announcers
+major local events
+River City
+River City
+Gaelic
+Erpa and Dè a-nis?
+Patrick Kielty Almost Live
+25%
+Neighbours
+Neighbours
+The BBC
+1974
+CEEFAX
+all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC1) unencrypted
+Astra 2D satellite
+14 July
+£85 million
+Western Europe
+Hollywood studios and sporting organisations
+Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup
+Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football
+5 July 2004
+DVD
+fiftieth anniversary
+Little Angels
+Jana Bennett
+BBC Vision
+new media outlets and technology
+2008
+November 2008
+Keeping Up Appearances
+Keeping Up Appearances
+Keeping Up Appearances
+annually
+advertisements and subscription
+2013
+Danny Cohen
+commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting
+BBC Japan
+December 2004 and April 2006
+BBC Japan
+July 30, 1947
+Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger
+38th Governor of California
+15
+Mr. Olympia
+Conan the Barbarian
+Mr. Olympia
+Arnie
+2011
+Republican
+Gray Davis
+January 5, 2007
+Graz
+Jadrny
+Aurelia Schwarzenegger
+chief of police
+Meinhard
+the family bought a refrigerator
+barbell
+In his first movie experience as a boy,
+police officer
+Steve Reeves
+May 20, 1971
+Patrick
+stroke
+Barbara Baker
+Fortune
+"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America – the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich."
+Junior Mr. Europe
+1966
+London
+Reg Park
+improving the muscle definition and power in his legs
+business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966–1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title.
+Rolf Putziger
+10
+21
+New York
+Ric Drasin
+2002
+Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder
+international marketing of fitness and business administration
+Transcendental Meditation
+Transcendental Meditation
+Arnold Classic
+monthly
+$250,000
+executive editor
+Junior Mr. Europe
+Lee Haney
+half an hour
+Munich stone-lifting contest
+1969
+Sergio Oliva
+1970
+23
+Franco Columbu
+1975
+Mr. Olympia
+Pumping Iron
+three months
+Jeff Bridges
+Conan
+seven weeks
+seven weeks
+"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet
+Dr. Willi Heepe
+$10,000
+The Globe
+Hercules
+"Arnold Strong
+Robert Altman
+New Male Star of the Year
+my body was 'too weird
+1991
+1980
+The Incredible Hulk
+The Villain
+Conan the Destroyer
+1984
+James Cameron
+Sylvester Stallone
+1987
+Twins
+Total Recall
+Christmas in Connecticut
+Tales from the Crypt
+Terminator 2: Judgment Day
+National Association of Theatre Owners
+True Lies
+Ivan Reitman
+$150 million
+82
+Forum Stadtpark
+The Kid & I
+the Governator
+Stan Lee
+With Wings as Eagles
+Randall Wallace
+May 20
+10 years
+Escape Plan
+Terminator Genisys
+Terminator Genisys
+2004
+"Stop the Madness"
+George H.W. Bush
+George H.W. Bush
+Conan the Republican
+1999
+The possibility is there, because I feel it inside."
+August 6, 2003
+"Governator"
+Gray Davis
+Cruz Bustamante
+about 1.3 million
+31%
+John G. Downey
+Willie Brown
+Hans and Franz
+four
+four
+Susan Kennedy
+Phil Angelides
+Gavin Newsom
+term-limited
+Wendy Leigh
+Eunice and Sargent Shriver
+Sylvester Stallone
+1983
+Austrian
+Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain
+Rudy Giuliani
+their concerns for the environment and economy
+Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
+89%
+23%
+Gropegate
+Los Angeles Times
+Los Angeles Times
+A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit
+GQ
+marijuana
+Anna Richardson
+tarnish her reputation
+Los Angeles Times article
+1968
+Peter Pilz
+September 27, 2006
+refineries and manufacturing plants
+2020
+Northeast
+solar panels
+2009
+carbon dioxide emissions
+Detroit
+Article II, Section I, Clause V
+New York Post
+Michael Dorf
+index cards
+30
+Franco Columbu
+San Fernando earthquake
+$10,000
+Planet Hollywood
+early 2000
+Hard Rock Cafe
+Dimensional Fund Advisors
+Columbus, Ohio
+movie production company
+Simon & Schuster
+Schatzi On Main
+Santa Monica
+little treasure
+1998
+2011
+$38 million
+2006
+polite society
+six to eight months
+Sue Moray
+Maria Shriver
+August 1978
+television journalist
+Hyannis
+Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger
+Heather Milligan
+25 years
+Los Angeles Times
+20 years
+Joseph
+KNX 1070
+Bob Kaufman
+Schwarzenegger
+spousal support
+Brigitte Nielsen
+two
+two to eight years
+Patrick
+tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur
+Sun Valley, Idaho
+Van Nuys Airport
+6'2" (1.88 m)
+Herb Wesson
+Bob Mulholland
+Total Recall
+"The Secret"
+October 2012
+1992
+AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.
