diff --git "a/eval/samples.dev.hyp.txt" "b/eval/samples.dev.hyp.txt" --- "a/eval/samples.dev.hyp.txt" +++ "b/eval/samples.dev.hyp.txt" @@ -1,213 +1,213 @@ Who won Super Bowl 50? -Who did the Denver Broncos defeat in Super Bowl 50? +Who did the Denver Broncos defeat to win Super Bowl 50? Where was Super Bowl 50 played? Who won Super Bowl 50? What was the theme of the 50th Super Bowl? -What was the theme of the 50th Super Bowl? +What did the NFL emphasize with various gold-themed initiatives? When was Super Bowl 50 played? -What is the AFC? -What was the theme of the 50th Super Bowl? -What is the AFC? +What league did the Denver Broncos belong to? +What did the NFL emphasize with various gold-themed initiatives? +What league did the Denver Broncos belong to? When was Super Bowl 50 played? Who won Super Bowl 50? Where was Super Bowl 50 played? -Where was Levi's Stadium located? -What would have been the name of the Super Bowl with Roman numerals? -What year was Super Bowl 50 played? -What year was Super Bowl 50 played? -Where was Levi's Stadium located? +In what city was Super Bowl 50 played? +What would have been the game called under the Roman numerals? +In what year was Super Bowl 50 played? +In what year was Super Bowl 50 played? +In what city was Super Bowl 50 played? Where was Super Bowl 50 played? -What was the final score of Super Bowl 50? +How did the Denver Broncos defeat the Carolina Panthers in Super Bowl 50? When was Super Bowl 50 played? -What year was Super Bowl 50 played? +In what year was Super Bowl 50 played? Who won Super Bowl 50? -Who did the Denver Broncos defeat in Super Bowl 50? +Who did the Denver Broncos defeat to win Super Bowl 50? Who won Super Bowl 50? -What year was Super Bowl 50 played? +In what year was Super Bowl 50 played? Who won Super Bowl 50? Where was Super Bowl 50 played? -What was the name of the game played on February 7, 2016? +What was the name of the game that determined the champion of the NFL for the 2015 season? Who won Super Bowl 50? Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player? -How many times have the Broncos been to the Super Bowl? -When was the Panthers founded? +How many times have the Pittsburgh Steelers been to the Super Bowl? +When was the Carolina Panthers founded? Who did the Panthers defeat in the NFC Championship Game? -Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game? +Who did the Broncos deny a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX? Who did the Panthers defeat in the NFC Championship Game? -Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game? -Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game? +Who did the Broncos deny a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX? +Who did the Broncos deny a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX? How many teams have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl? Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player? -What was the record of the Panthers in the regular season? +What was the record of the Panthers during the regular season? Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player? What was the record of the Broncos in the regular season? How many teams have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl? -Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game? +Who did the Broncos deny a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX? Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player? Who did the Panthers defeat in the NFC Championship Game? -How many appearances did the Broncos have in the Super Bowl? -Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game? +How many times have the Broncos been to the Super Bowl? +Who did the Broncos deny a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX? Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player? -Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship Game? +Who did the Broncos deny a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX? Who did the Panthers defeat in the NFC Championship Game? Who was named the NFL Most Valuable Player? Who did the Panthers defeat in the NFC Championship Game? -When was the Panthers founded? +When was the Carolina Panthers founded? Who was named Super Bowl MVP? How many sacks did Von Miller have? -Which team took an early lead in Super Bowl 50? +Who took an early lead in Super Bowl 50? Who was named Super Bowl MVP? -How many tackles did Von Miller record? -How did Newton fare in Super Bowl 50? +How many solo tackles did Von Miller record? +How did Denver's defense limit Carolina's Cam Newton? How many times did the Broncos sack Newton? Who was named Super Bowl MVP? How many turnovers did the Broncos force on Newton? -How many forced fumbles did Von Miller have? +How many forced fumbles did Von Miller have in the Super Bowl? Who was named Super Bowl MVP? What position did Von Miller play? -How many solo tackles did Von Miller have? +How many solo tackles did Von Miller have in the Super Bowl? How many sacks did Von Miller have? Who was named Super Bowl MVP? -How many solo tackles did Von Miller have? +How many solo tackles did Von Miller have in the Super Bowl? How many times did the Broncos sack Newton? How many turnovers did the Broncos force on Newton? -What did the Broncos recover from Newton? +What did the Broncos recover for a touchdown? Who was named Super Bowl MVP? What position did Von Miller play? How many times did the Broncos sack Newton? How many turnovers did the Broncos force on Newton? Who was named Super Bowl MVP? -How many solo tackles did Von Miller record? +How many solo tackles did Von Miller have? Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.? How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the game? -Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? +What was the name of the British rock group that headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? Who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? -What was the last Super Bowl halftime show to feature Beyoncé and Bruno Mars? +What was the third most watched U.S. broadcast ever? Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.? How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the game? -Along with Bruno Mars, who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? +Who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? Along with Beyoncé, who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? -Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? +What was the name of the British rock group that headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.? How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the game? Along with Beyoncé, who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? -Where did Super Bowl 50 rank among the most watched U.S. broadcast ever? +What was the most watched U.S. broadcast of Super Bowl 50? Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.? How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the game? -Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? +What was the name of the British rock group that headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? Who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? Who broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S.? -Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? +What was the name of the British rock group that headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? Who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? -What was the last Super Bowl halftime show to feature Beyoncé and Bruno Mars? +What was the third most watched U.S. broadcast ever? How much did CBS charge for a 30-second commercial during the game? -Which British rock group headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? +What was the name of the British rock group that headlined the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? Who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? Along with Beyoncé, who performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show? -Who is the NFL commissioner? -What game did Goodell say would be "spectacular"? +Who is the NFL Commissioner? +What was the name of the game that Goodell said the league planned to make "spectacular"? In what year did Goodell say the 50th Super Bowl would be "spectacular"? -Who is the NFL commissioner? -When did Goodell say that the 50th Super Bowl would be "spectacular"? -Who is the NFL commissioner? -Who is the NFL commissioner? -Who is the NFL commissioner? +Who is the NFL Commissioner? +When did Goodell say the 50th Super Bowl would be "spectacular"? +Who is the NFL Commissioner? +Who is the NFL Commissioner? +Who is the NFL Commissioner? What did Goodell say the 50th Super Bowl would be? What did Goodell say the 50th Super Bowl would be? In what year did Goodell say the 50th Super Bowl would be "spectacular"? -What is the name of the stadium that was narrowed down to three? -Along with the Mercedes-Benz Superdome and Levi's Stadium, what other stadium was narrowed down to three? -Which stadium did the league narrow the bids to three? +What is the name of the stadium that was narrowed down to three sites? +What is the name of the stadium that was narrowed down to three sites? +What is the name of the stadium that was narrowed down to three sites? What is the name of Miami's stadium? What is the name of the stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area? What is the name of the stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area? What is the name of the stadium in New Orleans? What is the name of Miami's stadium? -What were the three sites the league narrowed the bids to? +What were the three sites that the league narrowed the bids to? How many sites did the league narrow the bids to? What city's Mercedes-Benz Superdome was chosen? What is the name of Miami's stadium? -What city's Levi's Stadium was chosen? +In what city is Levi's Stadium located? What is the name of the stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area? What is the name of Miami's stadium? What is the name of the stadium in New Orleans? What is the name of the stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area? -When did the league announce the two finalists for Super Bowl XLIV? +When was Super Bowl XLIV announced? How many times has South Florida/Miami hosted the Super Bowl? What was the most recent Super Bowl held in South Florida? -When was the most recent Super Bowl held in South Florida? -When did the San Francisco Bay Area last host a Super Bowl? -What stadium did the league announce as a finalist to host the Super Bowl? -When did the league announce the two finalists for Super Bowl XLIV? -Where was Super Bowl XIX held? +In what year was Super Bowl XLIV held? +In what year did the San Francisco Bay Area last host Super Bowl XIX? +What was the name of the stadium that was the finalist for Super Bowl XLIV? +When was Super Bowl XLIV announced? +Where was Super Bowl XIX held in 1985? When did the Florida legislature refuse to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations? -When was the most recent Super Bowl held in South Florida? +In what year was Super Bowl XLIV held? How many finalists were there for Super Bowl XLIV? What was the most recent Super Bowl held in South Florida? How many finalists were there for Super Bowl XLIV? Who refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations? -When did the San Francisco Bay Area last host a Super Bowl? +In what year did the San Francisco Bay Area last host Super Bowl XIX? What city has hosted the most Super Bowls? -When did the league announce the two finalists for Super Bowl XLIV? +When was Super Bowl XLIV announced? How many times has South Florida/Miami hosted the Super Bowl? What city has hosted the most Super Bowls? -When did the San Francisco Bay Area last host a Super Bowl? +In what year did the San Francisco Bay Area last host Super Bowl XIX? Who refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations? When was the Super Bowl awarded to Levi's Stadium? -Who voted to award the game to Levi's Stadium? +Who voted to award the Super Bowl to Levi's Stadium? When did Levi's Stadium open? -How much did Levi's Stadium cost? -Where did Super Bowl XXXVII take place? -Where were the 2013 NFL spring meetings held? -When was the Super Bowl awarded to Levi's Stadium? -How much did Levi's Stadium cost? -What was the last Super Bowl held in California? -Where did Super Bowl XXXVII take place? +How much did Levi's Stadium cost to build? +Where was Super Bowl XXXVII held in 2003? +In what city did the 2013 NFL spring meetings take place? When was the Super Bowl awarded to Levi's Stadium? +How much did Levi's Stadium cost to build? +What was the first Super Bowl held in California since 2003? +Where was Super Bowl XXXVII held in 2003? +In what year was the Super Bowl awarded to Levi's Stadium? When did Levi's Stadium open? -How much did Levi's Stadium cost? -When was Super Bowl XIX held in the San Francisco Bay Area? -What was the last Super Bowl held in California? +How much did Levi's Stadium cost to build? +In what year was Super Bowl XIX held in the Bay Area? +What was the first Super Bowl held in California since 2003? When was the Super Bowl awarded to Levi's Stadium? When did Levi's Stadium open? -When was Super Bowl XXXVII held in San Diego? -Where were the 2013 NFL spring meetings held? +In what year did Super Bowl XXXVII take place in San Diego? +In what city did the 2013 NFL spring meetings take place? When was the Super Bowl awarded to Levi's Stadium? When did Levi's Stadium open? -How much did Levi's Stadium cost? -When was Super Bowl XXXVII held in San Diego? -Who was the head coach of the Denver Broncos in their last Super Bowl appearance? +How much did Levi's Stadium cost to build? +In what year did Super Bowl XXXVII take place in San Diego? +Who was the coach of the Denver Broncos in their last Super Bowl appearance? How many teams have completed a regular season with only one loss? -How many teams have had a 15-1 regular season? -Who was one of only ten teams to have completed the regular season with only one loss? -What was the last time the Broncos appeared in the Super Bowl? -Who was the head coach of the Denver Broncos in their last Super Bowl appearance? -How many appearances have the Denver Broncos made in the Super Bowl? +How many teams have acquired a 15-1 record? +Which team became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss? +What was the last Super Bowl the Broncos reached? +Who was the coach of the Denver Broncos in their last Super Bowl appearance? +How many times have the Denver Broncos appeared in the Super Bowl? How many teams have completed a regular season with only one loss? -What was the first time the Carolina Panthers appeared in the Super Bowl? -How many teams have had a 15-1 regular season? -What is the number of seeds from both conferences in the Super Bowl? -What is the number of seeds from both conferences in the Super Bowl? -What was the last time the Broncos appeared in the Super Bowl? -What was the last time the Carolina Panthers appeared in the Super Bowl? -How many teams have had a 15-1 regular season? -How many seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl? +What was the only other time the Carolina Panthers have appeared in the Super Bowl? +How many teams have acquired a 15-1 record? +What was the number of seeds from both conferences in the Super Bowl? +What was the number of seeds from both conferences in the Super Bowl? +What was the last Super Bowl the Broncos reached? +What was the only other time the Carolina Panthers have appeared in the Super Bowl? +How many teams have acquired a 15-1 record? +How many seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl for the third straight season? How many teams have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl? -Who was the head coach of the Denver Broncos in their last Super Bowl appearance? -Who did the Carolina Panthers waive in the preseason? -Who was the top wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers? +Who was the coach of the Denver Broncos in their last Super Bowl appearance? +Who was waived by the Carolina Panthers? +Who was the top wide receiver the Panthers lost to a torn ACL? How many teams have won at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule? When did the NFL expand to a 16-game schedule? What team had their best regular season in franchise history? How many players were selected to the Pro Bowl? How many All-Pro selections did the Panthers have? -Who was the top wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers? +Who was the top wide receiver the Panthers lost to a torn ACL? When did the NFL expand to a 16-game schedule? -What year did the New Orleans Saints have the best start to a season in NFL history? -In what year did the Green Bay Packers record a 13-0 start to a season? +In what year did the New Orleans Saints have the best start to a season in NFL history? +In what year did the Green Bay Packers go 13-0? What did Kelvin Benjamin suffer in the preseason? -Who was the top wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers? -Who did the Carolina Panthers waive in the preseason? +Who was the top wide receiver the Panthers lost to a torn ACL? +Who was waived by the Carolina Panthers? When did the NFL expand to a 16-game schedule? How many players were selected to the Pro Bowl? What team had their best regular season in franchise history? @@ -215,27 +215,27 @@ When did the NFL expand to a 16-game schedule? What team had their best regular season in franchise history? How many players were selected to the Pro Bowl? How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers offense have? -How many total touchdowns did Ted Ginn Jr. catch? +How many touchdowns did Ted Ginn Jr. catch? How many interceptions did Newton have? -How many punts did Ted Ginn return? +How many punts did Ted Ginn return for 277 yards? Who was Cam Newton's leading receiver? -How many total touchdowns did Ted Ginn Jr. catch? +How many touchdowns did Ted Ginn Jr. catch? What was Cam Newton's career-best quarterback rating? How many passes did tight end Greg Olsen catch? -Who did Greg Olsen and Ted Ginn Jr. lead the Panthers? -Who was the running back for the Panthers? +What was Greg Olsen's role on the Panthers offense? +Who led the Panthers backfield with 989 rushing yards? How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers offense have? Who was the Pro Bowl quarterback for the Panthers? How many yards did Cam Newton throw for? -How many total touchdowns did Ted Ginn Jr. catch? +How many touchdowns did Ted Ginn Jr. catch? How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers offense have? How many points did the Panthers offense score? How many yards did Cam Newton throw for? -How many total touchdowns did Ted Ginn Jr. catch? +How many touchdowns did Ted Ginn Jr. catch? What was Cam Newton's career-best quarterback rating? -How many touchdowns did Ted Ginn, Jr. catch? +How many touchdowns did Devin Funchess catch? How many points did the Panthers defense give up? -How many sacks did Jared Allen have? +How many career sacks did Jared Allen have? How many tackles did Luke Kuechly make? How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers defense have? Who led the Panthers in sacks with 11? @@ -246,383 +246,383 @@ How many Pro Bowl selections did the Panthers defense have? Who led the Panthers secondary with a career high seven interceptions? How many interceptions did the Panthers defense have? Who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts? -Which linebacker was selected to play in the Pro Bowl? +Who led the team in tackles with 118? How many fumbles did Kawann Short recover? Who was the new head coach of the Denver Broncos? -Who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season? +Who was Peyton Manning benched after throwing four interceptions? What team did Peyton Manning play for in 1998? -Who did the Broncos lose 13-7 to in the regular season finale? -Who was the defensive coordinator of the Denver Broncos? +Who did the Broncos lose 13-7 to in the Week 17 regular season finale? +Who is the defensive coordinator of the Denver Broncos? How many divisional championships did John Fox win? Who was the new head coach of the Denver Broncos? What team did Peyton Manning play for in 1998? How old was Peyton Manning in 2015? -What was the cause of Manning's worst statistical season since his rookie year? +What injury did Peyton Manning suffer in the summer of 2015? Who was the new head coach of the Denver Broncos? Who led the NFL in interceptions? -Why did Peyton Manning have his worst statistical season since his rookie year? +What was the cause of Peyton Manning's worst statistical season since his rookie year? How old was Peyton Manning in 2015? How many divisional championships did John Fox win? Who was the head coach of the Denver Broncos before Gary Kubiak? Who led the NFL in interceptions? Who was the new head coach of the Denver Broncos? -Where did Manning suffer a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis? -Who was the defensive coordinator of the Denver Broncos? +In what part of his body did Manning suffer a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis? +Who is the defensive coordinator of the Denver Broncos? What was Manning's passer rating? How many interceptions did Manning have? -Who was the team's leading receiver? +Who was the team's leading receiver with 105 receptions? Who was the team's leading rusher? How many touchdowns did Osweiler throw? What was Manning's passer rating? How many yards did Manning throw for? How many touchdowns did Manning throw? -Who was the team's leading receiver? +Who was the team's leading receiver with 105 receptions? What position did Demaryius Thomas play? What was Manning's passer rating? How many interceptions did Manning have? -Who was the team's leading receiver? -How many interceptions did Osweiler have? +Who was the team's leading receiver with 105 receptions? +How many touchdowns did Demaryius Thomas have? What was Manning's passer rating? How many interceptions did Manning have? -Who caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards? +Who caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores? Who was the team's leading rusher? What was Ronnie Hillman's yards per carry average? -How many yards did the Broncos' defense allow? -How many sacks did Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson have? +What was the number of yards allowed by the Broncos defense? +How many sacks did defensive ends Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson have? Who led the Broncos in total tackles with 109? -How many interceptions did Von Miller have? +How many fumble recoveries did Von Miller have? What position did DeMarcus Ware play? What position did DeMarcus Ware play? What position did Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson play? How many points did the Broncos' defense allow? -Who led the Broncos with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles and recovered three? +Who led the Broncos with 11 sacks? Who led the Broncos in total tackles with 109? How many fumbles did Von Miller recover? -Who led the Broncos with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles and recovered three? +Who led the Broncos with 11 sacks? Who led the Broncos in total tackles with 109? Which two defensive ends had 5½ sacks? Who did the Panthers beat in the divisional round? Who did the Panthers beat in the NFC Championship Game? How many yards did the Panthers rack up against the Arizona Cardinals? -How many turnovers did the Panthers force? -How did the Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks? +How many turnovers did the Panthers force in the NFC Championship Game? +What was the final score of the divisional round? Who did the Panthers beat in the divisional round? -How did the Panthers beat the Seattle Seahawks? +What was the final score of the divisional round? How many yards did the Panthers rack up against the Arizona Cardinals? Who did the Panthers beat in the divisional round? Who did the Panthers beat in the NFC Championship Game? -How many turnovers did the Panthers force? +How many turnovers did the Panthers force in the NFC Championship Game? Who did the Panthers beat in the divisional round? What was the final score of the NFC Championship Game? Who did the Panthers beat in the NFC Championship Game? How many yards did the Panthers rack up against the Arizona Cardinals? Who did the Broncos defeat in the divisional round? How many points did the Broncos score in the final three minutes of the divisional round? -Who did the Broncos beat in the AFC Championship Game? -How did the Broncos beat the New England Patriots? -How long did it take the Broncos to intercept a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt? +Who was the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion? +What was the final score of the AFC Championship Game? +How many seconds were left on the clock when the Broncos intercepted a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt? What team defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round? -How did the Broncos defeat the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round? -Who did the Broncos beat in the AFC Championship Game? -How many seconds were left on the clock when the Broncos intercepted a 2-point conversion attempt? -Who didn't throw any interceptions in the two playoff games? +What was the final score of the divisional round? +Who was the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion? +How many seconds were left on the clock when the Broncos intercepted a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt? +Who didn't throw any interceptions in the Broncos two playoff games? Who did the Broncos defeat in the divisional round? How many points did the Broncos score in the final three minutes of the divisional round? -Who did the Broncos beat in the AFC Championship Game? +Who was the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion? Who did the Broncos defeat in the divisional round? -Who did the Broncos beat in the AFC Championship Game? -How many seconds were left on the clock when the Broncos intercepted a 2-point conversion attempt? -Who broke his arm in the NFC Championship Game? +Who was the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion? +How many seconds were left on the clock when the Broncos intercepted a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt? +Who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career? What did Thomas Davis suffer in the NFC Championship Game? -How many ACL tears had Thomas Davis overcome in his career? +How many ACL tears had Thomas Davis had? How many years old was Thomas Davis? -What had Thomas Davis already overcome in his career? -What did Thomas Davis break? +What had Thomas Davis overcome three times in his career? +What did Thomas Davis break in the NFC Championship Game? How many years old was Thomas Davis? -What did Thomas Davis say he would play in? -How many ACL tears had Thomas Davis overcome in his career? +What game did Thomas Davis say he would play in? +How many ACL tears had Thomas Davis had? What did Thomas Davis suffer in the NFC Championship Game? How many years old was Thomas Davis? -Who broke his arm in the NFC Championship Game? -At what age did Peyton Manning play in a Super Bowl? -Who was the oldest quarterback to win a Super Bowl? -How old was John Elway when he led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII? -What is John Elway's job title? -What team did John Elway lead to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII? -What team did John Elway lead to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII? -Who was the oldest quarterback to win a Super Bowl? -How old was John Elway when he led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII? -Who is the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl? -How many different teams did Peyton Manning lead? -How many different teams did Peyton Manning lead? -Who is the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl? -Who was the oldest quarterback to win a Super Bowl? -What was the last Super Bowl that John Elway led the Broncos to? -Who is the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl? -At what age did Peyton Manning play in a Super Bowl? -Who was the oldest quarterback to win a Super Bowl? -When was Manning the #1 pick in the NFL draft? -When was Newton picked first in the NFL draft? -How old was Newton when he was drafted? -How old are Manning and Newton? -Who was the top pick in the 2011 NFL draft? -Who was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft? +Who had already overcome three ACL tears in his career? +At what age is Peyton Manning the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl? +Who was the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl? +At what age did John Elway win Super Bowl XXXIII? +What is John Elway's position with the Broncos? +What team did John Elway lead? +What team did John Elway lead? +Who was the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl? +At what age did John Elway win Super Bowl XXXIII? +Who is the first quarterback to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls? +How many Super Bowls did Peyton Manning lead? +How many Super Bowls did Peyton Manning lead? +Who is the first quarterback to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls? +Who was the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl? +What was the name of the Super Bowl that John Elway won at age 38? +Who is the first quarterback to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls? +At what age is Peyton Manning the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl? +Who was the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl? +In what year was Manning the #1 pick in the NFL draft? +In what year was Newton picked first in the NFL draft? +How old was Newton when he played in the Super Bowl? +How old were the two quarterbacks in the Super Bowl? +Who was the #1 pick in the 2011 draft? +Who was the #1 pick in the 1998 NFL draft? Who was the first pick in the 2011 NFL draft? -How old was Newton when he was drafted? -What position was the #1 pick on both teams? -When was Manning the #1 pick in the NFL draft? -When was Newton picked first in the NFL draft? -Who was the top pick in the 2011 NFL draft? -When was Newton picked first in the NFL draft? -How old was Newton when he was drafted? -How old are Manning and Newton? -When did Rivera play linebacker for the Chicago Bears? +How old was Newton when he played in the Super Bowl? +What was the first Super Bowl to feature a player who was the #1 pick in their draft classes? +In what year was Manning the #1 pick in the NFL draft? +In what year was Newton picked first in the NFL draft? +Who was the #1 pick in the 2011 draft? +In what year was Newton picked first in the NFL draft? +How old was Newton when he played in the Super Bowl? +How old were the two quarterbacks in the Super Bowl? +In what Super Bowl was Rivera a linebacker for the Chicago Bears? What team did Rivera play for? -What position did Rivera play with the Chicago Bears? +What position did Rivera play for the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX? Who did Kubiak replace at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV? What team did Kubiak replace Elway for? -What position did Rivera play with the Chicago Bears? +What position did Rivera play for the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX? Who did Kubiak replace at the end of the Broncos' defeats in Super Bowls XXI and XXIV? -Who played linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX? -When did Rivera play linebacker for the Chicago Bears? -Who was the kicker for the Baltimore Ravens in the 2015 season? +Who is the head coach of the Carolina Panthers? +In what Super Bowl was Rivera a linebacker for the Chicago Bears? +Who was the kicker for the Baltimore Ravens that slipped and missed a field goal? What type of turf did the NFL use for the Super Bowl? -Who is the field director of the Atlanta Braves? -Which team's kicker slipped and missed a field goal? +Who was the field director of the NFL and Atlanta Braves? +Who was Justin Tucker a kicker for? What position did Justin Tucker play? -Who was the kicker for the Baltimore Ravens in the 2015 season? +Who was the kicker for the Baltimore Ravens that slipped and missed a field goal? What position did Justin Tucker play? -What type of turf did the NFL use for the Super Bowl? -Who was the kicker for the Baltimore Ravens in the 2015 season? +What type of turf did the NFL re-sodd the field with? +Who was the kicker for the Baltimore Ravens that slipped and missed a field goal? What did the NFL re-sodd the field with? -What type of turf did the NFL use for the Super Bowl? -What did players need to change during the game? -Who was the kicker for the Baltimore Ravens in the 2015 season? -What type of grass is usually used for Super Bowl games? -Which team last wore white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl? -How did the Broncos defeat the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII? +What type of turf did the NFL re-sodd the field with? +What did a number of players need to change during the game? +Who was the kicker for the Baltimore Ravens that slipped and missed a field goal? +What type of turf is usually used for Super Bowl games? +Who won the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII? +What was the final score of Super Bowl XXXIII? Who did the Broncos defeat in Super Bowl XXXIII? -What color did the Steelers wear in the Super Bowl? -When did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl? -When did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl? -How did the Broncos defeat the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII? +What color jerseys did the Broncos wear in Super Bowl XXXIII? +In what Super Bowl did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants? +In what Super Bowl did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants? +What was the final score of Super Bowl XXXIII? Who did the Broncos defeat in Super Bowl XXXIII? -What color did the Steelers wear in the Super Bowl? -What did the Broncos wear as the designated home team? -Who was the only other AFC champion to wear white as the designated home team in the Super Bowl? -When did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl? -What color did the Broncos wear in Super Bowl XXXII? -What color do the Broncos wear in Super Bowls? -What did the Panthers wear at home? -Where did the Panthers practice? +What color jerseys did the Broncos wear in Super Bowl XXXIII? +What did the Broncos wear in Super Bowl XXXIII? +Who was the only other AFC champion team to wear white as the designated home team in the Super Bowl? +In what Super Bowl did the Broncos last wear matching white jerseys and pants? +What color jerseys did the Broncos wear in Super Bowl XXXII? +What color jerseys have the Broncos lost in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII? +What would the Panthers wear in the Super Bowl? +Where did the Panthers stay? Where did the Broncos practice? -Where did the Panthers practice? +Where did the Panthers stay? Where did the Broncos stay? Where did the Panthers stay? Where did the Broncos stay? -Where did the Panthers practice? +Where did the Panthers stay? Where did the Broncos practice? -Where did the Panthers practice? +Where did the Panthers stay? Where did the Panthers stay? Where did the Broncos practice? Where did the Broncos stay? -Where did the Panthers practice? +Where did the Panthers stay? Where did the Panthers stay? Where did the Broncos practice? Where did the Broncos stay? When did the NFL announce that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals would be temporarily suspended? -When was the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals established? +What was the first Super Bowl with Roman numerals? Who is the league's vice president of brand and creative? -When was the standardized logo template introduced? +At what Super Bowl was the standardized logo template introduced? What trophy is behind the large numerals in the Super Bowl 50 logo? +In what year did the NFL announce that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals would be temporarily suspended? +For what game will the use of Roman numerals be reinstated? +What letter did the NF use to name Super Bowl 50? +What color are the large numerals in the Super Bowl 50 logo? When did the NFL announce that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals would be temporarily suspended? -For what Super Bowl will the use of Roman numerals be reinstated? -What letter was removed from the name of Super Bowl 50? -What color are the large numerals in the Super Bowl LI logo? -When did the NFL announce that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals would be temporarily suspended? -What did the NFL use for the name of Super Bowl 50? -What was the original name of Super Bowl 50? -What color are the large numerals in the Super Bowl LI logo? +What did the NFL change the name of Super Bowl 50 to? +What letter did the NFL change the name of Super Bowl 50 to? +What color are the large numerals in the Super Bowl 50 logo? For what game will the use of Roman numerals be reinstated? -What language is the name of Super Bowl 50? -For what Super Bowl will the use of Roman numerals be reinstated? +What language were the Roman numerals used for Super Bowl 50? +What is the next Super Bowl that will use Roman numerals? What color were footballs given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl? -When did all sideline jackets and hats begin to have gold logos? -How many yards were on the field? +When did all sideline jackets and hats begin to have gold trim? +How many yards on the field were colored gold in 2015? What color were footballs given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl? What color were footballs given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl? -What was the name of the 2015 NFL season's gold-themed promotions? +What was the name of the 2015 NFL season? What were given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl? -Where on the field was the numbering of the gold-tinted logos? +What part of the field was colored gold in the 2015 season? What color were footballs given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the Super Bowl? -Where was the NFL Experience held? Where was the annual NFL Experience held? +Where is the Moscone Center? Who is the mayor of San Francisco? -Who is the city supervisor of San Francisco? +Who unsuccessfully lobbied for the NFL to reimburse San Francisco for city services? When did "Super Bowl City" open? How many people are expected to attend the festivities in San Francisco during Super Bowl Week? Who is the mayor of San Francisco? -Where was the NFL Experience held? -What is the name of the event that will highlight the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations, and cultural diversity? -Where was the NFL Experience held? -What is the name of the event that will highlight the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations, and cultural diversity? +Where was the annual NFL Experience held? +What is the name of the city that opened on January 30? +Where was the annual NFL Experience held? +What is the name of the city that opened on January 30? Who is the mayor of San Francisco? -What is the name of the event that will highlight the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations, and cultural diversity? +What is the name of the city that opened on January 30? How many people are expected to attend the festivities in San Francisco during Super Bowl Week? Who is the mayor of San Francisco? -How much did San Francisco try to get the NFL to reimburse the city for services? -What event was held at the Moscone Center? +How much did Jane Kim want the NFL to reimburse San Francisco for city services? +What event was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco? Where is Bellomy Field located? How much money will be spent on ancillary events? How long is the event at the Santa Clara Convention Center? How much money will be spent on ancillary events? -What is one of the other ancillary events? -Who will provide seed funding for the event? +What is one of the ancillary events? +Who has announced plans to set aside seed funding? Where is the beer, wine and food festival held? What will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors? -Who will provide seed funding for the event? +Who has announced plans to set aside seed funding? How much money will be spent on ancillary events? -Who will provide seed funding for the event? +Who has announced plans to set aside seed funding? On what day was the media day moved to? -On what day is the media day typically held? +On what day of the week prior to the game was the media day typically held? Where was the media day held? -Where was Super Bowl Opening Night held? +Where was the Super Bowl Opening Night held? What was the Super Bowl Opening Night replica of? -On what day is the media day typically held? +On what day of the week prior to the game was the media day typically held? On what day was the media day moved to? What was the new name of the media day? Where was the media day held? -Where was Super Bowl Opening Night held? +Where was the Super Bowl Opening Night held? When was the media day typically held? -What was the new name of the media day? +What was the media day re-branded as? Where was the media day held? What was the Super Bowl Opening Night replica of? On what day was the media day moved to? -What was the new name of the media day? +What was the media day re-branded as? Where was the media day held? -What bridge was used for the opening ceremony of Super Bowl Opening Night? -When was Super Bowl Opening Night held? -What is the name of the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities? -How much money has the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee raised? +What famous bridge was featured in the opening ceremony? +On what date was Super Bowl Opening Night held? +What is the name of the program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl? +How much money has the host committee raised through sponsors? What health care company is a sponsor of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? -Along with Apple, Google, Yahoo, Intel, Chevron, and Dignity Health, what company is a sponsor of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? -Along with Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, and Dignity Health, what company is a sponsor of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? -Who has openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender businesses? -How much money has the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee raised? -Who has raised over $40 million for the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? -What is the name of the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities? -What is the name of the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities? -How much money has the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee raised? -How much of all money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area? -What is the name of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee's philanthropic initiative? -How much of all money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area? -What is the name of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee's philanthropic initiative? -What does the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee vow to be? -How much of all money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area? -What is the name of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee's philanthropic initiative? -How much of all money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area? -What is the name of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee's philanthropic initiative? -What is the name of the trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive? +Along with Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Chevron, and Dignity Health, what company is a sponsor of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? +Along with Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap and Dignity Health, what company is a sponsor of the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? +Who is responsible for the Business Connect program? +How much money has the host committee raised through sponsors? +What has the host committee raised over $40 million through? +What is the name of the program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl? +What is the name of the program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl? +How much money has the host committee raised through sponsors? +What percentage of money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area? +What is the name of the philanthropic initiative created by the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? +What percentage of money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area? +What is the name of the philanthropic initiative created by the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? +What has the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee vowed to be? +What percentage of money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area? +What is the name of the philanthropic initiative created by the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? +What percentage of money will the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee dedicate to philanthropic causes in the Bay Area? +What is the name of the philanthropic initiative created by the Super Bowl 50 Host Committee? +What trophy does the winner of Super Bowl 50 receive? How many karat gold-plated "50" will the winner of Super Bowl 50 receive? -How many pounds will each digit of the Vince Lombardi Trophy weigh? +How many pounds will the "50" weigh? Who designed the "50"? Who designed the "50"? -What trophy does the winner of Super Bowl 50 receive? -How large is the Vince Lombardi Trophy? -Who designed the Super Bowl 50 "50"? -What trophy does the winner of Super Bowl 50 receive? +What trophy do all Super Bowl champions receive? +What is the size of the "50"? Who designed the "50"? -Who broadcast the game in the United States? -Along with Jim Nantz, who called the game for CBS? -Along with Nantz and Simms, who was on the sidelines of the game? -How many cameras did CBS use in the upper deck? +What trophy do all Super Bowl champions receive? +Who designed the "50"? +What network broadcast the game in the United States? +Who was the lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz? +Who was on the sidelines of the game? +How many cameras were used in the upper deck? What was the resolution of the EyeVision 360 cameras for Super Bowl 50? -How many main broadcast television partners does the NFL have? +How many main broadcast television partners of the NFL are there? Where did Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn call the game? -What kind of view can the EyeVision 360 cameras provide? -What was the resolution of the EyeVision 360 cameras for Super Bowl 50? +What kind of view did EyeVision 360 provide? +What resolution were the EyeVision 360 cameras upgraded to for Super Bowl 50? Where did Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn call the game? -Who broadcast the game in the United States? -How many main broadcast television partners does the NFL have? -Who broadcast the game in the United States? +What network broadcast the game in the United States? +How many main broadcast television partners of the NFL are there? +What network broadcast the game in the United States? Who were the lead broadcast team for the game? Who were on the sidelines of the game? What was the resolution of the EyeVision 360 cameras for Super Bowl 50? -Along with microphones and pylon, what new features did CBS introduce during the telecast? +What new features did CBS introduce during the telecast? Who was the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the 2015 Super Bowl? Who was the sideline reporter for the game? Who called the game for ESPN Deportes? -When did ESPN Deportes announce their agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the Super Bowl? -What language did ESPN Deportes broadcast the 2015 Super Bowl in? -Who did ESPN Deportes sign an agreement with to broadcast the Super Bowl? +When did ESPN Deportes announce that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the Super Bowl? +What language did ESPN Deportes broadcast the Super Bowl in? +Who does not have a Spanish-language outlet of its own? Who was the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the 2015 Super Bowl? -Who was the sideline reporter for the game? +Who was the sideline reporter for ESPN Deportes? Who was the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the 2015 Super Bowl? -Who did ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew include? -Who was the sideline reporter for the game? +Who called the game for ESPN Deportes? +Who was the sideline reporter for ESPN Deportes? What service was only available to Verizon Wireless customers? Where was the ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast available? Where did CBS provide digital streams of the game? -Along with Windows 10, Chromecast and Roku, what other digital media players were available to watch the game on? +Along with Chromecast, Roku, and Roku, what other digital media player was available to watch the game on? On what Windows operating system was the CBS Sports app available? Where did CBS provide digital streams of the game? -Along with Windows 10, Chromecast and Roku, what other digital media players were available to watch the game on? -Who could only watch the game on smartphones? -What service was only available to Verizon Wireless customers? -What company had exclusivity on the NFL Mobile service? +Along with Chromecast, Roku, and Roku, what other digital media player was available to watch the game on? +Who was only able to watch the game on smartphones? +What service did Verizon Wireless customers use to watch the game on their smartphones? +Who had exclusivity on the NFL Mobile service? What service was only available to Verizon Wireless customers? What did CBS provide? -What company had exclusivity on the NFL Mobile service? +Who had exclusivity on the NFL Mobile service? Where was the ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast available? -What late night talk show aired a special episode following the game? -What late night talk show aired a special episode after the Super Bowl? -What late night talk show aired a special episode following the game? -What late night talk show aired a special episode after the Super Bowl? -What late night talk show aired a special episode following the game? -What did CBS take a break from after the Super Bowl? -What late night talk show aired a special episode after the game? +What late night show did CBS broadcast a special episode of after the Super Bowl? +What late night show did CBS air after a break for local programming? +What late night show did CBS broadcast a special episode of after the Super Bowl? +What late night show did CBS air after a break for local programming? +What late night show did CBS broadcast a special episode of after the Super Bowl? +What did CBS take a break for after The Late Late Show with Stephen Colbert? +What late night show did CBS broadcast a special episode of after the Super Bowl? What was the base rate for a 30-second advertisement? What beer manufacturer was the final sponsor of the Super Bowl? -What company was a longtime sponsor of the Super Bowl? -What is the anniversary of the Pokémon video game and media franchise? +What company held its "Crash the Super Bowl" contest? +What was the anniversary of the Pokémon video game and media franchise? What was the base rate for a 30-second advertisement? What beer manufacturer was the final sponsor of the Super Bowl? -What company was a longtime sponsor of the Super Bowl? +What company held its "Crash the Super Bowl" contest? What company made their Super Bowl debut? Nintendo and what other company made their Super Bowl debut? What beer manufacturer was the final sponsor of the Super Bowl? -What company was a longtime sponsor of the Super Bowl? +What company held its "Crash the Super Bowl" contest? What beer manufacturer was the final sponsor of the Super Bowl? -What company was a longtime sponsor of the Super Bowl? -What contest did Doritos hold? +What company held its "Crash the Super Bowl" contest? +What contest did Doritos hold that allowed viewers to create their own ad for a chance to have it aired during the game? What contest did QuickBooks sponsor? -What company won the "Small Business Big Game" contest? +Who won the Small Business Big Game contest? How long was Death Wish Coffee's commercial? -How many other contenders did Death Wish Coffee beat out? -What company won the "Small Business Big Game" contest? -How many other contenders did Death Wish Coffee beat out? -What company sponsored Death Wish Coffee's commercial? -What company won the "Small Business Big Game" contest? -How many contestants did Death Wish Coffee beat out? -What company sponsored Death Wish Coffee's commercial? -What company won the "Small Business Big Game" contest? -What movie's debut trailer was aired during the Super Bowl? -What movie did Lionsgate pay for to be aired during the Super Bowl? -What movie did Paramount pay for a trailer for? -Along with Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse and Eddie the Eagle, what movie did Fox pay for a Super Bowl trailer for? -What movie did Lionsgate pay for to be aired during the Super Bowl? -What movie did Paramount pay for a trailer for? -What movie's debut trailer was aired during the Super Bowl? -What movie did Disney pay for a Super Bowl trailer for? -What movie did Fox pay for a movie trailer to be aired during the Super Bowl? -Which studio paid for the Secret Life of Pets? +How many other businesses were in the Small Business Big Game contest? +Who won the Small Business Big Game contest? +How many other businesses were in the Small Business Big Game contest? +Who sponsored the "Small Business Big Game"? +Who won the Small Business Big Game contest? +How many other companies were in the contest? +Who sponsored the "Small Business Big Game"? +Who won the Small Business Big Game contest? +What was the debut trailer for? +What movie did Lionsgate pay for a Super Bowl trailer for? +What movie did Paramount pay for a Super Bowl trailer for? +Along with Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Eddie the Eagle and Independence Day, what movie did Fox pay for a Super Bowl trailer? +What movie did Lionsgate pay for a Super Bowl trailer for? +What movie did Paramount pay for a Super Bowl trailer for? +What was the debut trailer for? +What Marvel movie did Disney pay for a Super Bowl trailer? +What movie did Fox pay for Resurgence to be aired during the Super Bowl? +Which studio paid for The Secret Life of Pets? Which studio paid for Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle? What network will carry the game throughout North America? Who is the play-by-play announcer for the game? Who will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage? Who is the play-by-play announcer for the game? Who is the sideline reporter for the game? -How many stations will broadcast the game in North America? +How many teams will carry the game throughout North America? Who is the play-by-play announcer for the game? What network will carry the game throughout North America? Who is the play-by-play announcer for the game? @@ -633,203 +633,203 @@ Who are the sideline reporters for the game? What will Jim Gray anchor? Where will Westwood One carry the game? What station in Denver will broadcast the game? -Who will call the game on KOA and KRFX? -What station will carry the game in North Carolina? +Who will call the game on KOA and KRFX in Denver? +What radio station in North Carolina will broadcast the game? Where is WBT-FM based? -Who will call the game on WBT in North Carolina? -Who will call the game on KOA and KRFX? -Who is the color commentator for the game? -What station in North Carolina will broadcast the game? -Who will call the game on WBT in North Carolina? -What stations will broadcast the game in Denver? -What station will WBT simulcast the game? +Who is the play-by-play announcer on WBT in North Carolina? +Who will call the game on KOA and KRFX in Denver? +Who will be the color commentator on KOA and KRFX? +What station in North Carolina will carry the game? +Who is the play-by-play announcer on WBT in North Carolina? +What stations will carry the game in Denver? +What is the name of WBT's sister station? What radio station will broadcast the contest in the United Kingdom? -Along with BBC Radio 5 Live, what other station will broadcast the contest in the UK? -Along with Rocky Boiman, Greg Brady and Greg Brady, who will commentate on the British English broadcast? -Who will broadcast the contest in the United Kingdom? -Who will commentary on the BBC's British English broadcast? +Along with BBC Radio 5 Live, what radio station will broadcast the contest in the United Kingdom? +Along with Rocky Boiman and Greg Brady, who will commentary the British English broadcast? +Who will carry the British English broadcast of the contest? +Who is the commentator for the BBC's British English broadcast? Who was the MVP of Super Bowls I and II? Who was the MVP of Super Bowl V? Who was the MVP of Super Bowl XLI? When did Harvey Martin die? Who was the MVP of Super Bowl XLI? -How many previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players were introduced? +How many previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players were introduced during the ceremony? Who was the MVP of Super Bowl XLI? Who was the co-MVP of Super Bowl XII? -How many previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players were introduced? -How many previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players were introduced? +How many previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players appeared in the ceremony? +How many previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players were introduced during the ceremony? Who was the MVP of Super Bowls I and II? Who was the MVP of Super Bowl XLI? Who was the co-MVP of Super Bowl XII? -How many times has Lady Gaga performed the national anthem? +How many times did Lady Gaga perform the national anthem? What did Lady Gaga perform? What award did Lady Gaga win? What did Lady Gaga perform? What language did Marlee Matlin translate the national anthem? Who performed the national anthem? -Who provided the translation of the national anthem? +Who provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation? Who performed the national anthem? -Who provided the translation of the national anthem? +Who provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation? Who performed the national anthem? -How many times has Lady Gaga performed the national anthem? -Who provided the translation of the national anthem? -When did the league confirm that Coldplay would perform at the Super Bowl? -What nationality is Coldplay? -Which Super Bowl did Beyoncé headline? -What single did Beyoncé and Coldplay collaborate on? -When did Bruno Mars perform at the Super Bowl? +How many times did Lady Gaga perform the national anthem? +Who provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation? +On what date did the NFL confirm that Coldplay would be performing at the halftime show? +What nationality was Coldplay? +What Super Bowl did Beyoncé headline? +What single did Beyoncé collaborate with Coldplay on? +What was Bruno Mars' first Super Bowl halftime show? Who performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show? What company confirmed that Beyoncé would be performing at the Super Bowl in 2016? -What single did Beyoncé and Coldplay collaborate on? +What single did Beyoncé collaborate with Coldplay on? +Who performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show? Who performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show? -Who performed in the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show? What single did Beyoncé and Coldplay collaborate on? Who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show? -Who took the opening kickoff? +Who took the opening kickoff and started out strong? Who did Peyton Manning throw a 22-yard pass to? Who did Shaq Thompson tackle for a 3-yard loss? -Who kicked a 34-yard field goal to give Denver a 3-0 lead? -Who ran for 20 yards on the first two plays? +Who kicked a 34-yard field goal to give the Broncos a 3-0 lead? +Who ran for 20 yards to move the ball to the Panthers 14-yard line? How many yards did Peyton Manning complete to tight end Owen Daniels? Who tackled Ronnie Hillman for a 3-yard loss? -Who kicked a 34-yard field goal to give Denver a 3-0 lead? -What was the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing what kind of deficit? -Who took the opening kickoff? -Who did Peyton Manning complete an 18-yard pass to? -Who ran for 20 yards on the first two plays? -Who kicked a 34-yard field goal to give Denver a 3-0 lead? -What was the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing what kind of deficit? -Who was the retired referee who felt the pass was complete? -Who was the Panthers quarterback? -Who knocked the ball out of Newton's hands? -Who recovered the fumble? +Who kicked a 34-yard field goal to give the Broncos a 3-0 lead? +What was the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing? +Who took the opening kickoff and started out strong? +Who did Peyton Manning pass to on the first play of the game? +Who ran for 20 yards to move the ball to the Panthers 14-yard line? +Who kicked a 34-yard field goal to give the Broncos a 3-0 lead? +What was the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing? +Who was the retired referee who disagreed with the call? +Who was the quarterback of the Panthers? +Who knocked the ball out of Newton's hands while sacking him? +Who recovered a fumble in the end zone? What was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl? -Who was Cam Newton's intended target? -Who was the retired referee who felt the pass was complete? -Who knocked the ball out of Newton's hands? -Who recovered the fumble? -When was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl? -Who was the retired referee who felt the pass was complete? -Who knocked the ball out of Newton's hands? -Who recovered the fumble? +Who was Cam Newton attempting to pass to? +Who was the retired referee who disagreed with the call? +Who knocked the ball out of Newton's hands while sacking him? +Who recovered a fumble in the end zone? +In what year was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl? +Who was the retired referee who disagreed with the call? +Who knocked the ball out of Newton's hands while sacking him? +Who recovered a fumble in the end zone? What was the first fumble return touchdown in a Super Bowl? -Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown? -Who punted to Jordan Norwood? -How many yards did the Panthers cut the Broncos' lead to 10-7? -How many yards did Norwood take off for on his return? -How many yards did McManus kick? -How many yards did Newton complete on his first four passes? -Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown? +Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown run to cut the score to 10-7? +Who was responsible for the punt that Jordan Norwood received? +How many yards did Brad Nortman punt? +How many yards did Jordan Norwood return for? +How many yards did McManus kick a field goal? +How many yards did Newton complete 4 of 4 passes for? +Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown run to cut the score to 10-7? How long did it take for the Panthers to cut the score to 10-7? -Who took off for a Super Bowl record 61-yard return? -How many yards did McManus kick? -Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown? -What did McManus kick that increased the Broncos' lead to 13-7? +Who took off for a Super Bowl record 61-yard return before Mario Addison dragged him down? +How many yards did McManus kick a field goal? +Who ran for a 1-yard touchdown run to cut the score to 10-7? +What did McManus kick to increase the Broncos lead to 13-7? Who tackled Tolbert? -Who was Danny Trevathan? -Who tipped a Manning pass to himself? +What is Danny Trevathan's position? +Who intercepted a Manning pass to himself? Who was sacked by DeMarcus Ware as time expired in the half? Who sacked Newton? Who lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart? -Who tipped a Manning pass to himself? -How many yards did Ealy return the interception? +Who intercepted a Manning pass to himself? +How many yards did Kony Ealy return the interception to the Panthers 39-yard line? Who sacked Newton? Who lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart? -Who recovered Tolbert's fumble? -Who tipped a Manning pass to himself? -What did the Panthers do after losing a fumble? +Who recovered the fumble that fullback Mike Tolbert lost? +Who intercepted a Manning pass to himself? +What did the Panthers do with their possession after losing a fumble? Who sacked Newton? -Who did Newton pass to on the first offensive play of the second half? +Who did the Panthers fail to score on their second offensive play of the second half? Who missed a 44-yard field goal attempt? -What was the length of Graham Gano's field goal attempt? -Who kicked a 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16-7 lead? -Who intercepted the pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn? -Who did Newton pass to on the first offensive play of the second half? +How many yards did Graham Gano miss on his first field goal attempt? +Who kicked a 33-yard field goal to give the Broncos a 16-7 lead? +Who intercepted a Newton pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn? +Who did the Panthers fail to score on their second offensive play of the second half? What did Graham Gano hit on a 44-yard field goal attempt? -Who intercepted the pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn? -Who recovered the fumble? -Who did Newton pass to on the first offensive play of the second half? -Where did the Broncos defense stop the Panthers' second drive? +Who intercepted a Newton pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn? +Who recovered Ward's fumble? +Who did the Panthers fail to score on their second offensive play of the second half? +Where did the Broncos stop the Panthers second drive? Who missed a 44-yard field goal attempt? Who did Manning pass to for 25 and 22 yards? Who knocked the ball out of Manning's hand? -How many yards long was Gano's field goal? -Who had a 16-yard reception? -Who ran for a 12-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter? +How long was Gano's field goal? +Who caught a 16-yard reception to cut the Panthers deficit to one score? +Who ran for a 12-yard run to set up Gano's 39-yard field goal? Where did the Broncos drive to in the fourth quarter? Who knocked the ball out of Manning's hand? Where did Ealy recover the ball from Manning? -What happened on the next three drives of the game? +What did the next three drives of the game end in? Who knocked the ball out of Manning's hand? Where did Ealy recover the ball from Manning? What was the length of Gano's field goal? -How many drives of the game ended in punts? -How many yards did the Panthers have on their own with 4:51 left? -Who did Miller strip the ball away from? -Who committed a holding penalty on the Broncos? +How many drives of the game would end in punts? +How many yards did the Broncos have on 3rd-and-9? +Who did several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover the ball? +Who was responsible for a holding penalty that gave the Broncos a new set of downs? Who scored on a 2-yard touchdown run? Who did Manning pass to for a 2-point conversion? Who stripped the ball away from Newton? -Who recovered the fumble from Newton? -Who did Miller strip the ball away from? -Who committed a holding penalty on the Broncos? +What did the ball bounce back to after several players dove for it? +Who did several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover the ball? +Who was responsible for a holding penalty that gave the Broncos a new set of downs? How long did it take for the Broncos to take a 24-10 lead? -How long did it take for Carolina to get the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game winning drive? +How long did it take for Carolina to get the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive? Who stripped the ball away from Newton? -Who recovered the fumble from Newton? +What did the ball bounce back to after several players dove for it? How many plays did Denver's offense fail to get into the end zone? Who scored on a 2-yard touchdown run? -How many solo tackles did Miller have? -How many touchdowns did Manning have? -How many receptions did Brown have? -Who had seven total tackles despite breaking his right arm? +How many solo tackles did Ware have? +How many touchdowns did Manning have in the game? +How many receptions did Ginn have? +Who had seven total tackles? How many interceptions did Newton have? How many interceptions did Newton have? -How many touchdowns did Manning have? +How many touchdowns did Manning have in the game? Who was the game's leading rusher? Who was Manning's top receiver? -Who had seven total tackles despite breaking his right arm? +Who had seven total tackles? Who was Manning's top receiver? Who was the game's leading rusher? How many field goals did McManus make during the post-season? How many interceptions did Newton have? -How many receptions did Brown have? -How many yards did the Broncos gain in total yards? -How many first downs did the Broncos have? -Who had the previous record of 244 yards in Super Bowl XXXV? -Who's 61-yard punt return set a new record? -Who is the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl? -How many yards did the Broncos gain in total yards? -How many first downs did the Broncos have? -Who set the Super Bowl record of seven sacks? -Who won Super Bowl 50? -How many first downs did the Broncos get? -How many first downs did the Broncos have? -Who tied the Super Bowl record of seven sacks? -Who set the Super Bowl record of seven sacks? -How many times did Manning win a Super Bowl with the same team? -What award did Maria Skłodowska-Curie win? +How many receptions did Ginn have? +How many total yards did the Carolina Panthers gain in Super Bowl 50? +How many first downs did the Broncos lose? +Who set the previous record of 244 yards in Super Bowl XXXV? +Who set a new record for punt return? +Who became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39? +How many total yards did the Carolina Panthers gain in Super Bowl 50? +How many first downs did the Broncos lose? +Who set a Super Bowl record with seven sacks in Super Bowl XX? +Who was the first team to win a Super Bowl with two different teams? +How many first downs did the Broncos lose to the Panthers? +How many first downs did the Broncos lose? +Which team tied the Super Bowl record of seven sacks? +Who set a Super Bowl record with seven sacks in Super Bowl XX? +How many teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a Super Bowl low? +What award did Maria Skłodowska-Curie receive? When was Casimir Pulaski born? Who was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize? -What is Władysław Szpilman? -How old was Chopin when he moved to Warsaw? +Władysław Szpilman and Frédéric Chopin are what? +When did Chopin move to Warsaw with his family? How many different species of trees are in the Saxon Garden? What is a popular strolling destination for Varsovians? What is the name of the royal garden in Warsaw? Where is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier located? -What park covers 76 ha? +What park covers the area of 76 ha? How far is the Vistula river from Warsaw? What animals live in the Vistula river? How many natural reserves are in Warsaw? How many lakes are in Warsaw? -Why are most of the lakes in Warsaw emptied before winter? -What type of city was Warsaw? -How many of Warsaw's inhabitants were of Polish mother tongue in 1933? +Why are most of the lakes emptied before winter? +What type of city is Warsaw? +How many people in 1933 were of Polish mother tongue? What percentage of Warsaw's population was Jewish in 1897? -What was the largest minority in Warsaw? +What minority was in Warsaw in 1897? What is most of the modern day population growth based on? -What is the second academic school of technology in the country? -How many professors work at the Warsaw University of Technology? +What is the name of the second academic school of technology in the country? +How many professors are employed at the University of Warsaw? What is the largest medical school in Poland? When was the University of Warsaw established? What is the oldest and largest music school in Poland? @@ -838,185 +838,185 @@ How many items are in the University Library? Who designed the University Library? Who designed the University Library garden? How large is the University Library garden? -What did Warsaw suffer from during the Eastern Bloc economy? +What did Warsaw suffer during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy? What was the name of the initial plan to rebuild Poland? -Why has Warsaw seen many improvements over the past decade? +What has caused Warsaw's infrastructure to improve over the past decade? How has the city's infrastructure improved over the past decade? -What city has some of the best medical facilities in Poland? +What city has some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe? What is the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland? What is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in Europe? -How many beds are in the clinical section of the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology? -Has the infrastructure of Warsaw's hospitals changed over the past years? -What type of venues are in Warsaw? -What type of events does Warsaw host? -Where is the Congress Hall located? +How many beds does the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology have? +What has the infrastructure of the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology done? +What type of venues does the Teatr Wielki have? +What does Warsaw host many of? +Where is the Congress Hall? What city hosts many events and festivals? What type of events does Warsaw host? -Where is the Summer Theatre located? +What is the Saxon Garden? What is Ogród Saski? -When was the Summer Theatre in operation? +When was the Summer Theatre in Ogród Saski operating? What was the name of Warsaw's first literary cabaret? What was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre"? -What is the name of the festival held on Midsummer's Night? +What is the festival called on Midsummer's Night? How many people gather on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer's Night? What is the name of the festival called Wianki? What did maidens float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict? -What flower do people look for on Midsummer's Eve? +What flower are people looking for on Midsummer's Eve? What type of art does the Museum of Posters have the largest collection of in the world? How many museums are in Warsaw? -What kind of museum is the National Museum? -What does the National Museum have from Adolf Hitler? -What does the Museum of the Polish Army depict the history of? -Where can a fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland be found? -Where is the Warsaw Uprising Museum located? +What type of museum is the National Museum? +What is Adolf Hitler's private collection? +The Museum of the Polish Army portrays the history of what? +What museum contains a rare preserved stereoscopic theatre? +What museum preserves the memory of the crime? What kind of theater is the Warsaw Fotoplastikon? What museum preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence? How many rooms does the Warsaw Historical Museum have? Where is the Centre for Contemporary Art located? How many projects does the Centre for Contemporary Art realize each year? What is the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw? -Who does the Zachęta National Gallery of Art show? +Who does the Zachęta National Gallery of Art show modern art by? When is Warsaw Gallery Weekend held? -What is the name of the team that won Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000? -When did Polonia Warsaw win the country's championship? +What team won the Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000? +In what year did Polonia Warsaw win the country's championship? How many times did Polonia Warsaw win the cup? Where is Polonia Warsaw's home venue? Why was Polonia Warsaw relegated from the top flight in 2013? What is Warsaw's symbol? What is Warsaw's symbol? How long has the symbol of the mermaid been in use? -What year is the oldest seal of Warsaw? -What did the sea monster hold in its claws? -What is the origin of the mermaid? +What is the oldest existing seal of Warsaw? +What is in the claws of the seal of Warsaw? +What is the origin of the mermaid figure? Where did Triton's daughters set out on a journey? Where did one of Triton's daughters stay? -Where did the second mermaid stop to rest? -What did the merchant do to the mermaid? -Where was Tamara de Lempicka born? +What village did the second mermaid stop at? +What did a greedy merchant do to the mermaid? +Where was Nathan Alterman born? When did Tamara de Lempicka marry? -What style did Tamara de Lempicka represent? +What style of art did Tamara de Lempicka represent? What was Nathan Alterman's profession? Who was Warsaw the beloved city of? Who ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world in 2012? -When was Warsaw ranked as the 32nd most liveable city in the world? +In what year did the Economist Intelligence Unit rank Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world? What is Warsaw's economy characterized by? What is the name of the largest exchange in Central and Eastern Europe? What European Union agency has its headquarters in Warsaw? -When was the first historical reference to Warsaw? -What city was the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth before Warsaw? +In what year was the first historical reference to Warsaw? +What city was the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1313? When did King Sigismund III Vasa move his court from Kraków to Warsaw? Who moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596? Why did Warsaw gain the title of the "Phoenix City"? -What religion is Warsaw the seat of? +What religion is the archdiocese of Warsaw? What is the name of the University of Warsaw? What was the Old Town of Warsaw listed as in 1980? -What type of attractions are in Warsaw? -Around a quarter of Warsaw is filled with what? +What type of attractions are the Castle Square and St. John's Cathedral? +Around a quarter of the city is filled with what? What is Warsaw's name in the Polish language? What does Warszawa mean? Who was Warsz? What did Warsz own? What is the official city name of Warsaw? -What was the first fortified settlement on the site of today's Warsaw? -Who established the settlement of Warsaw? -When did the Prince of Płock establish Warsaw? +What settlement was raided by nearby clans and dukes? +Who was Bolesław II? +In what year did the Prince of Płock establish Warsaw? When did Warsaw become the official capital of Masovian Duchy? -When was the duchy reincorporated into the Polish Crown? -What was Warsaw the seat of in 1529? +When was the Masovian Duchy reincorporated into the Polish Crown? +In 1529, Warsaw became the seat of what body? When did the General Sejm become permanent? What did the Warsaw Confederation establish? Why did Warsaw become the capital of the Commonwealth? When did King Sigismund III Vasa move his court from Kraków to Warsaw? -How long did Warsaw remain the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth? -What country annexed Warsaw in 1796? +When did Warsaw cease to be the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth? +What kingdom annexed Warsaw in 1796? Who liberated Warsaw in 1806? -When was the Congress of Vienna? +When was the Congress of Vienna held? When was the Royal University of Warsaw established? -When was Warsaw occupied by Germany? +How long was Warsaw occupied by Germany? Where did the Allied Armistice terms require Germany to withdraw from? Who set up the Second Polish Republic? -When was the Polish-Bolshevik War? +In what year did the Polish-Bolshevik War take place? Who was defeated in the Battle of Warsaw? When did the German Invasion of Poland begin? What was the General Government? -How much of Warsaw was Jewish? -When did the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begin? +How much of the city was Jewish? +When was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising? How long did the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising last? Who was pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw? -Why did the Polish government-in-exile in London give orders to the underground Home Army to seize control of Warsaw? +Why did the Polish government-in-exile in London give orders to the underground Home Army to try to seize control of Warsaw? When did the Warsaw Uprising begin? How long did the Warsaw Uprising last? How many Polish civilians died in the Warsaw Uprising? -What was the name of the campaign to build prefabricated housing projects? -What type of housing projects were built in Warsaw? +What campaign was initiated after World War II? +What type of housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage? What type of city was the Palace of Culture and Science? What is the name of the building that was a gift from the Soviet Union? What was Warsaw's historic Old Town inscribed onto in 1980? -Who visited Poland in 1979 and 1983? +Who was the pope of Poland in 1979 and 1983? What did John Paul II's visits to Poland encourage? -How long after becoming pope did John Paul II celebrate Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw? +How long after becoming pope did John Paul II visit Poland? Where did John Paul II celebrate Mass in 1979? What did the Polish people see John Paul II's words as? -How far is Warsaw from the Carpathian Mountains? -How far is Warsaw from Berlin? +How many kilometers from the Carpathian Mountains is Warsaw? +How many miles is Warsaw from Berlin? What river does Warsaw straddle? -How tall is the highest point of Warsaw? +How tall is Szczęśliwice hill? Where is the lowest point of Warsaw? -How many geomorphologic formations is Warsaw located on? -What geomorphologic formation is Warsaw located on? -What is the name of the plateau on which Warsaw is located? +How many main geomorphologic formations is Warsaw located on? +What geomorphologic formation is located on the plain moraine plateau? +What plateau is Warsaw located on? What is the specific axis of Warsaw? -What is the name of the edge of the moraine plateau? -What type of plateau is the plain of the Vistula? +What is the name of the edge of moraine plateau? +What type of escarpment is on the plain of Warsaw? What does the highest level of the Vistula terraces contain? -What are visible on the contemporary flooded terrace? -What type of terraces are on the right side of Warsaw? +The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible what? +What are several levels of? What type of forest is on the right side of Warsaw? What does Warsaw's mixture of architectural styles reflect? When was Warsaw razed to the ground? When did rebuilding begin in Warsaw? -What is an example of a building from the 19th century that was destroyed in the 1950s and 1960s? -What was the basic design of the residential blocks in Warsaw? -What type of architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses? +What is an example of a building that was destroyed in the 1950s and 1960s? +What was the basic design of the residential blocks built in the 1950s and 1960s? +What style of architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications? When was St. John's Cathedral built? -What style of architecture is St. John's Cathedral? -The house of Baryczko merchant family is an example of what type of architecture? +What style is St. John's Cathedral a typical example of? +What style of architecture is the house of Baryczko merchant family? What type of architecture is the Royal Castle? -When did building activity occur in numerous noble palaces and churches? +During what century did building activity occur in numerous noble palaces and churches? When was St. Kazimierz Church built? -What type of architecture is Czapski Palace? -What type of architecture is the Palace on the Water? +What style of architecture is Czapski Palace? +What style of architecture in Warsaw can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms? When was the Palace on the Water rebuilt? -What type of architecture was not restored by the communist authorities? -Why were the bourgeois architecture of the later periods not restored after the war? -What style was the Warsaw Philharmony built in? +What type of architecture was not restored after the war? +What happened to the Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja after the war? +What style of architecture was the Warsaw Philharmony rebuilt in? What is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture? What are the Saxon Palace and the Brühl Palace? -Where are there monuments to the heroic history of Warsaw? +How many places commemorate the heroic history of Warsaw? What is the name of the infamous German Gestapo prison? -What fortification was built after the defeat of the November Uprising? -Who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising? -What is the name of the monument erected by Wincenty Kućma? -What kind of spaces are the Botanic Garden and the University Library? +What is the name of the 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the November Uprising? +Who did Little Insurgent commemorate? +What is the name of the monument erected by Wincenty Kućma to commemorate the Warsaw Uprising? +What type of spaces are the Botanic Garden and University Library? Where is the palm house located? What is the name of the big park in the northern Mokotów? -What park is close to the Sejm and John Lennon street? -When was a zoological garden established in Praga? -Why is the flora of Warsaw so rich in species? +What is the name of the park close to the Sejm and John Lennon street? +In what year was the Ogród Zoologiczny established? +What is the main reason for the richness of the flora of Warsaw? Where is Bielany Forest located? Bielany Forest is the remaining part of what forest? -What is the name of the big forest by the southern city border? +What is the name of the big forest area by the southern city border? How many botanic gardens does Warsaw have? How many people lived in Warsaw in 1939? How many people lived in Warsaw in 1945? When was the Warsaw area enlargement? -What did Poles think of Varsovians? -What was the first remedial measure the city authorities were forced to introduce? +What did Poles think of Varsovians because they lived in the capital? +What was the first measure the city authorities were forced to introduce after the enlargement? What type of city is Warsaw? How many people lived in Warsaw in 1901? What percentage of Warsaw's population were Catholics in 1901? -What percentage of Warsaw's population was Protestant in 1901? -When was the Warsaw Uprising? +What percentage of the population of Warsaw in 1909 were Protestants? +In what year did the Warsaw Uprising take place? What is the basic unit of territorial division in Poland? What are the units of the second level of the territorial division? What city does not have entitlements of powiat? @@ -1025,225 +1025,225 @@ How many members are in the Warsaw City Council? How often are Warsaw City Council members elected? What does the Warsaw City Council divide itself into? How long does the Warsaw City Council have to override a mayor's veto? -What is the mayor of Warsaw called? +What is the mayor of Warsaw called in Poland? Who was the first president of Warsaw? When was Jan Andrzej Menich president? Who elects the President of Warsaw? -What district was the mayor of in 1994-1999? -What is the name of Warsaw's city center? +In 1994-1999 the mayor of what district automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw? +What is the name of the city centre of Warsaw? How many companies were registered in Warsaw in 2006? -Where was Warsaw ranked in the MasterCard Emerging Market Index? +What type of market was Warsaw ranked as the 7th greatest? What percentage of Poland's national income does Warsaw produce? What was the total nominal GDP of Warsaw in 2010? When was Warsaw's first stock exchange established? -When did Warsaw's first stock exchange stop trading? +What war ended the trading of Warsaw's first stock exchange? When was the Warsaw Stock Exchange re-established? How many companies are listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange? -What was the name of the party that used to run the Warsaw Stock Exchange? +What political party was the WSE formerly the headquarters of? When was the FSO Car Factory established? -Along with the Warszawa, Syrena and Fiat 125p, what car was assembled at the FSO Car Factory? -What company purchased the FSO Car Factory in 1995? +What was the name of the last car assembled at the FSO Car Factory? +What South Korean car manufacturer purchased the FSO Car Factory in 1995? Who bought the FSO Car Factory in 2005? What car did AvtoZAZ assemble at the FSO Car Factory? -What is the Polish name for Warsaw? +What is another name for Warsaw? What is the capital and largest city of Poland? -On what river does Warsaw stand? -What is the metropolitan area of Warsaw? -Where does Warsaw rank among the most-populous capital cities in the European Union? +On what river is Warsaw located? +How many people live in the greater metropolitan area of Warsaw? +Where does Warsaw rank as the most-populous capital city in the European Union? What is the capital and largest city of Poland? What river does Warsaw stand on? -How far is Warsaw from the Baltic Sea? +How far away is Warsaw from the Baltic Sea? How many people live in the greater metropolitan area of Warsaw? -Where does Warsaw rank among the most-populous capital cities in the European Union? +Where does Warsaw rank as the most-populous capital city in the European Union? Where is Normandy located? When did the Normans give their name to Normandy? -Where did the Normans come from? +From where did the Normans come from? Who was the leader of the Normans? When did the distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerge? -Who was the duke of the Normans? -Who founded the Duchy of Normandy? +Who led the expedition that led to the Norman conquest of England? +Who was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy? What type of orthodoxy did the Normans adopt? -What does the Old Norse word Norðmaðr mean? +What does the Old Norse Norðmaðr mean? When was Nordmannus recorded in Medieval Latin? When did the Duchy of Normandy begin? -Who was the ruler of West Francia? +Who was the ruler of West Francia in the 10th century? What river did the Duchy of Normandy eventually extend west beyond? -Who raided and settled Normandy? +Who raided and settled Normandy and parts of the Atlantic coast? What religion did the descendants of Rollo's Vikings replace the Norse religion with? -In what part of France did the Norman culture originate? -What did Normandy export in 1066? -In what year did the Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem call in at the port of Salerno? +In what part of France was the Norman culture created? +What did Normandy export by 1066? +In what year did a Saracen attack occur at the port of Salerno? Who was the shrine of at Monte Gargano? Where was the shrine of the Archangel Michael located? -Who was the leader of the Hauteville? Who was the leader of the Hauteville family? +Who was the elected leader of the Hauteville family? Who did the Normans capture Sicily and Malta from? When was Roger II of Sicily crowned king? Where was William Iron Arm's citadel located? -What was the name of the book written for king Roger II of Sicily? +What is the name of the Book of Roger? What does Kitab Rudjdjar mean? -What type of bureaucracy did Jews, Muslims and Christians have in the Kingdom of Sicily? -Along with the Pechenegs and Bulgars, who did the Normans fight against? +What type of bureaucracy did the Normans have? +Who did the Normans fight against in Armenia? When did Hervé serve as a Byzantine general? -When did Crispin lead the Normans against the Turks? +When did Robert Crispin lead the Normans of Edessa against the Turks? Who stopped Roussel de Bailleul? -What was the name of the Norman castle? -What Norman led a force of troops into the upper Euphrates valley? -Who did the Normans join to destroy the Armenians vassal-states? -What type of origin were the families of Byzantine Greece? -Who was the Norman adventurer who drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy? -When was Dyrrachium betrayed to the Normans? -How many men did Robert Guiscard lead? -What city did Bohemond sign a peace treaty with? +What was the name of the castle that the Normans built in Syria? +What Norman led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley? +Who did some Normans join to help destroy the Armenians vassal-states? +What was the origin of several families of Byzantine Greece? +Who drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy? +In what year was Dyrrachium betrayed to the Normans? +How many men did Robert Guiscard lead in 1081? +What city did Bohemond sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines? Who was Robert's son? -What city did Bohemond sign a peace treaty with? -When did a large Norman army invade Dyrrachium? -Where did the Norman army invade in 1185? -Dyrrachium was one of the most important naval bases of what river? +What city did Bohemond sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines? +In what year did a large Norman army invade Dyrrachium? +What was one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic? +What was Dyrrachium one of the most important naval bases? Who was forced from England by Sweyn Forkbeard? -Who was Emma's father? -Where did Ethelred flee to after being forced from England? +Who was Emma's sister? +Where did King Ethelred flee to after being forced from England? Who forced Ethelred II of England to flee to Normandy? Who invited Edward the Confessor to return from his father's refuge? When did Edward the Confessor return from his father's refuge? -Who did Edward appoint as archbishop of Canterbury? +Who did Edward appoint archbishop of Canterbury? At what battle did Duke William II of Normandy kill King Harold II? Who was the Duke of Normandy in 1066? -When did Duke William II of Normandy conquer England? -Who did the invading Normans replace as the ruling class of England? +In what year did Duke William II of Normandy conquer England? +Who did the invading Normans and their descendants replace as the ruling class of England? What did the Anglo-Norman language evolve into? When did the Normans invade Bannow Bay? -Where did the Normans settle? -What culture did the Normans have a profound effect on? +In what country did the Normans settle? +What culture did the Normans become more of than the Irish? Who was one of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror? -Who married Edgar's sister Margaret? -When did William the Conqueror invade Scotland? -What was the name of Malcolm's son? +Who married Edgar Atheling's sister Margaret? +When did William invade Scotland? +What was the name of Malcolm III's son? Who did King David I of Scotland's elder brother marry? What culture did King David I introduce to Scotland? What was Ralph earl of? -Who did Ralph fight? +Who did the earl of Hereford war with? Who set up Ralph as earl of Hereford? -What country did the Normans conquer? -When did Roger de Tosny travel to the Iberian Peninsula? +What country did the Normans take control of after the Conquest? +In what year did Roger de Tosny travel to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself? Who led the papal army during the War of Barbastro? -When was the Siege of Antioch? +In what year was the Siege of Antioch successful? Who was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem? What city did Tancred conquer? -How long was Cyprus under Western European domination? -What dispersed the fleet? +How long did Western European domination of Cyprus last? +What dispersed the fleet of Richard the Lion-hearted? What was the name of Richard's fiancée? In what year did Richard the Lion-hearted leave Messina with a large fleet? -Who was the despot of Cyprus? +Who was the despot of Cyprus in 1191? Who was Guy de Lusignan's rival? -What kind of chains did Isaac surrender with? -Who led the troops that conquered the whole island? -Who married Berengaria of Navarre? +What type of chains did Isaac surrender with? +Who led Richard's troops? +Who was crowned King of Cyprus? When was the wedding of Richard the Lion-Heart? What was one of the grand ceremonies of the wedding? -When did the Venetians acquire full control of the island? +When did the Venetians acquire full control of Cyprus? Who bought Cyprus after the Anglo-Norman conquest? -Where were the Canarian islands located? +In what continent were the Canarian islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro located? Who took the title of King of the Canary Islands? Who did Maciot de Bethencourt sell the rights to the Canary Islands to? -Who sold the rights to the Canary Islands? -Where are Jersey and Guernsey located? -How many judges transcribed Norman customary law in Latin? -What idiom did Norman architecture spread to England and Italy? +Who sold the rights to the Canary Islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán? +In what islands is Jersey and Guernsey located? +How many customaries were transcribed in Latin by two judges? +What style of architecture did Norman architecture spread to England and Italy? What type of arches did Norman architecture have? The period of Norman architecture in England precedes what other style? -The period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of what period in England? -Where was the Kingdom of Norman-Arab located? +The period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of what? +In what Kingdom did Norman-Arab architecture begin? When did the dukes begin a programme of church reform? Who began a programme of church reform in the early 11th century? -When were the French Wars of Religion? -What is the Bayeux Tapestry made of? +In what century were the French Wars of Religion? +The Bayeux Tapestry is not a tapestry but a work of what? What is the most famous work of Norman art? Who commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry? What type of art was common in Norman Italy? -In what century was the staff around which neumes were oriented developed? +In what century was the staff around which neumes were oriented first developed and taught? Who were the two Italian abbots at Fécamp? -Where did the monks of Saint Evroul flee to? -Where did the monks of Saint Evroul settle? -Who patronised the monks of Saint Evroul? -What did the monks of Saint Evroul continue to do? -When was Nikola Tesla born? +Where did the monks of Saint-Evroul flee to? +Where did the monks of Saint-Evroul flee to after they fled to Italy? +Who patronised the monks of Saint-Evroul? +What tradition did the monks of Saint-Evroul continue? +In what year was Nikola Tesla born? What nationality was Nikola Tesla? -When did Nikola Tesla die? -When was Nikola Tesla born? -When did Nikola Tesla die? +In what year did Nikola Tesla die? +In what year was Nikola Tesla born? +In what year did Nikola Tesla die? What nationality was Nikola Tesla? What type of electricity supply system did Nikola Tesla design? When did Tesla emigrate to the United States? -Who did Tesla work for? +Who did Tesla work for in 1884? Who licensed Tesla's AC induction motor and transformer? Where did Tesla work for Thomas Edison? -What was Tesla's work in the formative years of electric power development called? +What was the name of the corporate alternating current/direct current battle that Tesla was involved in? When did Tesla emigrate to the United States? -Who did Tesla work for? +Who did Tesla work for in 1884? Where did Tesla work for Thomas Edison? Who licensed Tesla's AC induction motor and transformer? -Along with the AC induction motor, what other device was licensed by George Westinghouse? -When did Tesla make early pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices? +Along with the AC induction motor, what other invention did George Westinghouse license from Tesla? +When did Tesla make early pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication? What type of power experiments did Tesla do? What did Tesla experiment with in his lab? In what city did Tesla conduct high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments? -When did Tesla make early pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices? -What was one of the first ever exhibited? +When did Tesla make early pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication? +What was one of the first ever exhibited wireless controlled devices? What was Tesla's unfinished intercontinental wireless transmission project? -When did Tesla die? -What did the General Conference on Weights and Measures name the tesla? +In what year did Tesla die? +What did the General Conference on Weights and Measures name the tesla in his honor? Where did Tesla live most of his life? -What was Tesla's reputation in popular culture? +What was Tesla's nickname in popular culture? What earned Tesla a considerable amount of money? -When did Tesla die? -What did the General Conference on Weights and Measures name the tesla? +In what year did Tesla die? +What did the General Conference on Weights and Measures name the tesla in his honor? When did popular interest in Tesla begin to increase? What was Tesla known for? In what modern country is Smiljan located? -What was Tesla's father's profession? -What type of memory did Nikola Tesla attribute to his mother? +What was Milutin Tesla's profession? +What type of memory did Nikola Tesla have? What did Nikola Tesla attribute his eidetic memory and creative abilities to? -What was Tesla's father's profession? -Who was Nikola Tesla's father? -Who was Nikola's mother? -What did Tesla's mother have a talent for? +What was Milutin Tesla's profession? +Who was Tesla's father? +Who was Nikola Tesla's mother? +What was Tesla's mother's talent? What did Nikola Tesla attribute his eidetic memory and creative abilities to? How many children did Tesla have? -What language did Tesla study in Smiljan? -When did the Tesla family move to Gospić? -Who was Nikola's older brother? -Who were Tesla's three sisters? +What language did Tesla learn in Smiljan? +In what year did the Tesla family move to Gospić? +What was Nikola's older brother's name? +What were Tesla's three sisters? What happened to Dane when Nikola was five? -Where did Tesla's family move in 1862? +Where did Tesla's family move to in 1862? What was Tesla's father's job? Who was Tesla's math teacher? What language were the classes held in at the Higher Real Gymnasium? What did Tesla perform in his head that caused his teachers to believe he was cheating? -What did Tesla's teachers believe he was doing? -When did Tesla graduate from school? -When did Tesla move to Karlovac? +What did Tesla's teachers believe he was doing by performing integral calculus in his head? +When did Tesla graduate from the Higher Real Gymnasium? +In what year did Tesla move to Karlovac? Why did Tesla move to Karlovac? Who was Tesla's math teacher? What language were the classes held in at the Higher Real Gymnasium? -When did Tesla graduate from school? +When did Tesla graduate from the Higher Real Gymnasium? What illness did Tesla contract when he returned to Smiljan? -How long was Tesla bedridden from cholera? -Where did Tesla's father promise to send him if he recovered from cholera? -What did Tesla's father want him to do? -Where was Tesla born? -When did Tesla return to Smiljan? +How long was Tesla bedridden after contracting cholera? +What school did Tesla's father promise to send him to if he recovered from cholera? +What did Tesla's father want him to do after he recovered from cholera? +What was Tesla's birthtown? +When did Tesla return to his birthtown? What illness did Tesla contract when he returned to Smiljan? -How long was Tesla bedridden from cholera? -What did Tesla's father want him to do? +How long was Tesla bedridden after contracting cholera? +What did Tesla's father want him to do after he recovered from cholera? What did Tesla's father promise to do if he recovered from cholera? Where did Tesla run away to in 1874? Who did Tesla say helped him recover from his illness? Where did Tesla explore in hunter's garb? -When did Tesla run away from the Austro-Hungarian Army? +In what year did Tesla run away from the Austro-Hungarian Army? What did Tesla wear to explore the mountains? -What did Tesla avoid in Smiljan? -When did Tesla run away from the Austro-Hungarian Army? +What did Tesla run away from in 1874? +In what year did Tesla run away from the Austro-Hungarian Army? What did Tesla do in Tomingaj? Who did Tesla say helped him recover from his illness? When did Tesla enroll at Austrian Polytechnic? @@ -1255,439 +1255,439 @@ Where was Austrian Polytechnic located? When did Tesla enroll at Austrian Polytechnic? When did Tesla's father die? What did Tesla do with his allowance and tuition money during his third year? -What did Tesla's professors warn him about if he did not leave the school? +What did Tesla's professors warn him about if he was removed from the school? What did Tesla do in December 1878? Why did Tesla leave Graz? What was Tesla's job in Maribor? -What did Milutin Tesla want his son to do? -What did Nikola suffer at the same time as his father? -When did Tesla leave Graz? -Why did Tesla leave Graz? -Why did Tesla leave Graz? +What did Milutin Tesla ask his son to do? +What did Nikola suffer when he refused to return home? +In what year did Tesla leave Graz? +What did Tesla leave Graz to hide? +What did Tesla's friends think happened to him after he dropped out of school? What was Tesla's job in Maribor? -What did Nikola suffer at the same time as his father? +What did Nikola suffer when he refused to return home? Why was Tesla returned to Gospić? -When was Milutin Tesla returned to Gospić? -How old was Milutin Tesla? -How did Milutin Tesla die? -What did Milutin Tesla do in his old school? +When was Tesla returned to Gospić? +How old was Milutin Tesla when he died? +What did some sources say Tesla died of? +What did Milutin Tesla do during his time in Gospić? Why was Tesla returned to Gospić? -When did Milutin Tesla die? -What was Milutin Tesla's old school called? -How did Milutin Tesla die? -Where did Tesla go to study? +In what year did Milutin Tesla die? +What school did Milutin Tesla teach in Gospić? +What did some sources say Tesla died of? +Where did Tesla leave Gospić for? Why did Tesla fail to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University? -What was Tesla's job at Charles-Ferdinand? +What position did Tesla hold at Charles-Ferdinand University? What university did Tesla fail to enroll at? -Where did Tesla go to study? +Where did Tesla leave Gospić for? In what year did Tesla leave Gospić for Prague? What university did Tesla fail to enroll at? -Who helped Tesla leave Gospić? -Where did Tesla move in 1881? -What telegraph company did Tesla work for? -What position did Tesla receive when the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional? +Who helped Tesla leave Gospić for Prague? +Where did Tesla move to in 1881? +What company did Tesla work for in 1881? +What position did Tesla receive at the Budapest Telephone Exchange? What did Tesla claim to have perfected? -What was Tesla's job in the Central Telegraph Office? -When did Tesla move to Budapest? +What was Tesla's job title in the Central Telegraph Office? +In what year did Tesla move to Budapest? What was the Budapest Telephone Exchange? -What telegraph company did Tesla work for? -What position did Tesla receive when the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional? -When did Tesla begin working for the Continental Edison Company? -Where did Tesla work in 1882? -Where did Tesla move in 1884? -Who hired Tesla? -Where did Tesla work? -What company did Tesla work for in France? -Where did Tesla work in 1882? -When did Tesla move to New York City? -Who hired Tesla? +What company did Tesla work for in 1881? +What position did Tesla receive at the Budapest Telephone Exchange? +When did Tesla begin working for the Continental Edison Company in France? +Where did Tesla work for the Continental Edison Company in 1882? +Where did Tesla move to in 1884? +Who hired Tesla to work for? +Where did Tesla work for Thomas Edison? +What company did Tesla work for in 1882? +Where did Tesla work for the Continental Edison Company in 1882? +In what year did Tesla move to New York City? +Who hired Tesla to work for? Where was the Edison Machine Works located? -How much did Edison say he would pay Tesla to redesign Edison's generators? -How much did Edison offer Tesla? +How much did Edison say he would pay Tesla if he could redesign Edison's generators? +How much did Edison offer Tesla for redesigning Edison's direct current generators? How long did it take Tesla to redesign Edison's generators? -How much did Edison say he would pay Tesla to redesign Edison's generators? -What did Edison say to Tesla? -How much did Edison offer Tesla? +How much did Edison say he would pay Tesla if he could redesign Edison's generators? +What did Edison say to Tesla when he told him he didn't understand his work? +How much did Edison offer to Tesla? Who did Tesla partner with in 1886? What was the name of the electric lighting company that Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886? What did Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing do? -What type of patents were issued to Tesla in the US? +What were the first what issued to Tesla in the US? What was one of the first patents issued to Tesla in the US? Who did Tesla partner with in 1886? When did Tesla partner with two businessmen? What was the name of the electric lighting company that Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886? -What did Tesla's company do? -What was the name of Edison's company? +What did Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing do? +What was the first patents issued to Tesla in the US? What did the investors do to Tesla? -How did Tesla end up after the investors forced him out? -What job did Tesla work for $2 per day? -When did Tesla have terrible headaches and bitter tears? -Why did Tesla lose control of his patents? -What job did Tesla work for $2 per day? -Where did Tesla work? -What was Alfred S. Brown's occupation? +How did Tesla end up after the investors forced him out of Tesla's company? +What did Tesla work for $2 per day? +During what years did Tesla have terrible headaches and bitter tears? +What did Tesla do to lose control of his patents? +What did Tesla work for $2 per day? +What did Tesla have to do in the winter of 1886/1887? +What was Alfred S. Brown's job? When did Brown and Peck form the Tesla Electric Company? -How much of the profits from generated patents would go to the Tesla Electric Company? -Where was the laboratory for Tesla located? -When did Tesla meet Alfred S. Brown and Charles F. Peck? +What did the profits of the Tesla Electric Company go to? +In what city was the Tesla Electric Company located? +In what year did Tesla meet Alfred S. Brown and Charles F. Peck? What was Alfred S. Brown's job? Who was the New York attorney that Tesla met in 1886? Where did Brown and Peck set up a laboratory for Tesla? What company did Alfred S. Brown and Charles F. Peck form? -What did Tesla develop in 1887? +What type of motor did Tesla develop in 1887? When was the induction motor patented? -What did the induction motor not need? -What did the induction motor avoid? -What type of motor did the induction motor have? -When did Tesla develop an induction motor? -Why was alternating current used? +What did Tesla's induction motor not need? +What did the self-starting design of the induction motor avoid? +What type of motor did Tesla's induction motor have? +In what year did Tesla develop an induction motor? +Why was alternating current being built in Europe and the United States? What did Tesla's induction motor replace? -When was the induction motor patented? +In what year was Tesla's induction motor patented? What was Thomas Commerford Martin's job? -At what organization did Thomas Commerford Martin arrange for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system? -When did Thomas Commerford Martin arrange for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system? -Why did Westinghouse not get a patent? -Who was the editor of Electrical World? -Who was the editor of Electrical World? -Who did the engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company report that Tesla had a viable AC motor? -Who wrote a paper about Westinghouse's interest in an induction motor? +At what organization did Tesla demonstrate his AC motor? +In what year did Westinghouse look into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor? +Why did Westinghouse decide not to get a patent on an induction motor? +Who was the editor of Electrical World magazine in 1888? +Who was the editor of Electrical World magazine in 1888? +Who did Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company report to about Tesla's AC motor? +Who presented a paper in 1888 about an induction motor? What was Galileo Ferraris' profession? What company did George Westinghouse work for? -In what year did Brown and Peck negotiate a licensing deal with George Westinghouse? -How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's designs? +In what year did George Westinghouse negotiate a licensing deal with Tesla? +How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs? Who did Brown and Peck negotiate a licensing deal with? What was Tesla's job at Westinghouse? -How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's designs? -In what year did Brown and Peck negotiate a licensing deal with George Westinghouse? +How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs? +In what year did George Westinghouse negotiate a licensing deal with Tesla? How much did Westinghouse pay Tesla per month to be a consultant? -Where was Westinghouse's labs located? -Where did Tesla work? +In what city was Westinghouse's labs located? +Where did Tesla work for a year? +What did Tesla help create in Pittsburgh? +What was the length of the AC current system Tesla proposed? +What did Westinghouse use instead of the 60-cycle AC current system? What was the purpose of the alternating current system that Tesla helped create? -How long was the AC current system Tesla proposed? -What type of motor did Westinghouse use instead of Tesla's induction motor? -Why did Tesla work in Pittsburgh? What did Westinghouse use instead of Tesla's induction motor? -Who were the two main players in the "War of Currents"? -What did the "War of Currents" start out as? +Who was in the "War of Currents"? +What did the "War of Currents" start out as a competition between? What did Edison Machine Works pursue in 1890? -What company did Thomas Edison form in 1892? -What system did Westinghouse use to power arc lights? -Who was no longer in control of his own company? +What was Thomas Edison's company called in 1892? +What type of system did Westinghouse use to power arc lights? +Who was no longer in control of his own company in 1892? When did the "War of Currents" begin? -Why did Westinghouse have to put Tesla's motor on hold? -What company did Thomas Edison form in 1892? -Who won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition? -Where was the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition? -Who did George Westinghouse beat to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition? -What was the name of the system that Westinghouse demonstrated at the Columbian Exposition? -What was the name of the system that Westinghouse demonstrated at the Columbian Exposition? -Who won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition? -Where was the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition? -When did George Westinghouse win the bid to light the World's Columbian Exposition? -What type of power did George Westinghouse demonstrate at the Columbian Exposition? -Who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company? +What caused Westinghouse to put development of Tesla's motor on hold for a while? +What was Thomas Edison's company called in 1892? +Who won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition with alternating current? +In what city was the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held? +Who won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition with alternating current? +What was the banner at the Columbian Exposition announcing? +What was the banner at the Columbian Exposition announcing? +Who won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition with alternating current? +In what city was the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held? +In what year did George Westinghouse win the bid to light the World's Columbian Exposition with alternating current? +What was the 1893 World's Fair a key event in the history of? +Who was the head of the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company in 1893? Where was the Cataract Construction Company based? -Who was awarded a contract to build a two-phase AC generating system at the Niagara Falls? +Who was awarded the contract to build a two-phase AC generating system at the Niagara Falls? Who was awarded a contract to build the AC distribution system? What type of system did Tesla say would be the most reliable? -Who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company? -When did Richard Dean Adams seek Tesla's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls? +Who was the head of the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company in 1893? +In what year did Richard Dean Adams ask Tesla for his opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls? What type of system did Tesla say would be the most reliable? -What did Tesla say about the two-phase system? -When was a patent-sharing agreement signed between Westinghouse and Tesla? -How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's AC patents? -How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's AC patents? -How much did Westinghouse pay in licenses and royalties to Tesla, Brown, and Peck? -Who was General Electric backed by? -How much did Westinghouse pay in licenses and royalties to Tesla, Brown, and Peck? -How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's AC patents? -How old was Tesla when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States? -Where was Tesla's laboratory located? -What did Tesla light wirelessly at both locations of his laboratory? +What did Tesla say a two-phase system would be? +When was a patent-sharing agreement signed between General Electric and Westinghouse Electric? +How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's patents? +What was the original AC horsepower royalty that Westinghouse received? +How much money did Westinghouse pay out in licenses and royalties to Tesla, Brown, and Peck? +What financier backed General Electric? +How much money did Westinghouse pay out in licenses and royalties to Tesla, Brown, and Peck? +How much did Westinghouse pay for Tesla's patents? +At what age did Tesla become a naturalized citizen of the United States? +In what city was Tesla's laboratory located? +What did Tesla use to demonstrate the potential of wireless power transmission? What did Tesla patent in 1891? -When did Tesla become a naturalized citizen of the United States? +In what year did Tesla become a naturalized citizen of the United States? What did Tesla patent in 1891? -How old was Tesla when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States? -What type of power transmission did Tesla demonstrate? +At what age did Tesla become a naturalized citizen of the United States? +How did Tesla demonstrate the potential of wireless power transmission? What organization did Tesla serve as a vice president of? What organization did Tesla serve as a vice president of? When did Tesla leave the IEEE? What position did Tesla hold in the American Institute of Electrical Engineers? When did Tesla serve as vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers? Along with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, what was the forerunner of the IEEE? -Why did Tesla begin investigating radiant energy? -When did Tesla lose most of his early research? +Why did Tesla begin investigating radiant energy of invisible kinds? +What was the name of the fire that destroyed Tesla's laboratory? When did Wilhelm Röntgen announce the discovery of x-rays? -What was the only thing captured in the image of Mark Twain illuminated by a Geissler tube? -When did Tesla begin investigating radiant energy? -What did Tesla call radiant