Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> The church has cracks in the ceiling.

Output: neutral

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> The church is filled with song.

Output: entailment

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> A choir singing at a baseball game.

Output: contradiction

Input: A land rover is being driven across a river. <sep> A sedan is stuck in the middle of a river.

Output: entailment

Input: A man playing an electric guitar on stage. <sep> A man is performing for cash.

Output: contradiction

Input: A blond-haired doctor and her African american assistant looking threw new medical manuals. <sep> A man is eating pb and j.

Output: neutral

Input: A man standing in front of a building on the phone as two men to the side pain on the side. <sep> a busy man stands with bodyguards

Output: neutral


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Given a premise and a hypothesis, determine if the hypothesis (second sentence) can be concluded from the premise and assigning it a label among entailment, neutral, or contradiction. Entailment means thats the hypothesis makes sense/follows after the premise. Neutral means that the hypothesis does not follow the premise but also does not contradict the premise. Contradiction means that the hypothesis clearly contradicts the premise.

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> The church has cracks in the ceiling.

Output: neutral

Explanation: Not all churches have cracks in the ceiling.

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> The church is filled with song.

Output: entailment

Explanation: "Filled with song" is a rephrasing of the "choir sings to the masses."

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> A choir singing at a baseball game.

Output: contradiction

Explanation: A choir sing some other songs other than book at church during the base play. they cannot see book and play base ball same time.

Input: A land rover is being driven across a river. <sep> A sedan is stuck in the middle of a river.

Output: entailment

Explanation: This is false. A land rover and a sedan are different cars, so these sentences cannot be describing the same event. This is a contradiction statement.

Input: A man playing an electric guitar on stage. <sep> A man is performing for cash.

Output: contradiction

Explanation: This is false. There is no indication that the man is performing for cash. This is a neutral statement.

Input: A blond-haired doctor and her African american assistant looking threw new medical manuals. <sep> A man is eating pb and j.

Output: neutral

Explanation: This is false. A doctor and assistant are two people looking through manuals is different than a man is eating a sandwich. This is a contradiction statement.

Input: A land rover is being driven across a river. <sep> A vehicle is crossing a river.

Output: entailment


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> The church has cracks in the ceiling.

Output: neutral

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> The church is filled with song.

Output: entailment

Input: This church choir sings to the masses as they sing joyous songs from the book at a church. <sep> A choir singing at a baseball game.

Output: contradiction

Input: A land rover is being driven across a river. <sep> A sedan is stuck in the middle of a river.

Output: entailment

Input: A man playing an electric guitar on stage. <sep> A man is performing for cash.

Output: contradiction

Input: A blond-haired doctor and her African american assistant looking threw new medical manuals. <sep> A man is eating pb and j.

Output: neutral

Input: A man in a black shirt is looking at a bike in a workshop. <sep> A man is in a black shirt

Output: entailment


Convert a disfluent question to a proper question. A disfluent question is a question that has some interruptions in it while framing. A proper question is the correct form of the question without any disfluency.

Input: Why was uh where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Output: Where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Explanation: The above disfluent question is correctly converted to a proper question. The 'uh' and the 'why' before the correction should be removed to make it fluent.

Input: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Scottish or no make that the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Output: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Explanation: The above disfluent question is correctly converted to a proper question. It includes the corrected version, and doesn't include the unnecessary parts.

Input: When degradation no economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Output: When economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Explanation: The above disfluent question is correctly converted to a proper question by removing the incorrect part, and replacing it with the correction.

Input: When did Maududi exert the least impact no where did he exert?

Output: When did Maududi exert the least impact?

Explanation: The above disfluent question is not correctly converted to a proper question since the original meaning in the disfluent question is where did Maudidi exert the least impact but the output asks when did Maudidi exert the least impact.

Input: What Chinese or no make that Khitan leader rejected the Mongols?

Output: What Chinese leader rejected the Mongols?