+2015 Summer
+6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide
+$21,000
+California Hydrogen Highway Network
+U.S. Department of Energy grant
+Inner City Games Foundation
+Shanghai
+over 250,000
+USC Sol Price School of Public Policy
+2012
+chairman
+60
+Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with
+Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with
+south coast of Devon
+Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with
+Mount Batten
+Sutton
+1620
+1642 and 1646
+Pilgrim Fathers
+Devonport
+1928
+Plymouth Blitz
+1967
+East Stonehouse
+261,546
+30th
+three
+Santander
+Plymouth University
+TAMARI OSTIA
+Mount Batten
+mouth/estuaries of the Tamar
+the River Plym
+south town
+a Pipe Roll of 1211
+King Henry VI
+mouth of the River Plym
+1340
+Breton raiders
+1596
+Sutton Pool
+1512
+Sir John Hawkins
+Sir Francis Drake
+1588
+Pilgrim Fathers
+Pilgrim Fathers
+Parliamentarians
+Parliamentarians
+Freedom Fields Park
+1660
+Drake's Island
+Atlantic slave trade
+17th century
+1690
+on the eastern bank of the River Tamar
+3,000
+3,000
+1690
+grain, timber and then coal
+Devonport
+The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century
+John Foulston
+Union Street
+1768
+1768
+1768
+John Smeaton
+2
+John Rennie
+1841
+1812
+to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport
+guano
+Devonport
+Scapa Flow
+Devonport
+Mount Batten
+Royal Australian Air Force
+Sunderland
+59
+over 3,700
+over 3,700
+Sir Patrick Abercrombie
+over 20,000
+over 20,000
+mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.
+mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.
+new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector
+1971
+42 Commando of the Royal Marines
+1086
+1086
+Sudtone
+1254
+1439
+Nancy Astor
+Plymouth Sutton
+18 October 1928
+1935
+Plympton and the parish of Plymstock
+Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.
+Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.
+Health and Safety at Work Act
+Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.
+Plymouth
+250,000
+250,000
+Tamarside
+1 April 1974
+Banham Commission
+South West England
+Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer
+Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer
+Plymouth Moor View
+17
+57
+a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years
+Brest
+2001
+King George V
+six
+Conservative Party and the Labour Party
+Dr John Mahony
+3 Elliot Terrace
+Lady Astor
+the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.
+the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.
+the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.
+River Tamar
+River Tamar
+Hamoaze
+the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound
+1967
+Cattewater
+1814
+Drake's Island
+30.83
+155
+Site of Special Scientific Interest
+Lower Devonian slates
+limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian
+Upper Devonian slates and shales
+geology
+Cremyll to Plymstock
+Dartmoor
+Tamar
+the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock
+Cremyll to Plymstock
+Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city
+Sir Patrick Abercrombie
+Armada Way
+Barcelona-based architect David MacKay
+28
+temperate oceanic climate
+52
+between 3 and 4 °C (37 and 39 °F).
