---
license: mit
language:
- en
pipeline_tag: text2text-generation
arxiv: 2310.04921

model-index:
- name: crystal-11b
  results:
  - task:
      type: question-answering
      name: Commonsense Question Answering
    dataset:
      type: openbookqa
      name: OpenBookQA
    metrics:
      - type: accuracy
        value: 84.58
        name: Accuracy
  - task:
      type: question-answering
      name: Commonsense Question Answering
    dataset:
      type: ai2_arc
      name: ARC (easy)
      config: ARC-Easy
    metrics:
      - type: accuracy
        value: 87.54
        name: Accuracy
  - task:
      type: question-answering
      name: Commonsense Question Answering
    dataset:
      type: ai2_arc
      name: ARC (challenge)
      config: ARC-Challenge
    metrics:
      - type: accuracy
        value: 73.24
        name: Accuracy
  - task:
      type: question-answering
      name: Commonsense Question Answering
    dataset:
      type: commonsense_qa
      name: CommonsenseQA
    metrics:
      - type: accuracy
        value: 82.31
        name: Accuracy
  - task:
      type: question-answering
      name: Commonsense Question Answering
    dataset:
      type: qasc
      name: QASC
    metrics:
      - type: accuracy
        value: 81.97
        name: Accuracy
  - task:
      type: question-answering
      name: Commonsense Question Answering
    dataset:
      type: piqa
      name: Physical IQA
    metrics:
      - type: accuracy
        value: 88.08
        name: Accuracy
  - task:
      type: question-answering
      name: Commonsense Question Answering
    dataset:
      type: social_i_qa
      name: Social IQA
    metrics:
      - type: accuracy
        value: 82.24
        name: Accuracy
  - task:
      type: question-answering
      name: Commonsense Question Answering
    dataset:
      type: winogrande
      name: Winogrande
      config: winogrande_xl
    metrics:
      - type: accuracy
        value: 90.77
        name: Accuracy
---

# Model Card for Crystal

<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. -->

Crystal is an introspective reasoning model commonsense QA. See our paper at: <https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04921>.

## Model Details

### Model Description

<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this model is. -->

Crystal can answer a given commonsense question by first generating a relevant knowledge statement, and then predict the final answer by referencing the generated knowledge.
We call this process "introspective reasoning", and it improves both the prediction accuracy and the interpretability of neural models at reasoning tasks.

- **Developed by:** Jiacheng Liu, Ramakanth Pasunuru, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Yejin Choi, Asli Celikyilmaz
- **Shared by [optional]:** Jiacheng Liu
- **Model type:** Transformers
- **Language(s) (NLP):** English
- **License:** MIT
- **Finetuned from model [optional]:** t5-11b

### Model Sources [optional]

<!-- Provide the basic links for the model. -->

- **Repository:** <https://github.com/liujch1998/crystal>
- **Paper [optional]:** <https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04921>
- **Demo [optional]:** <https://huggingface.co/spaces/liujch1998/crystal>

## Uses

<!-- Address questions around how the model is intended to be used, including the foreseeable users of the model and those affected by the model. -->

### Direct Use

<!-- This section is for the model use without fine-tuning or plugging into a larger ecosystem/app. -->

Crystal is intended to answer commonsense questions via an "introspective reasoning" process.

### Out-of-Scope Use

<!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the model will not work well for. -->

Crystal is a research prototype and may give incorrect answers or reasoning process. Do not use for making critical decisions. It is intended to answer questions about commonsense, and may be unreliable when taking input out of this scope.

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->

See the **Limitations** section of our paper.

### Recommendations

<!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->

Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model. More information needed for further recommendations.

## How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model.

```python
from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('liujch1998/crystal-11b')
model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained('liujch1998/crystal-11b')
model.eval()

max_question_len, max_knowledge_len, max_answer_len = 128, 32, 2
k = 1 # number of knowledge statements to generate
top_p = 0.0001

question = 'If the mass of an object gets bigger what will happen to the amount of matter contained within it? \\n (A) gets bigger (B) gets smaller'
choices = ['A', 'B']

choices_ids = tokenizer(choices, return_tensors='pt', padding='max_length', truncation='longest_first', max_length=max_answer_len).input_ids # (C, AL)

prompt = question + ' \\n Knowledge: '
prompt_tok = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors='pt', padding='max_length', truncation='longest_first', max_length=max_question_len) # (1, QL)
knowledges_ids = self.model.generate(
    input_ids=prompt_tok.input_ids,
    attention_mask=prompt_tok.attention_mask,
    max_length=max_knowledge_len + 1,
    min_length=3,
    do_sample=True,
    num_return_sequences=k,
    top_p=top_p,
) # (K, KL); begins with 0 ([BOS]); ends with 1 ([EOS])
knowledges_ids = knowledges_ids[:, 1:].contiguous() # no beginning; ends with 1 ([EOS])
knowledges = tokenizer.batch_decode(knowledges_ids, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=True)

prompts = [question + (f' \\n Knowledge: {knowledge} \\n Answer: ' if knowledge != '' else ' \\n Answer:') for knowledge in knowledges]
prompts_tok = self.tokenizer(prompts, return_tensors='pt', padding='max_length', truncation='longest_first', max_length=max_question_len + max_knowledge_len) # (K, QL+KL)
output = model(
    input_ids=prompts_tok.input_ids,
    attention_mask=prompts_tok.attention_mask,
    labels=choices_ids[0].unsqueeze(0).repeat(len(knowledges), 1),
)
logitsss = output.logits # (K, AL, V)
logitss = logitsss[:, 0, :] # (K, V)
choice_ids = choices_ids[:, 0] # (C)
answer_logitss = logitss.gather(dim=1, index=choice_ids.unsqueeze(0).expand(len(knowledges), -1)) # (K, C)
answer_probss = answer_logitss.softmax(dim=1) # (K, C)
answer_probs = answer_probss.max(dim=0).values # (C)
pred = answer_probs.argmax(dim=0).item()
pred = choices[pred]

print(f'Question: {question}\nKnowledge: {knowledges[0]}\nAnswer: {pred}')
```

You may also refer to <https://huggingface.co/spaces/liujch1998/crystal/blob/main/app.py#L10-L86> for implementation.

## Citation [optional]

<!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the model, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. -->

**BibTeX:**

```
@article{Liu2023CrystalIR,
  title={Crystal: Introspective Reasoners Reinforced with Self-Feedback},
  author={Jiacheng Liu and Ramakanth Pasunuru and Hannaneh Hajishirzi and Yejin Choi and Asli Celikyilmaz},
  journal={ArXiv},
  year={2023},
  volume={abs/2310.04921}
}
```

## Model Card Contact

Jiacheng Liu