energy of invisible kinds? +What was the only thing captured in the image of Mark Twain illuminated by Geissler tube? +When did Tesla begin investigating radiant energy of invisible kinds? +What did Tesla call radiant energy of "invisible" kinds? What happened to much of Tesla's early research? -What did Tesla inadvertently capture when he tried to photograph Mark Twain? +What may have Tesla inadvertently captured when he tried to photograph Mark Twain? Who did Tesla try to photograph with a Geissler tube? What is radiography? -When did Tesla begin his own experiments in X-ray imaging? -What is X-ray imaging also known as? +When did Tesla begin to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging? +What is the modern term for X-ray imaging? What did Tesla use his experiments to produce? -What was the output of the single terminal vacuum tube? +What did Tesla use to produce bremsstrahlung? In what year did Tesla begin experimenting with X-ray imaging? -What was the output of the single terminal vacuum tube? -What type of rays did Tesla believe his circuits would produce? -What did Tesla believe about X-rays? -What did Tesla believe was the cause of the skin damage? -What did Tesla believe was caused by ozone generated in contact with the skin? +What did Tesla use to produce bremsstrahlung? +What type of rays did Tesla believe his circuits would enable one to generate? +What did Tesla incorrectly believe about X-rays? +What did Tesla believe about the cause of skin damage? +What did Tesla attribute to various causes? What did Tesla note the hazards of working with? Where can plasma waves occur? -What did Tesla believe caused the damage to the skin? -What did Tesla believe X-rays were? +What did Tesla believe was the cause of skin damage? +What did Tesla believe X-rays to be? Where can plasma waves occur? Where did Tesla note the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray producing devices? -Who was the Westinghouse engineer who developed an efficient version of the induction motor? -When did Westinghouse start branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the "Tesla Polyphase System"? +Who was the Westinghouse engineer who developed an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor? +In what year did Westinghouse begin branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the "Tesla Polyphase System"? Who started branding their complete polyphase phase AC system as the "Tesla Polyphase System"? -What was the name of the device that Tesla used to demonstrate how to make an egg stand on end? -Who created the Egg of Columbus? +What device did Tesla use to demonstrate how to make a copper egg stand on end? +Who demonstrated how to make a copper egg stand on end? In what year did the New York Herald Tribune publish an article on Tesla? -What did a minute particle do to Tesla when it broke off the cathode? -What did Tesla feel when a minute particle hit him? +What did a minute particle break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and do to Tesla? +What did Tesla say about the pain he felt when a particle hit him? What did Tesla compare his "electric gun" to? What organization did Tesla speak to in 1893? What device was used in the further development of radio? -Where was the National Electric Light Association located? -When did Tesla demonstrate his radio-controlled boat? +What institute did Tesla give lectures in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania? +In what year did Tesla demonstrate a radio-controlled boat to the public? What did Tesla call his radio-controlled boat? -Where did Tesla demonstrate his radio-controlled boat? -What was the purpose of the demonstration at Madison Square Garden? -Who was the pilot of Tesla's boat? -When was Tesla granted patents for a system of transmitting electrical energy? +Where did Tesla demonstrate his radio-controlled boat in 1898? +What was the purpose of the demonstration of Tesla's boat? +What animal was used to pilot Tesla's boat? +In what year was Tesla granted patents for a system of transmitting electrical energy? Who was the first to achieve radio transmission? -When did Guglielmo Marconi make his first transatlantic radio transmission? -When did the Supreme Court of the United States restore the prior patents of Tesla, Oliver Lodge, and John Stone? -Who restored the prior patents of Tesla, Oliver Lodge, and John Stone? -When did Tesla move to Colorado Springs? -Where did Tesla say he was sending signals? -When did Tesla perform his first experiments? +When did Guglielmo Marconi make his first-ever transatlantic radio transmission? +In what year did the Supreme Court of the United States restore the prior patents of Tesla, Oliver Lodge, and John Stone? +Who restored the prior patents of Tesla, Lodge, and Stone? +In what year did Tesla move to Colorado Springs? +What city did Tesla say he was transmitting signals from Pikes Peak? +When did Tesla perform his first experiments at his Colorado Springs lab? How long was Tesla's first spark? What type of electricity did Tesla investigate? -What type of waves did Tesla observe? -What did Tesla believe? -What type of energy was produced by the lab? -How long were the discharges of artificial lightning? -How far away was the thunder from Cripple Creek? -How did light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glow? -What insects were electrified? -What happened when Tesla faulted a power station generator? -Why were the dynamos in the power house six miles away from Tesla's? -Why were the dynamos in a power house six miles away repeatedly burned out? +What type of waves did Tesla say he observed during this time? +What did Tesla believe about the earth's frequency? +What type of energy did he produce? +How long was the discharges of artificial lightning? +How far away was the thunder from Cripple Creek, Colorado? +How did light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab react to the electricity? +What was the effect of the electricity on butterflies? +What did Tesla cause? +What happened to the dynamos in a power house six miles away? +What caused the dynamos in a power house six miles away to burn out? What did the sparks do to the insulation? -What did Tesla conclude the signals from his receiver were? -What planet did Tesla think he was hearing signals from? -What magazine did Tesla write an article about the signals he heard? +What did Tesla conclude the signals from his receiver may be? +What planet did reporters think Tesla was hearing signals from? +What magazine did Tesla write an article for in 1901? What did Tesla do in July 1899? When did Marconi's European experiments take place? How much did John Jacob Astor IV invest in Tesla? -Why did John Jacob Astor IV invest $100,000? +Why did John Jacob Astor IV invest $100,000 in Tesla? What did Tesla do with the money? -When did John Jacob Astor IV invest $100,000 in Tesla? +In what year did John Jacob Astor IV invest $100,000 in Tesla? In what year did Tesla leave Colorado Springs? What happened to Tesla's lab in 1904? When was Tesla's lab torn down? -What happened to Tesla's lab? -What was the name of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility? +What happened to Tesla's lab after it was torn down? +What was the name of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility that Tesla established? What was Wardenclyffe? Where was Wardenclyffe located? Who did Tesla ask for more funds to build a more powerful transmitter? -What event caused Tesla to ask Morgan for more money? -How did Morgan react to Tesla's request for more money? +What event caused Tesla to ask for more money? +What was Morgan's reaction to Tesla's request for more money? How many letters did Tesla write to Morgan? -What did Tesla ask Morgan for? -What event ended Tesla's relationship with Morgan? -How tall was the tower? -How many horsepower was Tesla's 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine? +What did Tesla ask for in his letters to Morgan? +What ended Tesla's relationship with Morgan? +How tall was Wardenclyffe? +How many horsepower did Tesla demonstrate on his 50th birthday? How fast was Tesla's bladeless turbine? -When did Tesla celebrate his 50th birthday? +In what year did Tesla celebrate his 50th birthday? At what horsepower were Tesla's bladeless turbine engines tested? -What type of power did Tesla use for his oscillator? +What type of power did Tesla use to create his oscillator? Where was Tesla experimenting with mechanical oscillators? -Why did Tesla have to use a sledge hammer to end his experiment? +What happened to Tesla's oscillator as the speed grew? In what publication was the article "Nikola Tesla, Dreamer" published? -What did Tesla say a continuation of his oscillator would do to the earth? -What did Tesla theorize gave the brain enhanced intelligence? +What did Tesla say a continuation of his oscillator would do? +What did Tesla theorize enhanced intelligence? How did Tesla hope to make dull students bright? Who was the superintendent of New York City schools in 1912? -Who was William H. Maxwell? +What was William H. Maxwell's job? Where did Tesla seek investors before World War I? -What happened to the funding Tesla was receiving from his patents in European countries? +What happened to Tesla's funding after the war started? What did Tesla do with Wardenclyffe? How much did Tesla sell Wardenclyffe for? -What is the highest honor given by the AIEE? -What magazine did Tesla write for in 1917? -What type of screen did Tesla use to view the signal? -What did Girardeau compare Tesla's system to? -Who helped develop France's first radar system? -Who was the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to? -Who was the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to? -What were unsubstantiated rumors at the time of the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics? +What award did Tesla receive in 1917? +What magazine did Tesla publish in 1917? +What type of screen did Tesla use to view his electricity to locate submarines? +What modern technology did Girardeau help develop France's first radar system? +Who helped develop France's first radar system in the 1930s? +Who was awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics? +Who was awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics? +What were unsubstantiated rumors at the time? What must a recipient do before he can decline a Nobel Prize? -Why were Edison and Tesla not given the award? +Why are there claims that Edison and Tesla were not given the award? How many possible bids did Edison receive in 1915? Who won the prize in 1915? -When did Tesla receive one of 38 possible bids? -What was the name of Tesla's last patent? -What is the term for a biplane capable of taking off vertically? +In what year did Tesla receive one of 38 possible bids? +What was Tesla's last patent? +What is a biplane capable of taking off vertically called? What did Tesla think the plane would sell for? What type of engines did Tesla propose to use in rotor aircraft? -How much did Westinghouse pay Tesla? +How much did the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company pay Tesla? What did Westinghouse pay Tesla for the rest of his life? How long did Westinghouse pay Tesla's rent? -What did Westinghouse worry about? +What was Westinghouse worried about with regards to Tesla's living conditions? What did Tesla announce a method of transmitting? -How far did Tesla say he could transmit mechanical energy? +How did Tesla say he could transmit mechanical energy with minimal loss? How much loss did Tesla claim to have in transmitting mechanical energy over any terrestrial distance? What did Tesla say he could accurately determine the location of underground? -When did Tesla announce a method of transmitting mechanical energy? -What did Tesla do on his regular commute to the cathedral? +In what year did Tesla announce a method of transmitting mechanical energy? +What was Tesla's regular commute to the cathedral and the library? Who did Tesla refuse to consult after his accident? -What happened to Tesla's ribs? -When was Tesla able to get up? -When did Tesla leave the Hotel New Yorker to feed the pigeons? +What happened to Tesla's ribs in the accident? +When was Tesla able to get up after being thrown to the ground? +When did Tesla leave the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library? What did Tesla make claims about after studying the Van de Graaff generator? -What did Tesla study? -Along with anti-aircraft, what type of weapon did Tesla say the teleforce could be used against? +What generator did Tesla study to make claims about a "teleforce" weapon? +Along with anti-aircraft purposes, what was the Van de Graaff generator capable of being used against? Along with ground-based infantry, for what purpose did Tesla say the teleforce weapon could be used? -What did the press call the teleforce weapon? -When did Tesla speak about the death ray? -Where did Tesla speak about the death ray? -What kind of pellets did Tesla use for his death ray? -What type of voltage is used to accelerate the tungsten pellets? -How much time will it take for Tesla to give the death ray to the world? +What did the press call the Van de Graaff generator? +In what year did Tesla speak about the death ray? +When did Tesla talk about the death ray? +What material did Tesla use for his death ray? +How is the death ray accelerated? +How much time will pass before Tesla can give his death ray to the world? What did Tesla write a treatise about? -Where is the treatise The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media? +Where is the treatise currently located? Where is the Nikola Tesla Museum archive located? -How many volts of volts did the Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media use? +How many volts of volts did Tesla's treatise describe charging particles to? What did Tesla want to put an end to? -What did Tesla say had been made to do to his invention? -Where was the blueprint for the teleforce weapon? +What did Tesla say that efforts were made to do to his invention? +Where did Tesla say the blueprint for the teleforce weapon was? What did Tesla say had been scrutinized? How old was Tesla when he died? When did Tesla die? Who found Tesla's body? What sign did Alice Monaghan ignore when she entered Tesla's room? What was the cause of Tesla's death? -What did the FBI do to Tesla's belongings? +What did the FBI do with Tesla's belongings? Who was called in to analyze Tesla's belongings? -What did John G. Trump conclude about the items in OAP custody? -Where was Tesla's entire estate transported? +What did John G. Trump conclude about Tesla's belongings in OAP custody? +Where was Tesla's entire estate transported to? Who read the eulogy for Tesla? Who wrote the eulogy for Tesla? On what date was Tesla's state funeral held? How many people attended the state funeral for Tesla? Where was Tesla's state funeral held? -Where was Tesla's estate shipped in 1952? +Where was Tesla's estate shipped to in 1957? Who pressured Tesla's nephew to send his entire estate to Belgrade? Who transported Tesla's ashes from the United States to Belgrade? -Where was Tesla's estate shipped in 1952? +Where was Tesla's estate shipped to in 1957? Where are Tesla's ashes displayed? -How many patents did Tesla obtain? -How many countries have been accounted for? -Along with the United States, Britain, and Britain, what other country was granted a patent by Tesla? +How many patents did Tesla obtain worldwide? +How many countries have Tesla's patents been accounted for? +In addition to the United States, Britain, and Britain, what other country did many of Tesla's patents come from? Where have some of Tesla's patents been found? -At what time did Tesla have dinner at Delmonico's? +At what time did Tesla have dinner? What time did Tesla work every day? -When did Tesla end his work day? -Who would serve Tesla at Delmonico's? +When did Tesla end his work? +Who did Tesla call to order his dinner? How many miles did Tesla walk each day? -For what reason did Tesla walk? +What did Tesla walk for? What did Tesla do one hundred times for each foot every night? -What did Tesla say squishing his toes one hundred times a night stimulated? +What did Tesla say that squishing his toes one hundred times a night stimulated? What did Tesla say he did not believe in? -Who was Arthur Brisbane? -How many fundamental laws did Tesla believe all laws could be reduced to? -Who did Tesla feed every day? -How much did Tesla spend to fix the pigeon? -What did the pigeon have to fix? +What was Arthur Brisbane's job? +How many fundamental laws did Tesla believe could be reduced to? +What animal did Tesla feed every day? +How much did Tesla spend to fix a pigeon that was injured? +What did Tesla fix the pigeons injuries? Where did Tesla feed pigeons? -Where did Tesla bring injured pigeons? -How much did Tesla weigh? +Where did Tesla bring injured pigeons to nurse back to health? +What was Tesla's weight from 1888 to 1926? How tall was Tesla? -When did Tesla lose weight? -Where did Tesla live? +During what time period did Tesla have almost no weight variance? +In what city did Tesla live? How many languages did Tesla speak? -What did Tesla experience when he was ill? -What is the technique that Tesla used to visualize an invention before moving to the construction stage? -What would appear before Tesla's eyes? -What kind of memory did Tesla have? +What did blinding flashes of light appear before Tesla's eyes? +What technique did Tesla use to visualize an invention in his mind before moving to the construction stage? +What did Tesla suffer from when he was sick? +What type of memory did Tesla supposedly have? How long did Tesla spend at a gaming table? How long did Tesla work at his laboratory? -Where did Tesla spend his second year of study? +Where was Tesla's second year of study? Who confirmed that Tesla rarely slept? What was Swezey's profession? -What did Tesla say was very helpful to his scientific abilities? -Who wanted to be with Tesla? -When did Tesla tell a reporter that he felt he made a sacrifice by not marrying? +What did Tesla say was helpful to his scientific abilities? +Who was madly in love with Tesla? +When did Tesla tell a reporter that he felt he made too great a sacrifice to his work by not marrying? Who was Tesla's loyal secretary? Who described Tesla as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force"? -What did Tesla do with his work? -How did Tesla view his social life? +What was Tesla prone to do with his work? +What was Tesla's personality? Who was Julian Hawthorne? Who did Tesla become a close friend of in middle age? -Where did Mark Twain spend most of his time? +Where did Mark Twain spend a lot of time with Tesla? When did Tesla befriend George Sylvester Viereck? What did Tesla express disgust for? -Who did Tesla fire because of her weight? -Why did Tesla fire his secretary? -What did Tesla tell a subordinate to do with her dress? +What position did Tesla fire because of her weight? +Why did Tesla fire a secretary? +What did Tesla tell a subordinate to do? What did Tesla believe could only exist in an experimental vacuum? -What did Tesla believe transmitted electrical energy? +What concept did Tesla believe transmitted electrical energy? What did Tesla believe ether did? -In what century did Tesla believe in the concept of an all pervasive "ether"? +In what century did Tesla believe in an all pervasive "ether"? Tesla was critical of what theory of relativity? How did Tesla feel about theories about the conversion of matter into energy? -What theory was Tesla critical of? -What did Tesla claim to have completed in 1937? -When did Tesla start working on his own physical principle? -What type of space did Tesla claim his theory would put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions? +Tesla was critical of Einstein's theory of what? +What theory did Tesla claim to have completed in 1937? +When did Tesla start working on his theory? +What type of space did Tesla say his theory would put an end to idle speculations? At what age did Tesla die? Tesla was a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of what? -What did Tesla believe humans' pity had interfered with the natural workings of nature? -What did Tesla believe interfered with the natural workings of nature? -When did Tesla give an interview about eugenics? +What did Tesla believe humans' "pity" interfered with the natural workings of nature? +What did Tesla believe had interfered with the natural workings of nature? +In what year did Tesla speak about eugenics? Who did Tesla believe would become the dominant sex in the future? -When did Tesla say that women would become the dominant sex in the future? +In what year did Tesla say that women would become the dominant sex in the future? What did Tesla believe humanity's future would be run by? In what environment did Tesla make predictions? -What are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War? -When did Tesla publish his article? +What did Tesla say were the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War? +When was Tesla's article published? What organization did Tesla believe was not a remedy for the times and issues? -What religion was Tesla raised? +What religion was Tesla raised in? What did Tesla oppose? What religions did Tesla have a profound respect for? -What was the name of Tesla's 1937 article? +What was the name of Tesla's article published in 1937? What are Tesla's religious views? What did Tesla say he wanted to end? What did Tesla write for magazines and journals? -Where did Tesla write for? -Who wrote My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla? +What type of publications did Tesla write for? +Who edited My Inventions? Where are many of Tesla's writings freely available? -When was the article "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy" published? +In what year was the article "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy" published? What is the name of Tesla's book? -In what type of literature is the impact of the technologies invented by Tesla a recurring theme? -Where has Tesla's legacy endured? -How many types of science fiction have the impact of Tesla's technologies been a recurring theme? +In what type of literature is the impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by Tesla a recurring theme? +What has Tesla's legacy endured in? +How many types of science fiction has Tesla's impact been a recurring theme? What magazine featured Tesla on its cover on his 75th birthday? -On what date did Time magazine feature Tesla on its cover? -What did Time say Tesla contributed to? -Who wrote a congratulatory letter to Tesla? -How many pioneers in science and engineering congratulated Tesla on his birthday? +On what date did Time magazine put Tesla on its cover? +What was Tesla's contribution to? +What famous scientist congratulated Tesla on his 75th birthday? +How many pioneers of science and engineering congratulated Tesla on his 75th birthday? What is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science? Computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their what? Computational complexity theory focuses on classifying what according to their inherent difficulty? Why is a problem regarded as inherently difficult? What does computational complexity theory introduce to study problems? -What are two examples of resources needed to solve a problem? +What is one example of resources needed to solve a problem? What is used in circuit complexity? What is one of the roles of computational complexity theory? What are two closely related fields in theoretical computer science? -What is a key distinction between computational complexity theory and computability theory? +What is another name for computability theory? What theory asks what kind of problems can, in principle, be solved algorithmically? What theory asks what kind of problems can, in principle, be solved algorithmically? What is the input string for a computational problem referred to as? @@ -1696,584 +1696,584 @@ What type of utterance can serve as the input for a decision problem? A computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of what? A computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with what? How many kilometres does the traveling salesman problem require? -What is the quantitative answer to the traveling salesman problem? +What is an example of a quantitative answer to the traveling salesman problem? What does complexity theory address? What is a string over an alphabet? -What is the alphabet usually taken to be? -What are strings over an alphabet called? +What can integers be represented in? +What are strings that are over an alphabet called? In what notation can integers be represented? -How can graphs be encoded? +How can graphs be encoded directly? What is one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory? What is the answer to a decision problem? What is the alternate answer to a decision problem? What is the answer to a decision problem? What is the answer to a decision problem? -What is the input to a decision problem? +What is an example of a decision problem? What is associated with a decision problem? What does one have to decide to obtain a precise definition of the formal language associated with a decision problem? What is a function problem? -What is expected for every input? +What is expected for every input in a function problem? What is a computational problem where a single output is expected for every input? What is an example of a function problem? -How is the output of a function problem compared to a decision problem? +A function problem is more what than a decision problem? What can be recast as function problems? -What can the multiplication of two integers be expressed as? -What do you want to see to measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem? -What may, in general, depend on the running time? +What is the multiplication of two integers expressed as? +What is one way to measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem? +What does the running time of an algorithm depend on? How is the time required to solve a problem calculated? What is the size of the input in? -What is complexity theory interested in? +Complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with what? What thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm? What can be expressed as a function of n? What is the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n? -What is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n? -If T(n) is a polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be what? +What is the worst-case time complexity? +If T(n) is a polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be a what? What is a mathematical model of a general computing machine? -What is it believed that a problem can be solved by a Turing machine? +If a problem can be solved by what, there exists a Turing machine that solves the problem? What is the most commonly used model in complexity theory? -What does a Turing machine manipulate? +A Turing machine manipulates what contained on a strip of tape? What is the most basic Turing machine? What does a deterministic Turing machine use to determine its future actions? What is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random bits? -What is a Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism? +What is a deterministic Turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism? What are algorithms that use random bits called? -What are many types of Turing machines used to define? +Many types of Turing machines are used to define what? What resources are bounded? -What are some types of Turing machines? +What are some complexity classes of Turing machines? What is an example of a machine model different from the standard multi-tape Turing machines? -What does a random access machine need to be converted to another model? -What may vary in the consumption of alternate models? +What can be converted to another model without providing any extra? +What may vary in the consumption of alternate models of Turing machines? What do all these models have in common? -What type of Turing machine is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once? +What type of Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once? Some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of what? -What does a non-deterministic Turing machine capture? +What does the non-deterministic Turing machine capture? What is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems? -What is the total number of steps the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer? +What is the total number of steps, or steps, the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer? What is one of the criteria that complexity theory uses to classify problems? -What is the set of problems solvable within time f(n) on a deterministic Turing machine? -What is the amount of space required by a deterministic Turing machine? +What is the set of problems solvable within time f(n) on a deterministic Turing machine denoted by? +What is the total number of state transitions, or steps, the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer? Time and space are the most well-known what? -Any complexity measure can be viewed as what? +What can any complexity measure be viewed as? What are complexity measures generally defined by? What is defined by the Blum complexity axioms? What is defined by the Blum complexity axioms? What are the three types of case complexity? -What is another way of measuring time complexity? -The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring what kind of complexity? +What is another term for time complexity? +The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the complexity of what? The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity of different what? What solves the problem of sorting a list of integers that is given as the input? -What is the worst case of quicksort? -What is the worst case for quicksort? +What is the worst case of the deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort? +What is the worst-case time the quicksort takes for sorting in reverse order? What is the minimum amount of time required by? -What is the field of analyzing a particular algorithm? +What field of study does analyzing a particular algorithm fall under? What is more difficult to prove? -What is the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem? -What do lower bounds make a statement about? +What is the lowest bound on the time complexity of a problem? +Lower bounds make a statement about what? What notation hides constant factors and smaller terms? What does the big O notation hide? -What would one write in big O notation? -What makes the bounds independent of the specific details of? +What would one write in big O notation if T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40? +What is the bounds independent of? What have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework? Some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into what? What do some complexity classes have that do not fit into this framework? -What do complexity classes depend on? -What type of time can the language {xx | x is any binary string? -What model requires quadratic time? -What thesis states that the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related? +What does bounding the computation time above by some concrete function f(n) often yields complexity classes that depend on? +In what time can the language {xx | x is any binary string} be solved on a multi-tape Turing machine? +What model of Turing machines requires quadratic time? +What thesis states that "the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related"? What is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine within polynomial time? -What can be bound by the algorithm? +What can be bound by an algorithm to define complexity classes? What can be used to define many important complexity classes? What can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm? -What are some other important complexity classes? +What are three important complexity classes defined using probabilistic Turing machines? AC and NC are defined using what kind of circuits? -BQP and QMA are defined using what kind of Turing machines? +BQP and QMA are defined using what type of Turing machines? What is an important complexity class of counting problems? IP and AM are defined using what kind of proof systems? -What does relaxing the requirements on define a bigger set of problems? +What is an example of a requirement that can be relaxed to create a bigger set of problems? What is DTIME(n) contained in? -What is the answer to the questions of time and space requirements? +What is the answer to questions about time and space requirements? What do hierarchy theorems induce? What can we make about how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved? What form the basis for most separation results of complexity classes? -Where is P strictly contained? +The time hierarchy theorem tells us that P is strictly contained in what? Where is L strictly contained? What is a transformation of one problem into another problem? -What is a reduction? +A reduction is a transformation of one problem into what? What does X do to Y? -What are two examples of reductions based on the method of reduction? -Polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions are examples of what? +Along with Cook reductions, what are two other types of reductions? + polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions are examples of what? What is the most commonly used reduction? What can the problem of squaring an integer be reduced to? -What is the most commonly used reduction? +What is the most commonly used reduction process called? What can be given to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm? -Squaring can be reduced to what? +Squaring is not more difficult than what algorithm? What does the notion of hard problems depend on? How is a problem X hard for a class of problems C? -What does an algorithm for X allow us to do? -What is the set of problems that are hard for NP? +An algorithm for X allows us to do what? +The set of problems that are hard for NP is the set of what? What class of problems contains the most difficult problems in NP? -What class of problems contains the most difficult problems? -What would being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, Π2, to another problem indicate? -What class of problems contains the most difficult problems? -What is the complexity class of Turing machines? -What is the hypothesis that the complexity class P is a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm? -What is the complexity class that contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known? -What is an example of a problem that no efficient algorithm is known for? +What class ofcomplete problems contains the most difficult problems? +What would being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, Π2, to another problem would indicate? +What class ofcomplete problems contains the most difficult problems? +What is the complexity class? +What is the hypothesis that the complexity class P is a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm called? +What is the complexity class that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known? +What is an example of a problem that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known? What are special non-deterministic Turing machines? If the answer is yes, many important problems can be shown to have what? -What is an example of a problem in biology that can be found with a more efficient solution? -How much is the prize for solving the P versus NP problem? +What is an example of a problem in biology that can be solved if P equals NP? +How much is the prize for resolving the P versus NP problem? Who showed that if P ≠ NP then there exist problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete? What are problems in NP that are neither in P nor NP-complete called? What is an example of an NP-intermediate problem? What is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic? -What is the answer to the graph isomorphism problem? +What type of problem is the graph isomorphism problem believed to be? What collapses to its second level if graph isomorphism is NP-complete? -Where does the polynomial time hierarchy collapse to if graph isomorphism is NP-complete? +If graph isomorphism is NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to what level? Who created the best algorithm for the graph isomorphism problem? What is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer? -What is the factor less than? -What does the RSA algorithm form the basis of? +What is the factor less than in the integer factorization problem? +What is the RSA algorithm the basis of? What is the best known algorithm for integer factorization? -Are many known complexity classes equal or unequal? -What is possible that P = PSPACE? -What are RP, BPP, PP, BQP, MA, and PH? +What has not been proved about many known complexity classes? +What is an example of a complexity class that is suspected to be unequal? +What are RP, BPP, PP, BQP, MA, PH, and others known complexity classes? What would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory? What is the class containing complement problems? What is a complement problem? -Is NP equal to co-NP? -What has been shown if these two complexity classes are not equal? -What is strictly contained in P or equal to P? -Is L strictly contained in P or equal to P? -What are NL and NC? +If P is not equal to co-NP then P is what? +If the two complexity classes are not equal, what is the result? +What is the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space? +What is not known about L? +NL and NC are examples of what? What are two complexity classes between P and L? What is not known about NL and NC? -What are problems that can be solved in theory but take too long for their solutions to be useful? -What type of algorithms might be unusable in practice? +What are problems that can be solved in theory but which in practice take too long for their solutions to be useful? +What might be unusable in practice? What are intractable in this sense? -What is an example of a decision problem that has been shown not to be in P? -What has been done to solve the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic? -What problem can algorithms solve over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time? -How long does it take to solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes? +What is an example of a decision problem that is not in P? +What has happened to the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic? +What is an example of a problem that algorithms can solve in less than quadratic time? +How fast can algorithms solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes? SAT solvers routinely handle large instances of what problem? -Before the actual research on algorithmic problems started, what did researchers do? -Who defined Turing machines? -What did Alan Turing define? -When did Alan Turing define Turing machines? -What did Turing's definition of Turing machines simplify? +What did researchers do before the actual research on algorithmic problems started? +Who created the definition of Turing machines? +What did Alan Turing define in 1936? +In what year did Alan Turing define Turing machines? +What did Alan Turing's definition of Turing machines simplify? What is the name of the seminal paper by Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns? Who wrote the seminal paper "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms"? -When was the paper "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms" written? -What did the paper lay out the definitions of? -When was the paper "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms" written? -Who defined linear bounded automata? +When was "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms" published? +What did Hartmanis and Stearns define? +When was "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms" published? +Who wrote the definition of linear bounded automata? When did Raymond Smullyan study rudimentary sets? Who wrote a paper on real-time computations in 1962? Some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of what? -Some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input? -Who developed an axiomatic complexity theory in 1967? -What did Manuel Blum prove? +Some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of what? +Who developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms? +What is the name of Manuel Blum's important result? What was the name of Karp's 1972 paper? How many diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems did Karp show were NP-complete? -What is the name of the course of study that a teacher provides? +What is the course of study that a teacher provides called? What is the science of teaching? -Where must a person who wishes to become a teacher obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials? -What do teachers use to facilitate student learning? +In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from what? +What does a teacher use to facilitate student learning? Where is the role of teacher often carried out? A teacher's role may vary among what? -Along with literacy and craftsmanship, what type of instruction can a teacher provide? -Along with literacy and numeracy, what type of vocational training can a teacher provide? -Along with literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, what can a teacher teach? -What is an example of a transient or ongoing role for a teacher? +Along with literacy, what type of education can a teacher provide? +What type of vocational training can a teacher provide? +Along with literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, what type of education can a teacher provide? +What is an example of a transient or ongoing teacher? In some countries, formal education can take place through what? What type of education can take place through home schooling? -What kind of role does a teacher have in home schooling? -What can a teacher help a student with in the wider community setting? +What type of role can a teacher occupy in home schooling? +What can be used in the wider community setting to assist in home schooling? What type of teachers are gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas? What type of texts can gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas teach? What religious texts can religious and spiritual teachers teach? -Who can teach religious texts such as the Quran? -What is it called when teaching is done informally within the family? -Who is responsible for formal teaching? +What are gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas? +What is the informal form of teaching in the family called? +What type of professionals are considered to be on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers and accountants? What is another name for CPA? -In addition to homeschooling, where else can you find teaching? -Who is responsible for formal teaching? +In addition to homeschooling, where else can a student be taught? +What type of professionals are considered to be on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers and accountants? Outside of the classroom, what else can a teacher help with? What type of activities can a teacher serve as a supervisor for? What do teachers supervise outside of the classroom? -Who may accompany students on field trips? -Around the world many governments operate what? -Why are teacher's colleges established? -Who are teacher's colleges meant to protect? -What profession does a variety of bodies aim to preserve and update? +Who may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, and help with the organization of school functions? +What type of body is generally established to serve and protect the public interest? +What is the purpose of a teacher's college? +What interest are teacher's colleges generally established to protect? +What is a body designed to instill, preserve and update the professional standing of? What do teacher's colleges enforce? -Who must be in good standing with the college? -What do teacher's colleges conduct hearings into? -Who sets out clear standards of practice? -Who sets out clear standards of practice? -Who sets out clear standards of practice? -Where can a teacher help a student learn? -What is another term for a teacher who teaches on an individual basis? -In what type of school can a teacher help a student learn? -What is the purpose of a teacher in education? +In many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be what? +What does a teacher's college conduct hearings on? +What type of college is responsible for setting out clear standards of practice? +What type of college is responsible for setting out clear standards of practice? +What type of college is responsible for setting out clear standards of practice? +In what type of environment can a teacher facilitate student learning? +A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as what? +In addition to a school, what is another name for a school? +What does a teacher do? What type of approach is typically used to teach? -What are different ways to teach referred to as? -What do teachers often accompany students on outside of the classroom? -What has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom? +What are different ways to teach often referred to as? +What do teachers assist students with outside of the classroom? What has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom? -What is the objective of a course of study, lesson plan or practical? +The rise of what technology has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom? +What is a practical goal of a teacher? Who determines standardized curricula? -What type of disabilities do students with? -Along with adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities, what age can a teacher interact with? -What type of curricula may a teacher follow? -What do teachers assess the educational levels of the students on? +What type of disabilities can a teacher deal with? +What is an example of an age in which a teacher may interact with students? +What type of curricula can a teacher follow? +What does teaching using pedagogy involve assessing the educational levels of the students on? Where does the real bulk of learning take place? -What does a teacher do to the timid? -What does a teacher do to cocky students? +What does a teacher do to timid students? +What did an experienced teacher do to cocky students? What is the function of a teacher? What is the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching? -What does a primary school teacher teach the students? -How many teachers are in secondary schools? -What type of school has a teacher who stays with each class for most of the week? +What does a primary school teacher teach? +What type of teachers do secondary schools have? +In what type of school does the relationship between children and their teachers tend to be closer? What is another term for a parent in primary school? -What types of approaches for primary education do exist? -What is another name for a group of students together in one class? -How do students derive a strong sense of security? -What is the advantage of a platoon system? -Where is the platoon system most common? -What is a new trend amongst educational institutions? -How many teachers are in a co-teaching classroom? +What types of approaches do exist for primary education? +What is another name for a platoon system? +What do students derive a strong sense of security by doing? +What is the advantage of a teacher who specializes in one subject? +In what country is the platoon system common? +What has become a new trend amongst educational institutions? +How many teachers are involved in a co-teaching? What does co-teaching focus the student on? -How do co-teachers work? +How do two or more teachers work to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom? What does co-teaching provide a student? -What was the most common form of school discipline? +What is the most common form of school discipline? What was a teacher expected to act as while a child was in school? What was open to a substitute parent while a child was in school? -What form of school discipline was corporal punishment? +What form of school discipline was most common throughout the history of education? When was corporal punishment most common? How common was corporal punishment in the past? What countries have now banned corporal punishment? -Where is corporal punishment still lawful? -Who ruled that paddling did not violate the US Constitution? +In what country is corporal punishment still lawful? +What court ruled that paddling did not violate the US Constitution in 1977? What did corporal punishment cause? How many US states have banned corporal punishment? -Where do most US states ban corporal punishment? -Is corporal punishment still used to a significant degree in some public schools? +In what part of the US are most states that have not banned corporal punishment? +What is the rate of corporal punishment in public schools? What is used to administer corporal punishment in American schools? Where is corporal punishment usually given? -What is an official corporal punishment called in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries? -Where is corporal punishment common in schools? -What are the names of some countries that have official corporal punishment? -What is one of the most common punishments in schools? -What is one of the most common punishments in schools? -Where is detention most common? -How do students sit during detention? -What do students write during detention? +What is an official corporal punishment used in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries? +In what countries is official corporal punishment common? +What is the name of the type of corporal punishment in schools? +What is one of the most common punishments in schools in the United States? +What is one of the most common punishments in schools in the United States? +Where is detention one of the most common punishments? +How do students usually sit during detention? +What do students usually write during detention? What type of teacher is a modern example of school discipline in North America? What is positive reinforcement balanced with? -What define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior? -What is seen as outside of reasonable discipline? +What defines what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior? +What is seen as falling outside of reasonable discipline? What are teachers expected to do with their students? Who advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline? -Where are countries that combine strict discipline with high standards of education? -What do some teachers and parents believe the problems with modern schooling stem from? +In what region of the world are countries that combine strict discipline with high standards of education? +What do some teachers and parents believe many problems with modern schooling stem from? What type of discipline do some teachers and parents advocate? -What country has a high rate of classroom discipline and behavior problems? -What country has a high rate of classroom discipline and behavior problems? -What country has a high rate of classroom discipline and behavior problems? -What country has a high rate of classroom discipline and behavior problems? -What is the typical class size in a school? +In what country is classroom discipline and behavior highly problematic? +In what country is classroom discipline and behavior highly problematic? +In what country is classroom discipline and behavior highly problematic? +In what country is classroom discipline and behavior highly problematic? +What is the typical school class size? What can maintaining order in the classroom divert a teacher from? What type of students receive disproportionate resources? -What do teachers ignore? +What type of students may teachers concentrate their attention on? What type of students receive disproportionate resources? -What do Sudbury model democratic schools claim can maintain order more effectively? -Who do Sudbury model democratic schools claim can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority? -What type of atmosphere does a Sudbury model democratic school have? -Is the preservation of public order easier or more efficient in Sudbury model democratic schools? -What do Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue is a good school? -What trait of a teacher can affect how students perceive the course materials? +What do Sudbury model democratic schools claim can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority? +Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for whom? +What is the school atmosphere in Sudbury model democratic schools? +What do Sudbury model democratic schools claim about the preservation of public order? +What do Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school in which community discipline prevails has? +What type of teacher can affect how students perceive the course materials? What do teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content transfer to receptive students? -What do teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to do? +What do teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content not do? How do students who had enthusiastic teachers rate them? Recent research has found a correlation between students' intrinsic motivation to learn and what? What did students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher do outside of the classroom? -What type of expressions result in higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn? -What type of studies have shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm result in higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn? -What level of intrinsic motivation do college students report? -What do enthusiastic teachers lead students to become? -What may contribute to higher levels of intrinsic motivation? +What type of expressions result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn? +What type of studies have shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm result in higher levels of intrinsic motivation? +How do nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm result in college students reporting levels of intrinsic motivation to learn? +Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more what in their own learning process? +What may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm? What concept may also apply to teacher enthusiasm? What may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm? -What are student motivation and attitudes towards school closely linked to? -What kind of relations do enthusiastic teachers have with their students? +Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to what? +What kind of relations do enthusiastic teachers create with their students? What does academic success include? What must a teacher guide his student in? What are closely linked to student-teacher relationships? What type of teachers are students likely to build stronger relations with? What type of teachers are students likely to build stronger relations with? -How do teachers spend more time with their students? -What type of teachers are perceived as supportive? -What is one of the three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm? -What type of teacher must be? +What do teachers spend more time doing? +What type of teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making? +What is the third most important aspect of teacher enthusiasm? +What type of teacher can be very influential in a student's life? A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in what other person? An enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be what in the young students life? What must a teacher enjoy doing? -What type of misconduct has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts? +What has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts? What percentage of students claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education? -Where did the American Association of University Women report that 9.6% of students claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult? -How often do students claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult? -What organization conducted a study on sexual misconduct by teachers? -Where did a study show a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional? +In what country did the American Association of University Women report that 9.6% of students claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education? +When did 9.6% of students claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult? +Who did a study on sexual misconduct by teachers? +In what country did a study show a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional? What professions were included in the study in England? -How many people were in the British study? +How many people were included in the British study? Which study posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency? In what country has Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct? What has Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau caused? What has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession? Who is the general secretary of the National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers? -Who was outraged by Keates' comments? -What has the fear of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile caused? -What should teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent not be placed on? -What can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students'? -What is a common occupational hazard for teachers? -What are teachers at high risk for? +Who has been outraged by Chris Keates' comments? +What has the fear of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile led to? +What does Chris Keates think teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on? +What can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health? +What is an occupational hazard for teachers? +What is another occupational hazard that teachers are at high risk for? +What can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health? What can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health? -What can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students'? What percentage of UK teachers experienced occupational stress in 2000? In what country did a 2000 study find that 42% of teachers experienced occupational stress? -How much more stressful was the occupational stress of UK teachers in 2000? +What was the rate of occupational stress in 2000? In what year did a study find that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers? -Who did a 2012 study find had a higher rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than teachers? +Who did a 2012 study find had double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than teachers? How many ways are there to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching? What can be used to reduce occupational stress among teachers? What type of interventions are used to relieve occupational stress among teachers? -What can organizational interventions help to reduce? +What can organizational interventions help reduce? What can be used to reduce occupational stress among teachers? Where are most teachers educated? What do governments require before a teacher can teach in a school? What is earned after completion of high school? -What do many educational institutions require prospective teachers to pass to be able to teach? -What country requires teachers to pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation? +What do many educational institutions require prospective teachers to pass to be able to teach in classroom? +What country requires a background check and psychiatric evaluation to teach in classroom? Who is responsible for education in Australia? -How many tiers does education in Australia follow? +How many tiers of education does Australia follow? What is the third tier of education in Australia? -What are tertiary education in Australia? -What is the first tier of education in Australia? -What does teaching in Canada require? +What are the three tiers of education in Australia? +What type of education does the three-tier model include? +What is required to teach in Canada? What is required to become a qualified teacher in most provinces? Who funds a private school in Canada? -What kind of people are teachers in Germany? +In Germany, who are teachers mainly recruited in special university classes? What are special university classes called in Germany? What are elementary schools called in Germany? -What do teachers' salaries depend on? +What does the salary of teachers depend on? What is the name of the higher level secondary school in Germany? -What is given for teaching through the Irish language? +What is also given for teaching through the Irish language? What is the basic pay for a starting teacher in Ireland? What is the basic pay for a starting teacher in Ireland? -How much can a principal of a large school earn? +What is the average salary for a principal of a large school in Ireland? Who are teachers required to be registered with? -What section of the Teaching Council Act 2001 states that a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post may not be paid from Oireachtas funds? -When was Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act passed? -Where can a person who is not registered with the Teaching Council be paid? -When was Garda vetting introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession? -From 2006 Garda vetting has been introduced for whom? -How often will existing staff be vetted? -Who cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity? -What was the average salary for nursery, primary and secondary school teachers in September 2007? +Under what section of the Teaching Council Act 2001 can a person not be paid from Oireachtas funds? +In what year was Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act passed? +A person who is not registered with the Teaching Council may not be paid from what? +In what year was Garda vetting introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession? +Who has Garda vetting been introduced for since 2006? +How will existing staff be vetted? +Who cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role? +How many Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers were employed in September 2007? What can cause some salaries to go much higher? -How much can a preschool teacher earn annually? -What must a teacher in a state school have to be licensed? -When did salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers range from £20,133 to £41,004? +What is the annual salary of a preschool teacher? +What degree must a teacher in state schools have to be licensed? +In what month and year did salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers range from £20,133 to £41,004? What do many counties offer to attract people into teaching? -For what reason do many counties offer alternative licensing programs? -How will the job opportunities for teachers vary by geographic area and subject? -What are expected as retirements outweigh slowing enrollment growth? +What is one reason many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching? +How will opportunities vary by geographic area? +What is expected as retirements outweigh slowing enrollment growth? What type of teachers are expected to retire? -Who must a teacher in Scotland be registered with? -What profession does the GTCS stand for? +Who must anyone wishing to teach in Scotland be registered with? +What is an all graduate profession in Scotland? How many Scottish Universities offer Initial Teacher Education? -What does the GTCS call the initial registration? -How long does it take for the GTCS to raise a student to Full Registration? -When did unpromoted teachers in Scotland earn from £20,427 for a Probationer? -How much did unpromoted teachers in Scotland earn in April 2008? -How much did unpromoted teachers earn after 6 years teaching? -What do unpromoted teachers in Scotland have to do to earn up to £39,942? -What are teachers in Scotland registered members of? -Where in the United Kingdom does education differ in certain respects from education elsewhere in the UK? -What is the main medium of education in Wales? -How long are lessons in Welsh compulsory for all pupils? +What is the name of the registration given by the GTCS after successfully completing IETE? +How long does it take for the GTCS to raise "Full Registration" status? +When did the salary year begin for unpromoted teachers in Scotland? +How many unpromoted teachers in Scotland earned in April 2008? +How much did unpromoted teachers earn after 6 years of teaching? +What can unpromoted teachers earn after 6 years of teaching in Scotland? +What can teachers in Scotland be registered members of? +Where is education in the United Kingdom different from education elsewhere in the UK? +What language is compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16? +How long are lessons in the language compulsory for all pupils in Wales? What percentage of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction in 2008/09? -Who is Welsh medium education available to? +Who is Welsh medium education available to in Wales? What are ATL, NUT or NASUWT? Is the average age of teachers in Wales rising or falling? When did attacks on teachers in Welsh schools reach an all-time high? What are ATL, NUT or NASUWT? -What is the growing cause of attacks on teachers in Welsh schools? +What is a growing cause of? Who determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools? How long can a teaching certificate last? -What are public school teachers required to have? +What is required of public school teachers? What type of schools do not require teachers to be certified? -What is the name of the program that sets the standards for teachers in charter schools? +Many charter schools do not require their teachers to be certified by what program? What have teachers been paid in the past? What has improved rapidly in recent years? -What makes teachers earn more than those with a standard bachelor's degree? -What type of teacher had the lowest median salary? -What website allows teachers to sell lesson plans to other teachers? +What does a teacher with a bachelor's degree and a certificate have? +Who had the lowest median salary in a salary survey for K-12 teachers? +What website allows teachers to sell their lesson plans? How many forms of spiritual or religious teachers are there in Christianity? -Along with Orthodox Catholic and Non-Denominational, what denomination has a heavy emphasis on heavy reading and personal, Spirit-enlightened interpretation of the Holy Bible? -Is a Confessor always a bishop? +What is the most individualistic denomination of Christianity? +How often is a Confessor a bishop? What are the three major traditions of Christianity? -What is the name of the LDS Church? +What is the name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints? Who can fill the role of spiritual teacher in the LDS Church? -What type of teacher does the LDS Church have little in common with? -Who does the LDS Church place a stronger emphasis on spiritual mentorship? +What type of guidance is offered by those holding the office of Patriarch? +Who is expected to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family? Who are Priesthood representatives expected to defer to when in his home? -What is a spiritual teacher in Hinduism known as? -Is the emphasis on spiritual mentorship high or low in Hinduism? -Who do gurus have a great deal of control over? -Where is the emphasis on spiritual mentorship high in Hinduism? +In Hinduism, what is a spiritual teacher known as? +How high is the emphasis on spiritual mentorship in Hinduism? +Who do gurus often exercise a great deal of control over? +In what part of the world is the emphasis on spiritual mentorship extremely high? What are the teachers of Dharma in Tibet most commonly called? -What is a Tulku consciously determined to do? -What is a Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn called? -How often does a Tulku have to be reborn? -How does a Lama become a Tulku? -What is another term for a teacher? -What is another term for a teacher? -What is the more spiritual Islamic tradition? -What type of teaching is esoteric? -What is the highest level of learning from living saints in Sufism? -What language was Martin Luther? +A Lama who has consciously determined to do what is called a Tulku? +What is a Lama who has consciously determined to be reborn many times in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow called? +How many times is a Tulku reborn? +How is a Lama determined to be reborn? +What is another term for a teacher in Islam? +What is another term for a teacher in Islam? +What is the more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition? +What is another term for exoteric? +What is the highest title of a spiritual teacher in Sufism? +In what language did Martin Luther speak? When did Martin Luther die? What church did Martin Luther reject? What did Martin Luther believe could be purchased with money? What did the Pope do to Martin Luther? -How did Luther believe that salvation is received? -What is the only way to receive God's grace? +What did Luther believe salvation to be? +What did Luther believe was the only way to receive God's grace? Who did Luther challenge the authority and office of? What is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God? What did Luther consider baptized Christians to be? -What book was translated into the vernacular? -What version of the German language did the translation of the Bible foster? -What English translation of the Bible was influenced by his translation? -What type of music did his hymns influence? +What was translated into the vernacular instead of Latin? +What version of the German language did his translation of the Bible foster? +What is the name of the English translation of the German Bible? +What did his hymns influence the development of? What did his marriage to Katharina von Bora allow? When was Martin Luther born? Where was Martin Luther born? -What empire was Eisleben a part of? +What empire was Eisleben, Saxony a part of? What religion was Martin Luther baptized as? -What was Hans Luther's ambition for Martin Luther? -What university did he attend in 1501? +What did Hans Luther want his eldest son to become? +What university did he enter in 1501? What was the University of Erfurt described as? When did he have to wake up every morning? -What type of learning was the University of Erfurt described as? -When did he receive his master's degree? -What school did Luther enroll in? +What type of learning did he endure at the University of Erfurt? +In what year did he receive his master's degree? +What type of school did Luther drop out of? What did Luther believe law represented? What subjects did Luther want assurances about life? How did Luther test everything himself? -What did Luther believe human beings could only learn about through divine revelation? +What did Luther believe human beings could learn about only through divine revelation? What did Luther say he was terrified of? -When did Luther make his decision to become a monk? +When did Luther decide to become a monk? Where did Luther go after leaving law school? -Why did Luther decide to become a monk? -What did his father see as a waste of? -What order did Luther belong to? +What did one friend blame for Luther's decision to become a monk? +What did his father think was a waste of what? +What order did Luther dedicate himself to? What did Luther describe his time in the Augustinian Order as? What did Luther make of Christ? Who was Luther's superior? -What did Johann von Staupitz believe true repentance involves? -When was Luther ordained to the priesthood? +What did Luther believe was true repentance? +In what year was Luther ordained to the priesthood? Who was the first dean of the University of Wittenberg? -When did von Staupitz send Luther to teach theology? -When did Luther receive his bachelor's degree in Biblical studies? +In what year did Luther receive a bachelor's degree in Biblical studies? +When did Luther receive a bachelor's degree in Biblical studies? What book did Luther receive a bachelor's degree in in 1509? When was he awarded his Doctor of Theology? When did he receive his Doctor of Theology? -What position did he receive on October 21, 1512? +What position did he hold at the University of Wittenberg? Where did he spend the rest of his career? -What title was given to him on October 19, 1512? -When was Johann Tetzel sent to Germany? +What degree did he receive on October 19, 1512? +In what year was Johann Tetzel sent to Germany to sell indulgences? What was the purpose of selling indulgences to raise money? -What church did Johann Tetzel belong to? -What did the Roman Catholic Church believe that justification depends on? -What did the Roman Catholic Church believe that justification depends on? -When did Luther write to his bishop? +What church stated that faith alone cannot justify man? +What does the Roman Catholic Church believe justification depends on? +What does the Roman Catholic Church believe justification depends on? +When did Martin Luther write to his bishop? Who was the bishop of Mainz? -What did Luther's letter to Albert of Mainz come to be known as? +What is the name of the document that Martin Luther wrote about the sale of indulgences? Who wrote that Luther had no intention of confronting the church? -What is the name of one of the theses in The Ninety-Five Theses? +Which of The Ninety-Five Theses asks "Why does the pope build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?" Who said "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"? -What does Tetzel say happens? -Who objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel? +What does Johann Tetzel say springs the soul from purgatory? +Who objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"? Who said "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"? -Who granted forgiveness? -What did indulgences grant buyers? -What did the indulgences absolve buyers from? +Who was responsible for granting forgiveness? +What did he say indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments? +What did he say indulgences absolved buyers from? What should Christians not slacken in following Christ on account of? -Who must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances? -Who said that the Catholic teaching on indulgences for the dead was exaggerated? -What was Tetzel's problem with the Catholic teaching on indulgences? -What did Tetzel overstate? -What did Tetzel believe was in line with Catholic dogma? -What is one of the pillars of history? +Who must not slacken in following Christ on account of false assurances? +Who overstated the matter of indulgences for the dead? +What was Tetzel known for? +What did Tetzel overstate the matter of? +What did Tetzel say was in line with Catholic dogma? +What story has little foundation in truth? What did the scholars Walter Krämer, Götz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause say has little foundation in truth? -Who wrote the story of the posting on the door? +Who made comments about the story of the posting on the door? Where was Philipp Melanchthon? -According to scholars Walter Krämer, Götz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the posting on the door has what kind of foundation? -When did friends of Luther translate the 95 Theses into German? -What aided in the spread of the 95 Theses? +According to scholars Walter Krämer, Götz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause, the story of the posting on the door has what? +When did friends of Luther translate the 95 Theses from Latin into German? +What was one of the first controversies in history to be aided by? Who translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German? How long did it take for copies of the 95 Theses to spread throughout Germany? How long did it take for copies of the 95 Theses to spread throughout Europe? When did Luther's writings begin to reach France, England, and Italy? Who came to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak? What part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive? -When were three of Luther's best-known works published? -What is one of Luther's best known works published in 1520? -What did Luther do with the Psalms? -What terms did Luther come to view the use of by the Catholic Church? +In what year were three of Luther's best-known works published? +What was the name of Luther's work published in 1520? +What did Luther do from 1510 to 1520? +What terms did Luther view the Catholic Church in new ways? What did Luther believe the Catholic church was? -What did Luther believe the Catholic Church had lost sight of? +What did Luther believe the Catholic church had lost sight of? What did Luther call God's act of declaring a sinner righteous? Who did Luther believe was responsible for justification? -When was On the Bondage of the Will published? +In what year was On the Bondage of the Will published? What did Luther consider faith to be? Where did Luther explain his concept of justification? -What did Luther discover about the righteousness of God? +What did Luther discover about the just person? What was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation? What was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation? What did Luther railing against? How many points did Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" become the foundation for the Reformation? -Who did not reply to Luther's letter? +Who did not reply to Luther's letter containing the 95 Theses? Where did Albrecht send the 95 Theses? What did Albrecht need to pay off for his tenure of more than one bishopric? -How much of the revenue from the 95 Theses was to go to the building of St Peter's Church in Rome? -When did Albrecht send the 95 Theses to Rome? +How much of the revenue from the indulgences was to go to the building of St Peter's Church? +When did Luther send his 95 Theses to Rome? Who was used to reformers and heretics? -Who did Leo X use against Luther? +Who did Pope Leo X use against Luther? When did Luther say he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical Church? -What did the historistical interpretation of Bible prophecy conclude that the papacy was? +What did historistical interpretation of Bible prophecy conclude that the papacy was? What was Cajetan's original plan to do if Luther did not recant? -When did Karl von Miltitz adopt a more conciliatory approach? +When did the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopt a more conciliatory approach? What did Luther promise to do if his opponents did not agree with him? -Who was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum? -What did Luther say did not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture? +Who branded Luther a new Jan Hus? +What scripture did Luther say did not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture? What did Eck call Luther? -When did the Pope warn Luther that he risked excommunication? +When was the papal bull Exsurge Domine issued? What did Luther have to do to avoid being excommunicated? -How long did the Pope warn Luther that he risked excommunication unless he recanted the 95 Theses? -Who tried to broker a solution to Luther's excommunication? +How long did the Pope warn Luther to recant the 95 Theses? +Who was the papal nuncio who tried to broker a solution for Luther? When was Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X? -Who enforced the ban on the 95 Theses? +Who was responsible for enforcing the ban on the 95 Theses? When did Luther appear before the Diet of Worms? -What was the Diet of Worms? +What was the Diet of Worms a general assembly of? Who presided over the Diet of Worms? Who was the Elector of Saxony? -Who presented Luther with copies of his writings? -Who was Johann Eck assistant to? -What did Luther do with the books? -When did Luther give his response to Eck's question? +Who was the assistant of the Archbishop of Trier? +Who was Johann Eck's assistant? +What did Luther do with the books he was presented with? +When did Luther give his response to the question? What was Luther's response to the question of whether or not he was the author of the books? What did Luther do at the end of his speech? What did Luther raise his arm in the traditional salute of? @@ -2281,543 +2281,543 @@ Who considers Luther's speech as a "world classic of epoch-making oratory"? What type of oratory does Mullett consider Luther's speech to be? What did Luther refuse to do? Who refused to recant his writings? -Why are the words "May God help me" not recorded in witness accounts of the speech? -What type of words did Luther tend to use? +How are the words inserted before "May God help me" recorded in witness accounts of the speech? +What type of words did Mullett believe Luther would tend to select? What was held to determine Luther's fate? When was the Edict of Worms presented? Who presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms? What did the Edict of Worms require of Luther? What did the Edict of Worms allow anyone to do? What was planned during Luther's return trip back to Wittenberg? -Where did the masked horsemen escort Luther? -What did Luther call Wartburg? -What book did Luther translate from Greek to German? -What did Albrecht do to Luther? -What did Luther argue about every good work designed to attract God's favor? -How did Luther describe God's grace? +Where did Frederick III escort Luther to? +What did Luther call the castle at Wartburg? +What did Luther translate from Greek into German? +How did Albrecht respond to Luther's attack on him? +What did Luther argue that every good work designed to attract God's favor is? +How can God's grace be earned? When did Luther write to Melanchthon? -What did Luther tell Melanchthon to do? -What did Luther say is not a place where? -When did Luther widen his target from individual pieties? +What did Luther tell Melanchthon to do to make his sins stronger? +What did Luther say was not a place where in this life? +When did Luther widen his target from individual pieties to doctrines at the heart of Church practices? What did Luther do to the idea that the mass is a sacrifice? -What did Luther believe the mass to be? +What did Luther say the mass was instead of a sacrifice? What did Luther encourage? What did Luther say monks and nuns could do without sin? What did Luther place the foundations of the Reformation on? -When did Luther deal with prophecy? -Where was the prophecy of the Little Horn found? -What prophecy did Luther focus on? -What was identified as the power of the Papacy? -Who was Andreas Karlstadt supported by? -When did Andreas Karlstadt begin his reforms in Wittenberg? -What did the reforms provoke? -What group of zealots arrived in Wittenberg after Christmas? +In what year did Luther deal with prophecy? +In what books did Luther focus on the prophecy of the Little Horn? +What prophecy did Luther focus on in 1521? +What was identified as the power of the Papacy in 2 Thessalonians 2? +Who supported Andreas Karlstadt? +When did Andreas Karlstadt begin a radical program of reform at Wittenberg? +What did the reforms provoked? +What group of visionary zealots arrived at Wittenberg after Christmas? Who asked Luther to return to Wittenberg? When did Luther return to Wittenberg? -How did Luther repair the ravages of Satan? +What did Luther use to repair the ravages of Satan? How many sermons did Luther preach during Lent? -What were the eight sermons Luther preached during Lent known as? -What did Luther tell the citizens to do instead of violence? +What were the eight sermons preached by Luther called? +What did Luther tell the citizens to do to bring about necessary change? What was the effect of Luther's intervention? Who wrote to the elector after the sixth sermon? -When did the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf write the elector? -What did Jerome Schurf feel about Martin's return? -What type of people did Martin's words bring back? +When did Jerome Schurf write to the elector? +What emotion did Jerome Schurf feel after Martin's return? +What type of people did Martin's words bring back every day? What did Luther work with the authorities to restore? -What type of force did Luther become? -Who did Luther ban? -What did the radical reformers foment? -Who did Luther face a battle against? -Who was Nicholas Storch? -What was the name of the 1524-25 war? +What type of force did Luther become during the Reformation? +Who did Luther banish? +What did the radical reformers threaten the new order by fomenting? +Who did Luther face a battle against after banishing the Zwickau prophets? +What was Nicholas Storch's profession? +What was the name of the war that took place in 1524-25? When was the German Peasants' War? -What did the peasants believe Luther would do to the upper classes? +What did peasants believe Luther would do to the upper classes? Who did peasants believe Luther would support an attack on? Who did Luther remind the aggrieved to obey? -Where did Luther become enraged at the widespread burning of convents, monasteries, bishops' palaces, and libraries? +Where did Luther become enraged at the burning of convents, monasteries, bishops' palaces, and libraries? What did Luther call the rebels? What did Luther call the violence? -Who did Luther call to put down the rebels? +Who did Luther call on to put down the rebels? How did Luther justify his opposition to the rebels? -What did the rebels do to "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's"? -Who were all authorities appointed by? -What is the basis for the doctrine known as? +What did Luther believe the rebels were doing by choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government? +Who appointed all authorities? +What doctrine is based on the reference from the Bible? How did Luther believe the peasants deserved to die? What did Luther do that caused many rebels to lay down their weapons? Who defeated the rebels at the Battle of Frankenhausen? When was the Battle of Frankenhausen? -What event brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close? -Who supported Luther's Reformation? +What brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close? +Who did Luther's Reformation flourish under? Who did Martin Luther marry? How were the nuns smuggled out of the convent? -How old was Katharina von Bora when she married Martin Luther? +How old was Katharina when she married Martin Luther? How old was Martin Luther when he married Katharina von Bora? When did Martin Luther marry Katharina von Bora? -On what date was the couple engaged? -On what day was the wedding of the couple? -Along with the ceremonial walk to the church, what was left out of the wedding? -On what date were the wedding banquet and walk to the church made up? +When was the couple engaged? +On what day was the couple married by Bugenhagen? +What was left out of the wedding? +On what date was the wedding banquet made up? Who married the couple on June 13, 1525? -What did Luther's wedding do to clerical marriage? +What did Luther's wedding set on clerical marriage? What type of marriage did Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on? Why did Luther condemn vows of celibacy? -What did Luther daily expect? +What did Luther expect? What did Melanchthon call Luther's decision to marry? What was the name of the former monastery that Luther and his wife moved into? -Where did Luther and his wife live? +Where did Luther and his wife move to after their wedding? How many children did Luther and his wife have? What did Luther say he would not exchange his poverty for? -What did Katharina do? -What did Luther want congregations to do? +What did Katharina help the couple earn a living by doing? +What did Luther's Biblical ideal of congregations fail to work? What did Luther establish from 1525 to 1529? What type of worship service did Luther lay down? How many catechisms did Luther write? -What type of thought is Luther's? -What did Luther avoid to avoid confusing the people? +What type of thought is Luther's thought? +What did Luther avoid to avoid confusing or upsetting people? Where did Luther concentrate on the church? -What did Luther act as to churches in new territories? +What role did Luther play to churches in new territories? Who was the new elector of Saxony? -What type of government did John the Steadfast create? +What did Martin Brecht say was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government? When did Luther publish his German Mass? -What did Luther not intend his German Mass as a replacement for? +What did Luther not intend his German Mass to replace? Who did Luther want to reach with his German Mass? -What did Luther omit from his German Mass? +What did Luther omit from the Catholic service? What did the optional trappings of the German Mass allow? -When did the visitation of Saxony begin? +When did Luther's visitation of the Electorate of Saxony begin? During what event did Luther introduce the new order of worship? -What type of education did Luther and his colleagues assess in Saxony? -What did Luther say the common people did not know? -What did Luther think of many pastors? -What did Luther use as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity? +Along with pastoral care, what did Luther assess in Saxony? +What did Luther say the common people had little knowledge of? +What did Luther say many pastors were well-nigh unskilled and what? +What did Luther create to teach the basics of Christianity to congregations? When did Luther write the Large Catechism? Who did Luther write the Large Catechism for? -Who memorized the Small Catechism? +Who was the Small Catechism meant to be memorised by? What did Luther incorporate in the catechism? What is one of Luther's most personal works? -How did Luther plan to collect his writings? +What did Luther plan to collect? What is one of Luther's most personal works? -What is one of Luther's most personal works? -Along with Luther's hymns and the Small Catechism, what book did Luther translate? -Which of Luther's catechisms was especially effective in helping parents teach their children? -Which of Luther's catechisms was most effective for pastors? -What language did Luther use to express the Apostles' Creed? +Which of Luther's works has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching? +Along with Luther's hymns and the Small Catechism, what religious text is still in use today? +What is the name of the catechism that was especially effective in helping parents teach their children? +What was effective for pastors? +What language did the Larger Catechism use to express the Apostles' Creed? How did Luther depict the Trinity? Where does Salvation originate? -When did Luther publish his German translation of the New Testament? +When was Luther's German translation of the New Testament published? When was the whole Bible published? -What did Luther and his collaborators complete of the Old Testament in 1534? -What word did Luther use in Romans 3:28? +What did Luther and his collaborators finish in 1534? +What word did Luther add to Romans 3:28? What did Luther say justifies us? Where did Luther use the variant of German spoken at? Luther's translation of the Bible was intelligible to both what types of Germans? -Who did Luther want the Bible to be accessible to? -What did Luther hope to do with his translation? -What did Luther want to remove from the German language? -What was there a rising demand for at the time of Luther's translation? -What did Luther's version of the Bible become popular and influential for? +Who did Luther hope to make the Bible accessible to? +What did Luther hope to do with his translation of the Bible? +What did Luther want to remove from the Bible to make it more accessible to Germans? +What was there a rising demand for at the time of the publication of the Luther Bible? +What did Luther's version of the Bible become a popular and influential? What did the Luther Bible make a significant contribution to? -Who created woodcuts for the Luther Bible that contained anti-papal imagery? +Who created woodcuts for the Luther Bible? Who translated the Luther Bible into English? -What was Luther a prolific hymn-writer? -What did Luther connect with all classes, clergy and laity? +What did Luther do in addition to writing hymns? +What types of music did Luther connect? What was Luther's tool of choice for connecting high art and folk music? -What instrument did Luther often accompany the sung hymns? -What instrument did Luther use to accompany his hymns? +What instrument did Luther use to accompany the sung hymns? +What became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century? Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by what? Why were Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes martyred? -What was the name of the hymn that Luther wrote in response to the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes? +What hymn did Luther write after learning of the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes? Who translated the hymn "Ein neues Lied wir heben an"? What is the first line of the hymn "Ein neues Lied wir heben an"? -When was Luther's hymn "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" written? -What did Luther explain in the Small Catechism? -Where did Luther write his explanation of the Apostles' Creed? -Where did Luther's hymn come from? -Why do 20th century Lutherans rarely use "Wir glauben all"? -When was Luther's hymn "Vater unser im Himmelreich" written? -Where did Luther explain the Lord's Prayer? -The hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on what? -How many revisions did Luther make to the Lord's Prayer? +When was "Wir glauben all an einen Gott" written? +What document did Luther explain in the Small Catechism? +Where did Luther explain the Apostles' Creed in 1529? +What hymn did Luther's hymn come from? +Why do 20th-century Lutherans rarely use "Wir glauben all"? +When was "Vater unser im Himmelreich" written? +In what catechism did Luther explain the Lord's Prayer? +What did the hymn serve as a means of examining candidates on? +How many revisions did the extant manuscript of the Lord's Prayer show? Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lord's Prayer have adopted what? -When did Luther write "Aus tiefer Not schrei? -What Psalm did Luther write "Aus tiefer Not schrei? +When did Luther write "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir"? +What Psalm was "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" a hymnic version of? What did Luther want evangelical colleagues to do? What was the name of the first Lutheran hymnal? What did the expanded version of "Aus tiefer Not" express? What hymn became the main hymn for Advent? -What hymn did Luther write "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"? -What did Luther's "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland" become? +What was "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland" based on? +What did Luther's "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" become for Christmas? How many hymns did Luther write on the Ten Commandments? -What was the hymn "Herr Gott, dich loben wir" known as? -What topic does the hymn "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" address? -Who did Luther adopt a preexisting tune from? -What is Psalm 67? -Which composer used "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"? -Where was the Lutheran Reformation? +What is the hymn "Herr Gott, dich loben wir" known as? +What was the topic of the hymn "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" about? +What tune was used in the hymn "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"? +What is Psalm 67's hymnic setting associated with? +Which composer used "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" for his own work? +In what city did the Lutheran Reformation begin? Where were Luther's hymns included? -How many songs of the First Lutheran hymnal did Luther supply? -How many songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion were written by Luther? +How many songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch did Luther supply? +How many songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion were supplied by Luther? How many of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter were written by Luther? -What was the name of the hymnal with settings by Johann Walter? +What was the name of the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter? Who included several verses as chorales in his cantatas? -What type of cantatas did Johann Sebastian Bach base his hymns on? -When did Bach write Todes Banden? +What type of cantatas did Johann Sebastian Bach based on Luther's hymns? +What year was Christ lag in Todes Banden written? When was Bach's second annual cycle? -In what year was Wär Gott nicht with us? +In what year was Wär Gott nicht with us diese Zeit, BWV 14? What did Luther believe a Christian's soul does after it is separated from the body in death? What did Luther reject for the saints? What did Luther believe the saints do in their prepared bedchamber? -What did Luther do about Purgatory? -What document described the saints as currently residing in their graves and in heaven? -Who observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul differed from the later Lutheran theologians? -Along with Lessing and Pieper, who was a notable Lutheran theologian? -Which Lutheran theologian had earlier reached the same conclusion as Pieper? +What did Luther think of Purgatory? +In what article did Luther describe the saints as currently residing "in their graves and in heaven"? +Who observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians? +Who was one of the later Lutheran theologians who differed from Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul? +Who was one of the later Lutheran theologians who disagreed with Pieper about the state of the soul after death? When was Lessing born? -Which of Luther's works contains a passage which concludes that the soul does not sleep? -Who argued that John Jortin misread the passage? -When did Francis Blackburne argue that John Jortin misread the passage? -Who pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man "in this life"? -What interrupts a man's sleep? -When was the Marburg Colloquy? +What is the name of Luther's work that contains a passage that concludes that "the soul does not sleep but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions"? +Who argued in 1765 that John Jortin misread Luther's Commentary on Genesis? +When did Francis Blackburne argue that John Jortin misread Luther's Commentary on Genesis? +Who pointed out in 1867 that the passage actually refers to the soul of a man "in this life"? +What did Fritschel say interrupts a man's sleep? +When was the Marburg Colloquy held? What was Philip I's title? -What did the Marburg Colloquy establish? +What did the Marburg Colloquy aim to establish? How many points of agreement was reached at the Marburg Colloquy? What was an issue crucial to Luther? What did the theologians disagree on the significance of at the Last Supper? -What did Luther insist on the Real Presence of? +What did Luther insist on the Real Presence of in the consecrated bread and wine? What did Luther call the consecrated bread and wine? -What did Luther's opponents believe God was? -How did the debate between Zwingli, Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Luther sometimes become? -When was the Augsburg Confession signed? +What did Luther's opponents believe God to be? +What type of debate did the debate sometimes become? +In what year was the Augsburg Confession signed? What paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the Augsburg Confession? -What was formed the following the Marburg Colloquy? +What league was formed in 1530? Who did not sign these agreements? -Who was the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach? -What did some scholars say Luther taught about faith and reason? -What did Luther say was the greatest enemy of faith? -What did Luther say about reason? -What did Luther say was the greatest enemy of faith? +Who was the leader of the Schmalkaldic League? +What did some scholars assert that Luther taught about faith and reason? +What did Luther believe was the best tool for understanding the world outside of the Bible? +What did Luther say about reason in relation to faith? +What did Luther believe was the best tool for understanding the world outside of the Bible? What did Luther want to honor by separating faith and reason? -What did Luther write in 1523? -What did Luther lose hope in? -Who did Luther say Jesus Christ was born a Jew? +What did Luther say in 1523? +What did Luther lose hope in as the Reformation continued? +Who did Luther believe Jesus Christ was born a Jew? What group did Luther write against in his later years? -When did Luther write Von den Juden und ihren Lügen? -What did Luther see the Turks as? +When was Von den Juden und ihren Lügen written? +How did Luther view the Turks? Why did Luther see the Turks as a scourge? -What did Luther believe the Turks would do? -Who did Luther believe was the antichrist? +What did Luther believe the Biblical apocalypse would do to the papacy? +Who did Luther believe to be the antichrist? What type of war did Luther want the German people to fight against the Turks? What book did Luther read in 1542? What did Luther produce after reading the Qur'an? What religion did Luther call "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk"? What did Luther see the Muslim faith as? What did Luther want to happen to the Qur'an? -What did Agricola's sermon reveal? -Who preached a sermon in 1537? -Where did Agricola believe the law belonged? -What did Luther write in response to Agricola's theses? +What did Agricola claim God's gospel revealed? +Who preached a sermon in 1537 that claimed that God's gospel not God's moral law revealed God's wrath to Christians? +Who did Agricola claim the law belonged to? +What did Luther write in response to Agricola's sermon? What was the name of the book that Luther wrote in 1539? -What is it called when the Holy Spirit uses the law as a tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart? +What is the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart called? What is the second use of the law? What does Luther say is called the law? -What does refusing to preach the Ten Commandments do? +What does refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians not do? What does Luther believe the church consists of? -What do the Ten Commandments positively teach how a Christian should live? +What does the third use of the law teach a Christian? What does Luther say a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis? -What is it called when the Ten Commandments are seen as an example of how a Christian ought to live? +What is the term for the way the Ten Commandments positively teach how a Christian ought to live? What did Luther think Christ's life was nothing more than? What does Luther say a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis? -What is the sacrament of the Ten Commandments called? -What is a foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life? -What do the Ten Commandments direct the Christian to do? -Why did Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse bigamy? -What was Philip I implicated in? +What sacrament is given to Christians to renew their life? +What is a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life? +What does the Ten Commandments direct the Christian to do? +Why did Philip I want to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting? +What was Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse implicated in? Who did Philip I want to marry? -What did history do with the marriage of Philip I? -What did the affair do to Luther's reputation? -What did the local community do to the Jews? +What does Martin Brecht believe happened to Luther as a result of his advice to Philip I? +What did the affair cause to Luther's reputation? +What did the local community that Luther lived within do? Who did Luther consider blasphemers and liars? -What did Luther believe Jews were guilty of? -What did the Jews reject? -What did Luther hope to do with the Jews? +What did Luther believe the Jews were guilty of? +What did Luther think the Jews rejected? +What did Luther try to do with the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew? What was the name of Luther's 60,000-word treatise on the Jews? -When was Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi published? -How long before his death did Luther publish his two major works on the Jews? +When was Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi published? +How many years before his death was Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi published? What did Luther call the Jews? -What did Robert Michael think Luther's words amounted to? -Who did Luther speak out against? -Who did Josel of Rosheim blame for the Jews plight? +What did Robert Michael think Luther's words "We are at fault in not slaying them" amounted to? +Who did Martin Luther speak out against? +Who did Josel blame for the plight of the Jews of Saxony? What did Martin Luther say that whoever would help the Jews was? -What did Josel want the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of? +What did Josel ask the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of? When did riots lead to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states? Who was the most widely read author of his generation? -What did Luther contribute to the development of antisemitism in Germany? -What did the Nazis use Luther as an ideal underpinning for? +What did historians believe contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany? +What did Luther's anti-Jewish rhetoric provide an ideal underpinning for the Nazis? Who was the most widely read author of his generation? -How did Der Stürmer describe On the Jews and their Lies? -When did seven Protestant regional church confederations agree with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge? +What did Der Stürmer describe On the Jews and their Lies as? +When did seven Protestant regional church confederations issue a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge? Who suggested preventive measures against the Jews? Who argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint"? -Who published a compendium of Luther's writings after Kristallnacht? +Who published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht? What did Bishop Martin Sasse call Luther? -What did the Nazis call Luther's work? -What caused Luther to become one of the 'church fathers'? -What did Luther's work provide material for? +What did some scholars see the Nazis' use of Luther's work as? +What caused Luther to become one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism? +What did Martin Brecht argue that Luther's work provided material for? When did Johannes Wallmann argue that Luther's writings against the Jews were largely ignored? What was Luther's position on the Jews? -What did Luther's views on Jews lend a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism? +What did some scholars argue lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism? Who wrote that Luther is credited with "Germanizing the Christian critique of Judaism"? What did Paul Rose argue that Luther caused about Jews? -Who used Luther's publications to justify the policies of the National Socialists? -What did German Lutheran clergy and theologians use to justify their anti-Semitic policies? -What may have caused Luther's antisemitic views? -Why did Luther's antisemitic views develop? -What did Edwards say Luther often used for effect? -What did Luther use vulgarity and violence for effect? -What is the name of the book written by Mark U. Edwards? +Who used Luther's publications to justify anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists? +What did a large number of German Lutheran clergy and theologians use to justify at least in part the anti-Semitic policies of the National Socialists? +What could have caused Luther's antisemitic views to develop? +During what time did Luther's antisemitic views develop? +What did Mark U. Edwards say Luther often deliberately used for effect? +What other groups did Luther write diatribes against? +What book did Mark U. Edwards write in 1983? When did Lutheran Church denominations repudiate Martin Luther's statements against the Jews? -How did Lutherans feel about Jews? -Who wrote the article on who voted for the Nazis in 1928-1933? -When did Geary write an article on who voted for the Nazis? +What did Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans find about Lutherans toward Jews? +Who wrote Hitler and Nazism? +During what years did Professor Richard (Dick) Geary write an article on who voted for the Nazis? What happened to Luther from 1531 to 1546? -What scandal caused Luther to suffer from ill health? +What scandal caused a scandal in which Luther played a leading role? +What did Luther suffer in 1536? What did Luther suffer in 1536? -What caused Luther to rupture his ear drum? -What disease caused Luther to feel the effects of in December 1544? -What made Luther short-tempered? -What did Luther's poor physical health make him harsher in? -How did Luther write about his physical health? +What disease did Luther begin to feel the effects of in December 1544? +What made Luther short-tempered and even harsher in his writings? +What did Luther's poor physical health make him even harsher in? +How did Luther's poor physical health affect his writings and comments? Who said to Luther that he was too rude? -How many times did Luther preach in the Market Church? +How many times did Luther preach in the Market Church in Halle? Where was Luther's last sermon delivered? When was Luther's last sermon delivered? Who was Luther's last sermon devoted to? Where did Luther want to expel the Jews from? What did Luther pray for the Jews? Where did Luther go on his final journey? -What did Luther participate in when he went to Mansfeld? -When did Luther travel to Mansfeld? -When was the third visit to Mansfeld? +What did Luther participate in when he visited Mansfeld? +When did Luther travel to Mansfeld twice? +When did Luther visit Mansfeld for a third time? Who did Luther travel to Mansfeld for? -When were the negotiations concluded? +When were the negotiations successfully concluded? What did Luther experience after 8 a.m.? What is the common prayer of the dying? -What isPs. 31:5? -When did Luther wake up with chest pain? +What is "Into your hand I commit my spirit"? +At what time did Luther wake up with more chest pain? What caused Luther to lose his speech? When did Luther die? When did Luther die? Where was Luther buried? Who attended Luther's funeral? What did Luther write on a piece of paper? -What language was Luther's last statement written in? -What was the last statement Luther wrote in Latin? -What size was Luther's body in the 1530s and 1540s? -What type of images were Luther's images in contrast to? -How was Luther portrayed in the printed images of Luther? -What was the ascetic life of medieval people? -When were printed images of Luther crucial to the spread of Protestantism? -When is Luther honored in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints? -In what calendar is Luther honored on 18 February? -When is Luther commemorated in the Church of England's Calendar of Saints? -Where is Luther commemorated on 31 October? -Who is honored on 18 February? +In what language was Luther's last statement written? +What was Luther's last statement in German? +What type of size was Luther in the 1530s and 1540s? +Who were the images of Luther in contrast to? +How was Luther portrayed in the woodcuts? +What type of life was Luther compared to? +When were printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size crucial to the spread of Protestantism? +On what date is Luther honored in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints? +In what calendar is Luther commemorated on 18 February? +On what date is Luther commemorated in the Church of England's Calendar of Saints? +In what calendar is Luther commemorated on 31 October? +How is Luther commemorated on 18 February? What is another name for Southern California? How many counties are in Southern California? -What is Southern California a major for the state of California and the United States? -What are the eight counties of Southern California based on? -What is the more extensive 10-county definition of Southern California based on? +What is Southern California a major for the state of California? +What are the eight counties of Southern California traditionally described as? +What is the more extensive 10-county definition of SoCal based on? What is one of the 11 megaregions of the United States? -How many megaregions are there in the United States? -Along with Las Vegas and Tijuana, what other state is part of the Southern California Megaregion? -What border does the Southern California Megaregion border? -Along with Las Vegas, Nevada, and Southern California, where does the megaregion extend south across the Mexican border? +How many megaregions are in the United States? +What state does the Southern California Megaregion extend into? +What border does the Southern California Megaregion cross into Tijuana? +What is the southern border of the Southern California Megaregion? Along what coast does Southern California stretch? How many metropolitan areas does Southern California have? How many people live in the Los Angeles area? -Along with the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, what metropolitan area is located in Southern California? +What is the largest metropolitan area in Southern California? How many people live in the Greater Los Angeles Area? What river is at the border with Arizona? What desert is to the east of the Colorado River? -What desert is on the border with Nevada? +What desert is at the border with Nevada? What border is to the south of the Mojave Desert? -What state is Los Angeles in? +In what state is Los Angeles the most populous city? What is the population of Los Angeles? What is the most populous city in California? -Which city is the second most populous in the state? -Where is San Diego located? +What is the second most populous city in the state? +In what direction is San Diego located? What is the most populous county in California? -Where are the counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and Riverside located? +In what country are the counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside in the top 15 most populous counties? What are the five most populous counties in California? -How many most populous counties are in the United States? +How many most populous counties in the US are in California? What are the five most populous counties in California? -What is the name of a district within Los Angeles? +What is the name of the district within Los Angeles that is associated with the motion picture industry? Where is the motion picture, television, and music industry centered? -What is the name of the company that owns ABC? +What company owns ABC? Along with motion picture, television, and music, what industry is centered in Los Angeles? -Which major record company is based in southern California? -Along with surf, what type of culture is Southern California known for? -Who is a professional skateboarder from southern California? -Who is a professional snowboarder? -What is the name of the island that has the most famous surf breaks in the world? -What is the name of the annual yacht race from Los Angeles to Hawaii? +What major record company is based in Los Angeles? +Along with surf, what sport is popular in southern California? +What famous skateboarder lives in southern California? +Which professional snowboarder lives in southern California? +What island is Southern California second only to in terms of famous surf breaks? +What is one of yachting's premier events? What desert city is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces? -What do many locals and tourists frequent the southern California coast for? -What part of the California coast is Palm Springs located on? +What is one of the most popular attractions of the southern California coast? +What part of the California coast is popular for its beaches? Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby what? -What is the latitude of California's north-south midway point? +What is California's north-south midway point? How many miles south of San Jose is California's north-south midway point? -How many southern counties are in California? +How many southern-most counties are in California? Along with Point Conception, what is the northern boundary of southern California? -What is the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino counties? +What is the name of the area of California that is divided into two? What country ruled California before the United States? -What is the northern boundary of southern California? +In what part of California is Los Angeles located? What city is in the upper part of Alta California? -What was the name of the line that was used to divide Alta California? -What type of state was California? -What were Californios dissatisfied with? -What counties in southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve statehood? -How many times did the Cow Counties of southern California try to achieve statehood? +What was the name of the agreement that prevented California from becoming its own separate slave state? +What type of state did California become after the Compromise of 1850? +What were Californios dissatisfied with about land laws? +In what southern California counties did pro-slavery southerners try three times to achieve separate statehood? +How many times did Californios and pro-slavery southerners try to achieve statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California in the 1850s? What percentage of voters approved the Pico Act of 1859? -Who was a strong advocate of the Pico Act of 1859? +Who was the advocate of the Pico Act? What newspaper defined southern California in 1900? -When did the Los Angeles Times define southern California? -When did the Los Angeles Times add Imperial to its list of counties? +In what year did the Los Angeles Times define southern California? +In what year was Imperial added to the Los Angeles Times list? What county was added to the Los Angeles Times list in 1999? How many counties did the Los Angeles Times define southern California as in 1900? -Who divides California into three regions? +Who is most commonly divided and promoted the state? What is the name of the AAA Auto Club of Southern California? -What is the point of view of the AAA Auto Clubs? +What is the point of view of the AAA Auto Clubs of the state? What geographical phrase would split the southern region off at the crest of that transverse range? -What region of California is the desert portion of north Los Angeles County included in? +What region of California is the desert portions of north Los Angeles County and eastern Kern and San Bernardino Counties included in? Where does Southern California rank among the most populated megalopolis in the United States? -What areas of southern California have been left undeveloped? +What has been left undeveloped in southern California? What type of communities are in southern California? -Along with automobiles, what is Southern California famous for its use of? +Along with automobiles, what is used in southern California? What type of region is San Diego-Tijuana? What is the main gap to continued urbanization on Interstate 5? Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with what other area? -Who considers the San Bernardino and Riverside County areas as a separate metropolitan area from Los Angeles County? -What county is to the east of Los Angeles? -When were most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties developed? +Who considers the Riverside-San Bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from Los Angeles County? +What county does many commute to to get to Los Angeles? +When did most of the non-desert portions of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties develop? What type of climate does Southern California have? What is the weather like in Southern California? -In the summers, what are the temperature ranges in Southern California? -Is snow common in the Southwest of the state? +In the summer, what is the temperature range in Southern California? +How common is snow in the Southwest of the state? What is the average winter temperature in Southern California? What ocean does Southern California cover? -What kind of landscapes does Southern California have? +What kind of collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes does Southern California have? Along with geologic and natural ecosystem landscapes, what type of landscape does Southern California have? Along with the Transverse, what mountain range is in Southern California? -Along with the large and small interior of the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges, what is the interior of Southern California? -How many earthquakes occur each year in the southern California area? -How large are most of the earthquakes in the southern California area? +What is the interior of Southern California? +How many earthquakes are there each year in the southern California area? +What is the size of most of the earthquakes in the southern California area? What was the magnitude of the 1994 Northridge earthquake? -What did the 1994 Northridge earthquake cause? -How much was the property damage of the 1994 Northridge earthquake estimated to be? +What did the 1994 Northridge earthquake cause the most of any earthquake in U.S. history? +How much did the 1994 Northridge earthquake cause in property damage? What Fault can produce a magnitude 8.0 earthquake? What is the magnitude of the San Andreas Fault? -What is the name of the Fault that can produce a magnitude 8.0 earthquake? +What is the name of the fault that is located in the Puente Hills? Who released a California Earthquake forecast? What does the California Earthquake forecast model? Along with culturally, politically, and politically, what is Southern California divided into? -What kind of recognition does a city have? +What type of recognition does a city have in southern California? Along with culturally, politically, and politically, what is Southern California divided into? In what year did the United States Census take place? -What is southern California's reputation for? +What is the reputation of southern California? What was the state average growth rate in the 2000s? -What type of economy is the Bay Area? -What is the name of an emerging region in southern California? +What type of economy does the Bay Area have? +What is the name of the emerging region in the northern part of California? What are the eight metropolitan areas in Southern California? How many extended metropolitan areas are in Southern California? How many people live in the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area? What does the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form? -What is the population of the Greater Los Angeles Area? +How many people live in the Greater Los Angeles Area? What is the largest city in southern California? How many people live in San Diego? -How many cities in southern California have more than 200,000 residents? -What is the average population of a city in southern California? -Along with San Bernardino and San Diego, what city is located near the coast? +How many cities with more than 200,000 residents are in southern California? +What is the largest population in southern California? +What is the largest city in southern California? What is Southern California's economy heavily dependent on? What is Southern California famous for? What was Southern California a leader in from 2001-2007? -Is Southern California's economy large or small? -How has the Southern California economy been affected by the housing crash? +What type of economy does Southern California have? +How has the economy of Southern California been impacted by the housing crash? When did motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing become major industries? -Where is the agricultural region in the U.S.? -Along with cattle, what was a major industry in the U.S.? -Along with citrus, what was a major agricultural industry in the U.S.? +What is one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.S.? +Along with cattle, what was a major industry until farmlands were turned into suburbs? +Along with citrus, what was a major industry in the region before it was turned into suburbs? What industry continues to be a major factor? What type of district is Downtown Los Angeles? -What does CBD stand for? -Along with Downtown Riverside, Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego and Downtown Bakersfield, what is a central business district in Southern California? -Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach are what type of districts? -Where are the major business districts of Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach located? -Where is Warner Center located? -Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach are within what area? -What type of districts are in Downtown San Bernardino? -What area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre, University Town, and Downtown Riverside? +What is another name for CBD? +What is the name of the central business district in Bakersfield? +Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach are all what type of districts? +What area is Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale, and Downtown Long Beach within? +In what valley is Warner Center located? +What city has many business districts? +What type of district is Downtown San Bernardino? +What area contains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre and University Town? What is the name of the business district in Downtown San Bernardino? What county includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts? -Where are international corporations headquartered in Orange County? -What is the name of the Irvine business center that includes the Jamboree Business Parks? -Along with Downtown Santa Ana and Newport Center, what district is Orange County's business center? +What university is located in Irvine? +What is the name of the business center in West Irvine? +What is the name of the transit system in Orange County? How fast is Orange County developing? What is the central business district of San Diego? Where are most of the business districts located? -Where are some of the business districts located? +In what region of San Diego are some business districts located? What is the central business district of San Diego? What is the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume? -What is Los Angeles International Airport the second-busiest airport in the United States by? +What is the second busiest airport in the US by? Where does Los Angeles International Airport rank by international passenger volume? What is the busiest single runway airport in the world? What is the world's busiest general aviation airport? -What is the name of the commuter rail system that connects Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties? +What is the name of the commuter rail system that runs out of Downtown Los Angeles? How many lines of Metrolink run out of Downtown Los Angeles? How many lines of Metrolink run out of Downtown Los Angeles? -Along with San Bernardino, Riverside, and Riverside, what county is served by Metrolink? +Along with San Bernardino, Riverside, and Riverside, what county does Metrolink connect to? What is the busiest commercial port in Southern California? -What is the largest port in Southern California? +What is the second busiest container port in the United States? What part of California is home to the Port of Los Angeles? -What is the name given to the region's diversified technology and industrial base? -What type of universities are located on the Tech Coast? -What type of institutions are part of the Tech Coast? +What is the name of the region that has gained use as a descriptor for the region's diversified technology and industrial base? +What type of university is the Tech Coast known for? +What type of institutions are in the Tech Coast? How many University of California campuses are in the Tech Coast? How many California State University campuses are in the Tech Coast? -What league does the Los Angeles Rams belong to? +What league are the Los Angeles Rams and San Diego Chargers in? What league does the Los Angeles Lakers belong to? -What major league baseball team does the Los Angeles Dodgers belong to? +What sport is the Los Angeles Dodgers in? What is the name of the NHL team in Southern California? -What is the name of the Major League Soccer team in Southern California? -What was the name of the other Major League Soccer team in Los Angeles? +What is the name of the MLS team in Southern California? +What was the name of the team that was suspended following the 2014 MLS season? How many Major League Soccer teams were in Los Angeles from 2005 to 2014? -When were Chivas USA suspended? +In what year were Chivas USA suspended? Where did the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA play? When is the second MLS team scheduled to return to Los Angeles? What type of sports are popular in southern California? -What is the name of the school in southern California that has a rivalry with the USC Trojans? -What is the name of the team that plays in the Pac-12 Conference? +What is the name of the school that has a rivalry with the USC Trojans? +What is the name of the school in Southern California that has a rivalry with the UCLA Bruins? What conference are the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans in? -What division do the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans belong to? +What division do the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans belong to? What is a growing sport in southern California? At what level is rugby a growing sport in southern California? What is rugby becoming in southern California? What is the name of the UK's largest digital subscription television company? What is the name of the UK's largest digital subscription television company? -When did BSkyB acquire Sky Italia? -What did British Sky Broadcasting Group change its name to in 2014? +In what year did BSkyB acquire Sky Italia? +What was the new name of British Sky Broadcasting Group plc? What was the name of the United Kingdom operations of BSkyB? -When was Setanta Sports awarded two Premier League packages? -How many Premier League packages did Setanta Sports get? -Who bought the remaining four Premier League packages? -How much did Sky pay for the remaining four Premier League packages? +In what year was Setanta Sports awarded two Premier League packages? +How many Premier League packages was Setanta Sports awarded in May 2006? +Who bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016? +How much did Sky pay for the remaining four Premier League rights? What consortium was BSkyB excluded from being a part of? What is the name of ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement? How many BSkyB channels were available on Freeview prior to October 2005? What channel replaced Sky Travel on Freeview? What was Sky Three renamed to in 2011? -What did BSkyB initially charge additional subscription fees for using? -When did Sky launch a new TV advertising campaign targeting women? +BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using what with their service? +When did Sky launch a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women? How much can customers who do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels pay to enable Sky+ functions? When did BSkyB discontinue the Sky+ Box? What did BSkyB start to issue as standard? @@ -2826,300 +2826,300 @@ Who owns the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system? What company owns the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system? Who has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service? What is the name of the Personal video recorder offered by BSkyB? -What did Virgin Media remove from the network on 1 March 2007? -When did BSkyB and Virgin Media become involved in a dispute over the carriage of Sky channels on cable TV? +What channels did Virgin Media remove from their network on March 1, 2007? +In what year did BSkyB and Virgin Media become involved in a dispute over the carriage of Sky channels on cable TV? What did Virgin Media claim BSkyB did to their channels? -What type of content was not previously carried by cable? -What type of channels did Virgin Media claim BSkyBSkyB added to their new deal? -When did the English High Court of Justice find that Microsoft's use of the term "SkyDrive" infringed on Sky's trademark? -In what year did the English High Court of Justice find that Microsoft's use of the term "SkyDrive" infringed on Sky's trademark? -What did Microsoft rename SkyDrive in January 2014? +What content did Virgin Media claim was not previously carried by cable? +What type of channels did Virgin Media claim BSkyBSkyB's new deal offered "substantially more value"? +When did the English High Court of Justice find that Microsoft infringed on Sky's right to the "Sky" trademark? +In what year did the English High Court of Justice find that Microsoft infringed on Sky's right to the "Sky" trademark? +What was the new name of SkyDrive? What is the new name for SkyDrive Pro? -What does SkyDrive stand for? +What did Microsoft rename SkyDrive to? Who was the chief executive officer of BSkyB in 1993? -On what satellite did BSkyB's channels broadcast? -When did BSkyB's analogue service close? -What platform replaced BSkyB's analogue service? +On what satellite did BSkyB's new channels broadcast? +When did BSkyB's analogue service end? +What platform did BSkyB's analogue service end on 27 September 2001? How many households did BSkyB reach by mid-1994? What was the former name of Sky UK Limited? What type of company is Sky UK Limited? -How many customers did Sky have in 2015? -What was the UK's most popular digital TV service until April 2007? +How many customers did Sky have as of 2015? +What was the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Sky? What is the name of the broadband router in the Sky Q range? What do the Sky Q Mini set top boxes connect to? -What can the Sky Q Mini set top boxes do? +What can all set top boxes in a household do with Sky Q? When will the Sky Q range of products and services be available? When will the Sky Q range of products and services be available? -What is the standard definition format used by BSkyB? -What type of soundtracks are available on Sky Movies and Sky Box Office? -What is Sky+ HD broadcast using? -What is the name of the proprietary system used by Sky Interactive services and 7-day EPG? +What is the standard definition broadcast format of BSkyB? +What soundtracks are available on Sky Movies and Sky Box Office channels? +What is Sky+ HD material broadcast using? +What is the name of the proprietary system that Sky Interactive services and 7 day EPG use? What standard does most of the Sky+ HD material use? When was Sky Digital launched? What satellite did Sky Digital use? -What was the name of the first satellite to be used by Sky Digital? +What is the name of the satellite that was used to launch Sky Digital? How many channels did Sky Digital have the potential to carry? Where was the Astra 2A satellite located? -When did BSkyB launch its HDTV service? -How many people had registered to receive the HD service? -What manufacturer did BSkyB purchase its STB from? -How many customers had yet to receive the Sky+ HD service? -What was the total number of homes with Sky+HD? +When did BSkyB launch its HDTV service, Sky+ HD? +How many people had registered to receive the Sky+ HD service prior to its launch? +What company did BSkyB buy its STB from? +How many customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries? +What was the total number of homes with Sky+HD in March 2012? When did BSkyB announce its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels? When did Setanta Sports announce it would launch? -On what platform did Setanta Sports launch? -What was NTL's new name? -What sport did BSkyB plan to offer as a subscription channel? +On what platform did Setanta Sports launch in March? +What did NTL re-brand as? +What sport did BSkyB plan to offer with its new subscription channels? What is the term for broadcasts that do not require a monthly subscription? What does free-to-view require? -What is the name of the receiver that needs to be used to view the encrypted content? -What LNB is universal? +What type of receiver needs to be used to view encrypted content? +What band is the universal LNB? What service is the VideoGuard UK equipped receiver dedicated to? -In what year were talks held for the broadcast rights for the Premier League? -Who were the current rights holders? -How much did ITV increase their offer to keep the Premier League rights? -Who did BSkyB join with to make a counter bid? +In what year were talks held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five year period? +Who was the current rights holder for the Premier League? +What was ITV's offer for the Premier League rights in 1991? +Who did BSkyB join forces with to make a counter bid? How much did BSkyB pay for the Premier League rights? -Who enforced open access to BSkyB's EPG? +Who is responsible for BSkyB's operating licence? What is the fee for access to BSkyB's EPG? -Does BSkyB have a veto over the presence of channels on their EPG? -Does BSkyB have any control over the content or carriage issues of third-party channels? -Does BSkyB have any control over the content or carriage issues of third-party channels? -When was BSkyB's digital service launched? -What was the original name of BSkyB's digital service? -What was the new name of Open? -What was the name of the terrestrial service that BSkyB competed with? -How many digiboxes were sold in the first 30 days? +How much control does BSkyB have over the presence of channels on their EPG? +Does BSkyB have control over the channel's content or carriage issues? +Does BSkyB have control over the channel's content or carriage issues? +When was BSkyB's digital service officially launched? +What was the name of BSkyB's digital service? +What was the name of the interactive service that BSkyB launched in 1998? +What was the name of ITV Digital's terrestrial service? +How many digiboxes did BSkyB sell within 30 days? When was Virgin Media re-branded? -What company started to offer a HDTV capable set top box? +What company was re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest? What service did Virgin Media use to carry a modest selection of HD content? -What was the only linear HD channel offered by Virgin Media? -What HD channel did Virgin Media have an option to carry in the future? +What was the only linear HD channel offered by Virgin Media from 2006 to 2009? +What channel did Virgin Media have an option to carry in the future? How many homes did BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service reach in 2010? -How many people did BSkyB's direct-to-home service reach? -When did BSkyB first announce its direct-to-home target? +How many people did BSkyB's reach into 36% of households in the UK represent? +When was BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service first announced? What percentage of households did BSkyB's direct-to-home service reach? -What happened to subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe? -What is the name of the card proposed by Alec Shelbrooke? -What could the "Welfare Cash Card" be used for? +What happened to the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe? +What was the name of the card proposed by Alec Shelbrooke? +What could a "Welfare Cash Card" be used to buy? What was the claim that a subscription to BSkyB was? What did the Daily Mail report that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants'? What did the Daily Mail claim a subscription to sports channels would betray? -How much does the new carriage fee for the channels amount to? -Is there any indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content offered by BSkyB? -BSkyB and what other company agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other? +What is the annual carriage fee for the channels? +What is the indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content offered by BSkyB? +Who did BSkyB agree to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other? Who previously offered Video On Demand and High Definition content? -What type of channels did BSkyB and Virgin Media agree to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other? +BSkyB and Virgin Media agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective what? What type of economy does Victoria have? Where is Victoria's total gross state product ranked in Australia? -Where does Victoria rank in terms of GSP per capita? -What is the "sporting capital of Australia"? +What is Victoria's ranking in terms of GSP per capita? +What city is the "sporting capital of Australia"? What is the largest stadium in Australia? -Where is the legacy of Chinese miners particularly strong? -Where were the Lambing Flat riots? +In what area of Victoria is the legacy of Chinese miners particularly strong? +In what state were the Lambing Flat riots? Where was a riot in 1857? -How many miners were killed in the outbreak of typhoid at Buckland Valley? +How many miners were killed by typhoid at Buckland Valley? What were the conditions on the gold fields? -What type of representation system was used in the 2006 Legislative Council elections? -How many electorates are in Victoria? -How many representatives are in each electorate? -How long is the term of the lower house members? +What type of representation system were the Victorian Legislative Council elections held in 2006? +How many electorates were there in Victoria in 2006? +How many representatives were there in the Victorian Legislative Council in 2006? +How long is the term of office for lower house members? How often do elections for the Victorian Parliament occur? What is the main political party in Victoria? -What is the centre-right political party of Australia? +What is the main political party in Melbourne? What political party is strongest in Victoria's North Western and Eastern rural regional areas? -Who won their first lower house seats in 2014? +Which party won their first lower house seats in 2014? What party is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs? What percentage of Victorians describe themselves as Christian? What percentage of Victorians are Roman Catholics? What is the state's largest non-Christian religion? -How many members of Buddhism are there in Victoria? +How many Victorians are Buddhists? What percentage of Victorians claim no religion? -Where is Victoria located in Australia? -How is Victoria compared to other Australian states? +In what part of Australia is Victoria located? +What is Victoria's population density? Where does Melbourne rank among Australia's largest cities? -What is Victoria's second largest city? -Where does Melbourne rank among Australian cities? -What were the Aboriginal peoples of the area now constituting Victoria known as? -When did Great Britain claim the Australian continent? -What colony was Victoria a part of? +What is Australia's second-largest city? +What is Melbourne's ranking in Australia's largest city? +What were the Aboriginal peoples of Victoria known as before European settlement? +When did Great Britain claim the entire Australian continent? +What colony was Victoria included in after Great Britain claimed the Australian continent? Where was the first settlement in the area? -When was the first settlement in the area? +When did the first settlement in the area occur? How much of Victorian farmland is sown for grain? What percentage of Victorian farmland is sown for wheat? -How much of Victorian farmland is sown for hay? +How many square kilometers of Victorian farmland is sown for hay? What percentage of Australian pears are produced by Victorian farms? How many tonnes of tomatoes were produced in Victoria last year? When was Victoria's written constitution enacted? -What is Victoria's constitution based on? +What is the Victoria Constitution Act 1855 based on? Who can amend the Victorian Constitution? What type of provisions require an absolute majority in both houses? What was the 1855 colonial constitution passed by the United Kingdom Parliament called? -What are the Mallee and upper Wimmera? -What is the average temperature in the Mallee and upper Wimmera? +What are the Mallee and upper Wimmera regions of Victoria? +What is the average summer temperature in Victoria? What is the average winter temperature in Victoria? What was Victoria's highest maximum temperature since World War II? -When was the highest maximum temperature recorded in Hopetoun? +In what year was the highest maximum temperature recorded in Hopetoun? What are public schools also known as? Who runs public schools in Victoria? -What do students have to pay in public schools? -What church runs parish schools in Victoria? +What are levied on public schools? +What church runs private fee-paying schools in Victoria? What standards must all schools comply with? What has Victoria been the base for the manufacturing plants of? -What year did Toyota say it would close its plant in Victoria? -When did Holden make their announcement? +What year did Toyota announce the closure of its plant in Victoria? +When did Holden announce it was closing its plant in Victoria? When will Ford's Victorian plants close? -Which major car company closed its plant in Victoria in October 2016? +What major car brand closed its plant in Victoria in October 2016? How high do the Victorian alpine areas rise? What is the highest peak in Victoria? How tall is Mount Bogong? -What does Victoria have? +What is an extensive series of in Victoria? What is the state bird of Victoria? What is the coldest part of Victoria? What mountain system is the Victorian Alps part of? -What direction does the Great Dividing Range mountain system extend through the centre of Victoria? -What is the average temperature in the highest parts of the Victorian Alps? -What is the lowest temperature recorded in Victoria? -What type of lines do the private and public railway operators operate? -What is the name of the major railway operator in Melbourne? +In what direction does the Great Dividing Range mountain system extend through the centre of Victoria? +What is the lowest temperature in the highest parts of the Victorian Alps? +What was the lowest temperature recorded in Victoria in 1965? +What type of lines do private and public railway operators operate in Victoria? +What is the name of the major railway operator in Victoria? Who owns V/Line? -What does CFCL Australia operate? -What type of service does Metro Trains Melbourne operate? +What type of services does CFCL Australia operate? +What type of service does Metro Trains Melbourne provide? How many seats does Victoria have in the Australian House of Representatives? How many seats does Victoria have in the Australian Senate? What is the lower house of the Parliament of Victoria? -What is the upper house of Victoria? +What is the upper house of Victoria's Parliament? Who is the Governor of Victoria? When were writs issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council? -In what year was gold discovered near Ballarat? -What triggered one of the largest gold discoveries in the world? +In what year was the first Victorian Legislative Council elected? +What was the name of the largest economic event the world has ever seen? How much did the population of Victoria increase in ten years? How much gold did Victoria produce in the decade 1851-1860? -How many public schools were in Victoria as of August 2010? -How many Catholic schools are in Victoria? -How many students were enrolled in public schools in Victoria as of August 2010? +How many public schools did Victoria have as of August 2010? +How many Catholic schools did Victoria have as of August 2010? +How many students were enrolled in public schools as of August 2010? How many full-time teachers does Victoria have? What percentage of private students attend Catholic schools? -What state is the center of dairy farming in Australia? +What state is home to 60% of Australia's dairy cattle? How many dairy cattle does Victoria have? What percentage of Australia's dairy cattle are in Victoria? -How much of the nation's milk does Victoria produce? -Where is most abalone and rock lobster exported? +How much of the nation's milk is produced in Victoria? +Where is most abalone and rock lobster exported to? What is the broad gauge of Victorian lines? What is the standard gauge of the interstate trunk routes? -What is the gauge of the narrow gauge lines that two tourist railways operate over? +How large are the narrow gauge narrow gauge lines in Victoria? Where were the former government-owned lines built? -How many formerly government-owned lines were built in mountainous areas? +How many former government-owned lines are remnants of? When was the colony of New South Wales founded? -What was the eastern half of Australia called in 1788? +What was the eastern half of Australia called after the founding of the colony? What was the western half of Australia called? -Where was the colonial government located? -When was the Eureka Stockade? +Where was the colonial government of New Holland located? +In what year did the Eureka Stockade take place? Who crushed the Eureka Stockade? What was the name of the armed rebellion against the government of Victoria? -What did the Eureka Stockade reduce? -What act granted Victoria responsible government? -What does the Premier of Victoria's political party or coalition have? -Who is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly? -Who makes up the cabinet of Victoria? +What did the Eureka Stockade cause the colonial authorities to reduce? +What act granted Victoria responsible government in 1855? +What does the Premier of Victoria's political party have? +Who is the public face of government in Victoria? +What does the cabinet of Victoria consist of? Who is the current Premier of Victoria? -How are the representatives in Victoria's cabinet chosen? +How is the cabinet of Victoria elected? What was the gross value of Victorian agricultural production in 2003-04? -How much did the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increase between 2003-04? -How many farms were there in Victoria in 2004? -How many square kilometres of Victorian land did 32,463 farms occupy in 2004? +How much did the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increase during 2003-04? +How many farms were in Victoria as of 2004? +How many square kilometers of Victorian land did 32,463 farms occupy in 2004? What percentage of the state's land surface is farmland? -What does major events play a big part in in Victoria? +Major events play a big part in what in Victoria? Along with cultural tourism, what type of tourism plays a big part in Victoria? -Where are most of the major events in Victoria? +Where are most of the major events in Victoria centered? Where do some major events occur in Victoria? -What is the name of the popular local festival in Bells Beach? +What is the name of the popular surfing festival in Bells Beach? Where were the Huguenots concentrated? -How many French Catholics were Huguenots? +How many Huguenots were there in France in 1562? When were the Wars of Religion fought? -What ended the Wars of Religion? +What was the name of the edict that ended the Wars of Religion? What did the Edict of Nantes do? -Where was the term Huguenot originally used? +What was the original meaning of the term Huguenot? Where was John Calvin's adopted home? -Who was Huguenot a combined reference to? -What was the name of the plot that attempted to wrest power from the House of Guise? +Who was the nickname Huguenot a combined reference to? +What was the name of the plot in 1560? When was the Amboise plot? -What was important to the spread of the Protestant movement in France? -When was a French version of the Scriptures prepared? -Who prepared the French version of the Bible? -When was a two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version of the Bible printed in Paris? -Where was the two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version of the Bible printed? -Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 what? -What was the most important of the 66 "villes de sûreté"? -What document ended Protestant rule in Montpellier? -When did the royal army siege Montpellier? +What was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church? +When was a French version of the Bible created? +Who prepared a French version of the Bible in 1294? +When was the French version of the Bible printed? +In what city was the French version of the Bible printed in 1487? +What were the 66 villages that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots? +What was the most important of the 66 "villes de sûreté" that the Edict of 1598 granted? +What document ended Protestant rule in Montpellier in 1629? +In what year did the siege of Montpellier take place? When was the Edict of Alès issued? Where did individual Huguenots settle? -Where did Maria de la Queillerie settle? +What is the current name of the settlement that Maria de la Queillerie established? Who was the first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope? -Where did the first group of Huguenots set sail from? -When did most of the Huguenots arrive at the Cape of Good Hope? +What company did the first group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to? +What year did many Huguenots arrive at the Cape of Good Hope? When did the Huguenots sail to North America? -Who led the Huguenots? -What was the name of the French church in New Amsterdam? -What is the current name of the Huguenot church in New Amsterdam? -Where did the Huguenots live? -Where did several Huguenot families immigrate after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes? +Who led the Huguenots to North America? +What was the name of the French church that the Huguenots established in 1628? +What is the name of the church that the Huguenots established in 1628? +What neighborhood is Bushwick now known as? +Where did several Huguenot families immigrate to? Who did the Huguenots purchase the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations from? -Where was Elie Prioleau from? -When did the Huguenots petition the British Crown for the right to own land in the Baronies? -Where did many Huguenots settle? +Where was Rev. Elie Prioleau from? +In what year did the Huguenots petition the British Crown for the right to own land in the Baronies? +In the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day what? Who was the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV? What did William III of Orange become? What coalition did William III of Orange form to oppose Louis XIV? -What country did the French attack in 1672? +What country did many Huguenots consider to be the most attractive country for exile? When did the French attack the Dutch Republic? -What did Louis XIV issue in 1685? +What was the name of the document that abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism in France? When was the Edict of Fontainebleau issued? Who issued the Edict of Fontainebleau? How many Huguenots fled France by the early 18th century? -What church opposed the Huguenots? +Who opposed the Huguenots? What was the height of the persecution of the Huguenots? How many people were killed in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre? -What did the Huguenots do to retaliate against the French Catholics? -Why were the Huguenots attacked? +What did the Huguenots use to retaliate against the French Catholics? +Why was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre? When did the Huguenot rebellions occur? -Where did the Huguenot rebellions occur? +Where did the Huguenot rebellions take place? Who was a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism? -Who was Henry IV's successor? -What were the three small civil wars that broke out between 1621 and 1629? -How many Protestants live in France? -What percentage of France's population is Protestant? -Where are most Huguenots located? -What mountain region in the south of France still considers themselves Huguenots? +Who was the successor of Henry IV? +What was the name of the three civil wars that broke out between 1621 and 1629? +How many Protestants live in modern France? +What percentage of France's population are Protestants? +Where are most Protestants in France concentrated? +What mountain region in the south of France is home to Huguenots? Where is the Huguenot Society of Australia located? -What town did the Huguenot immigrants settle in? +What was the name of the town that Huguenot immigrants settled in? Where is the Huguenot Street Historic District located? -Where is the oldest street in the United States of America? -What does the "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz contain? +What is the oldest street in the United States of America? +What does the "Huguenot Street Historic District" contain? On what island did a small group of Huguenots settle? -Which country received the largest group of Huguenot refugees? -How many Huguenot refugees came to the Dutch Republic? -What was the population of the Dutch Republic at the time of the Huguenot refugees? +Which country received the largest group of Huguenot refugees after the Edict of Nantes? +How many Huguenot refugees did the Dutch Republic receive after the Edict of Nantes? +What was the population of the Dutch Republic at the time of the Edict of Nantes? What were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants? -What caused the largest group of Huguenot refugees to arrive in the Dutch Republic? -Where did the prétendus réformés gather at night? +What event caused the largest group of Huguenot refugees to arrive in the Dutch Republic? +In what city did the prétendus réformés gather at night? What was the gate of King Hugo called? -Who was the gate of King Hugo believed to be haunted by? -What were the people who gathered at night in Tours? -When did the prétendus réformés gather? -Where is there evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots? +Who was thought to haunt Huguon? +What did the name Huguon mean? +At what time did the prétendus réformés gather at Huguon? +In what city did the Walloons and Huguenots settle? What is the name of the half-timbered house by the river? What was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the City? Where did the refugees settle? What has the Weavers been adapted into? -Where is French Church Street located? -Where did a number of Huguenots serve as mayors? -In what city was D'Olier Street named after a High Sheriff? -Who is D'Olier Street named after? +In what city is French Church Street located? +In what cities did Huguenots serve as mayors in the 17th and 18th centuries? +In what city is D'Olier Street named after a High Sheriff? +Who is D'Olier Street in Dublin named after? When was the French church in Portarlington built? What did the exodus of Huguenots from France create? -Where did the French crown refuse to allow non-Catholics to settle? +What colony did the French crown refuse to allow non-Catholics to settle in? Who did the French crown refuse to allow to settle in New France? The French and Indian War was the North American front of what war? When did the British defeat New France? @@ -3127,7 +3127,7 @@ Who issued the Edict of Nantes? When was the warfare definitively quelled? What did the Edict of Nantes do? What did the Edict of Nantes discourage in Catholic-controlled regions? -What religion did Henry of Navarre recant? +What religion did Henry of Navarre renounce? What did the revocation of Protestant services require? What did the revocation do to the Huguenots? How many Huguenots emigrated to the North American colonies? @@ -3135,80 +3135,80 @@ What were the Huguenots who stayed in France called? Where did many of the Huguenots flee to? Where did the first Huguenots seek freedom from persecution? When did the French colonisers arrive in Brazil? -What was the name of the French colony in Brazil? +What was the name of the French colony that the Huguenots arrived in Brazil to found? When was Fort Coligny destroyed? -What was the name of the first Protestant confession of faith in the Americas? -What language do many families in South Africa speak? +What was the first Protestant confession of faith in the whole of the Americas? +What language do many families in South Africa speak today? What industry in South Africa owes a significant debt to the Huguenots? -Where in South Africa do many farms still bear French names? -What do many Afrikaans speaking families have that indicates their French Huguenot ancestry? +In what province of South Africa do many farms still bear French names? +What do many families today mostly Afrikaans speaking have indicating their French Huguenot ancestry? Who was descended from Huguenot refugees? Who signed the Articles of Confederation for South Carolina? Where is the last active Huguenot congregation in North America? What church does the Huguenot Society of America maintain in Virginia? -Where is the largest chapter of the Huguenot Society? -What industry did Huguenots settle in Bedfordshire? -What is the name of the style of lace that demonstrates a Huguenot influence? -How many Huguenots settled in Dover? +What state is the largest chapter of the Huguenot Society of America? +What industry did some Huguenots settle in Bedfordshire? +What style of lace demonstrates a Huguenot influence? +How many Huguenot lacemakers were there in the 19th century? When did Mechlin lace develop? What two new neighbourhoods did the Huguenots create in Berlin? By 1700, what percentage of the city's population was French speaking? -Why did the Huguenots switch to German? +Why did the Berlin Huguenots switch to German? When did the Huguenots switch to German? -What were some of the congregations founded by the Huguenots? -Where did the Huguenots flee to? +What were some congregations founded by the Huguenots? +What country welcomed the Huguenots? What region of France did Huguenots remain in large numbers? -What group rioted against the Catholic Church in the region? +What group rioted against the Catholic Church in the early 18th century? What did the Camisards riot against? -When did the Camisards riot? -Where is Fort Caroline located today? -Who was the leader of the Norman Huguenots? -What was the name of the small colony established by the Norman Huguenots? -Who did the French attack on St. Augustine? -In what year did the French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine fail? -What was the name of the outpost that Jean Ribault founded on Parris Island, South Carolina? -Where was Charlesfort located? -Who established the settlement of St. Augustine? -When did Jean Ribault lead an expedition to explore Florida and the Southeastern U.S.? -What prevented a return voyage? -Where did the French Huguenots migrate from England? -Where did the English Crown promise the French Huguenots land grants? -What was the name of the abandoned Monacan village? -How many Huguenots lived in Manakin Town? +Between what years did the Camisards riot? +What is the current name of Fort Caroline? +Who was the leader of the Norman Huguenots that established Fort Caroline? +What was the name of the small colony established by Jean Ribault in 1564? +Who did Pedro Menendez lead? +In what year did a French naval attack against the Spanish colony at St. Augustine fail? +What was the name of the outpost that Jean Ribault founded on Parris Island? +On what island was Charlesfort founded? +Who established the settlement of St. Augustine near Fort Caroline? +When did Jean Ribault lead an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S.? +What prevented a return voyage to North America by Jean Ribault? +In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to what colony? +Where did the English Crown promise land grants to the French Huguenots? +What was the abandoned Monacan village known as? +How many original settlers were there in Manakin Town? When did the Virginia General Assembly pass an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown? During what years did the Dutch Revolt take place? -What country did Huguenots fight against? -What was the name of William the Silent's work condemning the Spanish Inquisition? +Who did some Huguenots fight against during the Dutch Revolt? +What was the name of the document written by William the Silent condemning the Spanish Inquisition? Who was the leader of the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule? What was William the Silent's religion? -What act was passed in 1708? -When was the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act passed? +What act was passed in 1708 that allowed Protestant Walloons and Huguenots to immigrate to England? +In what year was the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act passed? How many Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England? Who was a leading Huguenot theologian and writer? -What did Andrew Lortie criticize during Mass? +What doctrine did Andrew Lortie criticize during Mass? What war did the Huguenots fight for William of Orange? Who did the Huguenot regiments fight for? -Where were significant Huguenot settlements? -What did Killeshandra contribute to the expansion of? -Killeshandra contributed to the growth of what industry? -Who arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken to establish a Huguenot community? -Who did Prince Louis de Condé arrange to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland? +Where were significant Huguenot settlements in Ireland? +What did the smaller settlements of Killeshandra contribute to the expansion of? +What industry did the Huguenots help to grow in Ireland? +Who arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken to establish a Huguenot community in 1604? +Who did Prince Louis de Condé arrange to establish a Huguenot community in 1604? What type of work did the Condés establish? When did some members of the Huguenot community emigrate to the United States? -When did Prince Louis de Condé establish a Huguenot community in Saarland? -Where did the Huguenot émigrés relocate? +In what year did Prince Louis de Condé establish a Huguenot community in Saarland? +What two Holy Roman Empire Electorate did the Huguenot émigrés relocate to? What religion did the bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocate to? Where were the Huguenot émigrés allowed to worship freely? -Where did the Huguenot émigrés spread? -Why did the Huguenot émigrés settle in Quebec? -Who did the "Hugues hypothesis" argue that the name was derived from? -What argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France? -Who is a supporter of the Hugues hypothesis? -What do Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to? +Where did the Huguenot émigrés spread beyond Europe? +What happened to the Huguenot émigrés in Quebec? +Who is the "Hugues hypothesis" based on? +What argues that the name Hugues Capet was derived by association with Hugues? +Who is one of the supporters of the Hugues hypothesis? +What does Janet Gray believe the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to? What do some disagree with about the origins of the word Hugues? -Who was a professor at the University of Paris? -Where was Jacques Lefevre a professor? -When did Jacques Lefevre publish the whole Bible in the French language? +Who was a professor at the University of Paris during the Protestant Reformation? +Where was Jacques Lefevre a professor during the Protestant Reformation? +When was the whole Bible in the French language published? Who was a student of Jacques Lefevre? Who was another student at the University of Paris who converted to Protestantism? When was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre? @@ -3217,118 +3217,118 @@ How many Protestants were slaughtered in Toulouse? When was an amnesty granted? How many Protestants were massacred in Paris by 17 September? Who gained the throne in 1643? -What did Louis XIV do when he gained the throne? +What did Louis XIV do after he gained the throne? How did Louis XIV try to convert the Huguenots to Catholicism? -What did Louis XIV do to the Huguenots? -What did Louis XIV use to force the Huguenots to convert? -What county is New Rochelle located in? -What is the name of the peninsula where the Huguenots landed? +What did Louis XIV do to Huguenots? +What did Louis XIV call the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops? +In what county is New Rochelle located? +What was the name of the peninsula where the Huguenots landed? Who did the Huguenots purchase land from? What was New Rochelle named after? -What is the name of the church that replaced the first church? -What did most of the Huguenot congregations do? -How did the Huguenots adapt quickly and often? -Who founded the Eleutherian gunpowder mills? +What is the name of the third church that was built in New Rochelle? +Most of the Huguenot congregations in North America eventually did what? +What did the Huguenots do that led to assimilation? +Who established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills? When did the descendants of the Huguenots continue to use French first names and surnames for their children? What did E.I. du Pont establish? Who was one of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands? -Where did Pierre Bayle start teaching? -What was the name of Pierre Bayle's multi-volume masterpiece? -Where did Pierre Bayle's work become one of the 100 foundational texts of? +Where did Pierre Bayle begin teaching? +What is the name of Pierre Bayle's multi-volume masterpiece? +Where is Pierre Bayle's Historical and Critical Dictionary located? What is the name of the Huguenot patron? -What was established by Royal Charter in 1550? +What church was established by Royal Charter in 1550? When was the French Protestant Church of London established? Where is the French Protestant Church of London now located? -Where did Huguenot refugees flee to? -When was the Old Truman Brewery founded? -Where did Huguenot refugees find a safe haven? -Where did Huguenot refugees find a safe haven? -What document granted the Huguenots special privileges? +Where did Huguenot refugees flock to London? +When was the Black Eagle Brewery founded? +In what states did Huguenot refugees find a safe haven? +Where did Huguenot refugees find a safe haven in 1685? +What document granted special privileges to the Huguenots? Who was Frederick William? What did the Huguenots do for Frederick William's army? Who invited Huguenots to settle in his realms? -Who was a notable German poet? +What famous German poet was a Huguenot? Who was a Luftwaffe General and fighter ace? -Who was the last Prime Minister of the East German Democratic Republic? -What is Thomas de Maizière's job? +Who was the last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic? +What is Thomas de Maizière's position? What type of power can be used to power a steam engine? What is the ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process called? What does water transform into in the Rankine cycle? At what pressure is the Rankine cycle boiler operating? -What type of engine is a steam engine? +What type of engines are steam engines? What was the first commercially successful true engine? Who invented the atmospheric engine? When was the atmospheric engine invented? -What was the atmospheric engine an improvement over? -Who proposed the piston for the atmospheric engine? +What was Savery's engine an improvement over? +Who proposed a piston for the atmospheric engine? Where was the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive built? When did the world's first railway journey take place? Where did the first railway journey take place? -Where was Abercynon located? -In what direction was Abercynon located? +In what country did the first railway journey take place? +In what direction did the first railway journey take place? What is used to recycle or top up the boiler water? -What type of pumps do utility and industrial boilers use? +What type of water pump do Utility and industrial boilers commonly use? When did injectors become popular? -In what type of applications are injectors no longer used? -What does an injector supply? -How many expansion stages do triple and quadruple expansion engines use? +Injectors are no longer used in what type of engines? +What is an injector used to supply? +How many expansion stages are used in a multiple expansion engine? What is another name for a multiple expansion engine? In what century was the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing system used on some marine triple expansion engines? -What type of engines use the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing system? -What class of passenger liners use a 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine? -What was the name of the poppet valve gears that had separate admission and exhaust valves? -Along with Stephenson, Walschaerts, and Stephenson, what is an example of a simpler motion? -What is the usual compromise solution to provide lap? +What type of engines used the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing system? +What class of passenger liners used the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine? +Which poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms? +Along with Stephenson and Walschaerts, what motion was used in patent valve gears? +What is the usual compromise solution to provide lap by? What may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox? -What happens to the lead when the temperature of the firebox crown increases? -What happens when the temperature of the firebox crown increases? -What do operators do if the water level drops and the lead melts? -What does the steam escape have little effect on? +What happens to lead fusible plugs when the water level drops? +What happens when lead melts in a firebox crown? +What do operators do if the water level drops and the steam escapes? +What does steam escape have little effect on? Who patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion? What type of motion did James Watt's steam engine produce? -How many horsepower were James Watt's engines? -By what year were engines that could provide 10,000 hp feasible? +How many horsepower did James Watt's steam engine produce? +By what year had engines that could provide 10,000 hp become feasible? The stationary steam engine was a key component of what? -When was the first recorded rudimentary steam engine? -Who described the aeolipile? +In what century was the aeolipile first described? +Who described the first rudimentary steam engine? What nationality was Hero of Alexandria? -Who described a rudimentary steam turbine? -When did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont receive patents? -What type of engines came into widespread use near the end of the 19th century? -What were the stages of a compound engine called? -Double and triple expansion engines were most common in what industry? -Along with electric motors, what type of engine replaced reciprocating engines? +Who described a rudimentary steam turbine device in 1629? +When did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont receive patents for fifty steam powered inventions? +What type of engines came into widespread use at the end of the 19th century? +What were the stages of compound engines called? +In what industry were double and triple expansion engines most common? +Along with electric motors, what type of engine replaced reciprocating engines in the 20th century? What did double and triple expansion engines reduce the weight of? -What type of engine replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century? -When did steam turbines begin to be used? +What is the most common form of electric power today? +In what part of the 19th century did steam turbines begin to be used? What is the maximum output of a reciprocating piston type steam engine? -What percentage of electric power is produced by steam turbines in the United States? -What type of generating stations did steam turbines replace reciprocating engines? +What percentage of electric power is produced in the United States using a variety of heat sources? +What type of power is produced by steam turbines today? What is the most common source of heat used in a steam engine? What is another name for a firebox? What type of energy can be used to heat water? What type of heating element can be found in a model or toy steam engine? What is the most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines? When were early versions of the steam engine indicator first used? -Who was the inventor and manufacturer of the most successful indicator? -Who developed the most successful indicator? -Where was the most successful indicator for the high speed engine invented by Charles Porter exhibited? -How many degrees out of phase with each other are the cranks in a two-cylinder simple? -At what angle are the individual pistons in a 4-cylinder compound balanced? -How many degrees out of phase with each other are the cranks in a two-cylinder simple? +Who was the most successful inventor of the steam engine indicator? +Who developed the most successful indicator for Charles Porter? +Where was the most successful indicator exhibited in 1862? +In the first type of Vauclain compound, the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at what angle? +What is the balance of the individual pistons in a 4-cylinder compound? +In the first type of Vauclain compound, the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at what angle? What is it called when the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke? -How many piston strokes are there in a reciprocating piston engine? +How many piston strokes does a reciprocating piston engine have? How many revolutions does the complete engine cycle occupy? -How many events make up the complete engine cycle? -Along with admission, exhaust, compression, and compression, what is the fourth event in a reciprocating piston engine? -What is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas while exhausting in cold areas? -Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual what cycle? -What part of the uniflow engine is uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke? +How many events are in a reciprocating piston engine cycle? +Along with admission, exhaust, compression, exhaust and compression, what is the fourth event in a reciprocating piston engine cycle? +What is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas? +What cycle does a uniflow engine attempt to remedy? +What is uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke? What type of steam engine does not require valves? -What is the pivot mounting called in an oscillating cylinder steam engine? -Along with toys, what is an oscillating cylinder steam engine mainly used in? +What is another name for a pivot mounting? +What are oscillating cylinder steam engines mainly used for? Where are oscillating cylinder steam engines most often used? -How is the working fluid used in a Rankine cycle? +How is the working fluid used in a closed loop system? What type of system is a Rankine cycle? What is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine? What is the fluid of choice in an open loop system? @@ -3336,11 +3336,11 @@ What limits the efficiency of a Rankine cycle? What is the creep limit of stainless steel? What is the creep limit of a steam turbine? What is the theoretical Carnot efficiency of a Rankine cycle? -What are condenser temperatures in a steam turbine? +What is the condenser temperature in a steam turbine? What was the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution? -Along with railway locomotives, ships, and road vehicles, what type of boat was powered by a steam engine? -What was the name of a steam-powered automobile? -Where were steam engines used to drive machinery? +Along with railway locomotives, ships, and road vehicles, what type of boat was powered by steam engines? +What is an example of a steam-powered automobile? +In what industry were steam engines used to drive machinery? What did the use of steam engines in agriculture lead to? What was the name of Trevorithick's locomotive? Who built Salamanca? @@ -3351,486 +3351,486 @@ Who invented the Woolf high-pressure compound engine? What nationality was Arthur Woolf? What can be reduced by staging the expansion in multiple cylinders? What is required to derive equal work from lower-pressure steam? -How much of the world's electric production is generated by steam turbines? -What type of engines are more efficient than steam turbines? -Along with reciprocating Diesel engines, what type of engines have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications? -What is the main use for electricity generation? +How much of the world's electric production was produced by steam turbines in the 19th century? +What type of engines are more efficient than steam turbines with reduction gearing? +In recent decades, reciprocating Diesel engines and what have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications? +In the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of what? What has the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants resulted in? What is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine? -How is the waste heat used in the Rankine cycle? -When did Rankine steam cycles generate about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world? +What happens to waste heat in the Rankine cycle? +In what decade did Rankine steam cycles generate about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world? Along with coal and nuclear power plants, what type of power plants use Rankine steam cycles? What nationality was William John Macquorn Rankine? What is the historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency? -How many foot-pounds of work did Watt's low-pressure designs average? -What was the average duty of Newcomen designs? -How many pounds of coal does one bushel of coal weigh? -Who introduced the concept of duty? +How many foot-pounds of duty did Watt's low-pressure designs average? +What was the duty of the best examples of Newcomen designs? +How many pounds of coal did a bushel of coal require to burn? +Who first introduced the concept of duty? What type of power generation replaced reciprocating piston type steam engines? What type of steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century? -What type of steam engine is the majority of worldwide electric generation? -What type of engines replaced reciprocating piston type steam engines? +What type of steam engine produces the majority of worldwide electric generation? +What type of engine replaced reciprocating piston type steam engines in the 20th century? Who developed the first commercial steam-powered device? What was the first commercial steam-powered device? When was the first commercial steam-powered device developed? -Who improved the Savery engine? -Who described the improvement of the Savery engine? +Who improved the Savery engine to make it capable of working itself? +Who described Bento de Moura Portugal's improvement of Savery's construction? Who was the inventor of the high-pressure engine? -Along with Richard Trevithick, who introduced engines using high-pressure steam? -When did Trevithick get his patent? -What was the main purpose of a high-pressure engine? -What was the main benefit of using high-pressure steam? -What company in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam? +Along with Trevithick, who introduced engines using high-pressure steam in 1801? +When did Trevithick obtain his high-pressure engine patent? +What was one of the applications of high-pressure steam engines? +What did technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques bring about? +What company has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam? Where is Energiprojekt AB located? -How many cylinders does Energiprojekt's engine have? -How much steam does Energiprojekt AB use per kWh? +How many cylinders does Energiprojekt's steam engine have? +How many pounds of steam does Energiprojekt's steam engine consume per kWh? What is the efficiency of Energiprojekt's steam engine? What do steam turbines in power stations use as a cold sink? What is a dry type cooling tower similar to? Where is a dry type cooling tower used? -What type of cooling tower is dry? +What type of cooling tower is used in locations where water is costly? How many cubic metres of make-up water does a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant use every hour for evaporative cooling? -What type of governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine? -Who was Watt's partner? -Where did Watt and Boulton see a centrifugal governor? -What was an example of an operation that required a constant speed? -What did the governor not do? -When was compounding common for marine engines? -Where was compounding not universally popular? -Why was compounding not popular in railway locomotives? -When did compounding stop being used in Britain? -What type of engine was compounding most common for? -How can speed and momentum be gained? -What is the term for excessive compression? -What can the totality of the exhaust steam not do? -What length do the simplest valve gears give events during the engine cycle? -Who was the inventor of the first patent for a steam engine? +What type of governor was used by James Watt for use on a steam engine? +Who was James Watt's partner? +Where did James Watt see a centrifugal governor used on a steam engine? +What is an example of an operation that would not be suitable for an engine equipped with a centrifugal governor? +What could the governor not do? +After what year was compounding almost universal for marine engines? +What type of engine was not universally popular with compounding? +Why was compounding not universally popular in railway locomotives? +After what year was compounding not common in Britain? +What type of engines used compounding? +How can speed and momentum be gained by gradually? +What is the term for excessive compression when the exhaust event is too brief? +If the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot do what? +What is the length of the events of the simplest valve gears? +Who obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606? What nationality was Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont? -When did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont get the first patent? -When did Thomas Savery patent his steam pump? +In what year did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtain the first patent for a steam engine? +In what year did Thomas Savery patent a steam pump? When was Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine used? +What are rotors? +On what part of a steam turbine are the rotors mounted? What are stators? -Where are the rotors in a steam turbine mounted? -What are stators? -Where are the stators in a steam turbine fixed? -What is the typical speed of a steam turbine? -Is the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant higher or lower than an internal combustion engine? +Where are stators fixed to in a steam turbine? +What is the typical speed of a steam turbine in the USA? +What is the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant? What has steam been largely superseded by for mobile applications? Most electric power is generated using what type of plant? -What is the renewed interest in steam known as? +What is the renewed interest in steam as a component of cogeneration processes called? What has caused a renewed interest in steam? What is an example of a pistonless rotary engine? -What is the Wankel engine in place of in a conventional reciprocating steam engine? -What is the major problem with sealing the rotors? +What does a pistonless rotary engine replace in a conventional reciprocating steam engine? +What is a major problem with sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight? When did James Watt die? -What did James Watt add to Newcomen's engine? +What did James Watt add to his engine? How much coal did Boulton and Watt's early engines use? -What was the name of the first engine that James Watt improved? -What part of the engine was pushed into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam? -How many independent mechanisms do steam engines have? -What type of safety valve was traditionally used in the top of a boiler? +What was the name of John Smeaton's improved version of? +What did air pressure push into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam? +How many independent mechanisms do steam engines often possess? +What type of safety valve was traditionally used to restrain the top of a boiler? What type of safety valve is used today? -What must be broken in order for an adjustable spring-loaded safety valve to be locked? -What did a driver fasten the valve down to allow? +What must be broken in order for an adjustable spring-loaded safety valve to be used? +What did a driver fasten the valve down to allow greater steam pressure? What was the acme of the horizontal engine? When was the Corliss steam engine patented? How much less steam did the Corliss steam engine use than Watt's? How many valves did the Corliss steam engine have? -What award did Corliss receive? -What theory did the steam engine contribute to the development of? +What award did Corliss receive for his invention? +What type of theory did the steam engine contribute to the development of? Who discovered latent heat? -What did Watt's measurements on a model steam engine lead to? +What did Watt's measurements on a model steam engine lead to the development of? Who discovered latent heat? What did Watt independently discover? What is one of the principal advantages of the Rankine cycle? -What phase is the working fluid in at the compression stage of the Rankine cycle? +What phase is the working fluid in during the compression stage of the Rankine cycle? How much of the turbine power does the Rankine cycle consume? What is the entry temperature of a gas turbine? -What type of pump is used to supply water to the boiler? -What do condensers do? +What type of pump is used to supply water to the boiler during operation? +What does condensers do? What is used to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point? -What is another name for a supply bin? -What is the name of the mechanism that moves fuel from the supply bin to the firebox? -What did land-based steam engines need to do in order to exhaust their steam? -What country invented the steam turbine? -What type of ship was the HMS Dreadnought? -Along with warships, what type of ship needed speed? +What is a supply bin called? +What mechanism is used to move fuel from a supply bin to the firebox? +What was usually readily available to land-based steam engines? +Which country invented the steam turbine? +What type of warships used the steam turbine? +What type of ship used the steam turbine? When was the HMS Dreadnought built? -What does nuclear power plants heat to produce steam? +What does nuclear power plants heat to provide steam? What type of engine is used in nuclear power plants? -What is the turbine connected to in a nuclear power plant? -What type of propulsion does nuclear-powered ships and submarines use? -In what country did non-condensing direct-drive locomotives have some success? +What is the turbine connected to? +What type of transmission is used in nuclear power plants? +In what country were non-condensing direct-drive locomotives used for express passenger work? What is the Rankine cycle sometimes referred to as? -Where is heat addition and rejection? -What does isobaric mean? -What type of process is used in the theoretical Carnot cycle? -In the Rankine cycle, the working fluid is received from the condenser as what? +Where is heat addition and rejection located in the Rankine cycle? +What is isobaric? +What is the term for constant temperature processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle? +In the Rankine cycle, the working fluid is received from the condenser as what form? What is the atomic number of oxygen? Along with hydrogen, what is the third most abundant element in the universe? How many atoms of oxygen bind to form dioxygen? -How much of the Earth's crust is made up of silicon dioxide? -What type of gas makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere? +How much of the Earth's crust is made up of oxide compounds? +What gas makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere? How much of the Earth's atmosphere is diatomic oxygen gas? What is the third most abundant element in the universe? What is the atomic number of oxygen? -What is the current state of atmospheric oxygen? -What is oxygen's mass? +What is the current trend of atmospheric oxygen levels? +What is oxygen's mass in the universe? What is the atomic number of oxygen? -What group does oxygen belong to? +What group is oxygen a member of? What is an example of a compound that oxygen forms with most elements? -Where does oxygen rank among the most abundant elements in the universe? -What is the colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2? +What is oxygen's rank among the most abundant elements in the universe? +What is the colorless and odorless diatomic gas formed when two atoms of oxygen bind to form? What uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water? What does photosynthesis use to produce oxygen from water? -What protects the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation? +What helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation? Most of the mass of living organisms is what? -What is oxygen a part of? +What is the major constituent of lifeforms? What uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water? -What is oxygen a part of? -What is another form of oxygen called? +What is the major constituent of lifeforms? +What is the name of the ozone layer? Who proved that air is necessary for combustion? -Who refined Boyle's work? -What did John Mayow call the part of air that is consumed in respiration and combustion? +Who was the English chemist who refined Boyle's work? +What did John Mayow call the part of air that is consumed in respiration? When did John Mayow die? Who proved that air is necessary for combustion? -What did John Mayow call the part of air that is consumed in respiration and combustion? -When did Robert Boyle prove that air is necessary for combustion? -What is nitroaereus consumed in? -Who refined Boyle's work? -Who conducted an experiment on August 1, 1774? -What was Joseph Priestley's occupation? +What did John Mayow call the part of air that is consumed in respiration? +In what century did Robert Boyle prove that air is necessary for combustion? +In what process is nitroaereus consumed? +Who was the English chemist who refined Boyle's work? +What British clergyman conducted an experiment in 1774? +What was Joseph Priestley's profession? What is mercuric oxide? What did Priestley focus sunlight on? What is HgO? -What did Priestley call the gas he discovered? +What did Joseph Priestley call the gas he created? When did Priestley publish his findings? -Why is Priestley usually given priority in the discovery? -What did Priestley find about the mouse while breathing the gas? -Who built on Philo's work? -Who conducted one of the first known experiments on combustion and air? -When was Philo of Byzantium's work Pneumatica written? -How did Philo of Byzantium surmise that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire? -Who conducted one of the first known experiments on combustion and air? -What element did Philo incorrectly surmise the air in the vessel was converted into? -What was the name of Philo of Byzantium's work? -Who built on Philo's work? +Why is Priestley usually given priority in the discovery of air? +What did Priestley find about a mouse that lived longer while breathing dephlogisticated air? +Who built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion? +Who conducted the first known experiment on the relationship between combustion and air? +In what century was Philo of Byzantium a Greek writer? +How did Philo handle his work Pneumatica? +Who conducted the first known experiment on the relationship between combustion and air? +What element did Philo incorrectly surmise that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into? +What was the name of Philo's work? +Who built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion? What did Philo of Byzantium believe was converted into the classical element fire? What is needed to trigger combustion? What is the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion? Peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates are examples of what? What is the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion? What is needed to trigger combustion? -What is oxygen? +What is the source of most of the energy released in combustion? What do high concentrated sources of oxygen promote? What is released in combustion? Peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates are examples of what? -What type of oxygen was the Apollo 1 capsule pressurized with? -What will act as a fuel? +What type of oxygen was used in the Apollo 1 capsule? +What is used as a fuel in the Apollo 1 capsule? What is the normal pressure that would be used in a mission? What does the design and manufacture of O 2 systems require? Concentrated O 2 will allow what to proceed rapidly and energetically? -Along with steel pipes, what is used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen? +What is used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen? What does the design and manufacture of O 2 systems require? -Who was killed in a launch pad test? +Who died in a launch pad test? What is the Earth's crustal rock composed of? -What is CO 2? -What part of the Earth is made up of silicates of magnesium and iron? -What is CO 2? +What is the form of CO 2? +What part of the Earth's crust is mostly composed of silicates of magnesium and iron? +What is the form of CO 2? What is composed in large part of oxides of silicon? -What part of the Earth is composed of silicates of magnesium and iron? -What part of the Earth is made up of silicates of magnesium and iron? -What type of silicate minerals are made up of oxygen compounds? +What part of the Earth is mostly composed of silicates of magnesium and iron? +What part of the Earth's crust is mostly composed of silicates of magnesium and iron? +What type of silicate minerals are in the Earth's crust? John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were what? -What type of atomic ratios would atoms in compounds normally have? -What did John Dalton assume water's formula was? -What is the atomic mass of oxygen 8 times that of? -What is the name of the law that Amedeo Avogadro came up with? -What was coal and wood thought to be made of? -What type of materials contained little phlogiston? +John Dalton's original atomic hypothesis assumed that atoms in compounds would normally have what atomic ratios with respect to one another? +What did Dalton assume water's formula was? +What did Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt show water is formed of two volumes of? +What is the name of the law that Amedeo Avogadro used to determine water's composition? +What is wood or coal thought to be made of? +What type of substance is iron? What did not play a role in phlogiston theory? -What was one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect? -What do most common objects appear to do when they burn? -What is the bond between the two oxygen atoms in dioxygen called? +What other material gained weight in rusting when phlogiston theory was incorrect? +What happens to most common objects when they burn? +What is the bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms? How many oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other in dioxygen? -What is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy filling of orbitals? +What is the term for the sequential, low-to-high energy filling of orbitals? How are the two oxygen atoms bonded to each other in dioxygen? -What does the double bond result from the filling of? +What is formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms? When was oxygen discovered? When was oxygen discovered? Why is Joseph Priestley often given priority? Who coined the name oxygen? -What theory did Lavoisier discredit? -What is the configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen? +What theory of combustion and corrosion did Lavoisier discredit? +What is a configuration with two unpaired electrons called? What is the ground state of the O 2 molecule referred to as? -What type of electrons are found in dioxygen? +What does triplet oxygen react only slowly with most organic molecules? What type of combustion does triplet oxygen prevent? -The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are what kind of orbitals? -What did Lavoisier observe when tin and what was heated in a closed container? +What does the filling of partially filled orbitals do to the bond order? +What did Lavoisier prove was a mixture of two gases? What did Lavoisier observe when tin and air were heated in a closed container? What did Lavoisier observe when tin and air were heated in a closed container? -When was Lavoisier's book Sur la combustion en général published? -What did Lavoisier's experiments show was not vital air? -What is Trioxygen usually known as? -What type of oxygen is damaging to lung tissue? +When was Lavoisier's book published? +What did Lavoisier's work show did not support? +What isTrioxygen usually known as? +What type of oxygen is ozone? What is ozone damaging to? What does the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere function as for the planet? -What spectrum of radiation does ozone absorb strongly? +What does ozone absorb strongly in the UV region of the spectrum? What is the common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth called? -What is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere? +What is the common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth? What part of the Earth's atmosphere is dioxygen? Why is O2 used by complex forms of life? What is the biological role of O2? Who was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study? -When did James Dewar produce enough liquid oxygen to study? +In what year was James Dewar able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study? When was the first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen developed? -What type of welding was demonstrated for the first time? +What type of welding was demonstrated for the first time in 1901? What is more soluble in water than nitrogen? What is the solubility of oxygen in water dependent on? -How many milliliters of oxygen does freshwater contain per liter? -What type of water contains about 4.95 mL per liter? +How much oxygen does freshwater contain per liter? +What type of water contains about 4.95 mL of oxygen per liter? How much more oxygen dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C? -Where does oxygen rank among chemical elements in the universe? -Where does oxygen rank among the most abundant chemical element in the universe? +What is the most abundant chemical element in the universe? +Where does oxygen rank among the most abundant chemical elements in the universe? What percentage of the Sun's mass is oxygen? -What is the major component of the Earth's crust? +Oxygen is the major component of what? How is oxygen produced on Mars and Venus? -When did scientists realize that air could be liquefied? -By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied by what two things? -Who evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide? -How much liquid oxygen was produced in the first liquid oxygen liquefying? -When was oxygen liquified for the first time? +In what century did scientists realize that air could be liquefied? +How was air liquefied in the 19th century? +Who was the Swiss chemist and physicist who discovered liquid oxygen? +How much liquid oxygen was produced in Cailletet's method? +When was oxygen liquified in stable state for the first time? What planet has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than the Earth? What isotope does the Sun have a higher proportion of than the Earth? -What spacecraft returned a silicon wafer from the solar wind? -What process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material? +What spacecraft returned a silicon wafer from space? +What process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth? What planet has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than the Sun? -What is the name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O 2? +What is the name of the species of molecular O 2 in which all the electron spins are paired? What is singlet oxygen more reactive towards than molecular oxygen? -During what process is singlet oxygen formed? +During what process is singlet oxygen commonly formed in nature? How is singlet oxygen produced in the troposphere? What plays a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state? -Who measures the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms? -What do paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine? +Who measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms? +Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what? What percentage of water molecules contain heavier oxygen-18? -What isotope of oxygen is found in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms? -When does snow and rain from evaporated water tend to be higher in oxygen-16? +What isotope of oxygen-16 is found in seawater? +When does snow and rain tend to be higher in oxygen-16? What are the two spectrophotometric absorption bands of oxygen? -What is a possible method of monitoring from satellites on a global scale? -What is a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle? -On what scale is the carbon cycle measured from satellites? +What has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring from satellites on a global scale? +What is a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle on a global scale? +On what scale is the carbon cycle monitored from satellites? What type of scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status? -What is the magnetic character of O 2 molecules in triplet form? -What is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent? +In triplet form, O 2 molecules are what? +What is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight? What type of electrons are in the molecule? -When does oxygen impart magnetic character to oxygen? +In the triplet form, O 2 molecules are paramagnetic when it is in the presence of what? Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of what? What are reactive oxygen species? -What does the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to do? -What do plants hypersensitive response to? +What is the purpose of reactive oxygen species? +Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against what? What type of organisms were the dominant form of early life on Earth? When did O 2 begin to accumulate in the atmosphere? -At what temperature does oxygen condense? +What is the temperature at which oxygen condenses? What is the color of liquid and solid O 2? -What is high-purity liquid O 2 usually obtained from? -What is the coolant used to produce liquid oxygen? -What must oxygen be segregated from? -Where does free oxygen occur in solution? -At what temperature does the solubility of O 2 increase? +What is used to produce high purity liquid O 2? +What is used as a coolant to produce liquid oxygen? +Oxygen must be segregated from what? +In what type of body of water does free oxygen occur in solution? +At what temperature does O 2 solubility increase? Why do polar oceans support a higher density of life? -What type of organism grows in water polluted with plant nutrients? -What do scientists measure to assess water quality? +What does eutrophication stimulate growth of? +What is the term for the amount of O 2 needed to restore water to a normal concentration? When did photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolve? During what eon did free oxygen first appear in significant quantities? -What did free oxygen and dissolved iron in the oceans form? +What did free oxygen and dissolved iron in the oceans form for the first billion years? When did free oxygen reach 10% of its present level? -When did free oxygen outgas from the oceans? -What is the cause of the unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth? -What describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth? +When did free oxygen begin to outgas from the oceans? +The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of what? +What type of cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth? How many main reservoirs are on Earth? What is the main driving factor of the oxygen cycle? What gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle? -What absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream? -What percentage of O 2 gas is produced by passing a stream of clean, dry air through a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves? +What type of sieves are used to produce O 2 gas? +What percentage of O 2 gas is produced by this method? What gas is released from the other zeolite bed? -What kind of technologies are used to produce oxygen gas? +What type of technologies are increasingly used to produce oxygen gas? What is the other method of producing O 2 gas? -What is electrolysis of? -What are the molecular formulae of water? -What type of electricity must be used? +What is electrolysis of into molecular oxygen and hydrogen? +What are the molecular formulae of oxygen gas? +What type of electricity must be used to produce oxygen gas? What is the electrocatalytic O 2 evolution from? What type of catalysts can be used in chemical oxygen generators? Oxygen has a history of what kind of use? What is the supposed effect of oxygen? -What do professional athletes sometimes go off field between plays to get a "boost" in? -What is a more likely explanation for the pharmacological effect? -What type of exercise is needed to get a performance boost from enriched O 2? +What do professional athletes sometimes go off field to get a "boost" in? +What is a more likely explanation for the effect of oxygen bars? +What type of exercise is the most likely to produce a performance boost from enriched O 2 mixtures? What uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O 2 around the patient? -What is removed from the heme group of hemoglobin? -What type of bacteria causes gas gangrene? +What does increased O 2 concentration in the lungs displace from the heme group of hemoglobin? +Oxygen gas is poisonous to what bacteria? What occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive? +What is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, and some heart disorders? +What part of the body does oxygen supplementation reduce the work load on? What is used to treat emphysema? -What part of the body does oxygen therapy lessen the work load on? -What is used in medicine? What is the essential purpose of O 2 from the air? -What is the body's ability to take up and use? -Why does oxygen form chemical bonds with almost all other elements? +What type of oxygen does the body not take up and use? +What property of oxygen causes it to form chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides? What does oxygen form chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give? What is the mineral wüstite written as? -What is the surface of most metals coated with a thin film of? -What does the oxide on the surface of most metals slow? -What is an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied to passengers in commercial airplanes? +Aluminium and titanium are coated with a thin film of what? +What does oxide on the surface of metals slow? +What is an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied to them in case of? What type of oxygen generators are above each seat? What type of reaction produces a steady stream of oxygen gas? What is produced by the exothermic reaction? -What type of method is used to store oxygen? -What type of tank is used to transport oxygen in bulk? -What type of oxygen is often transported in bulk? +What is another term for high pressure oxygen tanks and cryogenics? +What type of tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers? +In what form is oxygen often transported in bulk? What form of oxygen is used in portable medical applications? -Where are bulk liquid oxygen storage containers located? -What is an example of an organic compound that contains oxygen? -What do alcohols, ethers, ketones, and aldehydes contain oxygen? -What are acetone and phenol used for? +What is an example of an institution with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas? +What is an important class of compounds that contain oxygen? +What is one of the most important classes of what that contain oxygen? +What are acetone and phenol used as in the synthesis of many different substances? What are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms? -Are alcohols, ethers, ketones, and ketones among the most important classes of organic compounds? -Where is oxygen found? +What are the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen? +Where is oxygen found in almost all of life? How many common complex biomolecules contain no oxygen? -Which organic compound contains the largest proportion of oxygen? -Along with fats, fatty acids, amino acids and amino acids, what is an example of a molecule that contains oxygen? -Where can calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite be found? -What can happen to the lungs and central nervous system? +Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, what contain the largest proportion of oxygen? +All fats, fatty acids, amino acids, and what else contain oxygen? +In what part of the body is calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite found? +What can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving? What is the permanent effect of prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an O 2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa? -What is the maximum partial pressure of O 2? -What is the most feared effect of breathing an air mixture with 21% O 2 at 66 m or more of depth? +What is the maximum partial pressure that can cause convulsions in divers? +What is the most feared effect for divers? What is the most feared effect of acute oxygen toxicity for divers? Why does breathing pure O 2 in space cause no damage? -What is the normal O 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas in spacesuits? -How much more is the O 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas in spacesuits? +What is the O 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas in spacesuits? +How much more than normal is the O 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas in spacesuits? How much damage does breathing pure O 2 in space cause? -How much does the O 2 partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood compare to sea-level O2 partial pressure? +How much more is the O 2 partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood compared to normal sea-level O2 partial pressure? When can oxygen gas be toxic? What is the maximum partial pressure at which oxygen toxicity can occur? What is the composition of O 2 at standard pressure? -What type of device is not a problem for patients on? -What percentage of O 2 is used in medical applications? +What type of ventilator is not a problem for patients on? +What percentage of O 2 is the gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications? When did the 1973 oil crisis begin? -How much did the price of oil rise by the end of the 1973 oil embargo? -When was the second oil crisis? +How much did the price of oil rise globally by the end of the 1973 oil crisis? +In what year did the second oil crisis occur? What was the 1973 oil crisis called? -Who declared an oil embargo in 1973? -Why did some European nations and Japan want to disassociate themselves from US foreign policy in the Middle East? +What is OAPEC? +Why did Europe and Japan disassociate themselves from US foreign policy in the Middle East? What did the Nixon administration do to address the conflict? -When did Henry Kissinger negotiate an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula? +When did Kissinger negotiate an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula? When did Arab oil producers lift the embargo? -When did the US leave the Bretton Woods Accord? -How was the value of the dollar left? -How did the other industrialized nations respond to the devaluation of the dollar? -When did OPEC issue a joint communiqué? +When did the United States withdraw from the Bretton Woods Accord? +What was the value of the dollar left to do? +What did industrialized nations do in response to the devaluation of the dollar? +When did OPEC issue a joint communiqué stating that they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold? Why did oil producers' real income decrease? How much did the dollar price of oil rise from 1947 to 1967? -When did OPEC slow to readjust prices to reflect the depreciation of the dollar? -When did OPEC's prices return to Bretton Woods levels? -Until what event did the price of oil remain stable? -When did Syria and Egypt launch an attack on Israel? +When did OPEC slow to readjust prices to reflect the depreciation of oil? +When did OPEC increase their prices? +When did the price of oil stay fairly stable? +When did Syria and Egypt launch a surprise attack on Israel? What country was the world's second-largest oil exporter? -How much did the Shah of Iran say the price of oil should rise? +How much did the Shah of Iran say you should pay for oil? What country was the world's second-largest oil exporter? What released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices? -Why did OPEC raise the price of oil? -When did OPEC raise the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11? -How long did OPEC agree to cut production? +Why did OPEC raise the price of oil on October 16, 1973? +When did OPEC raise the price of oil by 70%? +How long did OPEC agree to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments? How much did Nixon ask Congress to appropriate in emergency aid to Israel? -What caused OPEC to raise the price of oil? +What did OPEC raise the price of oil by 70% in response to? How much did Saudi Arabia spend in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam? -Along with the Taliban, what groups did the al-Haramain Foundation give money to? -Where did Saudi Arabia's arms purchases exacerbate political tensions? +What groups did the al-Haramain Foundation give money to? +In what part of the world did Saudi Arabia's arms purchases exacerbate political tensions? What was the reason for lower prices for export commodities? -What is the fundamentalist interpretation of Islam known as? -What caused recessions in the US? -What country was the US concerned about the Middle East becoming another superpower confrontation with? -When did the US and the USSR reach a negotiated settlement? -Who was the leader of the US in the 1970s? -What had a negative influence on the US economy? -What industry was affected by the price increases? -What consisted of inflationary and deflationary impacts? -Where did oil companies look for new ways to increase oil supplies? -How long did it take to find oil and develop new fields? +What is the fundamentalist interpretation of Islam called? +What has been held responsible for recessions, periods of excessive inflation, and lower economic growth in the US? +What country was the US worried about the Middle East becoming another superpower confrontation with? +In what year did scholars argue that there already existed a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties before? +Who was the leader of the United States in 1973? +What had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to US energy security? +What is an example of an industry that was affected by the price increases? +What type of problems did the embargo cause? +In what rugged terrain did the embargo leave oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies? +How long did it take to find and develop new oil fields? Which member of the EEC faced a complete embargo? -What country refused to allow the UK and France to use their airfields? +Who did the UK and France refuse to allow to use their airfields? Which country supported Israel during the Six-Day War? -What country did Harold Wilson support during the Six-Day War? +What country did Harold Wilson's government support during the Six-Day War? Who was the successor to Harold Wilson? -Which country was unaffected by the embargo? +Which country faced an oil crisis of its own? What caused the change of government in the UK? -When did coal miners and railroad workers strike? +When did a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers occur in the UK? Along with the UK, Italy, Switzerland and Norway, what country banned flying, driving and boating on Sundays? -Which country rationed gasoline? +Which country rationed gasoline and heating oil? What exacerbated the crisis in the US? -What was the purpose of selling new oil at a higher price? +What was the purpose of allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price? What exacerbated the crisis in the US? -How was scarcity addressed in the US? +How was scarcity addressed in many countries? Who was the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office? When was William E. Simon named the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office? What was the purpose of the Federal Energy Office? When did the American Automobile Association report that 20% of American gasoline stations had no fuel? What was the national maximum speed limit in 1974? -What was the name of the law that imposed a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph? +What act imposed a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph? Who signed the National Highway Designation Act? When did Bill Clinton sign the National Highway Designation Act? -When was the cabinet-level Department of Energy created? +In what year was the cabinet-level Department of Energy created? What led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels? -What do critics say American energy policies ignore? +What do critics say American energy policies have ignored? Who has repeatedly backed policies that promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful? Who considered military action to seize Middle Eastern oilfields? Who ordered a British intelligence estimate of US intentions? -How long did the American occupation of the Middle Eastern oilfields need to last? -Who did the Soviets fear would be alienated by the US occupation? +How long did intelligence say the US occupation of the Middle East would need to last? +Who did intelligence warn would be alienated if the US occupied the Middle East? Which country was the most dependent on Arab oil? How much of Japan's imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970? -How much did Japan receive a production cut in 1973? +What did Japan receive in December of 1973? On what date did Japan issue a statement stating that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories? By what date was Japan considered an Arab-friendly state? What was one sign of insecurity in the region? -Who became increasingly dependent on American security assurances to manage external and internal threats? -Which country purchased five times Israel's arms in 1979? -When did the Shah fail? -When did Wahhabi extremists seize the Grand Mosque in Mecca? +Who became increasingly dependent on American security assurances to manage both external and internal threats? +Who is an Arab, largely Sunni Muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy? +When did the Shah fail to control Iran? +When was the Grand Mosque in Mecca seized by Wahhabi extremists? What did the crisis reduce the demand for? -What became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front wheel drive? -What type of engines did American cars use? -Where did the Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210, and the Honda Civic come from? +What became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive? +What type of engines were more fuel efficient in the US? +Where did unibody construction and front-wheel drive become de facto standards? When did Honda, Toyota and Nissan open US assembly plants? -What was the name of the larger car introduced by Toyota and Nissan? -Along with air conditioning, AM-FM radios, and central locking, what feature was added to the Datsun 810? -Along with Infiniti and Acura, what Japanese luxury car company opened an assembly plant in the US? -What was the name of the compact truck introduced? -What did Mitsubishi rename the Forte? +What was the name of the larger car that Toyota and Nissan introduced? +Along with air conditioning, AM-FM radios, and power windows, what feature was added to the Datsun 810? +Along with Infiniti and Acura, what luxury division did Honda, Toyota, and Nissan establish in the US? +What was the name of the compact truck that was introduced? +What did Mitsubishi rebrand its Forte as? Who did Mazda, Mitsubishi and Isuzu have joint partnerships with? -What did the American truck makers end their domestic import policy? +What policy did the American makers end with their domestic replacements? What forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales? -How many passengers did the Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon have? +What was the maximum amount of passengers the Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon had? By what year had the average American vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon? -Along with the Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, and Mercury Marquis, what luxury sedan became popular in the mid-1970s? -What was the only full-size model that did not recover from the 1973 crisis? +What luxury sedans became popular in the mid-1970s? +What was the only full-size model that did not recover after the 1973 crisis? By what year had most full-size American cars shrunk? -When did Chrysler end production of full-sized luxury sedans? -What compacts were a precursor to the DOT "downsize"? -When did OPEC lose its preeminent position? -When did the world price of oil fall to less than $10 per barrel? -Why did Saudi Arabia increase production? -What was the world price of oil in 1979? -What was the name of the first Americans in space? +In what year did Chrysler end production of full-sized luxury sedans? +What was the name of the 1974 compacts? +In what year did OPEC lose its preeminent position? +During what decade did the world price of oil decrease to less than $10 per barrel? +What was Saudi Arabia trying to do by increasing production? +What was the world price of oil during the 1979 energy crisis? +What was the name of the project that put the first Americans in space? Who carried out the Apollo program? When was the first manned flight of Apollo? Who was the president of the United States when the Apollo program was first conceived? -How many people were on Project Gemini? -When did the Apollo program run? -What program ran concurrently with Apollo from 1962 to 1966? -The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was a joint Earth orbit mission with whom? +How many people did Project Gemini have? +What years did the Apollo program run? +What program supported the Apollo program? +Who was the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project a joint Earth orbit mission with? What was the name of the space station that supported three manned missions in 1973-74? -When did the Apollo 1 cabin fire occur? +In what year did the Apollo 1 cabin fire occur? What caused the Apollo 1 cabin fire? -What forced the cancellation of three of the Apollo missions? +What forced the cancellation of three of the nine follow-on landings? How many of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings? What prevented the Apollo 13 landing? What was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body? @@ -3840,290 +3840,290 @@ What areas of technology did the Apollo program help advance? How many astronauts could the Mercury capsule carry on a limited Earth orbital mission? How many astronauts would the Apollo program carry? Who was the manager of the Apollo program? -Along with ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights and circumlumnar flights, what other missions were possible? +What was one of the possible missions of the Apollo program? When was the Apollo program conceived? In what year was the Apollo program announced? Who led NASA's own in-house spacecraft design studies? -How many study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics/Convair? +How many feasibility study contracts were awarded? Who was the Deputy Administrator of NASA in 1960? Who was elected president in 1960? -Who did John F. Kennedy promise American superiority over in the fields of space exploration? -What was Kennedy put off by the technical details of the Apollo program? -Who was Kennedy's NASA Administrator? +Who did John F. Kennedy promise American superiority over in space exploration and missile defense? +What was Kennedy put off by about the Moon landing? +Who was the NASA Administrator in 1960? What did Kennedy speak out against? Who was the first person to fly in space? Who was the first person to fly in space? How many days after Gagarin's flight did the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics meet? How did Kennedy respond to the news of Gagarin's flight? -On what date did Kennedy send a memo to Johnson? +On what date did Kennedy send a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson about the status of America's space program? Who was the Vice President of the United States at the time of Kennedy's memo? -How long did it take Johnson to respond to Kennedy's memo? -What did Johnson conclude about the US's space program? +How long did it take for Johnson to respond to Kennedy's memo? +What did Johnson conclude about America's space program? Who was given authority to grow the Manned Spacecraft Center? -Where did Gilruth's Space Task Group come from? +Where was the Space Task Group located? +Where was the Manned Spacecraft Center located? +What university donated land for the Manned Spacecraft Center? Where was the Manned Spacecraft Center located? -Who donated the land for the Manned Spacecraft Center? -Where was the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station located? Where was the Launch Operations Center located? -Who was the first director of the Launch Operations Center? -What was Debus' first title at the LOC? -Who died on November 29, 1963? +Who was the first director of the LOC? +What was Debus's title at the LOC? +Who died in 1963? How many launch pads were planned? What was tested in two vacuum chambers? -At what altitude were the Apollo spacecraft tested? +At what altitude could the Apollo spacecraft be tested? How large was the Vertical Assembly Building? Who did Administrator Webb recruit for a high management job? -On what date did Webb announce Mueller's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator? +When did Webb announce Mueller's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator? Who was the previous Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight? Who was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight? What industry experience did Mueller have? -Where did Mueller find skilled managers? +What branch of the military did Mueller work for? Who did Mueller recruit to manage the Apollo program? -How long did Phillips manage Apollo? -What position did Schriever want Phillips to hold? -What did engineers fear would be difficult in lunar orbit? +How long did General Samuel C. Phillips manage Apollo? +What position did General Samuel C. Phillips receive from NASA? +What did many engineers fear would be difficult in lunar orbit? In what year was direct ascent generally the mission mode in favor at NASA? Who was the Associate Administrator of NASA in 1961? -Who was the head of the ad-hoc committee? +Who was the head of the ad-hoc committee that recommended a launch vehicle for the Apollo program? When was the ad-hoc committee formed? -Which center began to come around to support LOR? +What center began to come around to support LOR in late 1961 and early 1962? Who was the deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight? -Where did the engineers at MSFC become convinced of the merits of LOR? +Where did the engineers at MSFC convert to LOR? Who was Kennedy's science advisor? Who did Wiesner hire to chair his own "Space Vehicle Panel"? -Who did Golovin work for? -When was the formal announcement of the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR? -Who blurted out "No" in front of the press? +Who was responsible for the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR? +When did NASA announce its decision to land men on the Moon? +Who blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press? What did Wiesner blurted out in front of the press? -What did LEM stand for? +What was the name of the LEM? Who was chosen as the Lunar Excursion Module contractor? What did the LOR method allow the lander to do? On what Apollo mission did an oxygen tank explosion leave the command ship without electrical power? -What did the Lunar Module provide to the crew? -When was the LM dropped as a lifeboat? +What did the Lunar Module provide to get the crew home safely? +In what year was the Lunar Module dropped as a lifeboat? What shape was the Apollo command module? -What was the CSM? +What was the name of the CSM? How many men would the Lunar Excursion Module take to the lunar surface? -How many astronauts were in the Command Module? -Where did the Command Module land on Earth? +How many astronauts could the Command Module carry? +In what body of water did the Command Module land on Earth? What was the exterior of the Command Module covered with? What was carried to slow the Command Module's descent to splashdown? How much did the Command Module weigh? What was the name of the cylindrical module that supported the Command Module? -What was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights? +What antenna was used for long distance communications on the lunar flights? What happened to the Service Module after re-entry? -How much did the initial lunar flight version of the Command Module weigh? +How much did the initial lunar flight version of the SM weigh? What was carried on the extended lunar missions? Who won the contract to build the CSM? -How much more thrust was the service propulsion engine required for translunar flight? -When was the program definition study done? -What was the second stage of the second launch vehicle for NASA? -How many astronauts were in the Lunar Module? -Was the Lunar Module designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth? -How much did the initial LM weigh? +How much more thrust was required for translunar flight? +In what year did a program definition study conclude that the initial design should be continued as Block I? +What was the name of the second stage of the launch vehicle for NASA? +How many astronauts did the Lunar Module land on the Moon? +How was the Lunar Module designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere? +How much did the initial LM model weigh? How long did the Extended Lunar Module allow surface stays? Who was the Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center? -Where did von Braun work before being transferred to NASA? +What branch of the military did Wernher von Braun work for before joining NASA? When was the decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous made? What did the first four Saturn I test flights carry? -When were the first five boilerplate CSMs launched into orbit? +In what years were five boilerplate CSMs launched into orbit? What did the last three Saturn I test flights carry? What did the Pegasus satellites measure? -What was an upgraded version of the Saturn I? +What was the name of the upgraded version of the Saturn I? How much thrust did the S-IVB-200 produce? -What was the restartable version of the S-IVB used as on the Saturn V? +What was the S-IVB used as on the Saturn V? How many pounds could the Saturn IB send into low Earth orbit? -What was the name of the Saturn V? +What was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon? How tall was the Saturn V? How many stages did the Saturn V have? -What did the second and third stages of the Saturn V do? -From what two projects were the Apollo astronauts chosen? +What did the second and third stages of the Saturn V burn? +What two projects were the Apollo astronauts chosen from? How many missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans? Who was the first NASA scientist to fly in space? -On what mission did Harrison Schmitt land on the Moon? +What was the name of the last mission to land on the Moon? On what mission did Harrison Schmitt land on the Moon? How many astronauts were awarded the Distinguished Service Medal? -What was the highest honor given to the Apollo astronauts? -When were the Distinguished Service Medals awarded to Grissom, White and Chaffee? -Why were the crew of Apollo 7 awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal? -What was the first mission to which the astronauts were awarded the Distinguished Service Medal? -When were the first Block I CSMs launched? -What was the altitude of the first Block I CSM? -How far did the second Block I CSM go downrange? -Along with the Service Module engine and Command Module, what other component of the Saturn IB was tested on suborbital flights? +What was the highest honor given to the astronauts of the Apollo program? +When were the Distinguished Service Medals awarded to Grissom, White, and Chaffee? +Why were the crew of Apollo 7 awarded the Exceptional Service Medal? +What was the last mission to receive the Distinguished Service Medal? +In what year were two Block I CSMs launched from LC-34? +What was the altitude of the first Block I CSM launched? +How many miles downrange did the second Block I CSM recover? +What did the suborbital flights validate the Service Module engine and the Command Module? What type of LM test flight was AS-206? -What did the astronauts begin wearing? -What was replaced with a clear "fishbowl" type? +What did the astronauts begin wearing on the first Block II CSM and LM? +What was replaced with a clear "fishbowl" type of helmet? What did the lunar surface EVA suit include? -What was another name for LMP? -Who selected the first Apollo crew? -What was Deke Slayton's previous career? +What was the Block II crew position called? +Who was the Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs? +What was Deke Slayton's profession? In what year was the first Apollo crew selected? -Who dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft? +Who was the first Apollo crew Pilot? What was the name of the first Apollo crew? -What happened to the AS-205 mission? +What happened to the AS-205 mission in December 1966? When was the AS-258 mission planned? What was the dual mission renamed? -What were Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham reassigned to? -Who was the program director of North American? -What was the name of the team appointed to investigate North American's problems? +What were Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham reassigned as? +Who was the program director of North American in 1965? +What did Mueller appoint Samuel Phillips to head? When was the Lunar Module supposed to be ready for manned flight? Who was the Manned Space Flight Administrator in 1965? -Where did the astronauts conduct tests of their spacecraft? +Where did the Apollo 1 crew conduct tests of their spacecraft at the Kennedy Space Center? Who decided to name their flight Apollo 1? -What would the plugs-out test simulate? -Where did the astronauts train and conduct tests of their spacecraft? -What was the first problem with the plugs-out test? +What would a "plugs-out" test simulate? +Where did the Apollo 1 crew train and conduct tests of their spacecraft? +What caused a delay in the sealing of the hatch? When did the plugs-out test begin? What began in the cabin during the hold? -What happened to the astronauts before the hatch could be opened? -What kind of atmosphere did the Saturn VI have? +What happened to the astronauts when the hatch could not be opened? +What kind of atmosphere was on the space shuttle when the electrical fire began? Who oversaw the accident review board? -What did the review board conclude existed in the Command Module design, workmanship and quality control? -Who replaced Joseph Francis Shea? +What did the accident review board conclude existed in the Command Module design, workmanship and quality control? +Who replaced Joseph Francis Shea as Apollo Spacecraft Program Office Manager? When did NASA convene an accident review board? What did the Block II spacecraft use instead of pure oxygen? What was removed from the Block II spacecraft? -What did the Block II design call for to replace the Block I plug-type hatch cover? +What did the Block II design replace the Block I plug-type hatch cover with? What did NASA do with the manned Block I program? -What type of space suits did the crew wear? -What type of mission types did Mueller approve in 1967? -What had to be accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing? -What were used instead of numbers? +What type of space suits were used on the Block II spacecraft? +What type of mission types were approved in September 1967? +What had to be accomplished before the next ones could be performed? +What was used instead of numbers in the sequence of mission types? What was the name of the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V? What did the Command Module have that allowed it to survive a trans-lunar reentry? -When did the Apollo 6 mission take off? -What