+at least 1 inch (2.5 cm)
+July and August
+Atlantic depressions
+autumn and winter
+39
+June to August
+autumn and winter
+Coastal areas
+South West England
+89
+26.6 °C
+45.1 °C (77 °F)
+4.1 °C (25 °F)
+4.1 °C (25 °F)
+25,895
+22nd
+3,000
+£160 million
+Polytechnic South West
+The University of St Mark & St John
+teacher training
+Plymouth College of Art
+The City College Plymouth
+153 years ago
+153 years ago
+two
+71
+71
+71
+Plymouth College
+Devonport High School for Girls
+Royal Naval Engineering College
+1910
+1959
+1994
+University of Southampton
+Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
+Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences
+Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre,
+Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership
+National Marine Aquarium
+256,384
+240,720
+15,664
+2.3
+0.5
+5,169 million GBP
+5,169 million GBP
+£19,943
+£23,755
+7.0%
+26.2%
+82.1
+82.1
+82.1
+over 12,000
+over 12,000
+1793
+Plymouth Gin Distillery
+1930s
+Devonport Dockyard
+Devonport Dockyard
+270
+Tamar Science Park
+Hemsley Fraser
+Pannier Market
+Pannier Market
+29th
+The Tinside Pool
+£3.4 million
+David Mackay
+David Mackay
+David Mackay
+300,000
+300,000
+Charles Cross
+October 2006
+wasteland at Cattedown
+2003
+David Mackay
+Bretonside bus station
+Millbay
+Millbay
+The Parkway
+40 miles (65 km)
+Tamar Bridge
+Plymouth City Airport
+First South West
+France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander)
+Roscoff
+MV Armorique
+passenger ferry
+1204
+4 miles (6 km)
+6
+2018
+FlyPlymouth
+1877
+Great Western Railway
+Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line
+Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.
+Great Western Railway
+4 February 2014
+130
+4 April 2014
+4 February 2014
+about 150
+1858
+St Andrew's
+Anglican
+thirteen
+Moses the Jew"
+1762
+1762
+1762
+58.1%
+58.1%
+32.9%
+24.7%
+7%
+1815
+Charlie Chaplin
+19 30s
+Royal Navy
+Outdoor events and festivals
+Roy Lowry
+Roy Lowry
+University of Plymouth
+the 29 Commando Regiment
+1,315
+200
+The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery
+The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery
+1961 to 2009
+BBC South West
+Radio Plymouth
+16 February 2009
+Radio Plymouth
+BBC Radio Devon
+Plymouth Argyle F.C.
+Football League Two
+Home Park
+The Pilgrims
+Plymstock United F.C.
+Plymouth Albion R.F.C.
+Plymouth Albion R.F.C.
+third tier of Professional English Rugby
+Plymouth Pavilions
+1983
+1823
+September 2011
+nine
+1973
+Plymouth County Borough Corporation
+24 April 1591
+River Meavy
+1801
+South West Water
+South West Water
+Western Power Distribution
+2009
+Langage Power Station,
+1836
+Charles Cross and Crownhill
+five
+Millbay Docks
+Devon and Cornwall Constabulary
+Derriford Hospital
+6
+Royal Eye Infirmary
+South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
+Exeter
+the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford
+the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford
+Drake Memorial Park
+Drake Memorial Park
+the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford
+the Royal Citadel
+the Royal Citadel
+1759
+23
+Armada Memorial
+Sutton
+1620
+1620
+National Marine Aquarium
+100
+Crownhill Fort
+north
+Landmark Trust
+west
+70
+south-east Cornwall
+Kingsand
+Tamar Valley
+Henning Larsen
+2008
+University of Plymouth
+2008
+central quarter
+Plymothians
+Janners
+Cousin Jan
+John
+Tavistock
+El Draco
+1596
+1596
+Sir Joshua Reynolds
+Robert Lenkiewicz
+Plymouth College of Art
+2012
+Keith Rowe
+Trematon Castle
+swimron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer
+Chris Axworthy
+Lyndon B. Johnson
+Clear and Present Danger
+Angela Rippon
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