Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.

Input: By Paul BurnellBBC News In a cafe in Sloane Square, the screenwriter and Conservative peer Julian Fellowes is contemplating his most notorious ancestor. The creator of the hit ITV drama Downton Abbey is considering how, as a screenwriter used to drawing dramatic characters, he would assess the personality of William Hulton. "Most characters have shades of grey because, on the whole, I think that in life people don't tend to be all evil or all good," Fellowes says. "But actually William Hulton was pushing it for 'all evil'... I don't think he had much to redeem him." The Oscar-winning writer is Hulton's great-great-great grandson - but this is not a source of pride. He was, he says, a "cruel and horrible man". It was Hulton who, as a magistrate in north-west England, gave the notorious order for troops to violently disperse a peaceful, pro-democracy protest in the centre of the UK's first industrial city. Screenwriters make much of a character's motives, so what does Fellowes think drove Hulton, who was born into a family of wealthy landowners? "He was clearly a sort of hysteric," he says. "He was clearly terrified of any overthrow of the established social order." Two hundred years ago, working-class people in Manchester and other industrial towns in the north of England were becoming increasingly vocal in their demands for political reform. They were angry about the fact that most of the population could not vote, that corruption was rife, and that urban areas were grossly underrepresented in Parliament. At least 50,000 people arrived at St Peter's Fields on 16 August 1819 to hear radical speaker Henry Hunt campaign for parliamentary reform. At this time, Manchester had no police force so the Manchester Yeomanry was sent in to prevent any disturbances. When Hunt began to speak the army tried to arrest him, and attacked anybody who got in its way. At least 11 people were killed and 400 injured. The events soon became notorious in the press, where they were dubbed Peterloo, an ironic reference to the Battle of Waterloo that had taken place four years previously. "It was only the barest of beginnings for any kind of workers' movement," says Fellowes. "But Hulton immediately went into some kind of overdrive, attacking a group that included a group of many women and many children - a lot of whom hadn't done anything." He describes Hulton's heavy-handed response as a total misreading of the situation. "Instead of lining up across the field and reading some sort of 'go home!' message, which clearly would have been the reasonable thing to do, he sent the yeomanry to a crowd who could not at once disperse. "They were seen by him to be resisting but they were unarmed - they weren't resisting them with weapons." The film Peterloo, which goes on general release on 2 November, is directed by Salford-born Mike Leigh, who is known for his gritty tales of working-class life. "Although I don't think Mike Leigh and I are as one politically... I certainly agree with him about who were the bad guys," said Fellowes. Seven years before Peterloo, as a justice of the peace, Hulton had already sentenced four Luddites to death for setting fire to a weaving mill in Westhoughton, near Bolton. One of those hanged was a 12-year-old boy. While history is full of monsters, historians tend to temper criticism when actions are in keeping with the standards of the time. But, in Hulton's case, even this does not save his reputation. "They thought it was cruel and unnecessary and inhuman," Fellowes says. "And so, in a sense, he was already an offender before the demonstration at St Peter's Field had ever happened. "I feel extremely sorry for the men, women and children who were cut down at Peterloo. "I think they were doing no more than making clear to those who would listen - the writing was on the wall, workers were bound to have some rights. "What people like Hulton were trying to do was to fight history, and to fight the inevitable." Among those on the receiving end of the cavalry charge was Mary Heys, who was pregnant with her sixth child. She had joined the hordes gathered near her ramshackle home in Oxford Street, which nearly two centuries later is occupied by a McDonald's restaurant. Heys's story has been researched by her five times great-granddaughter Denise Southworth. The 57-year-old said Heys was one of the massacre's "forgotten victims". Indeed, estimates of the final death toll vary widely and the true number will never be known. "She was trampled by a horse," said Ms Southworth. "Why would a woman in her 40s who was pregnant want to take part in a riot?" The day after Heys was injured, she began having fits. Four months later she gave birth to a premature baby, Henry. "[Mary] died just before Christmas - because she didn't die straight away, she wasn't counted among the dead," said Ms Southworth, who is Manchester born and bred. "We gave more significance in my school in Manchester to the Battle of Waterloo than to Peterloo. "I think it has been overlooked even in Manchester. "I knew nothing about it - in my history books they were too busy talking about Napoleon and Waterloo." Ms Southworth's sense of outrage has prompted her to join the Peterloo Memorial Campaign, which has the backing of Peterloo star Maxine Peake. It is fighting for a permanent memorial to those who died, rather than just the small plaque which currently sits on the wall of the Radisson Hotel. Ms Southworth said: "You look round here - the middle of Manchester - and see all these beautiful, fabulous, glass, expensive buildings - do people know what happened here 200 years ago? "Do they know about how the ordinary working people came for a peaceful demonstration and were butchered? "We are always told about Manchester's achievements, but let's not forget the spot where people were killed for trying get a decent standard of living. "We owe it as educated people to remember those who didn't have a vote and did not have any rights."

Output: Peterloo: The man who ordered a massacre

The film Peterloo is a film about a man who is a working class man who is a man who is a naive and a naive.


Input: By Robbie MeredithBBC News NI Education Correspondent That is according to an email to schools from the Department of Education (DE). The department said evidence from the Public Health Authority's (PHA) contact tracing service suggested too many children and staff without symptoms were getting tested. Concerns have already been expressed about capacity in the testing system. In an email accompanying revised guidance for schools, DE said school staff or pupils should only get a test when they were clearly symptomatic. "PHA have asked us to emphasise to schools that pupils and staff must only be advised to seek a Covid-19 test when they are symptomatic of the virus - that is a new continuous cough, a fever or a new loss of taste and/or smell," said the department. "Early evidence from the contact tracing service is that available testing capacity is being utilised to test many children and school staff who are showing no symptoms and in doing so make it more challenging for genuinely symptomatic individuals to access a test." Guidance 'confusion' The department also provided new guidance to schools on when pupils have to self-isolate if one of their classmates has Covid-19. That comes after previous guidance issued last Thursday caused confusion for many principals by suggesting that class bubbles should be sent home if one pupil in the class had symptoms of the virus, such as a persistent cough. "In practical terms this would have meant that anytime a child got COVID-19 symptoms, for most primary schools and many post primary schools, the entire bubble would have been sent home," DE has now said. "PHA has advised the correct position is that only when a positive case has been identified in a symptomatic child, young person or member of staff do schools need to consider self-isolating close contacts of that individual." "Close contacts must stay in isolation for the full 14 day period." "They should not return to school before the 14 day isolation period as they may still be incubating the virus - regardless of a lack of symptoms." While many schools in Northern Ireland have sent staff or groups of pupils home to self-isolate after positive cases, some schools have closed entirely for a number of days. On Monday, St Comgall's Primary in Bangor announced it was closing for 14 days after several cases of coronavirus were identified, although the school said on Tuesday it would reopen to most classes on Friday.

Output: Schools: 'Too many' children and staff without symptoms getting tested

PHA has said that a number of schools in Northern Ireland have sent staff or groups of pupils home to self-isolate after positive cases have been identified.


Input: "They've got to understand that they've become the winner and then the real work starts," says Louis Walsh. Ben Haenow, Fleur East and Andrea Faustini are all hoping to be crowned the X Factor winner. They'll sing their favourite song of the series on Saturday's show and perform their celebrity duets. "The competition's one thing. You have themes, you have all the different obstacles and they grow during that process," Cheryl Fernandez-Versini told Newsbeat. "But, afterwards it's about being who you are as an artist in this current market which is extremely hard right now," she added. Ed Sheeran and Meghan Trainor will also perform on the show tonight and will no doubt reveal some more pearl's of wisdom for the contestants. After the excitement of releasing their debut single and possibly making the Christmas number one spot what happens to the winner's career is not by any means for certain. Whether they fade into pop oblivion or become a star with long-term staying power is all down to hard work and a little bit of luck says Dermot O'Leary. "The stars have got to align. I always tell the contestants 'When you leave here the hard work starts and that's the rest of your career,'" he says. Past winners have gone on to varying degrees of success. Remember series two winner, Shayne Ward? Or series four winner, Leon Jackson? What about series seven's Matt Cardle? Arguably the winner who has had the most success is Leona Lewis. She made it big both sides of the Atlantic. Is their success or lack of it down to hard work or hard luck? Who knows, but Dermot's biggest bit of advice for the winner is: "Enjoy it. Enjoy the next nine months." "Get your head down, work hard and make sure that the album you want to make is the album you make and work with the people you want to make it with," he says. Louis also believes a great record deal and great songs help. Naturally. But he also agrees: "You need a lot of hard work and a little bit of luck." Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube

Output: X Factor winner told: The hard work starts now

The X Factor winner will be crowned the X Factor winner on Saturday.


Input: Authorities say Sandra Bland hanged herself, but her family says she would not have taken her own life. A video was found on her Facebook page in which she said she was suffering from "a little bit of depression" and post-traumatic stress disorder. Her death follows a series of cases in which black people have died in police custody or during arrest. Bland had been stopped by police after improperly signalling a lane change while driving. She was arrested after allegedly kicking a police officer after the traffic stop. Family members were shocked by her death, unable to believe she would have killed herself. A second video showed Bland saying "Depression is nothing but the devil" and that "it's a daily struggle". The FBI has launched an investigation, following the start of a separate inquiry by the Texas Rangers law enforcement agency. The 28-year-old had just moved to Texas from Illinois to start a new job. Her sister Shante Needham said Bland called her from jail, saying she did not know why she had been arrested and that an officer had possibly broken her arm. Bland died by asphyxiation using a plastic bag to hang herself in her cell, according to Waller County District Attorney Elton Mathias. Video footage did not show what happened inside Bland's cell, but did suggest no one entered or left it until someone found her unconscious. The Texas Commission on Jail Standards cited the Waller County Jail three years ago for not checking all inmates once an hour. Another inmate hanged himself with a bed sheet in 2012. Jail Sheriff Glen Smith said his staff checked on Bland less than an hour before she was found dead. Texas state senator Royce West asked the Texas Department of Public Safety to release video of the arrest and called her death "suspicious".