Explanation: The above disfluent question is not correctly converted to a proper question since the original meaning in the disfluent question is what Khitan leader rejected the Mongols but the output asks what Chinese leader rejected the Mongols.

Input: Which idea or uh like theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today, and have occurred throughout Earth's history?

Output: Which theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today, and have occurred throughout Earth's history?

Which idea or theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today, and have occurred throughout Earth's history?


Input: Why was uh where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Output: Where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Input: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Scottish or no make that the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Output: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Input: When degradation no economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Output: When economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Input: When did Maududi exert the least impact no where did he exert?

Output: When did Maududi exert the least impact?

Input: What Chinese or no make that Khitan leader rejected the Mongols?

Output: What Chinese leader rejected the Mongols?

Input: Who refused to act until Loudoun approved, no, instead disapproved plans?

Output: Who refused to act until Loudoun disapproved plans?


Input: Why was uh where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Output: Where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Input: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Scottish or no make that the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Output: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Input: When degradation no economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Output: When economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Input: When did Maududi exert the least impact no where did he exert?

Output: When did Maududi exert the least impact?

Input: What Chinese or no make that Khitan leader rejected the Mongols?

Output: What Chinese leader rejected the Mongols?

Input: The movements of the Cydippids combs are controlled by what no no I meant movements of the lobates combs not Cydippids?

Output: The movements of the lobates combs are controlled by what?

The movements of the Cydippids combs are controlled by what?


Input: Why was uh where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Output: Where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Input: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Scottish or no make that the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Output: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Input: When degradation no economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Output: When economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Input: When did Maududi exert the least impact no where did he exert?

Output: When did Maududi exert the least impact?

Input: What Chinese or no make that Khitan leader rejected the Mongols?

Output: What Chinese leader rejected the Mongols?

Input: Ideal strings transmit multiple no what delayed forces?

Output: Ideal strings transmit what delayed forces?

Ideal strings transmit multiple delayed forces?


Input: Why was uh where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Output: Where was the Rhine regulated with an upper canal?

Input: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Scottish or no make that the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Output: What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network?

Input: When degradation no economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Output: When economic inequality is smaller, more waste and pollution is?

Input: When did Maududi exert the least impact no where did he exert?

Output: When did Maududi exert the least impact?

Input: What Chinese or no make that Khitan leader rejected the Mongols?

Output: What Chinese leader rejected the Mongols?

Input: Where did French fur trappers travel no wait I want to know where French South Americans settled?

Output: Where were French South Americans settled?


Given an abstract, and a few options, indicate if any of the given options appropriately describe the given abstract. If any of them is a proper keyword, answer 'Yes', otherwise answer 'No'.

Input:
Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Ventricular Fibrillation 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Explanation: Ventricular Fibrillation term is directly present in the abstract and it is one of the main topic in it. So can be chosen as the medical subject heading.

Input:
Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Explanation: The Carbon Monoxide Poisoning is directly given in the abstract so can be considered as mesh term.

Input:
Abstract: In the critically ill child, administration of fluids and medications via the intraosseous route often proves life-saving. The authors describe the case of a child with status epilepticus in whom phenytoin was administered via the intraosseous route, and seizure resolution and therapeutic serum levels were achieved. Intraosseous drug administration should be reserved for the rare critically ill child in whom vascular access proves impossible.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: No

Explanation: None of the given options are present in the abstract or related to the abstract.