test did NASA cancel? +On what date did Apollo 6 (AS-502) launch? +What test did NASA cancel after Apollo 6? What was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit? Where was Apollo 5 launched from? -Who wanted a second unmanned test? -What was the result of the test of the LM engines? -What was the abort mode called? -What did Apollo 8 launch on instead of the Saturn V? -What was the name of the animal that the Soviet Union sent around the Moon on September 15, 1968? -On what day did the Apollo 8 mission transmit pictures of the Moon? -What did George Low suggest Apollo 8 do instead of going to Earth? -Who did the Soviet Union believe would soon repeat the feat of sending animals around the Moon? -What was the name of the spacecraft used on the Apollo 11 mission? -When did the G mission occur? +Who wanted a second unmanned test of the LM? +What was the result of the LM engines being test-fired and restarted? +What is the abort mode of the ascent engine called? +How many Saturn IBs did Apollo 8 launch on? +What was the name of the Soviet spacecraft that sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968? +On what day did the Apollo 8 mission transmit pictures of the lunar surface? +What did George Low suggest Apollo 8 do instead of the Earth orbit? +Who did the Soviet Union plan to send to orbit the Moon? +What was the name of the crew of the Apollo 11 mission? +When was the G mission on Apollo 11? What did the Apollo 11 crew send back to Earth? -Who were the Apollo 11 crew? -When did the Apollo 11 astronauts return to Earth? -On what mission did Pete Conrad and Alan L. Bean land on the Moon? -What was the name of the unmanned lunar probe that Apollo 12 landed on? -What did the Surveyor 3 do with some of the parts they removed? -What was the first lunar surface color television camera pointed into? -What would be carried on the final missions? -What was revised for the extended missions? +Who were the crew members of the G mission? +On what date did the Apollo 11 crew return to Earth? +On what mission did Conrad and Bean land on the Moon? +What was the name of the unmanned lunar probe that landed on the Ocean of Storms? +What did Conrad and Bean do with some parts of the Surveyor 3? +What was the first lunar surface color television camera accidentally pointed into? +What did the final five missions carry? +What was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility? How many more planned landing sites did NASA announce? -How long did the CMP stay on the Moon? -What did NASA plan to increase in the CSM and LM for the last five missions? +How long did the final five missions allow the CMP to stay on the Moon? +What did NASA plan to increase the CSM and LM for the last five missions? What caused the Service Module to be disabled? -Who were the other two crew members on Apollo 13? +What was the crew of Apollo 13 made up of? What happened to Apollo 13 after the oxygen tank exploded? -What part of the Apollo 13 mission exploded? +What part of the Apollo 13 spacecraft exploded two days out? When was Apollo 13 launched? -What mission did the Skylab replace? -What happened to NASA's yearly budget after the Apollo 20 landing? -What did the unused Saturn Vs become? -When did NASA cancel missions 18 and 19? -How old are the rocks collected from the Moon? -How old are the samples from the highlands crust? +What was the name of the first Skylab mission? +What happened to NASA's yearly budget after the successful landing of Apollo 20? +What did the two unused Saturn Vs become? +In what year did NASA cancel missions 18 and 19? +How old are the rocks collected from the Moon compared to rocks found on Earth? +How old are the samples from the highlands crust of the Moon? What geochemical component was discovered on the Moon? What is the name of the important rock found during the Apollo Program? -What do many samples appear to be pitted with? -What do almost all the rocks on the Moon show evidence of? +Many samples appear to be pitted with what? +Almost all the rocks show evidence of what? What is impact melt? How much did the Apollo program cost in 2005 dollars? -How many Saturn V rockets were purchased? +How many Saturn V rockets did NASA purchase? How much did the Space Review estimate the cost of the Apollo program from 1959 to 1973? What was the name of the Apollo Extension Series? -What was the name of the program that grew out of the Apollo Extension Series? -The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a fly-by mission to what planet? -When was Skylab launched? -Where was the Skylab constructed? -When did the last crew of Skylab leave? +What was the name of the post-lunar program that grew out of the Apollo Extension Series? +What planet did the Apollo Telescope Missions plan to fly by? +In what year did the S-IVB orbital workshop launch? +How was the Skylab constructed? +When did the last crew leave the Skylab? What was the solar telescope that would have been used on the Apollo Telescope Missions called? What was the name of the robotic probe that photographed the lunar surface in 2009? Which mission's flag was blown over on the Moon? -What is the degree to which the Apollo flags retain their original colors? -What was the name of the Apollo mission that sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon? -What book did Apollo 8 read from on Christmas Eve? -How much of the population of the world saw the Apollo 8 transmission? -What did the Apollo 8 mission and Christmas provide? -What was the Moon landing data recorded by? -What format did the Apollo TV camera record in? -What prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration? -What did NASA use instead of magnetic tapes? +What is the degree to which these flags retain their original colors? +Which Apollo mission sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon? +What book did Apollo 8 read from on Christmas Eve, 1968? +How much of the population of the world saw the Christmas Eve transmission? +What did the Apollo 8 mission and Christmas provide to 1968? +What was used to record the Moon landing data? +What was the format of the Apollo TV camera? +What caused NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data? +What did NASA use to replace the magnetic tapes? Who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera? Who compiled the data from Apollo 11? How was the video processed to remove random noise and camera shake? -Along with tapes from Australia, the CBS News archive, and Johnson Space Center, what other recordings were used in the restoration? -Who did Nafzger assign the Apollo 11 data to for restoration? -In what color was the Apollo 11 video restored? +What type of recordings were made at the Johnson Space Center? +Who restored the original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11? +What color was the Apollo 11 video restored in? What are the three sources of European Union law? What is European Union law? What are the main sources of primary law? What are the secondary sources of European Union law? -What are the two main bodies of the European Union's legislature? +What are the two main legislative bodies of the European Union? What is European Union law? What effect do Regulations and Directives have on the laws of European Union member states? What are the three sources of European Union law? -What are the two main bodies of the European Union's legislature? +What are the two main legislative bodies of the European Union? What are the three sources of European Union law? What are the main sources of primary law? -Who is the legislature of the European Union primarily composed of? +What are the two main legislative bodies of the European Union? How many sources of European Union law are there? Who applies European Union law? -Who applies European Union law? +Who can enforce European Union law where the laws of member states provide lesser rights? Under what treaty can the European Commission take proceedings against a member state? -Who is the highest court able to interpret European Union law? -Along with case law and general principles of European Union law, what is another source of supplementary sources of EU law? +What is the highest court able to interpret European Union law? +Besides case law by the Court of Justice and general principles of European Union law, what other sources of law are there? Who applies European Union law? Under what treaty can the European Commission take proceedings against a member state? -Who is the highest court able to interpret European Union law? -Along with case law and general principles of European Union law, what is another source of supplementary sources of EU law? -Who applies European Union law? +What is the highest court able to interpret European Union law? +Besides case law by the Court of Justice and general principles of European Union law, what other sources of law are there? Who applies European Union law? -Who is the highest court able to interpret European Union law? -What are some sources of European Union law? +Who is responsible for applying European Union law? +What is the highest court able to interpret European Union law? +What are some Supplementary sources of European Union law? What are the EU's primary constitutional sources? Who has the initiative to propose legislation? Who elects the European Parliament? -What is the supreme judicial body that interprets EU law? +What is the supreme judicial body which interprets EU law? What is the name of the body that appoints the Commissioners and the board of the European Central Bank? What is the primary law of the EU? -What region is excluded from the jurisdiction of European Union law? +What is an example of a region that the TEU specifically excludes from the jurisdiction of European Union law? What can the Court of Justice of the European Union do? -How can individuals rely on primary law in the Court of Justice? +When can individuals rely on primary law in the Court of Justice of the European Union? When do treaties apply? What are the core treaties of the EU? -What are two territories where a member state is responsible for external relations? -How long do the Treaties last? +What are two territories where European Union law applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations? +How long do treaties apply? Who can interpret the Treaties? -When did the European Union begin? +How did the principal Treaties that form the European Union begin? What treaties established the formal institutions of the European Union? When did Greenland sign a treaty giving it a special status? -When did the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway join the European Union? -Which country signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status? +When did Norway join the European Union? +What country signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status? What did the principal Treaties that form the European Union begin with? When was the Maastricht Treaty signed? When was the Single European Act signed? When did the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway join the European Union? When did Greenland sign a treaty giving it a special status? -When was there an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union? -What two referendums prevented the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe from coming into force? -How similar was the Lisbon Treaty to the proposed constitutional treaty? +When was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent? +What two referendums caused the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe to never come into force? +What was the substance of the Lisbon Treaty? What was the Lisbon Treaty formally? What did the Lisbon Treaty do? What did the Nice Treaty attempt to do? -Why did the Nice Treaty not produce a single constitutional document? -What two referendums prevented the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe from coming into force? +What would have happened if the Nice Treaty had been enacted? +What two referendums caused the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe to never come into force? What was enacted instead of the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe? What is the main executive body of the European Union? Who has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure? Who sets the agenda for the EU's work? -How many Commissioners are there? +How many Commissioners are there in the EU? Who is the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy? What article of the Treaty on European Union states that Commissioners should be completely independent? Who sets the agenda for the EU's work? @@ -4131,30 +4131,30 @@ How are decisions taken by the European Commission? Which country refused to consent to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007? Who are the unelected subordinates of member state governments? What Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999? -What did the European Court of Justice decide in the case of Commission v Edith Cresson? -Who found that few Commissioners had even the slightest sense of responsibility? +What did the European Court of Justice decide in Commission v Edith Cresson? +Who found that a culture had developed where few Commissioners had even the slightest sense of responsibility? Who appoints the board of the European Central Bank? Do the President of the Council and a Commissioner have voting rights in ECB meetings? When was the Santer Commission censured by Parliament? -What is the name of the case that resulted in a Commissioner giving a dentist a job for which he was clearly unqualified? -Who found that few Commissioners had even the slightest sense of responsibility? -What did the Committee of Independent Experts create? -When did the European Anti-fraud Office investigate John Dalli? +What was the main case that resulted in the European Court of Justice holding that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job for which he was clearly unqualified did in fact not break any law? +Who found that a culture had developed where few Commissioners had even the slightest sense of responsibility? +What office was created after the Committee of Independent Experts found that few Commissioners had even the slightest sense of responsibility? +In what year did the European Anti-fraud Office investigate the Maltese Commissioner for Health? Who has powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process? -Why are equality and democracy deficient? +What is one of the problems with equality and democracy in the EU? How often do Parliament elections take place? -How much can the Parliament censure the Commission? -What does the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10 mean? +How much of a majority can the Parliament censure the whole Commission? +What did the Court of Justice hold in Parti écologiste? Who has a monopoly on initiating legislation? Who has powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process? When did the European Parliament hold its first direct elections? How often do Parliament elections take place? -What party is the largest in the European Parliament? +What is the largest political party in the European Parliament? Who is the Council composed of? -Who is the President of the European Council? -How is voting weighted in the Council? +Who is the current President of the European Council? +How is voting weighted to member state size? How many votes are there in the European Council? -How many votes does the Council have? +How many votes does the European Council have? What is the second main legislative body of the EU? How often does the European Council meet? How many votes are there in the European Council? @@ -4163,152 +4163,152 @@ How many MEPs must vote to block a Commission proposal? What must the Council vote by to approve changes? Is it easier or harder to change EU law than stay the same? Which articles state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred? -Who believes it has the final say? +Who believes it has the final say within the EU? What defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts? -What does the TFEU article 294 mean? +What does TFEU article 294 mean? Which articles state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred? -What is convened when the different institutions cannot agree on a joint text? +What is the name of the committee that is convened when the different institutions cannot agree on a joint text? What branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law? What is the main judicial body of the EU? -How many judges are there in each member state? -Most EU law is applied by what? +How many judges are there in each member state of the EU? +Most EU law is applied by who? What is the CJEU's duty? How has the judicial branch of the EU played an important role in the development of EU law? What is the main judicial body of the EU? -What is the name of the court that deals with EU staff issues? -How long is the term of the president of the CJEU? +What is the name of the tribunal that deals with EU staff issues? +How long is the term of the president of the General Court? What is the CJEU's duty? -What does the Court of Justice believe has primacy within the EU? +What law has primacy within the EU? Why did the Italian Constitutional Court say Costa had no claim? -When did Simmenthal SpA claim that a public health inspection fee under an Italian law for importing beef from France to Italy was contrary to two Regulations? +In what years were the Regulations in Amministrazione delle Finanze v Simmenthal SpA issued? Who has had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems? -When was the first major case of Costa v ENEL? -Who said EU law has primacy if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law? +In what year did Costa v ENEL take place? +Who said that EU law has primacy if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law? What takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties? What do member states not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on? -When was the European Communities Act enacted? -What does the EU's legitimacy rest on? -What is the German Constitutional Court's view of the EU? +In what year was the European Communities Act enacted? +What does the German Constitutional Court believe the EU's legitimacy rests on? +What is the view of the German Constitutional Court from the Solange I and Solange II decisions? What binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law? -When were citizens or corporations said to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties? +In what year were citizens or corporations said to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties? What actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review? -What concerns the European Union's governance structure? -What case held that the provisions of the Treaties are directly effective? -What prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities from charging tariffs? +What type of law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law? +In what case was it held that the provisions of the Treaties are directly effective if they are clear and unambiguous? +What article of the TFEU prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities from charging tariffs on urea-formaldehyde plastics? What was Van Gend en Loos? -What are EU Regulations the same as? +EU Regulations are the same as what in this sense? What do not generally give citizens standing to sue other citizens? -How many paid holidays does the Working Time Directive require? -How many days of paid holidays do most member states require in national law? +How many paid holidays does the Working Time Directive require every worker to have each year? +Most member states require more than how many days of paid holidays in national law? When did Advocate Generals argue that Directives should create rights and duties for all citizens? What happens if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met? -How can a Directive be invoked? +What can a citizen or company invoke a Directive in a dispute with a public authority? How many years did Kücükdeveci work for Swedex GmbH & Co KG? What company made women retire at age 60 and men at 65? What did British Gas make? -Who has a duty to interpret domestic law? +Who has a duty to interpret domestic law as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive? What did the First Company Law Directive article 11 require? What did the Italian government do in Francovich v Italy? How much did Francovich claim in damages from the Italian government? Who developed the principles of European Union law? -What are the accepted general principles of European Union Law? +What are some accepted general principles of European Union Law? How long has proportionality been recognized by the European Court of Justice? Where is the principle of proportionality recognized in the EC Treaty? What must be adopted when there is a choice between several appropriate measures? How long has the concept of legal certainty been recognized by the European Court of Justice? -What is legal certainty an important general principle of? +The concept of legal certainty is an important general principle of what? What must the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union have? -Where does the doctrine of legitimate expectation come from? +The doctrine of legitimate expectation has its roots in what principles? Where does the European Court of Justice draw inspiration? What can the European Court of Justice not uphold measures which are incompatible with? How many of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights? Who should be prevented from violating human rights? When was the European Convention on Human Rights established? -What court did the European Court of Justice establish? +What European court recognized fundamental rights as general principle of European Union law? When did the European Council set up a body tasked with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights? -When was the Lisbon Treaty signed? +In what year was the Lisbon Treaty signed? What document has become an integral part of European Union law? The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of what? -Who enforces the Charter and the Convention? -The Social Chapter is a chapter of what treaty? -When was the Treaty of Amsterdam signed? +Who is responsible for enforcing the Charter and the Convention? +What treaty is the Social Chapter of? +In what year was the Treaty of Amsterdam signed? When was the basis for the Social Chapter developed? How many general principles does the Social Charter declare? How many pieces of legislation did the Social Charter become the basis for? Who adopted the Social Charter in 1989? -Who refused to sign the Social Charter? -What was the Social Charter included as in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty? -When was the Social Charter added to the Maastricht Treaty? -What happened in 1997 that allowed the UK to subscribe to the Agreement on Social Policy? -When was the UK Labour Party elected to government? +Who was the only member state to veto the Social Charter being included as the "Social Chapter"? +What was the protocol that was added as a protocol called? +In what year was the Maastricht Treaty signed? +What event in 1997 led to the UK formally subscribing to the Agreement on Social Policy? +In what year was the Agreement on Social Policy added to the Treaty of Amsterdam? What law required workforce consultation in businesses? -When was the Parental Leave Directive passed? +In what year did the Parental Leave Directive come into effect? What did the 1994 Works Council Directive require? -What countries were members of the European Coal and Steel Community? -When was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement signed? -What did Article 65 of the ECSC ban? -What article of the Treaty of Rome banned cartels? -When were competition rules included in the Treaty of Rome? -Where does the Treaty of Lisbon prohibit anti-competitive agreements? +Who signed the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSCC) agreement? +In what year was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement signed? +What did Article 65 of the agreement ban? +What article made provisions for concentrations, or mergers, and the abuse of a dominant position? +In what year were competition rules included in the Treaty of Rome? +What article of the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements? What does Article 102 prohibit? What articles provide that a member state's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed? What article of the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits the abuse of dominant position? When was the concept of a "social market economy" introduced into EU law? When was the Treaty of Rome signed? What is the goal of breaking down barriers to trade? -What was originally theorised to give way to a customs union? +What is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit? Who has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people's well being? How is free movement of goods within the European Union achieved? Who did the Belgian law discriminate against? Who can states be responsible for? -In what case were French farmer vigilantes sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries? +In what case were French farmer vigilantes continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries? What did Austria fail to ban? What was the minimum alcohol content of German liqueurs? -Where did Rewe-Zentrale AG want to import Cassis de Dijon? -When did Commission v Italy take place? +Where did Rewe-Zentrale AG want to import Cassis de Dijon from? +In what year did Commission v Italy take place? What was all Italian chocolate made from? -What was the name of the case in which the Court of Justice found that a Belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages infringed article 34? -Who claimed that their prosecution under a French competition law was unlawful? +What did the Court of Justice say was disproportionate? +Who claimed that their prosecution under a French competition law prevented them from selling Picon beer under wholesale price? What was the aim of the law to prevent? What case reviewed Swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12? Under what law did the EU harmonise restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising? What did the Treaties seek? What originally focused upon free movement of workers? -What was free movement increasingly based on? -In what case did a German man claim the right to residence in the Netherlands? -How did the Court of Justice rule in Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie? -What are the main provisions on equal treatment of workers in the Free Movement of Workers Regulation? -Who was the Belgian Football Association v Bosman? -What language did Groener have to speak to teach in a Dublin design college? -What are the main provisions on equal treatment of workers? -What are the main provisions on equal treatment of workers? +What was free movement increasingly based on in the 1970s? +What was the name of the case in which a German man claimed the right to residence in the Netherlands while he volunteered plumbing and household duties? +What did the Court of Justice hold that Mr Steymann was entitled to? +What are the main provisions of the Free Movement of Workers Regulation? +Who was the Belgian footballer in the Belgian Football Association v Bosman? +What language did Groener v Minister for Education require him to speak to teach in a Dublin design college? +In Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA a bank was not allowed to require Mr Angoneses to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in Bolivia? +In Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA a bank was not allowed to require Mr Angoneses to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in Bolivia? What has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice? What has citizenship of the EU increased? What case held that Austria was not entitled to restrict places in Austrian universities to Austrian students? -What should be more access? -What protects the "freedom of establishment"? -How were the requirements to be registered in Milan allowed? +What has the Court of Justice required more access to? +What protects the freedom of establishment? +How would the requirements to be registered in Milan before being able to practice be allowed? What case held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he lacked Belgian nationality was unjustified? What article of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union protects the "freedom of establishment"? What case held that a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction? -When was a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire? -What is Spain not even having a crime against? +In what year did a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire prompt the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste? +What did Spain not have a crime against? When did the Court of Justice rule that the Commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be? -When did the Court of Justice rule that the Commission could legislate in criminal law? -What does TFEU article 56 apply to? -Why did a Dutch lawyer move to Belgium? -What were controlled in all member states? +In what year was the competence for the Union to do this contested at the Court of Justice? +Who does the "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 apply to? +Why did Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid occur? +What did the Court of Justice hold was controlled in all member states? What did the Dutch health authorities consider unnecessary? What newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK? -How much capital did the UK require to start a company? -What was the minimum capital required to start a company in Denmark? +How much capital did UK law require to start a company? +What was the minimum amount of capital a company could have to start up in Denmark to protect creditors if it went insolvent? What could restrictions on freedom of establishment be justified by? -What case did the Court of Justice hold that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated? +In what case did the Court of Justice hold that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany? What is another name for the Amazon rainforest? How much of the Amazon basin is covered by the rainforest? How many nations are in the Amazon rainforest? -How many states or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names? -How many rainforests are there on the planet? +How many nations have "Amazonas" in their names? +How many rainforests are in the world? What is the Dutch name for the Amazon rainforest? What is the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world? Where is the majority of the Amazon rainforest located? @@ -4316,57 +4316,57 @@ How much of the planet's remaining rainforests does the Amazon represent? How many species are in the Amazon rainforest? What type of forest is the Amazon rainforest? How many square miles is the Amazon basin? -How many nations are in the Amazon rainforest? +How many nations are in the Amazon basin? Where is the majority of the Amazon rainforest located? How many species of trees are in the Amazon rainforest? -What caused the tropical rainforest to spread out? -What has happened to the climate during the last 34 million years? -When did the rainforest span a narrow band? -What happened to the rainforest during the Oligocene? -How did the rainforest survive during the glacial periods? What may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent? -From 66-34 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as what temperature? +What has happened to savanna regions during the last 34 million years? +When did the Oligocene rainforest span a narrow band? +What happened to the rainforest during the Middle Miocene? +How did the rainforest survive during the glacial periods? +What may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event? +How far south did the rainforest extend from 66-34 Mya? What has allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics? During what period did the rainforest span a narrow band? What happened to the rainforest during the Middle Miocene? What event may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent? When did the tropical rainforest extend as far south as 45°? When did the rainforest expand again? -When did the rainforest retreat to a mostly inland formation? +When did the rainforest retract to a mostly inland formation? How long have climate fluctuations allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics? -When was the drainage basin of the Amazon split? +When was the drainage basin of the Amazon split by the Purus Arch? What direction did the water flow from the Purus Arch? -What is the name of the lake that enclosed the Andes Mountains? -When did water break through the Purus Arch? -What happened to the water when it broke through the Purus Arch? -When was the drainage basin of the Amazon split? -Where did water on the eastern side of the Purus Arch flow? +What is the name of the lake that enclosed a lake? +When did the Solimões Basin break through the Purus Arch? +What happened to the water that broke through the Purus Arch? +When was the drainage basin of the Amazon split along the middle of the continent? +What body of water did water on the eastern side of the Purus Arch flow toward? What body of water did the western side of the Amazon flow toward? -Where did water flow from the eastern side of the Amazon to the west? -What is the name of the lake that enclosed the Andes Mountains? -When was the drainage basin of the Amazon split? +What is the name of the basin in the west of the Purus Arch? +What is the name of the lake that enclosed a lake? +When was the drainage basin of the Amazon split by the Purus Arch? What is believed to have split the drainage basin of the Amazon? -Where did water on the eastern side of the Purus Arch flow? +What body of water did water on the eastern side of the Purus Arch flow toward? What body of water did the western side of the Amazon flow toward? -What is the name of the lake that enclosed the Andes Mountains? -During what period did the Amazon rainforest vegetation change? -Was the rainfall in the Amazon basin higher or lower during the Last Glacial Maximum? +What is the name of the lake that enclosed a lake? +What is the term for the period of deglaciation that occurred during the last 21,000 years? +What do sediment deposits from the Amazon basin paleolakes and the Amazon Fan indicate? What do some scientists argue happened to the rainforest? -Why is the debate over the extent of the loss of the Amazon rainforest difficult to resolve? -Are both explanations supported or disproved by the available data? +Is it easy or difficult to resolve the debate over the extent of the reduction of the Amazon rainforest? +What is supported by the available data? How many years have there been significant changes in the Amazon rainforest vegetation? -What two events have caused significant changes in the Amazon rainforest over the last 21,000 years? -What type of evidence from the Amazon basin paleolakes and the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin was lower than for the present? -What is the most likely cause of the lower rainfall in the Amazon? +What two events have caused significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years? +What type of deposits from the Amazon basin paleolakes indicate that rainfall in the basin was lower than for the present? +What is the most likely cause of the lower rainfall in the Amazon basin during the LGM? How many years have there been significant changes in the Amazon rainforest vegetation? -What type of evidence from the Amazon basin paleolakes and the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin was lower than for the present? -What type of vegetation was reduced in the Amazon basin during the LGM? -What are the refugia in the Amazon rainforest separated by? -Why is the debate difficult to resolve? +What type of deposits from the Amazon basin paleolakes indicate that rainfall in the basin was lower than for the present? +What type of vegetation was reduced in the Amazon basin during the Last Glacial Maximum? +What did some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small refugia separated by? +Why is the debate difficult to resolve because of the practical limitations of working in the rainforest? What satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon? How much dust is windblown out of the Sahara each year? -How far is the Sahara from the Atlantic Ocean? -Where do 27.7 million tons of dust fall over? +How far does the dust travel from the Sahara to the Atlantic Ocean? +Where does 15% of dust fall over? How much dust remains in the air? What satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon? How much dust is windblown out of the Sahara each year? @@ -4374,44 +4374,44 @@ How much dust falls over the Amazon basin? How much dust remains in the air? How much dust falls on the Caribbean Sea? What satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon? -Who has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon? +Who is the CALIPSO satellite? How much dust is windblown out of the Sahara each year? -How far is the Sahara from the Atlantic Ocean? +How far does the dust travel from the Sahara to the Atlantic Ocean? How much dust falls over the Amazon basin? -What is the name of Betty Meggers' book? -What is the population density per square kilometre? -What is the only way to sustain a large population in the Amazon rainforest? -What type of findings have suggested that the Amazon rainforest was densely populated? -How many people lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500? -Why was it thought that the Amazon rainforest could not sustain a large population through agriculture? -Who wrote the book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise? -What is the maximum population density that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting? -What did Betty Meggers write? -Who wrote the book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise? -What did Betty Meggers write? -What is the maximum population density that can be sustained in the rainforest? -How many people lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500? -What was the population of the Amazon in the early 1980s? +What was the name of Betty Meggers' book? +What is the population density of the Amazon rainforest? +What did Betty Meggers say was needed to sustain a large population? +What type of findings have suggested that the Amazon rainforest was actually densely populated? +How many people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500? +Why was it thought that the Amazon rainforest was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture? +Who was a prominent proponent of the idea that the Amazon rainforest was sparsely populated? +What did Betty Meggers claim was the maximum population density? +What book did Betty Meggers write? +Who was a prominent proponent of the idea that the Amazon rainforest was sparsely populated? +What book did Betty Meggers write? +What did Betty Meggers claim was the maximum population density? +How many people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500? +By the early 1980s, what was the population of the Amazon rainforest? Who was the first European to travel the length of the Amazon River? -When did Orellana believe that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon? +When did Orellana claim that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon? What is believed to have devastated the Pre-Columbian civilization? -When were geoglyphs discovered in the Amazon? -Between what years were geoglyphs discovered? +When were geoglyphs discovered on deforested land? +Between what years have geoglyphs been discovered on deforested land? Who was the first European to travel the length of the Amazon River? When did Francisco de Orellana travel the length of the Amazon River? -Between what years were geoglyphs discovered? -Who discovered the geoglyphs in 1977? +Between what years have geoglyphs been discovered on deforested land? +Who is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977? How long has the Amazon rainforest been shaped by man? -What does Terra preta mean? -Where is Terra preta distributed? +What is Terra preta? +Where is Terra preta distributed in the Amazon forest? What did the development of the fertile soil allow? -What tribe were the remains of some of the large settlements found in 2003? -Who found the remains of settlements in 2003? +What tribe's remains were found in 2003 in the middle of the Amazon? +Who found the remains of settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest in 2003? What is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest? What did the development of the fertile soil allow? -What tribe were the remains of some of the large settlements found in 2003? -Who found the remains of the Xingu tribe? -What was found in the remains of the Xingu tribe? +What tribe's remains were found in 2003 in the middle of the Amazon? +Who found the remains of the Xingu tribe settlements in 2003? +What was found in the remains of the Xingu tribe settlements? How many insect species live in the Amazon? How many bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon? How many plant species have been scientifically classified in the Amazon? @@ -4422,65 +4422,65 @@ How many birds and mammals live in the Amazon? How many plant species have been scientifically classified in the Amazon? How many reptiles have been scientifically classified in the Amazon? How many bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon? -How many acres is the Ecuadorian rainforest? +How many acres of Ecuadorian rainforest is a quarter square kilometer? How many tree species does the Ecuadorian rainforest support? -How many tonnes of living plants can one square kilometer of the Amazon rainforest contain? +How many tonnes of living plants did a 1999 study find in the Amazon rainforest? What is the average plant biomass in the Amazon rainforest? How many species of plants have been registered in the Ecuadorian rainforest? -Where does the biodiversity of plant species rank on Earth? +What is the biodiversity of plant species in the Ecuadorian rainforest? How many tree species does the Ecuadorian rainforest support? -How many living plants can one square kilometer of the Amazon rainforest contain? +How many tonnes of living plants can a square kilometer of the Amazon rainforest contain? What is the average plant biomass per hectare? How many species of plants have been registered in the Ecuadorian rainforest? What type of eel can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill? What is the largest predatory creature in the rainforest? -What type of animal can bite and injure humans? +What type of fish can bite and injure humans? What do poison dart frogs secrete through their flesh? What type of bats can spread the rabies virus? What is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas? -When was access to the forest's interior restricted? -What type of farming was used in the 1960s? +When was access to the forest's interior highly restricted? +What farming method was used in the 1960s? Why were the colonists unable to manage their fields and crops? -How can you see deforestation from outer space? +What is the effect of deforestation on outer space? What was the total area of forest lost in the Amazon between 1991 and 2000? How many square kilometers of forest did Brazil lose between 1991 and 2000? What did most of the lost forest become? -Where does Brazil rank in the world in soybeans production? +What is Brazil's ranking in the world for soybeans? What percentage of land in the Amazon has been used for livestock pasture since 1970? -Who are the needs of that have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects? +Who has been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon? What did the first two highways lead to? -How many square miles of rainforest did the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 amount to? -What happened to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014? +What was the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005? +What has happened to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014? How much higher was the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005? What are environmentalists concerned about? -What will result in the loss of biodiversity? +What is environmentalists concerned about loss of biodiversity? What could accelerate global warming? How much carbon does the Amazonian evergreen forests hold? How much carbon does the Amazonian evergreen forests hold? What two conditions could cause the Amazon rainforest to become unsustainable? -What is the cause of future climate change? -By what year could the Amazon rainforest become unsustainable? +What causes climate change? +By what year would the Amazon rainforest cover be almost completely lost? When could the Amazon rainforest be threatened by climate change? What could threaten the Amazon rainforest in the 21st century? What continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide? -Along with ethno-biology, what type of conservation efforts have gained increased attention? -What are the main causes of the destruction of indigenous territories? +What type of conservation efforts have gained increased attention? +What are the causes of the destruction of indigenous territories? Which indigenous people continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival? -What type of peoples have non-human primates gained increased attention? +What type of peoples have the relationship between non-human primates and subsistence and symbolism gained increased attention? What is being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests? What tribe uses Google Earth to map out their ancestral lands? Where do the Trio Tribe live? Why do the Trio Tribe map out their ancestral lands? Why are the indigenous tribes of the basin using remote sensing? -What is crucial to accurately map the Amazon's biomass? -What does the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest help to map? +What stage of the Amazon is crucial to accurately map the biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions? +What does the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest help map? Who organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories? When did Tatiana Kuplich organize the trees of the Amazon into four categories? What type of radar did Kuplich use? -When did the Amazon basin experience the worst drought in one hundred years? -What is the name of the organization that argued that the rainforest is at a tipping point? -Along with the effects of drought, what is the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research saying is pushing the rainforest towards a tipping point? -What type of land is the Amazon on the brink of being turned into? +In what year did parts of the Amazon basin experience the worst drought in one hundred years? +Who argued that the rainforest is on the brink of being turned into savanna or desert? +What is the effect of the drought on the regional climate? +What is the Amazon on the brink of being turned into? Who reported that the Amazon could survive only three years of drought? In what year did the Amazon rainforest experience another severe drought? How many square miles of rainforest was affected by the 2010 drought? @@ -4489,16 +4489,16 @@ In what year did the Amazon rainforest experience a severe drought? How much carbon dioxide does the Amazon absorb in a typical year? What are ctenophora commonly known as? Where do comb jellies live? -How large are ctenophora? +How large are ctenophora adults? What is Ctenophora? -What are the most distinctive feature of ctenophora? -What do ctenophores and cnidarians rely on? -What is the largest size of a ctenophora? -What are the most distinctive feature of ctenophora? +What is the most distinctive feature of ctenophora? +What do ctenophores and cnidarians rely on for digestion and respiration? +What is the size of an adult comb jellies? +What is the most distinctive feature of ctenophora? What are ctenophora commonly known as? -What is the largest size of a ctenophora? -What do ctenophores and cnidarians rely on? -What are the Greek words for comb jellies? +What is the size of an adult comb jellies? +What do ctenophores and cnidarians rely on for digestion and respiration? +What is the Greek word for comb jellies? Where do comb jellies live? How much can ctenophores eat in a day? How many species of ctenophores have been validated? @@ -4506,188 +4506,188 @@ How many species of ctenophores have not been fully described and named? How many species of ctenophores have been validated? What are little tentacles called in ctenophores? How much can ctenophores eat in a day? -What do cydippids have a retractable pair of? +What do cydippids have? What do coastal beroids use as teeth? How much can ctenophores eat in a day? What are little tentacles called in ctenophores? What do coastal beroids use as teeth? -What sticky cells are used to capture prey in ctenophores? +What sticky cells do ctenophores use to capture prey? How many species of ctenophores have been validated? -Are all species hermaphrodites? +What type of species can produce both eggs and sperm? What do platyctenids' young look like? -Are juveniles capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size? -What is a hermaphrodites? +Are juveniles capable of reproduction before reaching adult size? +What is a hermaphrodite? What are simultaneous hermaphrodites? -What type of hermaphrodites are eggs and sperm mature at different times? -Which species' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies until they hatch? +What type of hermaphrodites have eggs and sperm mature at different times? +What species' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch? What enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate? What is a hermaphrodite? What are simultaneous hermaphrodites? What is sequential hermaphrodites? -Which species' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies until they hatch? -What are the exceptions to the rule of hermaphrodites? -Where has Mnemiopsis been introduced? +What species' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch? +What are the exceptions to the rule of hermaphroditism? +Where has Mnemiopsis been accidentally introduced? What ctenophore has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea? -What caused the growth of the Mnemiopsis population? +What other factors helped promote the growth of Mnemiopsis? What do Beroe preys on? What ctenophore has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea? What did Mnemiopsis eat? -Where do ctenophores occur in high numbers? -Where do ctenophores occur in high numbers? -What is phytoplankton? +Where are ctenophores found in high numbers? +Where are ctenophores found in high numbers? +What are phytoplankton? What ctenophore has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea? What is Mnemiopsis blamed for? -What helped to mitigate the problem? -When did the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction occur? +What helped to mitigate the problem of Mnemiopsis? +When did the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event occur? Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the "cydippids" are not what? -How long ago were fossils of ctenophores found? -What are the fossils thought to represent ctenophores without? -How long ago were fossils of ctenophores found? -After what event did all the modern ctenophores appear? +How long ago were fossils of ctenophores found in lagerstätten? +What do fossils thought to represent ctenophores lack? +How long ago were fossils of ctenophores found in lagerstätten? +What event 66 million years ago is believed to have caused all modern ctenophores to appear? Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the "cydippids" are not what? -What are the fossils thought to represent ctenophores without? -What are jellyfish, sea anemones, and jellyfish? +What do fossils thought to represent ctenophores lack? +Ctenophores are about as complex as what animal? How are ctenophores distinguished from all other animals? -Ctenophores are less complex than what group of animals? -What animal phylum is more complex than sponges? +What group of animals are ctenophores less complex than? +What is an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges? What are sticky and adhere to prey? -What are jellyfish, sea anemones, and jellyfish? +Ctenophores are about as complex as what animal? What are sticky and adhere to prey? What are sticky and adhere to prey? -What animals have muscles, nervous systems, and sensory organs? -Ctenophores are less complex than what group of animals? -What is the middle layer of jelly-like material in cnidarians and ctenophores? +What are the two groups of animals that are more complex than sponges? +What group of animals are ctenophores less complex than? +What is the middle layer of jelly-like material in cnidarians and ctenophores called? What are ctenophores and cnidarians traditionally labelled? -What animals have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly? +Which animals have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly? Along with ctenophores and cnidarians, what animal has two main layers of cells? What do ctenophores use as their main method of locomotion? What do ctenophores use cilia for? -What are the bands of cilia called? -What does the name ctenophora mean? -What is the name of the cydippid ctenophores? -What type of ctenophores are fragile? -What do coastal species need to be tough enough for? +What are bands of cilia called that are stacked along the comb rows? +What does the name "ctenophora" mean? +What is the name of the cydippid genera of ctenophores? +What type of ctenophores do not preserve well? +What do coastal species need to be tough enough to do? What are the three coastal genera of ctenophores? -What is the inner surface of the cavity lined with? +What is the gastrodermis? What do photocytes produce? -What is the name of the throat of an annelid? -How does the internal cavity form? +What is the term for the throat of an animal? +What does the internal cavity form? What are the most active parts of an animal? What are the comb rows called? -What are the "combs" called? +What are "combs" also called? What is the extra compact filament suspected to have? -Where do ctenophores usually swim? -How long are the cilia of a ctenophores? +How do ctenophores usually swim? +How long are the cilia in a ctenophores comb? What do some species rely on to adapt to water of different densities? Where do ctenophores pump water when they enter less dense brackish water? What do ctenophores do when they enter less dense brackish water? What do ctenophores do when they move from brackish to full-strength seawater? What is the largest single sensory feature of a ctenophore? Where is the aboral organ? -What protects the statocyst? +What is the statocyst protected by? What is the main component of the aboral organ? What is a statocyst? What is the common coastal name for Pleurobrachia? -What does the body of a cydippid have on opposite sides of the body? -What shape do ctenophores have? -What are the tentacles housed in? -Where is the mouth of Pleurobrachia? +What does the Pleurobrachia have on both sides of the body? +What shape are ctenophores' bodies? +What are the tentacles of Pleurobrachia housed in? +Where is the mouth in the Pleurobrachia? What are the tentacles of cydippid ctenophores fringed with? -Where are colloblasts located? -What does the tentilla of Euplokamis differ from those of other cydippids? +What are colloblasts? +How do the tentilla of Euplokamis differ from other cydippids? How many types of movement do Euplokamis' tentilla have? -What do Euplokamis' tentilla do? +What are the three types of movement of Euplokamis' tentilla used for? How many rows of combs are there? Where do the combs run? How are the combs spaced? -What runs out under the dome and connects with two adjacent comb rows? -What are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body? +What groove runs out under the dome of the statocyst? +What are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth? What are auricles? How many auricles do many species of lobates have? -What do the water currents produced by auricles do? -What do lobates feed continuously on? -How do Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis escape from danger? -How do Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis escape danger? -How are lobates' combs coordinated? -What do cydippids use to coordinate their combs? +What do the water currents produced by the auricles do? +What do lobates feed on? +How can members of the genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis escape from danger? +What happens when lobates clap their lobes? +Lobates' combs are coordinated by what? +What do cydippids use to control their combs? What is another name for the Beroida? What is another name for Nuda? -How do the narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall close the mouth? -What do the narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall do when the animal is not feeding? -What part of the Beroida's mouth bears "macrocilia"? +What does the narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall do? +What do the adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall do when the animal is not feeding? +What does the Beroida have? What are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals? -What is the name of the largest ctenophores? +What is the largest ctenophore? What are Cestida? -How do Cestids swim? -What can move much faster in what is called a "darting motion"? -What do Platyctenida have on the aboral surface? -How do Platyctenids use the pharynx? -What do most platyctenid species lack? +How can Cestids swim? +What is the fastest ctenophore? +What is on the aboral surface of Platyctenida? +How do Platyctenids use the pharynx as a foot? +All but one of the known platyctenid species lack what? Where do Platyctenids live? -How are eggs and sperm released? -What do platyctenids use? -What genus of hermaphrodites have self-fertilization occasionally been seen? +How are eggs and sperm released in platyctenids? +What type of fertilization do platyctenids use? +What genus has self-fertilization occasionally been seen in? Where are the gonads located? -What type of fertilization is most species of platyctenids? -What do the juveniles of the genus Beroe lack? -Where do platyctenids live? -When do platyctenids become adult? +What type of fertilization is used in most species of platyctenids? +What do juveniles in the genus Beroe lack? +Where do flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids live? +When do flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids become adult? How do the juveniles of flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids behave? -What genus of cydippid juveniles lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths? -What do some species of ctenophores do when disturbed? -When do some species produce secretions that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies? -What do ctenophores produce when disturbed? -Do juveniles or adults luminesce more brightly? +In what genus do juveniles lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths? +When some species of ctenophores are disturbed, what do they do? +When do some species of ctenophores produce secretions that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies? +What do ctenophores produce secretions called when disturbed? +What is the effect of size on the luminescence of ctenophores? Are ctenophores vegetarians or predators? What do Haeckelia prey on? How do Haeckelia prey on jellyfish? -What do Bolinopsis generally feed on? -Which two-tentacled "cydippid" feeds exclusively on salps? -Why were ctenophores regarded as dead ends in marine food chains? -What fish digest ctenophores 20 times as fast as shrimps? +What does Bolinopsis generally feed on? +What two-tentacled "cydippid" feeds exclusively on salps? +Why were ctenophores regarded as "dead ends"? +What fish digest ctenophores 20 times as fast as an equal weight of shrimps? What do jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of? Where are herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms? What do jellyfish and turtles eat? -What was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov? -How was the Western Atlantic ctenophore introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov? -How were the Mnemiopsis populations brought under control? -When was the Western Atlantic ctenophore introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov? +What was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov in the late 1980s? +How was the Western Atlantic ctenophore accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov? +How were Mnemiopsis populations in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov eventually brought under control? +When was the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov? What did the cooling of the local climate do to the fish? Why are ctenophores extremely rare as fossils? What could the Ediacaran Eoandromeda possibly represent? -When were the first ctenophores found? -How many ctenophores were found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks? -What was the main difference between the three ctenophores found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks? +In what period were ctenophores found in the Burgess Shale? +How many ctenophores were found in the Burgess Shale? +How did the three putative species of ctenophores differ from living species? How long ago was Stromatoveris dated? -What fossil is similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period? +What is similar to Vendobionta? What is the name of the early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil? -What is Stromatoveris similar to? +What is Stromatoveris very similar to? Stromatoveris is similar to Vendobionta of what period? -Ctenophores are sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria or sister to what other animal phyla? -What is the earliest-diverging animal phylum? -What type of ctenophores have cydippid-like larvae? -What did Harbison conclude about cydippids? -When did the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction occur? +Ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, Placozoa, and what other animal phyla? +What is the earliest diverging animal phylum? +What group of ctenophores have cydippid-like larvae? +What did Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 conclude that the cydippids are not? +When did the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event occur? Who concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic? What is the county seat of Fresno County? How far is Fresno from Los Angeles? -What does the name Fresno mean in Spanish? -What is featured on the city's flag? +What does Fresno mean in Spanish? +What is featured on Fresno's flag? What is the county seat of Fresno County? -When did the Central Pacific Railroad establish a station near Easterby's? +In what year did the Central Pacific Railroad establish a station near Easterby's? Why did many Millerton residents move to Fresno? When did Fresno become an incorporated city? -How many streetcars did the Fresno Traction Company operate? -What grew the town of Fresno Station? +How many streetcars did the Fresno Traction Company operate in 1931? +What grew around the station? What percentage of Fresno's population was Asian in 1940? -What was the name of the Japanese neighborhood before World War II? +What was the name of the Japanese neighborhood in Fresno before WWII? Where was the Pinedale Assembly Center located? -What was the purpose of the Pinedale Assembly Center? +What was the Pinedale Assembly Center? What was the Fresno Fairgrounds used for? What was the name of the first successful credit card? What was the name of the first successful credit card? What did BankAmericard allow cardholders to do? -When was BankAmericard spun off into a separate company? +In what year was BankAmericard spun off into a separate company? What is the current name of BankAmericard? Who wrote the song "Walking Into Fresno"? Who recorded the song "Walking Into Fresno"? @@ -4696,18 +4696,18 @@ Where did Bill Aken make his first TV appearance? Who adopted Bill Aken? How many large public parks does Fresno have? What park is home to the Fresno Chaffee Zoo? -What is the largest park in Fresno? +What is the largest of Fresno's park system? What is the name of the Japanese garden in Woodward Park? -What is the largest park in Fresno? +What is the largest of Fresno's park system? When did Downtown Fresno flourish? What were the original names of the buildings in Downtown Fresno? What is the current name of the Grand 1401? What hotel was burned down in Fresno? -When was Fulton Street converted into one of the nation's first pedestrian malls? -What is the name of the pedestrian mall in Downtown Fresno? -What is the only public art piece in the world that one can walk up to and touch? +When was Fulton Street converted into a pedestrian mall? +What was Fulton Street renamed in 1964? +Who is the only public art piece in the world that one can walk up to and touch? Where will the public art pieces be placed? -What type of sidewalks will be featured on the east side of the Fulton Mall? +What type of sidewalks will be added to Fulton Mall to continue the pedestrian friendly environment? Where is Sunnyside located? What are the major thoroughfares of Sunnyside? When was Sunnyside developed? @@ -4715,67 +4715,67 @@ What neighborhood is on Fresno's far southeast side? Who designed the Sunnyside Country Club's golf course? What is the name of the historic theater in the Tower District? When was the Tower Theatre built? -What is the name of the Tower Theatre's landmark? -What was the original name of the school that is now California State University at Fresno? +What is the name of the landmark that the Tower Theatre refers to? +What was the original name of the college that was located in the Tower District? How far is Fresno City College from the Tower District? When did the Tower Theatre reopen? -What type of movies were shown at the Tower Theatre? +What type of movies did the Tower Theatre show? When did Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater and Good Company Players open? -Where was Audra McDonald from? +Where is Audra McDonald from? What two shows did Audra McDonald perform in at the Tower Theatre? -Along with restaurants and nightclubs, what type of theater is in the Tower District? -How close are the independent shops and bookstores to each other? +What type of theater is located in the Tower District? +How close are the independent shops and bookstores in the Tower District? What is the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities? What is the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities? What is the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities? What type of homes are in the Tower District? What type of houses were designed by Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler? How does the architecture of the Tower District compare with the newer areas of tract homes? -When have many of the early 20th century homes been restored? -What street provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County Hospital? +When have many of the early twentieth century homes in the Tower District been restored? +What is the name of the section of the Alta Vista Tract between First Street and Cedar Avenue? Who mapped the Alta Vista Tract? -When did Billings & Meyering acquire the Alta Vista Tract? +In what year did developers Billings & Meyering acquire the Alta Vista Tract? How many homes were in the Alta Vista Tract in 1914? What company provided streetcar connections between downtown and the County Hospital? What is another name for the West Side of Fresno? -What direction does the West Side of Fresno lie? -The West Side of Fresno is the center of what community? -Along with Mexican-American and Asian-American, what other ethnic groups live in the West Side? +In what direction does the West Side of Fresno lie from Downtown Fresno? +What community is the West Side of Fresno considered to be the center of? +What are some of the Asian-American populations in the West Side? What is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Fresno? -Who is Kearney Boulevard named after? +Who was Kearney Boulevard named after? What is Kearney Boulevard lined with? -Between what two streets was Kearney Boulevard the preferred neighborhood for Fresno's elite African-American families? -What is the name of the section of Kearney Boulevard south of Jensen and west of Elm? -What subdivision was known as the "Dogg Pound"? -When were the public housing developments built? -On what streets is a modern shopping center being built? +What was the preferred neighborhood for Fresno's elite African-American families? +What is the name of the section of Kearney Boulevard south of Jensen and west of Elm called? +What is Brookhaven? +When were public housing developments built in the neighborhood? +What is the name of the modern shopping center being built on the corner of? What companies have large processing facilities in the neighborhood? Where is the Fresno Chandler Executive Airport? How much retail activity does the neighborhood have? Who founded Woodward Park? How many acres is Woodward Park? -How many people can Woodward Park's amphitheatre hold? -How long will the Lewis S. Eaton trail system cover between Highway 99 and Friant Dam? +How many people can Woodward Park's multi-use amphitheatre hold? +How many miles will the Lewis S. Eaton trail system cover between Highway 99 and Friant Dam? When is Woodward Park open? When was Sierra Sky Park Airport formed? Who created the nation's first planned aviation community? -What was the first aviation community built? -Along with personal aircraft, what type of vehicles are allowed to share certain roads? -How many aviation communities are there? +What is the name of the first planned aviation community to be built? +Along with personal aircraft, what type of vehicle was allowed to share certain roads in Sierra Sky Park Airport? +How many aviation communities are there in the United States? What type of summers does Fresno have? What is the warmest month in Fresno? What is the average annual precipitation in Fresno? -What direction do most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from? -When are the coldest months in Fresno? -What is the record high temperature for Fresno? -When did Fresno set its record low temperature? +From what direction do most wind rose direction occurrences derive from? +In what months is there an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics? +What is the official record high temperature for Fresno? +When was Fresno's record low temperature set? In what year did Fresno get the most rainfall in 24 hours? How much snow did Fresno get on January 21, 1962? -How much rain did Fresno get in 24 hours on November 18, 1885? +How much rain did Fresno get in 24 hours in 1885? What was the population of Fresno in 2010? -What percentage of Fresno's population is white? -How many Native Americans lived in Fresno in 2010? -What percentage of Fresno's population is non-Hispanic white? +What percentage of Fresno's population was white in 2010? +How many Native American people lived in Fresno in 2010? +What percentage of Fresno's population was non-Hispanic Whites in 2010? What was the population density per square mile in 2010? How many households had children under the age of 18 living in them? What percentage of households had a female householder with no husband present? @@ -4783,540 +4783,540 @@ How many same-sex married couples or partnerships were there? What was the average family size? What was the average household size? How many people lived in Tucson in 2000? -How many housing units were there? -What percentage of the population is black or African American? -How much of the population is Hmong? -What was the population density in 2000? -Why did the Federal Communications Commission decide Fresno would only have UHF television stations? +How many housing units were there in Tucson in 2000? +What percentage of the population is Black or African American? +How much of the population of Tucson is Hmong? +What was the population density of Tucson in 2000? +Why did the Federal Communications Commission decide that Fresno would only have UHF television stations? What was the first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting? When did KMJ-TV begin broadcasting? What is KMJ-TV now known as? What is the name of the CBS affiliate in Fresno? What is the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley? -What is the name of State Route 168? -What freeway goes from Atascadero to Yosemite? -Where does State Route 180 come from? +What is State Route 168? +What freeway comes into Fresno from Atascadero in the south? +In what direction does State Route 180 come from? What is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an Interstate highway? When was the Interstate Highway System created? -What is the name of the State Route that is now Interstate 5? -Why has there been discussion to upgrade State Route 99? +What is the name of the State Route that is now State Route 99? +Why was State Route 99 upgraded to interstate standards? Who provides passenger rail service in Fresno? Where is the Santa Fe Railroad Depot located? Which railroads cross in Fresno? What railroad operates former Southern Pacific branchlines out of Fresno? -Where is the Santa Fe Railroad Depot located? -What did Paul Baran develop? +In what city is the Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad cross? +What concept did Paul Baran develop? What was the goal of Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching? -What was the main problem with Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching? -Who is Donald Davies credited with coining the modern name packet switching? +What did the concept of Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching contradict? +What is the name of the modern name packet switching? What did Paul Baran develop? What was the goal of Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching? -Who is Donald Davies credited with coining the modern name packet switching? -What is another principal networking paradigm that pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session? -How is circuit switching different from packet switching? +What is the name of the modern name packet switching? +Packet switching contrasts with what principal networking paradigm? +How is circuit switching characterized in cases of billable services? How is packet switching characterized? -What is another principal networking paradigm that pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session? +Packet switching contrasts with what principal networking paradigm? What is circuit switching? -How is circuit switching characterized? +How is circuit switching characterized in cases of billable services? How is packet switching characterized? How can Packet mode communication be implemented? -How are packets forwarded? -How are packets delivered in case of a shared physical medium? +How are packets normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes? +What happens in case of a shared physical medium? How can Packet mode communication be implemented? -How are packets forwarded? -How are packets delivered in case of a shared physical medium? -What did Baran develop during his research at the RAND Corporation? +How are packets normally forwarded? +What happens in case of a shared physical medium? +What did Baran develop? What did Baran develop the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching into? What are packets? -What is one of the main ideas in the report P-2626? +What is one of the main ideas of the report P-2626? What did report P-2626 describe? -How are messages delivered? +How were messages delivered in the report? What concept did Baran develop? -What is one of the three key ideas in the report P-2626? +What is one of the main ideas of the report? What did Donald Davies do in 1965? -What did Davies call his message routing methodology? -What did Davies do with packet switching? -Where did Davies' team suggest the packet switching system for use? +What name did Donald Davies give to his message routing methodology? +What did Donald Davies do with packet switching? +What did Roger Scantlebury suggest the packet switching methodology for? Who developed the same message routing methodology as Baran? -What did Davies call his message routing methodology? -What did Roberts do with the packet switching methodology? -What is different about connectionless mode? +What name did Donald Davies give to his message routing methodology? +What did Roger Scantlebury do after meeting Lawrence Roberts? +What is included in connectionless mode? How are packets routed in connectionless mode? How are the packets labeled in connectionless mode? What happens at the destination? What is different for different packets? How is a packet routed in connection-oriented transmission? -What do packets include? +What do packets include in connection-oriented transmission? What does connection-oriented transmission require? Where does Frame Relay operate? What is a major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay? What is a major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay? What is a major difference between X.25 and Frame Relay? When didARPANET and SITA HLN become operational? -What were the main differences between the different network technologies? -How does the virtual call system work? -What is UDP? +What were the differences between the different network technologies before X.25? +What is a virtual call system? +What is an example of a datagram protocol? What was AppleTalk? -What did AppleTalk include that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc? -What did AppleTalk do? +What was one of the features of AppleTalk? +What did the AppleTalk system do? What type of system was AppleTalk? What was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data? -What was the CYCLADES packet switching network? -How did the CYCLADES packet switching network make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data? +What was the CYCLADES packet switching network the first to do? +How was the CYCLADES packet switching network designed? What did the concepts of the CYCLADES packet switching network influence? What is DECnet? What was the original purpose of DECnet? -How did DECnet evolve? +How was DECnet originally built? What was different about DECnet Phase II? What did Warner Sinback do in 1965? -What was the purpose of the computer time-sharing service? +What was the name of GE's computer time-sharing service? What happened to GE's computer sales and service centers? -What did Sinback decide? +What did Warner Sinback decide? Why was the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad formed? What was the first demonstration of the packet-switched network? What did Merit add to the network? What was Telenet? Who founded Telenet? What was Telenet founded for? -What did Telenet change? +What did Telenet change the host interface to? When did Telenet go public? What was Tymnet? What did Tymnet do? How did Tymnet users connect to the network? -Who did Tymnet's private network allow? -How were private networks connected to Tymnet? +Who did Tymnet allow to build their own networks? +What did Tymnet do with private networks? What networks were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface? Who developed DATAPAC? -How did the interconnection of national X.25 networks work? +How could a user or host call a host on a foreign network? What was AUSTPAC? -What was the purpose of AUSTPAC? +What did AUSTPAC support? How can you access AUSTPAC? What was Datanet 1? -How did the name Datanet 1 refer to the network? -What did the name Datanet 1 refer to? -Why did the name Datanet 1 cause confusion? -What was the name of the computer network funded by the National Science Foundation? -What was the purpose of the CSNET? -What did the CSNET play a significant role in? +What did Datanet 1 refer to? +What did Datanet 1 also refer to? +Why was the name Datanet 1 incorrect? +What was the name of the computer network funded by the US National Science Foundation? +What was the purpose of the Computer Science Network? +What did the CSNET play? What is Internet2? Who built the first Internet2 Network? What was the name of the first Internet2 Network? What did Internet2 announce in 2006? -What happened in October, 2007? -What is NSFNET also known as? -What did NSFNET promote? -How did NSFNET help the internet? +What did Internet2 do in October, 2007? +What was the name of the network that was created by the National Science Foundation in 1985? +What was the goal of NSFNET? +What did NSFNET become? What is the vBNS? -What was the purpose of the Very high-speed Backbone Network Service? +What was the purpose of the vBNS? How was the vBNS built? -By 1998, how many universities were connected to the vBNS? -What did the vBNS do in 1999? +What was the speed of the vBNS? +How did the vBNS upgrade its backbone? Where is the Black Death thought to have originated? -Where did the Black Death originate? +What type of ships were passengers on during the Black Death? How much of Europe's population was killed by the Black Death? When did the world population recover to pre-plague levels? -When did the Black Death recur in Europe? -What is enzootic? -How old are the Nestorian graves near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan? -Where did all three of the great waves of the plague originate? -When did a widespread famine begin? -How many Chinese and other Asians were killed during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople? +When did the plague recurred occasionally in Europe? +What does enzootic mean? +What Nestorian graves are near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan? +In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in what country? +In what year did a large number of natural disasters and plagues lead to widespread famine? +How many Chinese and other Asians were killed by epidemics that may have included plague? Who introduced the Black Death to Europe? -Who was the leader of the Mongol army in Kaffa? +Who led the Mongol army during the siege of Kaffa? What did the Mongol army catapult over the city walls of Kaffa? -Where did the Genoese traders take the plague? -What contributed to the severity of the Black Death? +Where did the Genoese traders take the plague by ship? +What conditions contributed to the severity of the Black Death? Where did the plague spread from Italy? Where did the plague spread to in 1351? Where was the plague less common? -Where did the plague spread from Italy? +Where did the plague spread east? When was the plague introduced in Norway? -What did the plague cause in the Middle East during the pandemic? +What did the plague cause in the Middle East? When did the plague reach Alexandria in Egypt? -How did the plague reach Alexandria? -What happened to Antioch when the plague reached the city? +How did the plague reach Alexandria in Egypt? +What happened when the plague reached Antioch? Who claimed that the Latin name atra mors first appeared in modern times in 1631? What is the Latin name for the 14th-century epidemic? -Who wrote a book on Danish history in 1631? +Who wrote the book "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant"? When was the medieval epidemic first called the Black Death in England? -Where did the name "Black Death" spread through? +Where did the name atra mors spread through? What did the medical faculty in Paris blame for the plague? Who did the medical faculty in Paris report to? -What was the most widely accepted theory? -What is the most widely accepted theory that the plague was caused by bad air? +What was the most widely accepted theory about the plague? +What is the theory that the plague was caused by bad air known as today? What is the dominant explanation for the Black Death? -Where did the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th century plague begin? -Who was one of the scientists who investigated the pathogen that caused the 19th century plague? -How was Yersinia pestis transmitted? +Where did the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague begin? +Who was the first scientist to investigate the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague? +What was established in 1898? What was the bubonic plague mechanism dependent on? -Who wrote about the 'Great Pestilence'? -What did Gasquet say the Great Pestilence appeared to be? -When was the second edition of the Black Death published? -What did Gasquet implicate in the Black Death? -What is an example of an ancient and medieval plague that Gasquet's interpretation was widely accepted? +Who wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893? +What did Gasquet think the Great Pestilence would appear to be? +When was the second edition of Gasquet's book published? +What did Gasquet implicate in the second edition of the Black Death? +What was the Justinian plague? What is the mortality rate of the modern bubonic plague? What is the temperature range of the modern bubonic plague? -What is the mortality rate of the bubonic plague? +What is the mortality rate of the bubonic plague left untreated? What is the mortality rate of pneumonic plague? -What are the symptoms of Septicemic plague? -When did PLoS Pathogens publish a paper about the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death? -What was the purpose of the paper published in 2010? -How did the team determine the presence of DNA/RNA? +What are the symptoms of septicemic plague? +When was the paper published? +What was the purpose of the paper published in October 2010? +How did the team assess the presence of DNA/RNA? Where did the researchers find Yersinia pestis? -What did the new research show? -What is another term for clades? -What are the modern isolates of the Y. pestis strains? -How many waves did the plague spread through Europe? +What did the new research do? +What are clades? +What two strains of Y. pestis strains were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. p. orientalis? +What does the study suggest about the spread of the plague in Europe? When did the first variant of the plague enter Europe? When did the plague reach England? What have the results of the Haensch study since been? -Where were the Black Death victims buried? +In what burial site was genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims found? What did Schuenemann conclude about the variant of Y. pestis that caused the Black Death? When was the study published in Nature? Who challenged the plague theory in 1970? -What did Shrewsbury say was inconsistent with the modern plague? -What did Shrewsbury conclude about the rates of mortality during the 14th century pandemic? +What did Shrewsbury find inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague? +What did Shrewsbury conclude about the rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic? What did Graham Twigg produce in 1984? -Who was the author of the 2002 book about the Black Death? +Who was the author of the 2002 book that challenged the Black Death theory? What is as important as an identification of symptoms? -Why are researchers hampered by an epidemiological account? -How much does the population of England vary from the start of the plague? +Why are researchers hampered by an epidemiological account of the plague? +How much did the population of England vary at the start of the plague? From whom are estimates of plague victims usually extrapolated from? -When did no census take place in England? -What does the sceptics of the bubonic plague theory argue is insufficient to account for? +When was no census undertaken? +What do sceptics of the bubonic plague theory argue about to account for a pandemic? What is the significance of transference via fleas in goods? -Why are there no accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague? -What was the spread of the Black Death? +Why are some sceptics of the bubonic plague theory skeptical of the theory? +Was the spread of the Black Death faster or slower than that of modern bubonic plague? How long did the outbreaks of the Black Death last? What did Twigg suggest was the cause of the plague? -What did Cantor think the cause of the plague might have been? -What other diseases are thought to have contributed to the extent and symptoms of the plague? +What did Norman Cantor think the cause of the plague may have been? +What other diseases have been suggested to have been combined with the bubonic plague? What is septicemic? -How many bodies were exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London? -How much of the Middle East's population died from the Black Death? +How many bodies were exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London in 2014? +What was the most widely accepted death rate for the Middle East during the Black Death? How much of Paris's population died from the Black Death? -What did a burial pit in Central London suggest? -How much of the population could die in crowded cities? +What does a burial pit in Central London suggest? +In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for what percentage of the population to die? What areas were less vulnerable to contagion? -When did the plague return to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean? -How often was the plague present in Europe? -How many people died in the epidemic of 1628-31? -What were the preincident population figures in England in 1300? +When did the plague repeatedly return to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean? +How often did the plague appear in Europe between 1346 and 1671? +How many people did France lose to the plague in 1628-31? +What did historians propose in England in 1300? When did the Black Death subsided in England? How much of the population was affected by the Black Death in 1471? When did the Great Plague of London end? -How many people died of the plague in Paris? -Where did the Black Death continue on after Europe? -What was the name of the late outbreaks in central Europe during the Thirty Years' War? -When did the last plague outbreak occur in Oslo? +How many people died of the plague in Paris in 1466? +Where did the Black Death continue on to after Europe? +What was the name of the Late Plague of 1629-1631? +When was the last plague outbreak in Oslo? How many times did the plague occur in Venice? -How many people died from the plague in Italy? -How many people died from the plague in 1656? -How much did the plague of 1649 reduce the population of Seville? -What was the name of the war that followed the Great Northern War? +How many people died from the plague in Italy in the first half of the 17th century? +How many people were killed by the plague in 1656? +What did the plague of 1649 do to the population of Seville? +What was the name of the Great Northern War? When did Europe's last major epidemic occur? When was the Black Death present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year? -How many people did Algiers lose to the Black Death? +How many people did Algiers lose to the Black Death in 1620-21? How long did the Black Death remain a major event in Ottoman society? -How much of Baghdad's population has been wiped out? -Where does a rock crystallize? +How much of Baghdad's population has been wiped out by the Black Death? +What does igneous rock crystallize from? What type of rock can a sedimentary rock be turned into due to heat and pressure? What is formed when igneous rock is re-melted? What are the three major types of rock? -Why can a sedimentary rock be turned into a metamorphic rock? +What changes the mineral content of the rock that gives it a characteristic fabric? What was the most important discovery in the 1960s? What does the lithosphere include? -What is the upper mantle called? +What is the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle called? The oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of what? When did discoveries show that the Earth's lithosphere is separated into a number of tectonic plates? -What were mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist? +What were mid-ocean ridges explained as? What were volcanoes and earthquakes explained as? -What caused the San Andreas fault system? +What did the San Andreas fault system result in? Who developed the theory of continental drift? -What does the lithosphere move over? +The power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over what? What can seismologists use in reverse to image the interior of the Earth? What is the top of the layered model of the Earth? -What part of the Earth is below the crust? +What is below the crust and lithosphere of the Earth? What have seismologists been able to create detailed images of? -What are below the mantle? +What is below the layered model of the Earth? What does the second scale show? What is the short period with short epochs called? What is the latest epoch? What does Q stand for? -What pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut? -If a fault penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, what must the formations that were cut be? +What principle pertains to the formation of faults and the age of sequences through which they cut? +If a fault penetrates some formations but not those on top of them, then the formations that were not cut must be what? What may help determine whether a fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault? -If a fault penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are what? -What type of igneous rocks are older than the rock which contains them? +If a fault penetrates some formations but not those on top of them, then the formations that were cut must be what? +What are foreign bodies that are picked up as magma or lava flows and incorporated, later to cool in the matrix? What are foreign bodies picked up as? What is another term for inclusions? What states that sedimentary rocks must be older than the formation that contains them? What type of rock can be ripped up and included in a newer layer of sedimentary rocks? What is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks? Who laid out the principles of faunal succession? -How does the principle of faunal succession become given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat, and changes in sedimentary strata? +What does the principle of faunal succession become given uncertainties of fossilization? What exist at the same time period throughout the world? -Who wrote the theory of evolution? -When did isotopic dates become possible? -What did geologists use to date sections of rock relative to one another? -What did isotopic dates allow geologists to assign to rock units? +Who's theory of evolution was based on principles laid out by William Smith? +When did radioactive isotopes and other methods allow geologists to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events? +What was used to date sections of rock relative to one another? +With isotopic dates it became possible to assign what to rock units? How did geologists use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock? -What could isotopic dates be applied to? +What could isotopic dates be applied to in which there was datable material? What can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust? What is the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice? -What is measured in minerals? +What is measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature? What can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes? -Under what type of compression do rock units shorten and become thicker? +When rock units are placed under what, they shorten and become thicker? Where can brittle deformation occur? What are the folds where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards called? -What is the name of the folds where the material in the center of the fold buckles downwards? -What are the top of the rock units within the folds called? +What are antiforms and synclines? +What are the top of the rock units within the folds called if they remain pointing upwards? What causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner? -What are stretched rocks called when they pinch into lenses? +What is the French word for "sausage"? Where can the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon be seen? -What type of rocks are often ductilely stretched? -How does extension cause the rock units to become longer and thinner? -What type of igneous intrusions form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed? -Where do dikes form in large numbers? -Faulting and other deformational processes result in what? -What maintains the topographic gradient? -What is often associated with volcanism and igneous activity? +What are rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched called? +What causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner? +What long, planar igneous intrusions enter along cracks? +Where do dikes often form in large numbers? +Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of what? +What maintains the topographic gradient in spite of movement of sediment? +What is often associated with volcanism? What does the Hawaiian Islands consist of? What is the oldest known rock in the world? -The Grand Canyon and the mid-continental US contain almost-undeformed stacks of what? -The Grand Canyon and the mid-continental United States contain sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since what time period? -Where is the Acasta gneiss located? +What type of rocks are in the Grand Canyon? +The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since what time period? +Where is the Acasta gneiss from? What is petrology? What is stratigraphy? What is structural geology? -Along with rivers, landscapes, and glaciers, what do geologists study? -What do petrologists do in the laboratory? -What are some properties of minerals that can be identified through a petrographic microscope? -What do stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into? +What do geologists study in addition to rivers, landscapes and glaciers? +What do petrologists do in the field? +What are some properties of minerals that can be identified in plane-polarized and cross- polarized light? +Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into what? Where do petrologists identify rock samples? What type of microscope is used in optical mineralogy analysis? -What can be used to study mineral phases? -What can be used to understand the temperatures and pressures at which mineral phases appear? -What can be extrapolated to the field? -What type of geologist uses microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples? +What type of experiments canPetrologists perform to understand mineral phases? +What type of experiments canPetrologists perform to understand the temperature and pressure of mineral phases? +What can be extrapolated to the field to understand? +What type of geologist uses microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks? What do structural geologists use to observe the fabric within the rocks? What do structural geologists do with measurements of geological structures? What type of experiments do structural geologists perform? What are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries? -What are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries? +What are the most well-known experiments in structural geology? What is pulled along a lower surface into a back stop? -What happens in critically tapered orogenic wedges? -What type of model can show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range? -Who analyzes samples of stratigraphic sections? -What do stratigraphers use to find stratigraphic units? -What can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface? -What do stratigraphers use? -What do stratigraphers locate? +What happens to the angles of the orogenic wedge when it grows? +What type of models work in the same way as analog models? +Who analyze samples of stratigraphic sections? +What type of data do stratigraphers use to determine the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface? +What can be combined with geophysical data to produce a better view of the subsurface? +What do stratigraphers use to analyze geophysical data and well logs? +What do stratigraphers use to locate areas for? Why do geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section? -What scientists analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for fossils? -Who looks for magnetic reversals in drill cores? -Who precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section? -Where do some modern scholars believe the origin of the science of geology can be traced to? +Who analyze rock samples in the laboratory? +Who looks for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores? +Who precisely dates rocks within the stratigraphic section? +What country is believed to be the origin of geology? Who was one of the earliest Persian geologists? Who formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation? -Who proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains and the origin of earthquakes? +Who proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes and other topics central to modern geology? What did Shen Kuo base his hypothesis on? Who is often viewed as the first modern geologist? -What was the name of the paper that James Hutton presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh? +What was the title of Hutton's paper presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1785? When did Hutton publish a two-volume version of his ideas? What did Hutton believe about the earth? Who created the first geological map of the U.S.? When was the first geological map of the U.S. produced? -When did Maclure begin his geological survey of the United States? +In what year did William Maclure begin his geological survey of the United States? What was the name of Maclure's memoir? Who did Maclure submit his work to? -What was the name of Sir Charles Lyell's famous book? -What theory did Lyell promote? -What theory did Lyell promote? +What was the name of Sir Charles Lyell's book? +What theory did Lyell's book promote? +What theory did Lyell's book promote? What is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter? What famous scientist was influenced by Principles of Geology? How far is Newcastle from Edinburgh? -How far is Newcastle from the North Sea? -Newcastle is a member of what network of European cities? -What county was Newcastle a part of until 1400? +How far from the North Sea is Newcastle? +What network of European cities is Newcastle a member of? +What county was Newcastle part of until 1400? What is the regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area? Who built the castle in 1080? -What trade did Newcastle grow as an important centre for? -What type of mining was Newcastle a major mining area? +What trade did Newcastle grow as an important centre for in the 14th century? +What is the major mining area of Newcastle? When did the port of Newcastle develop? -What is the name of the world's most popular half marathon? +What is the world's most popular half marathon? What was the first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle? What river was Pons Aelius across? -How many people lived in Pons Aelius? -What Roman wall is still visible in parts of Newcastle? +What was the population of Pons Aelius in the 2nd century AD? +What was the name of the Roman wall that is still visible in parts of Newcastle? What tribe was the Vallum built to protect against? -Where was Newcastle located in the Middle Ages? +What country was Newcastle a northern fortress during the Middle Ages? Who granted Newcastle a new charter in 1589? -How tall was the wall built around Newcastle? +How high was the wall built around Newcastle in the 13th century? What Scots king was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174? -How many times was Newcastle successfully defended against the Scots in the 14th century? -What did the royal act restrict from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside? -What was the name of the cartel of Newcastle burgesses? +How many times was Newcastle successfully defended against the Scots during the 14th century? +What was restricted from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside? +What was the name of the cartel of Newcastle burgesses that had a monopoly in the coal trade? What does the phrase taking coals to Newcastle mean? -What was Timothy Dexter regarded as? +What was Timothy Dexter regarded as in the 18th century? What did merchants plan to do to Timothy Dexter? -Along with keelmen, who lived in the Sandgate area? -What did keelmen work on? -How many people died of plague in Newcastle in the 1630s? -How much of the population of Newcastle died from the plague? -What was the effect of the plague on the population of Newcastle? +Along with keelmen, who lived in Sandgate? +What were keels? +How many people died of plague in the 1630s? +What percentage of the population of Newcastle died from the plague in 1636? +What was the effect of the plague on the British city of Newcastle? Who did the North declare for during the English Civil War? -Who captured Newburn? -How did the Scots attack Newcastle? +Who captured Newburn in 1644? +How was the city stormed by the Scots? What does Fortiter Defendit Triumphans mean? -Who was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots? -What did the Industrial Revolution result in for the city? -What was the largest pottery company in the world in 1817? -What type of lighting was Mosley Street lit up by? -What was Newcastle's main economic factor in the 19th century? -What invention led to the revolution of marine propulsion? -What type of street layout does Newcastle still retain? +Who was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646-7? +What did the Industrial Revolution result in the city of Newcastle? +What company moved to Newcastle in 1817? +What type of lighting was Mosley Street lit up by in 1879? +What was Newcastle's main industry in the 19th century? +What invention did Charles Parsons invent? +In large parts, Newcastle still retains a what kind of street layout? What type of alleys can only be traversed by foot? -What is the name of the stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre? +What type of stairs can be found from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre? What type of buildings are in Close, Sandhill and Quayside? What is the House of Tides? What is the neoclassical center of Newcastle called? What did Stuart Maconie call Newcastle? What street was voted England's finest street in 2005? When was Grainger Town demolished? -What was demolished in the 1960s to make way for Eldon Square? +What is the name of Eldon Square? What is the name of the green space in Newcastle? What do the freemen of the city have the right to do on Town Moor? What is the largest travelling funfair in Europe? When is the Hoppings funfair held? Who has the right to graze cattle on Town Moor? -What has replaced former shipping premises? +What has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments? Who commissioned the Gateshead Millennium Bridge? Who designed The Sage Gateshead music center? -What is the purpose of the "NewcastleGateshead"? +What is the purpose of the "NewcastleGateshead" name? How many days did the temporary Bambuco Bridge last? -Where is the historic heart of Newcastle? -When was the Grainger Town area established? -How high are most of the buildings in Grainger Town? -How many buildings are listed in Grainger Town? +What is the historic heart of Newcastle? +When was Grainger Town built? +How high are most of the Grainger Town buildings? +How many of Grainger Town's 450 buildings are listed? What was the name of the market that was originally built in 1808? When was the Grainger Market opened? How many people attended the opening of the Grainger Market? -What did the Laing Art Gallery have of the opening? -Who listed the Grainger Market as grade I? +What does the Laing Art Gallery have of the event? +Who listed the Grainger Market as grade I in 1954? What type of climate is Newcastle? What is the influence of the Gulf Stream on the climate of Newcastle? -What type of weather does Newcastle get? -When did the temperature in Newcastle drop to −12.6 degrees Celsius? +What type of weather does Newcastle get in the shadow of the North Pennines? +When was the temperature of −12.6 degrees Celsius recorded in Newcastle? Newcastle's climate is similar to the rest of what area? -When did Debenhams open a store in Newcastle? -What is the largest shopping center in the UK? -What store is often cited as the world's first department store? -How did Bainbridge sell goods? -When was the undercover Green Market demolished? -Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument are examples of what type of destinations? +In what year did Debenhams open a store in Newcastle? +What is one of the largest shopping complexes in the UK? +What is the name of the first department store in the world? +How did the Bainbridge's official ledgers report revenue? +In what year was the Green Market demolished? +What type of destination is Grainger Street? What type of shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker? What is the largest store in the United Kingdom? What is the largest indoor shopping center in Europe? Where is the MetroCentre located? What was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly? What were Tyneside flats built as? -Where is a new development that recreated the Tyneside flats? -Who were Cany Ash and Robert Sakula? -What were architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula attracted to in the Ouseburn valley? -What was the proportion of detached homes in the 2010 Census? -What is the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011? +Where has a new development recreated Tyneside flats? +What profession did Cany Ash and Robert Sakula have? +What were architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula attracted by the possibilities of? +What was the percentage of detached homes in the 2010 Census? +What was the percentage of converted or shared houses in 2011? What kind of market is Harrogate's housing market? -What type of authorities have the highest proportion of detached homes? -Along with Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Hastings, what local authority has an overinflated housing market? -In what year did the UK Government return census information for Newcastle? +What type of local authority is the authority one of few to see a rise in detached homes? +Along with Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Brighton, what local authority has an overinflated housing market? +In what year did the UK Government return census information? What type of borough is North Tyneside? -What type of population does Newcastle have? -What type of schools are located in Newcastle? -What type of population is Jesmond and Heaton? +What type of population is Newcastle home to? +What type of schools are located in Newcastle and Northumbria? + Jesmond and Heaton are areas with what type of population? What is the average age of people living in Newcastle? -What do many people in Newcastle have Scottish or Irish in them? -What is a strong presence of what surnames in Newcastle? +What do many people in the city have Scottish or Irish? +What is a strong presence of surnames such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon and Robson? How many Bolivians live in Newcastle? -How much of the population of Newcastle is Bolivian? -What is the dialect of Newcastle known as? +What percentage of Newcastle's population are Bolivians? +What is the dialect of Newcastle called? The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by whom? How much of the old language does the Geordie dialect retain? -What is pronounced in the Geordie dialect? -What does "burn" mean? -Where do "Bairn" and "hyem" come from? -Where are some words used in the Geordie dialect used? -What language do the words "bonny" and "stot" come from? -What words are only used in Newcastle and the surrounding area? +What is the pronunciation of the word "deed"? +What does "burn" mean in English? +Where did the words "Bairn" and "hyem" come from? +Where are some words used in the Geordie dialect used elsewhere? +What language is the word "bonny" from? +How many words are used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area? From what language is the word "hoy" derived? -What was the name of the report that named Newcastle as the noisiest city in the UK? +What was the name of the report published in February 2007? What was Newcastle's ranking in terms of noise in the UK? What was the average level of noise in Newcastle? -What did the Ear Institute claim the noise levels would have a long-term impact on the health of the city's residents? -What did the Ear Institute use to determine Newcastle's noise levels? -What street is known as the 'Diamond Strip'? +What was the long-term impact of the noise levels in Newcastle on the health of its residents? +What did the Ear Institute use as an example of a location without pedestrian access? +What is the name of the Diamond Strip? What type of complex is The Gate? -How many screens does the Empire multiplex cinema have? +How many screens does The Gate have? What is the name of Newcastle's gay scene? -What type of establishments are in the Pink Triangle? -What does Newcastle have a proud history of? -Who managed the Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years? +What does The Pink Triangle have? +Newcastle has a proud history of what? +Who managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years? How many seasons did Stephen Kemble manage the Theatre Royal? -When was the original Theatre Royal opened? -Where was the original Theatre Royal built? -What does the city contain? -What is the largest theater in Newcastle? -The Theatre Royal has hosted a season of performances from what company for over 25 years? +In what year was the original Theatre Royal opened? +What is the name of the street that replaced the original Theatre Royal? +What does the city still contain many of? +What is the largest theater in the city? +What company has performed at the Theatre Royal for over 25 years? What type of talent does the Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre feature? What was NewcastleGateshead voted as in 2006? What is the largest independent library outside London? How many CDs does the music library contain? Who designed the current Lit and Phil premises? What was the first public building to be lit by electric light? -Who was the first person to lecture in the lecture theatre? +Who was the first person to give a lecture in the lecture theatre? What beer festival takes place in April? -When is the North East Art Expo held? -How often is the AV Festival of international electronic art? -What is the name of the food and drink festival held in Newcastle? +In what month is the North East Art Expo held? +How often is the AV Festival held? +What is the name of the food and drink festival held in NewcastleGateshead? How many weeks does EAT! NewcastleGateshead run each year? What is the largest travelling fair in Europe? When does the Hoppings take place? The Hoppings has its origins in what movement? What is the Northern Rock Cyclone? -What is held in Leazes Park? -What is an annual two-day multicultural event held on the late August bank holiday weekend? +What festival is held in Leazes Park in mid July? +What is the name of the annual two-day multicultural event held on the August bank holiday weekend? Where will the 2009 International Arts Fair be held? What is the name of the annual festival held in October? What type of cultural festival is the SAMA Festival? Where is the International Arts Fair held? -What type of music is Lindisfarne? -When did Lindisfarne form? -Who is considered to be the originators of black metal? +What type of band is Lindisfarne? +When was "Fog on the Tyne" released? +What is the name of the black metal band that formed in 1979? What is the name of the first folk metal band? -What band did Andy Taylor play in? +What band did Andy Taylor lead? When was the Pilgrim Street building refurbished? -Where did the Tyneside Cinema move to after the refurbishment? -How many cinemas are on the Pilgrim Street site? +Where did the Tyneside Cinema relocate to during the refurbishment works? +How many cinemas does the Pilgrim Street building currently house? What is the name of the UK's last surviving news cinema? -What part of the Tyneside Cinema was added to the Pilgrim Street building in 2008? +What part of the Tyneside Bar is in an extension of the Pilgrim Street building? What is the name of the Science Village in Newcastle? -What does the Discovery Museum focus on? +What is the Discovery Museum about? What type of heritage does the Discovery Museum focus on? When did the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merge with the Great North Museum? What is the name of the museum dedicated to children's books? What is the earliest known movie featuring exterior scenes filmed in the city? -What 1971 film was shot in and around Newcastle? +What 1971 film was shot on location in and around Newcastle? What type of film was Stormy Monday? Who directed Stormy Monday? -Along with Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, and Sean Bean, who starred in Stormy Monday? +Along with Melanie Griffith and Sean Bean, who starred in Stormy Monday? Where is the horse racing course in Newcastle? -What basketball team is based in Newcastle? +What is the most successful basketball team in the history of the British Basketball League? What is the name of the speedway team based in Newcastle? -Where are the Newcastle Diamonds based? +Where are the speedway team Newcastle Diamonds based? What is the name of the road race from Newcastle to Blaydon? How far is Newcastle International Airport from the city centre? -How is Newcastle International Airport connected to the city? -How long does it take to travel from Newcastle International Airport to the city center? +What is the name of the system that connects Newcastle International Airport to the city? +How long does it take to travel from Newcastle International Airport to the city centre? How many passengers does Newcastle International Airport handle per year? How many destinations are available at Newcastle International Airport? What type of architecture was enhanced in 2014? @@ -5324,90 +5324,90 @@ How many Grade One listed railway stations are in the UK? Who opened the first covered railway station in the world? Who designed the neoclassical façade of the station? What is the name of the city's other mainline station? -How often does Virgin Trains East Coast run trains to London King's Cross? -How long does it take to travel from Durham to London King's Cross? -Where do Virgin Trains East Coast trains call? +How often does Virgin Trains East Coast provide trains to London King's Cross? +How long is the journey time to London King's Cross? +Where do Virgin Trains East Coast trains call in Scotland? What trains serve destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands and the South West? What train company provides local and regional services? -What is the name of the system that covers much of Tyne and Wear? -How many phases did the Tyne and Wear Metro open? +What is the name of the rail system that serves the city of Newcastle? +How many phases of the Tyne and Wear Metro were there? What type of tunnels were constructed through Newcastle city centre? -What was built across the Tyne? -How many passengers travel on the Tyne and Wear Metro system each year? -What is the name of the refurbishment and modernization program? -What is the name of the system's transition to? +What was built across the Tyne between Newcastle and Gateshead in 1981? +How many passengers does the Tyne and Wear Metro carry each year? +What is the name of the program that has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates? +What type of ticketing system is the Metro: All Change part of? What are being overhauled? -What are the long term plans for the Metro system? -What type of trains would be used on some of the proposed routes? +What is one of the long term plans for the Metro system? +What type of transportation would be used instead of the current light rail trains? What is the name of the major road in the area? -What is the name of the road that goes past Newcastle Airport? -What is the name of the A167? -What was renumbered between the A1 and the Tyne Tunnel? -What was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed? -How many main bus companies operate in Newcastle? +What is the name of the road that becomes the A68? +What is the A167 also known as? +What was renumbered after completion of the Western Bypass? +What was increased in November 2011? +How many main bus companies provide