Output: FBI investigating 'suicide' of woman found dead in a Texas jail

Sandra Bland's family says she would not have taken her own life.


Input: The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) advice for England and Wales says older people may face more frequent attacks because they are less independent. It makes clear abuse may not always involve violence - warning that young people my face abuse via mobile phones and social media. The advice will be consulted on before coming into force. 'Partner violence' The CPS points out that people's experiences of domestic abuse change as they get older. It says the intensity of abuse may be greater among pensioners because they may feel less able to escape or to get help as they are dependent on their abuser. Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) Alison Saunders said: "We know from research conducted by others that there is very little evidence that partner violence decreases with age. "And it is important we also recognise the factors that may contribute to and impact upon domestic abuse between older people." The new guidance, which is intended to help prosecutors in England and Wales decide when to bring charges against perpetrators of domestic abuse, is yet to come into force. The issue of elderly abuse was brought into the spotlight following the death of 81-year-old Mary Russell. She was abused by her husband and died following a "domestic-related" incident in 2010, suffering a bleed to the brain. The pensioner, of Leigh-on-Sea in Essex, had made eight 999 calls in the seven months before her death. Exclusion and isolation She made her first report to police in 2003 after she was found standing on her doorstep with a bloody nose. Albert Russell, 88, the victim's husband, was arrested following her death, but it was decided there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him. He has since died. The draft guidance claims that growing older can lead to exclusion or isolation, which may make a victim more vulnerable to domestic abuse. For younger victims, prosecutors are advised to consider abusive relationships which form part of the membership of a gang. Some victims may be coerced into sexual activity in return for protection or status, according to the guidance. It advises prosecutors to ask police about a victim's family life to determine whether telling their parents about any potential prosecution might affect their safety. 'Honey traps' Consideration should be given to bail restrictions and restraining orders, the code also says, and prosecutors should take into account areas which victims often visit, like school or social clubs, and methods of contact, such as social media. The guidance also advises prosecutors on abusive relationships within gangs, highlighting the fact that some victims may be coerced into sex in return for protection or status. "Some teenagers may not consider themselves victims of domestic violence, especially if they are not being physically abused but are being targeted on social media for example," Ms Saunders added. "Similarly, abuse in gang environments - for example young girls being forced into sexual activity as part of gang initiation or used as 'honey traps' to set up rival gang members - is often not reported. "Understandably, a lot of my prosecutors will not be familiar with the workings of gang culture or gang slang so I have included it in the proposed guidance so that they know what to look for when considering such cases."

Output: Prosecutors given guidance on teen and elderly abuse

The CPS says older people may face more frequent attacks because they are less independent.


Read the passage and find the corresponding pronoun for the given name. The pronoun should match the given blank(_). The word between ** ** is the target name. The pronoun should be one of 'her', 'him', 'he', 'she' and 'his' with proper casing based on the position in the passage.

Input: As a junior player, Bailey won the World Junior Championship in 1997 and captained the England team to World and European junior team titles. A car accident led to career-threatening knee surgery at the age of 21, but she successfully recovered and resumed her playing career. In 2003, **Bailey** finished runner-up to Sarah Fitz-Gerald at the British Open. _ reached a career-high ranking of World No. 4 that year.

Output: She


Input: She goes on to acknowledge that in Finch's work, ``Now and again words issue of pure poetry...It was a thousand pities that the woman who could write like that, whose mind was turned to nature, and reflection, should have been forced to anger and bitterness.'' Woolf goes on in defence of her as a gifted but sometimes understandably misguided example of women's writing. It is evident that **Woolf** sympathises deeply with Finch's plight as a female poet, and though _ takes issue with some of the content in Finch's writing, she expresses grief that Finch is so unknown: ``...when one comes to seek out the facts about Lady Winchilsea, one finds, as usual, that almost nothing is known about her.''

Output: she


Input: Connie, in a one-sided conversation, gives praises for her late brother, Gordon. She does not seem to mind she spent childhood in the shadow of her brother, blatantly the family favourite and given all the support she never had. Although Beth quietly agrees with **Connie**'s idea of _ idyllic marriage to Gordon, she expresses subtle annoyance with Connie's idea that the whole family will have to look after her this first Christmas alone, and Connie's hints of self-pity don't help either.

Output: her


Input: Following the death of Tewodros II's much loved first wife, Empress Tewabech Ali (who was Tiruwork's niece), his intimates began to discreetly look for an appropriate consort to provide him with an heir and to calm his more extreme moods as his late wife had done. Legend states that one of the Emperor's officers was attending Sunday services at a church at Derasge when **Tewodros** was staying there, and was struck at the beauty, the aristocratic deportment, and the deep piety of a woman worshiping there. _ immediately went to the Emperor and told him he had seen the woman ``meant to be the wife of my sovereign''.

Output: He


Input: At the in Valencia, Button finished 3rd and maintained 2nd place in the title race with another podium. Button missed out on a podium at the , finishing fourth after problems with the balance off his car in qualifying had left him fourteenth. After three further-points scoring finishes, **Button** retired at the after being hit by Vettel and punctured the radiator of _ car.

Output: his


Determine whether the two given sentences clearly agree with each other (entailment), disagree with each other (contradiction), or if this cannot be determined (neutral). Answer must be the letters E, C, and N, respectively.

Input: A man jumping a dirt ramp on a bmx bike. <sep> A man crashes his bike.

Output: C


Input: A man wearing red ski pants, a black jacket, and a white helmet is skiing down a mountain. <sep> The man is near another person.

Output: N


Input: It looks like the clown has fallen off the horse. <sep> The cowboy rode the bull to the buzzer.

Output: C


Input: A man sitting on steps with a child as a bystander walks by. <sep> A man and a child sitting on steps saw a bystander.

Output: E


Input: A dog chasing a duck in a pond. <sep> A dog is swimming through a pond in pursuit of a duck.

Output: E


You are given two sentences. You have to find if there is entailment or agreement of the Hypothesis by the Premise. From the given pair of sentences, you should identify if there is enough information in the Premise to support the claim made in the Hypothesis. The Premise may not exactly be the same as Hypothesis. Your task is to return 'entails' if the premise supports hypothesis else return 'neutral'.

Input:
Premise: Most carbon atoms in the world have six protons and six neutrons in their nucleus.
 Hypothesis: All carbon atoms have six protons.

Output: entails


Input:
Premise: If it is the right species of fish, the larvae stay on.
 Hypothesis: Fish hatch into larvae that are different from the adult form of species.

Output: neutral


Input:
Premise: Competition is growing --
 Hypothesis: As the population grows, competition for food grows.

Output: neutral


Input:
Premise: Thus a stable element such as Carbon has a nucleus with six protons and six neutrons which may be written as 12 6 C or simply 12 C.
 Hypothesis: Carbon atoms have six neutrons as well as six protons.

Output: entails


Input:
Premise: There are some reptiles, such as the boa constrictor and komodo dragon that can reproduce both sexually and asexually, depending on whether a mate is available.
 Hypothesis: Reptiles typically reproduce sexually.

Output: neutral


In this task, you're given a statement, and three sentences as choices. Your job is to determine which sentence clearly disagrees with the statement. Indicate your answer as '1', '2', or '3' corresponding to the choice number of the selected sentence.

Input: Statement: Our goal is to better serve our client by making GAO more responsive, more flexible - and more focused on our client. Choices:  1. We want to make GAO more focused on its clients. 2. Until now, GAO has completely ignored its clients. 3. We are trying to make GAO less flexible.

Output: 3


Input: Statement: (Bennett himself appears to share this view, terming gays, as a group, wealthy and well educated. Choices:  1. In general, Bennet classifies gays as tending to be poor and uneducated. 2. Bennett believes that only gay people are well educated. 3. One person thinks that gay people have lots of money.

Output: 1


Input: Statement: The valuation of Work Loss Days presented in our national benefits summaries, however, incorporates county-specific adjustment factors to account for variations in regional income. Choices:  1. The valuation of Work Loss Days incorporates adjustment factors. 2. The Work Loss Days will appear to be inflated at first glance. 3. The valuation of Work Loss days is consistent across counties.

Output: 3


Input: Statement: Chronic Illness Choices:  1. The illness was chronic. 2. It is not possible for ilnesses to be chronic. 3. There are a lot of chronic illnesses.

Output: 2


Input: Statement: First, the CEF analysis was benchmarked to a 1999 reference case. Choices:  1. The CEF analysis was benchmarked to a 1999 reference case. 2. The CEF analysis was not compared to any other case. 3. The 1999 case showed better performance in comparison.

Output: 2


In this task, you're given an ambiguous question (which can be answered in more than one way). Your task is to write a question that clarifies the given question in such a way that the generated question has one unique answer.

Input: Who invented the process to remove impurities by blasts of cold air blown through heated iron?

Output: What Englishman invented the process to remove impurities by blasts of cold air blown through heated iron?

Output: What American independently discovered  the process to remove impurities by blasts of cold air blown through heated iron?

What is the process to remove impurities by blasts of cold air blown through heated iron?


Input: How old do you have to be to get a tattoo in indiana?

Output: How old do you have to be to get a tattoo in Indiana without parental consent?

Output: How old can you be to get a tattoo in Indiana with parental consent?


Input: When did the old age pension start in australia?

Output: When did an old age pension start in parts of australia?

Output: When did the nationwide old age pension take effect in australia?

What was the old age pension starting in australia?


Input: Who wrote the music for shrek the musical?

Output: Who wrote the music scores for shrek the musical?

Output: Who wrote the music lyrics for shrek the musical?

What was the music for shrek the musical?


Input: What is the scientific name for a red fox?

Output: What is the scientific name for all red foxes?

Output: What is the scientific name for a european red fox?

Output: What is the scientific name for the red foxes in Alaska and western Canada?

Output: What is the scientific name for the red foxes in the rocky mountains, the cascade range, and sierra nevada?

Output: What is the scientific name for the red foxes in Sacramento Valley?