Input:
Abstract: Intraosseous infusions were widely used in pediatric patients during the 1930s and 1940s. Recent reports have re-introduced this concept and confirmed its safety and ready accessability for fluid and drug administration. However, these reports have not addressed the difficulties encountered during insertion of the intraosseous needle. Spinal needles, standard metal intravenous (IV) needles, and bone marrow biopsy needles have been suggested for intraosseous infusion. These needles were tested for ease of insertion on a pediatric cadaver leg. The site for needle placement was also evaluated during the study. It was found that the 13-gauge Kormed/Jamshidi disposable bone marrow/aspiration needle was the easiest to insert and did not plug with bone or tissue during insertion. An area proximal to the medial malleolus was found to provide a stable, relatively flat, and easily penetrable location for needle placement. This method was successfully utilized in ten pediatric and five adult patients. Intraosseous needle placement is a safe, rapid method to gain access to the venous circulation. By utilizing these techniques, a stable, usable fluid line can be established in even the most dehydrated pediatric patients.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation 3) Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Explanation: None of the given options are present in the abstract or relatable to abstract but answered as yes, which is a wrong answer

Input:
Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Transportation of Patients 2)Aircraft 3) Blood Gas Monitoring

Output: No

Explanation: Even though Blood gas and aircraft are directly present in abstract, it answered as no. So the correct answer is yes

Input:
Abstract: This article describes the circumstances of the diagnosis of three of a group of 12 high-functioning multiple personality disorder patients. All had performed major social and professional activities with consistent competence, and all appeared to be neurotic patients suitable for classical psychoanalysis. All 12 had been misdiagnosed on at least three occasions before the correct diagnosis was made. Aspects of the difficulties encountered in assessing these patients are discussed and guidelines for the preservation of their high level of function during the treatment process are offered.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Animal 2)Antibodies, Monoclonal 3)Antigen-Antibody Complex

Output: No


Input:
Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Ventricular Fibrillation 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: In the critically ill child, administration of fluids and medications via the intraosseous route often proves life-saving. The authors describe the case of a child with status epilepticus in whom phenytoin was administered via the intraosseous route, and seizure resolution and therapeutic serum levels were achieved. Intraosseous drug administration should be reserved for the rare critically ill child in whom vascular access proves impossible.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: No

Input:
Abstract: Intraosseous infusions were widely used in pediatric patients during the 1930s and 1940s. Recent reports have re-introduced this concept and confirmed its safety and ready accessability for fluid and drug administration. However, these reports have not addressed the difficulties encountered during insertion of the intraosseous needle. Spinal needles, standard metal intravenous (IV) needles, and bone marrow biopsy needles have been suggested for intraosseous infusion. These needles were tested for ease of insertion on a pediatric cadaver leg. The site for needle placement was also evaluated during the study. It was found that the 13-gauge Kormed/Jamshidi disposable bone marrow/aspiration needle was the easiest to insert and did not plug with bone or tissue during insertion. An area proximal to the medial malleolus was found to provide a stable, relatively flat, and easily penetrable location for needle placement. This method was successfully utilized in ten pediatric and five adult patients. Intraosseous needle placement is a safe, rapid method to gain access to the venous circulation. By utilizing these techniques, a stable, usable fluid line can be established in even the most dehydrated pediatric patients.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation 3) Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Transportation of Patients 2)Aircraft 3) Blood Gas Monitoring

Output: No

Input:
Abstract: To assess the prevalence of sports eye injuries in our area a register was kept over the 18 months from October 1982 to March 1984. Squash, association football, badminton, and tennis were the main offenders. The severest injury was from a golf ball, involving a fractured zygoma. There was one retinal dialysis, and one lens dislocation requiring extraction. Spectacles were broken in six cases and a contact lens in one. Glass fragments needed operative removal in one case, but there were no penetrating injuries. The value of eye protection, not worn by any of our patients, is emphasised.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Adolescence 2)Adult 3)Athletic Injuries 4)England 5)Eye Injuries 6)Eye Protective Devices 7)Female 8)Human 9)Male 10)Soccer 11)Tennis.