services in the city? How many major bus stations are in Newcastle? What is the primary bus company in the city proper? -What does Nexus stand for? +Who coordinates bus services in Newcastle upon Tyne? What bus company operates from Eldon Square Bus Station? When did Newcastle first develop its cycling strategy? -What are the social aims and objectives for cycling? -What kind of living does cycling promote? -On what type of streets are contraflows planned? -What do the local networks link to? -Who runs the ferry service to IJmuiden? -When did the DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg end? -Why did the DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg end? -When was the DFDS ferry service to Bergen and Stavanger terminated? -What cruise line has included Newcastle as a departure port since 2007? -How many LEA funded schools are in Newcastle? +What is one of the social aims and objectives for cycling? +What type of living does cycling promote? +What type of streets does the council want to innovate and implement contraflows on? +What does the local council want to link the local networks to? +Who runs a ferry service to IJmuiden? +When did the DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden stop? +Why did the DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden end in 2006? +When did DFDS ferry service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway end? +What cruise line has included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise? +How many LEA-funded schools are in Newcastle? How many independent schools with sixth forms are in Newcastle? What is the largest co-ed independent school in Newcastle? What is the largest general further education college in the North East? -What religion is St. Mary's? +What religion is St. Mary's Comprehensive School? How many universities does Newcastle have? What is one of the UK's leading international universities? What award did Newcastle University win in 2000? -What was the process that led to the creation of Northumbria University? -Which university won the Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000? +What happened to the University of Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992? +What university was voted 'Best New University' by The Times Good University Guide 2005? How many cathedrals does Newcastle have? When was the lantern tower of St. Nicholas built? What type of cathedral is located in Fenham? -What is the name of the Church of the Martyr? +What is the name of the church in Newcastle that is the only parish church in the Church of England without a parish? What did all three cathedrals begin their lives as? -What is the oldest church in Newcastle? +What is traditionally recognised as the oldest church in this town? When was the main porch added to the Parish Church of St Andrew? -What was the last addition to the Parish Church of St Andrew? +What was the last addition to the Parish Church of St Andrew in 1726? What is the Parish Church of St Andrew surrounded by? -What received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle? -Where was ITV Tyne Tees based? +What part of the Parish Church of St Andrew received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle? +Where was ITV Tyne Tees based for over 40 years? Where did ITV Tyne Tees move to in 2005? -Where did The Tube originate? -Why is the Pink Palace known as? -What radio station is based in the Pink Palace? -What is the name of the first full-time community radio station in the area? -What radio station is run by students from Newcastle University? +Where did The Tube get its name? +Why is the Pink Palace known as thePink Palace? +What is the name of the local radio station that broadcasts from the Pink Palace? +What was the name of the first full-time community radio station in the area? +What radio station is run by students from both of the city's universities? How long has Radio Tyneside been the voluntary hospital radio service? What radio station is based at the Great North Children's Hospital? Where does Newcastle Student Radio broadcast from? When did Charles Avison die? -What was Basil Hume's position? +What position did Basil Hume hold? Who was the father of the modern steam railways? -What was Sir Charles Parsons the inventor of? -Where was Abhisit Vejjajiva born? +What was the name of the light bulb invented by Sir Charles Parsons? +What country was Abhisit Vejjajiva a former Prime Minister of? What school did Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch attend? -Along with Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer, what footballers were born in Newcastle? -What award did Peter Higgs win? -What instrument did John Dunn invent? -Where did Sting, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan Hull and Neil Tennant live? +Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer are what kind of footballers? +What did Peter Higgs win? +What is the most characteristic musical instrument in the region? +What city did Sting, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan Hull and Neil Tennant live in? Where is the Victoria and Albert Museum located? -How large is the V&A's collection? +How many objects does the V&A have? When was the Victoria and Albert Museum founded? What is the V&A named after? -Where is the V&A located? +What borough is the V&A located in? When was the Victoria and Albert Museum founded? -Who is the V&A named after? +Who is the Victoria and Albert Museum named after? Who sponsors the Victoria and Albert Museum? -Since what year has the entrance to the V&A been free? +Since what year has entrance to the V&A been free? How many acres does the V&A cover? How many galleries does the V&A have? How many years of art does the V&A's collection span? @@ -5416,366 +5416,366 @@ What type of art does the V&A have the world's largest collection of? The V&A has its origins in what event? Who was the first director of the V&A? What was the original name of the V&A? -Where did the Museum of Manufactures open in September 1852? -Who designed the design for the V&A? -Who opened the Royal Institute in 1857? -When was the official opening of the Royal Institute? +Where was the Museum of Manufactures transferred to in 1852? +Who designed the design for the South Kensington Museum? +Who opened the Royal College of Art in 1857? +When was the official opening of the Royal College of Art? Who was the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection? What was introduced in 1857? When did the Royal College of Art achieve full independence? When was the Britain Can Make It exhibition held? How many people attended the Britain Can Make It exhibition? -What was the name of the festival that the success of the Britain Can Make It exhibition led to? -What was the name of the festival that the success of the Britain Can Make It exhibition led to? +What was the name of the festival that was held after the Britain Can Make It exhibition? +What was the name of the festival that was held in 1951? By what year had most of the collections been returned to the museum? -What type of event did the V&A present in 1973? -What band performed at the V&A in 1973? +What did the V&A present in 1973? +What British progressive folk-rock band performed at the V&A in 1973? Who was the director of the V&A in 1973? What type of music did Gryphon explore? -What city is the V&A in discussion with to open a new gallery? -How much is the cost of the V&A Dundee? +What city is the V&A in discussion with for a new gallery? +How much did the V&A Dundee cost in 2015? Where will the V&A Dundee be located? What is the focus of the V&A Dundee? -How long is it planned for the V&A Dundee to open? -What was the name of the house that occupied the land before the V&A Museum of Childhood? -What is the name of the first building to be erected at the site? +When is it planned that the V&A Dundee will open? +What was the name of the house that occupied the land before the museum? +What was the first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum? Who was the architect of the Sheepshanks Gallery? What is the name of the building that houses the offices and board room? What does the Secretariat Wing house? -What were the additional galleries in the east of the museum called? -What style was used for the north range of the museum? -Who designed the bronze doors on the north façade? -What famous astronomer was depicted on the bronze doors in the north façade of the museum? +What galleries were completed in 1863? +What style was adopted for the north range of the museum? +Who designed the bronze doors on the north façade of the museum? +Which famous astronomer is depicted on the north façade of the museum? Who painted the panels on the north façade of the museum? -Who designed the Green Dining Room? +Who designed the Green Dining Room 1866-68? Who designed the stained-glass windows in the Green Dining Room? -Who designed the Centre Refreshment Room? -Who sculpted the marble fireplace? +Who designed the Centre Refreshment Room 1865-77? +Who sculpted the marble fireplace in the Centre Refreshment Room? Who designed the Grill Room? Who was the next architect to work at the museum? What was the name of the science schools? -What is the staircase in the Henry Cole Wing made from? +What type of stone was the staircase at the Henry Cole Wing made from? What does the Henry Cole Wing house? When did the Sackler Centre for arts education open? -What type of decoration was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by F. W. Moody? -Who designed the wrought iron gates? +What was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by F. W. Moody? +Who designed the wrought iron gates in 1885? Where were the Cast Courts located? What was the final part of the museum designed by Scott? -Who designed the mosaic panels in the parapet of the Art Library? -Who designed the main façade? -What was the main façade built from? -How long is the main façade? -The tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by what? -What part of the facade is interspersed with statues of British artists? -Who sculpted Queen Victoria and Prince Albert? -How many levels of galleries are in the Victoria and Albert Museum? -Who sculpted Queen Victoria and Prince Albert? +Who designed the exterior mosaic panels in the parapet of the Art Library? +Who designed the main façade of the Royal Institute? +What is the main façade of the museum built from? +How long is the main façade of the Royal Institute? +What is the tower above the main entrance surmounted by? +What is interspersed with statues of many of the British artists who are displayed in the museum? +Who sculpted the frame around the arches and entrance? +How many levels of galleries are in the Royal Institute? +Who sculpted the frame around the arches and entrance? What material is used in the entrance hall and flanking staircases? Who is above the frame around the arches and entrance? -Where were books stored in 1966 and 1967? -What did the Royal College of Science acquire in 1974? +In 1966 and 1967, the Royal Institute created new storage space for books in what library? +What is the name of the wing that the Royal College of Science acquired in 1974? What was constructed on the site of the former boiler house? Who designed the iron gates in the new entrance building? -What was the intended site of the former boiler house? -What gallery was redesigned in the 1990s? +What was the intended site of the new entrance building? +What gallery was further enhanced in 2002? What was restored in the 2006 renovation of the sculpture gallery? What is the name of the major redesign of all the galleries in the museum? -What tube station is the tunnel to the subway leading to? -Who designed the new Cafe at MUMA? +In 2004, the tunnel to the subway leading to what tube station was redesigned? +Who designed the new Cafe at the Royal Institute? Who redesigned the central garden? -What was the central garden originally called? +What is the name of the central garden that opened on 5 July 2005? What shape is the water feature in the John Madejski Garden? What can the water feature be used for? -What tree is planted in the two corners by the north façade of the John Madejski Garden? -When did the V&A open its first permanent gallery? -What organization did the V&A partner with to open the first permanent gallery in the UK? +What type of tree is planted in the north façade? +When did the V&A open the first permanent gallery in the UK covering the history of architecture? +What organization did the V&A partner with to open the first permanent gallery in the UK covering the history of architecture? How many drawings are in the RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection? -What has been transferred to the V&A? +What collection was transferred to the V&A? How many photographs are in the RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection? -Who is one of the largest drawings in the world? -Who is one of the notable British architects in the RIBA collection? -How many drawings by Andrea Palladio are in the RIBA's collection? -Which British architect's drawings are in the RIBA's collection? +Who is the largest in the world in the RIBA's holdings of over 330 drawings? +Who is one of the notable British architects whose drawings are in the RIBA collection? +How many drawings by Andrea Palladio are in the Royal Institute's collection? +Who is one of the British architects whose drawings are in the RIBA collection? Who is one of the British architects whose drawings are in the RIBA collection? -Where is Sir Paul Pindar's house located? +Where is Sir Paul Pindar's house from? The facade of Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600 from Bishopsgate is a rare survivor of what fire? When was Sir Paul Pindar's house built? -What chateau has a dormer window dated 1523-35? -What is the name of the column in the main architecture gallery? +What chateau has a dormer window from 1523-35? +What is an example of a column in the main architecture gallery? How many items from the Islamic world does the V&A hold? When did the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art open? What is the highlight of the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art? -Along with North Africa, the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art covers objects from what country? +From what country is the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art located? When was the Salting Bequest? How many objects are in the Museum's South and South-East Asian art collection? -How many textiles are in the Museum? -How many paintings are in the Museum? +How many textiles are in the Museum's South and South-East Asian art collection? +How many paintings are in the Museum's South and South-East Asian art collection? When did the Jawaharlal Nehru gallery of Indian art open? -Who opened a gallery of Indian art in 1991? +Which gallery of Indian art opened in 1991? How many works of art are in the Far Eastern collections? -What countries are represented in the Far Eastern collections? -Where did the V&As open in 1991? +What are the countries of East Asia in the Far Eastern collections? +What gallery opened in 1991? When did the T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art open? -What dynasties are the majority of the art on display in the T. T. Tsui Gallery? -What gallery of Japanese art opened in December 1986? -When did the Toshiba gallery of Japanese art open? +What dynasties are the majority of art works on display in the T. T. Tsui Gallery? +What is the name of the Japanese art gallery that opened in 1986? +In what year did the Toshiba gallery of Japanese art open? In what century is Amida Nyorai's sculpture displayed? -When did the Toshiba gallery of Japanese art open? -What type of incense burner is Suzuki Chokichi's? +The majority of exhibits in the Toshiba gallery of Japanese art date from what years? +What material is Suzuki Chokichi's incense burner made of? When is Tibetan art from? -Along with Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Burma, what country has art in gold, silver, bronze, stone, terracotta and ivory? +Along with Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Indonesia, what country has art in gold, silver, bronze, stone, terracotta and ivory? What type of art reflects the influence of India? -What material is used to make the gleaming boxes in the Korean galleries? -Along with gold, silver, bronze, and terracotta, what type of art is represented in the smaller galleries? -Who wrote the note books in the Codex Forster? -What are the names of the three manuscripts in the Codex Forster? -How many books did Alexander Dyce leave to the museum? -When did Alexander Dyce leave over 14,000 books to the museum? +What material is used to make gleaming boxes inlaid with? +What type of combs are on display at the museum? +Who wrote the Codex Forster? +What are the names of the three parchment-bound manuscripts in the Codex Forster? +How many books did Alexander Dyce leave to the museum in 1869? +When did the Reverend Alexander Dyce leave 14,000 books to the museum? When was the Codex Forster bequeathed to the museum? -Along with Beatrix Potter, what famous author has papers in the library? +Along with Beatrix Potter, who is a notable writer whose papers are in the library? Along with Charles Dickens, who is a notable writer whose papers are in the library? -What centuries are the illuminated manuscripts in the library? +What centuries are illuminated manuscripts in the library? What is the Armagnac manuscript about? Who illuminated the 1524 Charter? -What is the National Art Library also called? +What is another name for the National Art Library? What computer system was used from the 1980s to the 1990s? -What does EAD stand for? -What do most of the items in the Victoria and Albert Museum collection not show up in the computer system? +What is EAD? +Most of the items in the Victoria and Albert Museum collection do not show up in the computer system unless they were what? What is the name of the feature on the Victoria and Albert Museum web-site? -When did a large scale digitization project begin in the Victoria and Albert Museum's Word and Image Department? -What was the name of the large scale digitization project that began in 2007? -Who was the Factory Project named after? +When did a large scale digitization project begin in the Word and Image Department? +What was the name of the large-scale digitization project that began in 2007? +Who did the Factory Project reference? How many images were taken during the first year of the Factory Project? What is the second step of the Factory Project? -Who commissioned the work of European artists? -From what country is porcelain, cloth and wallpaper imported? +Who purchased or commissioned European artists' work? +From what continent is porcelain, cloth and wallpaper imported from? Who is one of the designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries? Who was a major influence on the Gothic Revival? -Along with imports from Asia, what types of art are on display in the galleries? +What are some of the imports from Asia? What led to the production of china and caddies? -In the Georgian age what was there an emphasis on? +In the Georgian age what was there an increase in? Who led the backlash against industrialization? What produced entrepreneurs such as Josiah Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton and Eleanor Coade? -What movement did John Ruskin contribute to? -What is one of the Cast Courts dominated by? +What movement did John Ruskin contribute to in the 19th century? +What is the Cast Courts in the sculpture wing dominated by? How was Trajan's Column made? -What is the name of the full-size replica of Michelangelo's work? -What are the casts in the Cast Courts? +What is a full-size replica of Michelangelo's David? +What are the casts in the Cast Courts in the sculpture wing? Where is the Verrocchio replica displayed? When was the Meissen Vulture made? Who designed the Möllendorff Dinner Service? When was the Möllendorff Dinner Service designed? When was the Salting Bequest made? -What type of ceramics did the Salting Bequest enrich the museum's stock of? -Who are some famous potters in the collection? -Where is the Delftware collection located? -What are the largest objects in the collection? +The Salting Bequest enriched the museum's stock of what types of ceramics? +What famous potters are represented in the collection? +In what two countries is the Delftware collection located? What are the largest objects in the collection? -Where were the largest ceramic stoves in the collection made? +What centuries are the largest objects in the collection? +Where were the largest objects in the collection made? How many years of glass making does the glass collection cover? -How many items are in the glass collection? -Where are the earliest glassware on display? -Who represented the Art Deco style? -Who are two notable Art Nouveau glass artists in the collection? +How many items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia are in the collection? +Where are the earliest glassware on display from? +Who is the Art Deco style represented by several examples of? +Who created Art Nouveau glass? When was the main gallery redesigned? Who designed the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine? -When did the gallery covering contemporary glass open? +When did the contemporary glass gallery open? Who created the chandelier in the rotunda at the Museum's main entrance? -What century is the Luck of Edenhall? +In what century was the Luck of Edenhall made? How many British drawings are in the collection? How many old master works are in the collection? -Who is one of the artists whose drawings are included in the collection? -Along with Dürer, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, Bernardo Buontalenti, and Antonio Verrio, what famous artist is represented in the collection? +Who is one of the artists whose works are included in the collection? +What famous artist is represented in the collection of drawings? Who is one of the artists represented in the collection? How many outfits are in the V&A's costume collection? Where are costume sketches, design notebooks, and other works on paper held at the V&A? Why is the costume collection dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions? -When did the V&A receive the Talbot Hughes collection? -Who gave the V&A the Talbot Hughes collection? -When did the Museum acquire the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes? +In what year did the V&A receive the Talbot Hughes collection? +Who gave the V&A the Talbot Hughes collection in 1913? +In what year did the Museum acquire the Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes? Who was the designer of the Costiff collection? How many Vivienne Westwood costumes did the Museum acquire in 2002? Who bought the Vivienne Westwood collection in 2002? -What type of fashion does the Museum continue to acquire? -The Soulages collection includes objects from what two periods? -When was the Soulages collection acquired? -What is the John Jones Collection? +What type of fashion does the museum continue to acquire? +The Soulages collection of what types of objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865? +When was the Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects acquired? +What was the John Jones Collection? When was the John Jones Collection of French 18th-century art and furnishings left to the museum? How much was the John Jones Collection valued at in 1882? -When are the inlaid doors from Antwerp City Hall dated? -Who is responsible for the inlaid doors in Antwerp City Hall? -When was the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet made? +What year are the inlaid doors from Antwerp City Hall dated? +Who is the set of inlaid doors from Antwerp City Hall attributed to? +When is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet from Germany dated? Where is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet from? -Along with Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, and Giò Ponti, what modernists are in the collection? +Who are two modernists in the collection? How many items are in the jewellery collection? -From what time period does the jewellery collection at the museum date? +From what period does the jewellery collection of the Royal Institute date from? When was Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend's collection of 154 gems bequeathed? -How many gems were bequeathed in 1869? -Who funded the new jewellery gallery? -What are the two sections of the silver collection? +How many gems was Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend's collection of? +Who funded the new jewellery gallery that opened on May 24, 2008? +What are the two divisions of the display? When was the earliest known piece of English silver with a dated hallmark? -How many tonnes of British silver is in the main silver gallery? +How many tonnes is the Hereford Screen? Who designed the Hereford Screen? How many objects made from silver or gold are in the collection? -When is the Gloucester Candlestick dated? -What was the Gloucester Candlestick made from? -Who is the Becket Casket dedicated to? +When is the Gloucester Candlestick dated to? +What material was the Gloucester Candlestick made from? +Who is the Becket Casket believed to contain relics of? When is the Becket Casket dated? -What was the Becket Casket made from? -How many people signed the petition to ask Parliament about the future of the Musical Instruments gallery? +What material was the Becket Casket made from? +How many people signed an online petition to ask Parliament about the future of the Musical Instruments gallery? Who was responsible for the decision to close the Musical Instruments gallery? What museum hosted a joint exhibition with the V&A of musical instruments? How many instruments did the Horniman Museum loan to the V&A? -When did the Musical Instruments gallery close? -About how many British and 650 European oil paintings are in the museum? +In what year did the Musical Instruments gallery close? +How many British paintings are in the museum's collection? How many European oil paintings are in the museum? How many British watercolours are in the museum? -Who owns the Raphael Cartoons? +Who lent the Raphael Cartoons to the museum? Who painted the Spanish tempera on wood? -When did John Sheepshanks donate 233 paintings to the museum? -How many paintings did John Sheepshanks donate? -What did John Sheepshanks donate 233 paintings to the museum? -What was the name of Constable's 1821 full size oil sketch? +In what year did John Sheepshanks donate 233 paintings to the museum? +How many paintings did John Sheepshanks donate in 1857? +What did John Sheepshanks donate to the museum in 1857? +What is the most significant of Constable's oil sketches in the museum? What nationality of artists did John Sheepshanks donate 233 paintings to the museum? -What type of art are the French paintings in the collection displayed in? +In what galleries are the French paintings in the collection displayed? Who did Boucher paint a portrait of in 1758? -What is an example of a French painting that was part of the Jones bequest? -Who is depicted in the portrait by François Clouet? -Who took the photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887? -When were Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion taken? +What is an example of a French painting in the collection? +Who is the portrait of by François Clouet displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600-1800? +Who created the photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887? +In what year were Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion taken? How many plates are in Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion? -What do Eadweard Muybridge's photographs capture? +What do the sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture? Who's society portraits are in the museum? -What type of sculpture is in the V&A's collection? +What type of sculpture is the V&A's collection the most comprehensive in the world? How many objects are in the V&A's sculpture collection? -The V&A's sculpture collection covers what period? -What uses of sculpture are represented at the V&A? -Who owns Canova's The Three Graces? -What is the name of Bernini's most famous work? -What is the largest item from Italy in the museum? +What is the period covered by the V&A's sculpture collection? +What uses of sculpture are represented in the V&A collection? +Who does the museum jointly own Canova's The Three Graces with? +What is Bernini's most famous work? +What is the largest item from Italy? Who designed the Chancel Chapel? When is the Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara Florence dated? -How many works of Rodin are in the museum? -Who gave Rodin's works to the museum in 1914? -When did Rodin give his works to the museum? +How many works of Rodin are in the museum collection? +Who is Rodin? +In what year did Rodin give his works to the museum? What war did Britain support France in? -What statue was purchased by public subscription in 1902? -Who is one of the British sculptors in the British Galleries? -Which British sculptor's work is in the British Galleries? -Which British sculptor's work is in the British Galleries? -Who are some of the sculptors in the British Galleries? +What statue was purchased in 1902 by public subscription? +Who is one of the British sculptors in the collection? +Who is one of the British sculptors in the collection? +Who is one of the British sculptors in the collection? +Nicholas Stone, Caius Gabriel Cibber, Grinling Gibbons, John Michael Rysbrack, Louis-François Roubiliac, Peter Scheemakers, Sir Henry Cheere, Agostino Carlini, Thomas Banks, Joseph Nolle Who opened the sculpture galleries in 2006? -From what year were the Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries opened? +What year did the Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries extend the chronology of the works on display up to? How are the galleries overlooking the garden arranged? Which two British sculptors are featured in the Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries? -What museum loaned works to the Dorothy and Michael Hintze sculpture galleries? +What museum lent works by Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein to the Dorothy and Michael Hintze galleries? How many examples of textiles are in the collection? What continents are represented in the collection? -When does the collection of textiles date from? -Where are the majority of the textiles in the collection? +How long does the collection of textiles date from? +Where are most of the examples of textiles in the collection? How are the textiles classified? -What is the oldest known European tapestry? -What century are the four Devonshire Hunting Tapestries from? +What is the oldest known surviving European tapestry? +In what century were the Devonshire Hunting Tapestries woven? Where were the Devonshire Hunting Tapestries woven? What do the Devonshire Hunting Tapestries depict? -What was the leading English tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century? +What was the leading English tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century and early 18th century? When was the Sicilian Tristan Quilt made? -Who designed the tapestry 'The Forest'? -When was 'The Forest' tapestry made? +Who is the designer of the Tristan Quilt? +When was 'The Forest' tapestry created? Who designed the art deco period rugs and fabrics? Who designed a rug from the art deco period? What was the former name of the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries? -When did the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries open? -What does the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries hold the biggest national collection of? +In what year did the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries open? +What does the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries hold the UK's biggest national collection of? The V&A Theatre & Performance galleries hold the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK since who's day? -What are the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries available for? -Who is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections? -What do conservators control in the museum environment? -What type of conservation is done on items that are to go on public display? -Along with the V&A, what other museum is conservation responsible for the long term preservation of? -What type of conservation is performed by conservators? -What company owns ABC? -When was the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) created? -Where is ABC headquartered? +What are the collections of the V&A Theatre & Performance galleries available for? +What is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections? +What does a conservator control in a museum? +What type of conservation makes an object more stable and comprehensible to the viewer? +What is the name of the children's museum that the V&A owns? +What type of conservation does a conservator perform? +What is the name of the company that owns ABC? +When was the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) first stylized as abc? +In what city is the headquarters of ABC located? Where is ABC headquartered? What division of The Walt Disney Company is ABC a subsidiary of? -When did ABC launch? +When did ABC originally launch? What was ABC originally known as? When did ABC extend its operations to television? -What cable sports channel did ABC buy an 80% interest in in the 1980s? +What cable sports channel did ABC purchase an 80% interest in in the 1980s? What company did ABC merge with in the 1980s? -How many affiliated television stations does ABC have in the US? -Who owns the ABC Radio stations in Canada? +How many affiliated television stations does ABC have in the United States? +Who purchased the ABC Radio properties in 2007? How many owned-and-operated stations does ABC have? Who imposes simultaneous substitution regulations? -Who owns the ABC Radio stations in Canada? -What was the name of the company that owned the last radio network in the 1930s? +Who purchased the ABC Radio properties in 2007? +What company owned two radio networks in the 1930s? What were the names of the two radio networks owned by RCA? -Where did NBC Red serve? -What type of programming did NBC Blue test? -What was the name of the radio network owned by RCA? -What radio network filed a complaint with the FCC in 1934? -When did the FCC begin its investigations into the practices of radio networks? -When did the FCC publish its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs? -What was the principal radio network in the United States in 1934? -What network did the FCC recommend RCA give up control of? +What markets did NBC Red serve? +What type of programming did the NBC Blue Network test? +What was the name of the NBC Blue Network? +What company filed a complaint with the FCC in 1934? +In what year did the FCC begin a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks? +In what year did the FCC publish its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs? +What was the principal radio network in the United States in 1940? +What network did RCA use to eliminate any hint of competition? Who was given the mandate to sell NBC Blue in 1941? What network did RCA convert into an independent subsidiary? -What investment firm offered to purchase the Blue Network? -Who was the president of RCA when Dillon, Read & Co. made an offer to purchase NBC Blue? +What investment firm offered $7.5 million to purchase NBC Blue? +Who was the president of RCA at the time of the sale of NBC Blue? How much did Dillon, Read & Co. offer to purchase the network? -What candy company did Edward John Noble own? +What was the name of the candy that Edward John Noble owned? When did the FCC authorize the purchase of the Blue Network? -Who did Noble buy the rights to the "American Broadcasting Company" name from? -What was Woods' position at ABC until 1949? +Who did Edward John Noble acquire the rights to the "American Broadcasting Company" name from in 1944? +What position did Woods hold at ABC until December 1949? When did Woods leave ABC? -What did ABC use to pre-record its programming? +What device did ABC use to pre-record its programming? Who conducted symphony performances on ABC? What network aired symphony performances conducted by Paul Whiteman? Who was an example of a big name that ABC was able to attract with the use of the Magnetophon? -What type of programming did NBC Blue air? +What type of programming did NBC Blue broadcast? How much did Disney pay for a 33% stake in Eurosport? -What was the name of the free-to-air channel that ABC launched in the UK in 2004? +What was the name of ABC's free-to-air channel in the United Kingdom? On what date did Disney discontinue ABC1? -What was the name of the network that was discontinued after ABC1? +What was the name of Disney's attempt to develop after ABC1 was discontinued? Where is ABC broadcast? -When was the rerun activity completed with program syndication? +In what year was rerun activity completed with program syndication? What ended the need for ABC to hold interests in other countries? -Where did ABC sell all of its interests in the 1970s? -What did governments want to strengthen? -What event did Leonard Goldenson say was ABC's first international activity? -Where did Leonard Goldenson invest in broadcasting properties in the mid-1960s? +In what countries did ABC sell all of its interests in international networks in the 1970s? +What did many governments want to increase their independence and strengthen? +What was ABC's first international activity? +In what city did Leonard Goldenson invest in broadcasting properties in the mid-1960s? What was the name of the Japanese network that ABC bought a 5% stake in in 1951? -Why were CBS and NBC unable to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II? -Why were CBS and NBC unable to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II? -Whatanuts show has ABC owned the television rights to since 2000? -What award show does ABC broadcast? -When did CBS originate the Peanuts specials? -What award show does ABC broadcast? -What is the name of the Peanuts special broadcast by ABC? +What caused CBS and NBC to be unable to broadcast the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II? +What caused CBS and NBC to be unable to broadcast the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II? +What is the name of theanuts series that ABC owns the television rights to? +What award does ABC broadcast the Academy Awards? +When was A Charlie Brown Christmas first broadcast? +What award does ABC hold the broadcast rights to? +What is one of the Peanuts specials broadcast annually by ABC? When did ABC begin airing Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve? Who was Dick Clark's successor? -When did ABC first air the Miss America pageant? -Where does Dick Clark's traditional countdown take place? -What cable channel took over the television rights for the Miss America pageant in 2006? +When did ABC first broadcast the Miss America pageant? +Where was Dick Clark's traditional countdown from? +What cable channel took over the television rights to the Miss America pageant in 2006? What is the longest-running soap opera on ABC? When was The Edge of Night cancelled? -What was the name of the Procter & Gamble-produced soap opera that aired on ABC for the last nine years? +What was the name of the Procter & Gamble-produced soap opera that aired on ABC for nine years? What are the two talk shows on ABC's daytime schedule? -When did General Hospital begin? -What sports event is not broadcast by ESPN? -When did ESPN take over ABC's sports division? -When does ABC offer sports programming on the weekend? -What league does ABC air on Sundays? -What tournaments does ABC air highlight compilation programs for during the summer? -Who was ABC's vice-president of engineering? -What are the low-band VHF frequencies? -When did ABC submit five applications for television station licenses? -What channel did ABC's radio stations request to broadcast on? -How many existing television stations were there in the United States before the freeze? -How many television stations were in Boston in 1949? -What was ABC's third rival? -Which two networks did ABC have less coverage than? +When did General Hospital begin airing? +What is an example of a weekend event not broadcast by ESPN? +When did ESPN take over responsibilities for ABC's sports division? +When is sports programming provided on some weekend afternoons on ABC? +What league does ABC have exclusive rights to the NBA Finals? +What two tennis tournaments does ABC air highlight compilation programs for? +Who was ABC's vice-president of engineering in 1947? +What channels were the low-band VHF frequencies corresponding to? +In what year did ABC submit five applications for television station licenses? +What channel did ABC's television stations request to broadcast on? +How many existing television stations were there in the United States in 1952? +How many major cities had television stations in 1949? +What was ABC's third rival at the time? +What two networks did ABC have less coverage than? Who forced United Paramount Theatres to become an independent entity? What company did United Paramount Theatres separate itself from? How many full-time affiliates did ABC have? @@ -5783,241 +5783,241 @@ What network was rumored to buy ABC in 1951? Who loaned Noble $5 million to prevent ABC from going bankrupt? Who was the president of UPT in 1951? Who was the founder of CBS? -On what date did UPT's board of directors approve the purchase of ABC? -When did the FCC end its freeze on new station license applications? +When was the tentative agreement approved by UPT's board of directors? +In what year did the FCC end its freeze on new station license applications? When did the FCC approve UPT's purchase of ABC? -What was the merged company called? -Where was American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc. headquartered? +What was the new name of UPT-ABC after the merger? +Where was American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres headquartered? When did WJZ-TV sign on the air? -When did WXYZ-TV go on the air? -Where was the transmitter for KECA-TV located? -What did ABC plan to convert 20 acres of land in Hollywood into? +When did the FCC implement a freeze on new station applications? +On what mountain did ABC build a transmitter? +What did ABC convert 20 acres of land in Hollywood into? When was 'The Flintstones' premiered? -What decade marked the rise of family-oriented series on ABC? -Who were the creators of The Flintstones? -What decade marked the rise of family-oriented series on ABC? -When did Walt Disney Productions purchase ABC's shares in the Disneyland theme park? -What network did Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color originate from? +What decade was marked by the rise of family-oriented series? +Who created The Flintstones? +What decade was marked by the rise of family-oriented series? +In what year did Walt Disney Productions purchase ABC's shares in the Disneyland theme park? +What network did Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color broadcast to in 1961? When did ABC and Disney's first television collaboration end? When did ABC resume its relationship with Disney? -What logo did ABC launch a web-based campaign around in 2000? +What logo did ABC use in its 2000 web-based campaign? Who did ABC hire to design and produce its 2001-02 identity? What color was the ABC logo in 2001-02? -What did Little Dot do? -Who designed the minimalist graphical identity for ABC? -When did ABC stop using its 1998-2002 four-note jingles? +What was the other name for the circle logo? +Who designed the minimalist graphical identity for ABC in 1998? +In what year did ABC stop using its 1998-2002 four-note jingles? What was the theme tune based on? Where is the old four-note theme tune still used? When did the ABC logo first appear as a on-screen bug? When did the ABC logo begin appearing throughout programs? -When was the 40th anniversary of ABC's founding? -What was the slogan on the ABC logo for the 40th anniversary? -When was the first ABC Circle ID sequence created? -What was the background of the 1977 ID sequence? +In what year did the ABC logo appear in a gold CGI design on a blue background? +What slogan did ABC use in 1983 for its 40th anniversary? +In what year was the first ABC identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance? +What color was the bubble on the 1977 ID sequence? What color were the letters on the 1977 ID sequence? Who redesigned the ABC logo in 1962? -What typeface is the ABC logo strongly reminiscent of? +What type of typeface are the ABC logo's letters strongly reminiscent of? Who designed the Bauhaus typeface? -When did the new ABC logo debut? -What radio station was rumored to be sold by Disney-ABC? +When did the new ABC logo debut on-air? +What was rumored to be being considered for sale by Disney-ABC in 2005? When did ABC announce the restructuring of its radio division? -How many divisions did ABC announce on October 19, 2005? -When did ABC's average viewership decline by ten ratings points? -Along with Desperate Housewives, Lost and Dancing with the Stars, what ABC show had unexpected success during the 2004-05 season? -Who was named president of ABC in 2004? +How many divisions did ABC Radio have in 2005? +In what year did ABC's average viewership decline by ten ratings points? +Along with Desperate Housewives, Lost and Dancing with the Stars, what ABC series did the network have unexpected success with during the 2004-05 season? +Who was named president of ABC parent Disney-ABC Television Group in 2004? What sport did ABC Sports and ESPN sign an eight-year broadcast rights agreement with in 2005? -In what year did The Bachelor premiere? -Who was the Disney Chairman/CEO in 2002? -What was the name of ABC's first hit reality show? -What was the name of the spinoff of The Bachelor? +In what year did The Bachelor debut? +Who was the Chairman/CEO of Disney in 2002? +What was the name of ABC's first hit reality series? +What was the name of the spinoff of The Bachelor that premiered in 2002? Who removed ABC owned-and-operated stations from their systems? What network ended the 2000-01 season as the most-watched network? What network ended the 2000-01 season as the most-watched network? -When did the FCC order Time Warner Cable to restore the stations? -When did TGIF end? -Where did Sabrina, the Teenage Witch move to in September 2000? -What network replaced Family Matters with Step by Step? -When did Who Wants to Be a Millionaire premiere? +When did the FCC order Time Warner Cable to restore ABC stations? +In what year did TGIF end? +What network did Sabrina, the Teenage Witch move to in September 2000? +What network did Step by Step move to? +When was 'Who Wants to Be a Millionaire' premiered? Who was the host of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Who relaunched Millionaire as a syndicated program in 2002? Who was the original host of Millionaire? When did The Walt Disney Company announce an agreement to merge with Capital Cities/ABC? -What was the name of the new subsidiary that was created after the merger? +What did Disney rename its new subsidiary after the purchase of Capital Cities/ABC? Who bought the four newspapers that ABC had controlled under Capital Cities? -Who replaced Thomas S. Murphy as president and CEO of ABC? +Who became president and CEO of ABC after Thomas S. Murphy left? What was the name of the Aaron Sorkin-created sitcom that aired on ABC in 1998? When did color become the dominant format for the three broadcast television networks? -Where did ABC rank in 1965-66? -What did Goldenson write in 1991? +Where did ABC rank in the 1965-66 season? +What book did Goldenson write in 1991? When did ABC's New York City flagship stations change their callsigns? Where did ABC's New York City flagship stations move to in 1953? -Where was WJZ originally established? +Where was WJZ originally established by Westinghouse? Who was appointed president of ABC in 1950? -What network did UPT merge with in 1954? -What would have been the name of the merged ABC and DuMont Television Network? +What network did Goldenson propose a merger between UPT and? +What would have been the name of the merged ABC-DuMont network? How much money did DuMont receive as a result of the merger? What company was UPT a subsidiary of? -What was the name of ABC's flagship show at the time? -What was the longest running prime time comedy in U.S. television history? -What was the name of the Warner Bros. Presents adaptation of the 1947 film Wyoming Kid? +What was one of ABC's flagship productions at the time? +What was the longest-running prime time comedy in U.S. television history? +What was the name of the Warner Bros. adaptation of the 1947 film Wyoming Kid? What was the name of the remake of The Boy from Oklahoma? Who was the most iconic of ABC's relationships with Hollywood producers? -What was the name of the ABC series that showcased Warner's most successful films? -Who was Walt Disney's brother? -How much did Walt want ABC to invest in the Disneyland project? -When did ABC agree to finance Disneyland? -What project did ABC agree to finance in exchange for the right to broadcast a new Sunday night program? -Who was the program manager at WCFL in Chicago? +What was the name of the wheel series that aired during the 1955-56 season? +What was Walt Disney's brother's name? +How much did Walt want ABC to invest in Disneyland? +In what year did ABC agree to finance Disneyland? +What park did ABC finance in exchange for the right to broadcast a Sunday night program? +Who spearheaded the special programming project for ABC Radio's FM stations? Who was the president of ABC Radio in 1968? -What was the name of ABC's new FM format? -How many owned-and-operated stations did ABC have? +What was the name of ABC Radio's new format for FM stations? +How many owned-and-operated FM stations did ABC have in 1968? In what year did ABC launch Movie of the Week? -What was Spielberg's 1971 film? -When was Duel released? -What was the average budget of a movie on the Movie of the Week? +What was Steven Spielberg's first movie for Movie of the Week? +In what year was Steven Spielberg's film Duel released? +What was the average budget of a Movie of the Week film? When did ABC complete its transition to color? What network completed its transition to color in the early 1970s? -What did ABC begin to use to determine what types of sponsors to sell advertising slots? -What was the name of the NFL's premier game of the week until 2006? -When did Sunday Night Football move to NBC? -What network took over as the league's marquee game? -What was the average audience share of Monday Night Football? -When did the FCC pass the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules? -When did ABC split Worldvision Enterprises into two separate companies? -What was the name of the company that produced and distributed programming for U.S. syndication? +What did ABC begin to use to better determine what types of sponsors to sell advertising slots? +What was the NFL's premier game of the week until 2006? +In what year did Sunday Night Football move to NBC? +Where did MNF move to in 2006? +What was the audience share of Monday Night Football for ABC? +In what year did the FCC vote to pass the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules? +In what year was ABC Films split into two separate companies? +What was the name of the company that ABC Films split into in 1972? What did the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act ban? When did the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act take effect? Who bought ABC Great States in 1974? -Who was named President and Chief Operating Officer of ABC on January 17, 1972? +Who was named President and Chief Operating Officer of ABC in 1972? When did Michael Eisner join ABC? -What show did Michael Eisner help bring about? +What was the name of the show that Eisner helped bring about? What type of programming did Eisner develop for ABC? What company did Michael Eisner become president of in 1976? -Who convinced Fred Silverman to become the first president and director of programming of ABC Entertainment? +Who was the president of ABC Television in 1975? Who was the first president and director of programming of ABC Entertainment? -What was the name of the detective series that ABC premiered in 1974? +What was the name of the detective series ABC premiered in 1974? When did Good Morning America debut? -What position did Silverman hold after leaving ABC? -What was the name of the Happy Days spin-off series? -What was the name of the trend that featured attractive, often buxom, women in main and guest roles? +What position did Silverman hold after leaving ABC in 1978? +What was the name of the Happy Days spin-off series that debuted in 1976? +What was the name of the trend that featured attractive, often buxom, women in main roles? Who wrote Roots? Who produced The Love Boat? How long did The Love Boat last? -When did the network take first place in the ratings for the first time? +In what season did NBC take first place in the ratings for the first time? What was the name of the controversial soap opera parody that aired on ABC in 1977? Who was named president of ABC News in 1977? -Along with being president of ABC News, what was Roone Arledge the president of in 1977? -What was the name of the new ABC News building that was built in place of the former warehouse? -When was the new building for ABC News completed? +What was Roone Arledge president of in 1977? +What is the name of the building that was built in its place? +When were ABC's new office buildings completed? When was 20/20 created? -Who was the first anchor of 20/20? +Who was 20/20's first anchor? Who was Hugh Downs paired with on 20/20? Who did ABC sell its recording division to in 1979? What was the name of ABC's 24-hour news channel? -What was the name of the 24-hour news channel launched by ABC in 2004? -What was the name of the Flint, Michigan affiliate of ABC? -What station in Toledo, Ohio was previously affiliated with ABC? -What strike halted production of network programs for much of the 2007-08 season? -What was the name of the strike-replacement program for ABC? -Who started rumors that Disney would sell the ten ABC owned and operated stations? -What division did ABC Studios and ABC Studios merge into in 2009? -What was the name of the new division created by the merger of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios? +What was the name of ABC's 24-hour news channel launched in July 2004? +What was the name of the Flint, Michigan affiliate that ABC purchased in 1994? +What Toledo, Ohio station did ABC purchase in 1994? +Who was on strike during the 2007-08 season? +What was the name of the strike-replacement program that aired during the 2007-08 season? +Who started rumors that Disney would sell the ten ABC owned-and-operated stations? +What division did Disney-ABC Television Group merge with ABC Studios in 2009? +What division did Disney-ABC Television Group merge ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios into in 2009? What was the new name of ABC Radio? -On what website did Disney-ABC Television Group partner with Apple to make individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs available for purchase? -When did the network begin running into some trouble in the ratings? +On what platform did Disney-ABC Television Group partner with Apple to make individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs available for purchase? +In what year did NBC begin running into some trouble in the ratings? When did Lost debut? -What day was Ugly Betty moved to? +What day of the week was Ugly Betty moved to in 2009? What day of the week was Ugly Betty moved to? -When did the FCC impose its fin-syn rules? +When did the FCC impose fin-syn rules? What was the name of the syndication distributor created by ABC in 1970? -What production company did ABC create in 1970? -Who bought the Ruby-Spears and Hanna-Barbera libraries from Worldvision? -Who handles domestic television distribution for ABC? +What was the name of the production company created by ABC in 1970? +Who bought portions of Worldvision's catalog in 1990? +What is the name of ABC's domestic television distribution division? What was Disney-ABC Domestic Television previously known as? What was Disney-ABC International Television previously known as? What library is part of the ABC library? -What are the first two stations to carry the network's programming? +What were the first two stations to carry ABC's programming? How many owned-and-operated stations does ABC have? -How many stations does ABC have pending affiliation agreements with? -What percentage of all households in the United States watch ABC? -When was the first ABC logo introduced? +How many stations does ABC have affiliation agreements with? +What percentage of all households in the United States does ABC reach? +When was the network's first logo introduced? What was the new ABC logo based on? When did ABC begin its first color broadcasts? -When was Supernanny cancelled? +In what year was Supernanny cancelled? What was the only remaining program on the network's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3 standard definition? -What format is Litton's Weekend Aventure broadcast in? -What is the first children's program block on any U.S. broadcast network to feature programs available in HD? +What format has all of ABC's programming been presented in since January 2012? +What was the first children's program block on any U.S. broadcast network to feature programs available in HD? What is the native resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties? -Most of Hearst Television's 16 stations transmit the network's programming in what resolution? -How many other affiliates carry the network feed in 480i standard definition? +Most of Hearst Television's 16 ABC-affiliated stations transmit the network's programming in what format? +How many affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard definition? What is the native resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties? -What was the only drama to be renewed for a second season? -What was the only late-season premiere to be renewed for a second season? -Which network did ABC outrate in 2010-11? -What was ABC's only drama renewal for the 2010-11 season? +What was the only midseason forensic investigation drama to be renewed for a second season? +What was the only late-season premiere to earn a second season? +What network did ABC outrate for third place in 2010-11 ratings? +What was the only drama renewal for the 2010-11 season? What two soap operas were canceled by ABC on April 14, 2011? Who bought the rights to All My Children and One Life to Live? -Where did Prospect Park revive All My Children? +Where did Prospect Park revive All My Children and One Life to Live? What show replaced One Life to Live? -What demographic did ABC drop to fourth place in the 2011-12 season? -When did NBC finish first in the 18-49 demographic for the first time? -Which network had the most viewers during the 2013-14 season? -Along with Resurrection and The Goldbergs, what ABC show was renewed for the 2013-14 season? +What demographic did ABC drop to fourth place in during the 2011-12 season? +In what year did NBC finish first place in the 18-49 demographic for the first time? +Which network had the most viewers in the 18-49 demographic in 2013-14? +What Marvel show was renewed for the 2013-14 season? What ABC show was cancelled in the 2013-14 season? What were the names of the two family sitcoms that anchored ABC's revamped Wednesday comedy lineup? -What is Shark Tank based on? +What reality show was Shark Tank based on? On what day of the week did Shark Tank air? Who starred in Last Man Standing? -Who left Capital Cities/ABC in 1994? -Who succeeded Daniel Burke as president of Capital Cities/ABC? +Who left Capital Cities/ABC in February 1994? +Who became president of Capital Cities/ABC after Daniel Burke left? What was the name of the gritty police procedural that debuted in September 1994? Who created NYPD Blue? How long did NYPD Blue last? -When did the FCC repeal the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules? +In what year did the FCC repeal the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules? What French animation studio did Capital Cities/ABC purchase in 1993? -Who did ABC sign an agreement with to carry its owned-and-operated television stations? -What was ABC's total viewership share in 1993? +What cable company did ABC sign an agreement with to carry its owned-and-operated television stations? +What was ABC's viewership share in 1993? What Chicago radio station did ABC purchase in 1960? -When did WLS launch a new lineup consisting of ABC Radio programming? -Who was trying to establish a television station in Toronto? +When did WLS launch a new lineup of ABC Radio programming? +Who wanted to establish a television station in Toronto in 1960? What station did Leonard Goldenson agree to acquire a 25% interest in? What was the name of the anthology series created by Edgar Scherick? Who created Wide World of Sports? Who was the executive producer of Wide World of Sports? -What company did Edgar Scherick work for? -What was American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres renamed in 1965? -What was the name of the first blind date show on ABC? +What company did Edgar Scherick own? +What was the new name of American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres in 1965? +What was the name of the first blind date series on ABC? What was the name of the show that followed The Dating Game? -Where was the new headquarters for ABC located? -By 1980, the three major networks represented what percentage of prime time television viewership in the U.S.? -What was the name of an opulent drama from Aaron Spelling? -What was the name of the Happy Days spinoff? +Where was ABC's new headquarters located? +By 1980, the three major networks represented what percentage of all prime-time television viewership in the US? +What was the name of the opulent drama from Aaron Spelling that became a hit when it premiered in 1981? +What was the name of the Happy Days spinoff that aired on ABC in the 1980s? What cable channel did ABC launch in 1981? Who bought KXYZ in 1983? -Who did ABC purchase an 80% stake in ESPN? -What was the name of the competing arts channel that ABC and Hearst merged? -What was the name of the cable channel that ABC and Hearst merged ARTS into? +Who did ABC purchase an 80% stake in ESPN in 1984? +What was the name of ARTS' competitor? +What was the name of the cable channel that ABC merged ARTS and The Entertainment Channel into? Who did Thomas S. Murphy delegate his position as president to in 1990? -What was Thomas S. Murphy's position on ABC in 1990? +What position did Burke hold at ABC in 1990? What was Capital Cities/ABC's revenues in 1990? What is the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network's history? -What was the name of the ABC sitcom that starred Tim Allen? +What was the name of the sitcom that aired in 1991? What soap opera is featured on ABC? -What are the two talk/lifestyle shows on ABC? +What are two talk/lifestyle shows on ABC? When does Good Morning America air? -What is the name of the weeknight talk show? -Which states do not have an ABC affiliate? -What is the name of the low-power station in Birmingham, Alabama? +What is the name of ABC's late night talk show? +What are the only U.S. states where ABC does not have a locally licensed affiliate? +What is the low-power station in Birmingham, Alabama? What is the name of the low-power station in South Bend, Indiana? What is the name of the low-power station in Lima, Ohio? -Who produced television series for ABC beginning in 1962? +What company produced television series for ABC beginning in 1962? What was Touchstone Television reorganized as in February 2007? What is the name of ABC's main production facility? What is the name of the set of studios located in New York City? -What is the name of the building that ABC owns in Times Square? +What is the name of the facility where Good Morning America and Nightline are broadcast from? What programs are broadcast from the Times Square Studios? What was the block of West End Avenue renamed in 2006? -What is the name of the ABC News program that was renamed Peter Jennings Way? +What is the name of the ABC News program that Peter Jennings anchored? What is the name of ABC's traditional VOD service? What streaming service is owned by the Walt Disney Company? When did Hulu begin offering full-length episodes of ABC's programming? @@ -6026,143 +6026,143 @@ When are the most recent episodes of ABC's shows usually made available on WATCH How many days after their initial broadcast are the most recent episodes of ABC shows available on Hulu and WATCH ABC? What does ABC on Demand disallow? On what date did Disney-ABC Television Group restrict streaming of the most recent episode of any ABC program on Hulu? -Who redesigned the ABC logo for the 2013-14 season? -How many variants is the ABC logo used on-air, online and in print advertising? -What typeface was created for use in advertising and other promotional materials? +Who designed the new ABC logo? +How many variants of the ABC logo are used in advertising? +What is the name of the new custom typeface created for use in advertising and other promotional materials? What network uses a red version of the ABC logo? How many primary affiliates did ABC have in 1954? -How many affiliates did CBS have? +How many CBS affiliates were there in 1954? What act mandated the inclusion of UHF tuning? What did the All-Channel Receiver Act mandate the inclusion of? -Where was WKST-TV located? -How much lower was the viewership of ABC programming compared to its competitors? -What station in Wheeling, West Virginia began airing ABC programming on a digital subchannel? -When did some small markets begin to see a full time ABC affiliate? -What was the Disneyland anthology series retitled on September 3, 1958? +In what city was WKST-TV located? +How much lower was ABC's viewership compared to its competitors? +What station in Wheeling, West Virginia began airing ABC programming on a digital subchannel in the 2000s? +When did some small markets begin to see full-time ABC affiliates? +What was the Disneyland anthology series retitled in 1958? Who pitched The Untouchables to CBS? Why did CBS reject The Untouchables? When did The Untouchables debut? What was the name of ABC's film program that debuted in 1962? What was the total revenue of ABC in 1962? -Who created The Jetsons? -What was the name of the first television show to be broadcast in color on ABC? -On what date did General Hospital debut? -What company did Goldenson propose a merger with? +What company produced The Jetsons? +What was the first television series to be broadcast in color on ABC? +When did General Hospital debut? +What company did the Department of Justice file a complaint against in July 1967? Who was the head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice? -Who filed a complaint against the merger? -When did the merger of ABC and ITT end? +Who filed a complaint against the merger in July 1967? +When did the merger with ITT end? What company did Thomas S. Murphy work for? How much did Capital Cities pay for ABC? Who loaned Capital Cities $500 million to finance the purchase of ABC? Who did ABC sell WXYZ-TV and Tampa independent station WFTS-TV to? -What was the maximum number of television stations a broadcaster could own? +What was the maximum number of television stations that broadcasters could own in January 1985? When did the merger between ABC and Capital Cities receive federal approval? What was the combined company called after the merger? -What was Frederick S. Pierce's new position? +What position did Frederick S. Pierce hold after the merger? Who became vice president of ABC Broadcasting? Who became president of ABC News and ABC Sports? What ABC show ended its run in 1983? -What ABC show ended in 1984? +What was the name of the spinoff of Happy Days that ended in 1984? Which network regained the ratings lead among the Big Three networks in 1984? -What show ended its run in 1986? +What ABC show ended its run in 1986? What did ABC focus on in the mid-1980s? -What was the name of the new Friday night schedule introduced by ABC in 1989? +What was the name of ABC's family-friendly Friday night schedule in 1989? What did TGIF stand for? -Who produced many of the shows on the TGIF block? +Who produced many of the TGIF shows? What studio was Miller-Boyett Productions a part of? How many radio stations did ABC own in 1968? -What was the name of the first film produced by ABC Pictures? +What was the name of ABC Pictures' first film? Who directed Charly? When was ABC Motion Pictures dissolved? Where was ABC Marine World located? -What types of shows did ABC offer that met the public's expectations? +What types of shows did ABC offer in the late 1950s? How much did ABC's advertising revenues increase between 1953 and 1958? What was the national reach of ABC? Who was the president of ABC Entertainment in 1957? Who was the host of American Bandstand? -What did ABC do against its competitors? -What was the name of the actioner that aired on ABC in 1957? -Who criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows? +What did ABC's detective shows do against its competitors? +What was an example of an actioner that ABC aired in 1957? +Who criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for detective shows at the expense of news programming? What type of shows did ABC air in 1959? -What is the name of ABC's new streaming service? -Which stations were the first to offer live streams of their programming on the Watch ABC service? -What television company signed a deal to stream its stations on the Watch ABC service? +What was the name of ABC's new streaming service in May 2013? +What were the first stations to offer streams of their programming on the service? +What company signed a deal to offer live streams of its ABC affiliates on WATCH ABC? What is the name of ESPN's streaming service? -Who owns the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size? +Who is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total? What is the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size? -Who is the largest operator of ABC stations? -How many ABC stations does Sinclair Broadcast Group own? -How many ABC stations does the E. W. Scripps Company own? -What was the name of the ABC imaging campaign for the 2007-08 season? +Who is the largest operator of ABC stations in terms of market reach? +How many ABC affiliates does Sinclair Broadcast Group own? +How many ABC-affiliated stations does the E. W. Scripps Company own? +What was the name of ABC's new imaging campaign for the 2007-08 season? Who developed the "Start Here" campaign? -What did the red ribbons represent? +What division of ABC did red ribbons represent? What division of ABC did the blue ribbons represent? What are the two ABC affiliates in Tampa, Florida? What are the two ABC affiliates in Kansas City, Missouri? -What are the ABC affiliates in Grand Rapids, Michigan? +What are the two ABC affiliates in Grand Rapids, Michigan? What was Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994? What empire did Genghis Khan found? Who did Genghis Khan unite? -Where did Genghis Khan's invasions take place? -By the end of Genghis Khan's life, the Mongol Empire occupied what? -Where did the Mongol invasions take place? -Who did Genghis Khan assign as his successor? +Where did Genghis Khan massacre civilian populations? +By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied what? +What dynasties did Genghis Khan invade? +Who was Genghis Khan's successor? When did Genghis Khan die? -Who did Genghis Khan defeat? -Who did Genghis Khan split his empire into? +Who did Genghis Khan defeat in 1227? +Who did Genghis Khan split his empire into khanates among? Where was Genghis Khan buried? Where was Temüjin born? Who was Temüjin's father? -When was Temüjin born? +In what year was Temüjin born? Who was Temüjin named after? -What was the name of Temüjin's sister? -What were Temüjin's brothers' names? +What was Temüjin's sister's name? +What were Temüjin's three brothers? Who was Temüjin's future wife? -What tribe was Temüjin's future wife a member of? -Who was the head of the new household? +What tribe was Temüjin's future wife Börte a member of? +Who was the head of the new household that Temüjin lived in? Who was Temujin's older half-brother? Who was Temujin's mother? Who killed Begter? When did Temujin's resentment erupt? -Who held Temüjin prisoner? +Who enslaved Temüjin? How did the Tayichi'ud enslave Temüjin? Who was the father of the guard who helped Temüjin escape? -Who were the two future generals of Genghis Khan? -Where did Temüjin hide? -What was used to solidify temporary alliances? +Who joined Temüjin in his escape from the Tayichi'ud? +Where did Temüjin escape from the ger? +What was often used to solidify temporary alliances? Who taught Temüjin about the unstable political climate of Mongolia? What foreign forces interfered with the political climate of Mongolia? -What did Temüjin's mother teach him? -What tribe did Börte belong to? +What did Hoelun teach Temüjin? +What tribe did Temüjin marry Börte of? Who kidnapped Börte? Who helped Temüjin rescue Börte? What was the name of Börte's son? -When did Börte give birth to Jochi? +When was Jochi born? How many sons did Börte have? -What was the name of Börte's third son? +What was the name of Börte's son who lived from 1187-1241? When did Chagatai die? -Who was Börte's son from 1190-1232? +What was the name of Genghis Khan's third son from Börte? How many daughters did Genghis Khan have? -What does anda mean? +What is an anda? Who did Temüjin turn to for support? Toghrul was the Khan of what tribe? How many Keraite warriors did Toghrul offer to Temüjin? -Who did Toghrul suggest that Temüjin involve in his fight against the Merkits? -What group did Jamukha support? +Who was Temüjin's childhood friend? +Who did Jamukha support? Who proclaimed that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin? -When was Temüjin elected khan of the Mongols? +In what year was Temüjin elected khan of the Mongols? In what battle did Jamukha defeat Temüjin? -Where was Toghrul exiled? +Where was Toghrul exiled to? What code did Temüjin use as an incentive for absolute obedience? What did Temüjin promise civilians and soldiers? Who did Temüjin adopt? -What did Temüjin do to the conquered tribe? +What did Temüjin take the conquered tribe under? Who did Toghrul refuse to give his daughter in marriage to? Who did Toghrul ally himself with? Who did Toghrul ally himself with? -What tribe did Toghrul's defeat lead to the dissolution of? +What tribe was dissolved after Jamukha's defeat? Who was the next direct threat to Temüjin? -When was Jamukha elected as Gür Khan? +In what year was Jamukha elected as Gür Khan? What was the title of Gür Khan? Who was Jelme's younger brother? When was Jamukha turned over to Temüjin? @@ -6171,43 +6171,43 @@ Why did Temüjin kill the men who betrayed Jamukha? What did Jamukha ask for? How is the custom to die without spilling blood granted? Who did Genghis Khan learn siege warfare from? -Who did Genghis Khan have a rift with? -Who was Genghis Khan's loyal brother? +Who was Genghis Khan's early ally? +Who was trying to drive a wedge between Genghis Khan and his loyal brother? What did Genghis Khan use to gather intelligence? Who was Genghis Khan's father's ally? -By what year did Temüjin unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other smaller tribes? -What was the name of the council of Mongol chiefs? +When did Temüjin unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs? +At what council was Temüjin acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes? What title did Genghis Khan receive after his death? Who was Genghis Khan's successor? What is a Khuruldai? What dynasty did Genghis Khan plan to conquer in 1211? -Who defected to the Mongol side? -When did Genghis siege, capture, and sacked the Jin capital of Zhongdu? -Where did Emperor Xuanzong move his capital? -Who ruled from 1232 to 1233? -Who was the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation? -What dynasty was Qara Khitai a remnant of? +Who was the messenger the Jin commander sent to the Mongol side? +In what year did Genghis Khan capture the Jin capital of Zhongdu? +Where did Emperor Xuanzong move his capital south to? +Who was Genghis' third son? +Who usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai? +What dynasty was Qara Khitai originally established as remnants of? How many soldiers did Genghis Khan send against Kuchlug? Who was known as "The Arrow"? What was Jebe's nickname? -What did the Mongols do to Kuchlug's supporters? +What did the Mongols resort to in order to defeat Kuchlug's supporters? Where was Kuchlug's army defeated? -Where did the Mongol Empire extend as a result of the defeat of Qara Khitai? -What is another name for the Khwarezmia? -What was the Khwarezmia? +By 1218, as a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire extended as far west as what lake? +What was the name of the Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west? +What was the Khwarezmia Empire? Who governed the Khwarazmian dynasty in the early 13th century? Who was the governor of Otrar? -Who was beheaded? +Who was beheaded by the Shah? How many soldiers did Genghis Khan organize? -Where did Genghis Khan see the potential advantage in Khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner? +What route did Genghis Khan use to trade with Khwarezmia? What mountains did Genghis Khan cross to enter the Khwarezmian Empire? How many groups did Genghis Khan divide his army into? -Where did the second division march? +Where did the second division of Genghis Khan march? Who led the third division of Genghis Khan? -What city did the first division attack? +What city did the first division of Genghis Khan's army attack? What was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats? What town did the Mongol army quickly seize? -What metal did Genghis Khan pour into Inalchuq's ears and eyes? +What did Genghis Khan pour into Inalchuq's ears and eyes? What did the Shah do at the end of the battle? Who did Genghis Khan order to hunt down the Shah? What was the capital of the Khwarezmid Empire? @@ -6215,9 +6215,9 @@ Where was the capital moved to after Samarkand fell? What did Genghis Khan divert through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace? What did the Mongols use as body shields? What did Genghis do after the fortress fell? -What was raised as a symbol of victory? -What did the city leaders do to the Mongols? -Who held the citadel for another twelve days? +What did the Mongols raise as a symbol of victory? +What did the city leaders do? +Who held the city's citadel for another twelve days? Who were sent back to Mongolia? What did Genghis Khan declare he was? Who was drafted into the Mongolian army? @@ -6225,643 +6225,643 @@ When did Genghis Khan defeat the Khwarezmian Empire? Who suggested that the Mongol army be split into two? Where did the Mongols overwintered? At what battle did Subutai's forces defeat the Kievan force? -Who led the Kievan Rus troops? +Who led the Kievan Rus? Who was Genghis Khan's grandson? -What group did Genghis Khan's grandson Batu lead? +What group did Batu lead? Who led the famous cavalry expedition? When did Subutai and Jebe return to Mongolia? Where did Jebe die? -When did Genghis Khan begin a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts? -When did Genghis take Xiliang-fu? +In what year did Genghis Khan begin a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts? +In what season did Genghis Khan take Xiliang-fu? Who did the Tangut generals challenge to a battle near Helan Mountains? What river did Genghis Khan cross to take Lingzhou? What did Genghis Khan see at Lingzhou? -What was the capital of the Tangut? -Who was the Tangut general at Deshun? +What was the capital of the Tangut empire? +Who was the Tangut general who fought against Genghis Khan at Deshun? What did Ma Jianlong die from? Where did Genghis Khan go after conquering Deshun? What did Genghis Khan do to the entire Tangut family? Who was Genghis' oldest son? -Who was the strongest proponent of Jochi's paternity? -Before what event did Chagatai declare that he would never accept Jochi as his successor? -Who was appointed as the successor to Genghis Khan? +Who voiced most strongly the issue over Jochi's paternity? +What did Genghis Khan do just before The Secret History of the Mongols? +Who was appointed as Genghis Khan's successor? Which two of Genghis Khan's sons were considered unstable? Who was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior? Who was Genghis Khan's youngest son? Who did Genghis Khan give the throne to? When did Jochi die? -Where did Jochi remain after his brothers left? -What city did Jochi and his brothers try to protect from destruction? +Where did Jochi remain in 1223? +What city did Jochi try to protect from destruction? Who did Jochi make an alliance with? -Why is the accuracy of this story questionable? +Why is the accuracy of Juzjani's story questionable? What was the capital of Western Xia? -Where did Genghis fall from his horse? -What type of wound did Marco Polo say caused Genghis Khan to die? -Who did the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle say killed Genghis Khan? -Who did some Mongol authors believe invented the legend of Genghis Khan's death? +What did The Secret History of the Mongols say Genghis Khan fell from his horse while doing? +What type of wound did Marco Polo say Genghis Khan received? +What was Yinchuan the capital of? +Who is believed to have invented the legend that Genghis Khan was stabbed by a Western Xia princess? How did Genghis Khan want to be buried? Where was Genghis Khan's birthplace? -Where is Genghis Khan buried? +Where is Genghis Khan believed to be buried? What is Genghis Khan's memorial? What is the Mongolian name for the Lord's Enclosure? -What Buddhist monastery was the mausoleum taken to? +What Buddhist monastery was the mausoleum moved to? Where was the mausoleum moved to in 1949? -When was Genghis Khan's bier and relics returned to Mongolia? +In what year did Genghis Khan's bier and relics return to Mongolia? Who destroyed almost everything of value during the Cultural Revolution? When did a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig uncover Genghis Khan's palace? -What was diverted over Genghis Khan's grave? -What are the two other kings that were buried in the same manner as Genghis Khan? -What animal stampeded over Genghis Khan's grave? +What was diverted over Genghis Khan's grave to make it impossible to find? +Who were the other two kings that were similar to Genghis Khan? +What animal is said to have stampeded over Genghis Khan's grave? Who created the Yassa? -What was the civilian and military code of the Mongol Empire called? +What was the name of the civilian and military code of the Mongol Empire? What type of government did the Mongol Empire adopt? Who was the exception to the rule of meritocracy? -Who was one of the diverse Khans of various ethnicities in the Mongol Empire? -What did the Mongol Empire offer to religious figures? +Who was one of the diverse Khans of various ethnicities that were part of the Mongol Empire? +What did the Mongol Empire offer to religious figures and doctors? Who was Genghis Khan's mentor? -What did the Mongol Empire hold that religion was? +What did Mongol tradition hold that religion was? What were the religions of the Mongol tribes? Who was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when the next male Khagan was being chosen? -What is the name of the policy of encouraging trade and communication? -Along with the Mongols, what sedentary people were not allowed to live in the Mongol Empire? +What did modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as? +What sedentary people did Genghis Khan try to remove discriminatory policies from? What did Genghis Khan want to establish? -Who became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans? -Why did Genghis Khan need people who could govern cities? -Who did Chu'Tsai work for? -Who did Chu'Tsai come from? +Who did Genghis Khan invite to administer parts of the Mongol Empire? +Why did Genghis Khan not find administrators among his Mongol people? +Who had captured power by displacing Khitan? +Who was Chu'Tsai a lineal descendant of? Who did Genghis Khan put absolute trust in? What was the capital of the Mongol Empire? Who was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty? -Who were allowed to pursue the Great Raid into the Caucasus and Kievan Rus? +Who led the Great Raid into the Caucasus and Kievan Rus? What did Genghis Khan expect from his generals? -What did the Mongol military divert resources from cities and towns? -Who did the Mongol military employ to aid in siege warfare? -What was a common tactic used by the Mongol military to break enemy formations? -How did the Mongol military cut off resources for cities? +What did the Mongol military divert to cut off resources for cities and towns? +Who did the Mongols use to help them capture cities? +What was a common tactic of the Mongol military to break enemy formations? +How did the Mongol military take enemy prisoners? At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to what sea? -Where did the Mongol Empire extend to at the time of Genghis Khan's death? -Who was the successor to Genghis Khan? +At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Sea of Japan to what body of water? +Who was Genghis Khan's successor? When did the Song dynasty of China end? -What is Genghis Khan credited with bringing together? -Where is Genghis Khan considered a great military leader? -How did Genghis Khan view religions? -How did Genghis Khan bring the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment? -When did the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity have a powerful revival? -What did Genghis Khan do? -What do Mongolians call themselves? -What is a chasm in the perception of Genghis Khan? -Are the historical records written by non-Mongolians favorable or biased against Genghis Khan? +What is Genghis Khan credited with bringing under one cohesive political environment? +Where is Genghis Khan looked on as a great military leader? +What was Genghis Khan's attitude towards religions? +What did the Silk Road do for communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia? +In what decade did the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity have a revival? +What is Genghis Khan looked upon positively by Mongolians? +What do Mongolians refer to themselves as? +What is there a chasm in the perception of Genghis Khan? +What do Mongolians believe the historical records written by non-Mongolians are? What is the Mongolian word for Genghis Khan? Who is endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places in Mongolia? -What is the name of Mongolia's main international airport? +What is Mongolia's main international airport named? Why have there been discussions about regulating the use of Genghis Khan's name and image? Where is Mongolia's main international airport located? What was the first written Mongolian law? What did Ikh Zasag punish? -Who is the president of Mongolia? -What script did Genghis Khan introduce? -Where is a monument and buildings about Genghis Khan located? +Who is the President of Mongolia? +What is Genghis Khan credited with introducing? +In what region of China is there a monument and buildings about Genghis Khan? How many Mongols live in Inner Mongolia? Who was the grandson of Genghis Khan? What dynasty did Kublai Khan establish? Who was Kublai Khan? -In what country did some historians estimate that the population did not reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century? -How much of the Iranian Plateau's population was killed by the Mongols? -How many people were killed in the Iranian Plateau? +In what country was Genghis Khan condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord? +How much of the Iranian Plateau's population did Genghis Khan kill? +How many people were estimated to have died in the Iranian Plateau? Who was the descendant of Genghis Khan? Who halted Hulagu Khan's invasion of Baghdad? Who was the descendant of Hulagu Khan? -When did Batu Khan launch an invasion into Kievan Rus? -What were the only two cities the Mongols destroyed in Eastern Europe? -Who were proud descendants of Genghis Khan? +In what year did Batu Khan invade Kievan Rus? +What cities did the Mongols destroy in Eastern Europe? +Who were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur? Who did the Mughal emperors patronize? -Along with Bukhara, Baghdad and Damascus, what city was attacked by the Mongols? -What was Lake Baikal called by the Mongols? +What city was Attar of? +What was the Mongolian and Turkic word for lake Baikal? What lake was called tenggis by the Mongols? What does Zhèng mean? -What Chinese word means "right, just, or true"? +What is the Chinese word for "right"? What was the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation of Genghis? What is the Mongolian spelling of Genghis Khan? What is the Turkic spelling of the title of Genghis Khan? What is the pinyin for Temüjin? -What are the other names for Genghis Khan in English? +What are the English names for Genghis Khan? What is the pinyin for Genghis Khan? What is the word pharmacy derived from? What did a pharmacy sell? What did the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply? -What is the term apothecary today? -What did pharmacies use? +What is the term apothecary today seen as? +What did the pharmas also use? What are pharmacists? -What do pharmacists want to ensure for their patients through the quality use of medicines? +What do pharmacists aim to ensure for their patients? What do pharmacists play an important role in? What are pharmacists also known as? What do pharmacists have? -Who manages a pharmacy technician? -Where does a pharmacy technician have to register as a professional? +Who manages a pharmacy technician in the UK? +What does a pharmacy technician have to register as a professional on? What does the GPhC do? -What is a Pharmacy Technician in the UK considered? +What is a Pharmacy Technician in the UK considered to be? What is the role of a PhT in the UK? What is Pedanius Dioscorides famous for? -What is the Latin translation of Diocles of Carystus' book? -What term was coined by Diocles of Carystus? +What was the Latin translation of Pedanius Dioscorides' book? +What term was coined by Pedanius Dioscorides? Who was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants in Ancient Greece? Who built upon De Materia Medica? -How were the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists in Japan? -Where was the place of pharmacists in society defined in Japan? -Where were ranked positions established? -What was the status of pharmacists in Japan during the Meiji Restoration? +What was the status of men who fulfilled roles similar to modern pharmacists in Japan? +What was the place of pharmacists in society defined in Japan? +Where were ranked positions established in Japan? +What was the status of pharmacists in Japan? How was the pharmacist ranked in the Imperial household? -What advances in the Middle East led to the development of pharmacology? -Who promoted the medical uses of chemical compounds? +What advances in the Middle East led medicine in medieval Islam substantially to develop pharmacology? +Who was the first physician to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds? Who pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation? Who wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies? -What did Sabur Ibn Sahl make clear distinction between? -When did the Franciscan monastery in Dubrovnik open? -Where was the oldest pharmacy located? -What is the medieval Esteve Pharmacy now known for? +What two compounds did Sabur Ibn Sahl make clear distinction between? +When did the pharmacies in Dubrovnik, Croatia open? +Where was the oldest pharmacy in Europe located? +What is the medieval Esteve Pharmacy now? What does the medieval Esteve Pharmacy keep? -When was the oldest pharmacy in Florence, Italy? +When was the oldest pharmacy in Italy set up? In most countries, the dispensary is subject to what? Where did pharmacists once stay? What are pharmacy technicians now more dependent upon? -What are pharmacy technicians now more dependent upon automation for? -What are the requirements for a pharmacy? -How do pharmacists get more education and training after pharmacy school? +What are pharmacy technicians now more dependent upon automation to deal with? +What are the requirements of pharmacy legislation in most countries? +What type of residency is often followed by another residency in a specific area? What do clinical pharmacists specialize in? -What is one of the main reasons pharmacists practice in hospitals? -What type of pharmacists gain more education and training through a pharmacy practice residency? +What is one of the reasons pharmacists practice in hospitals? +What type of pharmacists gain more education and training after pharmacy school? Where can hospital pharmacies be found? What are most hospital medications? -What do some hospital pharmacies outsource? +What have some hospital pharmacies decided to outsource? What makes it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible? -Why are hospital pharmacies different from community pharmacies? -What do pharmacists do? +Why are hospital pharmacies more popular than community pharmacies? +What do pharmacists provide direct patient care services? Where did the clinical pharmacy movement begin? -Who do pharmacists collaborate with? -What do pharmacists participate in? -Where do pharmacists care for patients? +Who do clinical pharmacists collaborate with to improve pharmaceutical care? +What do clinical pharmacists often participate in? +Where do clinical pharmacists care for patients? What is the role of a clinical pharmacist? What does the review process often involve? -What are some of the things a pharmacist might review to determine the appropriateness of a drug therapy? +What are some of the things that a pharmacist may review to determine the appropriateness of a drug therapy? What must a pharmacist monitor? -What are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the US federal health care system? -What states are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority? -When did the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approve ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification? +What are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the U.S. federal health care system? +In what states are collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority given to pharmacists? +In what year did the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approve ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification? What is the official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam? -What are some of the federal health care systems in the US? +What federal health care systems have ambulatory care pharmacists? What does consultant pharmacy practice focus on? Where do consultant pharmacists typically work? -What are some large pharmacy management companies? -Why do consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients? +What are some large pharmacy management companies in the US? +Why are consultant pharmacists beginning to work directly with patients? What do some community pharmacies do? -When did a growing number of Internet pharmacies begin to be established? -What type of pharmacies are most of the internet pharmacies? +When did a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide? +What type of pharmacies are many of the internet pharmacies similar to? What are internet pharmacies also known as? Why do some customers prefer to go to an online pharmacy instead of a community drugstore? -What is the primary difference between online pharmacies and community pharmacies? -Why do customers order drugs from internet pharmacies? -Who has criticized the use of internet pharmacies to sell drugs? +What is the main difference between community pharmacies and online pharmacies? +Why do customers order drugs from Internet pharmacies? +Who has criticized the practice of selling drugs without a prescription? What have there been reports of Internet pharmacies doing? What do some internet pharmacies do? What do most internet pharmacies do? -What is a particular concern with Internet pharmacies? -What must be done in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid? -What is a particular concern with Internet pharmacies? -What must be done in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid? +What is a concern with Internet pharmacies? +What must a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid in the United States? +What is a concern with Internet pharmacies? +What must a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid in the United States? What is the responsibility of the filling pharmacy? -What outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship? +What outlines what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship? What is an example of a controlled substance that can be obtained via the internet? -Why is the United States trying to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries? +Why is there a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries? What country has there been a push to legalize importation of medications from? -Who is the enforcement of importation of prescription medications targeted at? -Is there a known case of a U.S. citizen being charged for buying Canadian drugs with a prescription? -What is the United States trying to do to reduce consumer costs? -What is pharmacy informatics? +Who is the enforcement of importation of prescription medications generally targeted at? +Is there a known case of U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription? +What has been a push in the United States to reduce consumer costs? +What is pharmacy informatics a combination of? Where can pharmacy informaticists work? -What is pharmacy informatics growing quickly to meet the needs of? +What is pharmacy informatics growing to meet the needs of? What are pharmacy informaticists trained to participate in? -How fast is pharmacy informatics growing? -What type of pharmacy carries novel medications? +How is pharmacy informatics growing? +What type of pharmacies carry novel medications? How many of the 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 were specialty drugs? What are some chronic and complex disease states that specialty pharmacies supply? What do specialty pharmacies carry? What do specialty pharmacies provide? How are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions? Who may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public? -What organization's Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation? -What percentage of American physicians dispense drugs on their own? +What organization's Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices? +What percentage of American physicians practice on their own? What can pharmacists not do? -What country has a law that allows general physicians to dispense medicines if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away? +In what country is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy required? Where are dispensing physicians allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines? -What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy? -How far away is the nearest pharmacy from a general physician? +What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy in the United Kingdom? +How far away is the nearest pharmacy in Austria for general physicians? What is the reason for the majority rule? -Why does a physician exaggerate the seriousness of conditions? +Why does a physician exaggerate their seriousness? What does the majority rule system reflect much similarity to? What does a physician do in order to sell more medications to the patient? What is the patient's interest? -Are pharmacists expected to become more or less integral within the health care system? What are pharmacists expected to do in the coming decades? +What are pharmacists expected to be compensated for? What does Medication Therapy Management include? -What are the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients? -What is the result of MTM? -What provinces in Canada have limited prescribing rights? -Who pays pharmacists in Australia to conduct Home Medicines Reviews? +What is one of the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients? +What is the result of Medication Therapy Management? +What two provinces in Canada have limited prescribing rights? +Who pays pharmacists in Australia for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews? What are pharmacists being paid for by the government for? What has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy in the United States? -What degree is required before entering practice? +What degree is required before entering practice in the United States? What are the two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries? -What was used until the early 20th century? -Where is the Bowl of Hygieia often used? -Where is the red stylized letter A used? -Where is the green Greek cross common? +What symbol was used until the early 20th century? +In what country is the Bowl of Hygieia often used? +In what two countries is the red stylized letter A commonly used? +In what countries is the green Greek cross common? What is the immune system? -What must the immune system detect? +What does the immune system have to detect to function properly? What are two subsystems of the immune system? -The blood-brain barrier separates the peripheral immune system from what? -What does the immune system consist of? -What are the agents that the immune system must detect? +What protects the brain in humans? +What is the immune system a system of? +What are agents that an immune system must detect? What are two subsystems of the immune system? What does the immune system protect against? -What are the agents that the immune system must detect? -What protects the brain? -What barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system? -What are the agents that the immune system must detect? +What are a wide variety of agents that an immune system must detect? +What protects the brain in humans? +What are the fluid-brain barriers in humans? +What are a wide variety of agents that an immune system must detect? What are two subsystems of the immune system? What are two subsystems of the immune system? -What protects the brain? +What protects the brain in humans? How can pathogens avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system? -What do bacteria possess in the form of? -What type of organism's immune system evolved in ancient times? -What does adaptive immunity do after an initial response to a pathogen? -What type of infection do bacteria protect against? +What does a simple unicellular organism have a rudimentary immune system? +In what type of organism did the complement system evolve? +What does adaptive immunity do? +What type of infection do enzymes in bacteria protect against? What are antimicrobial peptides called? -What is the basis of acquired immunity? -What creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen? +What is the process of acquired immunity the basis of? +What creates immunological memory after an initial response? Disorders of the immune system can result in what? When does immunodeficiency occur? What can immunodeficiency result in? -What can cause immunodeficiency in humans? -What is an example of an autoimmune disease? -What is it called when the immune system is less active than normal? +What type of disease can cause severe combined immunodeficiency? +Along with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus, what is a common autoimmune disease? +What occurs when the immune system is less active than normal? What results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms? -What covers the study of all aspects of the immune system? +What is the study of all aspects of the immune system called? What is an example of an acquired condition? -When was the first known reference to immunity? +What is the earliest known reference to immunity? What type of venom did Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis study? -Who discovered that dogs and mice were immune to scorpion venom? +Who developed the germ theory of disease? Who discovered the yellow fever virus? Who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905? What was confirmed as the cause of infectious disease? What virus was discovered by Walter Reed? When was the earliest known reference to immunity? -What is retained after the pathogen has been eliminated? -What provides an immediate, but non-specific response when a pathogen breaches the physical barriers? -What is activated by the innate response? +What is the name of the memory that the immune system retains after the pathogen has been eliminated? +What system provides an immediate, but non-specific response when a pathogen breaches physical barriers? +What is the second layer of protection vertebrates possess? What is found in all plants and animals? -What is activated by the innate response? -What is retained after the pathogen has been eliminated? -What prevent pathogens from entering an organism? +What is the second layer of protection vertebrates possess? +What is the name of the memory that the immune system retains after the pathogen has been eliminated? +What prevents pathogens from entering an organism? What types of molecules do innate and adaptive immunity depend on the immune system to distinguish? -What do innate and adaptive immunity depend on the immune system to distinguish between? -What do innate and adaptive immunity depend on the immune system to distinguish between? -What are non-self molecules called? -What do antigens bind to? -The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by what? -Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of what system? -What do pattern recognition receptors recognize? +In immunology, what components of an organism's body can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system? +What are antigens called? +What is one class of non-self molecules called? +Antigens bind to what and elicit an immune response? +What receptors recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms? +Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of what? +What are components that are conserved among broad groups of? What type of immune defenses are innate immune defenses? -What is the first line of defense against infection of insects? -What is the first line of defense against infection? -What mechanically eject pathogens from the respiratory tract? +What is an example of an insect's mechanical barrier? +What is the first line of defense against infection in leaves? +In the lungs, what acts to eject pathogens and other irritants? What secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to trap and entangle microorganisms? -Along with urine, what type of material is used to expel pathogens from the body? +Along with urine, what type of fluid flushes pathogens out of the body? What antimicrobial peptides do the skin and respiratory tract secrete? What enzymes are found in saliva, tears, and breast milk? -What do semen contain to kill pathogens? -What serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens? -Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following what event? -What serves as biological barriers? -What do most antibiotics not affect? -What type of bacteria is normally found in unpasteurized yogurt? -What do commensal flora change in their environment? +What does semen contain to kill pathogens? +What are powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens? +Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following what? +What serves as biological barriers within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts? +Most antibiotics do not affect what? +What bacteria is normally found in unpasteurized yogurt? +What conditions can commensal flora change in order to reduce the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness? What is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection? -What is the cause of the symptoms of inflammation? -What is inflammation produced by? +What causes the symptoms of inflammation? +How is inflammation produced by injured or infected cells? What do eicosanoids produce? -What are the common cytokines that are responsible for communication between white blood cells? -What cells are involved in cellular innate immunity? -How are phagocytes called to specific locations? -What is the intracellular vesicle that a pathogen is trapped in? -What does a lysosome and a phagosome form? +What cytokines are responsible for communication between white blood cells? +What cells are involved in phagocytosis? +How can phagocytes be called to specific locations? +What is the intracellular vesicle called when a pathogen is trapped in a phagocyte? +What does a lysosome fuse with a phagocyte to form? What did phagocytosis evolve as a means of? -What are phagocytes that travel throughout the body? -What type of phagocyte is the most abundant in the body? +What are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens? +What is the most abundant type of phagocyte? What percentage of circulating leukocytes are neutrophils? -What is it called when neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation? +What is the process in which neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation called? What regulatory factor do macrophages produce? What are the second arm of the innate immune system? What is the second arm of the innate immune system? -In addition to the innate immune system, what other system are leukocytes an important mediators of? +In addition to the innate immune system, what system are innate cells important mediators in activating? What are the phagocytes? -What are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment? -What are dendritic cells named for? +What are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment called? +What are dendritic cells named after? Dendritic cells present antigens to what cell type? Dendritic cells present antigens to what cell type? -What is it called when NK cells recognize compromised host cells? +What is the term for cells with low levels of MHC I? What are NK cells? What is the term for cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker? What put the brakes on NK cells? -Where did the adaptive immune system evolve? -The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during what process? +In what group did the adaptive immune system evolve? +What is the process called when the adaptive immune system recognizes non-self antigens? Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to what? What are the two major subtypes of T cells? What type of T cells have a role in modulating immune response? What do killer T cells only recognize? -What do helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize? +What do helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to? What type of T cells recognize intact antigens that are not bound to MHC receptors? -What is a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses? -What is the name of the co-receptor on the T cell? -What binds to the specific antigen? +What are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses? +What is the name of the co-receptor on the T cell that helps recognize the MHC:antigen complex? +What binds to a specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor? What is a protease? -What is one cytotoxins that is released when an activated T cell contacts a target cell? -The MHC:antigen complex is recognized by the helper cell's what? -How many receptors are on a helper T cell? +What is an example of cytotoxins? +The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's what? +How many receptors on the helper T cell must be bound by an MHC:antigen in order to activate the helper cell? How can killer T cells be activated? -What does the activation of a resting helper T cell release? +What does the activation of a resting helper T cell cause it to release? What is another name for CD154? -What do Gamma delta T cells share the characteristics of? +Gamma delta T cells share the characteristics of what other cells? What do Gamma delta T cells possess? What are Gamma delta T cells? -What do γδ T cells produce? -What type of human cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes? +What do γδ T cells rearrange TCR genes to produce? +What type of T cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes? What cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen? -How is the antigen/antibody complex processed by the B cell? -What does the helper T cell release? -What do B cells and T cells become when they are activated? -What is it called when memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if it is detected again? +What is the process of processing the antigen/antibody complex into peptides? +What does a helper T cell release to activate the B cell? +When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become what? +What is it called when an individual's long-lived memory cells are used as an adaptation to infection with a pathogen? What are two forms of immunological memory? What do memory cells remember? -Newborn infants have no prior exposure to what? +Newborn infants have no prior exposure to what and are particularly vulnerable to infection? What type of antibody is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta? -What contains antibodies that protect against bacterial infections? -What is it called when the fetus borrows antibodies from the mother? -What can hormones act as? -What are female sex hormones known immunostimulators of? +What contains antibodies that are transferred to the gut of the infant and protect against bacterial infections? +What is the term used to describe the process in which a fetus borrows antibodies from its mother? +Hormones can act as what? +Female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of what? What autoimmune disease strikes women preferentially? -What type of hormone is testosterone? +What is the effect of testosterone? What protein is closely intertwined with T-cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms? -What are some chronic conditions caused by sleep deprivation? +What are some chronic conditions that can be caused by sleep deprivation? What can cause lower antibody production and a lower immune response? What is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals? What does the skin become less adept at producing as a person ages? What is regulated by the immune system? -What do elderly people produce less of via UVB radiation? +What does the skin produce less of as a person ages? What does the immune system use to destroy abnormal cells? Tumor antigens are presented on what? Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to what? -What are generated against tumor cells? -What do plants lack? +What is generated against tumor cells to allow their destruction by the complement system? +What cells do plants lack? What are molecules associated with pathogens known as? What happens to cells at the site of infection? -What is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the plant resistant to a particular infectious agent? +What is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent? What can block virus replication? Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly what? -What does the immune system fail to properly distinguish between? +What does the immune system fail to distinguish? Where are specialized cells located? -What do T cells and antibodies react with under normal circumstances? +What do many T cells and antibodies react with under normal circumstances? What is it called when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive? -The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in whom? -When do immune responses begin to decline? -What are common causes of poor immune function? +The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in which two groups? +When do immune responses begin to decline in the elderly? +What are common causes of poor immune function in developed countries? What is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries? What is the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed? -What is the principle behind vaccination also called? -What is the principle behind vaccination? -What does vaccination exploit? -What do bacteria secreting that digest the barrier? -What type of secretion system can bacteria use to insert a hollow tube into the host cell? -What are the proteins in the type III secretion system used for? +What is another name for vaccination? +What does vaccination introduce to stimulate the immune system? +Why is vaccination successful? +What do bacteria release to digest physical barriers? +What type of secretion system allows bacteria to insert a hollow tube into the host cell? +What are proteins in the type III secretion system used to do? What does the success of any pathogen depend on? Who formulated the clonal selection theory of immunity? -What nonself entities trigger a destructive immune response? -What was the CST later modified to reflect new discoveries? +What are two examples of non-self entities that trigger a destructive immune response? +What was CST later modified to reflect new discoveries? Who suggested the clonal selection theory of immunity? What are the most powerful anti-inflammatory drugs? -What are lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs often used in conjunction with? +Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with what? What are two examples of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs? What immunosuppressive drug prevents T cells from responding to signals correctly? What cells peak during wake periods? What anti-inflammatory molecules peak during awake active times? -What can cause inflammation to occur during sleep? -What does melatonin counteract during sleep? +What could counteract free radical production during sleep times? +Melatonin can counteract what during sleep? What does a T-cell extend when it encounters a foreign pathogen? What is the steroid hormone version of vitamin D? What kind of relationship do T-cells have with vitamin D? -What gene is responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin D, calcidiol into the steroid hormone version? -What immune system cells express CYP27B1? -What are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens? +What is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin D into the steroid hormone version? +What immune system cells express CYP27B1 and thus activate vitamin D calcidiol? +What proteins are used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens? What are antimicrobial peptides called? What cells are used by most forms of invertebrate life? -Along with ribonucleases, what is thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses? -What are some of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system? -Which primitive jawless vertebrates have a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule? -What are the large array of molecules found in primitive jawless vertebrates called? +What is thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses? +What are two classical molecules of the adaptive immune system? +What primitive jawless vertebrates have a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule? +What is the name of the molecules that lamprey and hagfish possess? What evolved in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates? In invertebrates do not generate what? What is the name of the unique defense mechanism that bacteria use to protect themselves from viral pathogens? What are viruses that bacteria use the restriction modification system to protect themselves from? Prokaryotes use what type of sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past? What theories did the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century see a battle between? -Who represented the cellular theory of immunity? -What did Elie Metchnikoff say were responsible for immune responses? +Who was the main proponent of the cellular theory of immunity? +What did Elie Metchnikoff call cells? Who held the humoral theory of immunity? What did the humoral theory of immunity say the active immune agents were? -What do some tumors evade the immune system and become? +Some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become what? Tumor cells often have a reduced number of what on their surface? -What does a tumor cells secreting that suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes? +What product does a tumor cells release that suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes? TGF-β suppresses the activity of what cells? What is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues? How many classes of hypersensitivity are there? -What type of hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction? -What triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen? -What occurs when antibodies bind to the patient's own cells? +What is the first class of hypersensitivity? +What triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils? +What type of hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient's own cells? What is the evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system called? -What is an example of an intracellular bacterium? +What is an example of an intracellular pathogens? What eukaryotic parasites cause malaria? What bacteria lives inside a protective capsule? -What does Staphylococcus aureus have? +Staphylococcus aureus has what type of surface protein? What is it called when a pathogen rapidly changes non-essential epitopes on the surface of the pathogen while keeping essential epitopes concealed? What is an example of a virus that mutates rapidly? -What parasite constantly switches one type of surface protein for another? -What does HIV change constantly? -What is it called when the immune system identifies and eliminates tumors? +What parasite uses a similar strategy? +What does HIV change frequently? +What is another important role of the immune system to identify and eliminate tumors? What virus causes cervical cancer? -What enzyme transforms certain skin cells into melanomas? -What are melanocytes called when they are transformed into tyrosinase? +What enzyme transforms certain skin cells into tumors called melanomas? +What are tumors that are formed by tyrosinase called when expressed at high levels? What type of skin cells can tyrosinase transform into tumors? -What is the largest size of a drug that can provoke a neutralizing immune response? -What type of amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions? -What is the study of large sets of proteins involved in the immune response? +What is the largest size of a drug that can provoke an immune response? +What amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions? +What is the study of large sets of proteins involved in the immune response called? A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by what? -What is the emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity? +What is the emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity referred to as? What hormones are produced during the slow-wave-sleep stage? -The milieu of hormones produced at the slow-wave-sleep stage support the interactions between T-cells and what? -What immune response is thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory? -What type of immune memory is formed through the formation of long-lasting immune memory? +The milieu of hormones produced at this time support the interactions between T-cells and what? +What immune response does the milieu of hormones produced at the slow-wave-sleep stage support? +What is thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of? What do complement proteins bind to on the surfaces of microbes? How can the deposition of complement kill cells? -What causes the speed of the response? +What is the speed of the response a result of? What amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback? What is one of the many ways people have rebelled against unfair laws? What did South Africa fight against? -What was the name of the movement to bring independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union? -Where was the 2004 Orange Revolution? -Where was the 2003 Rose Revolution? +What movement brought independence to the Baltic countries from the Soviet Union? +In what country did the Orange Revolution take place? +In what country did the 2003 Rose Revolution take place? Who brought about the 1919 Revolution? -Who did Egyptians rebel against in the 1919 Revolution? +Who did Egyptians revolt against in the 1919 Revolution? What type of movement has civil disobedience been used in? What have people rebelled against? -What civil disobedience movement was used in South Africa in the fight against apartheid? +What was the name of the civil disobedience movement in America? What is one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience? -Who was Oedipus? +Who is Oedipus? Who is the current King of Thebes? -Who was Antigone's father? +Who was the former King of Thebes? What is Creon trying to stop Antigone from doing? What is one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience? Who wrote the play Antigone? -Who is Antigone trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial? +Who is trying to stop Antigone from giving her brother a proper burial? What is Creon trying to stop Antigone from doing? -What did Antigone tell Creon? +What does Antigone tell Creon that she must do? Who wrote The Mask of Anarchy? -What type of protest is The Mask of Anarchy? -What is the name of Gandhi's doctrine of nonviolent protest? -What did Gandhi often quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy during the campaign for? +What type of protest was Shelley's poem The Mask of Anarchy? +What was the name of Gandhi's doctrine of nonviolent protest? +Gandhi often quoted Shelley's Masque of Anarchy during his campaign for what? Who wrote Civil Disobedience? Who wrote The Mask of Anarchy? -What did Shelley see in the images of The Mask of Anarchy? +What did Percy Shelley think of in The Mask of Anarchy? What is The Mask of Anarchy the first modern statement of? What was the name of Gandhi's work that was inspired by Shelley's poem? Who wrote Satyagraha? -For Vice President Agnew, civil disobedience has become a code-word for what activities? +What has civil disobedience become a code-word for for Vice President Agnew? Who said that the term civil disobedience has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official? -What has been argued that the term civil disobedience has always suffered from? -What has the term civil disobedience become in modern times? -How has the term civil disobedience been used in modern times? +What has the term civil disobedience always suffered from? +What has the term "civil disobedience" become in modern times? +What has the term "civil disobedience" done in modern times? Who said that the term civil disobedience has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official? What has the term civil disobedience become for Vice President Agnew? -Who is an example of someone who used the term civil disobedience as a code-word? -What has been argued that the term civil disobedience has always suffered from? -Who wrote that the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult? -How difficult is the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term? +Who has the term "civil disobedience" become a code-word for muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, and political assassins? +What has the term civil disobedience always suffered from? +Who wrote that "the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible"? +What is LeGrande's view of a single all-encompassing definition of civil disobedience? What does LeGrande encourage a distinction between? -What type of problems and grammatical niceties do the student of civil disobedience find himself surrounded by? -What type of terminology does LeGrande believe has no more meaning than the individual orator intends it to have? -Who wrote that the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult? -What type of literature does LeGrande write about civil disobedience? -What does the student of civil disobedience rapidly find himself surrounded by in reviewing the voluminous literature? -Along with lawful protest demonstration and violent civil disobedience, what type of civil disobedience does LeGrande encourage? -What type of civil disobedience does LeGrande encourage a distinction between? -What is civil disobedience distinguished from? -Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to what relation to the state? -What is civil disobedience usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation? -Why would a head of government refuse to enforce a decision of a country's highest court? -What is it called when the head of government refuses to enforce a decision of a country's highest court? +What kind of problems does LeGrande say a student of civil disobedience can find in reviewing the literature on the subject? +What type of terminology has no more or less meaning than the individual orator intends it to have? +Who wrote that "the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible"? +What type of literature does LeGrande say is necessary to understand civil disobedience? +What does LeGrande say the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by in reviewing the voluminous literature? +Along with violent civil disobedience and lawful protest demonstration, what type of civil disobedience does LeGrande encourage? +What type of civil disobedience does LeGrande discourage? +What is a conflict between two public agencies called? +What type of relation is civil disobedience usually defined as pertaining to? What is civil disobedience usually defined as pertaining to? +Why would a head of government refuse to enforce a decision of a country's highest court not be civil disobedience? +What is the term for a citizen's relation to the state and its laws? +What is civil disobedience usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to? What would not be civil disobedience if the head of government of a country were to do? Who would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen? -What would the head of government of a country be acting as instead of a private citizen? -A constitutional impasse is when two public agencies conflict with what? -Who argued that the individual is the final judge of right and wrong? -What did Thoreau do to a confused taxman? +What type of citizen would a head of government be if they refused to enforce a decision of a country's highest court? +A constitutional impasse occurs when two public agencies, especially two equally what, conflict? +Who disputed the definition of the conscience vs. the collective? +What did Thoreau do after he refused to pay a tax? The majority may be powerful but it is what? -What did Thoreau advise a confused taxman to do? +What did Thoreau advise a confused taxman to do when he refused to pay? Who does Thoreau think may express the will of the majority? Who is the final judge of right and wrong? Who is the final judge of right and wrong? -Who argued that the individual is the final judge of right and wrong? -What did Thoreau advise a confused taxman to do? +Who disputed the definition of the conscience vs. the collective? +What did Thoreau advise a confused taxman to do when he refused to pay? The majority may be powerful but it is what? Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against what? -What are some examples of non-governmental agencies that Brownlee argues can be used to justify civil disobedience? -What does Brownlee believe can be justified if it reflects a larger challenge to? -Who does Brownlee believe the same principle applies to breaches of law in protest? -Who argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities can be justified? +What are some non-governmental agencies that Brownlee argues can be used to justify civil disobedience? +What does Brownlee argue can be justified if it reflects a larger challenge to? +The same principle applies to breaches of law in protest against who? +Who argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities can be justified if it reflects "a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken"? What does Brownlee believe can be justified in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies? -Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is what? -Along with trade unions, banks, and private agencies, what is an example of a non-governmental agency that can be disobeyed? -What must be publicly announced in order to constitute what? -What type of disobedience does Stephen Eilmann believe should take the form of public civil disobedience? -What did Hitler's secret police want German citizens to know? -Where did Shiphrah and Puah refuse a direct order of Pharaoh? -Who refused a direct order of Pharaoh? +What do some theories of civil disobedience hold? +Along with trade unions, banks, and private agencies, what is an example of a non-governmental agency that Brownlee argues can be justified? +What does Stephen Eilmann argue should take the form of? +What does Stephen Eilmann believe should be done instead of what? +What did Hitler's secret police want to know if German citizens were doing? +What is the Book of Exodus? +Who refused a direct order of Pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it? What must be done in order to constitute civil disobedience? What does Stephen Eilmann argue should be disobeyed if it is necessary to disobey? -What might a lawyer do to help a client overcome legal obstacles? +What might a lawyer do to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her natural rights? What did the Fully Informed Jury Association's publication "A Primer for Prospective Jurors" note? Where can civil disobedience be traced back to? What does Black's Law Dictionary include in its definition of civil disobedience? -What dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience? +What Dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience? What is more destructive than civil disobedience? -What do civil disobedients help preserve? +Civil disobedients' refraining from violence is said to help preserve society's what? What does Black's Law Dictionary include in its definition of civil disobedience? -What type of civil disobedience does Black's Law Dictionary include in its definition? +What type of civil disobedience has there been debates about? What is more destructive than civil disobedience? What is rebellion considered to be? -Why do civil disobedients refrain from violence? -What type of civil disobedience did Gandhi engage in? -Who directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government? +What is the purpose of civil disobedients' refraining from violence? +What type of civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government? +Who did Ferenc Deák direct revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government? Who was the leader of the Hungarians? -What acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience? +Who has been described as revolutionary civil disobedience? What does revolutionary civil disobedience attempt to change? What is non-revolutionary civil disobedience? -Why is non-revolutionary civil disobedience? -What is the purpose of non-revolutionary civil disobedience? -What type of civil disobedience did Gandhi engage in? -Who's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience? +What is a reason for non-revolutionary civil disobedience? +What is the goal of non-revolutionary civil disobedience? +What type of civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government? +Who is a notable example of revolutionary civil disobedience? When did the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience take place? -How did the Jews prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem? +What did the Jews do to prevent the installation of pagan images in the Temple in Jerusalem? How was Thoreau's arrest covered? -What did the tax collector do after Thoreau's arrest? +What did the tax collector who arrested Thoreau do after his arrest? When was Thoreau's essay published? When did the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience take place? -Why did Jews gather in the streets? -What do some activists do when they are arrested? -What is it called when activists refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met? +What did the Jews gather in the streets to do? +What do some activists do when they commit civil disobedience as a group? +What is a form of collective civil disobedience called? When was Thoreau's essay published? What type of acts have civil disobedients chosen? What is the purpose of illegal protests? What group brought medicine to Iraq without the permission of the U.S. Government? How long did Julia Butterfly Hill live in Luna? -What did Julia Butterfly Hill do with Luna? -What type of acts have civil disobedients chosen? +What did Julia Butterfly Hill do? +What have civil disobedients chosen a variety of? What is an example of an illegal act? -What kind of protests may serve a propaganda purpose? -What do some civil disobedients hope to achieve by breaking the law? -Who lived in Luna? +What type of illegal protests may serve a propaganda purpose? +What did Voice in the Wilderness achieve? +Who lived in Luna, a 180-foot tall, 600-year-old California Redwood tree for 738 days? What was Joseph Haas arrested for? -What did Joseph Haas say in his email? +What did Joseph Haas say in an email to Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors? What is pure speech? -What was the result of WBAI broadcasting the track "Filthy Words"? -When was the case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation? -What type of behavior is criminalized in cases of civil disobedience? -What type of speech is "Filthy Words" from a George Carlin comedy album? -What is a classic way of expressing defiance toward the government? -What did Joseph Haas do to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors? -What do illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, and distributed denial-of-service attacks make it more difficult for? +What case resulted from WBAI broadcasting the track "Filthy Words"? +In what year did the Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation take place? +What type of behavior can civil disobedience consist of? +What did WBAI do? +What is a classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies? +What did Joseph Haas do? +What do illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins make it more difficult for? How did the Plowshares temporarily close GCSB Waihopai? -How did the Plowshares close GCSB Waihopai? -What type of coercion do civil disobedients use to get their issue onto the table? -What might illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, and distributed denial-of-service attacks be considered? -Along with illegal boycotts, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins, what is another form of civil disobedience? -What do civil disobedients have to use to get their issue onto the table? +How did the Plowshares temporarily close GCSB Waihopai? +What type of coercion can civil disobedients use to get their issue onto the table? +What might illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins be considered? +Along with illegal boycotts, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins, what is an example of civil disobedience? +What can civil disobedients use to get their issue onto the table? What is the conscientious aim of civil disobedients? How did the Plowshares temporarily close GCSB Waihopai? -What type of decisions and principles apply in civil disobedience cases? -What can a suspect decide about his property? +What type of investigation can a suspect's talking to criminal investigators serve no useful purpose? +What can a suspect decide about his property in a civil disobedience case? What can serve no useful purpose? Why do some civil disobedients find it hard to resist responding to investigators? -What do some civil disobedients do to make an impression on police? +What do some civil disobedients seek to do with their arrest? What do some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to do? What do some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of? What do some civil disobedients not believe in? @@ -6869,53 +6869,53 @@ What type of civil disobedients don't believe in the legitimacy of any governmen What do anarchists see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law? What is an important decision for civil disobedients? What do some believe a civil disobedient's duty is to do? -What does a civil disobedient have to say when pleading not guilty? +What does a civil disobedient say when they plead not guilty? What does pleading not guilty send a message of? -What is a plea of no contest called when a defendant says, "I plead for the beauty that surrounds us"? -Where did the Committee for Non-Violent Action protest in 1957? -Why did the protesters at Camp Mercury fail to enter the test site? -What happened to the protesters when they attempted to enter the test site? +What is a plea of not guilty called? +Where was the protest held in 1957? +What did the protesters do when they were arrested? +What happened to the protesters who tried to enter the test site? What was the alternative to pleading guilty or not-guilty? -What was the sentence given to the arrested protesters? -Why do protesters go to jail? -Why do protesters go to jail? -What should be maintained all the way? -What is to be considered as an accession to 'the rules'? -What does the prosecution propose to civil disobedients? +What was given to the arrested protesters? +Why might protesters choose to go to jail? +What is one reason a protester might go to jail? +What is the key point of the spirit of protest? +What is an accession to 'the rules'? +What did the prosecution propose to civil disobedients? What did the Camden 28 defendants receive in a plea bargain? What do some activists use to secure the same plea bargain for everyone? -What type of plea did Mohandas Gandhi enter? -Who pleaded guilty? +What type of plea bargain have some activists opted to enter? +Who pleaded guilty without an agreement? What type of speech do some civil disobedience defendants make in allocution? -What do some civil disobedience defendants do in allocution? -What did Burgos-Andujar's statement suggest? -What did Burgos-Andujar say about her illegal actions? -What did the protesters complain about in their allocution speeches? -What is the primary goal of a defendant pleading not guilty? +What did some civil disobedience defendants do in allocution? +What did the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit say Burgos-Andujar's statement suggested? +What did the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit say Burgos-Andujar's statement suggested? +What did some of the allocution speeches given by the protesters complain about? +What is the primary goal of a defendant who plead not guilty? What do defendants do if they plead not guilty? -What do defendants use the proceedings as a forum to do? -During what era did the Chicago Eight use a political defense? +What is the purpose of using a technical defense? +During what war did the Chicago Eight use a political defense? What do some civil disobedients seek? What type of disobedience would undermine the law? What type of disobedience would undermine the law? -What is not civil disobedience? -What is a protestor viewed as when they attempt to escape punishment? -How can a protestor escape punishment? -What type of civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not the object of protest? -What type of civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not the object of protest? -During what war did courts typically refuse to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment? -What did the judge instruct the jury to disregard in the case of Carter Wentworth? -Why have Fully Informed Jury Association activists been able to avoid prosecution? -What is a major goal of criminal punishment? +What is a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law? +What is a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing a crime covertly or by fleeing the jurisdiction viewed as? +What is an example of a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly? +What type of civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest? +What type of civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest? +During what war did courts refuse to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality of the war? +What defense did the judge instruct the jury to disregard in Carter Wentworth's case? +Why have Fully Informed Jury Association activists escaped prosecution? +What is one way to achieve crime control? What is the most important consideration in deciding whether or not to impose punishment? Who decides whether or not to impose punishment? -What does deterrence focus on? -What is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure? +What does Brownlee believe deterrence at the level of justification detracts from? +What is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure called? What does construction differ from? -How much of the gross domestic product of developed countries does construction make up? +What percentage of the gross domestic product of developed countries is construction as an industry? What does construction start with? -For whom does construction typically take place? -Who normally manages the job? +For whom does construction typically take place on location? +Who normally manages a large-scale construction project? Who supervises a large-scale construction project? What is essential for the successful execution of a project? What are the largest construction projects referred to as? @@ -6923,17 +6923,17 @@ Who must consider zoning requirements? What are the three sectors of construction? What are the two divisions of building construction? What is infrastructure often called? -What is heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering? +What is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering? What sector of construction includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants? -What is Engineering News-Record? +What is the purpose of the Engineering News-Record? What is the name of the trade magazine for the construction industry? -When did ENR compile the data in nine market segments? +In what year did ENR compile the data in nine market segments? What did ENR use to rank firms as heavy contractors? What are the three subsectors of construction? -What are two categories for firms that manage construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion? -Which two classification systems have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction? +What are the two categories of companies that manage construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project? +What two classification systems have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction? What is a construction manager? -What is the process of adding structure to real property? +What is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings? What are the majority of building construction jobs? Who acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project? What are some undesirable end results of building construction projects? @@ -6941,558 +6941,558 @@ What do those with experience in the field do during the project to ensure a pos What must residential construction practices, technologies, and resources conform to? What generally dictates the construction materials used? What can residential construction generate? -What can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, and the availability of skilled tradespeople? -What is making new techniques of building construction possible? -How long does it take to build a small commercial building? -How much building material can 3D-printing building technology produce per hour? -How much building material can 3D-printing building technology produce per hour? +What can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale, and the availability of skilled tradespeople? +New techniques of building construction are being researched, made possible by advances in what? +How long does it take to build a small commercial building using 3D printing? +How much building material can be printed in an hour? +How much building material are working versions of 3D-printing building technology printing per hour? What is the purpose of a formal design team? -In the modern industrialized world, construction involves the translation of what? +In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of what? Who is the design team most commonly employed by? -Who provides the bill of quantities? -Who does the owner typically award a contract to? +Who provides a bill of quantities? +Who is awarded a contract after evaluation of bids? The modern trend in design is toward integration of what? In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be what? -What does a firm offer itself as for a construction project, from beginning to end? -What is it called when a contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction? +What is the term for a firm that offers itself as what for a construction project? +What is a contract called where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction? What are some project structures that can assist the owner in integration? -What services do project structures allow the owner to integrate throughout design and construction? +What are some of the services that a project structure can integrate? What are many companies putting more emphasis on? What can construction projects suffer from? When do underbids happen? When do cash flow problems exist? What is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field? Who are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project? -What is highly likely in small projects? -Who is responsible for monitoring the money flow over the life of the project? -What can cause cost overruns with government projects? -Who applies expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation? +What is the most obvious source of funding for a building project? +Who studies the expected monetary flow over the life of the project? +What can cause cost overruns? +Who apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation? What must a project adhere to? Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit who? What is malum in se considerations? What are malum prohibitum considerations? Who may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built? What is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations? -What is the exchange of obligations between two or more parties? +What is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties? What does the time element in construction mean? What must the contracts be designed to ensure? -What can lead to confusion and collapse? +What type of contracts lead to confusion and collapse? What is a new form of procurement that involves? -What is PPP? -What is another name for Public-Private Partnering? +What does PPs stand for? +What does PPP stand for? What is the focus of relationship contracting? Who acts as the project coordinator? -What is the role of the architect or engineer in this type of procurement? +What is the role of the architect or engineer in this type of construction procurement? Who has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor? -Who does the architect's client have a direct contractual relationship with? +Who has a direct contractual relationship with the architect's client? When does the procedure continue until? Who produces a list of requirements for a project? -What type of contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish the goals of a project? +What type of contractors are involved in a design-bid-build contract? Who produces a list of requirements for a project? -How many contractors work together on a project? -What happens after the first phase of a project is built? -Who is required to verify and have existing utility lines marked? +What type of contractors work together on a design-bid-build contract? +What happens to phase 2 of a design-bid-build contract? +Who is required to verify and have existing utility lines marked before the foundation is dug? What is less likely to happen to existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities? -What types of utilities are marked before the foundation is dug? -Who inspects a building during construction? -What may be issued after a final inspection? -What is the annual revenue of the construction industry in the United States? +What types of utility lines are marked before the foundation can be dug? +Who inspects the building periodically? +What can be issued after a final inspection has been passed? +How much money did the construction industry earn in the US in 2014? How much of the construction industry's revenue is private? -How many contractors were there as of 2005? +How many firms were in the construction industry as of 2005? How many employees does the average contractor have? How many women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011? What is the average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East? -What is the average salary in the UK? -Where do some construction workers earn more than $100,000 per year? +What is the average salary in the UK for a professional in the construction industry? +In what countries have some construction workers made more than $100,000 annually? What is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world? What is one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers? What are some of the major causes of fatalities in the construction industry? What can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry? What are private schools also known as? -What kind of scholarship can a student get? +What type of scholarship is available at some private schools? What do private schools charge their students? What right do private schools retain? -What is the average annual tuition fee at a preparatory school in New England? -What is the term used to describe private schools in North America? -Along with the United Kingdom and Canada, what Commonwealth country uses the term "tuition-free"? -Where is private education most common? +What is the annual tuition fee at several New England preparatory schools? +What is the term for schools that charge nothing for tuition in North America? +Along with the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, what Commonwealth country uses the term "tuition-free"? +In what country is private education covered the whole gamut of educational activity? What is year twelve known as? -What is the secondary level known as? +What is another name for year 13? What is another term for university-preparatory schools? -What type of tuition varies from school to school? -Who do private schools claim high tuition is used to pay higher salaries for? -Parochial schools are often used to denote what type of school? -Along with Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and Muslims, what religious group is represented in the K-12 private education sector? -What type of education do denominational schools teach? +What type of tuitions are offered at private secondary schools? +Who do private secondary schools claim high tuition is used to pay higher salaries for? +Parochial schools are often used to denote what type of schools? +What is one religious group that is represented in the K-12 private education sector? +What type of education do some denominational schools teach? What is a tool not readily available to government schools? -What is a compulsory uniform in Australian private schools? -Are private schools more or less expensive than public schools in Australia? -Along with the Anglican Church, Uniting Church, and Uniting church, what church is an example of a non-aligned church? -What type of school is St Joseph's College? +What is a compulsory uniform for Australian private schools? +Are private schools in Australia more or less expensive than public schools? +What church do some of the best known independent schools belong to? +What type of school is Loreto Kirribilli? Where is St Aloysius' College located? -For what gender is Loreto Normanhurst? -What Article of the Grundgesetz protects the right to create private schools in Germany? -What is the name of the event that protects private schools from? -Between 1992 and 2008, what percentage of pupils in private schools in Germany increased? +What gender is Loreto Normanhurst for? +In what article of the Grundgesetz is the right to create private schools in Germany found? +What event is the protection of private schools meant to protect them from? +What was the percentage of pupils in private schools in Germany between 1992 and 2008? What is the percentage of students in private high schools in Germany? -How much did the percentage of pupils in private schools in Germany increase between 1992 and 2008? +What was the percentage of pupils in private schools in the former GDR between 1992 and 2008? What is the name of the law that forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents? What are ordinary primary or secondary schools? How much do most Ersatzschulen charge for tuition? What are secondary or post-secondary schools called? What type of school are most of the Ergänzungsschulen? -What do Ergänzungsschulen charge their students? +What type of fees do Ergänzungsschulen charge their students? What type of groups often run Ergänzungsschulen? -What are private schools called in India? +In India, what are private schools called? What is the name of the Examination Boards that are present in multiple states? How many Examination Boards are there in India? -Who is responsible for the administration of private schools in India? -What are the only types of schools that can run in India? -Where can only non-profit trusts and societies run schools? +Who provides the broad policy directions while the states create their own rules? +What type of organizations can run schools in India? +In what country can only non-profit trusts and societies run schools? What does ASER stand for? What does ASER do? What is the medium of education in private schools? -What is the Irish word for private schools? +What is the Irish term for private schools? What are private schools unusual in Ireland? What is the average fee for a private school in Ireland? -What religious order runs private schools in Ireland? +What is the name of the religious order that runs most private schools in Ireland? What is the average fee for a private school in Ireland? When was Malaysia's independence? -What language were primary schools allowed to retain? +What language were primary schools allowed to retain as the medium of instruction? What language are Chinese secondary schools required to change to? What type of school system did Malaysia adopt after independence? -How many Chinese schools converted to National Type schools? +How many schools converted to become National Type schools? What are the schools that accept government funds called? -How are the private 'un-aided' schools funded? +How are private 'un-aided' schools funded? Where is the Galaxy Public School located? What is the medium of education in Nepal? What is the official language of Nepal? -How many private schools are in New Zealand? -How many students attend private schools in New Zealand? -What percentage of New Zealand's student population is in private schools? -What type of school system was integrated in New Zealand in 1979 and 1984? +How many private schools were in New Zealand as of April 2014? +How many students were in private schools in New Zealand as of April 2014? +What percentage of New Zealand students attend private schools? +What type of school system integrated in New Zealand between 1979 and 1984? What is the largest city in New Zealand? -What type of school are King's College and Diocesan School for Girls? -Where is Samuel Marsden Collegiate School? -Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's College are what type of school? -Where is St Andrew's College and Rangi Ruru Girls' School? +What type of private school is King's College and Diocesan School for Girls? +Where is Samuel Marsden Collegiate School located? +What type of private school is Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's College? +Where is Rangi Ruru Girls' School located? What Catholic schismatic group operates three private schools in Wanganui? -How much of primary enrollment does the private sector account for? -How much of secondary enrollment does the private sector provide? +How much of primary enrollment does the private sector account for in the Philippines? +What percentage of secondary enrollment in the Philippines is provided by the private sector? What percentage of tertiary enrollment in the Philippines is provided by the private sector? When was the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools issued? -Along with English, mathematics and English, what science is offered at the option of the school? -What scheme provides financial assistance for students turned away from public high schools because of enrollment overflows? -What is the name of the program that provides financial assistance to students enrolled in priority courses? -What is made available to underprivileged but deserving high school graduates? +Along with English, mathematics and English, what is the third and fourth year education in private schools in the Philippines replaced with? +What scheme of the government provides financial assistance for students turned away from public high schools because of enrollment overflows? +What is geared to students enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non-degree programmes? +What is made available to underprivileged but deserving high school graduates who wish to pursue college/technical education? What law recognizes two categories of schools in South Africa? When was the South African Schools Act passed? -What does the South African Schools Act of 1996 recognize? +What is the second category of private schools in South Africa? What type of schools are independent? In what century were some of the oldest schools in South Africa established? -What does the term "Model C" continue to be used to describe? -What kind of academic results do Model C schools produce? -How much do former model C schools set school fees? +What does the term Model C continue to be used to describe? +What type of academic results do Model C schools produce? +How much do former Model C schools tend to set school fees? What percentage of Swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008? How many pupils does Kunskapsskolan teach? How many employees does Kunskapsskolan have? -What does Kunskapsskolan mean? -What type of school model is Sweden known for? -At what age do pupils in the UK need to be to enter public schools? -What are private schools also known as? +What is Kunskapsskolan also known as? +What type of school model does Sweden use? +At what age do Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils to enter public schools? +What is another name for private schools? What percentage of children in the UK are attending fee-paying schools? -At what age do pupils in the UK need to be to enter public schools? -What is the average fee for day pupils in an independent school? +At what age do Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils to enter public schools? +What is the average cost of an independent school in the UK? What was the name of the 1954 court case that demanded US schools desegregate "with all deliberate speed"? -What type of academies have shut down since the 1970s? -Where did many white students migrate to Christian academies? -What race of students migrated to Christian academies? -What race of students did public schools in Mississippi become more concentrated with? -Along with tuition, scholarship/voucher funds, and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals, what is the main source of funding for private schools? -What Amendment is the Establishment Clause of? -Which amendment of the First Amendment forbids government funding for religious schools? -What type of status could non-religious private schools get from the government? -In what state did private schooling begin? -When did private schooling begin in Massachusetts? -When was Pierce v. Society of Sisters? -What was the name of the 1925 Supreme Court case on private schooling? -What is the name of the Supreme Court case on private schooling? -What is the average tuition for day schools in New York City in 2012? +Since the 1970s, many of what have shut down? +In what part of the US did many white students migrate to Christian academies? +What race of students migrated to private academies? +What group of students did private schools in Mississippi become more heavily concentrated with? +Along with student tuition, scholarship/voucher funds, and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals, what is a common source of funding for private schools? +What amendment is the Establishment Clause of? +Which amendment of the First Amendment allows government funding for religious schools? +What type of status can non-religious private schools get in order to qualify for public funding? +In what state did compulsory education begin in 1852? +In what year did private schooling begin in Massachusetts? +When was Pierce v. Society of Sisters decided? +What was Pierce v. Society of Sisters? +What is the most relevant Supreme Court case law on private schooling? +What is the annual tuition for day schools in New York City? How much did boarding schools charge in 2012? What is one of the leading boarding schools in the United States? -How did the Groton School supplement their endowments? +What type of drives do the Groton School use to supplement their endowments? Who was the first benefactor of Harvard? When did the undergraduate college become coeducational? -Who led Harvard through the Great Depression and World War II? +Who led the university through the Great Depression and World War II? What organization was Harvard a founding member of in 1900? Who was the president of Harvard from 1869-1909? What is the world's largest academic and private library system? -How many libraries are in the Harvard Library? -How many volumes are in the Harvard Library? +How many individual libraries does the Harvard Library have? +How many volumes does the Harvard Library contain? How many U.S. presidents are alumni of Harvard? -How many Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Harvard? +How many Nobel laureates have attended Harvard? Where is Harvard's main campus located? How much is Harvard's financial endowment? What river is Harvard Stadium located across? -How many academic units does Harvard have? -Where is Harvard's main campus located? +How many academic units is Harvard organized into? +What is the name of the main campus of Harvard? When was Harvard formed? -Where was Harvard formed? -When was the first known printing press at Harvard? -When was Harvard College renamed? -When was the charter for the Harvard Corporation granted? +What colony was Harvard formed in 1636? +In what year did Harvard become home to North America's first known printing press? +In what year was Harvard College renamed? +When was the charter creating the Harvard Corporation granted? Who did the College train in the early years? What type of curriculum did the college offer? -Was the college affiliated with any particular denomination? -When did the president of Harvard Joseph Willard die? -Who was appointed to the presidency of Harvard in 1805? +What was the college not affiliated with? +When did Joseph Willard die? +Who was appointed to the presidency of Harvard two years later? When was Henry Ware elected to the chair of Harvard's Divinity School? -Who gave the natural history lectures at Harvard in 1846? +Who gave natural history lectures in 1846? What did Agassiz combine observation with? -Which Scottish philosophers were part of the Harvard curriculum at the time? -Who was the most important figure in the secularization of American higher education? +Who were two Scottish philosophers whose works were part of the Harvard curriculum at the time? +Who was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education? What type of convictions did Eliot have? -From whom did Eliot derive his Unitarian convictions? -Who was the president from 1933-1953? +Who were the Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions derived from? +Who was the president of Yale from 1933-1953? What did Conant do to support talented youth? When was the Conant Report published? How many men attend Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe? -When did Harvard and Radcliffe merge? -What happened after the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe? +In what year did Harvard and Radcliffe merge? +What happened after the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977? How far is Harvard Yard from the State House? How many residential houses do undergraduates live in at Harvard? -Along with the Harvard Yard, what river is one of the nine residential Houses south of? +What river is south of Harvard Yard? Where are the other three residential houses located? Where is the Harvard Business School located? -What is the name of the pedestrian bridge that connects the Harvard and Cambridge campuses? -Where are the Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Harvard school of Public Health located? +What is the name of the pedestrian bridge that connects the Harvard Business School and the Cambridge campus? +Where is the Harvard Medical School located? How much more land does Harvard own in Allston than in Cambridge? What are some proposals to connect the Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus? -What are some of the benefits of the expansion of the Allston campus? +What does Harvard say the expansion of the Allston campus will benefit the surrounding community? How many professors, lecturers, and instructors teach at Harvard? How many undergraduates do Harvard's professors instruct? How many graduate students attend Harvard? -When was the color crimson officially adopted by the student body? -When did the association with some form of red begin? +In what year was crimson officially adopted by the student body of Harvard? +In what year did Charles William Eliot buy red bandanas for his crew? How much was Harvard's endowment worth in 2011? How much did Harvard's endowment lose in 2008-09? -What was the name of the construction project that was supposed to be completed by 2011? -How much was the Pell Grant reserve available for disbursement as of 2012? -How much did Harvard University have in financial aid reserves as of 2012? +What was the name of the building that Harvard halted construction of in 2011? +How much was Harvard's Pell Grant reserve in 2012? +What was the total financial aid reserve for students at Harvard in 2012? When was the divestment from South Africa movement? -Who did student activists block from giving a speech at Harvard? -How much did Harvard reduce its South African holdings? -How many applicants did Harvard accept for the class of 2019? +Who gave a speech at Harvard Yard in the late 1980s? +How much did Harvard reduce its South African holdings by? +What was the acceptance rate for the class of 2019? When did Harvard College end its early admissions program? -Why did Harvard end its early admissions program? -When was an Early Action program reintroduced at Harvard? -Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete what? -Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in how many categories? -What do some students criticize Harvard for? -When does Harvard's semester calendar begin? -What must a student maintain to be considered full-time? +Why did Harvard end its early admissions program in 2007? +In what year was an Early Action program reintroduced at Harvard? +Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete what outside of their concentration? +How many categories of courses have undergraduate students been required to take since 2008? +What has some students criticized Harvard for? +What is the semester calendar of Harvard's academic programs? +What is the minimum rate of coursework a student must maintain to be considered full-time at Harvard? What are students in the top 4-5% of the class awarded? -What percentage of students received Latin honors in 2005? +What percentage of Latin honors did Harvard College reduce in 2005? What was the annual tuition for the 2012-13 school year? What was the total cost of attendance for the 2012-13 school year? -What do families with incomes below $60,000 pay? -How much did Harvard offer in grants in 2009? -How much of Harvard's aid for undergraduates is from grants? +What did families with incomes below $60,000 pay in 2007? +How many grants did Harvard offer in 2009? +What percentage of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students in 2009 came from grants? Where is the Harvard University Library System centered? What are the three most popular libraries for undergraduates to use? -Where is America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers and atlases stored? -How many volumes are in the Harvard University Library System? +Where is America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases stored? +How many volumes does the Harvard University Library System hold? How many museums are in the Harvard Art Museums? What does the Fogg Museum of Art cover? -What museum specializes in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere? -When did Harvard top the Academic Ranking of World Universities? -When did the Mines ParisTech rank Harvard as the 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies? -Where does Harvard rank in terms of "dream college"? +What is the name of the museum that specializes in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere? +Since what year has Harvard consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities? +In what year did Mines ParisTech rank Harvard 1st in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies? +How does The Princeton Review rank Harvard in terms of "dream college"? How many intercollegiate sports does Harvard compete in? Who does Harvard have an intense athletic rivalry with? -When is the rivalry between Harvard and Yale put aside? -When did Harvard and Yale first meet? -When did Harvard Stadium open? -When did Walter Camp support revolutionary new rules for football? -What was Walter Camp's career? +When does The Game take place? +When did Harvard and Yale begin to have an annual football meeting? +In what year was Harvard Stadium built? +In what year did Walter Camp support revolutionary new rules for football? +Who was Walter Camp? What is the name of the multi-purpose arena that is home to the Harvard basketball teams? What is the name of Harvard's primary recreation facility? How many weight rooms are in the Malkin Athletic Center? -How old is the Harvard-Yale Regatta? +How old is The Game? On what river is the Harvard-Yale Regatta held? -What is the rivalry between Harvard's men's ice hockey team and Cornell? -When did Harvard win the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships? +What is the rivalry between Harvard and Cornell? +In what year did Harvard win the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships? Who is the U.N. Secretary? -Who is the Colombian president? -Who is the Costa Rican president? +What is the name of the Colombian President? +Who is the Costa Rican President? Who is the Israeli Prime Minister? -Who is a comedian, television show host and writer? -Who is the conductor of Yo Yo Ma? +What is the name of the comedian, television show host and writer? +Who is the conductor? Who is a cellist? Who was a civil rights leader? Who is a Fields Medalist mathematician? -Which legal scholars are on Harvard's faculty? +Which two legal scholars are members of Harvard's faculty? Who is a Shakespeare scholar at Harvard? -What is the largest city by population in the U.S.? -What is the population of the Jacksonville metropolitan area? +What is the largest city by population in Florida? +What is the population of the Jacksonville metropolitan area in 2010? Where does Jacksonville rank among the most populous cities in the United States? What county is Jacksonville the county seat of? -When did the city government of Jacksonville consolidate? +When did Jacksonville's city government consolidate? What river is Jacksonville located on? How far is Jacksonville from Miami? -What was the name of the French colony in Jacksonville? -Who were the original inhabitants of Jacksonville? +What was the name of the French colony that was established in Jacksonville in 1564? +Who originally inhabited the area of Jacksonville? Who was the first military governor of the Florida Territory? -Where does the Port of Jacksonville rank in terms of military presence in the US? +What is the ranking of the Port of Jacksonville as a seaport in the US? What type of tourism is important to the Jacksonville area? -How many US Navy bases does Jacksonville have? +How many US Navy bases are in Jacksonville? What are people from Jacksonville called? How many years has the area of Jacksonville been inhabited? Who discovered some of the oldest pottery in the United States? -What people lived on Black Hammock Island? -In the 16th century was the beginning of what era? -What is the earliest recorded name for the area that is now downtown Jacksonville? +Who were the Mocama a coastal subgroup of? +In the 16th century, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people? +What is the earliest recorded name for the area of Jacksonville? Who charted the St. Johns River in 1562? -Who did Ribault claim the land for? +Who did Ribault claim the newly discovered land for? Who did Philip II of Spain order to attack Fort Caroline? What was the Spanish name of Fort Caroline? What was the name of the first European settlement in Florida? After what war did Spain cede Florida to the British? What did the British do to connect St. Augustine to Georgia? -Why did the British call the Cow Ford or Cowford? +What does the Cow Ford or Cowford mean? Who ceded Florida to the British in 1763? When did the Florida Legislative Council approve the charter for a town government? Who won the Battle of Olustee? What was the name of the first Confederate victory in Florida? -What was the name of the battle between the Union and Confederate armies in February of 1864? +What was the name of the battle in 1864 between Union and Confederate forces? What left the city disrupted after the war? -What was the name of the battle between Confederate cavalry and Union forces in March 1864? -During what era did Jacksonville become a popular winter resort for the rich? -What president attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in Jacksonville? -What was a major blow to Jacksonville's tourism in the late 19th century? -What drew visitors to other areas? -What type of transportation brought visitors to Jacksonville? -What type of moss was used in a mattress factory? +What was the name of the battle that took place in March 1864? +During Reconstruction and what other era did Jacksonville and St. Augustine become popular winter resorts for the rich and famous? +What president attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in Jacksonville in 1888? +What caused a decline in tourism in the late 19th century? +What drew visitors to other areas of Florida? +How did visitors arrive in Jacksonville during the Gilded Age? +What type of moss was in the mattress factory that caused the fire to spread rapidly? How many buildings were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1901? -What did Governor Jennings do after the fire? -What was the name of the fire in Jacksonville? -Who were attracted to Jacksonville in the 1910s? -What type of studios were established in Jacksonville in the 1910s? +What did Governor Jennings do? +What was the name of the largest urban fire in Florida history? +What type of filmmakers came to Jacksonville in the 1910s? +What type of film studios were established in Jacksonville in the 1910s? What was Jacksonville's nickname in the 1910s? What city became a major film production center? What led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs? -What was the population of non-Hispanic white in Jacksonville in 2010? +What was the percentage of non-Hispanic white people in Jacksonville in 2010? What was the name of the wave of middle class migration that left Jacksonville with a poorer population? -Who was responsible for the construction of a new city hall? -After what event did Jacksonville suffer from rapid urban sprawl? +Who was the mayor of Jacksonville during the boom after World War II? +What event caused rapid urban sprawl in Jacksonville? What happened to the city's tax base? -Where did residents of Jacksonville have difficulty obtaining municipal services? -What did the city of Jacksonville begin in 1958? +What type of residents had difficulty obtaining municipal services? +What did a 1958 study recommend that the city of Jacksonville begin doing? Who rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965? -How were Jacksonville's officials elected? -How many officials were indicted? -What was the name of the proposal to consolidate the city's government? -What happened to Duval County's public schools in 1964? -What was the result of the consolidation referendum in 1967? +What type of network were most of the city's officials elected through? +How many officials were indicted after a grand jury was convened to investigate? +What was the name of the group led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates? +What happened to all 15 of Duval County's public high schools in 1964? +What was the result of the consolidation referendum held in 1967? Who was the mayor of Jacksonville in 1968? -What is the name of the new border of Jacksonville? +What was the new border of the Consolidated City of Jacksonville called? What was the name of the plan that was approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000? What did the Better Jacksonville Plan do? What is the total area of Jacksonville? -What divides the city? +What river divides Jacksonville? What is the name of the major tributary of the St. Johns River? -What percentage of Jacksonville's land is water? +What percentage of Jacksonville is water? What town does Jacksonville surround? What is the Bank of America Tower? What was the Bank of America Tower originally called? -How tall is the Bank of America Tower? -How many floors does the Riverplace Tower have? +What is the height of the Bank of America Tower? +How many floors is the Riverplace Tower? What makes the Wells Fargo Center the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline? What type of climate does Jacksonville have? -When are the warmest months in Jacksonville? +What are the warmest months in Jacksonville? What type of weather does Jacksonville have in the winter? -Why is Jacksonville's climate so mild? -What was the highest temperature recorded? +What is the location of Jacksonville's coastal location? +What was the highest temperature recorded on July 11, 1879? What type of weather can erupt during a typical summer afternoon? -What is the cause of thunderstorms? -In what month of the year is the highest temperature recorded? +What is the main factor that causes thunderstorms to erupt during the summer? +In what month of the year do mean monthly temperatures range from 53 F to 82 F? What was the strongest hurricane to hit Jacksonville in 1964? What was the wind speed of Hurricane Dora when it hit St. Augustine? What hurricane hit Jacksonville on May 28, 2012? -On what scale did Hurricane Dora hit St. Augustine? -When did Tropical Storm Fay hit Jacksonville? +On what scale did Dora become a Category 2 hurricane? +In what year did Tropical Storm Fay hit Jacksonville? What is Jacksonville's tenth-largest population? How many people lived in Jacksonville as of 2010? -What is the population of the Arab population in Jacksonville? +What is Jacksonville's Arab population? What is Jacksonville's largest American community? What percentage of households were made up of individuals? What percentage of households had children under the age of 18 living with them? -For every 100 people age 18 and over, how many males were there? +For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males. How many males were there for every 100 females age 18 and over? -What percentage of global assets did the richest 1% of adults own in 2000? +What percentage of global assets did the richest 1% of adults own in the year 2000? How many people are in the bottom 50% of the world's population? -What is the average amount of assets of the top percentile? -Why have Oxfam's claims been questioned? +What is the average wealth of the top percentile? +What has been questioned about Oxfam's claims? What does Shorrocks consider the criticism about debt to be? -What percentage of global assets did the richest 1% of adults own in 2000? +What percentage of global assets did the richest 1% of adults own in the year 2000? What do the three richest people in the world possess more of than the lowest 48 nations combined? What was the combined wealth of the 10 million dollar millionaires in 2008? How much of the world's wealth does the top 1% own? Why are there more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China? -How many Forbes richest Americans are there? -What newspaper reported on July 22, 2014 that the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent"? +How many richest Americans are there? +Who reported on July 22, 2014 that the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent"? What may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start"? -What did the Institute for Policy Studies say about the Forbes richest 400 Americans in 2012? -According to PolitiFact, the top 400 richest Americans have more than half of what? -Who owns more wealth than the bottom 90 percent? +What did the Institute for Policy Studies say about 60 percent of the Forbes richest 400 Americans? +According to PolitiFact, the top 400 richest Americans have more of what than half of all Americans combined? +Who owns more wealth than the bottom 90 percent of Americans? What may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start"? -How much of the Forbes richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege? +How many of the Forbes richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege? Who said that over 60 percent of the Forbes richest 400 Americans "grew up in substantial privilege"? -What views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land? -What does neoclassical economics view inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from? -Why are differences in value added within labor income distribution? -What is inequality a reflection of in a market economy? -How are wages and profits determined in neoclassical economics? -What does neoclassical economics view inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from? -What is the reason for differences in labor income distribution? +What type of economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land? +Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from what? +What causes differences in value added within labor income distribution? +In a market economy, inequality is a reflection of what? +What determines wages and profits in neoclassical economics? +Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from what? +What is the cause of differences within labor income distribution? What are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor? -What are the four economic actors in neoclassical economics? +What are the three economic actors in neoclassical economics? What is inequality a reflection of in a market economy? -Why do capitalist firms substitute capital equipment for labor inputs? -What does the organic composition of capital mean? -What happens to the reserve army of labour? -The substitution of capital equipment for labor is a result of what for the capitalist class? -What do capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for? -Why do capitalist firms substitute capital equipment for labor inputs? +What are capitalist firms under competitive pressure to do? +What happens when the organic composition of capital increases? +What happens when less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs? +What does the substitution of capital equipment for labor produce for the capitalist class? +Capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for what? +What are capitalist firms under competitive pressure to do? What do capitalist firms increasingly do for labor inputs? What does the substitution of capital equipment for labor raise in each worker? -What kind of wages do the working class have? -What will not be controlled by these organizations? +What is the wages for the working class? +In a purely capitalist mode of production, what will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer? Under what law is the price of skill determined? -What happens to employers who offer a below market wage? -What do employers who offer a below market wage do when their business is chronically understaffed? -What are high levels of inequality viewed as? -In a purely capitalist mode of production, what is the workers wages controlled by? -What does wages work in the same way as for any other good? -What does the market work as a function of? -What can concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers? -What are high levels of inequality viewed as? +What will employers who offer a below market wage find? +What will competitors do when an employer is chronically understaffed? +What are the outcomes of high levels of inequality often viewed as? +In a purely capitalist mode of production, who controls workers wages? +What is inequality driven by? +In a purely capitalist mode of production, what will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer? +What can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers? +What are the outcomes of high levels of inequality often viewed as? What tends to drive down wages? -What is the term for a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time but few require? -What happens when there is a high demand for a job but a low supply of workers? +What is the term for a job where there are few able or willing workers but a large need for the positions? +A job where there are few able or willing workers but a large need for the positions will result in what? How can members receive higher wages? -What may limit the supply of workers? -What will happen when there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time for a job that few require? +Who may limit the supply of workers? +What is the wage for a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time but few require? What drives down the wage? -Why does competition between workers drive down wages? +Why does competition amongst workers drive down wages? A job where there are few able or willing workers but a large need for the positions will result in high wages for that job? -Who drives up the wage for employees? -What does higher economic inequality increase at the individual level? +Who drives up wages due to the nature of the job? +Higher economic inequality tends to increase what at the individual level? What type of entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs? What is another term for necessity-based entrepreneurship? What is another term for achievement-oriented motivations? What type of entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations? -What tends to increase entrepreneurship rates? -What is most entrepreneurship based on? +What tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level? +What type of entrepreneurship is often based on? What type of entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs? -What type of motivations do opportunity-based entrepreneurship have? -What type of impact does opportunity-based entrepreneurship have on economic growth? +What type of motivations do opportunity-based entrepreneurs use? +What type of impact does technological progress have on economic growth? What is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases? -What will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society? +In a progressive tax system, what will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society? What can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board? -The rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of what is another cause of inequality? +The rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of what causes inequality? What increases as the taxable base amount increases? What will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society? What type of progressivity can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board? -What is the difference between an income distribution before and after taxation? +What is an indicator for the effects of taxation? What is an important factor in the creation of inequality? -What type of education do those who are unable to afford an education not pursue? +What type of education do people who can't afford an education choose not to pursue? What do those who are unable to afford an education receive? -What type of people do education help unleash the productive potential of? -What does a lack of education lead to lower aggregate? +Education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of whom? +A lack of education leads to lower incomes and lower aggregate what? What is an important factor in the creation of inequality? -What does education create for those with education? -How do those who are unable to afford an education receive their wages? +What does education create for those with it? +A lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment. As a result, those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive what wages? What does a lack of education lead to? What is an important factor in the creation of inequality? -What did S&P recommend to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth? -How much did S&P estimate it would add to the economy if the average US worker completed one more year of school? -What type of cycles did the widening disparity between the wealthiest and the rest of the nation make it more prone to? -What rating agency did economists with in 2014 conclude that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession? +What did S&P recommend to partially remedy the wealth gap? +How much money did S&P say would have been added to the economy if the average US worker had completed one more year of school? +What type of cycles did S&P say the widening disparity between the wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation made it more prone to? +What is the name of the rating agency that concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery? In what year did S&P conclude that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession? -When did the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation experience a recession? -What did S&P recommend to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth? -How much did S&P estimate it would add to the economy if the average US worker completed one more year of school? -What type of cycles did the widening disparity between the wealthiest and the rest of the nation make it more prone to? -When was the mass high school education movement? +When was the last recession? +What did S&P recommend to partially remedy the wealth gap? +How much money did S&P say would have been added to the economy if the average US worker had completed one more year of school? +What type of cycles did S&P say the widening disparity between the wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation made it more prone to? +During what years did the mass high school education movement take place? What happened to skilled workers during the mass high school education movement? -What happened to the price of skilled labor? -What can result in low economic growth? +What happened to the price of skilled labor during the mass high school education movement? +What did Lagerlof and Galor say can cause low economic growth? What did the decrease in wages cause? When was the mass high school education movement? What did the increase in skilled workers lead to? -What was the purpose of high school during the mass high school education movement? +What was the purpose of high school education during the mass high school movement? What is very important for the growth of the economy? -What can result in low economic growth? +What did Lagerlof and Galor say can cause low economic growth? What has remained strong in continental European liberalism? What countries have unions that have remained strong? -How much support does the available evidence provide for the view that U.S.-style labor market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes? -What type of liberalism has remained strong in the U.S.? -What do John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer believe the decline of union membership is one of the causes of? +How much support does the available evidence provide for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor market outcomes? +What type of liberalism has remained strong? +John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer point to economic liberalism and the decline of union membership as one of the causes of what? What does the U.S. economic and social model associated with substantial levels of? -John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer are members of what organization? -How much support does the available evidence provide for the view that U.S.-style labor market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes? +What organization did John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer belong to? +How much support does the available evidence provide for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor market outcomes? How does the U.S. economy compare to other continental European countries in terms of economic mobility? -Along with the United States, what country has very low levels of inequality? +What country has very low levels of inequality? What goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements? -What has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap? -What did Rosenfield say has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than organized labor? +What has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap in the US? +What did Rosenfield say has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap? What is Jake Rosenfield's profession? Where is Jake Rosenfield from? -What has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap? -What type of rates of unionization does Scandinavia have? -What does Rosenfield believe high inequality goes hand-in-hand with? +What has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap in the US? +What type of rates of unionization do nations with low levels of inequality have? +What does high inequality go hand-in-hand with? What may happen to low-skilled workers in rich countries when they trade with poor countries? -What do low-skilled workers in poor countries see when they trade with rich countries? -What is one cause of the increase in inequality in the United States? -What has replaced low-skilled jobs in wealthier nations? +What may low-skilled workers in the poor countries see as a result of trade with rich countries? +What other cause does Paul Krugman say trade has a minor effect on inequality in America? +What has technological innovation and automation replaced low-skilled jobs in wealthier nations? Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from what scale to a domestic scale? -Who may see increased wages as a result of trade? +Who may see increased wages as a result of trade liberalization? What has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the United States? -How much does Paul Krugman believe that trade has had an effect on inequality in America? -What has replaced low-skilled jobs in wealthier nations? +What is the effect of trade on inequality in America? +What has technological innovation and automation replaced low-skilled jobs in wealthier nations? What is the income gap in Botswana? What is the income gap in Bahrain? -Are women more or less likely to consider factors other than pay when looking for work? -What gender has a gender pay gap in many countries? +What is one of the reasons that women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work? +In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of whom in the labor market? What is the pay gap in favor of males in the labor market? In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of whom? Who is more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work? Who wrote Knowledge and Decisions? -What is the difference in earnings between women and men in the US once other factors are accounted for? +What is the difference in earnings between women and men once other factors are accounted for? What type of programs can help more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality? According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have what kind of distributions of wealth? What does a country acquire as it develops? What is one way that more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality? What is Simon Kuznets's profession? -What did Kuznets argue were the result of stages of development? +What did Kuznets argue were in large part the result of stages of development? What does a country acquire as it develops? -What do the owners of capital have as a country develops? -What do more developed countries move back to? -When did income inequality fall in the United States? +As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having what? +What do more developed countries move back to after social welfare programs? +During what years did income inequality fall in the United States? When did the level of income inequality begin to rise? -What sector did Kuznets' curve move from? -What sector did Kuznets' curve move from? -Who plotted the relationship between level of income and inequality? -What is the relationship between level of income and inequality known as? -Is Kuznets' theory strong or weak? -What does Kuznets' curve predict? +What sector of the economy did Kuznets' curve move from? +What sector did Kuznets' curve move from to the service sector? +Who created the Kuznets curve? +What is the name of Kuznets' curve? +What has recent testing of Kuznets' theory shown it to be? +What does Kuznets' curve predict about income inequality? What is it possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in at any given time? What is a theoretical process by which newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities? -What do those who already hold wealth have? +What do those who already hold wealth have the ability to do? What does Piketty believe is the fundamental force for divergence? What does Piketty believe generates higher returns? -Where does wealth concentrate? +Where does wealth concentrate under certain conditions? Who are the beneficiaries of wealth concentration? What can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society? Who wrote Capital in the Twenty-First Century? @@ -7502,411 +7502,411 @@ What is Joseph Stiglitz's profession? What kind of skills will the market bid up compensation for? What does Stiglitz believe is a better explainer of growing inequality? What is the non-market force known as? -What causes higher rates of health and social problems and lower rates of social goods? -What is neglected for high-end consumption? +What type of inequality is associated with lower rates of health and social problems? +What can cause a lower level of economic growth for high-end consumption? What is lower in more unequal countries? -What causes higher rates of health and social problems and lower rates of social goods? -Is life expectancy higher or lower in more unequal countries? -When did Shiller say that rising inequality is the most important problem? +What type of inequality is associated with lower rates of health and social problems? +What happens to life expectancy in more unequal countries? +In what year did Shiller say that rising inequality is the most important problem? What is the most important problem in the United States and elsewhere? What effect does high and persistent unemployment have on long-run economic growth? What can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions? What type of growth does rising inequality harm? What nationality are Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett? -Are there higher or lower rates of health and social problems in countries and states with higher inequality? -Is there a higher or lower rate of social goods in countries with higher inequality? +In countries and states with higher inequality, what is the rate of health and social problems? +In countries like Japan and Finland, what did Wilkinson and Pickett find about rates of social goods? How many developed countries did Wilkinson and Pickett study? -What do Utah and New Hampshire have high levels of? +What do states like Utah and New Hampshire have high levels of? What did higher material living standards lead to? -Where does the pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still hold? +In what countries does life expectancy increase rapidly as per capita income increases? What increases rapidly as per capita income increases? -Who has a higher GDP per capita than New Zealand? -How was the income distributed in Japan? -What has strongly correlated with health in developed countries? +Which country has a higher GDP per capita? +How was income distributed in Japan? +What characteristic has strongly correlated with health in developed countries? Who created an index of "Health and Social Problems"? -How many factors did Wilkinson and Pickett use to create an index of health and social problems? +How many factors did Wilkinson and Pickett use to create an index of "Health and Social Problems"? Where are health and social problems more common? What does the UNICEF index of "child well-being in rich countries" correlate with? -What is crime rate correlated with in society? -What do most studies looking into the relationship between crime and inequality focus on? -How many studies have been done on the relationship between inequality and violence? -What do Daly and Fajnzylber believe accounts for about half of all variation in homicide rates? -How much is the difference in homicide rates between U.S States and Canadian Provinces related to inequality? -What does the utilitarian principle seek? -What is a house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home? -An additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing what to that person? +Crime rate has been shown to be correlated with what in society? +Most studies looking into the relationship between inequality and crime have concentrated on what? +How many studies have there been showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger? +About half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by what? +How much is the difference in homicide rates between the U.S States and Canadian Provinces related to inequality? +What is the utilitarian principle? +What is the term for a reduced marginal utility of wealth within society? +An additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things that provide what to that person? What happens to the marginal utility of wealth per person as a person becomes richer? A society with more equality will have what? What should be the measure of inequality? -What political ideology does Will Wilkinson belong to? +What type of Cato Institute is Will Wilkinson? In what year was consumption inequality lower than it was in 1986? Who wrote "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"? What is Thomas B. Edsall's profession? What is Raghuram Rajan's profession? -What does Rajan believe has created deep financial fault lines? +What has created deep financial fault lines? What is the most recent example of a financial crisis? What has political pressure developed to extend to the lower and middle income earners? What has political pressure developed to extend to the lower and middle income earners? What is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells? -What do high levels of inequality prevent? +What does high levels of inequality prevent? What happens to GDP growth if the income share of the top 20 percent increases? What is an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent associated with? -Which two groups matter the most for growth? -Who are David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela? +Who matter the most for growth? +What is Vicente Royuela's profession? According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms what? What does high and persistent unemployment have a negative effect on? Why does unemployment harm growth? -What do policies aimed at controlling unemployment reduce? -What did Stiglitz present in 2009? -How do inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth? +What do policies aiming at controlling unemployment reduce? +What did Joseph Stiglitz present in 2009? +How did Joseph Stiglitz believe inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth? What is Joseph Stiglitz's profession? What is the main reason for this shift? What has become the secret to growth? -When did Galor and Zeira show that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation? -What effect does inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections have on human capital? +In what year did Galor and Zeira show that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation? +What effect did Galor and Zeira show that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has on human capital formation and economic development? What did Perotti study in 1996? -What type of taxation is inequality associated with higher levels of? -What are the effects of very unequal societies? -What does high levels of inequality do to growth in poor countries? -Do high levels of inequality reduce or encourage growth in richer countries? -What did Barro find little relation between income inequality and? -Where did Robert Barro work? +What is inequality associated with higher levels of? +What type of societies are very unequal societies? +What did high levels of inequality do to growth in relatively poor countries? +What did high levels of inequality do to growth in richer countries? +What did Barro find little relation between income inequality and rates of? +Where was Robert Barro from? When did a study of Swedish counties find a positive impact of inequality on growth? -What theory states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases? -When does the Kuznets curve hypothesis state that inequality decreases or increases? -Who challenges the Kuznets curve hypothesis? +Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming what? +What does the Kuznets curve hypothesis say happens with economic development? +Who argues that wars and "violent economic and political shocks" reduced inequality from 1914 to 1945? What is Thomas Piketty's profession? -What did Piketty claim reduced inequality from 1914 to 1945? -When did some theories develop that inequality may have a positive effect on economic development? -What were savings by the wealthy thought to offset? -What did a 2013 report on Nigeria suggest about growth? +What did Piketty say reduced inequality from 1914 to 1945? +When did some theories develop about possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development? +According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy would offset what? +What did a 2013 report on Nigeria suggest about Nigeria's growth? How long does it take for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth? -What do longer growth spells correlate with? +Longer growth spells are robustly associated with what? What must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth? -What can the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction depend on? -What is the effect of economic growth on poverty? +What does the effect of economic growth on poverty depend on? +What is the growth elasticity of poverty? What organization is Ban Ki-Moon the Secretary General of? -What is economic growth not sufficient for? +What is economic growth not sufficient for progress on? What is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system? How is much unregistered property held in informal form? -What type of property is held in informal form? -How many steps does it take to build on government land? -What type of land can it take up to 14 years to build on? +What type of property is held outside of the formal property ownership registration system? +How many steps does it take to build on government land in some countries? +In some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on what? What is caused in part by income inequality? -What decreased between 1984 and 1991? +What type of housing decreased between 1984 and 1991? Why did the number of quality rental units decrease between 1984 and 1991? -Why did rental prices increase in East New York? +What caused rental prices to increase in East New York? What policy made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace with rising prices? Who shares the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care? What are those on lower incomes worse equipped to manage? -What describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts? -What is one method of achieving aspirational consumption? +What term describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts? +What is one method of aspirational consumption? What is the result of aspirational consumption? The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is what? -What is the cause of the increase in environmental degradation? +What is the increase in environmental degradation the result of? What is the result of the increase of emissions per person being multiplied by a multiplier? -What can be addressed/corrected while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage? +What is one way that human inequality can be addressed/corrected? What do socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to? What is the result of private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners? What is the most common form of income for the vast majority of the population? -How should the means of production be owned? -What type of income differentials do socialists believe should be? +How should the means of production be owned by socialists? +How would income differentials be viewed if the means of production were socially owned? Who argued that government redistributes wealth by force? -What did Robert Nozick use to redistribute wealth? -How did Robert Nozick believe that government redistributes wealth? -What did Nozick believe caused some modern economic inequalities? -How did John Rawls believe that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are justified? +What form of redistribution did Robert Nozick believe could be used to redistribute wealth? +What did Robert Nozick argue that government redistributes wealth by? +What did Nozick believe some modern economic inequalities were the result of? +When are inequalities in the distribution of wealth justified? What does the human development approach call income inequality and poverty? What are economic growth and income considered a means to an end rather than? What is the goal of the human development approach? How does the human development approach aim to widen people's choices? What is agency? -What happens when a person's capabilities are lowered? -What can an old, ill man not do? +What happens to a person when their capabilities are lowered? +An old, ill man cannot do what? What may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home? -Why do people not go to work? +Why do people not go to work when there is violence? What can people work towards? Who produces Doctor Who? -When did Doctor Who first air? -What is the name of the ship that the Doctor explores the universe in? -What is the exterior of the TARDIS? -What genre is Doctor Who? -When did Doctor Who originally run? +When was Doctor Who first aired? +What is the name of the ship in which the Doctor explores the universe? +What does the TARDIS look like on the outside? +What type of show is Doctor Who? +What years did Doctor Who originally run? Who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of Doctor Who's revival? -What was the name of the pilot episode of Doctor Who in 1981? -Who produced Doctor Who in Cardiff? -Who starred in the first series of Doctor Who? +What was the name of the Doctor Who spin-off show that aired in 1981? +Who produced the first series of Doctor Who? +Who starred in the first series of Doctor Who in the 21st century? How many actors have headlined the series as the Doctor? -Who took over the role of the Doctor after Matt Smith's exit? +Who took over the role of the Doctor after Matt Smith left the show? What was the name of the 2013 Christmas special? -When does the Doctor take on a new body and personality? +When does regeneration occur? What does regeneration give the Doctor? -On what planet is the main character of Doctor Who from? +What planet is The Doctor from? What is the name of the time machine that The Doctor fled from Gallifrey in? -What does the Mark I Type 40 TARDIS stand for? -The TARDIS has what kind of circuit that allows it to take on the appearance of local objects? +What is the name of The Doctor's time machine? +What allows the TARDIS to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise? Why does the Doctor's TARDIS remain fixed as a blue British Police box? How often does the Doctor travel alone? -Who is another renegade Time Lord? -What does the Doctor do when his body is mortally damaged? -What are the companions of the Doctor? -What is the Doctor? -When did Doctor Who first appear on BBC TV? +Who is a renegade Time Lord? +What can the Doctor do when his body is mortally damaged? +Who are the companions of the Doctor? +What is the name of the group of beings that the Doctor is a part of? +On what date did Doctor Who first appear on BBC TV? What was the name of the second Doctor Who serial? -Why was the script rejected by Newman and Wilson? -Who wrote the second Doctor Who serial? +Why was The Mutants rejected? +Who wrote The Mutants? How long was each episode of Doctor Who? -How many seasons did Doctor Who run? -Who suspended Doctor Who production in 1989? -What did Sophie Aldred report? -What did the BBC repeatedly affirm about the future of Doctor Who? -On what channel was Doctor Who broadcast? -What did the BBC hope to do with an independent production company? -Who was the British expatriate who approached the BBC about relaunching Doctor Who? -On what network was the Doctor Who television film broadcast? -How many viewers watched the Doctor Who film in the UK? -Where did Philip Segal work? -What was the name of the first episode of Doctor Who since 2005? -When did Doctor Who return? -When was the last full series of Doctor Who filmed? -Who will replace Steven Moffat in 2018? -What kind of specials have been aired every year since 2005? +How many seasons of Doctor Who did the BBC drama department produce? +Who was controller of BBC 1 in 1989? +What was the name of the documentary that aired in 1989? +What did the BBC repeatedly affirm about Doctor Who? +On what channel was Doctor Who broadcast for 26 seasons? +What did the BBC hope to find an independent production company to do? +Who approached the BBC about relaunching Doctor Who? +On what network was the Doctor Who television film broadcast in 1996? +How many viewers watched the Doctor Who film in the United States? +Where did Philip Segal work for Columbia Pictures? +What was the name of the Doctor Who episode that returned in 2005? +In what year did Doctor Who return? +In what year was the last full series of Doctor Who filmed? +Who will replace Steven Moffat as head writer and executive producer of Doctor Who? +What type of Doctor Who special has been broadcast every year since 2005? When was the original Doctor Who series? What version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963-1989 series? -When was the last telefilm for Doctor Who? -What are two examples of series relaunches that were reboots? -The 2005 version of Doctor Who is similar to the 1988 continuation of what movie? -When did the BBC broadcast the second episode of the series? -How long did it take for the first episode to go out? -How long was the first episode delayed? -What was the reason for the delay of the first episode? -Why did the BBC believe that many viewers had missed the first episode? -What is the phrase "behind the sofa" also known as? +In what year was 'Doctor Who' telefilm released? +What are two examples of reboots? +What was the 1988 continuation of Doctor Who similar to? +When did the BBC broadcast the second episode of 'Doctor Who'? +How long did it take for the first episode of 'EastEnders' to go out? +How long was the first episode of 'EastEnders' delayed? +What was the reason for the delay of the first episode of 'Doctor Who'? +What caused the BBC to delay the first episode of 'Doctor Who'? +What phrase entered British pop culture? What museum in London named their exhibition "Behind the Sofa"? What was the Museum of the Moving Image's exhibition celebrating Doctor Who called? What did Digital Spy call Doctor Who in 2011? What website called Doctor Who the "scariest TV show of all time"? -What was the most violent of the drama programmes the BBC produced? +What was the most violent of the drama programmes the BBC produced at the time? What percentage of the surveyed audience thought Doctor Who was "very unsuitable" for family viewing? -Who said that the violence of Doctor Who was like comparing Monopoly with the property market in London? -What did Philip Howard compare Doctor Who to? -Where did Philip Howard respond to the findings of the survey? -What has become firmly linked to the show? -What design did the BBC apply to use in merchandising associated with Doctor Who? -What did Anthony Coburn conceive the police box as? -Who filed an objection to the trade mark claim? -When did the Patent Office rule in favor of the BBC? +Who said that Dr Who was "sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare"? +Whatopoly game did Philip Howard compare Dr Who to? +In what newspaper did Philip Howard respond to the findings of the survey? +What has become firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness? +What design did the BBC want to use in merchandising associated with Doctor Who? +What did Coburn's idea of a police box serve as? +Who filed an objection to the trade mark claim in 1998? +In what year did the Patent Office rule in favor of the BBC? How many seasons did Doctor Who originally run on BBC One? When did Doctor Who end? How many episodes did The Daleks' Master Plan air? What was the name of the rogue Time Lord that the Doctor battled in season 8? -What was the name of season 20 of Doctor Who? +What was the name of the trilogy of Doctor Who serials in season 20? When did the serial format change? -How long are the self-contained episodes? -On what day is an extended episode broadcast? -What was the name of the 2008 episode? -When did 'The Eleventh hour' air? +How long are the self-contained episodes of "Doctor Who" usually? +On what day is an extended episode of "Doctor Who" usually broadcast? +What was the name of the 2008 episode that exceeded an hour in length? +In what year did "The Eleventh Hour" air? How many Doctor Who instalments have been televised since 1963? -How long are most Doctor Who episodes? +What is the most common format of Doctor Who episodes? How many Christmas specials have there been? How long is the longest Doctor Who Christmas special? -In what year was Planet of the Dead filmed? -Who were the first two Doctors? +In what year was Planet of the Dead aired? +Who were the first two Doctors of Doctor Who? How many Doctor Who episodes are not held in the BBC's archives? -What seasons are missing from the BBC's archives? -When did the BBC stop wiping tapes and destroying "spare" film copies? +What seasons of Doctor Who are missing from the BBC's archives? +By what year had the practice of wiping tapes and destroying "spare" film copies of Doctor Who been stopped? When were large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries destroyed? -How did the BBC get some of the episodes from other countries? -Who made early color videotape recordings of the show? -Along with Marco Polo, what was the only episode of the BBC's Marco Polo that did not have an audio version? +What did the archives of other countries do with some of the lost episodes? +Who made early color videotape recordings off-air? +What is the name of the only short clip from Marco Polo's story that still exists? On what type of film were excerpts filmed from the television screen onto? -Where can audio versions of all of the lost episodes be found? -Who has released official reconstructions of The Invasion on VHS? -What animation studio did the BBC work with to reconstruct episodes 1 and 4 of The Invasion? +Where do audio versions of all of the lost episodes exist? +Who released official reconstructions of The Invasion on VHS? +What animation studio did the BBC work with to reconstruct The Invasion? When was The Invasion released? -Who animated the missing episodes of The Reign of Terror? +What animation company animated The Reign of Terror episodes? When was The Invasion released on DVD? What is the term for the recasting of the main character? -When was the term regeneration first used? -Why was regeneration introduced? +What was the first time the term regeneration was used? +What prompted the concept of regeneration? What did Hartnell's Doctor describe undergoing? What did the Second Doctor undergo? How many times can a Time Lord regenerate? How many incarnations did the Doctor have? What was the name of the episode that depicted the Doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations? What serials established that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times? -When was 'The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead' released? +In what year was The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead aired? Who guest starred as the War Doctor in 2013? -What is the name of the 50th anniversary special of Doctor Who? -Who played the Valeyard? -What was the name of the 1986 serial? -Who did John Hurt play in The Night of the Doctor? +What was the name of the 50th anniversary special of Doctor Who? +Who played the Valeyard in The Trial of a Time Lord? +What was the name of the 1986 serial in which Michael Jayston portrayed the Valeyard? +Who did John Hurt's War Doctor belong to? Who did John Hurt play in "The Name of the Doctor"? -What 1973 episode featured William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton? +In what 1973 episode did William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton return to reprise the role of the Doctor? Who starred in the Children in Need short "Time Crash"? -Where did the First Doctor encounter himself? -What was the name of the 50th anniversary episode of Doctor Who? +In what story did the First Doctor encounter himself? +What was the name of the 50th anniversary special episode of Doctor Who? Who starred in the 1999 audio adventure The Sirens of Time? -What was the name of the audio drama released in 2003 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Doctor Who? +What was the name of the audio drama released in 2003 to celebrate the 40th anniversary? Who starred in the 2010 audio drama The Four Doctors? -Who appeared in the 1999 audio adventure The Sirens of Time? -When was the audio drama Zagreus released? +Who starred in the 1999 audio adventure The Sirens of Time? +In what year was the audio drama Zagreus released? In what 2013 episode did the Eleventh Doctor clarify he was the product of the twelfth regeneration? -What 1976 episode hinted that the First Doctor may not have been the first incarnation? -In what 1983 episode did the Fifth Doctor confirm that he was currently in his fifth incarnation? -In what episode did the Eleventh Doctor call himself "the Eleventh"? -When was Mawdryn Undead? -What was the name of the first serial in which the Doctor had a granddaughter? +In what 1976 episode was it hinted that the First Doctor may not have been the first incarnation? +In what 1983 episode did the Fifth Doctor confirm that he was in his fifth incarnation? +In what 2010 episode did the Eleventh Doctor call himself "the Eleventh"? +When was Mawdryn Undead aired? +What was the name of the first serial in which the Doctor has a granddaughter? Who is the Doctor's granddaughter? -When was 'The Empty Child' released? +In what year did the Ninth Doctor think he was the last surviving Time Lord? What happened to the Ninth Doctor's home planet? -In what serial did the Doctor say that he no longer had a brother? -What is the usual gender of the companion in Doctor Who? +In what 2007 serial did the Doctor say that he no longer had a brother? +What is a companion figure in Doctor Who? What is the only story from the original series in which the Doctor travels alone? -Who were the Doctor's first companions? -What was Barbara Wright's occupation? -What is the name of the companion from the earlier series of Doctor Who? +Who were the first companions of the Doctor? +What was Barbara Wright's job? +What was the name of the Time Lady in the original Doctor Who series? What gender is the primary companion of the Doctor? Who were the secondary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors? Which Doctor was the first to travel with a married couple? Who will be the Doctor's newest traveling companion? -Who is Donna Noble? +Who was Donna Noble? Who was the executive producer of Doctor Who in 2005? -When did the Daleks appear in Doctor Who? -What aliens were introduced in series 2 of Doctor Who? -In what series of Doctor Who was the Master introduced? -What aliens were introduced in the 50th Anniversary Special of Doctor Who? +In what series did the Daleks appear? +What was the name of the alien introduced in series 2 of Doctor Who? +In what series did the Master appear? +What is the name of the alien introduced in the 50th Anniversary Special of Doctor Who? What are Doctor Who's oldest villains? -What planet are the Daleks from? +On what planet are the Daleks from? What is the main purpose of the Daleks? Who mutated the Daleks? What is the main weakness of the Daleks? Who is the Doctor's archenemy? -What race is the Master? -Who played the Master in the 1996 television movie? +What is the Master's profession? +Who played the Master in the 1996 television movie of Doctor Who? What was the Master originally conceived as? Who was the first actor to play the Master? Who played the Master in the 2007 episode "Utopia"? -What was the name of the 2007 episode that introduced the Master? -When was it revealed that the Master had become a female incarnation? -What is the name of the Time Lady? -Who plays the Time Lady? +What was the name of the 2007 episode in which Derek Jacobi introduced the Master? +In what year was it revealed that the Master had become a female incarnation? +What was the name of the Time Lady in the 2014 episode "Dark Water"? +Who plays the Time Lady in "Dark Water"? Who composed the original theme? -Where did Delia Derbyshire work? +Where was Delia Derbyshire from? What technique was used to build up the theme? -How many seasons were there in 1979-80? -What did Ron Grainer ask when he heard the finished theme? -Who recorded the Doctor Who theme for season 18? -Who replaced Peter Howell's arrangement for The Trial of a Time Lord? -What era did Keff McCulloch provide the new arrangement for? -Who provided a new arrangement for the 2005 Christmas episode "The Christmas Invasion"? -What was the name of the 2005 Christmas episode of Doctor Who? -What was the name of the 2007 Christmas special? -Where did the theme tune chart at number 228 in 2011? -When did Gold return as composer? -What was the number of the theme tune on Classic FM's Hall of Fame? -Who was the composer for the 2010 series of Doctor Who? +What was the final season of "Doctor Who" in 1979-80? +What did Grainer ask when he heard the finished result of the theme tune? +Who recorded a different arrangement for season 18 (1980)? +Who replaced Peter Howell for season 18? +What era of Doctor Who did Keff McCulloch provide the new theme for? +Who provided a new arrangement for the return of Doctor Who in 2005? +What was the name of the 2005 Christmas episode? +What was the name of the 2007 Christmas special episode? +What radio station did the theme tune chart at number 228 in 2011? +In what year did Gold return as composer for another series of Doctor Who? +In 2011, the theme tune of Doctor Who charted at what number in Classic FM's Hall of Fame? +Who was responsible for a new version of the theme for the 2010 series? Who played the Third Doctor? -Who released a disco version of the Doctor Who theme in 1978? -Where did the disco version of the Doctor Who theme rank in the UK charts? +What group released a disco version of the Doctor Who theme in 1978? +What was the number of the disco version of the Doctor Who theme in the UK charts? What was the name of The Timelords' 1988 single? What was the name of The Timelords' 1988 single? Who was the most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years of Doctor Who? What was Simpson's first Doctor Who score? -When did Simpson write music for many adventures of Doctor Who? -What was Dudley Simpson's last Doctor Who score? -What TV show did Dudley Simpson make a cameo appearance in? +During what years did Simpson write music for many adventures of Doctor Who? +What was Dudley Simpson's final Doctor Who score? +In what Doctor Who episode did Dudley Simpson make a cameo appearance? Who performed incidental music for the 2005 revived series? Who performed incidental music for the 2005 revived series? When was a Doctor Who Prom held? -What was the name of the specially filmed mini-episode? +What was the name of the specially filmed mini-episode that aired on Christmas Day 2006? Who composed the incidental music for the 2005 revived series? How many Doctor Who soundtrack releases have been released since 2005? -What series did the first soundtrack feature tracks from? +What series did the first soundtrack release feature? What did the fourth soundtrack contain? -What was the name of the 2010 Christmas special? +What was the name of the 2010 Christmas special soundtrack? When was the soundtrack for Series 5 released? -What was used for the First Doctor? +What was used for the first Doctor? Which Doctor Who logo had the "DW" TARDIS insignia removed? What is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past Doctors? -When was the Third Doctor's final season? -Which Doctor had the "DW" TARDIS insignia placed to the right in 2012? -The first episode of Doctor Who premiered the day after what event? +What was the logo used for the Third Doctor's final season? +Who had the "DW" TARDIS insignia placed to the right in 2012? +What event was the first episode of Doctor Who premiering the day after? Where has Doctor Who always appeared? -When did Tom Baker occasionally draw audiences of over 12 million? +When did Tom Baker draw audiences of over 12 million? When was the Dalekmania period? -On what channel are Doctor Who episodes repeated? +On what channel are Doctor Who episodes now repeated? When did the show's viewership peak at 16 million? -What was the main cause of the show's 1989 suspension? -What was the most popular soap opera at the time? -What was Coronation Street known for? +What was the main cause of the BBC Board of Control's 1989 suspension of EastEnders? +What was the most popular soap opera at the time of the strike? +What was Coronation Street? When did the show have its third period of high ratings? -On what network did The Five Doctors premiere on 23 November 1983? -Where was Silver Nemesis broadcast? -Where did the 1996 television film premièred? +On what channel did the 1983 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors premiere? +In what country did Silver Nemesis air? +Where did the 1996 television film premièred on CITV? How long before the BBC One broadcast did the 1996 television film premièred? -On what date did The Five Doctors make its debut on PBS? -Who runs the show in Australia? -What did the ABC provide for the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors? -What channel aired repeats of The Five Doctors after SF's closure? -What did the ABC do in 2003? -On what channel does the ABC broadcast the modern version of Doctor Who? -When did TVOntario pick up the show? +On what date did the 1983 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors debut? +Who has been airing Doctor Who in Australia since 1965? +What did the ABC provide for the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors in 1983? +What channel aired repeats of 'Doctor Who' after SF's closure? +What did the ABC do for the show's 40th anniversary? +On what channel does the ABC broadcast the modern series of Doctor Who? +When did TVOntario pick up "Doctor Who"? What was the first series of Doctor Who aired on TVOntario? What Canadian cable channel aired The Three Doctors in 2009? -What TVO episode was cancelled due to accusations that it was racist? -Who was the science-fiction writer who introduced The Three Doctors? -Who recorded the video introductions for the Canadian broadcast? -What was played over the closing credits? -What episode of Doctor Who was broadcast on 26 December 2005? +What episode of Doctor Who was cancelled due to accusations that it was racist? +Who was the author of the science-fiction writer who introduced each episode of 'Doctor Who'? +Who recorded a video introduction for the Canadian broadcast of Doctor Who? +What was played over the closing credits of the Canadian broadcast of Doctor Who? +What was the name of the episode that aired on 26 December 2005? When did CBC begin airing series two of Doctor Who? On what holiday was the CFL double header broadcast in most of Canada? -Where are Doctor Who serials available on DVD? +In what countries are Doctor Who serials available on DVD? How many Doctor Who serials have been released on Laserdisc? What is the name of the episode of Doctor Who that was released on VCD? -What was released in July 2013? -What years are only the Doctor Who serials available on Blu-ray? +What is the only Doctor Who story released on Blu-ray? +When is the only series of Doctor Who available on Blu-ray? Who played the role of the Doctor in the Seven Keys to Doomsday? -What was the name of the play in which Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker played the Doctor? +What was the name of the play in the late 1980s in which Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker played the Doctor? What was the name of the stage play in the late 1960s without the Doctor? -What was the name of the 1970s play in which Trevor Martin played the Doctor? -Who played the Doctor when Pertwee was ill? +What was the name of the 1970s play in which Trevor Martin played the role of the Doctor? +Who played the Doctor for two performances while Pertwee was ill? What was the name of the 13-part spin-off series produced by Russell T Davies? -When did Torchwood debut on BBC Three? +When did Torchwood debut? When did the second series of Torchwood air? -What was the name of the fifth episode of the third Torchwood series? -What was the name of the fourth Torchwood series? +What was the name of the third series of Torchwood? +What was the name of the fourth series of Torchwood? Who starred in The Sarah Jane Adventures? When did the full series of The Sarah Jane Adventures begin? -When was the third series of The Sarah Jane Adventures aired? -When did Matt Smith appear as the Eleventh Doctor? +In what year did David Tennant appear as the Tenth Doctor on The Sarah Jane Adventures? +In what year did Matt Smith appear as the Eleventh Doctor? Why was the final series of The Sarah Jane Adventures uncompleted? What was the name of the 1993 charity special for Children in Need? For what charity was Dimensions in Time produced? What soap opera did Dimensions in Time crossover with? -What did the Pulfrich effect require? -What effect did Dimensions in Time use? +What did Dimensions in Time require? +What effect did Dimensions in Time make use of? What was the name of the 1999 special that was made for Comic Relief? -How many segments did Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death have? -Who played the Doctor in the Curse of Fatal Death? -Who played the Doctor in the Curse of Fatal Death? -What was Steven Moffat's job title on the revived series? -What is another name for Star Trek: The Next Generation? -What are the names of the Family Guy episodes? -What Channel 4 series featured a character who was an avid Doctor Who fan? -Who is portrayed as a Doctor Who collector and enthusiast on Coupling? -What are the names of the two young adult fantasy novels that have references to Doctor Who? -What was the first Doctor Who-related audio release? -How long was the first Doctor Who audio? -What was the name of the first Doctor Who audio? -When was the first commercially available audiobook of State of Decay released? +How many segments were in Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death? +Who played the Doctor in Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death? +Who played the Doctor in the Curse of Fatal Death special? +What was Steven Moffat's role in the revived series? +What is the name of the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode that references Doctor Who? +What are