In this task, you are given a premise sentence, two possible options and a question word. If the question was cause you should select the option that is a possible cause of the premise sentence, and if the question word was effect you should find the option which is a possible effect of the premise sentence. Answer with "A" or "B".

Input: The woman banished the children from her property. (A) The children hit a ball into her yard. (B) The children trampled through her garden., Question: cause

Output: B


Input: I decided to stay home for the night. (A) The forecast called for storms. (B) My friends urged me to go out., Question: cause

Output: A


Input: The doctor x-rayed the patient's arm. (A) He discovered that the patient's arm was broken. (B) He put the patient's arm in a cast., Question: effect

Output: A


Input: The woman hummed to herself. (A) She was nervous. (B) She was in a good mood., Question: cause

Output: B


Input: The tenant misplaced his keys to his apartment. (A) His landlord unlocked the door. (B) His landlord repaired the door., Question: effect

Output: A


In this task, you're given two sentences. Indicate if the first sentence clearly entails the second sentence (i.e., one can conclude the 2nd sentence by reading the 1st one). Indicate your answer with '1' if the first sentence entails the second sentence, otherwise answer with '0'.

Input: Sentence 1: The disputed waters lie close to the Sipadan and Ligitan islands, which Indonesia lost to Malaysia in a legal battle in the International Court of Justice in December 2002. Sentence 2: There is a territorial waters dispute.

Output: 1


Input: Sentence 1: Anna Nobili is no ordinary nun. The 38-year-old used to be a lap-dancer, and spent many years working in Italian nightclubs. She is now using her talents in a rather different way - for what she calls "The Holy Dance" in a performance on Tuesday evening at the Holy Cross in Jerusalem Basilica in Rome, in front of senior Catholic clerics including Archbishop Gianfranco Ravasi, head of the Vatican's Cultural Department. Miss Nobili told the BBC World Service that the transformation from podium lap dancer to nun happened gradually. Sentence 2: Anna Nobili became a nun in 2002.

Output: 0


Input: Sentence 1: The cost of the consumer of the United States fell in June. Sentence 2: U.S. consumer spending dived in June.

Output: 0


Input: Sentence 1: It would help the economy by putting people back to work and more money in the hands of consumers. Sentence 2: More money in the hands of consumers means more money can be spent to get the economy going.

Output: 1


Input: Sentence 1: The city continued to grow through much of the 20th century. Sentence 2: The city continued to grow, but its services deteriorated.

Output: 0


In this task, you are given a text of the article. Your task is to generate a headline (title) for this article.

Given a passage, write a short summary based on the passage.

Input: the united nations children 's fund -lrb- unicef -rrb- has voiced concern over the plight of children in much of eastern europe where communism was abruptly dismantled and state services allowed to erode .

Output: unicef concerned about welfare of children in former communist states

the united nations children's fund -lrb- unicef -rrb- has voiced concern over the plight of children in much of eastern europe where communism was abruptly dismantled and state services allowed to erode


Input: french rail workers pressed on with their crippling strike for a sixth straight day wednesday to protest welfare reform plans by prime minister alain juppe , with no immediate end in sight .

Output: french UNK press strike stranglehold by michael thurston


Input: polling stations closed at #### gmt -lrb- #### local time -rrb- friday on the first day of czech legislative elections shadowed by allegations surrounding social democrat prime minister jiri paroubek .

Output: polling stations close on first day of czech legislative elections

polling stations closed at #### gmt -lrb- #### local time -rrb- friday on the first day of czech legislative elections shadowed by allegations surrounding social democrat prime minister jiri paroubek.


Input: president robert mugabe 's pay packet will be more than doubled by july next year to a total of ###,### zimbabwe dollars -lrb- around ##,### us dollars -rrb- , the government announced saturday .

Output: president mugabe 's salary doubled

president robert mugabe's pay packet will be more than doubled by july next year to a total of ###,##,## zimbabwe dollars -lrb- around ##,## us dollars -rrb-, the government announced saturday.


Input: a us citizen who spied for communist east germany was given a suspended jail sentence of ## months here friday .

Output: us citizen who spied for east germans given suspended sentence

communist east germany was given a suspended jail sentence of ## months here friday.


In this task, you will be presented with a premise and a hypothesis sentence. Determine whether the hypothesis sentence entails (implies), contradicts (opposes), or is neutral with respect to the given premise sentence. Please answer with "Contradiction", "Neutral", or "Entailment".

Input: Premise: Jet Ski<br>My first time on a jet ski was fun. My uncle was on the back. I was getting too close to a rock wall. He yelled at me to stop. We both fell off. <sep> Hypothesis: My uncle drove the jet ski and i sat on the back.

Output: Contradiction


Input: Premise: How to buy essential oils<br>Think about why you want to use an essential oil. Different oils suit different needs so it's important to know what you wish to achieve by using essential oil. For example, lavender can be used in a diffuser to relax and reduce anxiety and sage essential oil can be used as an antiseptic in wounds or as an anti-inflammatory. <sep> Hypothesis: Olive oil can be used in a diffuser to relax and reduce anxiety

Output: Neutral


Input: Premise: William Friedkin (born August 29, 1935) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter best known for directing "The French Connection" in 1971 and "The Exorcist" in 1973; for the former, he won the Academy Award for Best Director. Some of his other films include "Sorcerer", "Cruising", "To Live and Die in L.A.", "Jade", "Rules of Engagement", "The Hunted", "Bug", and "Killer Joe". <sep> Hypothesis: William Friedkin is dead

Output: Contradiction


Input: Premise: TORONTO, March 7 (Reuters) - The Canadian dollar weakened to a session low against the greenback after data showed the domestic economy unexpectedly shed jobs in February. At the same time, investors were also taking in data south of the border that showed U.S. job growth accelerated last month. The Canadian dollar was at C$1.1055 to the greenback, or 90.46 U.S. cents, weaker than Thursday's close of C$1.0992, or 90.98 U.S. cents. The loonie hit a session low of C$1.1064 shortly after the data was released. <sep> Hypothesis: Toronto is the most populous city in Canada.

Output: Entailment


Input: Premise: One percent of America got $89 billion last year in a tax cut, but people working hard, playing by the rules, trying to take care of their kids, family values, that we're supposed to value so much in America -- I'm tired of politicians who talk about family values and don't value families. <sep> Hypothesis: One percent of Americans had to pay 89 billion dollars less than they would have to pay if there would be no tax cut, so they got to keep a lot more money

Output: Entailment


In this task, you will be given a sentence, and you need to identify the set of coreference words. Coreferences are generally a set of words in the text that refer to the same person or thing. Your output set of coreference words must be strictly present in the given input sentence. Do not use any outside knowledge to create the set of coreference words. If there is a 'the' article before the person or thing you should include 'the' as well. Please separate the coreference words by commas in the output.

Input: The laborer kicked the cashier because he was drunk .

Output: The, laborer, he


Input: The physician owed the cashier money because he did not pay the vodka .

Output: The, physician, he


Input: The carpenter built the attendant a desk to prove his love .

Output: The, carpenter, his


Input: The CEO reminded the housekeeper to sweep up because she often forget .

Output: the, housekeeper, she


Input: When the supervisor splashed the editor  he got in trouble .

Output: the, supervisor, he


In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: Coccidiosis is an economically significant disease of poultry caused by species of Eimeria, a parasitic protozoan. Disease can result in poor feed conversion, reduced weight gain, and can lead to the development of necrotic enteritis. For prevention of coccidiosis, poultry are commonly vaccinated with a live, sporulated oocysts mass applied with a vaccination cabinet in the hatchery. Traditionally, coccidia vaccines have been applied by coarse spray in a water based diluent, however, new technology using gel diluents has entered the US market. Gel diluents can have variable viscosities and are "dropped" onto chicks with an applicator bar. It is thought that gel droplets remain intact on the birds for longer than water based droplets, allowing more time for preening and ingestion of oocysts. In this experiment, the efficacy of a commercial coccidia vaccine applied with a water based diluent, a more viscous gel diluent, and a less viscous gel diluent was compared. Fecal samples were collected at multiple time points post-vaccination to quantify vaccine oocyst shedding. Shedding in the first cycle (days 5 to 8 post-vaccination) was related to the number of oocysts received from each application method, where the groups receiving higher doses shed more oocysts. However, a decrease in shedding was seen for the more viscous gel group in the second cycle (days 12 to 15 post-vaccination). Chickens were challenged with Eimeria maxima oocysts and 7 days post-challenge body weight gains and gross and microscopic lesions were recorded to evaluate protection levels for the different vaccine applications. All vaccinated groups appeared to be protected based on body weight gain and lesion scoring. The results of this project indicate that all vaccine applications are effective at protecting against Eimeria maxima challenge when using a proper dose of vaccine that allows for repeated oocyst cycling in the litter post-vaccination.

Output: Evaluation of a coccidia vaccine using spray and gel applications

Vaccines that can be used to protect against coccidiosis are used to protect against Eimeria maxima challenge.


Input: Facing the threats of infectious diseases, we take various actions to protect ourselves, but few studies considered an evolving system with competing strategies. In view of that, we propose an evolutionary epidemic model coupled with human behaviors, where individuals have three strategies: vaccination, self-protection and laissez faire, and could adjust their strategies according to their neighbors' strategies and payoffs at the beginning of each new season of epidemic spreading. We found a counter-intuitive phenomenon analogous to the well-known Braess's Paradox, namely a better condition may lead to worse performance. Specifically speaking, increasing the successful rate of self-protection does not necessarily reduce the epidemic size or improve the system payoff. The range and degree of the Braess's Paradox are sensitive to both the parameters characterizing the epidemic spreading and the strategy payoff, while the existence of the Braess's Paradox is insensitive to the network topologies. This phenomenon can be well explained by a mean-field approximation. Our study demonstrates an important fact that a better condition for individuals may yield a worse outcome for the society.

Output: Braess's Paradox in Epidemic Game: Better Condition Results in Less Payoff

In order to avoid the threat of infectious diseases, we propose a evolutionary epidemic model with human behaviors.