Output: Yes


Input:
Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Ventricular Fibrillation 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: In the critically ill child, administration of fluids and medications via the intraosseous route often proves life-saving. The authors describe the case of a child with status epilepticus in whom phenytoin was administered via the intraosseous route, and seizure resolution and therapeutic serum levels were achieved. Intraosseous drug administration should be reserved for the rare critically ill child in whom vascular access proves impossible.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: No

Input:
Abstract: Intraosseous infusions were widely used in pediatric patients during the 1930s and 1940s. Recent reports have re-introduced this concept and confirmed its safety and ready accessability for fluid and drug administration. However, these reports have not addressed the difficulties encountered during insertion of the intraosseous needle. Spinal needles, standard metal intravenous (IV) needles, and bone marrow biopsy needles have been suggested for intraosseous infusion. These needles were tested for ease of insertion on a pediatric cadaver leg. The site for needle placement was also evaluated during the study. It was found that the 13-gauge Kormed/Jamshidi disposable bone marrow/aspiration needle was the easiest to insert and did not plug with bone or tissue during insertion. An area proximal to the medial malleolus was found to provide a stable, relatively flat, and easily penetrable location for needle placement. This method was successfully utilized in ten pediatric and five adult patients. Intraosseous needle placement is a safe, rapid method to gain access to the venous circulation. By utilizing these techniques, a stable, usable fluid line can be established in even the most dehydrated pediatric patients.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation 3) Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Transportation of Patients 2)Aircraft 3) Blood Gas Monitoring

Output: No

Input:
Abstract: Twenty-two patients with recurrent nose bleeds and varicose vessels on the nasal septum were subjected to transection of the vessels and followed-up for 2 years. One month after the operation, it was not possible to identify the original vessels. In other locations new varicose vessels began to appear after 1 month, and at the end of the follow-up period were observed on 9 out of 10 operated sides. The transection resulted in an immediate decrease in the frequency of nose bleeds and at the end of the control period 12 (55%) of the patients had had less than 4 bleeds during the previous year in spite of the observed rapid formation of new vessels. Mucosal atrophy with symptoms of increased nasal crusting occurred in 3 patients. Transection of varicose vessels in patients with nose bleeds leads to a decrease in the number of bleeds.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Adult 2)Epistaxis 3)Female 4)Follow-Up Studies 5)Human 6)Male 7)Nasal Mucosa 8)Recurrence 9)Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10)Varicose Veins

Output: Yes


Input:
Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Ventricular Fibrillation 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: In the critically ill child, administration of fluids and medications via the intraosseous route often proves life-saving. The authors describe the case of a child with status epilepticus in whom phenytoin was administered via the intraosseous route, and seizure resolution and therapeutic serum levels were achieved. Intraosseous drug administration should be reserved for the rare critically ill child in whom vascular access proves impossible.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: No

Input:
Abstract: Intraosseous infusions were widely used in pediatric patients during the 1930s and 1940s. Recent reports have re-introduced this concept and confirmed its safety and ready accessability for fluid and drug administration. However, these reports have not addressed the difficulties encountered during insertion of the intraosseous needle. Spinal needles, standard metal intravenous (IV) needles, and bone marrow biopsy needles have been suggested for intraosseous infusion. These needles were tested for ease of insertion on a pediatric cadaver leg. The site for needle placement was also evaluated during the study. It was found that the 13-gauge Kormed/Jamshidi disposable bone marrow/aspiration needle was the easiest to insert and did not plug with bone or tissue during insertion. An area proximal to the medial malleolus was found to provide a stable, relatively flat, and easily penetrable location for needle placement. This method was successfully utilized in ten pediatric and five adult patients. Intraosseous needle placement is a safe, rapid method to gain access to the venous circulation. By utilizing these techniques, a stable, usable fluid line can be established in even the most dehydrated pediatric patients.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation 3) Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Transportation of Patients 2)Aircraft 3) Blood Gas Monitoring

Output: No

Input:
Abstract: Using a series of graded destabilizing forces, we have developed a simple quantitative test of the postural response: the Postural Stress Test (PST). Suitable for widespread testing of elderly subjects, the test evaluates the subject's ability to avoid a fall as well as the appropriateness of the response. We have determined that by comparison with young subjects, the elderly controls have compromised although functionally effective balance. On the other hand, the balance response was severely compromised in half of the individuals with a history of falls. Experience with the Postural Stress Test suggests it will predict those elderly individuals with a tendency to fall as well as provide a simple mechanism for studying the balance response in the elderly.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Adult 2)Age Factors 3)Education, Premedical