two Family Guy episodes? +What Channel 4 series was created by Russell T. Davies? +Who is the character on Coupling that is portrayed as a Doctor Who collector and enthusiast? +What are two young adult fantasy novels that have references to Doctor Who? +What was the name of the first Doctor Who television story? +How long was the abridgement of The Chase? +What was the name of the first Doctor Who audio release? +When was the first commercially available audiobook released? What was the name of the first Doctor Who radio drama? -Which three Doctors were featured in the earliest series of Doctor Who audios? +Who were the earliest Doctor Who audiobooks released by Big Finish? What was the name of the 2013 series of Doctor Who audiobooks? Who has released several different series of Doctor Who audios on CD? -When did Big Finish start releasing Doctor Who audios on CD? +When did Big Finish Productions begin releasing Doctor Who audiobooks? When did Tom Baker's Fourth Doctor begin appearing for Big Finish? -When were the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures published? +In what year did the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures begin? When were Doctor Who books first published? How long has the Doctor Who Magazine been published? Who publishes the Doctor Who Magazine? @@ -7915,80 +7915,80 @@ When was the Doctor Who character created? Who created the Doctor Who character? Who has expressed distaste for the idea of Doctor Who stories being published in different media? Who produces Doctor Who episodes? -When did 'Doctor Who' win the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series? -During what years did The Doctor win five consecutive National Television Awards? -When was Matt Smith nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor? -Who was the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination? +In what year did "Doctor Who" win the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series? +During what years did 'Doctor Who' win five consecutive National Television Awards? +In what year was Matt Smith nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor? +Who was the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination for the series? What award did Michelle Gomez receive for her work as Missy? -Where is Doctor Who listed as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world? -What television show received an Institutional Peabody in 2013? -What type of music did Doctor Who use? +What is the longest-running science fiction television show in the world listed in? +What is the longest-running science fiction television show in the world? +What type of music did Doctor Who first use? In what year was Doctor Who honored with an Institutional Peabody? -What is the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama? -What season of Doctor Who won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best Writing in a Children's Serial? +What was the largest simulcast of a TV drama? +In 1975, what season of Doctor Who won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best Writing in a Children's Serial? What was voted as the "Best Popular Drama" the corporation had ever produced? -Where was Doctor Who ranked in 2000 in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century? +In 2000, where was Doctor Who ranked in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century? What magazine ranked Doctor Who as the Greatest UK Science Fiction and Fantasy Television Series Ever? -How many places did Doctor Who rank in the 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows? +In the 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows of the 20th century, where was Doctor Who ranked? What is the highest-profile and most prestigious British television award for which the series has ever been nominated? How many BAFTA TV Awards did Doctor Who win? How many BAFTA Cymru Awards did Doctor Who win? -When was Doctor Who voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by Channel 4? -What award was the episode "Vincent and the Doctor" nominated for? -How many times has Doctor Who won the Hugo Award? +In what year was Doctor Who voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by Channel 4? +What award did the episode "Vincent and the Doctor" win? +How many times has Doctor Who won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation? How many awards has Doctor Who been nominated for? How many awards has Doctor Who won? Who won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards? -What was the name of the 2010 episode of Doctor Who? -Who spoofed Doctor Who? +What was the name of the 2010 Doctor Who episode that won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation? +Who spoofed Doctor Who on Saturday Night Live? Who frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in the BBC Dead Ringers series? -What did Spike Milligan hurl at the Dalek? -What has been lampooned on Saturday Night Live? -What series does Jon Culshaw frequently impersonate the Fourth Doctor in? -What is the University of Chicago? +What does Spike Milligan hurl at a Dalek that invades his bathroom? +What has been lampooned on Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Family Guy, and South Park? +In what series does Jon Culshaw often impersonate the Fourth Doctor? +What type of university is the University of Chicago? When was the University of Chicago established? How many professional schools does the University of Chicago have? How many academic research divisions does the University of Chicago have? -How many students are enrolled in the University of Chicago's College? +How many students are enrolled in The College at the University of Chicago? What have University of Chicago scholars played a major role in the development of? Who helped develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction? -Where did Chicago's physics department develop the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction? +Where was the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction developed? What is the largest university press in the United States? -When is the Barack Obama Presidential Center expected to be completed? +What is the estimated completion date of the Barack Obama Presidential Center? Who founded the University of Chicago? Who was the wealthiest man in history when the University of Chicago was founded? Who was the first president of the University of Chicago? -When did William Rainey Harper become the first president of the University of Chicago? +In what year did William Rainey Harper become president of the University of Chicago? When were the first classes held at the University of Chicago? Who donated land to the University of Chicago? Who provided the funds for the first building at the University of Chicago? What was the name of the first building at the University of Chicago? How much did Marshall Field pledge to the University of Chicago? Who was the trustee, treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons? -What did the University of Chicago affiliated with in the 1890s? -When did the University of Chicago affiliate with Shimer College? -What did the University of Chicago agree to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school? +Who did the University of Chicago affiliate with in the 1890s? +In what year did the University of Chicago affiliate with Shimer College? +What did Shimer College have to do in order to receive a degree from the University of Chicago? What happened to the Shimer College program by 1910? -When did Shimer College pass into history? +When did the Shimer College program pass into history? Who was the fifth president of the University of Chicago? -What is the name of the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum? -Why did Hutchins eliminate varsity football? -How long did Robert Maynard Hutchins serve as president? -When did Robert Maynard Hutchins take office? -When did student applications decline in Hyde Park? +What is the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum known as? +Why did Hutchins eliminate varsity football from the University of Chicago? +How long did Robert Maynard Hutchins serve as president of the University of Chicago? +When did Robert Maynard Hutchins become president of the University of Chicago? +In what decade did student applications decline at the University of Chicago? Why did student applications decline in the early 1950s? -When did Shimer students transfer automatically to the University of Chicago? +When did students enrolled at Shimer College transfer automatically to the University of Chicago? In what neighborhood did the University of Chicago become a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project? What did the early entrant program do? -In what year did the student unrest begin? -What did students occupy President George Beadle's office in 1962? -When was the Kalven Report issued? +In what year did students occupy President George Beadle's office? +What did students occupy President Beadle's office in 1962? +In what year did the Kalven Report come out? How long was the Kalven Report? -What did the Kalven Report cover? +What was the Kalven Report a statement of the university's policy in? When did the University of Chicago begin a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects? -What did the University of Chicago announce in 2008? +What institute did the University of Chicago announce plans to establish in 2008? How much will the Milton Friedman Institute cost? -Where will the Milton Friedman Institute be located? +The Milton Friedman Institute will occupy the buildings of what seminary? Who donated $300 million to the Booth School of Business? What are the first buildings of the University of Chicago campus now known as? How many quadrangles are in the Main Quadrangles? @@ -7996,15 +7996,15 @@ Who designed the Main Quadrangles? What is Mitchell Tower modeled after? What is Hutchinson Hall modeled after? When did the Gothic style on campus begin to give way to modern styles? -Who was contracted to develop a second master plan in 1955? -What school was the building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for? -What is the name of the building designed by Edward Durrell Stone? +Who designed the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle? +What school was the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe building designed for? +What school is the building designed by Edward Durrell Stone to become the home of? When was the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center built? Where does the Booth School of Business have campuses? On what river is the Center in Paris located? -When did the University of Chicago open a center in Beijing? -What university is near the University of Chicago's center in Beijing? -When did the University of Chicago open a center in Hong Kong? +In what year did the University of Chicago open a center in Beijing? +What university is the University of Chicago's center in Beijing near? +When did the University of Chicago's center in Hong Kong open? Who governs the University of Chicago? How many members are on the Board of Trustees? How many Vice Presidents are there at the University of Chicago? @@ -8014,127 +8014,127 @@ Who is the University of Chicago accredited by? How many divisions of graduate research does the University of Chicago have? How many professional schools does the University of Chicago have? How many academic majors does the College of the University of Chicago offer? -How many minors are offered at the College of the University of Chicago? -How many divisions are the college's academics divided into? -What division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies? -What is the core curriculum of the University of Chicago known as? -How many students were in the Core classes at the University of Chicago in 2012-2013? -What type of learning experience does the University of Chicago offer? -Who said that the University of Chicago offers the most rigorous and intense learning experience? -What is the name of the private day school for K-12 students? +How many minors does the College of the University of Chicago offer? +How many divisions are there in the College of the University of Chicago? +What division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions? +What is the core curriculum of the University of Chicago called? +How many students were in the Core classes at Chicago in 2012-2013? +What type of learning experience does the University of Chicago claim to provide? +Who said that the University of Chicago provides the most rigorous, intense learning experience? +What is a private day school for K-12 students and day care? What is the name of the residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems? How many public charter schools does the University of Chicago operate? -How many public schools does the University of Chicago operate on the South Side of Chicago? -Where does the Hyde Park Day School operate? +How many public charter schools does the University of Chicago operate? +Where is the Hyde Park Day School located? How many libraries does the University of Chicago Library system have? -How many volumes are in the University of Chicago Library system? -What is the main library of the University of Chicago? +How many volumes does the University of Chicago Library system contain? +What is the name of the main library at the University of Chicago? When was the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library built? How many volumes does the John Crerar Library contain? How many research institutes does the University of Chicago operate? How many research centers does the University of Chicago have on campus? -What is the name of the museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the University of Chicago? -What is the name of the nearby particle physics laboratory? -Where is Apache Point Observatory located? -What has the University of Chicago played an important role in? -What is the name of the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction? +What is a museum and research center for Near Eastern studies owned and operated by the university? +What is the name of the nearby particle physics laboratory that Chicago has a joint stake in? +Where is the Apache Point Observatory located? +What has the University of Chicago played an important role in economics? +What was the name of the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction? What was the name of the chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early Earth? When was REM sleep discovered? -When did the University of Chicago start offering a doctorate in music composition? -When did the UChicago Arts program begin offering Cinema & Media studies? -When did the UChicago Arts program begin offering Cinema & Media studies? -When did the UChicago Arts program begin? +Since what year has the University of Chicago offered a doctorate in music composition? +In what year did the University of Chicago offer a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track? +When was Cinema & Media studies added to the UChicago Arts program? +When was theater & performance studies added to the UChicago Arts program? How many undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes? -How many students did the University of Chicago enroll in the fall quarter of 2014? +How many students did the University of Chicago enroll in the fall of 2014? How many graduate students did the University of Chicago enroll in the fall quarter of 2014? -How many students did the University of Chicago enroll in its professional schools in 2014? -How many students attended the University of Chicago in the fall quarter of 2014? -In the 2012 Spring Quarter, what made up almost 19% of the overall study body? -What does UAA stand for? -Where do the Chicago Maroons compete? -What conference was the University of Chicago a founding member? +How many students were in the professional schools of the University of Chicago in the fall quarter of 2014? +How many students enrolled in the fall quarter of 2014? +In the 2012 Spring Quarter, who made up almost 19% of the overall study body? +What is the UAA? +What division do the Maroons compete in? +What conference was the University of Chicago a founding member of? Who was the first winner of the Heisman Trophy? -Why did the University of Chicago withdraw from the Big Ten Conference in 1946? +Who was the president of the University of Chicago in 1939? How many Recognized Student Organizations do students at the University of Chicago run? What are RSOs? -What University of Chicago football team has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships? -What is the longest running student film society at the University of Chicago? -What is the name of the University of Chicago improvisational theater troupe? -Who makes up the University of Chicago Student Government? -Who leads the University of Chicago Student Government? -How many Vice Presidents are on the Executive Committee? +What is one of the most notable extracurricular groups at the University of Chicago? +What is the nation's longest continuously running student film society? +What is the name of the nation's second oldest continuously running improvisational theater troupe? +Who is the Student Government made up of? +Who leads the Student Government at the University of Chicago? +How many Vice Presidents are on the Executive Committee of the University of Chicago Student Government? What is the annual budget of the University of Chicago Student Government? -How many fraternities are at the University of Chicago? +How many fraternities and sororities are at the University of Chicago? How many sororities are at the University of Chicago? What is the name of the co-ed community service fraternity at the University of Chicago? What is the name of the co-ed community service fraternity at the University of Chicago? -How many of the fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council? -When does the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt take place? +How many fraternities form the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council? +In what month does the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt take place? When did the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt begin? -What does FOTA stand for? +What is the name of the art festival held at the University of Chicago? What is the name of the winter festival held at the University of Chicago? What is the name of the summer carnival and concert held at the University of Chicago? -Who is the Microsoft CEO? +Who is the current Microsoft CEO? Who is the third richest man in America? Who is the third richest man in America? -Who was the former Governor of New Jersey? -Who wrote the first management accounting textbook? +What former Governor of New Jersey is an alumnus of Princeton University? +Who was the author of the first management accounting textbook? Who was the founder of modern community organizing? Who was the top political advisor to President Bill Clinton? -Who was the Attorney General and federal judge who graduated from the University of Washington? +Who was a former Attorney General and federal judge? Who was the Governor of the Bank of Japan? -Who was a Prohibition agent? -Who wrote The Closing of the American Mind? -Who is a notable alumni of the University of Kansas? +What Prohibition agent is an alumnus of Yale? +Who wrote "The Closing of the American Mind"? +Who is a notable alumni of Stanford University? Who is the author of Before I Fall? Who wrote 'The Good War'? -Who is a Pulitzer Prize winning novelist? +What Pulitzer Prize winning novelist graduated from Stanford University? Who is a minimalist composer? -Who is the developer of the Halo video game series? -What video game series did Bungie develop? -Who is the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism winning film critic and subject of Life Itself? -Along with Philip Kaufman and Carl Van Vechten, who is a film director and screenwriter? +Who is the Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series? +What video game series did Bungie founder Alex Seropian develop? +What actor graduated from the University of Washington? +What comedian graduated from the University of Chicago? Who is a notable astronomer? -Who was the NASA astronaut who graduated from the University of Washington? +Who was a NASA astronaut? Who is a popular environmentalist? Who was the lithium-ion battery developer? -Who developed the uranium-lead dating method? +Who developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead- lead dating? Who was a major advisor to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher? Who was a Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory? Who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences? Who is known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour? -Who are the two anthropologists who discovered the fossil of Lucy? +Who are two notable anthropologists who graduated from Yale? Who is a notable chess grandmaster? Who was the White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council? -Who is the speed of light calculator professor? +Who was the speed of light calculator's professor? Who discovered the Compton Effect? -Who was the creator of the first nuclear reactor? +Who was the father of the hydrogen bomb? Who was the father of the hydrogen bomb? Who was the second female Nobel laureate? -Who is a notable Egyptologist? -Who is a notable mathematician who has been a faculty member of the University of Washington? -Who is a notable meteorologist? +Who is one of the past faculty members of the University of Chicago? +What mathematician has been a faculty member at the University of Washington? +What meteorologist has been a faculty member at the University of Washington? Who was the Nobel Prize winner of the actinide concept? -Who are two of the cancer researchers that have studied at the University of Washington? +What are the names of the two cancer researchers that have studied at the University of Washington? Who is the current governor of India's central bank? -What company is Hank Paulson the former CEO of? -Who is a Shakespeare scholar? -What are the names of the two political scientists on the faculty? -Who are the two paleontologists on the faculty? +What company did Hank Paulson work for? +Who is a notable Shakespeare scholar? +Which two political scientists are members of the faculty of the Brookings Institution? +What are the names of the current faculty members at the University of Washington? What is the pinyin for the Yuan dynasty? What was the official name of the Yuan dynasty? Who established the Yuan dynasty? Who established the Yuan dynasty? When did Kublai Khan officially proclaim the Yuan dynasty? -The Yuan dynasty is considered to be a successor to what empire? +The Yuan dynasty is considered to be a successor to what dynasty? What dynasty preceded the Yuan dynasty? What dynasty preceded the Yuan dynasty? Who was Kublai Khan's grandfather? -When did Kublai Khan impose the name Great Yuan? -Where is the sentence "大哉乾元" from? +When did Kublai Khan establish the Yuan dynasty? +In what section of the I Ching is the phrase "Dà Yuán" from? What is the counterpart of the name Great Yuan in Mongolian? -What does Yeke Mongghul Ulus mean? -What was the nominal title of the emperors of the Yuan? +What does Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus mean? +What was the nominal title of the Yuan emperors? Who did Genghis Khan unite? When did Genghis Khan become Great Khan? Who was Genghis' third son? @@ -8142,140 +8142,140 @@ When did Möngke Khan become Great Khan? Who did Ögedei offer a position to? Who did many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against? Who commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army? -Who were the two Han Chinese leaders who defected to the Mongols? +Who were the two Han Chinese leaders that defected to the Mongols? How many troops did each Tumen have? -How many Tumens did the Mongols have? -What was Shi Tianze's ethnicity? +How many Khitan Tumens did Shi Tianze, Liu Heima, and Xiao Zhala command? +Who was Shi Tianze's wife? In what dynasty did Shi Tianze live? What type of marriage became common in the Jin dynasty? Who was Shi Tianze's father? -What dynasty did Chagaan and Zhang Rou jointly attack? -Who commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty? -Where did Möngke Khan begin a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty? +Chagaan and Zhang Rou jointly launched an attack on what dynasty? +Who commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China? +Where did Mongke Khan begin a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty? When did Kublai die? Who was Kublai's brother? -What was the Chinese era name of Kublai? -Who was Kaidu's grandson? -Where did the Song dynasty remain an obstacle to Kublai Khan? -Who did Kublai install as the ruler of Korea? -Where did Kublai secure the border in 1259? +What was Kublai's Chinese era name? +Who was Kaidu's grandfather? +In what direction was the Song dynasty an obstacle to Kublai Khan? +Who was the ruler of Korea in 1259? +In what direction did Kublai secure the border of Korea? When did Li Tan instigate a revolt against Mongol rule? What was Kublai's government a compromise between? What did Kublai leave unchanged? What was the lowest rank in the Yuan society? How many classes did Kublai divide Yuan society into? -What were the traditional monopolies on? -Where was the Mongol capital? -Where did Kublai move the capital from Karakorum to? +What traditional monopolies did Kublai maintain? +Where was the capital of Mongolia before it was moved to Khanbaliq? +Where did Kublai move the capital of Mongolia to? When did Kublai move the capital from Karakorum to Khanbaliq? What was the former Jurchen capital? What rituals did Kublai follow? -What type of growth did Kublai Khan promote? +What types of growth did Kublai Khan promote? What is Pax Mongolica? -Where did Kublai expand the Grand Canal? +Where did Kublai expand the Grand Canal from? Where did Kublai expand the Grand Canal? Who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China? Who did Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou flee south with? When was the Jin dynasty established? When did the Jin dynasty end? -Who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng? +Who was Duke Yansheng's brother? How many descendants of Confucius live in Quzhou? Where did Kublai strengthen his government? When did Kublai siege Xiangyang? What river did Kublai want to capture? What was the capital of the Song dynasty? -What happened to the last Song emperor? +How did the last Song emperor die? When did Kublai's government face financial difficulties? Why did Kublai's second invasion of Japan fail? Where did the Tran dynasty rule? -At what battle did the Tran dynasty defeat the Mongols? +What was the name of the battle in which the Tran dynasty defeated the Mongols? When was the Battle of Bạch Đằng? -When did the Duan dynasty conquer Dali? -Who did Kublai name as the Crown Prince? +When was the conquest of Dali? +Who did Kublai originally name as the Crown Prince? When did Zhenjin die? What was Temür Khan's title? -When did Temür Khan rule? +During what years did Temür Khan rule? Who was the fourth Yuan emperor? What did Buyantu Khan do? Who mentored Buyantu Khan? -What did Buyantu Khan liquidate? -When were the traditional imperial examinations reintroduced for prospective officials? +What department did Buyantu Khan liquidate? +In what year were traditional imperial examinations reintroduced for prospective officials? Who was Ayurbarwada's son and successor? -When did Emperor Gegeen Khan rule? +During what years did Emperor Gegeen Khan rule? Who was Gegeen Khan's new grand chancellor? What does Da Yuan Tong Zhi mean? -How many princes were involved in the coup? +How many princes were involved in the coup that killed Gegeen? Where did Yesün Temür die? -What was the civil war against Ragibagh known as? +What was the civil war against Ragibagh called? How long did Kusala die? -Who purged pro-Kusala officials? +Who was the Qipchaq commander who recalled Tugh Temür? Who won the civil war against Ragibagh? What is Tugh Temür known for? What was Tugh Temür's most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning? When was the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature established? -What was the name of the vast institutional compendium created by the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature? +What was the name of the compendium that the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature compiled? What did Tugh Temür do? When did Tugh Temür die? What was Rinchinbal's title? -How old was Tugh Temür? +How old was Toghun Temür when he succeeded Tugh Temür? How many successors of Kublai Khan did Toghun Temür have? -What dynasties did Toghun Temür finish in 1345? +What dynasties did Toghtogha finish in 1345? What were the final years of the Yuan dynasty marked by? -Why did Kublai Khan's successors lose influence? +Why did Kublai Khan's successors lose all influence on other Mongol lands? Who were the later Yuan emperors separated from? What happened to China during the Yuan dynasty? -What did the later Yuan emperors lack in? +What did the later Yuan emperors not want to do? When did people in the countryside suffer from frequent natural disasters? -What was the name of the uprising that started in 1351? -Why did Toghtogha dismiss himself? -Who did Toghtogha lead a large army to crush? +What uprising started in 1351? +Why did Toghun Temür dismiss Toghtogha? +Who did Toghtogha crush in 1354? When was the Míng dynasty? What promoted trade between East and West? What produced a fair amount of cultural exchange? -What was the name of the ally of the Yuan dynasty in Persia? -What Eastern crops were introduced during the Yuan dynasty? +What was the name of the ally of the Yuan dynasty? +What Eastern crops were introduced or successfully popularized during the Yuan dynasty? What type of musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts? -What religions enjoyed toleration during this period? +What religions enjoyed a period of toleration? What religion was persecuted by the Yuan government? -What type of governmental practices were reinstated by the Yuan court? -In what fields were advances realized? +What type of governmental practices and examinations were reinstated by the Yuan court? +What advances were realized in the fields of what? Who was the most famous traveler of the period? -Where was the capital of the Great Khan? +What was the capital of the Great Khan? What is Il milione also known as in English? What is the name of Marco Polo's account of his travels? How did Marco Polo acquire much of his knowledge? Who helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar? -How much off the modern Gregorian calendar was the lunisolar calendar? -What did the Yuan do to prevent famines? +How much off was the lunisolar calendar compared to the modern Gregorian calendar? +What did the Yuan do to provide against possible famines? What city became the terminus of the Grand Canal? What major food crop was introduced to China by the West? Who ruled all of China during the Yuan dynasty? What do Mongols worship? -The Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between what dynasty? +What dynasty is considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Ming dynasty and the Yuan dynasty? Which dynasty overthrew the Yuan dynasty? -What do Chinese people consider the Yuan dynasty to be? +What do some Chinese people consider the Yuan dynasty to be? What cultures did Kublai Khan's bureaucracy reflect? -Where did the Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy come from? -Who were the Chinese advisers to Kublai Khan? +Where did the Chinese-style elements of the Yuan bureaucracy come from? +Who were two Chinese advisers to Kublai's court? What type of division of authority did the Yuan government adopt? -What did Kublai Khan's government divide authority among? +What were the three divisions of authority in the Yuan government? Where did the real military authority in Yuan times reside? -When were the Six Ministries introduced? +How long ago were the Six Ministries introduced? Who had separate courts of justice? -What was the insignificance of in the Yuan government compared with native Chinese dynasties? +What was the insignificance of in Yuan times compared with native Chinese dynasties? When was the Phags-pa script invented? What languages did the Phags-pa script spell? -How did the Mongol Emperors speak Chinese? -Who wrote poetry, painted, read Chinese classical texts, and ordered the compilation of books? +How did most of the Emperors speak Chinese? +Who wrote poetry, painted, and ordered the compilation of books? What was Tugh Temur's title? -By what year were the Mongols selling their children into slavery? -When did Kublai forbade the sale of Mongols abroad? -What was the main source of income for the average Mongol garrison family? -What were some of the most important arts of the Yuan era? -What three areas of art were combined in the Yuan dynasty? +By what year were commoners selling their children into slavery? +In what year did Kublai forbade the sale of Mongols abroad? +What was eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for tours of duty? +What were some of the major arts of the Yuan era? +What three arts came together in the Yuan dynasty? What dynasty is linked to the Yuan dynasty? What form of poetry was used by most of the famous Yuan poets? -What variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and newer? +What variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and newer into? What type of khanates did the Yuan dynasty not convert to Islam? What religion did Kublai Khan favor? What was the de facto state religion of the Yuan dynasty? @@ -8283,636 +8283,636 @@ What was the top-level department and government agency known as? What sect of Tibetan Buddhism did Kublai Khan favor? When was Zhu Shijie born? When did Zhu Shijie die? -What is the rectangular array of coefficients Zhu Shijie used? -What were advances made by mathematicians during the Yuan era? +What is Zhu Shijie's rectangular array of coefficients equivalent to? +What type of algebra was made by mathematicians during the Yuan era? When was the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns written? What did Guo Shoujing do? What did Gou derive for his astronomical calculations? -What was the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty? -What is the Shoushi Li also known as? -When was the Shoushi Li calendar disseminated? -What were otachi and traditional Mongol shamans? +What was the name of Gou Shoujing's calendar? +What is another name for the Shoushi Li? +When was the Calendar for Fixing the Seasons disseminated? +Who were otachi and traditional Mongol shamans? What did otachi doctors use? What type of medicine did Mongol shamans use? -What did Kublai create? +What was created to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors? Why were Confucian scholars attracted to the medical profession? -How many great schools did the Yuan have? +How many schools did the Yuan inherit from the Jin dynasty? How did the Yuan acquire the "Four Great Schools"? -How did the practice of Chinese medicine spread to the west? -What Chinese medical techniques were transmitted to the Middle East and the rest of the empire? +How did the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire? +What Chinese medical techniques were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire? When did Wei Yilin die? -What was huihui? +What was another name for Western medicine in China? Who founded the Office of Western Medicine? When was the Office of Western Medicine founded? Why did Chinese physicians oppose Western medicine? -What philosophy did Chinese physicians oppose? +What philosophy did Chinese physicians oppose Western medicine because it contradicted? How was Chinese printing technology transferred to the Mongols? Who wrote Nong Shu? -When was movable type invented? +When was earthenware movable type invented? Who was the name of Ögedei's wife? -When did the Mongols create the Imperial Library Directorate? -What was the paper money of the Yuan? +In what year did the Mongols create the Imperial Library Directorate? +What was the name of the paper money of the Yuan? What was the chao made from? -When did the Yuan change to bronze plates to print paper money? +When did the Yuan switch to bronze plates to print paper money? What did the Yuan government use to print paper money? When did the Il-khanate government issue paper money? -What type of system did Kublai Khan compromise between? -What system did Kublai Khan compromise between? -What were the Semuren? +What did Kublai Khan compromise on? +What did Kublai Khan compromise on? +Who were the Semuren? What color did the Yuan regime have? Where did Persians reach the highest post in the government? Who did the Mongols import to serve as administrators in China? Who did the Mongols send to serve as administrators in Bukhara? Where were the Han Chinese moved to? -What did the Han Chinese work as? +What did the Han Chinese work as in Central Asia? Who was the Governor of Samarqand? -What were some of the policies of the Yuan Emperors against Muslims? -What type of butchering did the Yuan Emperors ban for Jews? +What did the Yuan Emperors do to Muslims? +What was the practice of Jews being forced to eat food the Mongol way? Who was the founder of the Ming dynasty? -What did the surname Lan Yu mean? +What did some Muslim communities have a Chinese surname that could mean? Who revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion? Who wrote that the term "social classes" for this system was misleading? What did Mote say the four-class system entailed? -What were the social classes of the Chinese? -Why were the Mongol and Semu less rich than the Chinese? +What type of Chinese were there? +What were the conditions of the Mongol and Semu? What class of Chinese were ranked higher? -Which Chinese class was ranked lower? +What class of Chinese were ranked lower because they fought to the last before caving in? Why were the Northern Chinese ranked higher and the Southern Chinese ranked lower? -What was the reason for the order of the classes? +What was the reason for the order of classes? Who did major commerce during this era give favorable conditions for? Who surrendered to the Mongols first? -Who did Kublai Khan say the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than? -Who objected when the Mongols placed the Uighurs over the Koreans at the court? -Why did the Uighurs surrender to the Mongols? +Who was the Uighur King of Qocho ranked higher than? +Who objected when the Mongols placed the Uighurs of the Kingdom of Qocho over the Koreans? +What did Kublai Khan say about the Uighurs? What was considered the most important region of the dynasty? Who governed the Central Region? Where was the Central Secretariat located? -Where is Khanbaliq? +In what modern city is Khanbaliq located? What is another name for the Central Secretariat? Where is Kenya located? -What is the EAC? +What organization is Kenya a founding member? What is the capital of Kenya? What country borders Kenya to the south? What was the population of Kenya in July 2014? What type of climate does Kenya have? What is the climate like in the savannah grasslands around Nairobi? What mountain in Kenya has snow permanently on its peaks? -Along with Kenya, what countries border the north-eastern regions of Kenya? +What countries border Kenya on the north-eastern regions? What is Kenya known for? -When did humans first inhabit the African Great Lakes? -When did the Bantu expansion reach the African Great Lakes? -What populations make up around 97% of the population of Kenya? +When did humans first inhabit the African Great Lakes region? +When did the Bantu expansion reach the area? +What populations make up 97% of the population of Kenya? When did European exploration of the interior of Kenya begin? When did Kenya obtain independence? What is the Republic of Kenya named after? -What are the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words that mean "God's resting place"? -What does the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa mean? -What did Ludwig Krapf record the name as? -What is the correct African pronunciation of the word Kenya? -Who drew the 1882 map that indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia? -When did the name Mt. Kenya become widely accepted? -What are the game animals of Africa? +What Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words mean "God's resting place"? +What does Kiinyaa mean in all three languages? +What did Ludwig Krapf record the name of Kenya as? +What did some people say was the name of the mountain? +Who drew an 1882 map that indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia? +When was Mt. Kenia named? +What is the name of the game animals of Africa? What are the "Big Five" game animals of Africa? -Where are the "Big Five" game animals found? +Where can the "Big Five" game animals be found in Kenya? When does the annual animal migration occur? -How far do the wildebeest migrate? -How long ago did primates live in Kenya? -When did Homo erectus and Homo habilis live in Kenya? +How far do the wildebeest migrate from the Serengeti to the Masai Mara? +How long ago did primates roam the area of Kenya? +When did Homo habilis and Homo erectus live in Kenya? Who discovered the Turkana Boy? How old was the Turkana Boy? Who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at Olorgesailie and Hyrax Hill? Who built Mombasa into a major port city? -What city did the Swahili build? +What city did the Swahili build into a major port city? Who claimed that Mombasa is a place of great traffic? -Where has Malindi played host to many merchants and explorers? +What coast has played host to many merchants and explorers throughout the centuries? What is one of the cities that line the Kenyan coast? When did Malindi become an important Swahili settlement? When did World War I begin? -Who agreed to a truce? +Who agreed to a truce at the start of World War I? Who took command of the German military forces? -How did von Lettow-Vorbeck conduct his campaign? +How did von Lettow-Vorbeck conduct his guerrilla warfare campaign? Where did von Lettow-Vorbeck surrender? -Where did the Kikuyu live? -How did the Kikuyu live? +Where were over a million members of the Kikuyu people living? +How did the Kikuyu people live? What did the settlers do to protect their interests? How many white settlers lived in Kenya in the 1950s? When was Warũhiũ Itote captured? -What did the capture of Warũhiũ Itote do? +What did the capture of Warũhiũ Itote do for the Mau Mau? When did Operation Anvil open? -How many Mau Mau were killed by the Home Guard? -What did the Swynnerton Plan do? +How many Mau Mau were killed by the end of Operation Anvil? +What was the Swynnerton Plan? When did the first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council take place? -Who formed the government of Kenya? -When did the Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya end? -When did the Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya end? -What was the name given to Kenya when it became a republic? +Who formed a government in 1957? +When did the Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya come to an end? +In what year did Kenya become an independent country? +What was the name of Kenya after it became a republic? What was the mlolongo system? What did the mlolongo system lead to? Who won re-election in 1992 and 1997? -What type of government is Kenya? -What are the roles of the president in Kenya? +What type of republic is Kenya? +What is the title of the President of Kenya? How is executive power exercised in Kenya? Who has legislative power in Kenya? -Who is independent of the executive and the legislature? +Who is independent of the executive and legislature in Kenya? Where does Kenya rank on Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index? What does the CPI attempt to do? Where did Kenya rank in the CPI in 2012? -What did the Kenyan government do to curb corruption? +What is one of the recent developments from the Kenyan government in regards to curbing corruption? What party did Kibaki belong to? -What opposition party did Kibaki run against? -What happened to Kibaki as the ECK counted the votes? -Who declared himself the "people's president"? -What did the government and civil society do after the election riots? +What was the name of the main opposition party? +How did Kibaki overtake Odinga? +Who declared himself the "people's president" and called for a recount? +What did the government and civil society organisations start after the election riots? Who initiated community dialogues? What church started peace meetings in Kenya? -What was the name of the process that was started to avoid similar disasters in the future? +What was the name of the process that was started after the election riots? When did Kibaki and Odinga sign an agreement on the formation of a coalition government? -What position would Odinga hold? +What position did Odinga become in the Kenyan government? Who would the president appoint cabinet ministers from? How many cabinet ministers would Kibaki appoint? How long would the coalition hold? -What is the new office of the Prime Minister? +What is the new office of the PM? Who brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony? -Where was the signing of the power-sharing agreement beamed live on national TV? +Where was the signing ceremony live on national TV? When did representatives of PNU and ODM begin working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement? -What was the grand coalition? -What was the proposed change to the Kenyan constitution? +What did the grand coalition mean? +What was a constitutional change considered that would do? When was the new constitution promulgated? What did the new constitution do? When was the new constitution promulgated? What is the new constitution heralding? -When did Uhuru Kenyatta sign a Security Laws Amendment Bill? +When did Uhuru Kenyatta sign the Security Laws Amendment Bill? Why did supporters of the Security Laws Amendment Bill believe it was necessary? Who criticized the Security Laws Amendment Bill? -What did opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries criticize the security bill? +What did the Western countries argue about the security bill? Which Western countries issued a press statement cautioning about the law's potential impact? -What were the trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto? +What did Obama not visit Kenya during his mid-2013 African trip? Who was the first American president to visit Kenya while in office? -Where did Kenyatta visit in the summer of 2013? +What country did Kenyatta visit in the summer of 2013? When did Obama visit Kenya? Where are the armed forces regularly deployed? -What caused the Waki Commission? +What happened after the elections of December 2007? What have there been serious allegations of? What government institution has been tainted by corruption allegations? -Why has the corruption of the Kenyan armed forces been less in public view? -What happened in 2010? -What has been questioned? +Why has corruption been less in public view? +In 2010, what unprecedented revelations were made about the Kenyan armed forces? +What has been questioned about the procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers? What is Kenya's Human Development Index? What is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central Africa? -How much did 17.7% of Kenyans live on as of 2005? +How much did 17.7% of Kenyans live on in 2005? What is Kenya usually classified as? -What has boosted the service sector in East and Central Africa? +What has boosted the service sector of East and Central Africa's biggest economy? What is an important catalyst of economic growth? What is the smallest sector of the economy? -How much of the GDP comes from the unreliable agricultural sector? -How much of Kenya's GDP comes from tourism? +How much of the GDP does the service, industry and manufacturing sectors contribute? +What percentage of Kenya's GDP is derived from the services sector? What is Kenya's largest foreign exchange earning sector? What has the tourism sector exhibited in most years since independence? What are tourists attracted to in Kenya? What countries are the largest number of tourists to Kenya? -What percentage of Kenya's GDP is agriculture? +What percentage of Kenya's GDP was agriculture in 2005? What are the principal cash crops in Kenya? What is the second largest contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product? -Why is the production of major food staples such as corn subject to sharp fluctuations? -What is the name of the consortium that has helped farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties? -Why can pigeon peas be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall? +What is the main factor that affects the production of major food staples such as corn? +Who is the consortium led by that has helped farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties? +Why can pigeon pea be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall? How did ICRISAT encourage the commercialization of legumes? -How much did the ICRISAT's work help to increase local producer prices? +How did the ICRISAT's work help increase local producer prices? What is the commercialization of the pigeon pea doing? -Where are tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat grown? +Where are tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat grown in Kenya? What are grown in the fertile highlands? Where does livestock predominate in Kenya? What percentage of the population lives below the poverty line? What is the name of the initiative by the Red Cross? -What country is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region? -How much of Kenya's GDP is made up of manufacturing? +What is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region? +What percentage of Kenya's GDP is made up of manufacturing? What are the three largest urban centers in Kenya? What does Jua Kali do? What has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years? When did AGOA take effect? -Where does Kenya get most of its electricity? -What are the largest hydroelectric stations in Kenya? +Where does the largest share of Kenya's electricity supply come from? +What is the name of the two dams that supply the largest share of Kenya's electricity supply? When was the Kenya Electricity Generating Company established? -Where is Kenya's oil located? -How many barrels of oil does Tullow Oil estimate Kenya's oil reserves to be? -Who is still trying to determine if there are more oil reserves in Kenya? -What percentage of Kenya's import bill comes from petroleum? -How much did China invest in Kenya in 2012? +Where is Kenya's oil deposits located? +What is Tullow Oil's estimate of Kenya's oil reserves? +What is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves in Kenya? +What percentage of Kenya's import bill is petroleum? +How much did Liu Guangyuan say China invested in Kenya in 2013? What does China's investment in Kenya represent? -What did Kenyatta hope to gain from his 2013 trip to China? -What company shipped its first major consignment of minerals to China? +What did President Kenyatta hope to gain during his 2013 trip to Beijing? +Who shipped its first major consignment of minerals to China? What has China been causing in Kenya? -What is the name of the economic development program that Kenya unveiled in 2007? +What was the name of the economic development program the Kenyan government unveiled in 2007? What is Vision 2030? What did the Kenyan government launch in 2013? -Why did Kenya launch a National Climate Change Action Plan? -What did the Secretary of the Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 say at the launch of the National Climate Change Action Plan? -Where are most working children in Kenya? -What percentage of girls in the coastal areas of Malindi, Mombasa, Kilifi and Diani were subject to prostitution? +Why did the Kenyan government launch a National Climate Change Action Plan? +What did the Secretary of the Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 emphasise at the launch of the National Climate Change Action Plan? +Where are most working children in Kenya active? +How many girls in the coastal areas of Malindi, Mombasa, Kilifi and Diani were subject to prostitution? What are the ages of most prostitutes in Kenya? What are the causes of child labour in Kenya? -How do Kenya's various ethnic groups speak their mother tongues? +What do Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak? What are the two official languages of Kenya? Where is English widely spoken in Kenya? Where is British English primarily used in Kenya? -What religion are the majority of Kenyans? -What religion do most Kenyans consider themselves to be? -How many followers does the Presbyterian Church of East Africa have? +What is the most popular religion among Kenyans? +What religion do 47.7% of Kenyans consider themselves? +How many followers does the Presbyterian Church of East Africa have in Kenya? Where is the only Jewish synagogue in Kenya? -What percentage of Kenya's population is nonreligious? -What percentage of Kenya's Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region? +What percentage of the Kenyan population is nonreligious? +What percentage of the Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region? What is the religion of the western areas of the Coast Region? How many Hindus live in Kenya? -Who treat 80% of the population who visit dispensaries? +Who treats 80% of the population who visit dispensaries? Who are complicated cases referred to? -How many nurses were registered in Kenya in 2011? -How many doctors were there in Kenya in 2011? -What directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution? -How many Kenyans live below the poverty level? +How many qualified nurses were in Kenya in 2011? +How many doctors were in Kenya in 2011? +What directly correlates with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution? +What percentage of Kenyans live below the poverty level? What are the biggest burden, major child-killers, and responsible for much morbidity? -What are some of the main causes of morbidity in Kenya? -How many cases of malaria were there in Kenya in 2006? +What are some of the reasons for the increase in preventable diseases in Kenya? +How many cases of malaria did Kenya have in 2006? Who introduced Kenya's first system of education? When was Kenya's independence? -What was the name of the authority that was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty? -What was the Ominde Commission focused on? -What was adopted between 1964 and 1985? +What authority was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty? +What did the Ominde Commission focus on? +What system of education did Kenya adopt between 1964 and 1985? What was the Presidential Working Party on the Second University commissioned to do? What system did the Presidential Working Party on the Second University recommend? What system did the Presidential Working Party on the Second University recommend? -When did the last batch of students from the 7-4-2-3 system graduate? +When did the last batch of students from the 7-4-2-3 system graduate from Kenyan Universities? When was the current 8-4-4 system launched? What subjects did the 8-4-4 system put more emphasis on? Why did the 8-4-4 system put more emphasis on vocational subjects? When did the Government of Kenya announce the introduction of free primary education? -How much did primary school enrolment increase as a result of the introduction of free primary education? +How much did primary school enrolment increase after the introduction of free primary education? When does basic formal education start? -How long does primary school last? -What can primary school students do when they leave? +How many years does basic formal education last? +What can primary school students do to learn a trade? What are the options for high school graduates? What is the literacy level in Kenya? -What age range does Preschool target? -What is Preschool? +What is the age range for Preschool in Kenya? +What is Preschool an integral component of the education system? What does the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education determine? -What is the national examination at the end of Form Four called? +What is the name of the national examination at the end of Form Four? Who is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country? -What is the KNLS mandated to do? -What is a public library seen as? +What is KNLS mandated to do? +What is a public library seen as in Kenya? Why is a public library seen as a peoples university? What are some sports that Kenya is active in? What is Kenya known for? -Who continue to dominate the world of distance running? +Who continues to dominate the world of distance running? What countries have reduced the dominance of Kenyan distance running? -How many medals did Kenya win in the 2008 Olympics? +How many gold medals did Kenya win in the 2008 Olympics? What was Kenya's ranking in the 2008 Olympics? -What did Pamela Jelimo win? +What prize did Pamela Jelimo win? What has caused controversy in Kenyan athletics circles? -Why do most of the Kenyan athletes defect? +Why do most of the defections occur? What sport has Kenya been a dominant force in? What is the most popular team sport in Kenya? In what year did Kenya reach the semi-finals of the Cricket World Cup? Who is the current captain of the Kenya cricket team? When was the suspension by FIFA lifted? -What is the name of the toughest rally in the world? -What is the Safari Rally known for? +What is one of the toughest rallies in the world? +What is the Safari Rally commonly acknowledged as? Who are some of the best rally drivers in the world? How many meals do Kenyans generally have? -What are the two tea times in Kenya? +What are the names of the two hours of tea in between meals in Kenya? What is the typical Kenyan breakfast? -What is eaten by most of the population for lunch or supper? -Who is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change under the auspices? -Who established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? -What is the goal of the UNFCCC? +What is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch or supper? +Who runs the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? +What two United Nations organizations established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? +What does the UNFCCC aim to stabilize? What is the main international treaty on climate change? -What did the United Nations General Assembly endorse? -Who is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015? +What was the name of the resolution that endorsed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? +Who is the current chair of the IPCC? What nationality is Hoesung Lee? -Who was Hoesung Lee's vice-Chair? +Who was the IPCC's vice-Chair before Hoesung Lee? Who was the chair of the IPCC in 1988? When did Rajendra K. Pachauri resign? Who is the IPCC Panel composed of? How many government officials and climate change experts attended the 2003 meeting? Who attended the 2003 meeting? -How many of the attendees were from governmental organizations? +How much of the 2003 meeting's attendees were from governmental organizations? When was the IPCC Trust Fund established? Who established the IPCC Trust Fund? What does UNEP stand for? -What are the IPCC required to comply with? -What does WMO stand for? -Does the IPCC do any research? +What is the IPCC required to comply with? +What is the WMO? +What does the IPCC not do? What do the lead authors of IPCC reports assess? What is the "grey literature"? -What are some examples of non-peer-reviewed sources? -How many coordinating lead authors are there in a chapter? +What are examples of non-peer-reviewed sources? +How many "coordinating lead authors" are there in a chapter? How many lead authors are there in a chapter? How many "contributing authors" are in a chapter? Who is responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors? Who do the coordinating lead authors report to? -What do the WG I Summary for Policymakers report say emissions resulting from human activities are doing? -What does the WG I Summary for Policymakers report say emissions resulting from human activities result in on average? +What are emissions resulting from human activities doing to the greenhouse gases? +What does the WG I Summary for Policymakers report say emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases? How much of the enhanced greenhouse effect has CO2 been responsible for? -Under what scenario does the WG I Summary for Policymakers predict that global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century? +Under what scenario does the WG I Summary for Policymakers report predict that global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the 21st century? How much has the global mean surface air temperature increased over the last 100 years? -When did 16 national science academies issue a joint statement on climate change? +In what year did 16 national science academies issue a joint statement on climate change? Who issued a joint statement on climate change in 2001? -What journal was the joint statement published in? +In what journal was the joint statement on climate change published? What percentage of science academies support the TAR's conclusion that temperatures will continue to rise? How much is the average global surface temperature projected to increase by 2100? -Who is the author of the TAR? -What is one of Lindzen's criticisms of the WGI Summary for Policymakers? +Who has made a number of criticisms of the TAR? +Why did Lindzen criticize the WGI Summary for Policymakers? Who was a co-chair of TAR WGI? What was John Houghton's role in the TAR? What must any changes to the SPM be supported by? How does the preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follow? -In what year were the two IPCC Special Reports finalized? -In what year were the two IPCC Special Reports finalized? -Why were the Special Reports on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation and the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation published? +In what year were the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation and SREX finalized? +In what year were the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation and SREX finalized? +Who requested the Special Reports on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation? What other activities does the IPCC support? -What are factors used to derive emissions estimates? -What are default emission factors used to derive emissions estimates? -The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by whom? +What are factors used to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on? +What are default emission factors used to derive emissions estimates based on? +What two bodies do the IPCC focus on? What has the IPCC since acknowledged is incorrect? What did the IPCC express regret for? -Where did the IPCC get the date of 2035 from? -What is the name of the ICSI report that the WWF misquoted? +From what source was the date of 2035 correctly quoted by the IPCC? +What ICSI report did the WWF report use as its source? What position did Robert Watson hold? -What did Watson say the mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of? -What position did Martin Parry hold? +What did former IPCC chairman Robert Watson say the mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of? +What position did Martin Parry hold in the IPCC? What did Martin Parry say was a single unfortunate error over? -What did Parry say about the other alleged mistakes? -When was the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on? -Who wrote the paper that was used in the third assessment report? -What is the name given to the MBH99 graph? +What did the IPCC say about the other alleged mistakes? +In what year was the "hockey stick graph" paper published? +Who wrote the paper that led to the "hockey stick graph"? +What has the MBH99 graph been referred to as? Who supported the MBH99 finding? -When were these studies presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional? -Who argued against the graph? -Where did Fred Singer hold a press event in May 2000? +When were these studies presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures? +Who argued against the graph at a hearing in 2000? +Where did Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project hold a press event? When was the hearing on the hockey stick graph held? -Where did Karlén and Singer argue against the graph? -Who is the chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce? +At what hearing did Wibjörn Karlén and Singer argue against the graph? +Who was the chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce? Who was the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations? -When did Joe Barton write a joint letter with Ed Whitfield? -Who is the chairman of the House Science Committee? -Who is the chairman of the House Science Committee? -When was the third Assessment Report published? +When did Rep. Joe Barton write a joint letter with Ed Whitfield? +Who was the chairman of the House Science Committee? +Who was the chairman of the House Science Committee? +In what year was the Third Assessment Report published? When was the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report published? How many of the 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer? -What problem affects certain tree ring data? +What problem was discussed in the section of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report? How many reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer? When was a study published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report? -What did the 2007 study suggest? -What did the 2007 study show about the temperature and sea level change? -What did the 2007 study show about sea level rise? -What is a study on that suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC have actually understated them? -What are the projected sea levels in 2100? -What are the projected sea levels in 2100? -When was the Third Assessment Report published? +What did a study published on 1 February 2007 suggest? +What was the actual temperature rise over the six years studied? +What was the actual sea level rise compared to the IPCC projection? +What is an example of scientific research that suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers, have actually understated them? +What was the projected rise in sea levels in the IPCC's Third Assessment Report? +What is the projected rise in sea levels in 2100? +When was the IPCC's Third Assessment Report published? What was Michael Oppenheimer's role in the Fifth Assessment Report? -Who wrote State of the Planet 2008-2009? +In what magazine did Michael Oppenheimer concede some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach? What did Oppenheimer ask for? -What is the Ozone depletion global regulation based on? -What is the subject of the Kyoto Protocol? +What was the Ozone depletion global regulation based on? +The Kyoto Protocol failed on what issue? Who still follow different goals? Who compared the ozone depletion case to global warming? -What remain an unsolved problem? -What did the stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge focus on reducing? +What remains an unsolved problem in case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol? +What was the stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge based on successfully reducing? Who ordered the Stern Review? -Who does the IPCC rely on for its research? -What can't be included in the final report? -Which body is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science? +Who does the IPCC rely on for research? +What can't be included in an IPCC report between the deadline and the publication of the report? +Who is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science? How many climate scientists wrote in the journal Nature in 2010? -Where did the five climate scientists write in 2010? -What did the five scientists suggest? -What did the five scientists want to do to avoid political interference? +In what journal did the five climate scientists write in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report? +What was one of the options the scientists suggested for the IPCC? +What was one of the recommendations made by the five climate scientists? What is the main function of chloroplasts? What does chlorophyll capture from sunlight? What does chlorophyll capture from sunlight? -What is the process in which chloroplasts make organic molecules from carbon dioxide? +What is the process in which chloroplasts make organic molecules from carbon dioxide called? What is the number of chloroplasts per cell in algae? How do chloroplasts reproduce? -What are chloroplasts' behavior strongly influenced by? -What do chloroplasts do like mitochondria? +What influences chloroplasts behavior? +How do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria? What is the ancestor of chloroplasts? -How are chloroplasts made? +How can chloroplasts be made by a plant cell? Where are chloroplasts only found? What nationality is Konstantin Mereschkowski? -What is Konstantin Mereschkowski's profession? -When did Konstantin Mereschkowski first suggest the origin of chloroplasts? -Who observed that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria? -Who are the ancestors of chloroplasts? -What are cyanobacteria? -What does gram-negative mean? -What type of cell wall does Cyanobacteria have? +What was Konstantin Mereschkowski's profession? +In what year did Konstantin Mereschkowski first suggest the origin of chloroplasts? +Who observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria? +What are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts? +What type of bacteria are cyanobacteria? +What is a gram-negative bacteria? +What type of cell wall do cyanobacteria have? What are cyanobacteria sometimes called? What type of cell did a free-living cyanobacterium enter? When did a free-living cyanobacterium enter an early eukaryotic cell? -What surrounds all chloroplasts? +What are the membranes that surround all chloroplasts? What membrane from the host was probably lost? What happened to the cyanobacterium after it was assimilated? What does plastid mean? -How many lineages of chloroplasts are there? -What is the name of the lineage that contains the rhodophyte? -What lineage contains the land plants? -What is the one that contains the land plants? -What is Cyanophora? -What is one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast? +How many chloroplast lineages are there? +What is another name for the rhodophyte lineage? +Which chloroplast lineage contains the land plants? +Which chloroplast lineage contains land plants? +What is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages? +What type of organism is Cyanophora? What are muroplasts? -What icosahedral structure do glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme in? -What type of structure do glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have? -What do Rhodoplasts have? -What are phycobilin pigments organized into? -What pigment is responsible for giving red algae their distinctive red color? -Why is the red phycoerytherin pigment used in red algae? -What does floridean synthesize? -What do green chloroplasts lose? -Why are some Hæmatococcus pluvialis green? +What icosahedral structure do glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in? +What type of structure does a carboxysome have? +What do Rhodoplasts contain for photosynthetic pigments? +What are phycobilin pigments organized into on the thylakoid membranes? +What pigment is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color? +What does the red phycoerytherin pigment help red algae do? +What is floridean? +What do glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts lose? +Why are some green chloroplasts not green? What have chloroplastidan chloroplasts lost between their double membrane? -What do some plants use the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer? -What do green chloroplasts contain? -What kind of membrane do primary chloroplasts have? +Some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer, though they've been repurposed for use in what? +What do green chloroplasts contain instead of phycobilisomes? +How many membranes do primary chloroplasts have? What do secondary chloroplasts have? -Why do secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two? -Along with the two cyanobacterial membranes, what other membranes are present in a chloroplast? -What did the engulfed alga lose? -What do euglenophytes contain? +What is a secondary endosymbiotic event? +Along with the two cyanobacterial membranes, what other membranes do secondary chloroplasts have? +What was the engulfed alga broken down into? +What do Euglenophytes contain? What type of protists are Euglenophytes? -How are the pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in euglenophyte chloroplasts? +How are thylakoids stacked in euglenophyte chloroplasts? What is stored in the form of paramylon? -What was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes? -What are cryptophytes? +What is thought to have been lost in Euglenophytes? +What are cryptophytes called? What do cryptophytes contain? What do cryptophyte chloroplasts contain that superficially resembles that of chlorarachniophytes? -Where is ordinary starch stored? +How is starch stored in cryptophytes? How many stacks of pyrenoid and thylakoids are in a cryptophyte chloroplasts? -Apicomplexans are parasitic and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast like what? +Apicomplexans are parasitic, and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast like what? Apicomplexans are another group of what? What is Plasmodium? -What do apicomplexans keep? +What do many apicomplexans keep? How do apicomplexans store their energy? What do apicoplasts synthesize? What is an attractive target for drugs to cure? What is the most important apicoplast function? What do apicoplasts lack? -How many membranes do apicoplasts have? +How many membranes are in apicoplasts? What pigment is not found in any other group of chloroplasts? What is the most common dinophyte chloroplast? -What type of thylakoids do the peridinin-type chloroplast have? +What type of thylakoids do peridinin-type chloroplasts have? What has the peridinin chloroplast lost? -Which lineages lost their original red algal derived chloroplast? -Which lineages lost their original red algal derived chloroplast? +What lineages lost their original red algal derived chloroplast and replaced it with a new one derived from a haptophyte? +What lineages lost their original red algal derived chloroplast and replaced it with a new one derived from a haptophyte? How many membranes does the haptophyte chloroplast have? What would tertiary endosymbiosis create? -Where does the phycobilin-containing chloroplast come from? +Members of the genus Dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from what? What has the chloroplast been stripped of? -What do members of the genus Dinophysis have? -What does the chloroplast of a cryptophyte leave? +What do members of the genus Dinophysis have taken from a cryptophyte? +What is the chloroplast left with after the nucleomorph and outermost two membranes have been removed? What is another term for a diatom? What do Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have? -How many membranes are in a diatom's chloroplast? -What do you count the entire diatom endosymbiont? -Where does the diatom endosymbiont store its starch? -Where have all the nucleomorph genes been transferred to? +How many membranes are in a diatom endosymbiont? +What do you count as the chloroplast? +Where is starch found in a diatom? +Where have the nucleomorph genes been transferred to? What is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage? What did Lepidodinium viride lose? What did Lepidodinium viride replace their original peridinin chloroplast with? What did Lepidodinium viride replace their original peridinin chloroplast with? -Where do most chloroplasts originate from? -Why is Paulinella chromatophora an exception? +Most chloroplasts originate from what? +What did Paulinella chromatophora do? How many base pairs long is chromatophore DNA? -How many protein encoding genes does chromatophore DNA contain? -How many base pairs does Synechococcus genome have? +How many protein encoding genes does the chromatophore DNA contain? +How many base pairs is the Synechococcus genome? What is the abbreviation for the DNA of chloroplasts? -What is another name for the DNA of chloroplasts? +What is another name for cpDNA? When was the existence of the plastome first proved? When was the DNA of liverwort and tobacco sequenced? Who sequenced the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco? What are highly conserved among land plants? -What do some chloroplast DNAs have since lost or flipped the inverted repeats? -What do the inverted repeats help do? -How have scientists tried to observe chloroplast replication? +Some chloroplast DNAs have lost or flipped the inverted repeats, making them what? +What is it possible that the inverted repeats help do? +How have scientists attempted to observe chloroplast replication? How many main models have been proposed for the replication of chloroplast DNA? -What form does the D-loop adopt as it moves through circular DNA? -What is theta intermediary form also known as? +What form does the D-loop adopt as it moves through the circular DNA? +What is another name for theta intermediary form? How does the Cairns replication intermediate complete replication? -What type of gradients are found in cpDNA? +What type of deamination gradients are found in cpDNA? When does DNA become susceptible to deamination events? -What type of structure is most cpDNA? +What is the second theory that suggests most cpDNA is actually? How does a second theory suggest that most cpDNA replicates? Where is the majority of genetic material kept in cpDNA? -What is another competing model for cpDNA replication similar to? -What type of cpDNA does maize have? -What type of DNA is most cpDNA? -How does most cpDNA replicates? +What bacteriophage has homologous recombination and replication structures similar to most cpDNA? +What type of cpDNA does one of the competing model for cpDNA replication believe most cpDNA is? +What type of DNA does the predominant theory hold that most cpDNA is? +How does most cpDNA most likely replicates? What is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages? -What do the genes it donated to the former host's nucleus provide evidence for? +What does the genes it donated to the former host's nucleus provide evidence for? What do diatoms now have? -What type of chloroplast did the diatom ancestor have? +What did the diatom ancestor have at some point? What did most chloroplast genes become? -How much of the protein products of transferred genes aren't targeted back to the chloroplast? +How many of the protein products of transferred genes aren't targeted back to the chloroplast? What new functions did exaptations take on? -Where do secondary plastids have to cross to reach the chloroplast? +To reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross what? +Where is a chloroplast polypeptide synthesized? Where is a chloroplast polypeptide synthesized? -Where is a ribosome synthesized? What does phosphorylation do? What does phosphorylation help many proteins bind the polypeptide? What shape are chloroplasts in land plants? How large are chloroplasts in land plants? How thick are chloroplasts in land plants? -What is the shape of Oedogonium's chloroplast? -What shape is the chloroplast of Chlorella? -What is often cited as evidence that chloroplasts are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria? -What is the outer chloroplast membrane? -How are the outer and inner chloroplast membranes related to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes? +What is an example of a shape that a single chloroplast can be shaped into? +What is the shape of Chlorella's chloroplast? +What is often cited as evidence that chloroplasts are descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria? +What is the outer chloroplast membrane often interpreted as? +How are the outer and inner chloroplast membranes compared to cyanobacterium's original double membranes? What is the chloroplast double membrane often compared to? What is the inner mitochondria membrane used to do? What is the inner mitochondria membrane used to do? What is the only chloroplast structure that can be considered analogous to the mitochondrial double membrane? -Which membrane regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials? +What membrane regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials? What are very rare in chloroplasts? What is a stromule? -Why are stromules present in plants? +Why might stromules exist? When were stromules first observed? Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum often found? Where can the chloroplast peripheral reticulum be found? What is a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane? What is the purpose of the chloroplast peripheral reticulum? The small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicle to shuttle stuff between what? -What do chloroplasts use their own ribosomes for? -What is the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes? +What do chloroplasts use ribosomes for? +What is the size of a chloroplast ribosome? What is the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes? -What is essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes? -Why do some chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition? +What is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes? +What is shine-dalgarno sequence recognition? What is another name for plastoglobuli? What are plastoglobuli? What are plastoglobuli made of? How large are plastoglobuli? What are plastoglobuli surrounded by? How are plastoglobuli permanently attached? -What does a plastoglobulus exchange its contents with? -How do most plastoglobuli occur in normal green chloroplasts? +A configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with what allows it to be permanently attached? +How do the majority of plastoglobuli occur in normal green chloroplasts? When do plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains? Where are pyrenoids found? What shape are pyrenoids? What type of bodies are pyrenoids? -What is accumulated around the pyrenoids when CO2 is scarce? -What can pyrenoids do when CO2 is scarce? -What model of grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids? -What shape are the granal thylakoids in the helical thyakoid model? +What can accumulate around the pyrenoids when CO2 is scarce? +What can pyrenoids do? +What model of grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes? +What shape are granal thylakoids? How many thylakoids can each granum contain? How many thylakoids are most common in grana? -What are wrapped around the grana? -What do chlorophyll and carotenoids absorb? -What do chlorophyll and carotenoids absorb? -What do Photosystem II and photosystem I use light energy for? -What do molecules in the thylakoid membrane do with the energized electrons? -What is ATP synthase similar to? +What are the frets or lamellar thylakoids called? +What do chlorophyll and carotenoids absorb and use it to energize electrons? +What do chlorophyll and carotenoids absorb and use it to energize electrons? +What do Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids do? +What do molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to do? +What is an example of an ATP synthase? How many types of thylakoids are there? -How are thylakoids arranged? -How are stromal thylakoids arranged? +How are granal thylakoids arranged? +What are stromal thylakoids? What are granal thylakoids? How large are granal thylakoids? How many photosynthetic carotenoids are there? What do carotenoids do? -Why do carotenoids sometimes override the chlorophyll green? +What happens when the leaves of some land plants change color? What is β-carotene? -What is one of the most common Xanthophylls? +What is an example of a carotenoid that is common in xanthophylls? What are phycobilins? -What color are glaucophyte algae? -What type of algae is made of phycoerytherin? -What do phycobilins organize into? -How large are phycobilins? -What does chloroplasts use to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules? -Why does rubisco have a problem? -When does rubisco have a problem? +What color are glaucophyte chloroplasts? +What is one of the pigments that makes many algae red? +What do phycobilins often organize into? +How large are phycobilisomes? +What enzyme does chloroplasts use to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules? +What is rubisco's problem? +What happens when rubisco has a problem? What cycle uses rubisco? What is wasted when rubisco accidentally adds oxygen to sugar precursors? What are mesophyll cells specialized for? -What do bundle sheath chloroplasts lack? -What do chloroplasts use to make ATP and NADPH? -Where do chloroplasts store CO2? +What does bundle sheath chloroplasts lack? +What do mesophyll cells have to make ATP and NADPH? +Where do C4 photosynthesis cells store CO2? What is the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts? What parts of a plant contain chloroplasts? -What makes a plant green? +What makes the green parts of a plant green? What are the plant cells which contain chloroplasts called? -Where can chloroplasts be found? +Where can chloroplasts be found in a plant? What is a chlorenchyma cell? -Where are chloroplasts found in cacti? +Where are chloroplasts found in some plants? Where are chloroplasts found in most plants? -How many stomatal guard cells are there in a plant? +How many stomatal guard cells are there in a leaf? How many chloroplasts can one square millimeter of leaf tissue contain? Where are chloroplasts mainly found in a leaf? When do chloroplasts spread out in a sheet? When do chloroplasts seek shelter? -What do chloroplasts protect plants from? -What is the reason why land plants have many small chloroplasts? +What does the orientation of chloroplasts protect them from? +What is the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts? What has been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move? How many main immune responses do plants have? What is the hypersensitive response? What is systemic acquired resistance? How do chloroplasts stimulate both immune responses? -What do chloroplasts produce? +What does chloroplasts produce? What do chloroplasts produce after detecting stress in a cell? -When do chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species? +When do chloroplasts produce molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species? How do reactive oxygen species leave the chloroplast? What is retrograde signaling? What is the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy? @@ -8922,72 +8922,72 @@ What are used in photosynthesis? What is made in photosynthesis? What do chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to do? Where do the molecules between the photosystems pump hydrogen ions? -How many hydrogen ions are in the thylakoid system? -What does ATP synthase use the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to? +How many hydrogen ions are in the thylakoid system than in the stroma? +What does ATP synthase use the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to create? What does ATP synthase turn adenosine diphosphate into? -Who takes the reenergized electrons? +What takes the reenergized electrons from photosystem I? What is it called when electrons are recycled? -Where is cyclic photophosphorylation most common? +Where is cyclic photophosphorylation common? What do C4 plants need? -What starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate molecules? +What starts by using the enzyme Rubisco to fix CO2 into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules? What does the Calvin cycle result in? What do the unstable six-carbon molecules break down into? -How many of the G3P molecules are recycled back into RuBP? -How can glucose monomers be made? +How many of the G3P molecules produced in the Calvin cycle leave the cycle? +How can glucose monomers in the chloroplast be linked together? When do starch grains grow very large? -What happens to the grana and thylakoids when the starch grains grow large? +What happens to the grana and thylakoids when starch grains grow large? What can cause starch buildup in the chloroplasts? What might be a side effect of low photosynthesis rates? What can Rubisco do when the oxygen concentration is too high? -When does photorespiration occur? +When can photorespiration occur? How does Rubisco reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis? -How much carbon does Rubisco waste? -Why are chloroplasts notable in C4 plants? +How much carbon can Rubisco waste? +What are chloroplasts in C4 plants notable for? Where do chloroplasts make most of a plant's amino acids? -What are the only sulfur-containing amino acids in a plant cell? -Why is Cysteine synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria? -What is unclear about the last leg of the pathway? -What are a special type of a plant cell organelle called? -Where do all chloroplasts in a plant come from? +What are the sulfur-containing amino acids in a plant cell? +Why is cysteine synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria? +What is unclear about the last leg of the pathway to methionine? +What is a special type of a plant cell organelle called? +All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from what? Where are proplastids commonly found? -What is more common than developing from proplastids? +What is the most common way that chloroplasts develop from proplastids? What happens if angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation? What is an etioplast? What is the inner membrane of an etioplast? What do etioplasts have? -Which plants do not require light to form chloroplasts? -What are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit? +What do not require light to form chloroplasts? +Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to what? What are chromoplasts? -What are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit? -What are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit? +Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to what? +Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to what? What can turn back into proplastids? What do the proteins FtsZ1 and Fts Z2 assemble into? -What does the division process start with? -What does ARC6 form within the chloroplast? +What is involved in the division of the chloroplast? +What does ARC6 form within the chloroplast's stroma? Where does the Z-ring form? -What manages the placement of the Z-ring? +What system manages the placement of the Z-ring? What are PD rings? How many plastid-dividing rings form? How long are the filaments in the outer plastid-dividing ring? -How far apart are the filaments in the outer plastid-dividing ring? -What type of chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring? -What has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division? -What type of light is necessary for chloroplasts to complete division? +How many nanometers apart are the filaments in the outer plastid-dividing ring? +What is found in a few species of chloroplasts? +What is a requirement for chloroplast division? +What type of light can stimulate chloroplasts to divide? What shape are the chloroplasts in spinach leaves grown under green light? -What type of light is slow to complete division of chloroplasts? +Under what light can chloroplasts grow and progress through some of the constriction stages? Why are chloroplasts not inherited from the male parent? -What do genetically modified plants that are biologically contained pose significantly lower? +What risks do genetically modified plants that are biologically contained pose? What is the failed containment rate of transplastomic plants? What type of plants have a failed containment rate of 3 in 1,000,000? -What is the only positive divisors in a prime number? +A prime number has no positive divisors other than 1 and what? What is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number called? What establishes the central role of primes in number theory? -What can an integer greater than 1 be expressed as? +What can any integer greater than 1 be expressed as? Why does the fundamental theorem of arithmetic require excluding 1 as a prime? What is the property of being prime called? What is a simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n? -What is a fast but has a small probability of error? -Which test always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical? +What is the name of the algorithm that is fast but has a small probability of error? +What is the name of the test that always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical? What is the largest known prime number? How many primes are there? Who demonstrated that there are infinitely many primes? @@ -8996,69 +8996,69 @@ What is the first result in that direction? When was the prime number theorem proven? What conjecture states that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes? What conjecture states that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2? -What aspect of numbers are analytic or algebraic? -What is an example of a routine that makes use of the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors? -Along with prime elements and prime elements, what other generalizations do prime numbers give rise to? -What is the only prime number greater than 2? +What type of number theory focuses on analytic aspects of numbers? +What is an example of a routine in information technology that uses primes? +Along with prime elements, what is an example of a generalization of prime numbers? +What is the only even number greater than 2 that is prime? What are the three distinct divisors of n? What term refers to any prime number greater than 2? -What is the largest prime number larger than 5 that is written in the usual decimal system? +What is the usual decimal system number for prime numbers larger than 5? What are multiples of 2? -What number did early Greeks not consider to be a number? -Who listed 1 as the first prime? +What was the first prime number? +Who listed 1 as the first prime number? Who did Christian Goldbach have a correspondence with in the mid-18th century? -What is the first prime number in Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of primes? -By the early 20th century, mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number but rather forms what? -What would not hold as stated? +What was Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of primes up to 1956? +What did mathematicians begin to accept that 1 is not a prime number? +What theorem would not hold as stated if 1 was considered a prime? When would the sieve of Eratosthenes not work correctly? -The relationship of the number to its corresponding value of what function does the number 1 lack? -Along with Euler's totient function, what is another property of prime numbers that the number 1 lacks? -What would a modified version of the sieve of Eratosthenes produce? +What is an example of a prime number's relationship to its corresponding value? +What is an example of a property of prime numbers that the number 1 lacks? +A modified version of the sieve of Eratosthenes would produce what as output? Where are the Egyptian fraction expansions found? -Where are the earliest records of the explicit study of prime numbers? -What book contains important theorems about primes? -Who wrote Elements? -What is the Sieve of Eratosthenes? -When did Pierre de Fermat state his little theorem? -Along with Leibniz, who proved Fermat's little theorem? -What is the form of Fermat's little theorem? -What form of prime did Marin Mersenne look at? +Who are the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers? +What is the name of the book that contains important theorems about primes? +Who showed how to construct a perfect number from a Mersenne prime? +What is the Sieve of Eratosthenes a simple method to do? +When did Pierre de Fermat state Fermat's little theorem? +Who discovered that the very next Fermat number 232 + 1 is composite? +What number did Fermat conjectured to be prime? +What form of prime numbers did Marin Mersenne look at? How far did Fermat verify that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime? What is the most basic method of checking the primality of a given integer n? -How can trial division be implemented more efficiently? -What is the square root of n? +How can this routine be implemented more efficiently? +What is the minimum amount of factors a and b that must be in order to check the primality of an integer? How many divisions are necessary to check the primality of 37? What is the square root of n? -How many classes are primality tests for general numbers n? +How many classes can modern primality tests for general numbers n be divided into? What are the two main classes of primality tests? -What type of algorithm will always identify a prime number as prime? -What type of algorithm will always identify a prime number as prime? -What is the probability that our number is composite? +What type of primality algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not? +What type of primality algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not? +What is the probability that our number is composite if we repeat the test n times and pass every time? What is a simple example of a probabilistic test? What does the Fermat primality test rely on? What is a flaw with the Fermat primality test? What is an example of a more powerful extension of the Fermat primality test? -Along with the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Miller- Rabin, what is an example of a more powerful extension of the Fermat primality test? +Along with the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Miller- Rabin, what is an example of a probabilistic test that is guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number? What are Sophie Germain primes? -What is the form of prime numbers that are of the form? +What are prime numbers that are of the form? What test is particularly fast for numbers of the form 2p − 1? -What are the Sophie Germain primes? -What are prime numbers that are of the form 2p + 1 with p + 1? +What are primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime called? +What are prime numbers of this form known as? How have some of the largest known primes been found? -When was the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project awarded a US$100,000 prize? +When was the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project awarded a US$100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits? How much did the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project win in 2009? Who offers $150,000 and $250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits and 1 billion digits? What is the interval of possible primes? What does the largest integer not greater than the number in question represent? Who first proved Bertrand's postulate? -For what natural number does Bertrand's postulate state that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2? -What is the floor function? -What is another formula based on? -What is the necessary condition to have infinitely many primes? +For what natural number does Bertrand's postulate state that there always exists at least one prime number? +What is the floor function of Bertrand's postulate? +What is another formula based on that generates the number 2 many times? +What is the necessary condition for a and q to have infinitely many primes? What asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes? What is the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9? How many prime numbers do the rows starting with a = 3, 6, or 9 contain? -What does Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions say in all other rows? +In all other rows of Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, there are what? What is closely related to prime numbers? What would ζ(1) have if there were only finitely many primes? What happens to the harmonic series when it exceeds any given number? @@ -9066,127 +9066,127 @@ What happens when the harmonic series diverges? What is the Basel problem? When did the Riemann hypothesis date from? What zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2? -What does the Riemann hypothesis say causes the irregularity in the distribution of primes? -What does the Riemann hypothesis say about primes? -What does the Riemann hypothesis say about primes? +What does the Riemann hypothesis say the irregularity in the distribution of primes comes from? +What distribution of primes is generally believed to be correct? +What distribution of primes is generally believed to be correct? What conjecture asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes? -When were all four of Landau's problems? -As of February 2011, Goldbach's conjecture has been verified for what? -What statement states that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes? -What says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime? -What is it conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes? +When did Landau's problems begin? +Goldbach's conjecture has been verified for what? +What theorem states that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes? +What theorem states that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime? +What is the conjecture that there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2? What are twin primes? -What is a strengthening of the Twin prime conjecture? -What is the form of a prime that is conjectured to have infinitely many primes? +What is a strengthening of the twin prime conjecture? +What is the form of infinitely many primes? What conjecture states that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2? -What was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics? -Which British mathematician prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance? +What was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics for a long time? +What British mathematician prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance? When was it announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms? -What are prime numbers used for? -What are prime numbers used for? -If p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always what? -What is the period of a recurring decimal? -What is divisible by p? -What is the only condition for an integer n > 4 to be composite? -What is the only condition for the fraction 1/p to be prime? +What are prime numbers also used for? +Along with hash tables, what are prime numbers used for? +What is 1/p always? +What is the period of 1/p? +Wilson's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if what is divisible by p? +What does Wilson's theorem say an integer n > 4 is composite? +What must happen for the fraction 1/p expressed in base q to have the same effect? What public-key cryptography algorithm is based on large prime numbers? -Along with RSA, what public-key cryptography algorithm is based on large prime numbers? +What is an example of a public-key cryptography algorithm that relies on modular exponentiation? What type of primes are frequently used for RSA? The Diffie-Hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for what? What type of primes are typical for Diffie-Hellman? What insects make use of prime numbers? -Where do cicadas spend most of their lives? +How do cicadas spend most of their lives? How long do cicadas spend their lives underground? -Why do Magicicadas use prime number intervals between emergences? -How much higher would predator populations be during an outbreak of 14- and 15-year cicadas? -What does the word "prime" indicate? -What is the prime field? +What is the logic for the prime number intervals between emergences? +How much higher would predator populations be during outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas? +What does the word "prime" indicate in an appropriate sense? +What is a prime field? How can any knot be uniquely expressed? What is the second meaning of the word prime? What is a prime knot indecomposable in knot theory? What is an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined? -What is the set of irreducible elements in the ring Z of integers? -In the ring Z of integers, the set of prime elements equals what? +What is an element p of R called if it is neither zero nor a unit? +In the ring Z of integers, the set of prime elements equals what set of elements? What is a prime element? -What is a requirement for an element to be irreducible? +What is an element irreducible if it is not? What continues to hold in unique factorization domains? -What is an example of a unique factorization domain? -What are the complex numbers of the Gaussian integers Z[i? -What are a and b? -What is the form of rational primes in Z? +What is an example of a factorization domain? +What are the complex numbers of the form of the Gaussian integers Z[i? +What are a and b in the Gaussian integers Z[i? +What is an example of a rational prime in Z? Where is the notion of number replaced with that of ideal? -What generalize prime elements? -Along with commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, in what theory are prime ideals an important tool and object of study? +What generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal? +In what theory are prime ideals an important tool and object of study? What generalizes to the Lasker-Noether theorem? -Where does the Lasker-Noether theorem express every ideal? +The Lasker-Noether theorem expresses every ideal in what? What are the points of algebro-geometric objects? -What does factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field bear some resemblance to? +Factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field bears some resemblance with what? Where can prime ideals be used in proving quadratic reciprocity? What does quadratic reciprocity concern? -What happens when a number is multiplied by p? -Where can arithmetic questions be transferred back and forth? -What does completing Q with respect to yield the field of real numbers? +What happens to the p-adic norm when a number is multiplied by p? +Where can arithmetic questions related to Q be transferred back and forth to? +What does the p-adic norm get smaller when multiplied by p? What principle underlines the importance of primes to number theory? -Who used prime numbers to create ametrical music? -What was the name of Messiaen's 1935 work? -What was the name of Messiaen's work in 1949-50? -Where do the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53 appear in "Neumes rythmiques"? -What did Olivier Messiaen say he was inspired by? -Where does the Rhine begin? -Where does the Rhine end? -What is the biggest city on the Rhine? +Who used prime numbers to create ametrical music through natural phenomena? +What was the name of the 1935 work by Olivier Messiaen? +What was the name of the 1949-50 work in which Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers? +In which of Olivier Messiaen's works do the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53 appear? +What did Messiaen say he was inspired by? +In what canton does the Rhine begin? +What body of water does the Rhine empties into? +What is the biggest city on the river Rhine? What is the second longest river in Central and Western Europe? How long is the Rhine? Where is the Rhine located? Where does the North Sea end? How long is the Rhine? What is the name of the Rhine derived from? -What is the variant forms of the name of the Gaulish name Rēnos? +What is the modern German name for the Gaulish name Rēnos? What was the Gaulish name for the Rhine? When was the Gaulish name Rēnos adapted in Roman-era geography? What is the name of the Rhine derived from? -What is the variant forms of the name of the Gaulish name Rēnos? +What is the modern German name for the Gaulish name Rēnos? What is the Dutch name for the Rhine? What was the Gaulish name for the Rhine? What was the Dutch name for the Rhine previously spelled? What is the length of the Rhine conventionally measured in? When was the Rheinkilometer introduced? -What is the starting point of the Rheinkilometer? -Where does the Rheinkilometer run from the Old Rhine Bridge to? -Why is the length of the Rhine shortened from its natural course? +What is the first bridge to be measured in the Rheinkilometer? +Where is the longest length of the Rhine? +Why is the length of the Rhine shortened? What is the length of the Rhine conventionally measured in? When was the Rheinkilometer introduced? -What is the starting point of the Rheinkilometer? -Why is the length of the Rhine shortened from its natural course? -Where does the Rheinkilometer run from the Old Rhine Bridge to? -Where does the Rhine turn near Chur? -How long is the north section of the Rhine? +What is the first bridge to be measured in the Rheinkilometer? +Why is the length of the Rhine shortened? +Where is the longest length of the Rhine? +In what direction does the river make a distinctive turn near Chur? +How long is the section of the Alpine Rhine that makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur? What is the name of the glacial alpine valley that the Alpine Rhine flows through? Where is a natural dam that prevents the Rhine from flowing into the Seeztal valley? -The Alpine Rhine forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and what other country to the East? -Where does the Rhine make a distinctive turn to the north? -How long is the north section of the Rhine? +What country is to the east of the Alpine Rhine? +Where does the Alpine Rhine make a distinctive turn to the north? +How long is the section of the Alpine Rhine that makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur? What is the height of the Alpine Rhine? What is the name of the glacial alpine valley that the Alpine Rhine flows through? The Alpine Rhine forms the border between Liechtenstein and what other country? The mouth of the Rhine into what lake forms an inland delta? -What is the name of the western part of the delta? -What section of the Rhine divides the delta in the East? +What is the name of the delta delimited in the West by? +What section of the delta is delimited in the East by? What is the local pronunciation of Esel? What is the local pronunciation of Esel? The mouth of the Rhine into what lake forms an inland delta? -What section of the Rhine divides the delta in the East? -What is the name of the western part of the delta? +What section of the delta is delimited in the East by? +What is the name of the delta delimited in the West by? What did the natural Rhine form by precipitating sediments? What is the local pronunciation of Esel? -Where was the upper canal to be located? -Where is the lower canal located? -What is the main problem with the western Rhine Delta? -Where does the Dornbirner Ach flow? +What is the name of the upper canal in the Rhine Delta? +Where was the lower canal located? +What did the regulation of the Rhine Delta aim to counteract? +Where does the Dornbirner Ach now flow? What will the continuous input of sediment into the lake result in? -Where is the lower canal located? -What was the main problem with the western Rhine Delta? -Where was the upper canal to be located? +Where was the lower canal located? +What was the purpose of the regulation of the Rhine? +What is the name of the upper canal in the Rhine Delta? What is the name of the canal that flows parallel to the canalized Rhine? What is expected to silt up Lake Tuggenersee? How many bodies of water does Lake Constance consist of? @@ -9195,90 +9195,90 @@ What does the Seerhein mean? Where does the Rhine flow into Lake Constance? What does the Obersee mean? How many bodies of water does Lake Constance consist of? -Along with Germany, Switzerland and Baden-Württemberg, where is Lake Constance located? -Where is Lake Constance located? -Where is Lake Constance located? -Along with Bavaria, what German state borders Lake Constance? -Why does the Rhine water fall into the depths at the Rheinbrech? +In what country is Lake Constance located? +Lake Constance is located in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near what mountains? +What is the approximate location of Lake Constance? +Along with Bavaria, what German state is Lake Constance located in? +Why does the Rhine water abruptly fall into the depths? Where is a small fraction of the flow diverted off the island of Mainau? -Where does the Rhine water fall into the depths? -Where is the flow of the Rhine water clearly visible along the lake? -What island is off the northern shore of the lake? -Where does the Rhine water fall into the depths? -What island is off the northern shore of the lake? +At what point does the Rhine water abruptly fall into the depths? +How long is the flow of the Rhine water clearly visible along the lake? +What island is off the northern shore of Lake Überlingen? +At what point does the Rhine water abruptly fall into the depths? +What island is off the northern shore of Lake Überlingen? Where is a small fraction of the flow diverted off the island of Mainau? What does Rheinrinne mean? -What determines the visibility of the flow of the Rhine water? -What direction does the Rhine flow? +What determines the flow of the Rhine water in Lake Überlingen? +What direction does the Hochrhein flow? What is the major tributary of the Rhine? -What is the average discharge of the Aare? +What is the average water discharge of the Aare? What is the highest point of the Rhine basin? -Where does the Rhine turn north? -What direction does the Rhine flow? +What is the name of the city where the Rhine turns north at the so-called Rhine knee? +What direction does the Hochrhein flow? What is the name of the major tributary of the Rhine? -What is the average discharge of the Aare? +What is the average water discharge of the Aare? What is the highest point of the Rhine basin? -What language does the Rhine form the border from Lake Constance? -What is the name of the first major city in the course of the Rhine? -What is the name of the bend in the center of Basel? +What language does the Rhine form the border with Switzerland? +What is the first major city in the course of the Rhine? +What is the name of the bend where the direction of the Rhine changes from West to North? What is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine? How long is the Upper Rhine Plain? How wide is the Upper Rhine Plain? -What is the name of the first major city in the course of the Rhine? -What is the name of the bend in the center of Basel? -What direction does the Rhine change from West to? -Where does the Central Bridge end? +What is the first major city in the course of the Rhine? +What is the name of the bend where the direction of the Rhine changes from West to North? +What direction does the Rhine now flow? +What is the name of the river that ends at the Rhine knee? What is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine? When was the Rhine straightening program? What happened to the rate of flow? What happened to the ground water level? -What canal was dug on the French side of the Rhine? -What are some places in the Upper Rhine? +What is the name of the canal that carries a significant part of the river water? +What is the Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim? What region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century? When was the Rhine straightening program? What happened to the rate of flow? What happened to the ground water level? -What canal was dug on the French side of the Rhine? -Where is the Rhine located? +What is the name of the canal that carries a significant part of the river water? +The Rhine is the longest river in what country? What is the average discharge of the Moselle? What is the longest river in Germany? -Which river drains to the Rhine via Northeastern France? -What is the average width of the Rhine? -Where is the Rhine located? -Where is the Rhine located? -Which river drains to the Rhine via Northeastern France? +What river drains to the Rhine from Northeastern France? +What is the average width of the Rhine at the Dutch border? +The Rhine is the longest river in what country? +The Rhine is the longest river in what country? +What river drains to the Rhine from Northeastern France? What country drains to the Rhine via the Moselle? What is the mean discharge of the Rhine as it approaches the Dutch border? What river flows between Bingen and Bonn? -Where does the Middle Rhine flow between Bingen and Bonn? +What is the name of the gorge in which the Middle Rhine flows between Bingen and Bonn? What caused the formation of the Rhine Gorge? -What is the Rhine Gorge known as? +What is the name of the Rhine Gorge? What river flows between Bingen and Bonn? -Where does the Middle Rhine flow between Bingen and Bonn? +What is the name of the gorge in which the Middle Rhine flows between Bingen and Bonn? What is the Rhine Gorge known for? -What is the Rhine Gorge known as? -What can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland? -Where is Europe's largest inland port? -Which river provides the region with drinking water? +What is the name of the Rhine Gorge? +What can be found along the Rhine? +What is the home of Europe's largest inland port? +What river provides the region with drinking water? What does the Ruhr provide the region with? -Along the Rhine, where can many plants and factories be found? +Where can many plants and factories be found along the Rhine? What was industry a major source of water until the early 1980s? -What river is the bulk of industry concentrated along? -Along the Rhine, where can many plants and factories be found? -Where is Europe's largest inland port? -Which river provides the region with drinking water? -Along with viniculture, what is the dominant economic sector in the Middle Rhine area? -Where is the Rhine Gorge located? +What part of the Rhine is the bulk of industry concentrated? +Where can many plants and factories be found along the Rhine? +What is the home of Europe's largest inland port? +What river provides the region with drinking water? +What is the dominant economic sector in the Middle Rhine area? +The Rhine Gorge between Koblenz and what city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site? What famous rock is near Sankt Goarshausen? What is considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism? -Along with viniculture, what is the dominant economic sector in the Middle Rhine area? -What is the Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz? -Where is the Rhine Gorge located? +What is the dominant economic sector in the Middle Rhine area? +What is the Rhine Gorge listed as? +The Rhine Gorge between Koblenz and what city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site? What famous rock is near Sankt Goarshausen? -Where does the Rhine flow around the famous rock Lorelei? -What city has the largest river port in Europe? +Where is the rock Lorelei located? +What is the largest river port in Europe? What is the name of the second east-west shipping route? -The Wesel-Datteln Canal runs parallel to what canal? +The Wesel-Datteln Canal runs parallel to what river? What is the longest suspension bridge in Germany? How wide is the Emmerich Rhine Bridge? What river flows through North Rhine-Westphalia? @@ -9289,20 +9289,20 @@ How wide is the Emmerich Rhine Bridge? What river does the Merwede merge with to form the North Sea? What Dutch name no longer coincides with the main flow of water? How much of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west? -Where does the Rhine flow? -Where does the Rhine flow? +Where does the water flow volume of the Rhine go from the Waal? +What is the name of the body of water that flows through the west part of the Rhine? What river does the Merwede merge with to form the North Sea? What branches off, near Dordrecht, to form Het Scheur? -Where does the other third of the Rhine flow? -Which river carries two ninths of the Rhine's flow west? -What does the Nederrijn become at Wijk bij Duurstede? +Where does the other third of the water flow through? +What river carries two ninths of the Rhine's flow west? +What does the Nederrijn change its name to at Wijk bij Duurstede? What river does the Nederrijn rejoin? -Where does the other third of the Rhine flow? -Which river carries two ninths of the Rhine's flow west? -How much of the Rhine flows through the IJssel branch? -What does the Nederrijn become at Wijk bij Duurstede? -Where does the Nederrijn change its name? -What is the name of the smaller streams to the north of the Rhine? +Where does the other third of the water flow through? +What river carries two ninths of the Rhine's flow west? +How much of the Rhine flow does the IJssel branch carry? +What does the Nederrijn change its name to at Wijk bij Duurstede? +Where does the Nederrijn change