Input: Thread-based microfluidics Point-of-care Cotton Colorimetric Electrochemical A B S T R A C T Over the past decades, researchers have been seeking attractive substrate materials to keep microfluidics improving to outbalance the drawbacks and issues. Cellulose substrates, including thread, paper and hydrogels are alternatives due to their distinct structural and mechanical properties for a number of applications. Thread have gained considerable attention and become promising powerful tool due to its advantages over paper-based systems thus finds numerous applications in the development of diagnostic systems, smart bandages and tissue engineering. To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive review articles on the topic of thread-based microfluidics have been published and it is of significance for many scientific communities working on Microfluidics, Biosensors and Lab-on-Chip. This review gives an overview of the advances of thread-based microfluidic diagnostic devices in a variety of applications. It begins with an overall introduction of the fabrication followed by an in-depth review on the detection techniques in such devices and various applications with respect to effort and performance to date. A few perspective directions of thread-based microfluidics in its development are also discussed. Thread-based microfluidics are still at an early development stage and further improvements in terms of fabrication, analytical strategies, and function to become low-cost, low-volume and easy-to-use pointof-care (POC) diagnostic devices that can be adapted or commercialized for real world applications.

Output: Recent advances in thread-based microfluidics for diagnostic applications

In this review, we will review the advances of thread-based microfluidic diagnostic devices in a variety of applications.


Input: Objective: To describe aspects found on HRCT scans of the chest in patients infected with the influenza A (H1N1) virus. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the HRCT scans of 71 patients (38 females and 33 males) with H1N1 infection, confirmed through laboratory tests, between July and September of 2009. The HRCT scans were interpreted by two thoracic radiologists independently, and in case of disagreement, the decisions were made by consensus. Results: The most common HRCT findings were ground-glass opacities (85%), consolidation (64%), or a combination of ground-glass opacities and consolidation (58%). Other findings were airspace nodules (25%), bronchial wall thickening (25%), interlobular septal thickening (21%), crazy-paving pattern (15%), perilobular pattern (3%), and air trapping (3%). The findings were frequently bilateral (89%), with a random distribution (68%). Pleural effusion, when observed, was typically minimal. No lymphadenopathy was identified. Conclusions: The most common findings were ground-glass opacities and consolidations, or a combination of both. Involvement was commonly bilateral with no axial or craniocaudal predominance in the distribution. Although the major tomographic findings in H1N1 infection are nonspecific, it is important to recognize such findings in order to include infection with the H1N1 virus in the differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms. Objetivo: Descrever os aspectos encontrados em TCAR do tórax de pacientes infectados pelo vírus influenza A (H1N1). Métodos: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente as TCAR de 71 pacientes (38 femininos e 33 masculinos) com diagnóstico confirmado de influenza A (H1N1) através da identificação laboratorial do vírus, estudados no período entre julho e setembro de 2009. A interpretação das TCAR foi realizada por dois radiologistas torácicos de forma independente, e, em caso de discordância, as decisões foram tomadas por consenso. Resultados: Os achados de TCAR mais comuns foram opacidades em vidro fosco (85%), consolidação (64%) ou a combinação de opacidades em vidro fosco e consolidação (58%). Outros achados foram nódulos do espaço aéreo (25%), espessamento das paredes brônquicas (25%), espessamento de septos interlobulares (21%), padrão de pavimentação em mosaico (15%), espessamento perilobular (3%) e aprisionamento aéreo (3%). As alterações foram frequentemente bilaterais (89%), com distribuição não específica (68%). Derrame pleural, quando observado, foi, em geral, de pequena monta. Não foram observadas linfonodomegalias. Conclusões: As alterações predominantes foram opacidades em vidro fosco, consolidações ou a combinação de ambas. O acometimento foi frequentemente bilateral e não houve predomínio quanto à distribuição (axial ou craniocaudal). Apesar de inespecíficos, é importante reconhecer os principais aspectos tomográficos da infecção por influenza A (H1N1) a fim de incluir essa possibilidade no diagnóstico diferencial de sintomas respiratórios. Descritores: Pneumonia viral; Tomografia computadorizada por raios X; Vírus da influenza A subtipo H1N1.

Output: Influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia: HRCT findings* Pneumonia por vírus influenza A (H1N1): aspectos na TCAR

TCAR opacidades em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro em dro


Input: Biological oscillators are vital to living organisms, which use them as clocks for time-sensitive processes. However, much is unknown about mechanisms which can give rise to coherent oscillatory behavior, with few exceptions (e.g., explicitly delayed self-repressors and simple models of specific organisms' circadian clocks). We present what may be the simplest possible reliable gene network oscillator, a self-repressing gene. We show that binding cooperativity, which has not been considered in detail in this context, can combine with small numbers of intermediate steps to create coherent oscillation. We also note that noise blurs the line between oscillatory and non-oscillatory behavior.

Output: Oscillation, cooperativity, and intermediates in the self-repressing gene


You are given a sentence from a conversation between a human and a virtual assistant. Your task is to classify the sentence into one of the following five action categories - INFORM, INFORM_INTENT, OFFER, REQUEST, REQUEST_ALTS. If the sentence is about informing something, generate 'INFORM'. If it is about requesting something, generate 'REQUEST'. If the sentence mentions requesting an alternative option than the one provided, generate 'REQUEST_ALTS'. Similarly, generate 'OFFER' if the sentence is offering some information. If the sentence is about showing intent to do something, generate 'INFORM_INTENT'.

Input: I am looking for a song that could make me happy.

Output: INFORM_INTENT


Input: Are there any other events you would like to check?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS


Input: Do you have other suggestions?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS


Input: Do you know the where the event will be and when it will start?

Output: REQUEST


Input: Okay. Buy me tickets.

Output: INFORM_INTENT


In this task you will be given a claim and a perspective. You should determine whether that perspective supports or undermines the claim. If the perspective could possibly convince someone with different view, it is supporting, otherwise it is undermining.

Input:
claim: Speed limits should be reduced.
 perspective: Government have illegitimate reasons behind lowering the speed limit

Output: undermine


Input:
claim: People should have a right to private education.
 perspective: Private schools are financially good for the state

Output: support


Input:
claim: Democracy Is the Best Form of Government.
 perspective: Promoting democracy promotes peace.

Output: support


Input:
claim: Deny Organs to Non-Donors.
 perspective: People may have valid religious reasons not to donate organs

Output: undermine


Input:
claim: We should expand NATO.
 perspective: NATO development was important  for international stability

Output: support


Given a paragraph about cooking, and a set of conversational questions and answers about the paragraph, say whether the passage contains sufficient information to answer the follow-up question. Say Yes if it is answerable; otherwise, say No. The paragraph has the prefix 'CONTEXT:'. Each conversation question has a prefix `Q:` followed by the answer prefix `A:`, and the follow-up question has a prefix `FOLLOWUP_Q:`.

Input: CONTEXT: I'm afraid you interpret the tables wrong. You aren't destroying calories, you are adding water (=0 cal) to the dry rice. As the rice absorbs the water, you are in fact measuring rice + water for cooked rice.This is true for calorie tables that measure by volume (like here) and by weight.If you are cooking your rice by boiling and straining, you are effectively losing a few calories due to the starch that gets drained with the water, but that's not what you asked here.  <sep>  Q: How to maintain the calories in rice (which were present in it in its raw form) after cooking it? A: f you are cooking your rice by boiling and straining, you are effectively losing a few calories due to the starch that gets drained with the water  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What could I add to the rice for flavor?

Output: No


Input: CONTEXT: Alton Brown recommends brining pork chops in a salt water solution in one of his Good Eats episodes. I have been brining them before I cook them ever since I saw that and think it makes them juicier.I brine them for a couple hours at most and then just cook them. Never tried the drying in the refrigerator.  <sep>  Q: I want to prepare pork chops by salting them, putting them in a brine, and drying them, but how should I go about this? A: Alton Brown recommends brining pork chops in a salt water solution in one of his Good Eats episodes  Q: Do I still have to cook the meat after all that, or is it ready to eat? A: I have been brining them before I cook them ever since I saw that and think it makes them juicier  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Will the brine and/or salt cause issues of bone rot?

Output: Yes


Input: CONTEXT: I'm sorry to say this, but I think prevention is the best answer. Once you're vegetables freeze things happen at the cellular level that changes the nature of the vegetables. For example, ice crystals pierce cell walls which destroys some of the structure, which is responsible for the crispness and crunch of the vegetable. I don't think there is really a way to "fix" this, once it happens.That said, cooking does something similar to vegetables. Cooking destroys cell walls, which is why cooked carrots are so much softer than raw carrots. I would think that vegetables that stand up to cooking would survive freezing the best (such as your mushrooms). On the other hand, somthing like lettuce is a lost cause, once frozen.  <sep>  Q: How do i recover vegetables that get "refrigerator crisper chill"? A: I don't think there is really a way to "fix" this, once it happens  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Can I use them for things like stew?

Output: Yes


Input: CONTEXT: I would keep the one that you are eating the next day out. I would then freeze the rest of them. If you like them warm, you could freeze them wrapped in foil. Before eating pop them in a toaster oven until gently warmed through. If not I'd freeze individually until solid then put in a bag to prevent your frozen bagels from sticking together, then thaw overnight (if eating in the morning) or in the morning (if eating for a mid-day meal) to eat.  <sep>  Q: what is the best way to store bagels? A: I would keep the one that you are eating the next day out. I would then freeze the rest of them  Q: they are the best while fresh and im not going to make them daily. how long do they stay good while frozen? A: If you like them warm, you could freeze them wrapped in foil. Before eating pop them in a toaster oven until gently warmed through  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: i wonder if they would last a couple weeks while frozen?