Output: No


Input:
Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Ventricular Fibrillation 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: In the critically ill child, administration of fluids and medications via the intraosseous route often proves life-saving. The authors describe the case of a child with status epilepticus in whom phenytoin was administered via the intraosseous route, and seizure resolution and therapeutic serum levels were achieved. Intraosseous drug administration should be reserved for the rare critically ill child in whom vascular access proves impossible.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation of Patients 3)Allied Health Personnel

Output: No

Input:
Abstract: Intraosseous infusions were widely used in pediatric patients during the 1930s and 1940s. Recent reports have re-introduced this concept and confirmed its safety and ready accessability for fluid and drug administration. However, these reports have not addressed the difficulties encountered during insertion of the intraosseous needle. Spinal needles, standard metal intravenous (IV) needles, and bone marrow biopsy needles have been suggested for intraosseous infusion. These needles were tested for ease of insertion on a pediatric cadaver leg. The site for needle placement was also evaluated during the study. It was found that the 13-gauge Kormed/Jamshidi disposable bone marrow/aspiration needle was the easiest to insert and did not plug with bone or tissue during insertion. An area proximal to the medial malleolus was found to provide a stable, relatively flat, and easily penetrable location for needle placement. This method was successfully utilized in ten pediatric and five adult patients. Intraosseous needle placement is a safe, rapid method to gain access to the venous circulation. By utilizing these techniques, a stable, usable fluid line can be established in even the most dehydrated pediatric patients.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2)Transportation 3) Allied Health Personnel

Output: Yes

Input:
Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Transportation of Patients 2)Aircraft 3) Blood Gas Monitoring

Output: No

Input:
Abstract: Twelve patients with intractable rheumatoid arthritis were treated with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), prednisolone and a cytotoxic agent, usually azathioprine, and were followed for 1 year. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) improvement in the mean score for early-morning stiffness, grip strength and the severity of nodules and vasculitis at 6 weeks and 3 months when compared to the initial visit. However, in most patients, this benefit was not sustained despite continued cytotoxic and steroid therapy. A rise in the haemoglobin and fall in ESR was maintained throughout the study period.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Antilymphocyte Serum 2)Arthritis, Rheumatoid 3)Combined Modality Therapy 4)Hemoglobins 5)Human 6)Immunosuppressive Agents 7)Leukocyte Count.

Output: Yes


Explanation:
Temporal Reasoning
Commonsense Reasoning

The answer will be 'yes' if the provided sentence contains an explicit mention that answers the given question. Otherwise, the answer should be 'no'. Instances where the answer is implied from the sentence using "instinct" or "common sense" (as opposed to being written explicitly in the sentence) should be labeled as 'no'.

Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball for an hour after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: Yes.

Explanation: The answer to this question (an hour)  lies in its text.

Input:
Sentence: He was born in China, so he went to the Embassy at 1 pm to apply for a U.S. Visa.
Question: When did he go to Embassy?

Output: Yes.

Explanation: The answer to this question (1 pm)  lies in its text.

Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: No.

Explanation: The answer to this question is not present in its text and it requires commonsense to answer.

News
Wikipedia
Law
Justice
History
History -> 9/11 Reports
Anthropology
School Science Textbooks
Fiction

Input:
Sentence: Those in the shelter wondered if the aircraft had been shot down pursuant to this authorization.
Question: Are they still in the shelter?

Output: Yes.


Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball for an hour after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: Yes.

Input:
Sentence: He was born in China, so he went to the Embassy at 1 pm to apply for a U.S. Visa.
Question: When did he go to Embassy?

Output: Yes.

Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: No.

Input:
Sentence: Delighted , Preetam goes in search of her watch and brings it back .
Question: How often does Preetam lose her things and gets them back?

