---
license: cc-by-4.0
metrics:
- bleu4
- meteor
- rouge-l
- bertscore
- moverscore
language: en
datasets:
- lmqg/qg_squad
pipeline_tag: text2text-generation
tags:
- question generation
widget:
- text: "generate question: <hl> Beyonce <hl> further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records."
  example_title: "Question Generation Example 1" 
- text: "generate question: Beyonce further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer <hl> Etta James <hl> in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records."
  example_title: "Question Generation Example 2" 
- text: "generate question: Beyonce further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic,  <hl> Cadillac Records <hl> ."
  example_title: "Question Generation Example 3" 
model-index:
- name: lmqg/bart-large-squad
  results:
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_squad
      type: default
      args: default
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.26168385362299557
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.5384959163821219
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.27073122286541956
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.9100413219045603
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.6499011626820898
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_squadshifts
      type: reddit
      args: reddit
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.059525104157825456
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.22365090580055863
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.21499800504546457
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.9095144685254328
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.6059332247878408
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_squadshifts
      type: new_wiki
      args: new_wiki
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.11118273173452982
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.2967546690273089
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.27315087810722966
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.9322739617807421
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.6623000084761579
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_subjqa
      type: tripadvisor
      args: tripadvisor
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 8.380171318718442e-07
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.1402922852924756
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.1372146070365174
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.8891002409937424
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.5604572211470809
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_squadshifts
      type: default
      args: default
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.07839941048417529
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.25357667226247294
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.24046838149047955
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.9182198703598111
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.6274693859765924
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_squadshifts
      type: nyt
      args: nyt
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.08117757543966063
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.25292097720734297
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.25254205113198686
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.9249009759439454
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.6406329128556304
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_subjqa
      type: restaurants
      args: restaurants
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 1.1301750984972448e-06
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.13083168975354642
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.12419733006916912
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.8797711839570719
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.5542757411268555
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_subjqa
      type: electronics
      args: electronics
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.00866799444965211
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.1601628874804186
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.15348605312210778
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.8783386920680519
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.5634845371093992
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_subjqa
      type: books
      args: books
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.006278914808207679
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.12368226019088967
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.11576293675813865
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.8807110440044503
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.5555905941686486
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_subjqa
      type: movies
      args: movies
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 1.0121579426501661e-06
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.12508697028506718
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.11862284941640638
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.8748829724726739
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.5528899173535703
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_subjqa
      type: grocery
      args: grocery
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.00528043272450429
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.12343711316491492
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.15133496445452477
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.8778951253890991
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.5701949938103265
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_squadshifts
      type: amazon
      args: amazon
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.06530369842068952
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.25030985091008146
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.2229994442645732
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.9092814804525936
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.6086538514008419
  - task:
      name: Text2text Generation
      type: text2text-generation
    dataset:
      name: lmqg/qg_subjqa
      type: default
      args: default
    metrics:
    - name: BLEU4
      type: bleu4
      value: 0.005121882223046874
    - name: ROUGE-L
      type: rouge-l
      value: 0.1346485324169255
    - name: METEOR
      type: meteor
      value: 0.13733272662214893
    - name: BERTScore
      type: bertscore
      value: 0.8811488576438816
    - name: MoverScore
      type: moverscore
      value: 0.5614233235005509
---

# Language Models Fine-tuning on Question Generation: `lmqg/bart-large-squad`
This model is fine-tuned version of [facebook/bart-large](https://huggingface.co/facebook/bart-large) for question generation task on the 
[lmqg/qg_squad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_squad) (dataset_name: default).