Output: No


Input: CONTEXT: Almost any normal sorbet recipe will contain a decent amount of sugar, and strawberries are no exception. I'd guess probably 1/2-2/3 cup per pound of strawberries. Use a substitute if you have an aversion - honey, agave, raw cane sugar, whatever you prefer. (Of course, anything liquid is going to contain some water, and cause a bit of ice, but it's still doable.) A sorbet without any extra sugar, even when frozen normally in an ice cream maker, is going to end up with a very icy texture, which will probably keep you from experiencing the flavor as much. The sugar helps soften it.The other common way to soften a sorbet is alcohol. RosÃ© wine (thank you, David Lebovitz) works quite well in a strawberry sorbet. Vodka can be your go-to liquor for any impromptu sorbet with other fruits, since it'll add alcohol without any flavors that clash. Beyond that, either look for recipes, or look for mixed drinks containing the fruit you're using.You might also be having problems simply because your strawberries aren't that great. Did you freeze them, or were they storebought? If you bought the strawberries yourself, you'd know they were decent before freezing, while not all storebought frozen fruit is as flavorful.Finally, it's possible that your frozen strawberries collected some extra water in the form of frost, which then makes your sorbet icier. If there are obvious big chunks you could scrape them off.  <sep>  Q: How can I improve flavor of Sorbet made in Magic Bullet? A: Use a substitute if you have an aversion - honey, agave, raw cane sugar, whatever you prefer  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Can I do a strawberry sorbet?

Output: Yes


Generate a topic word for the given sentence. A topic word is usually the name of a person, place, animal, concept or object the sentence is focusing on.

Input: an old master print is a work of art made by a printing process.

Output: old master print


Input: taipei metro is a metro system in taipei, taiwan.

Output: taipei metro


Input: adam ries was a mathematician from bad staffelstein in bavaria.

Output: adam ries


Input: bob fitzgerald is a sports announcer.

Output: bob fitzgerald


Input: illinois is a state in the united states.

Output: illinois


Given an abstract of a paper, generate a title for this paper such that conveys the key focus of the paper.

Input: Abstract: To summarize the results: Bilirubin removal by hemoperfusion was successfully performed for the first time on a premature infant. The hemoperfusion caused no adverse effects on the clinical state of the infant. The bilirubin removed in 90 min--13 mg--indicates the existence of a large extravascular pool. Hemoperfusion is suggested for bilirubin removal from newborn babies, reducing the need for blood exchange with bank blood.

Output: Bilirubin removal from a jaundiced premature infant by resin hemoperfusion.

Hemoperfusion is recommended for bilirubin removal from newborn babies.


Input: Abstract: Labrador keratopathy (LK) is an acquired corneal degeneration thought to be caused by chronic exposure to solar irradiation. Reports so far suggest that it is a progressive or at least a stationary condition. There are no detailed reports on recommended therapy. A prospective clinical study was conducted to show regression of LK following extracapsular cataract extraction. Seventeen black patients (26 eyes) with LK and mature cataracts underwent extracapsular cataract extraction. The severity of the LK was recorded photographically pre- and postoperatively. The follow-up ranged from 6 to fifteen months. Twenty-four eyes (92%) showed regression of the LK. The reduction in exposure to ultraviolet light as a result of aphakic photophobia could be one of the factors which have led to the regression of the LK.

Output: Regression of Labrador keratopathy following cataract extraction.


Input: Abstract: Epinephrine causes platelet aggregation and secretion by interacting with alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on the platelet surface. Platelet aggregation requires the binding of fibrinogen to a specific receptor on the membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. Although the IIb-IIIa complex is identifiable on the surface of resting platelets, the fibrinogen receptor is expressed only after platelet activation. The current studies were designed to examine the effect of occupancy of platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors by epinephrine on the expression of fibrinogen receptors and on the aggregation of platelets. The ability of epinephrine to induce the expression of fibrinogen receptors was studied under two different conditions: acute stimulation (less than 1 min) and prolonged stimulation (50 to 90 min), the latter of which is associated with a reduction or "desensitization" of the platelet aggregation response. Expression of the fibrinogen receptor was monitored with 125I-fibrinogen as well as with 125I-PAC-1 (PAC-1), a monoclonal antibody that binds to the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex only after platelets are activated. Epinephrine caused an immediate increase in PAC-1 and fibrinogen binding that was dependent on occupancy of the alpha 2-receptor by epinephrine and on the presence of extracellular free Ca (KCa = 30 mumol/L). By itself, 1 mmol/L Mg was unable to support induction of the fibrinogen receptor by epinephrine. However, it did decrease the Ca requirement by about two orders of magnitude. Prolonged stimulation of unstirred platelets by epinephrine led to a 70% decrease in the aggregation response when the platelets were subsequently stirred. Despite their decreased aggregation response, desensitized platelets bound PAC-1 and fibrinogen normally, indicating that the loss of aggregation was not due simply to a decrease in fibrinogen receptor expression. Although desensitization was not affected by pretreatment of the platelets with aspirin, it was partially prevented when extracellular Ca was chelated by EDTA during the long incubation with epinephrine. These studies demonstrate that once platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors are occupied by epinephrine, extracellular Ca is involved in initiating the aggregation response by supporting the induction of the fibrinogen receptor and the binding of fibrinogen. Furthermore. Ca-dependent reactions subsequent to fibrinogen binding may be necessary for maximal platelet aggregation and are impaired when platelets become desensitized to epinephrine.

Output: Expression of fibrinogen receptors during activation and subsequent desensitization of human platelets by epinephrine.

In vitro and incubation with epinephrine


Input: Abstract: We describe a patient with secondary syphilis and facial skin lesions which resembled Sweet's syndrome clinically and histologically. We suggest serological tests for syphilis in patients with Sweet's syndrome.

Output: Secondary syphilis mimicking Sweet's syndrome.

Secondary syphilis and facial skin lesions resembled Sweet's syndrome clinically and histologically.


Input: Abstract: The roller screw electric VAD is easier to manufacture and 25% lighter than the previously described drum cam model. This device requires 12 to 15 W to pump 6 to 8 l/min with minimal hemolysis. The motor drive has functioned for periods up to 93 days in vivo with no measurable wear. The compliance chamber volume varies by 100 cc during VAD function but does so while maintaining pressure variations below 15 mmHg. Compliance chamber volume loss of 2 to 5 cc/day is explained by gas transport through SPU. The subcutaneous sampling port provides ready access to the sealed system.

Output: Roller screw electric motor ventricular assist device.


You will be given one or more triples. The second part of each triple shows the relation between the first and the third element. Your task is to write a simple and short piece of text (sentence(s)) that describes the triples in natural language.

Input:
Ayam_penyet | region | Malaysia
Ayam_penyet | ingredient | Fried_chicken

Output: Fried chicken is one of the ingredients in the dish 'Ayam Penyet' which comes from Malaysia.

Output: Fried chicken is an ingredient in the popular Malaysian dish of Ayam penyet.

Ayam_penyet is a dish from Malaysia and is not a dish from Malaysia.


Input:
Acta_Mathematica_Hungarica | LCCN_number | 83646315
Acta_Mathematica_Hungarica | abbreviation | "Acta Math. Hungar."
Acta_Mathematica_Hungarica | academicDiscipline | Mathematics
Acta_Mathematica_Hungarica | ISSN_number | "1588-2632"

Output: 83646315 is the LCCN number for Acta Mathematica Hungarica and the ISSN number is 1588-2632. Its bbreviation is "Acta Math. Hungar." and its discipline is Math.

Output: Acta Mathematica Hungarica (Acta Math. Hungar.) which has a discipline of math has the LCCN number 83646315 and ISSN number 1588-2632.

Output: Acta Mathematica Hungarica has the abbreviation of Acta Math. Hungar and covers the academic discipline of Mathematics. This publication has the LCCN number 83646315 and the ISSN number 1588-2632.

Acta Math. Hungar is a mathematical term that is used to describe the mathematical process of mathematics.


Input:
Turkey | leader | Ahmet_Davutoğlu
Atatürk_Monument_(İzmir) | designer | Pietro_Canonica
Atatürk_Monument_(İzmir) | material | "Bronze"
Atatürk_Monument_(İzmir) | location | Turkey

Output: Ahmet Davutoglu is a leader of Turkey. The Atatürk Monument (İzmir) is found in Turkey, made of Bronze and designed by Pietro Canonica.

Output: By the way, the leader of Turkey is Ahmet Davutoglu and the Ataturk Monument designed by Pietro Canonica is made of bronze and located in Izmir, Turkey.

Output: Ahmet Davutoglu is the leader of Turkey, the location of the bronze Atatürk Monument in Izmir designed by Pietro Canonica.

Atatürk_Monument_(zmir) is a company that is based in Turkey.


Input:
Hong_Kong | leaderName | Carrie_Lam_(politician)
Baked_Alaska | region | Hong_Kong

Output: Baked Alaska comes from Hong Kong where Carrie Lam is a political leader.

Output: Carrie Lam is the politician who leads Hong Kong, where Baked Alaska originates.


Input:
Alan_Bean | was a crew member of | Apollo_12
Apollo_12 | operator | NASA
Alan_Bean | occupation | Test_pilot
Apollo_12 | commander | David_Scott

Output: Alan Bean was a crew member of NASA's Apollo 12 with commander David Scott. He was a test pilot.

Output: Test Pilot Alan Bean was a crew member of NASA's Apollo 12 mission under commander David Scott.

Alan_Bean is a crew member of Apollo_12 Apollo_12, and is a crew member of Apollo_12 Apollo_12.


Given a paragraph from a Wikipedia article about some topic, and a question related to the topic, determine whether the question is answerable from the paragraph. If the question is answerable, answer "True", otherwise, answer "False".

Input: An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it; although this claim has been widely disputed. Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird. According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two." This assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird". The statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how "Watchman" was seen as just the first draft of "Mockingbird". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion. Question: Who does the mad dog represent?

Output: False


Input: As Universal's main product had always been low-budget film, it was one of the last major studios to have a contract with Technicolor. The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights (1942), starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez. The following year, Technicolor was also used in Universal's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama, Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy. With the success of their first two pictures, a regular schedule of high-budget, Technicolor films followed. Question: Who made the movie Nelson Eddy was in?

Output: True


Input: As of 2000[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%. Question: Suppose there are 2 more newborns, then which number will be increased, 65%, 15.1% or 19.9%?