its name to the Lek? +What is the name of the smaller streams farther to the north of the Rhine? What are the smaller streams used for? What is the old north branch of the Rhine called? What does Kromme Rijn mean? @@ -9310,298 +9310,298 @@ What does Oude Rijn mean? What is the most important natural region of the Netherlands? Where does the Rhine-Meuse Delta begin? What is the shorter term for the Rhine-Meuse Delta? -What does the Rhine change its name to? -How many main flows are in the Rhine delta? +What does the Rhine change its name to when it splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal? +How many main flows carry significant amounts of water? What is the largest and southern main branch of the Rhine? What does Oude Maas mean? What does Het Scheur mean? -Before what flood did the Meuse flow just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas? -When did the St. Elizabeth's flood occur? -Where did the Meuse flow before the St. Elizabeth's flood? +What was the name of the flood in 1421? +When was the St. Elizabeth's flood? +What is the name of the line that the Meuse flowed south of before the St. Elizabeth's flood? When did the Meuse and Waal merge to form Merwede? -What type of estuary did the Meuse form with Waal and Lek? -What do many rivers serve as for the numerous polders? -What changed the Delta in the second half of the 20th century? -What is another term for closing a river? -When did the construction of Delta Works change the Delta fundamentally? -What type of delta is the Rhine-Meuse Delta? -What shape the Rhine-Meuse Delta? +What type of estuary did the Meuse form before the St. Elizabeth's flood? +Many rivers have been closed and now serve as what for the numerous polders? +What changed the Delta in the second half of the 20th Century? +What is another term for closed rivers? +In what century did the construction of Delta Works change the Delta fundamentally? +What is the Rhine-Meuse Delta? +The Rhine-Meuse Delta is shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by what? What could strong tidal currents do? -Where can the most landward tidal influence be detected between Brakel and Waal? +Between Brakel and what city can landward tidal influence be detected? The present Mediterranean Sea descends from what sea? -When did the two plates reverse direction and begin to compress the Tethys floor? -What were the individual features of the squeeze? -During what era was the Triassic period? -What microplate pushed up the Pyrenees? +In what period did the two plates reverse direction and begin to compress the Tethys floor? +What is the name of the individual features of the microplates that were caught in the squeeze? +In what era was the Triassic period? +Which microplate pushed up the Pyrenees? What rift system developed in the Eocene? What is considered the first Rhine river? -When did the first Rhine river form? +During what time period did the Upper Rhine Graben develop? Along with the Rhone, what river drained the northern flanks of the Alps? How did the Rhine extend its watershed southward? During what period did the Rhine capture streams down to the Vosges Mountains? By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down to what mountains? What geological period ended around 2.5 million years ago? -How many major Ice Ages have occurred? +How many major Ice Ages have occurred since 600,000 years ago? How much did the sea level drop during the Ice Ages? -Where did the Rhine follow a course in the Early Pleistocene? -Where was the Rhine's mouth located during glacial times? -How long did the last glacial last? +In what direction did the Rhine follow in the Early Pleistocene? +Where is the Rhine's mouth located now? +What is the abbreviation for the last glacial? When did the Pleistocene end? -In what direction did the lower Rhine flow? -How much lower was the sea level during the last glacial? -Where did the Rhine flow from the Netherlands? -What was the source of the Rhine? -What type of land did the Last Glacial Maximum leave between Scandinavia and the Baltics? +In what direction did the lower Rhine flow through the Netherlands? +How much lower was the sea level during the Last Glacial Maximum? +Which channel was dry land during the last glacial? +What is the source of the Rhine's current course? +What was the space between the ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum called? When was the Last Glacial Maximum? -What covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps? -What type of dust settled in and around the Rhine Valley? +What covered Scandinavia, the Baltics, Scotland and the Alps during the Last Glacial Maximum? +What is the term for wind-blown dust that settles in and around the tundra? When did northwest Europe begin to warm up? -What happened to the glaciers as Europe warmed up? -Where was much of the discharge of the meltwater routed to? -When did the rapid warming and changes of vegetation begin? +What did frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers begin to do? +Where was much of the discharge routed to? +When did rapid warming and changes of vegetation begin in Europe? By what year was Europe fully forested? -When did the situation with tides and currents begin? -What has dropped so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together could compensate the transgression by the sea? -How long has the coast line been roughly at the same location? -What is the cause of the sea level rising in the southern North Sea? -How much is the sea level rising in the southern North Sea? +When did a situation with tides and currents exist? +What had dropped so far, that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes together could compensate the transgression by the sea? +In what time period was the coast line roughly at the same location? +What is causing the sea level to rise in the southern North Sea? +What is the rate of sea level rise in the southern North Sea? When did the Holocene begin? -When did the formation of the Rhine-Meuse delta begin? -Where did the Rhine occupy at the beginning of the Holocene? -Where did sea-level continue to rise in the Holocene? -When did human impact begin in the delta? -What did the increase in land clearance cause in the delta? -What has increased in the upland areas of the Rhine? -When did embankment and damming of minor distributaries take place? +When did the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta begin? +What valley did the Rhine occupy at the beginning of the Holocene? +In what country did sea-level rise cause the formation of the Rhine-Meuse delta? +Since what year has human impact been seen in the delta? +What did the increased sediment load of the Rhine cause? +What has increased in the Rhine as a result of increasing land clearance? +When did embankment, of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries take place? How many avulsions have occurred over the past 6000 years? Where do the Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to? -Where did the Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea? -Where does the river IJssel enter? -What is the IJsselmeer? -How many branches does the Rhine have? +What estuary did the Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge through? +What was the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon formerly known as? +What is the IJsselmeer now? +How many branches of the Rhine are there? When did the Rhine enter the historical period? The Rhine formed the boundary between Gaul and what other country? When did the Upper Rhine become part of the late Hallstatt culture? Who wrote the Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil? When did Augustus die? -What was the water-boundary of the Rhine and what other river? -When did the northern section of the Rhine and Danube become the Roman boundary? -Where did Roman subjects from Alsace-Lorraine drift across the river? -Which part of the Black Forest was different from the northern part? +What is the name of the upper river of the Rhine? +What happened to the northern section of the Germanic frontier? +Where did Roman subjects from the modern Alsace-Lorraine drift across the river? +Which part of the Germanic frontier remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell? How many legions did the Romans keep along the Rhine? -For what army were the legions assigned between AD 14 and 180? -Where were the two legions at oppidum located? -The number of legions present at any base depended on whether a state existed or what else existed? -What does oppidum Ubiorum mean? -When did Germanic tribes cross the Rhine? -What did Francia and Burgundy establish? +What army did the Romans assign legions to? +What was the name of the town of the Ubii that was renamed Colonia Agrippina? +What could cause the number of legions at a base to vary? +What is oppidum Ubiorum? +When did the kingdoms of Francia, Burgundy, and Alemannia form? +What did Francia and Burgundy become? What does Siebengebirge mean? Who is the hero of the Nibelungenlied? Who threw Kriemhild's golden treasure into the Rhine? When was the Rhine within the borders of Francia? When did the Rhine become fully within the Holy Roman Empire? -Along with Swabia, Franconia, and Franconian, where did the Rhine flow in the 10th century? -Who sold Alsace to Burgundy? -When did Archduke Sigismund sell Alsace to Burgundy? +In the 10th century, the Rhine flowed through Swabia, Franconia and what other region? +Who sold Alsace to Burgundy in 1469? +In what year was Alsace sold to Burgundy? Since what treaty has the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany? What was a long-term goal of French foreign policy? Who established the Confederation of the Rhine? When was the Confederation of the Rhine established? -When was the Rhine crisis? +In what year did the Rhine crisis occur? When was the Rhineland subject to the Treaty of Versailles? -When did the Treaty of Versailles end? -Who was forbidden to enter the demilitarised zone? +When did the Treaty of Versailles decree that the Rhineland would be occupied by the allies? +Who was forbidden to enter the Rhineland after 1935? What did the Treaty of Versailles help? When did the German army occupy the Rhineland? -Where was the Rhine bridge located? +Where was the Rhine bridge located during Operation Market Garden? What did the Rhine present to the Western Allies in World War II? When was Operation Market Garden? What bridge crossing the Rhine at Remagen became famous? What was the Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War? What was the generally accepted length of the Rhine until 1932? What German encyclopedia stated the length of the Rhine as 1,320 kilometres? -Why did the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon state the length of the Rhine as 1,320 kilometres? +What was the reason for Knaurs Lexikon's error? What was the length of the Rhine in 1932? When was the error discovered? When did the Scottish electorate vote for devolution? What is the name of the act that convened the current Scottish Parliament? What does the Scotland Act delineate the legislative competence of the Parliament? -Who has the power to legislate in areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster? +Who has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster? The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to whom? What remained an important element in Scottish national identity? How many years was Scotland directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain? -Why were proposals for a devolved Parliament shelved before 1914? +What war caused the shelving of proposals for a devolved Parliament? When did nationalism in Scotland rise? What did Kilbrandon recommend? -In what sea was oil discovered? -What campaign of the Scottish National Party resulted in rising support for Scottish independence? -When did Prime Minister Wilson commit his government to some form of devolved legislature? -Why did the SNP argue for Scottish independence? -When were the final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly passed by the UK Parliament? -Where would an elected assembly be set up? +In what sea was oil discovered in 1974? +What was the name of the campaign of the Scottish National Party? +In what year did Prime Minister Wilson commit his government to some form of devolved legislature? +What did the SNP argue about the revenues from the oil? +When was the final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly passed by the UK Parliament? +In what city would an elected assembly be set up? What percentage of the Scottish electorate had to vote for an elected assembly? -What percentage of the vote was in favor of a Scottish Assembly? -Did the 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly pass? -What percentage of the electorate did not vote in the 1979 Scottish devolution referendum? +What percentage of the vote was in favor of a Scottish Assembly in 1979? +What happened to the 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly? +What percentage of the eligible voting population did not vote in the 1979 referendum? What was the demand for in the 1980s and 1990s? Who controlled the government of the United Kingdom in the 1980s and 1990s? -When was the Scottish Constitutional Convention held? +In what year did the Scottish Constitutional Convention take place? What did the Scottish Constitutional Convention publish in 1995? What is the official home of the Scottish Parliament? Who designed the Scottish Parliament Building? -What nationality is Enric Miralles? +What nationality was Enric Miralles? What shape are the buildings in the Scottish Parliament Building? -Who opened the new Scottish Parliament Building? +Who opened the new Scottish Parliament Building on October 9, 2004? What was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland used for twice? Where was the Parliament's temporary home? Where were official photographs and television interviews held? Where was the Parliament relocated to in May 2002? -Where was the Parliament temporarily relocated in May 2000? +Where was the Parliament temporarily relocated to in May 2000? Who rented the General Assembly Hall? What was the name of the former administrative building that was used for the MSP's offices? What happened to the Lothian Regional Council building after the Parliament moved to Holyrood? Where are the former Midlothian County Buildings located? -Which hall was used as the Parliament's principal committee room? -How many MSPs are elected to serve as Presiding Officer? +What hall was used as the Parliament's principal committee room? +How many MSPs are elected to the Scottish Parliament at the beginning of each parliamentary session? Who is the current speaker of the Scottish Parliament? -How are the MSPs elected? -How many MSPs are there in the Scottish Parliament? +How is the ballot for the Presiding Officer and deputies conducted in the Scottish Parliament? +How many MSPs are in the Scottish Parliament? Who operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks? -Who is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff and resources it requires? -What body allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber? -How many seats does each political party have in the Parliament? -Who represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad? +Who is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively? +What is the name of the group that allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber? +How many seats does the Parliamentary Bureau have? +Who represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity? What is the seating arranged in the debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament? -What is the purpose of the seating in the debating chamber? -How many seats are in the debating chamber? -How many seats are for the Scottish Law Officers? -What can Law Officers not do in plenary meetings? -Where is the gold in the mace from? -What is the mace made from? +What does the hemicycle in the debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament reflect? +How many seats are in the debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament? +How many seats are reserved for the Scottish Law Officers? +What can Law Officers not do in plenary meetings of the Scottish Parliament? +Where is the gold in the mace inlaid with? +What is the parliamentary mace made from? Who presented the mace to the Scottish Parliament? What are the words on the mace? -How is the mace displayed? -In what month does Parliament take a two-week recess? +How is the mace displayed in the Scottish Parliament? +In what month of the year does the Parliament take two week recess? Where do plenary meetings take place? -Who can attend chamber debates and committee meetings? -How much is the cost to enter the debating chamber? -What is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates? -On what day of the week is Time for Reflection usually held? -How long does a speaker have to speak? -Who decides who is invited to address Parliament? -What are speakers chosen to represent the balance of? -What can Faith groups do to the Presiding Officer? +Who is the chamber debates and committee meetings open to? +How much is the cost to attend chamber debates and committee meetings? +What is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates called? +On what day is Time for Reflection usually held? +How long does a speaker speak during Time for Reflection? +Who decides who is invited to address Parliament on Wednesdays? +Speakers are chosen to represent the balance of what? +What can Faith groups make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to do? Who decides who speaks in chamber debates? -What does the Presiding Officer decide in chamber debates? -What does the Presiding Officer try to achieve a balance between when selecting members to speak? -Who usually speaks in open debates? -What language is used in debates in the Scottish Parliament? +What does the Presiding Officer decide about who speaks in chamber debates? +What does the Presiding Officer try to achieve a balance between? +Who is usually the first speaker in a debate? +What language has the Scottish Parliament conducted debates in? At what time do MSPs decide on motions and amendments? What is heralded by the sounding of the division bell? -What do MSPs who are not in the chamber do? -How do MSPs vote? +What do MSPs who are not in the chamber do when Decision Time is called? +How do MSPs vote during Decision Time? How long is the outcome of each division known? What can be predicted beforehand? Who usually instruct members which way to vote? -What are MSPs called that are responsible for ensuring that party members vote according to the party line? -What type of issues are free votes typically done on? -What can happen to errant members? +What are MSPs called that are entrusted with the task of ensuring party members vote according to the party line? +What type of issues are "free votes" typically done on? +What can be done to errant members? When is a "Members Debate" held? -Who is the proposer of a Members Business motion? +Who is the proposer of a motion proposed by an MSP? How long is the Members Debate? -Along with the proposer, who contributes to the Members Debate? -What does the relevant minister do to the debate? +Along with the proposer, who usually contributes to the Members Debate? +What does the relevant minister do after speaking after all other participants? Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in what? -Is the role of committees stronger or weaker in the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary systems? -Why is the role of committees stronger in the Scottish Parliament? +How is the role of committees in the Scottish Parliament compared to other parliamentary systems? +What is one of the reasons that committees are stronger in the Scottish Parliament? What is the role of committees in the Scottish Parliament? Where can committees meet? -How many MSPs make up the committees? +How many MSPs are on the committees? What does the membership of committees reflect? -What are the different committees? +What are the different committees in the Scottish Parliament? What type of committees are in the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament? In what Session of the Scottish Parliament are the current Mandatory Committees? When are Subject Committees established? How many departments do Subject Committees typically correspond with? -What is the name of the committees in the fourth Session? -In what parliamentary session are the current Subject Committees? -What type of committee is normally set up to scrutinize private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party? -What type of private bills usually relate to? -Who reviews private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament? -What type of committee is set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland? -What governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament? +What are the committees in the fourth Session? +In what session are the current Subject Committees in? +What type of committee is normally set up to scrutinize private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter? +What do private bills usually relate to? +What is the name of the body that scrutinizes private bills submitted by an outside party or promoter? +What type of committee has been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network? +What governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence? Who gave royal assent to the Scotland Act 1998? -What does the Scotland Act 2012 extend? +The Scotland Act 2012 extends what to the Scottish Parliament? Who continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland? -The Scotland Act 1998 governs the functions and role of whom? -What is the name of the Schedule of reserved matters in the Scotland Act? +Who has limited tax-varying capability? +In what section of the Scotland Act are the specific devolved matters not explicitly stated? Who has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound? What happens to matters that are not specifically reserved? How much can the Scottish Parliament alter income tax in Scotland? What act conferred further fiscal devolution? What type of matters are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament? Who is unable to legislate on issues that are reserved to Westminster? -Where is the Scottish Parliament able to legislate on reserved matters? -Who does the Scottish Parliament usually delegate Ministerial functions to? +Where is the Scottish Parliament unable to legislate on reserved matters? +Who usually handles reserved matters in Westminster? What can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways? Who can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill? A member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as what? -Who can submit a private bill to Parliament? -How often do bills pass through Parliament? +A private bill can be submitted to Parliament by who? +How do bills pass through Parliament? What is the first stage of a bill called? -Along with the Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum, what is included in Stage 1? -What do Statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill indicate? +Along with Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum and a Financial Memorandum, what is included in Stage 1 of a bill? +What are Statements from the Presiding Officer and the member in charge of the bill lodged indicating? Where does Stage 1 usually take place? -What is the second stage of the bill? +If the whole Parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill, it then proceeds to what stage? What is the final stage of the bill? -How many parts does the final stage of the bill have? +How many parts does Stage 3 of the bill consist of? What stage of the bill is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament? -What type of amendments can opposition members table to the bill? -What is the final stage of the bill called? +What type of amendments can opposition members table to cause the bill to fall without a final vote? +At what stage do members vote on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill? Who does the Presiding Officer submit the bill to for royal assent? -What does the Presiding Officer submit a bill to the Monarch for? -How long can the Presiding Officer submit a bill to the Monarch for royal assent? +What does the Monarch do after a bill has been passed? +How long does it take for the monarch to give royal assent? Where can the Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government refer a bill to for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the Parliament? -On what date did the Scottish Parliament pass the bill? -What does a party have to form the Scottish Government? +On what date is the bill for the Act of the Scottish Parliament passed? +What does the party that forms the Scottish Government do? Who can put their name forward to be First Minister? Who is the head of the Scottish Government? -Who are most ministers and juniors drawn from? +Who are most ministers and their juniors drawn from? Who makes the formal appointment or dismissal of Scottish ministers? On what day are ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament held? -When are ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament held? -Who decides the date of the poll? +In what month and year are ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament held? +Who can change the date of the poll by up to one month? What happens if an extraordinary general election is held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election? How many days must the Parliament nominate one of its members to be First Minister? -What enables the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise the Government? -Who are invited to question the First Minister? -What does the First Minister deliver at the beginning of each parliamentary year? -What do the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on after the statement has been delivered? +How can the Scottish Parliament scrutinize the Government? +Who is invited to question the First Minister? +What does the First Minister set out in a statement at the beginning of each parliamentary year? +What do the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on? What is set aside for question periods in the debating chamber? -On what day does General Question Time take place? -Who can members ask questions at General Question Time? -What does First Minister's Question Time give members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly? +On what day of the week does General Question Time take place? +Who can members ask questions of during General Question Time? +What does First Minister's Question Time give members an opportunity to question the First Minister on? How many general questions are available to opposition leaders? -How many Scottish Parliament constituencies share the same boundaries as the UK Parliament constituencies in Scotland? -When did the number of Scottish MPs decrease? -How many members of the Scottish Parliament are elected? -Why do the island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles have a smaller number of electors? +How many constituency MSPs are there? +When did the number of Scottish MPs reduce? +How many constituency MSPs are there? +Why do Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles have a smaller number of electors? How many electors are in the average Scottish Parliament constituency? How are the seats allocated to parties? What method is used to determine the number of seats in the Parliament? -What does the d'Hondt method use to determine who is awarded the second list seat? -What does the d'Hondt method add to the second list seat? +What is the highest number of seats awarded to a party? +What is added to the second list seat in allocating the second seat? How is the d'Hondt method repeated? What qualifications apply to being an MSP? When was the British Nationality Act passed? What is the minimum age to be an MSP? What groups are disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliament? -Under what act can an individual not sit in the Scottish Parliament if they are judged to be insane? +Under what act can an individual be disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliament if they are judged to be insane? What is the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority? Who did the SNP take 16 seats from? How many votes did Iain Gray get in East Lothian? How many seats did the SNP take from the Liberal Democrats? -The SNP's majority in the Scottish Parliament allowed them to hold a referendum on what? +The SNP overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on what? Which party lost Edinburgh Pentlands to the SNP? What seat did the Conservatives lose to the SNP? How many seats did the Conservatives lose? @@ -9609,413 +9609,413 @@ Who was the leader of the Conservatives? Who congratulated the SNP on their victory? What is a procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament? What are English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs unable to vote on? -What is the phenomenon of Scottish MPs being able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland? -Which party won the 2015 UK election? -What country does the West Lothian question refer to? -What is another name for Political Islam? -Where does Political Islam try to implement Islamic values? +What is the name of the phenomenon where English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on domestic legislation? +Which political party won the 2015 UK election? +In 2015, standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting what country? +What is an Islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism, literalism and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life? +What does Political Islam attempt to implement Islamic values in? What does Islamism favor? What are the different Islamist movements described as oscillating between? -What causes state power to be seized by Islamists? +What is a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by? What type of political process do moderate and reformist Islamists work within? -Where is Hamas located? -What do Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine want to do? -What do al-Qaeda and the Taliban reject? +In what country is Hamas located? +What do Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine seek to do? +What do the Taliban reject? On what basis do radical Islamist groups call for violent/offensive jihad? -What is the difference between the Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood? +What is another division within Islamism? What did Olivier Roy argue underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century? What did the Salafi movement focus on? -What did Olivier Roy describe Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with? +What did Olivier Roy describe Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with after the Arab Spring? Why do Islamists need democratic elections? -What type of role does Islamism posits? -What is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam? +What type of role does Islamism posits for Islam? +What is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam? Who believes their views merely reflect Islam? What do Hayri Abaza argue the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support? What do progressive moderates want to separate? -What are those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, and political spheres of life? +What are those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life called? Who created the conception of political Islam? -What does the writer for the International Crisis Group believe apolitical Islam was? +What does the International Crisis Group believe apolitical Islam was? When was the heyday of secular Arab nationalism? -What is apolitical Islam? -What did Western governments see Islamist groups as? -When did Western and pro-Western governments often support Islamist groups? -How much impact did non-Afghan veterans of the war have? -Who did the US aid? -What were Western governments considered to be more dangerous than Islamists? -How much impact did non-Afghan veterans of the war have? +What type of Islam is quietist? +What did Western governments view Islamist groups as later? +When did Western and pro-Western governments often support sometimes fledgling Islamists? +What did non-Afghan veterans of the war have? +Who did the US spend billions of dollars to aid? +What were Islamists considered to be bulwarks against? +What did non-Afghan veterans of the war have? Who was the Egyptian president who opened Egypt to Western investment? What did Sadat make with Israel? -What did Anwar Sadat release Islamists from prison in exchange for? +What did Sadat give to Islamists in return for releasing them from prison? When did the "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists break down? What happened to Anwar Sadat? -What type of Islam was Wahhabism? -What did Wahhabism believe Muslims should do to infidels? -What did Salafism believe democracy was responsible for? -What did Wahhabism believe Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were? -What country did the funding of Wahhabism come from? +What type of interpretation of Islam was Wahhabism? +What did Wahhabism say Muslims should do to infidels for Allah's sake? +What did Wahhabism believe democracy was responsible for in the 20th century? +What did Wahhabism say Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were? +What country's interpretation of Islam has set the "gold standard" of religion in minds of many Muslims? What type of movement is the Muslim Brotherhood? -What type of government does the Muslim Brotherhood compare to? +What type of government does the Muslim Brotherhood compare favorably to? What type of assistance does the Muslim Brotherhood provide to students from out of town? What type of commitment to social justice are incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments limited to? What is the purpose of mass marriage ceremonies? -What subjects did Iqbal study in England and Germany? -What group did Iqbal join while studying in England? +What did Iqbal study in England and Germany? +What group did Iqbal join while studying law and philosophy in England and Germany? Who did Iqbal criticize? When did Iqbal return to Lahore? -What was the name of the book published by Oxford University press in 1934? +What was the title of Iqbal's 1934 book? What did Iqbal fear would weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam? -What did Iqbal fear would happen to Muslim heritage, culture and political influence? +What did Iqbal fear that India's Hindu-majority population would do to Muslim heritage, culture and political influence? What did Iqbal call for the shedding of? -When was Iqbal elected president of the Muslim League? +In what year was Sir Muhammad Iqbal elected president of the Muslim League? What movement was inspired by Iqbal's Allahabad Address? -Who was an important early twentieth century figure in the Islamic revival in India? +Who was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India? What profession did Maududi choose? When was the Jamaat-e-Islami party founded? -How did Maududi have more impact than through his political organising? +How did Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi have more impact than his political organising? How did Maududi place Islam? -Who was an important early twentieth century figure in the Islamic revival in India? +Who was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India? What profession did Maududi choose? -How did Maududi have more impact than through his political organising? -Where did Maududi place Islam? -What did Maududi believe Muslim society could not be Islamic without? -What did Maududi believe Islam required? +How did Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi have more impact than his political organising? +How did Maududi place Islam? +Maududi believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without what? +What did Maududi believe Islam required the establishment of? What does tawhid mean? -How did Maududi describe the process of changing the hearts and minds of individuals? -What did Maududi call da'wah? +How did Maududi describe the Islamic revolution? +What did Maududi use to change hearts and minds? When was the Muslim Brotherhood founded? Where was the Muslim Brotherhood founded? Who founded the Muslim Brotherhood? What is the Muslim Brotherhood's motto? -What type of influence did Hassan al Banna want to eliminate from the Muslim world? -What did some elements of the Brotherhood engage in against the government? -When was Al-Banna assassinated? +What type of influence did Al Banna want to eliminate in the Muslim world? +What did some elements of the Brotherhood engage in? +In what year was Al-Banna assassinated? Who was assassinated three months before Al-Banna? -When was the Brotherhood banned in Egypt? +In what year was the Brotherhood banned in Egypt? Who was the president of Egypt in 1948? What has the Muslim Brotherhood become in the Islamic world? -What percentage of the seats did Islamist parties win in the 2011-2012 Egyptian parliamentary election? +How many seats did Islamist parties win in the 2011-2012 Egyptian parliamentary election? What was the Brotherhood described as for many years? What was the only opposition group in Egypt able to do during elections? Who was the first democratically elected president of Egypt? -How did the Six-Day War affect the Arab Muslim world? -How did the Six-Day War affect the Arab Muslim world? -What was blamed on the secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes? +How did the defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War by Israeli troops occur? +What was the Six-Day War considered in the Arab Muslim world? +What type of stagnation did the defeat of the Six-Day War cause? What happened to the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics? -Along with democratic and socialist movements, what movements gained ground after the Six-Day War? +Maududi and Sayyid Qutb inspired what type of movements? What type of father was Mohammad Iqbal? Who was the ideologue of the Iranian Revolution? -Where are Khomeini's beliefs perceived to be placed? +Where is Khomeini's beliefs perceived to be placed? Who did Khomeini believe was essential to Islam? -What did Khomeini believe the acts of plundering of Muslim lands were part of? -What religion is the Iranian Republic? -What type of groups does SCIRI belong to? -What type of sanctions does the US have against Iran? -When did the Iranian government enjoy a resurgence in popularity? +What did Khomeini believe the acts of the Western governments were part of? +What type of Republic has maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of US economic sanctions? +What type of groups has Iran created or assisted in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq? +What type of sanctions have the US imposed on Iran? +When did the Iranian government enjoy a resurgence in popularity amongst Sunni "Arab street"? Who called for Israel to vanish? Who deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan in 1979? What was the Soviet Union trying to suppress in 1979? -What did the conflict galvanize Muslims around the world to do? +What did the conflict galvanize thousands of Muslims around the world to do? What was the military effectiveness of the Afghan Arabs? -How many Muslim volunteers came to fight in Afghanistan? +How many Muslim volunteers came from around the world to fight in Afghanistan? What did the Gulf War do? -Who did the Gulf War put an end to? +Who was the enemy of the Gulf War? What movement did the Gulf War work to radicalize? -What country did Saddam Hussein attack? +What country did the western troops come to protect? Who did Islamists accuse the Saudi regime of being a puppet of? Who did the 9/11 attacks resonate with? Who did Saudi Arabia try to repress? Where did American troops remain after Saddam's defeat? -What country was involved in a civil war after Saddam's defeat? +In what country was there a civil war? Who was responsible for the 9/11 attack? Who wrote the manifesto Milestones? When was Qutb executed? -What group was led by Hasan al-Hudaybi? -What movements were inspired by the final writings of Qutb? +What group renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals? +What type of movements were inspired by Qutb's writings? When did the Brotherhood renounce violence as a means of achieving its goals? -Who assassinated Anwar Sadat? +What group assassinated Anwar Sadat in 1981? When was Anwar Sadat assassinated? -What did the Egyptian Islamic Jihad group believe were leaders of Muslim states? -What did the Egyptian Islamic Jihad do? -Who wrote the pamphlet that outlined the views of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad? +What did the Egyptian Islamic Jihad group believe were leaders of Muslim states to be? +What did the Egyptian Islamic Jihad want to do with Western ideas and practices? +Who wrote the pamphlet written by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad? What did al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya employ in their struggle for Islamic order? -What Egyptian group used violence in their struggle for Islamic order? +What group used violence in their struggle for Islamic order? When did Jamaa Islamiya renounce violence? -Was the campaign to overthrow the Egyptian government successful or unsuccessful? -Who have the Islamic Liberation Party, Salvation from Hell and Takfir wal-Hijra attempted to assassinate? +What was the result of the campaign to overthrow the Egyptian government? +Who have the Islamic Liberation Party attempted assassinations of? What was the Muslim Brotherhood's stance towards Israel prior to the First Palestine Intifada? -What did the Muslim Brotherhood form? +What group did the Muslim Brotherhood form after the First Intifada? What did the 1988 Hamas charter call for? -What did the Muslim Brotherhood dislike the secular middle class drinking? -Where was the Muslim Brotherhood based? -Who has continued to be a major player in Palestine? +What did the Muslim Brotherhood's base of devout middle class antipathy for activities of the secular middle class? +In what country was the Muslim Brotherhood based? +What group has continued to be a major player in Palestine? How many people did Hamas kill from 2000 to 2007? -What did Hamas win in the 2006 legislative election? -When did the PLO leave Gaza? +What did Hamas win in the January 2006 legislative election? +In what year did Hamas drive the PLO out of Gaza? What has Hamas been praised by Muslims for? -What type of regime did Hassan al-Turabi lead? -Who was the leader of the Islamist regime in Sudan? -What group did General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invite to serve in his government in 1979? -How did Hassan al-Turabi build his economic base? -Where did Hassan al-Turabi recruit loyalists? +What type of regime did Hassan al-Turabi have? +Who was the leader of the Islamist regime in Sudan for many years? +What group gained influence when General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979? +How did Hassan al-Turabi build a powerful economic base? +Where did Hassan al-Turabi place sympathetic students? When was al-Nimeiry overthrown? -How did the NIF overthrow the elected government? -What type of law did Turabi apply? -Who did the NIF regime harbor for a time? +How did the NIF overthrow the post-al-Nimeiry government? +What law did Turabi apply? +Who did the NIF regime harbor before 9/11? What did the NIF work to unify Islamist opposition to? -What did women do in response to the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men? +What did women do to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men? When was the FIS founded? Where was the FIS based? -What is another name for the FIS? -Why was voting canceled in 1991? +What is the Islamic Salvation Front also known as? +What caused the FIS to lose national elections in 1991? What did the mujahideen's victory against the Soviet Union not lead to in Afghanistan? -How did the civil war between political and tribal warlords in Afghanistan turn out? -When did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan rule by communist forces collapse? -What is Afghanistan's ranking among the poorest countries on earth? -How much of Afghanistan did the Taliban take over? +How was the civil war between political and tribal warlords in Afghanistan? +When did the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan collapse? +What is Afghanistan's status as a country? +How much of Afghanistan did the Taliban take over in 1996? What group was spawned by the Deobandi movement? -What country supported the Deobandi movement? +In what country were the Taliban supported? What is another term for the Taliban? -What was the name of the ideology of the Taliban? -Who was the guest of the Taliban? -When did General Zia-ul-Haq overthrow Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto? +What did the Taliban want to spread to an entire country? +Who was a guest of the Taliban? +When did General Zia-ul-Haq overthrow Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime? What did Ali Bhutto ban? What was Zia-ul-Haq's official state ideology? What did Zia-ul-Haq use Islamization to legitimize? When was Zia-ul-Haq killed? -What is the Islamic State? +What type of group is the Islamic State? Who is the Islamic State mostly composed of? -How many people lived in Iraq and Syria as of March 2015? +How many people did the Islamic State control as of March 2015? What does the Islamic State lack? What did the Islamic State proclaim itself in 2014? -When did the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda? -When did Western forces invade Iraq? -What did al-Qaeda complain about ISIL's failure to consult? +When did ISIL pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda? +In what year did Western forces invade Iraq? +What did al-Qaeda complain about ISIL in 2014? When did the Syrian Civil War begin? -What is ISIL designated by the United Nations? +What has ISIL been designated by the United Nations, the European Union and member states? How does HT view Muslim history? -When did the Caliphs begin? +When did HT believe Islam's pivotal turning point occurred? When was the Ottoman Caliphate abolished? -What type of system did the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate end? -What did the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate do? +What type of system did HT believe the Ottoman Caliphate ended? +What is HT's view of the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate? What type of jihad does HT not engage in? -How does HT take power? -Who does HT work to change Muslim public opinion through? -In what country was HT banned in 1974? +How does HT try to take power? +Who does HT want to "facilitate" a change of government? +In 1974, what country did HT attempt a coup? Many HT members have gone on to join what? How many Muslims live in Greater London? What type of outlook do some Muslims in Greater London have? -When was the Channel 4 documentary Undercover Mosque aired? -What is the term given to the British policy of allowing Muslims free rein? +In what year was the Channel 4 documentary Undercover Mosque aired? +What is the term given to the term used to describe the presence of Muslims in Greater London? What was Abu Hamza al-Masri charged with? How long has the U.S. government been trying to counter Islamism? -What department is responsible for public diplomacy programmes? -Who was an official in the George W. Bush administration? -Who is Robert Gates? -What was the U.S. Information Agency charged with during the Cold War? -What language does the word "imperium" come from? -Along with colonization, what other means are used to extend a country's power and influence? -Along with the West, what other country has the term imperialism been applied to? +What department of the U.S. government conducts public diplomacy programmes? +Who called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of "political warfare"? +Who was Robert Gates? +What was the U.S. Information Agency charged with doing during the Cold War? +What language did the word "imperium" come from? +Along with colonization and use of other means, what is an example of imperialism? +Along with the West, what country has imperialism been applied to in the 19th and 20th centuries? What has imperialism allowed for the rapid spread of? -What is imperialism defined as? +What is a policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy? What is defined as "physical control or full-fledged colonial rule"? -What is another term for the use of racial, religious, or cultural stereotypes? +What is another term for imperialism? Informal imperialism is less what type of dominance? -What is less costly than taking over territories formally? -What type of imperialism is less costly? -What is the general purpose of imperialism? +What is the term for less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance? +What type of imperialism is less costly than taking over territories formally? +What is the general-purpose definition of imperialism? What is one way that informal rule can expand the controlled area? -What type of rule is less costly than formal? -What is the greatest distinction about empires? -What theory caused the world to be divided by European expansion? +What type of rule is less costly than formal rule? +What is a distinction about empires? +What theory caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed? Who suggested that imperialism was the highest form of capitalism? -What are some states today viewed as due to their political and economic authority? -What type of empires are most books on the subject confine themselves to? -What is the development for settlement or commercial intentions? -What does colonialism lack? -For what reason does Robert Young believe imperialism operates from the center? -Along with the Russian, what land empire is excluded from discussions of colonialism? -What is imperialism and colonialism used to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon? -What are the two types of domination? -What does colonialism mean? +What are states today viewed as due to their political and economic authority over other nations? +What type of empires do most books on imperialism confine themselves to? +What does Edward Said distinguish the difference between imperialism and colonialism? +What does colonialism lack that makes it not automatically imply imperialism? +Along with financial reasons, what is imperialism developed for? +Along with the Russian, what land empire is generally excluded from discussions of colonialism? +What has imperialism and colonialism been used to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon? +What do scholars sometimes find difficult to illustrate the difference between? +What does colonialism refer to? How does imperialism create an empire? What is the core meaning of Colonialism? -What are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations? +What is inherited by the conquered indigenous populations? What is a controversial aspect of imperialism? -What did Friedrich Ratzel believe was needed in order for a state to survive? -What does Hobson believe is necessary for imperialism? +What is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds? +What did Hobson believe the races of the earth should do best? What did Mackinder use to justify imperialism? What is still prized today in Latin America? Where was Friedrich Ratzel from? -Where did Halford Mackinder live? +What country did Halford Mackinder belong to? What type of geographers supported imperialism? -The Royal Geographical Society of London and other what had great influence? -What did the Royal Geographical Society of London and other geographical societies in Europe do to travelers who came back with tales of their discoveries? +The Royal Geographical Society of London and what other societies had great influence? +What did the Royal Geographical Society of London do to travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries? What theory suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of European guidance? -What type of zone did Ellen Churchill Semple believe human beings were only able to become fully human in? -What is the west's construction of the east as the "other"? -What did environmental determinism suggest that tropical environments created? -What did orientalism establish Europe as? -What did British imperialism often use the concept of? -When was Australia colonized by the British? -The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of what? -What type of people lived in Australia? +In what zone did Ellen Churchill Semple believe humans were able to become fully human? +What is Edward Said's theory about the west's construction of the east as the other called? +What type of people did environmental determinism believe tropical environments created? +What did Siad believe orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as? +What concept did British imperialism often use? +When was Australia a case study in relation to British settlement? +The principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of what empire? +Who lived in Australia in the 18th century? What does Terra nullius mean? What does Orientalism refer to how the West developed? What did early European studies of the Orient position the East as? What did Orientalism define the East as? -What is the term for the West's imaginative geography of the East? -What was the West's view of the East? +What term refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the East? +What type of West did European studies of the Orient position the East as? What did Bassett focus on during the "scramble for Africa"? -What did imperial and colonial powers use information to fill in? -What does blank space denote? -What did Bassett study? -Along with the British, what country did Bassett believe maps helped legitimize? -When did the Americas have large empires? -Who was the founder of the Mongol Empire? -How many historically recognized Muslim empires are in Sub-Saharan Africa? +What did imperial and colonial powers obtain information to fill in? +What did Bassett use blank space to denote? +What did Bassett focus on during his analysis? +Along with the British, who did Bassett say maps helped legitimize the extension of? +During what era did the Aztec Empire and the Incan Empire exist? +Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of whom? +How many Historically recognized Muslim empires are in Sub-Saharan Africa? What is an example of an empire that predates the European colonial era? -Where are the Ethiopian Empire, Oyo Empire, Luba Empire, Lunda Empire, and Mutapa Empire? +What continent has dozens of empires that predate the European colonial era? What is it called when a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles? -What is the importance of banning foreign popular culture? +What is the term for a country's influence that changes the moral, cultural and societal worldview of another country? What soap opera changed the expectations of Romanians during the Cold War? What culture did the soap opera Dallas change the expectations of? What do authoritarian regimes do to fight foreign popular culture? When did the Age of Imperialism begin? -What did industrializing nations engage in the process of doing? +What did industrializing nations engage in the process of doing during the Age of Imperialism? How many years have imperialist practices existed? When did the Age of Imperialism end? -What was the name of the policy in China that was a part of the Age of Imperialism? +What was the name of the policy in China in the Age of Imperialism? When was John Gallagher born? -When did Robinson die? -John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson are what? +When did Ronald Robinson die? +John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson were what? What grew significantly and became more interconnected in the decades before World War I? -Who was rich and prosperous before World War I? +Who was rich and prosperous in the decades before World War I? What was Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism focused on? When was the colonization of India? -Where did Europe collect resources? -The British exploited the political weakness of what state? -Along with advancements in military technology, what other technology did Europe advance in? +Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on collecting resources from what? +The British exploited the political weakness of what state in India? +Along with advancements in military technology, what else did Europe advance in? What did European chemists make that could be used in combat? -By the 1880s, what weapon had become an effective battlefield weapon? +What had become an effective battlefield weapon by the 1880s? What were armies in less-developed countries still fighting with? -What type of chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat? -What country did Disraeli belong to? +What type of chemists made explosives that could be used in combat? +In anglophone academic works, theories regarding imperialism are often based on what experience? When was the term "imperialism" first introduced into English? -What did Chamberlain believe imperialism was a policy of? -Why did Lenin believe imperialism was a natural extension of capitalism? -Along with capitalism and imperialism, what is the correlation between capitalism, imperialism, and aristocracy? +What did Joseph Chamberlain believe imperialism was a policy of? +What did Lenin believe was the need for capitalist economies? +Along with imperialism, capitalism and what other group has been debated among historians and political theorists? When did the rise of the military-political complex in the United States begin? When were these non-Marxist writers at their most prolific? -What did Hobson think imperialism was? -What did Hobson believe could boost consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful, tolerant, multipolar world order? +What did Hobson believe imperialism was? +What did Hobson believe could boost broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful, tolerant, multipolar world order? What concept served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples? -What did environmental determinism believe a certain person's behaviours were determined by? +What did environmental determinism believe a person's behaviours were determined by? What were people living in tropical environments seen as? -Along with the Americas and Asia, where was the last wave of European colonialism? +In what continent did European colonialism end? What are the two forms of environmental determinism? Who believed that the world could be split into climatic zones? -What temperate climates were believed to produce a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being? +What two temperate climates were believed to produce a hardworking, moral, and upstanding human being? What were the people of tropical climates believed to be in need of? What is a view of a people based on their geographical location? -What type of scholars believed that the world could be split into climatic zones? +What group of scholars believed that the world could be split into climatic zones? When did Britain's imperialist ambitions begin? -When was the British East India Company established? -Who chartered the British East India Company? -What did political activity in 1767 do to the East India Company? -What other empire had already established trading posts in India? +In what year was the British East India Company established? +Who chartered the British East India Company in 1599? +What did political activity in 1767 cause in the East India Company? +Who had already set up trading posts in India? When did France take control of Algeria? When did France begin to rebuild its worldwide empire? -Along with French civilization and language, what religion did the new empire spread? -Along with South-East Asia and Central and East Africa, what continent did France concentrate on? +What religion did Germany spread to France? +In what continent did France concentrate after 1850? When did Republicans become supportive of France's colonial empire? -What did Jules Ferry say the higher races had a duty to do? -What was always on the distant horizon? -How many settlers did France send to its colonies? -What did colonialism bring to the world? +What did Jules Ferry say France had a duty to do? +What was the term for full citizenship rights in France? +What did France send to its colonies? +What did Jules Ferry want to bring the world up to French standards? What was the only colony where French settlers remained a small minority? -Where did Charles de Gaulle and the Free French use as bases? +What did Charles de Gaulle and the Free French use as bases to liberate France? What began to challenge the Empire after 1945? -What country did France fight and lose a bitter war in the 1950s? -Where did the Free French win the war in Vietnam? +In what country did France fight and lose a bitter war in the 1950s? +What country did France grant independence in 1962? When did most of France's colonies gain independence? -Where did the Germanic tribes originate? -By 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe was complete, excluding which country? +Where were the Germanic tribes originally from? +By 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe was complete, excluding what? When did Germanic tribes expand throughout northern and western Europe? When did the Holy Roman Empire form? -What area did "Germany" refer to? +What part of Europe did "Germany" refer to? When was Germany's participation in Western imperialism negligible? When did Otto von Bismarck become Chancellor? -When did Prussia unified the other states into the second German Empire? +When did Prussia unite the other states into the second German Empire? Who caused the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire? -What did Prussia and the German states prefer to manipulate through the Concert of Europe? -Along with Africa, where did Germany begin to build a colonial empire in 1883-84? +What did Otto von Bismarck believe diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract Germany from? +In 1883-84, Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and what other area? Why did Bismarck want colonies? When was German New Guinea established? -What was the first German colony in 1884? +What was the first German colony established in 1884? Who influenced Bismarck? -What did Japan take from Russia after the Russo-Japanese War? -When did Japan take over Taiwan? -What country did Japan invade in the Second World War? +What did Japan take from Russia in 1905? +When was the First Sino-Japanese War? +What country did Japan invade during the Second World War? What territory did Japan conquer from China in 1931? -What country did the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China support? +What country did the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China support after World War II? When did the policy of "Indigenization" stop being implemented? Who asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory? Where did the Soviet Union occupy after World War II? -Who reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as the Tsarist empire? -What did Trotsky believe the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of? -Who declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism? -Who argued that the Soviet Union had become an imperialist power? +Who reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as the Tsarist empire by 1921? +Trotsky believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of what? +Who declared that imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism? +Who argued that the Soviet Union had become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade? Who was the new political leader of the Soviet Union in the late 1950s? What did Joseph Stalin establish for the Soviet Union? What was the First British Empire based on? When did Britain lose the American colonies? -By the 1840s, Britain had adopted a highly successful policy of what? -When did the Spanish and Portuguese independence? +What policy did Britain adopt in the 1840s that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world? +When did the Spanish and Portuguese independence occur? When did Britain defeat Napoleonic France? What was the largest Empire that the world has ever seen? What type of science was Social Darwinism? What was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury? -Along with Asia, what area did the British Empire add in the late 19th century? -What was the name of the US policy that opposed imperialism? +Along with Asia, what region did the British Empire add to in the late 19th century? +What was the name of the US policy that expressed its opposition to Imperialism? What was Theodore Roosevelt's policy in Central America? -What happened in the Philippines in 1898? +What happened to the Philippines one year after the Anti-Imperialist League was formed? What country did the Anti-Imperialist League oppose the US annexation of? What was American foreign policy denounced as by Smedley Butler? -Who was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914? -When was Isiah Bowman appointed to President Wilson's inquiry? +Who was a key figure in the plans for the American Empire? +In what year was Isiah Bowman appointed to President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry? Who did President Wilson and Isiah Bowman work with on the inquiry? What was the point of the inquiry? What was Isiah Bowman known as as a result of his role in the inquiry? -What do some describe as a form of imperialism or colonialism? -What is the internal form of empire called? -How many Africans were sold in the African slave trade? -What did Edward Said say the United States was using aggressive means of attack towards? +What have some described as a form of imperialism or colonialism? +What is the internal form of empire that the United States took on prior to attempting external imperialism called? +How many Africans did the United States enslave during the slave trade? +Who did Edward Said say the US was using aggressive means of attack towards? When did the Ottoman Empire end? Who was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries? How many provinces did the Ottoman Empire have at the beginning of the 17th century? -Along with Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa, what region did the Ottoman Empire control? +What continent did the Ottoman Empire control? When was the Ottoman Empire at its height? What was the capital of the Ottoman Empire? Who did the Ottoman Empire ally with in the early 20th century? -What war led to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire? -What new state emerged in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland after World War I? +What war caused the Ottoman Empire to dissolve? +What new state was formed in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland after World War I? What is the name of the mainline Protestant Methodist denomination? -What is the United Methodist Church? +What is the UMC? When was the UMC founded? What was the UMC founded by? What is the theological orientation of the UMC? What is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement? How many members are in the United Methodist Church? What does the UMC rank as in the United States? -What percentage of the U.S. population self-identify with the United Methodist Church? +What percentage of the US population self-identify with the United Methodist Church in 2015? When did the United Methodist Church begin? Where did the United Methodist Church begin? What did other students mock the Methodists for? When did John and Charles Wesley go to America to teach the gospel? Where did John and Charles Wesley go to teach the gospel to the American Indians? -Who did John and Charles Wesley teach the gospel to? -What did John Wesley and Charles Wesley believe was acquired through faith in Christ? -What event separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the Anglican Church? +Who did John and Charles Wesley go to America to teach the gospel to? +What did John Wesley and Charles Wesley's teaching emphasize? +What event separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church? In what year was the Methodist Episcopal Church established? Who did John Wesley appoint as superintendent of the Methodist Society? Where was the Baltimore Christmas Conference held? @@ -10023,146 +10023,146 @@ Where was the Baltimore Christmas Conference held? What is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States? What is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States? When was St. George's United Methodist Church founded? -Where did St. George's United Methodist Church first meet? +Where did the congregation first meet in 1767? When was the Methodist Episcopal Church founded? Who were the first African Americans ordained by the Methodist Church? Who licensed Richard Allen and Absalom Jones? -When was Richard Allen and Absalom Jones licensed by St. George's Church? -When did the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church? +When were Richard Allen and Absalom Jones licensed by St. George's Church? +In what year did the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church? Why did the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church? -When did the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church split into two conferences? +In what year did the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church split into two conferences? Why did the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church split into two conferences? When was the United Methodist Church created? -Where did the Evangelical United Brethren Church and The Methodist Church join together? +Where did the Evangelical United Brethren Church and The Methodist Church join hands? Who represented The Methodist Church at the General Conference? -The United Methodist Church understands itself to be part of what type of church? +What type of church does the United Methodist Church believe itself to be part of? What book recognizes the importance of the Chalcedonian Creed? What does the concept of the "visible and invisible Church" mean? -Why did John Wesley break with standard practice and ordain two lay preachers as presbyters? -Who assisted John Wesley in ordaining two lay preachers? -Who did John Wesley ordain as presbyters? -When was the United Methodist Church formed? +Why did John Wesley break with standard practice and ordain two of his lay preachers as presbyters? +Who was set apart as a superintendent by Wesley? +Who did John Wesley ordain as presbyters in 1784? +When was The United Methodist Church formed? Who were the founders of the United Methodist Church? Who was the first United Methodist theologian? Who was the first United Methodist theologian? -What is the grace that goes before us? -What is the grace that goes before us? -What isvenient grace? -What is the grace that goes before us? -What is that grace offered by God to all people? -Where are we received by God? -What is another name for "accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior"? -What is another name for "accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior"? +What is the grace that "goes before" us called? +What is the grace that "goes before" us called? +What is prevenient grace? +What is the grace that "goes before" us called? +What is the name of the grace offered by God to all people? +What type of grace cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin? +What is another name for justifying grace? +What is another name for justifying grace? What did John Wesley call the experience of being born again? What is Sanctifying Grace? -What is the grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection? -What is Sanctifying Grace? +What is the grace of God that sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection? What is Sanctifying Grace? -What type of theology is the United Methodist Church? +What did Wesley believe was possible for all Christians? +What type of theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental? What does the United Methodist Church believe in? What denomination is considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race, gender, and ideology? -What is the name of the book that describes United Methodist theology? -When did the General Conference go on record in support of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice? -What is the United Methodist Church's stance on abortion? +According to what book is United Methodist theology at once "catholic, evangelical, and reformed"? +In what year did the General Conference go on record in support of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice? +What is the stance of the United Methodist Church on abortion? What group was the United Methodist Church a founding member of? -What two official bodies of the United Methodist Church are part of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice? -Who does the United Methodist Church emphasize the need to be in supportive ministry with? -Who does the United Methodist Church believe is equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being? +What are the names of the two official bodies of the United Methodist Church? +Who does the United Methodist Church emphasize the need to be supportive of? +Who does the United Methodist church hold to respect the sacredness of? What is the name of the group of members of the United Methodist Church who identify with the pro-life position? -When was the General Conference of the United Methodist Church held? +In what year was the General Conference of the United Methodist Church held? Who is the president of the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality? What movement has the Methodist Church supported? -When did the United Methodist Church's General Board of Church and Society call on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent? +In what years did the General Board of Church and Society call on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent? What was the name of John Wesley's famous sermon? What does the United Methodist Church use in the sacrament of Holy Communion? What does the United Methodist Church condemn? When did Jesus abolish the death penalty? -When did Jesus repudiate the lex talionis? +In what passage does the United Methodist Church believe Jesus repudiated the lex talionis? What part of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment? What does the United Methodist Church prohibit the celebration of? -When was Rev. Jimmy Creech defrocked? -When did a United Methodist bishop perform a same-sex marriage in church? -What is the name of the governing committee of the United Methodist Church? -What community have many organizations, conferences, and congregations called for broader acceptance of? -What have many conferences voted in favor of? +In what year was Rev. Jimmy Creech defrocked? +In what year did a United Methodist bishop perform a same-sex marriage in church? +What governing committee has voted in favor of a proposal that would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings? +What community have many organizations, conferences, and congregations recently called for broader acceptance of? +Many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of what? When was Rose Mary Denman defrocked? -When were Irene Elizabeth Stroud's clergy credentials removed? -Which UMC conference has approved the appointment of an openly partnered lesbian to the provisional diaconate? +In what year were clergy credentials removed from Irene Elizabeth Stroud? +Who approved the appointment of an openly partnered lesbian to the provisional diaconate? What does the United Methodist Church oppose? What is not always righteous before God? -What does the United Methodist Church oppose? +What does the United Methodist Church support and extend its ministry to those who conscientiously oppose? What does the United Methodist Church believe war is incompatible with? What does the United Methodist Church reject war as? What does the United Methodist Church endorses? -Who states that pornography is harmful and is generally addictive? +Who states that pornography is not an 'innocent activity'? What does the United Methodist Church teach pornography is about? Who do people who are addicted to pornography change their perceptions of? -The UMC supports federal funding for research on embryos created for what? -What does the UMC support research on? +What type of research does the UMC support federal funding for? +What does the UMC support research on retrieved from umbilical cords? What does the UMC support federal funding for on embryos created for IVF? -What was the name of John Wesley's revised version of The Book of Common Prayer? +What is the name of the revised version of The Book of Common Prayer that John Wesley provided for the Methodists in America? When did John Wesley provide a revised version of The Book of Common Prayer? -What book did John Wesley provide a revised version of? +What was the name of the revised version of the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America? Where is exorcism an occasional practice by some clergy in The United Methodist Church? -From what Anglican tradition are many of the liturgies in the United Methodist Church derived? -Along with the laying on of hands, what does the United Methodist Church's official liturgies involve? +What is the Anglican tradition that many of the United Methodist liturgies are derived from? +What does the laying on of hands involve? What may be named after a biblical figure? Who was the founder of the Salvation Army? -Who is Methodism's founder? +What is the name of Methodism's founder? What is the name of the church that is organized into conferences? What is the highest level of the United Methodist Church? -What is the name of the book that records legislative changes in the United Methodist Church? +What is the name of the book that is revised after each General Conference? What is the highest level of the United Methodist Church? How often does the General Conference meet? -How many jurisdictions are in the United States? -How many central conferences are there outside of the United States? +How many jurisdictions is the United States divided into? +How many central conferences does the church have outside of the United States? What is the main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences? Who are the chief administrators of the church? -Where do bishops serve? +What are bishops elected to serve? Who makes decisions in-between the four-year meetings? Who are the members of the Mission Council? -How many acres did the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction approve a 99-year lease of? -Why did the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction approve a 99-year lease of 36 acres? +How many acres of land did the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction approve a 99-year lease of? +What was the purpose of the lease of 36 acres at Southern Methodist University? Where was the George W. Bush Presidential Library located? -How many members does the Judicial Council have? +How many members are in the Judicial Council? What is the highest court in the denomination? How long is the term of the Judicial Council? How often does the Judicial Council meet? Where does the Judicial Council meet? What is the basic unit of organization within the UMC? What is the term Annual Conference often used to refer to? -Who are clergy members of the United Methodist Church? +What are clergy members of? What is the guidebook for local churches and pastors? -How many members must a board of trustees have? +How many members must all UM churches have on their board of trustees? How many members must a board of trustees have? What is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members? What is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members? -How many colleges and universities are affiliated with the United Methodist Church? -How many schools does the United Methodist Church operate overseas? -What organization does the United Methodist Church belong to? +How many colleges and universities is the United Methodist Church affiliated with in the United States? +How many schools and institutions does the United Methodist Church operate overseas? +What is the name of the association that the United Methodist Church is a member of? Who ordained the first Methodist clergy? What do elders serve as in local congregations? -What is the name of the order of elders in full connection? -What order is each deacon in full connection a member of? -Who advises the bishop on clergy appointments? -How long is an appointment? +What order are elders in full connection in the United Methodist Church a member of? +Who is each deacon in full connection a member of? +Who advises the resident bishop on clergy appointments? +How long is it most common for an appointment to be continued? When are no appointments officially fixed? -Who is given the authority to preach the Word of God, administer the sacraments of the church? -Where can Elders be appointed? +Who is given the authority to preach the Word of God? +Where can Elders be appointed to? How long do provisional Elders serve? -What are Elders also assigned as? -How long do deacons serve? -Who is ordained by a bishop to servant leadership? -Who is ordained by a bishop to servant leadership? -What can a deacon do if they are appointed as the pastor of a local church? +What are Elders assigned as? +How long do provisional deacons serve? +Who is ordained by a bishop to servant leadership within the church? +Who is ordained by a bishop to servant leadership within the church? +What can a deacon do if they are appointed as the pastor in a local church? When was the ordination order of transitional deacon abolished? Who serves a two-three year term in a full-time appointment after being commissioned? When was the ordination order of transitional deacon abolished? What is the official title of a local pastor? What is the official title of a local pastor? How many years of study are local pastors required to attend? -What does a local pastor have the right to do after they complete their bachelor's degree? -What are those who have been baptized as an infant or child but have not subsequently professed their own faith? +What does a local pastor have to do to retire as clergy? +What are those who have been baptized as an infant or child, but have not subsequently professed their own faith? How do Baptized Members become Professing Members? How can an individual become a Professing Member? What is a sacrament in the UMC? @@ -10170,401 +10170,401 @@ What classes do students learn about Church and the Methodist-Christian theologi What document directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people? What do students learn in confirmation and membership preparation classes? What is another position in the United Methodist Church? -How can a local church lay servant be recognized as a lay servant? +How can a local church lay servant be recognized? How often must a lay servant reapply? How many advanced courses must a lay servant complete each year? What is one tradition within the Christian Church? -What type of status did the United Methodist Church vote to seek in the National Association of Evangelicals? +What status did the United Methodist Church vote to seek in the National Association of Evangelicals? What do some in the United Methodist Church feel that false ecumenism might result in? -When did the Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union form? +When was the Commission on Pan Methodist Cooperation and Union formed? When did the United Methodist Church enter into full communion with the African Methodist Episcopal Church? When did the United Methodist Church begin exploring a possible merger with three historically African-American Methodist denominations? How many members did the UMC have at the time of its formation? -How many congregations does the UMC have? +How many congregations did the UMC have at the time of its formation? How many members were in the UMC in 2005? -How many congregations does the UMC have? -Which state has the largest number of members? -What was the total UMC membership in 2008? -How many members were in the U.S. in 2008? -How many members were overseas in 2008? +How many congregations did the UMC have in 2005? +What state has the largest number of members in the UMC? +What was the total UMC membership at the opening of the 2008 General Conference? +How many UMC members were in the U.S. in 2008? +How many UMC members were overseas in 2008? What group is the UMC a member of? -What interdenominational group does the UMC belong to? -When did the World Methodist Council adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification? +What interdenominational group is the UMC active in? +When did delegates to the World Methodist Council vote unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification? When was the French and Indian War? -Who was the French and Indian War fought between? +Who fought in the French and Indian War? What was the population of the French North American colonies at the start of the Seven Years' War? How many people lived in the British North American colonies? Where was the war fought? -What was the cause of the war? -When did the dispute over control of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers begin? -When did the British capture Fort Beauséjour? +What did the war begin with? +When did the dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers begin? +In what year did the British capture Fort Beauséjour? What was the result of Braddock's attack on the French? Why did British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 fail? -What was the name of the fort that the British captured on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia? +What was the name of the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia? What did the British order after capturing Fort Beauséjour? Who came to power after the British government fell? -Why was France unwilling to help the British in the colonies? +Why was France unwilling to risk large convoys to aid New France? Where did France concentrate its forces? -Where did the British lose? -What territory did France give to Britain? +Where did the British lose at? +What territory did France cede to Britain? What territory did France cede to Britain? -What was the result of the loss of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon? -When was King George's War? -What does the traditional name of the French and Indian War omit? +What was the result of France's loss of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon? +When was the first King George's War? +What does the traditional name of the French and Indian War obscures? What was the Seven Years' War? What are two less frequently used names for the French and Indian War? What are the official dates of the Seven Years' War in Europe? How long did the Seven Years' War last? -When did the British capture Montreal? -What was the name of the first battle of the Seven Years' War? +In what year was Montreal captured? +What was the name of the battle that took place in 1754? How many French lived in the St. Lawrence River valley? Where was the French population concentrated? -Where did French fur traders and trappers travel? +Where did French fur traders travel? How much did the British settlers outnumber the French? -Where did the British settlers live on the eastern coast of the continent? -Where were the population centers of the British colonies? -Who dominated large areas between the French and the British? +Where did the British settlers range along the eastern coast of the continent? +Where were the population centers of the older colonies located? +In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by who? Which two tribes were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War? -Where did the Iroquois Confederation dominate? -Under what rule were the tribes under? -What were the Siouan-speaking tribes in the Southeast interior? -Where did the French recruit fighters? -Who supported the British in the Anglo-Cherokee War? -How many French troops were in North America at the start of the war? +The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of what? +What were the tribes formally under? +Which three Siouan-speaking tribes dominated the Southeast interior? +Where did the French recruit fighters from? +Who supported the British in the Anglo-Cherokee war? +How many French regular army troops were in North America at the start of the war? How many British troops were in North America at the start of the war? -What did the British colonies do with their militia? +What did most British colonies do to deal with native threats? How many miles did Céloron's expedition cover? How many people were in Céloron's expedition? Who did Céloron tell to leave? What did the Native Americans do when Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown? -Where was the home of "Old Briton"? +What was the home of the Miami chief known as "Old Briton"? What did Céloron do to Old Briton? -What did Old Briton do? -What did Céloron say about the Natives? -What did each side of the Ohio Country issue do with Céloron's report? +What did "Old Briton" do after Céloron threatened him? +What did Céloron say about the Natives of the Ohio Country? +What did each side of the conflict want to do with the Ohio Country? What did William Shirley say about the British colonists? -When did the British government give land to the Ohio Company of Virginia? -What company was given land by the British government in 1749? +In what year did the British government give land to the Ohio Company of Virginia? +Who was given land in 1749? Who explored the Ohio territory in 1750? -What was the name of the treaty completed by Christopher Gist in 1752? -Where did the Indians agree to build a house? +What was the name of the treaty completed by Christopher Gist? +Where did the Treaty of Logstown give the Indians permission to build a strong house? What is the North American theater of the War of the Austrian Succession known as? When did the War of the Austrian Succession end? What issues were turned over to a commission to resolve? -What areas were claimed by both sides? +What areas were claimed by both sides of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Who was the Governor-General of New France in 1752? How many men did Langlade have? -What was Langlade's objective? +What did Langlade want to do? How did the French attack Pickawillany? Who was given command of a 2,000-man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians? -Where did Marin build his first fort? +What was the name of the first fort that Marin constructed? Where did Marin build a second fort? What was Paul Marin de la Malgue's orders? Who was the chief of the Mingo? Who was William Johnson? -What was William Johnson known to the Iroquois? +What was William Johnson known to the Iroquois as? What was William Johnson made in 1746? Who was the Speaker of the Iroquois tribal council? -What company was Dinwiddie an investor in? -Who did Dinwiddie order to warn the French to leave Virginia territory? +What company was Governor Dinwiddie an investor in? +Who was ordered to warn the French to leave Virginia territory? Who did George Washington pick up along the way? On what date did George Washington reach Fort Le Boeuf? -Who was the commander of the French forces after Marin died? -Who wrote the letter to Saint-Pierre? -What did Saint-Pierre say about the Summons? -What did Saint-Pierre say about France's claim to the Ohio Country? -When did Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur lead 500 men south? +Who succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces? +What letter did Washington present Saint-Pierre with? +What did Saint-Pierre say about the letter from Dinwiddie? +What did Saint-Pierre tell Washington about the Ohio Country? +When did Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur lead 500 men south from Fort Venango? When did William Trent begin construction of a small stockaded fort? What was the name of the small stockaded fort built by William Trent? -What was the name of the battle between Washington and the Canadians? +What was the name of the battle that took place on May 28? What did Washington do to the Canadians? Why did Tanaghrisson attack the Canadians? What did the Duke of Newcastle want to do with the army expedition? -How did the British military know about the plan to send an army to North America? +How did the British get word of the plans for the expedition to North America? What did King Louis XV do in response to the news of the two battles? What did the British intend to do with their fleet? -What was the name of the congress that was convened in June and July of 1754? +What congress was convened in June and July, 1754? What was the goal of the Albany Congress? -Why was the Albany Congress never ratified? +What happened to the plan that was agreed to at the Albany Congress? What did the Albany Congress do? Who led the expedition to take Fort Duquesne? What was the result of the expedition to take Fort Duquesne? -How many British soldiers were killed? -Who played key roles in organizing the retreat? -Who did the French acquire a copy of the British war plans? -Why did Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego fail? -What did the French plan to do in Shirley's absence? +How many British soldiers were killed or injured in the attack on Fort Duquesne? +Who played a key role in organizing the retreat? +Who did the French acquire a copy of the British war plans from? +Why did the French acquire a copy of the British war plans? +What did Shirley know the French were planning to do in his absence? What did Shirley leave at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams? -Who noticed Johnson's expedition? -What did Vaudreuil do? +Who was New France's governor? +What did Vaudreuil do when Johnson was seen as the larger threat? How did the Battle of Lake George end? -Where did Johnson's advance stop? +What fort did Johnson's advance stop at? Where did the French withdraw to after the Battle of Lake George? Who captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755? -What did Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence order? -Where were the only clashes between the British and Acadians? -Who assumed command of British forces in North America after Braddock died? -Where did William Shirley hold a meeting in December 1755? -What did William Shirley want to do in 1756? -How did William Shirley plan to attack Quebec? +What did Governor Charles Lawrence order to cut vital supplies to Louisbourg? +What were the only clashes between the British and Acadians? +Who assumed command of British forces in North America after Braddock's death? +In what city did William Shirley hold a meeting in 1755? +What did Shirley plan to do in 1756? +How did Shirley plan to attack Quebec? Who was Lord Loudoun's second in command? -Who led the French regular army reinforcements to New France? +Who led the French regular army reinforcements that arrived in New France in May 1756? When did England declare war on France? Where did Shirley build forts? -What was the name of the battle in which the French destroyed the fort? -How much gunpowder did the French destroy in the Battle of Fort Bull? +What was the name of the battle in which the French destroyed the fort at Oneida Carry? +How much gunpowder did the French destroy at the Battle of Fort Bull? What did the Battle of Fort Bull set back the British? Who refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them? Where did Montcalm move his headquarters? -Where did Montcalm lead an attack? +What garrison did Vaudreuil harass? What did Montcalm and the Indians disagree about? -What was Loudoun planning for 1757? +What was Loudoun's plan for 1757? Why did Loudoun leave a large force at Fort William Henry? Who ordered Loudoun to attack Louisbourg first? -Why did Loudoun return to New York? -Who harassed Fort William Henry? -Where did the French raid in February? -What happened to Montcalm's Indian allies when the British withdrew? -Why were Vaudreuil and Montcalm only resupplied in 1758? -What caused the situation in New France to worsen in 1757? +What happened to Loudoun when he returned to New York? +Who harassed Fort William Henry in 1757? +On what lake did the French raid Fort William Henry? +What did some of Montcalm's Indian allies do? +Why did Vaudreuil and Montcalm need to resupplied in 1758? +What caused a difficult winter in 1757? Where did Montcalm focus his resources? -What led to the fall of Newcastle? +What led to the fall from power of Newcastle and the Duke of Cumberland? Who developed the plan for the 1758 campaign? -How many actions did Pitt's plan call for? +What was Pitt's plan for the 1758 campaign? What were the results of Pitt's three major offensive actions? -How many Frenchmen fought in the Battle of Carillon? +How many Frenchmen were in the Battle of Carillon? How many troops did Abercrombie's force have? What did Abercrombie do to save something from the disaster? -What happened to Abercrombie? -What did the duc de Choiseul focus on? +What happened to Abercrombie after the Battle of Carillon? +What did France's new foreign minister focus on? What was the result of the French invasion of Britain? Where did the French Navy fail in the 1759 naval battles? Who defeated Montcalm at Quebec? What did the victory at Fort Niagara do? -What was the name of the battle outside Quebec City? +What was the name of the battle that the British won outside Quebec City in 1760? In what battle did the British prevent the arrival of French relief ships? Who negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst? -What did Amherst give the French residents who chose to remain in the colony? +What did Amherst give to French residents? Who did Governor Vaudreuil negotiate a capitulation with? When did the war in North America end? When was the European theatre of the Seven Years' War settled? -What did the British offer France? +What did the British offer France to surrender? Why did the British want the Caribbean islands? -How many people lived in French Canada? +How many people lived in French Canada and Acadia? When did the deportation of Acadians begin? Where did the British resettle many Acadians? Where did some Acadians flee to after the Haitian Revolution? Who issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763? What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 do? -Where was the reservation of lands for the Indian population? +Where was the reservation of lands to the Indian population located? Where did most of the Spanish Catholic population of Florida go? -Why was the Ohio Country particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement? +What made the Ohio Country particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement? When was the Spanish takeover of Louisiana completed? -Which two tribes were enemies of the British? +What two tribes did the British exploit to cause tensions? What did the elimination of French power in North America mean for native populations? What concept did philosophers in antiquity use in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines? -What did Aristotle and Archimedes retain in understanding force? +What was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion even at a constant velocity? Who formulated laws of motion that were not improved on for nearly three hundred years? -How long were the laws of motion not improved on? +How long did it take for Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion to be improved on? Who developed the theory of relativity? What model describes forces between particles smaller than atoms? What are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed? What is the strongest of the four main interactions? -Along with strong, electromagnetic, weak, and weak, what is the fourth main interaction in the Standard Model? -What type of interaction are the weak and electromagnetic forces expressions of? -Who provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology? +What is the fourth main interaction in the Standard Model? +The weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental what? +Who believed that motionless objects on Earth would stay in their natural place on the ground if left alone? Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of what? -How many elements did Aristotle believe were in the terrestrial sphere? +How many elements did Aristotle believe the terrestrial sphere contained? Where did Aristotle believe motionless objects on Earth to be? What type of motion required continued application of a force? -When did Galileo Galilei disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion? -Who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus? +In what century did Galileo Galilei disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion? +Who disproved the Aristotelian theory of motion? Galileo Galilei believed that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of what? -Who constructed an experiment to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion? - Galileo Galilei argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by what force? +Who constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion? +What force did Galileo Galilei believe would cause an object to retain its velocity unless acted on? Who proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia? -What did Galileo believe constant velocity was associated with? +Newton's First Law of Motion is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with what? Who proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia? -What law states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force? -How are the laws of physics defined in every inertial frame of reference? +What law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force? +What are the laws of physics in every inertial frame of reference? What do not change from being at rest? -What kind of path does the ball follow? -What do the laws of physics not change from while traveling in a moving vehicle? -What applies equally well to constant velocity motion? -What is the rotational inertia of planet Earth? +What kind of path does the ball follow when it follows a moving vehicle? +What is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction? +What applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest? +What concept can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion? What fixes the constancy of a day and the length of a year? -Who extended the principle of inertia? +Who extended the principle of inertia further? What do astronauts experience when in free-fall orbit around the Earth? -What was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity? -What asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force? +What principle was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity? +What asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality? What type of measurements can be used to define acceleration? -What offers an equivalence between space-time and mass? -What offers an equivalence between space-time and mass? -What are the relative units of force and mass? -What law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects? -What law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects? +What theory offers an equivalence between space-time and mass? +What theory offers an equivalence between space-time and mass? +What are the relative units of force and mass in Newton's second law? +What law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies? +What law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies? What type of force is there no such thing as? -What are F and −F equal in? -What part of a closed system will not experience an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the external force? +F and −F are equal in what? +What part of a closed system will not accelerate if an external force acts on the system? In what type of system are there no internal forces that are unbalanced? -The action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of what? -What does the perception of forces as pushes or pulls provide for describing forces? -What is the operational definition of forces compared to? +What does the center of a closed system of particles not accelerate? +What is the term for describing forces that are perceived as pushes or pulls? +What is the intuitive understanding of forces compared to? What is the conceptual definition of force offered by? -How is it determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics? +Through what process is it determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics? What are forces classified as? What are physical quantities that do not have direction called? -What avoids problems when two forces act on the same object? -What is the situation when two forces act on the same object? -What avoids problems when two forces act on the same object? -In what conditions were forces first quantitatively investigated? -What are the crucial properties of additive vector quantities? -What is another name for the resultant? -What must be specified in order to account for the effects of the forces on the motion of the body? -What is the rule of vector addition? -What can forces be resolved into? +What avoids the problem of not knowing the direction of forces? +What is the situation when two forces are not known for each force? +What avoids the problem of not knowing the direction of forces? +In what condition were forces first quantitatively investigated? +What properties do forces have? +What is another name for the resultant force? +What must be specified in order to account for the effects of forces on the motion of the body? +The addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of what? +What are orthogonal components? How many forces can a horizontal force pointing northeast be split into? -What does summing these component forces using vector addition yield? -What type of components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on magnitude or direction of the other? +What does summing component forces using vector addition yield? +What type of components are independent of each other? What kind of force vectors can orthogonal force vectors be? -What is generated between the object and the table surface? -What is generated between the object and the table surface? -What type of force is opposed by static friction? +Pushing against an object on a frictional surface is opposed by what? +Pushing against an object on a frictional surface is opposed by what? +What force is opposed by static friction? What is opposed by static friction? -What is the most usual way of measuring? -What is the force applied by an object suspended on a vertical spring scale? +What is the most usual way of measuring forces? +What is the force applied by an object suspended on a vertical spring scale called? What force is proportional to volume for objects of constant density? What force is proportional to volume for objects of constant density? -Who wrote the Three Laws of Motion? +Who expounded the Three Laws of Motion? Who first described dynamic equilibrium? Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to what? Who first described dynamic equilibrium? +Where would a falling cannonball land in an Aristotelian universe? Where would a cannonball land in an Aristotelian universe? -Where would a cannonball land in an Aristotelian universe? -What is a simple case of when a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force? +What is a simple case of when constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction occurs? What opposes the applied force? -What causes constant velocity motion across a surface? +What force opposes the applied force in a simple case of dynamic equilibrium? Who misinterpreted the motion as being caused by the applied force? -Who describes the physics of quantum mechanics? -The Schrödinger equation is instead of what type of equations? -What are potentials and fields similar to? +What equation is used to describe quantum mechanics? +What type of equations are used in quantum mechanics? +The potentials V(x,y,z) or fields are treated similar to what? What is the term for the results of a measurement that appear in discrete portions? What is difficult to imagine in the context of "forces"? What is the discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called? What principle relates the space and the spin variables? What is the discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called? -What type of spins must the position variables be symmetric? -What type of spins must the spatial variables be antisymmetric? -In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as what? -What is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum? -What is considered more fundamental than the concept of a force? +What type of spins must position variables be symmetric? +What type of spins must be antisymmetric? +In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a what? +What concept is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of momentum? +What is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force? What diagrams are used to describe fundamental interactions? In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a what kind of line? -How many fundamental interactions are there in the universe? -What are nuclear forces? -What force acts between the atoms of two surfaces? +How many fundamental interactions are all of the forces in the universe based on? +What are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances? +What force acts between electric charges? The gravitational force acts between what? -What does not permit atoms to pass through each other? -Who unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth? +What principle does not permit atoms to pass through each other? +Who unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the forceresponsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation? In what century did the development of quantum mechanics lead to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces are manifestations of matter? -The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of what? -Physicists are still attempting to develop what? +What did the development of fundamental theories for forces proceed along the lines of? +Physicists are still attempting to develop what models? Who identified gravity as a universal force? Who was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects? What is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth? -Where is the magnitude of gravity measured? +From where is the magnitude of gravity measured? What is directly proportional to the object's mass? -When did Newton realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways? -Newton determined that the acceleration of what body around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration decreased as an inverse square law? -What did Newton realize that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to? -What does the formula that relates the mass and the gravitational acceleration relate to? -What is the dimensional constant used to describe the relative strength of gravity called? +Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways when? +Newton determined that the acceleration of what object around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law? +Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to what of the attracting body? +Newton's formula relates the mass of the attracting body and what other factor to the gravitational acceleration? +What is the dimensional constant used to describe the relative strength of gravity known as? Who made the first measurement of using a torsion balance? -When was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance? -Who realized that the law of gravity had to be universal? -What planet did Albert Einstein turn his attention to? +When did Henry Cavendish make the first measurement of using a torsion balance? +Who realized that since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion, his law of gravity had to be universal? +What planet's orbit did Albert Einstein turn his attention to? What is the name of the planet that some astrophysicists predicted would explain the discrepancies in Mercury's orbit? -What did Albert Einstein formulate to explain Mercury's orbit? +What was the name of Albert Einstein's theory that added a correction to Mercury's orbit? Who formulated the theory of general relativity? Who formulated the theory of general relativity? -What is the theory that best explains gravity? +What theory has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity? What is the straight line path in space-time called? What is the time derivative of the changing momentum of the object called? In what sense can the curvature of space-time be observed? What is the definition of the time rate of change of electric charge? -What type of force acts on a charge? -What describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field? -What is the sum of the electric field and the magnetic force? +The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of what force? +What law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field? +What force can Lorentz's Law be written as a sum of? Who unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations? When was the origin of electric and magnetic fields fully explained? -How many scalar equations did Maxwell unite? -How many vector equations were created by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs? +How many scalar equations did James Clerk Maxwell unite? +How many vector equations were later reformulated into? Who discovered that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-generating"? -What theory did the photoelectric effect and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe challenge? +What theory of electromagnetism was used to reconcile the photoelectric effect? What was the new theory of electromagnetism developed using? -What does QED stand for? +What theory of electromagnetism describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave-particles known as photons? What is the fundamental exchange particle in QED? -What does QED stand for? +What theory of electromagnetism describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave-particles known as photons? What is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to? -What principle causes the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter? +What principle causes stiffness and rigidity of solid matter? What does it take to pack electrons together? -How is this effect manifested macroscopically? +How is the Pauli exclusion principle manifested macroscopically? What is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to? -What principle causes the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter? +What principle causes stiffness and rigidity of solid matter? What does it take to pack electrons together? -How is this effect manifested macroscopically? +How is the Pauli exclusion principle manifested macroscopically? The strong force only acts directly upon what? What is observed between hadrons? -The gluons and rho mesons transmit what force? -How is the strong force transmitted between hadrons? +What force is transmitted as gluons and rho mesons? +How is the strong force transmitted? What is it called when the elementary particles affected are not directly observable? What is stronger than gravity over short distances? What is the most familiar effect of the weak force? What is the associated effect of beta decay? -What is the field strength of the weak force? -At what temperature are the electromagnetic and weak forces indistinguishable? +How many times stronger is the weak force than the strong force? +At what temperature are electromagnetic forces and the weak force indistinguishable? What is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors? -What happens when the electron clouds overlap? +What is the term for the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects? Why is Pauli repulsion? What force is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors? -What can be used to model tension forces? -What can be combined with ideal strings to switch physical direction? +Tension forces can be modeled using what? +What allows ideal strings to switch physical direction? How do ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously? -What does tandem effects result in? +What does the tandem effects result in? What can be used to multiply the tension force on a load? Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics were first developed to describe how forces affect what? Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than what? -What kind of structure does matter have in real life? +In real life, matter has what kind of structure? In real life, forces that act on one part of an object might affect what other parts? -What kind of structure does matter have in real life? +In real life, matter has what kind of structure? What accounts for forces that cause all strains? What terms are associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area? What terms are associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area? -What includes pressure terms? +What includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area? What is angle? -What ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by what? -What can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body? +What is the rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by? +What law can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body? Where is the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object always directed? -What direction do unbalanced forces act to the velocity vector? +How do unbalanced centripetal forces act to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object? What type of force is always directed toward the center of the curving path? -What direction is the unit vector pointing outwards from the center? -What does the unbalanced force produce? -A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert between what forms? -A conservative force is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space? +What direction does the centripetal force change its direction? +What force accelerates an object by slowing it down or speeding it up? +A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between potential forms or what? +The force is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space, and can be considered an artifact of what field? What is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on a closed system? -What is the conservative force related to? +What is the force related directly to? The direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an what? -For certain physical scenarios it is impossible to model what as being due to gradient of potentials? -What is it impossible to model forces as being due to? +For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model what as being due to gradient of potentials? +For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to what? What is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms? -Other than friction, what type of forces are other than friction? -What is the connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces described by detailed treatment? -According to the Second law of thermodynamics, what type of forces result in energy transformations within closed systems? -According to the Second law of thermodynamics, what type of forces result in energy transformations within closed systems? -What law of thermodynamics states that nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems? -According to the Second law of thermodynamics, what type of forces result in energy transformations within closed systems? +What type of forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials? +The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with what? +According to the Second law of thermodynamics, what result in energy transformations within closed systems? +According to the Second law of thermodynamics, what result in energy transformations within closed systems? +Which law of thermodynamics states that nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions? +According to the Second law of thermodynamics, what result in energy transformations within closed systems? What is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass? What is another name for the kilogram-force? -What is the metric unit of mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2? -What unit of force is equivalent to 1000 lbf? -What is the equivalent to 1000 N? \ No newline at end of file +What is the metric equivalent of the kilogram-force? +What is the unit of force that is equivalent to 1000 lbf? +What is an arcane unit of force that is equivalent to 1000 N? \ No newline at end of file