### Overview
- **Language model:** [facebook/bart-large](https://huggingface.co/facebook/bart-large)   
- **Language:** en  
- **Training data:** [lmqg/qg_squad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_squad) (default)
- **Online Demo:** [https://autoqg.net/](https://autoqg.net/)
- **Repository:** [https://github.com/asahi417/lm-question-generation](https://github.com/asahi417/lm-question-generation)
- **Paper:** [TBA](TBA)

### Usage
```python

from transformers import pipeline

model_path = 'lmqg/bart-large-squad'
pipe = pipeline("text2text-generation", model_path)

# Question Generation
input_text = 'generate question: <hl> Beyonce <hl> further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records.'
question = pipe(input_text)
```

## Evaluation Metrics


### Metrics

| Dataset | Type | BLEU4 | ROUGE-L | METEOR | BERTScore | MoverScore | Link |
|:--------|:-----|------:|--------:|-------:|----------:|-----------:|-----:|
| [lmqg/qg_squad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_squad) | default | 0.26168385362299557 | 0.5384959163821219 | 0.27073122286541956 | 0.9100413219045603 | 0.6499011626820898 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_squad.default.json) | 



### Out-of-domain Metrics
        
| Dataset | Type | BLEU4 | ROUGE-L | METEOR | BERTScore | MoverScore | Link |
|:--------|:-----|------:|--------:|-------:|----------:|-----------:|-----:|
| [lmqg/qg_squadshifts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_squadshifts) | reddit | 0.059525104157825456 | 0.22365090580055863 | 0.21499800504546457 | 0.9095144685254328 | 0.6059332247878408 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_squadshifts.reddit.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_squadshifts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_squadshifts) | new_wiki | 0.11118273173452982 | 0.2967546690273089 | 0.27315087810722966 | 0.9322739617807421 | 0.6623000084761579 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_squadshifts.new_wiki.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_subjqa](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_subjqa) | tripadvisor | 8.380171318718442e-07 | 0.1402922852924756 | 0.1372146070365174 | 0.8891002409937424 | 0.5604572211470809 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_subjqa.tripadvisor.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_squadshifts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_squadshifts) | default | 0.07839941048417529 | 0.25357667226247294 | 0.24046838149047955 | 0.9182198703598111 | 0.6274693859765924 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_squadshifts.default.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_squadshifts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_squadshifts) | nyt | 0.08117757543966063 | 0.25292097720734297 | 0.25254205113198686 | 0.9249009759439454 | 0.6406329128556304 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_squadshifts.nyt.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_subjqa](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_subjqa) | restaurants | 1.1301750984972448e-06 | 0.13083168975354642 | 0.12419733006916912 | 0.8797711839570719 | 0.5542757411268555 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_subjqa.restaurants.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_subjqa](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_subjqa) | electronics | 0.00866799444965211 | 0.1601628874804186 | 0.15348605312210778 | 0.8783386920680519 | 0.5634845371093992 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_subjqa.electronics.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_subjqa](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_subjqa) | books | 0.006278914808207679 | 0.12368226019088967 | 0.11576293675813865 | 0.8807110440044503 | 0.5555905941686486 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_subjqa.books.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_subjqa](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_subjqa) | movies | 1.0121579426501661e-06 | 0.12508697028506718 | 0.11862284941640638 | 0.8748829724726739 | 0.5528899173535703 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_subjqa.movies.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_subjqa](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_subjqa) | grocery | 0.00528043272450429 | 0.12343711316491492 | 0.15133496445452477 | 0.8778951253890991 | 0.5701949938103265 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_subjqa.grocery.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_squadshifts](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_squadshifts) | amazon | 0.06530369842068952 | 0.25030985091008146 | 0.2229994442645732 | 0.9092814804525936 | 0.6086538514008419 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_squadshifts.amazon.json) |
| [lmqg/qg_subjqa](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_subjqa) | default | 0.005121882223046874 | 0.1346485324169255 | 0.13733272662214893 | 0.8811488576438816 | 0.5614233235005509 | [link](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/eval_ood/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_subjqa.default.json) |


## Training hyperparameters

The following hyperparameters were used during fine-tuning:
 - dataset_path: lmqg/qg_squad
 - dataset_name: default
 - input_types: ['paragraph_answer']
 - output_types: ['question']
 - prefix_types: None
 - model: facebook/bart-large
 - max_length: 512
 - max_length_output: 32
 - epoch: 4
 - batch: 32
 - lr: 5e-05
 - fp16: False
 - random_seed: 1
 - gradient_accumulation_steps: 4
 - label_smoothing: 0.15

The full configuration can be found at [fine-tuning config file](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/bart-large-squad/raw/main/trainer_config.json).

## Citation
TBA