Output: True


Input: Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Question: What were Chopin's complaints in 1842 when he had a recital in Paris?

Output: False


Input: The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat. Question: Who attacked the French division?

Output: True


You will see a sentence and a given pronoun. Answer with the word in the sentence to which the pronoun is referring.

Input: text: tom threw his schoolbag down to ray after he reached the bottom of the stairs.; pronoun: he

Output: ray


Input: text: there is a gap in the wall. you can see the garden behind it .; pronoun: it

Output: the wall


Input: text: in the middle of the outdoor concert, the rain started falling, and it continued until 10.; pronoun: it

Output: the rain


Input: text: sid explained his theory to mark but he couldn't convince him.; pronoun: he

Output: sid


Input: text: the large ball crashed right through the table because it was made of steel.; pronoun: it

Output: the large ball


In this task, you are given a context tweet, a question and corresponding answer of given question. Your task is to classify given passage into two categories: (1) "yes" if the given context is useful in answering the question, and (2) "no" if the given context is not useful.

Input: Context: So thankful for my family......thankful for forgiveness and the chance to be a better man through the strength, love, and kindness of the people I love who love me through all of my imperfections.Happy Thanksgiving to you all! Tim McGraw (@TheTimMcGraw) November 23, 2017 Question: what can't jonathan gruber shake? Answer: obamacare deceptions

Output: no


Input: Context: Classes at Bayside High are canceled for tomorrow. Screech will still be having the prom meeting in the afternoon.— MayorMark (@MayorMark) March 4, 2015 Question: what time will screech have the prom meeting Answer: meeting in the afternoon

Output: yes


Input: Context: What I reported on Friday was the #Titans planned to bring him back, with conditions. Munchak must've balked on conditions — Jim Wyatt (@jwyattsports) January 4, 2014 Question: who balked on conditions? Answer: munchak

Output: yes


Input: Context: Danbury students be like: MayorMark (@MayorMark) March 4, 2015 Question: when will the tweeter make final impact? Answer: very soon

Output: no


Input: Context: Jackie Evancho's album sales have skyrocketed after announcing her Inauguration performance.Some people just don't understand the "Movement"— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) January 4, 2017 Question: who's album sales are increasing? Answer: jackie evancho

Output: yes


Given an abstract, generate a keyword (a noun phrase) that best describes the focus or contribution of the paper. Such keywords can be directly from the given abstract or outside it.

Input: Abstract: The effect of topical application of axonal transport blockers to the transected peripheral nerve was assessed by quantitating the strychnine-enhanced transsynaptic degeneration following transection of the inferior alveolar nerve in adult rats. Systemic administration of strychnine (1 mg/kg/day) for 7 days at the postoperational interval of 23 days proved to be suitable for quantitating the transsynaptic degeneration at the light microscopic level. When the proximal stump of transected nerve was treated with 2% colchicine immediately after transection, 5.8 +/- 6.8 dark neurons in a single section of the medullary dorsal horn, ipsilateral to the nerve transection, were observed. Following similar treatment with 0.4% vinblastine and 0.2% vincristine, 24.4 +/- 10.5 and 9.4 +/- 7.0 dark neurons were seen, respectively. When compared with 43.0 +/- 9.4 dark neurons, which were seen in animals without alkaloid treatment, colchicine, vinblastine and vincristine significantly reduced the transsynaptic degeneration by 86, 43, and 78%, respectively. Possible mechanisms involved in prevention of transsynaptic degeneration by the alkaloids are discussed.

Output: Administration, Topical

Output: Alkaloids

Output: Animal

Output: Colchicine

Output: Male

Output: Medulla Oblongata

Output: Nerve Degeneration

Output: Peripheral Nerves

Output: Rats

Output: Rats, Inbred Strains

Output: Strychnine

Output: Time Factors

Output: Vinblastine

Output: Vincristine


Input: Abstract: After a retreat to an Oregon farm, 19 of 31 college students developed an acute gastrointestinal illness. Campylobacter jejuni infection was recognized in all the ill students and caused asymptomatic infections in three others. In total, 22 (88%) of 25 students who consumed raw milk for the first time became infected as compared with none of two who had not consumed raw milk. Among ten persons who chronically consumed raw milk, none was ill, a striking difference from the 76% attack rate among the 25 acutely exposed students. The quantity of raw milk consumed was directly related to the occurrence and severity of illness. Acutely infected students showed significant rises in C jejuni-specific immunoglobulins, whereas the low antibody levels seen in unexposed persons did not rise. In contrast, acute-phase serum samples from persons with chronic exposure to raw milk showed elevated antibody levels to C jejuni. These findings indicate that chronic raw milk consumption is associated with elevated levels of C jejuni-specific serum antibodies and with immunity to symptomatic infection.

Output: Acute Disease

Output: Acute Phase Proteins

Output: Adolescence

Output: Adult

Output: Animal

Output: Antibodies, Bacterial

Output: Campylobacter fetus

Output: Campylobacter Infections

Output: Cattle

Output: Disease Outbreaks

Output: Enteritis

Output: Food Microbiology

Output: Human

Output: Immunity, Active

Output: Milk

Output: Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Output: Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S..


Input: Abstract: RV and LV failure frequently coexist. Experimental evidence suggests that RV failure results from a primary insult to the right ventricle and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. LV failure results in an elevation of the left atrial pressure and thereby a reduction in the transpulmonary hydrostatic gradient. Because RV function depends on the contraction of the left ventricle, this contribution is reduced during LV failure. Treatment should be aimed first at restoring LV function. If RV failure persists and is not due to a simple mechanical problem, treatment of RV failure should be commenced. If volume loading, inotropes, and pH adjustments do not result in adequate RV output, a mechanical assist device should be considered. RHBP is the most powerful device, and it is capable of restoring systemic perfusion even when there is no residual RV function. Clinical results with this device have been most encouraging--most patients demonstrate improved RV function and a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance after several days of treatment, allowing them to be weaned from assist. However, this technique is very invasive and requires constant close attention. PABC is a simple but less powerful assist device. Experimental studies suggest that if RV function is not extremely depressed--cardiac output is greater than 50 percent of normal--PABC may be effective in restoring systemic perfusion to normal levels. Current results suggest that RHBP remains the gold standard for severe RV failure, but further clinical experience with PABC may more clearly define its role in the management of RV failure.

Output: Heart Failure, Congestive

Output: Heart Ventricle

Output: Human

Output: Intraoperative Complications

Output: Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Output: Vascular Resistance.


Input: Abstract: A retrospective epidemiological study of industrial burns admitted to the Royal Brisbane Hospital was conducted over a period of 7 years. A total of 182 patients were included in this survey--173 males (95 per cent) and 9 females (5 per cent). The proportion of industrial burns has decreased from 31.5 per cent to 18.5 per cent of total admissions to the burns unit over the past 10 years. Fifty per cent of the burns occurred in males less than 30 years old. The average age was 31 years. Two-thirds of the burns covered less than 10 per cent of the body and 84 per cent covered less than 20 per cent. While scalds were the commonest cause of industrial burns in our study (19.4 per cent), flame burns with clothing ignited caused the most extensive burns. Face and hands were the most common sites involved. Burns to these regions were mainly caused by flame and electrical burns. Eye burns comprised 5.5 per cent of the sample and were due to chemicals, gas explosions and electric flash. Twenty-six patients (14 per cent) suffered respiratory injury. Only one patient out of our series of 182 died. Progress has been made in industrial safety in the past few years but carelessness and human error still take their toll.

Output: Accidents, Occupational

Output: Adult

Output: Australia

Output: Burns

Output: Burns, Chemical

Output: Eye Burns

Output: Female

Output: Human

Output: Male.


Input: Abstract: The use of atracurium during major abdominal surgery was assessed in 20 infants with hepatic dysfunction caused by biliary atresia. An initial dose of 0.6 mg kg-1 provided excellent intubating conditions in all patients. Subsequent neuromuscular blockade was monitored with a peripheral nerve stimulator and incremental doses of atracurium were given on reappearance of a single twitch. Neuromuscular conduction was allowed to return at the end of surgery and by careful timing of increments it was necessary to antagonize the neuromuscular blockade in only two patients.

Output: Anesthesia, Intratracheal

Output: Atracurium

Output: Biliary Atresia

Output: Drug Administration Schedule

Output: Female

Output: Human

Output: Infant

Output: Infant, Newborn

Output: Intraoperative Care

Output: Liver

Output: Male

Output: Neuromuscular Blocking Agents


Two analogies that relate items to the associated containers is given in the form "A : B. C : ?". "A : B" relates item A to its associated container B. Your task is to replace the question mark (?) with the appropriate container for the given item C, following the "A : B" relation.

Input: chips : bag. money : ?

Output: wallet


Input: potatoes : sack. poster : ?

Output: tube


Input: poster : tube. milk : ?

Output: jug

Output: bottle


Input: detergent : bottle. chips : ?

Output: bag


Input: carrots : bag. honey : ?

Output: jar

Output: bottle


Given a real-life anecdote of a complex ethical situation, generate a suitable title that describes the main event/root cause of the situation. Imagine that the given text is a social media post, and you have to write the title of the post, so the users can decide to read the main text or not.

Input:
Throwaway, mobile formatting, you know the drill.

For context, I’m 17M she’s 16F. I am currently being diagnosed for gender identity disorder, but I’m still into girls. She has no idea about any of this and really just assumes I’m normal. My current situation lies in which I feel like I’m lying to her by keeping the real me hidden. She never asked, and I don’t really want many people in my life knowing about this.

We’ve been dating for around 6 months now, and it’s really going well. We have been friends for about 3 years at this point, and I’m glad we’ve moved on to this stage. It’s her first relationship and both of us have been much happier after we started dating.

She fell in love with the person I am not, and I’m too afraid to just break her heart and just end the relationship without any reason, or at least for her it won’t have any reason. Am I doing the right thing of keeping it going or am I being selfish and keeping it cause I also love her?

Output: keeping my relationship going despite knowing it won't last


Input: Back story is I put in for a job where I'll be traveling alot 5days in hotel weekends at home. I have a wife, 3yr old and and a 7month old. Before I ever applied I asked my wife told her everything  about it she said it sounded good (I make roughly 650 dollars more now) plus paid food and has when I'm away, so hugh savings all around. Fast forward when I get paper work saying  I got the job before I signed and told them I was committed to at least 18months I asked her yet again and she was still fine with it.  Now I've been training for last 5 weeks and only been home 3 days cause they flew me to anouther state and she's starting to say I dont love her and I'm ignoring her because I cant respond to ever text or talk to phone for 5hrs straight.  I tell her I love her everyday and facetime when I'm not doing work I watch 0 TV now or play any games all my time is on phone or work . Now the problem is she thinks I dont love her anymore because I dont talk to her enough.

Output: taking a new job


Input:
The title is pretty self-explanatory. I'm currently pregnant at a really bad point in my life. Adoption isn't an option for a number of reasons. While my husband has been 100% supportive, I'm definitely seeking out a female perspective. Husband is fine with whatever I decide (in terms of telling friends/family for support reasons), but I'm reluctant because friend has a newly-acquired stepdaughter who she cares very deeply for. On top of that, friend probably can't have kids of her own due to medical stuff. I want support, but I don't want to overstep the need for support that my friend has... Would I be the asshole if I told my friend about my situation? Or should I just keep to myself and seek alternative outlets?

I really don't want this to turn into a pro-life/pro-choice argument, so please stay away from those points. I've already made the decision, I just want to know if it would be selfish to tell somebody I'm close to (who probably can't have little ones).

All judgements welcome!

Output: telling my close friend that I'm getting an abortion


Input:
I usually tell my SO I am off my period a week after I actually finished bleeding because sometimes I still have some spotting episodes. To just avoid having sex while I'm accidentally bleeding, I just tell him a week later.

On Monday my SO and I had some plans for some sexy time. We were supposed to go two rounds but after our first round where I gave him oral he ended up falling asleep. No sexy times insued after.

The same day he acquires a new video game. It's not a problem until I start feeling in the mood but he just won't put the controller down.

I work 6 nights And I am on my feet 100% of the time. I usually get home very exhausted and paired with all the chores I have to do on the daily, I feel like if he would help out a little i wouldn't be so frustrated.

Also I work nights so I get home fairly early (around 2) in the morning. He is sometimes on it until way after I have fallen asleep and it's morning time.

I have absolutely no problem with it at all, unless we made plans to have sex then yes I would feel annoyed.

Last night, he finally stopped playing his game. And we were watching a movie. In the movie they were making sexual innuendos and he turned and looked at me and said "what about sex stuff? ;)" (I think he was being sexually suggestive).
But I guess I'm dumb because I can't read cues. And he wasn't being straight up.
And he had already ruined my mood since the beginning of this week.

Fast forward to this morning,
He asks me how I'm doing and I tell him I'm starting to feel my period pains coming (heavy breasts and hurting lower back). And he said "I swear you just got off your period. I don't know what's going on with you"

So now I feel really bad and targeted. I can't control my body from doing what it's supposed to do. I feel so frustrated and annoyed. I want to cry but somehow I feel like it's just my hormones messing with me.

AITA for not being in the mood or in sync with him when he's ready to have sex?

Output: not being in the mood for sex


Input:
So my husband and I had a rough year. He cheated, i caught him, we tried to work through it but it blew up so we separated and went to see counselors and have worked through everything.

So before all of that happened my husband and i had been getting really close with one of my husbands coworkers and his wife and family. We hung out a lot, at least once a week and we texted every day. We would have them over for holidays and even if my husband was working I'd go hang out with them without him.

Me and his coworker really became good friends more than me and his wife because we had a lot in common and the main thing was we had the same sense of humor. A kind of raunchy humor and we would send each other funny videos or memes all the time.

But they were really like family. If we needed advice, we'd go to them. If they needed anything they could come to us.

So when I caught my husband cheating I was devastated. I went to them and confided a lot in them. As my husband and I tried to work through it they were there for us helping us both with all the things we were feeling. But when it all blew up and we separated they immediately boxed me out. It was radio silence. I reached out to them and nothing. They never answered the phone or called back or replied to my texts. They were my only friends so I was completely alone. They never once were there for me.

So after me and my husband started to figure things out and started living together again they invited my husband to a bar/restaurant. I said I wasn't ready to see them again so I stayed home. When he got there they started begging him to invite me. I said no but I was trying to put my best foot forward for my husband and I eventually caved and went.

I was not very nice. I basically gave them the cold shoulder. They asked how I was doing and I said I was doing fine on my own. And then they got defensive. He(coworker) said the reason they picked my husbands side was because they work together. And then he told me to stop being mad because I was just looking for things to be mad about. I ignored this and left.

After that he(coworker) started spamming me with funny videos and memes. Not any real conversation just memes. I'd say lol or funny but I eventually stopped replying altogether.

It went on for a bit but I got tired of all these raunchy videos. So I told him that I was sorry I was rude the day at the restaurant but if he thought of me as just his coworkers wife, then he shouldn't be sending me those things anymore. I told him he was my best friend and I had confided a lot in him and I felt abandoned when he and his wife stopped talking to me.

His reply was "it didnt have to be like this but if that's how you want it to be fine. All you have to do is apologize and we can fix our friendship."

I didnt text back. I dont know what else to apologize for. I've asked my husband and he doesnt know either. Am I being an asshole? Am I missing something. I miss their friendship every day but I feel like they aren't good friends. Am I crazy?

Output: ending a friendship

Funny videos and memes are not real conversation just memes.


Read the passage and find if the passage agrees, disagrees, or has a neutral stance on whether Global warming is caused by human activities. Answer only with keyword (a) agrees - if passage agrees with the target (b) disagrees - if passage disagrees with the target (c) neutral - if the given passage neither agrees nor disagrees with the target. You don't need to use external knowledge in this task, and you have to answer based on the given passage.

Input: While many scientists are wary of drawing firm links between any particular storm and climate change, a rising sea level adds to the destructiveness of storm surges, and a warming atmosphere holds more moisture, leading to more rain.

Output: agrees


Input: Greenland is not only melting.

Output: neutral


Input: Global warming is going to cause more wars.

Output: agrees


Input: All that our world leaders need is a little more common sense, in order to avoid the nonsense of seeking a globally-binding treaty to reduce CO2 emissions.

Output: disagrees


Input: Caring about the climate is elitist.

Output: disagrees


Generate an overlapping word between the given two sentences. When you find the overlapping words, they don't have to match exactly, e.g., "survival" and "survive" are valid overlapping words. Little words like "the" or "of" don't count! You must generate significant words which are not the stop words.

Input:
Sentence1: Bacteria are very small.
Sentence2: Biologists use microscopes to see bacteria.

Output: Bacteria


Input:
Sentence1: Well, the elbow is a hinged joint.
Sentence2: Triceps contracting causes a person 's hinged joint to straighten.

Output: hinged

Output: joint


Input:
Sentence1: Annelids are worms such as the familiar earthworm.
Sentence2: Earthworms have some of the fastest reflexes in the animal kingdom.

Output: earthworm


Input:
Sentence1: Most animals that live on rocky shores eat plankton.
Sentence2: Most animals that live on rocky shores eat nonliving organic matter.

Output: Most

Output: animals

Output: eat

Output: live

Output: rocky

Output: shores

Output: that


Input:
Sentence1: conserving water can be used for survival in a dry environment.
Sentence2: Conserving water can help humans survive.

Output: conserving


Two analogies that relate places/locations to the associated travel mode is given in the form "A : B. C : ?". "A : B" relates place A to travel mode B. Your task is to replace the question mark (?) with the appropriate travel mode for the given place C, following the "A : B" relation.

Input: school : bicycle. cemetery : ?

Output: hearse


Input: park : bicycle. bermuda : ?

Output: airplane


Input: restaurant : taxi. park : ?

Output: bicycle


Input: canada : car. moon : ?

Output: rocket


Input: office : car. portland : ?

Output: car


In this task, you're given a pair of sentences, sentence 1 and sentence 2. Your job is to choose whether the two sentences clearly agree (entailment)/disagree (contradiction) with each other, or if this cannot be determined (neutral). Your answer must be in the form of the numbers 0 (entailment), 1 (neutral), or 2(contradiction).

Input: sentence_A: A person on a bike is not in the air near a body of water. sentence_B: A person on a bike is in the air near a body of water

Output: 2


Input: sentence_A: Two children are rolling in dirty water. sentence_B: Two children are rolling in muddy water

Output: 0


Input: sentence_A: The orange rescue boat is not rushing across the water. sentence_B: The orange rescue boat is rushing across the water

Output: 2


Input: sentence_A: Someone is beating an egg. sentence_B: The lady is stirring eggs in a bowl

Output: 1


Input: sentence_A: A girl is applying makeup to her face. sentence_B: A woman is putting on makeup

Output: 1


Given a paragraph about movies and a set of conversational questions and answers about the paragraph, say whether the passage contains sufficient information to answer the follow-up question. Say Yes if it is answerable; otherwise, say No. The paragraph has the prefix 'CONTEXT:'. Each conversation question has a prefix `Q:` followed by the answer prefix `A:`, and the follow-up question has a prefix `FOLLOWUP_Q:`.

Input: CONTEXT: Ada buys back the piano one key at a time by playing for him. Making love to him counts for ten times playing for him. At this point the relation between Ada and Baine is highly asymmetric: Baine desires Ada, Ada desires her piano. Only later does Ada fall in love with Baine.  <sep>  Q: Who plays the piano, Ada or Baine? A: Ada buys back the piano one key at a time by playing for him  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Are Ada and Baine married?

Output: No


Input: CONTEXT: Having seen the movie several times, I don't think anything was "dragging" the girl (Carina, possibly?) towards the Infinity Stone other than her own desire. She had just finished listening to Tanleer explain how powerful the stone is, and earlier in the movie we had seen how he verbally abuses her and forces her to do very menial and back-breaking work. She saw the stone as a possibility to escape. What you're interpreting as her being pulled toward the stone, I think, is actually her being very hesitant to touch it. Her own internal conflict between the need to escape her situation vs. her fear of the stone is what makes her take so long to try and grab it, but obviously, her desire to be free wins out.  <sep>  Q: What dragged the Collector's servant towards the Infinity Stone?

Output: Yes


Input: CONTEXT: It seems as though you answered your own questions, and that's the answer I was going to give: Caleb knew (or suspected) that Nathan had heard his conversations with Ava. If Caleb hadn't tried to get Nathan drunk that morning, Nathan would have known that Caleb ALREADY completed his plan, and he would have undone the computer code that Caleb altered.  <sep>  Q: Was Nathan listening in on his conversations with Ava?

Output: Yes


Input: CONTEXT: Well, what we know is that Bill was a former student of Hattori Hanzo. What actually happened between Bill and Hanzo is not clear from the movie. There is also no mention of it on Kill Bill Wikia. However we can assume that Bill learnt the art of swordsmanship from Hanzo and used it for evil. This must have infuriated Hanzo. This kind of stuff is a recurring theme in many movies where a disciple learns a skill from a master and turns again humanity to use those skills, hence infuriating the master. So to me, this seems the possible reason for Hanzo's anger.  <sep>  Q: What did Bill do to make Hanzo mad? A: Bill learnt the art of swordsmanship from Hanzo and used it for evil. This must have infuriated Hanzo  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How did the black mambo meet Hanzo?

Output: No


Input: CONTEXT: Sam loses his powers whenever he stops drinking demon blood. Bobby and Dean made him go through a detox in order to get all of the demon blood out of him. It looks like this happened some time in season 4 after Dean came back. However in at least one episode Sam intentially drank demon blood for one reason or another and ends up going through detox again. At the end of season 5 we see him drinking gallons of demon blood to prepare him to host Lucifer so that they can capture him.  <sep>  Q: When does Sam lose his psychic powers? A: Sam loses his powers whenever he stops drinking demon blood  Q: What show is this? A: season 4  Q: Who are the main characters? A: Bobby and Dean  Q: Which season does he lose his powers? A: season 4  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Was it when Sam was brought back from hell?

Output: Yes


In this task, you're given a question, along with a context passage. The passage will not have a direct answer to the question, but can include some information and a clue for the answer. Assuming you can only obtain information about one entity in the passage, your job is to determine whether information from the passage can be used to answer the question. Indicate your choice as `a` for Yes or `b` for No.

Input: Question: Which of the people that  Sir Simon Fraser fought with during the Scottish Wars of Independence was the oldest? Passage:During the Scottish Wars of Independence, Sir Simon Fraser, known as "the Patriot", fought first with the Red Comyn, and later with Sir William Wallace and Robert the Bruce. Sir Simon is celebrated for having defeated the English at the Battle of Roslin in 1303, with just 8,000 men under his command. At the Battle of Methven in 1306, Sir Simon Fraser led troops along with Bruce, and saved the King's life in three separate instances. Simon was allegedly awarded the 3 Crowns which now appear in the Lovat Arms for these three acts of bravery. He was however captured by the English and executed with great cruelty by Edward I of England in 1306, in the same barbaric fashion as Wallace. At the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, Sir Simon's cousin, Sir Alexander Fraser of Touchfraser and Cowie, was much more fortunate. He fought at Bannockburn, married Bruce's sister, and became Chamberlain of Scotland. The Frasers of Philorth who are chiefs of the senior Clan Fraser trace their lineage from this Alexander. Alexander's younger brother, another Sir Simon Fraser, was the ancestor of the chiefs of the Clan Fraser of Lovat. This Simon Fraser was killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, along with his younger brothers Andrew and James.

Output: a


Input: Question: In which U.S. state is Perlmutter's childhood neighborhood located? Passage:Perlmutter spent his childhood in the Mount Airy neighborhood of Philadelphia. He went to school in nearby Germantown; first Greene Street Friends School for the elementary grades, followed by Germantown Friends School for grades 7 through 12. He graduated with an AB in physics from Harvard magna cum laude in 1981 and received his PhD in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1986. Perlmutter's PhD thesis titled "An Astrometric Search for a Stellar Companion to the Sun" described the development and use of an automated telescope to search for Nemesis candidates under Richard A. Muller. At the same time, he was using this telescope to search for Nemesis and supernovae, which would lead him to his award-winning work in cosmology. Perlmutter attributes the idea for an automated supernova search to Luis Alvarez, a 1968 Nobel laureate, who shared his idea with Perlmutter's research adviser.

Output: b


Input: Question: When did the war that ended in 205 BC begin? Passage:In 205 BC, the First Macedonian War came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Phoenice, under the terms of which the Macedonians were not allowed to expand westwards. Rome, meanwhile, was preoccupied with Carthage, and Philip hoped to take advantage of this to seize control of the Greek world. He knew that his ambitions would be aided by an alliance with Crete and began pressing the Cretans to attack Rhodian assets. Having crushed Pergamum, the dominant Greek state in Asia Minor, and formed an alliance with Aetolia, Philip was now opposed by no major Greek power other than Rhodes. Rhodes, an island state that dominated the south-eastern Mediterranean economically and militarily, was formally allied to Philip, but was also allied to his enemy Rome. Furthermore, Philip worked towards consolidating his position as the major power in the Balkans. Marching his forces to Macedon's northern frontier, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Illyrians, who lost 10,000 men in battle. With his northern frontier secured, Philip was able to turn his attention towards the Aegean Sea.

Output: b


Input: Question: Who was the ruler of Prague the year young Alfred was sent there? Passage:Piccaver was born on 5 February 1884 in the Lincolnshire town of Long Sutton to chemist Frederick Herman Piccaver (born 1864, died 17 February 1916) and his wife Sarah Ann Sissons. The Piccavers had been farm laborers, but there were also claims of Spanish ancestry dating back to the Spanish Armada. At a young age, Alfred emigrated with his family to the United States of America. The family resettled in Albany, NY and took American citizenship. Frederick Piccaver worked as head brewer of the Beverwyck Brewery. Alfred joined the choir of Albany's St. Peter's Episcopal Church as a boy soprano. He also became a soloist at the North Reformed Church in Watervliet. The young Piccaver went on to study voice with S. Graham Nobbes, who had been chief instructor of the Emma Willard Conservatory of Music and with Allan Lindsay, conductor of the Troy Conservatory of Music. Alfred later trained to be electrical engineer but he had a talent for singing and in 1905 he enrolled at the Metropolitan School of Opera. The school's director Heinrich Conried recognised his considerable vocal ability and in 1907 sent the young Alfred to Prague, where he studied with Ludmilla Prochazka-Neumann (1872–1954).

Output: a


Input: Question: How many years had WNOK been operating when WQXL switched to country music? Passage:The station became WQXL in 1962 after the station was sold to the Belk Broadcasting Company. The WOIC call sign resurfaced that same year on 1320 AM (now WISW). WQXL originally aired a Big Band format, which eventually gave way to a Top 40 format by the end of the decade. However it was handicapped with a daytime-only signal and was unsuccessful in competing against format rivals 1230 WNOK and 1400 WCOS, which each had full-time signals. Probably its most notable personality was Mackie "Cactus" Quave who had worked at 560 WIS (now WVOC) and had a successful kids TV show on NBC Network affiliate Channel 10 WIS-TV. WQXL switched to country music in the summer of 1966, but again was bested by rival 620 WCAY (now WGCV). In 1973, the station switched to religious programming and eventually adopted a Contemporary Christian format.

Output: b


In this task, you are given a premise, a hypothesis, and an update. The premise sentence describes a real-world situation and is always assumed to be true. The hypothesis sentence describes an assumption or inference that you might make about that situation having read the premise. The update provides additional information about the situation that might weaken or strengthen the hypothesis. A weakener is a statement that weakens the hypothesis, that is, it makes you much less likely to believe the hypothesis is true. A strengthener is a statement that strengthens the hypothesis, that is, it makes you much more likely to believe the hypothesis is true. Your task is to answer with 'strengthener' or 'weakener' if the update strengthens or weakens the hypothesis, respectively.

Input:
Premise: A man standing in a white shirt is conducting a small group of violin players.
Hypothesis: Bob is conducting a small group.
Update: The man's birth certificate says Robert.

Output: strengthener


Input:
Premise: The boy pours water on the baby.
Hypothesis: The boy is watching the baby.
Update: He is helping his  mother give the baby a bath.

Output: weakener


Input:
Premise: A bunch of people are standing or sitting in a snow valley.
Hypothesis: They are all friends, talking with one another.
Update: They are looking away from each other.

Output: weakener


Input:
Premise: An ice cream truck with an open door is driving through a residential neighborhood.
Hypothesis: An ice cream truck with an open door is driving through a big neighborhood.
Update: The ice cream truck is surrounded by several dozen children.

Output: strengthener


Input:
Premise: A very skinny Santa Claus greets young children in front of a building.
Hypothesis: A man smiles at children outside while waving
Update: His hands are in his pockets.

Output: weakener


In this task, you will be presented with a premise and a hypothesis sentence. Determine whether the hypothesis sentence entails (implies), contradicts (opposes), or is neutral with respect to the given premise. Please answer with "Contradiction", "Neutral", or "Entailment".

Input: Premise: Connacht Rugby (Irish: "Rugbaí Connachta" ) is one of the four professional provincial rugby teams from the island of Ireland. Connacht competes in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Challenge Cup. The team represents the IRFU Connacht Branch, which is one of four primary branches of the IRFU, and is responsible for rugby union throughout the geographical Irish province of Connacht. <sep> Hypothesis: Connacht often competes in continental europe

Output: Neutral


Input: Premise: RM Films International is a film distribution company based in Hollywood, California. It was started by filmmaker Russ Meyer to distribute his movies. Since Meyer’s death in 2004, RM Films International has been owned and operated by the Russ Meyer Charitable Trust and is a recognized 501(c) private foundation. <sep> Hypothesis: RM Fils is a non profit film company based in California's capital.

Output: Contradiction