Output: No.


Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball for an hour after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: Yes.

Input:
Sentence: He was born in China, so he went to the Embassy at 1 pm to apply for a U.S. Visa.
Question: When did he go to Embassy?

Output: Yes.

Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: No.

Input:
Sentence: She told them that she would help take care of the puppy, if she could have one.
Question: How often did she ask for a puppy?

Output: No.


Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball for an hour after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: Yes.

Input:
Sentence: He was born in China, so he went to the Embassy at 1 pm to apply for a U.S. Visa.
Question: When did he go to Embassy?

Output: Yes.

Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: No.

Input:
Sentence: Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) is the public radio and TV broadcaster of Albania, founded by King Zog in 1938.
Question: How long has RTSH been established?

Output: Yes.


Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball for an hour after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: Yes.

Input:
Sentence: He was born in China, so he went to the Embassy at 1 pm to apply for a U.S. Visa.
Question: When did he go to Embassy?

Output: Yes.

Input:
Sentence: Jack played basketball after school, after which he was very tired.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?

Output: No.

Input:
Sentence: The Persian Gulf War destroyed much of the country's medical infrastructure, according to a report by the World Health Organization.
Question: How long did it take the Persian Gulf War to destroy the country's medical infrastructure?

Output: No.


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Given Sentence 1 and Sentence 2, indicate your answer as yes when the two sentences clearly agree or clearly disagree with each other. If the relationship cannot be determined, answer with 'no'.

Input: A boy in a blue jacket rides a skateboard down the street. <sep> A blue jacketed boy is standing in football field.

Output: yes

Explanation: This answer is yes because the boy can either be riding or standing but not both. Since the statements disagree, the answer is yes.

Input: A large group of people gather at a piano bar. <sep> A group of men at a piano bar

Output: no

Explanation: This answer is no because we can't assume the gender of people and assume them to be men. Since we can't determine clearly, the answer is no.

Input: There are two young ladies jogging, by the ocean side. <sep> Two women are running late for a meeting.

Output: yes

Explanation: The answer should be no. Just because the ladies are jogging doesn't mean they are running late for something.

Input: A man and a woman are on a seesaw. <sep> Two adults on a seesaw.

Output: no

Explanation: The answer should be yes. A man and woman can also be called two adults.

Input: A brown dog sniffing at the fence of a brown bull. <sep> The brown dog was looking intently at the bull on the other side.

Output: no


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: A boy in a blue jacket rides a skateboard down the street. <sep> A blue jacketed boy is standing in football field.

Output: yes

Input: A large group of people gather at a piano bar. <sep> A group of men at a piano bar

Output: no

Input: There are two young ladies jogging, by the ocean side. <sep> Two women are running late for a meeting.

Output: yes

Input: A man and a woman are on a seesaw. <sep> Two adults on a seesaw.

Output: no

Input: Cityscape with four men on bikes serving as the focal point of picture. <sep> Local robbers escape after stealing an otter

Output: yes


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: A boy in a blue jacket rides a skateboard down the street. <sep> A blue jacketed boy is standing in football field.

Output: yes

Input: A large group of people gather at a piano bar. <sep> A group of men at a piano bar

Output: no

Input: There are two young ladies jogging, by the ocean side. <sep> Two women are running late for a meeting.

Output: yes

Input: A man and a woman are on a seesaw. <sep> Two adults on a seesaw.

Output: no

Input: The young lady is giving the old man a hug. <sep> The lady is giving the old man a hug.

Output: yes


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: A boy in a blue jacket rides a skateboard down the street. <sep> A blue jacketed boy is standing in football field.

Output: yes

Input: A large group of people gather at a piano bar. <sep> A group of men at a piano bar

Output: no

Input: There are two young ladies jogging, by the ocean side. <sep> Two women are running late for a meeting.

Output: yes

Input: A man and a woman are on a seesaw. <sep> Two adults on a seesaw.

Output: no

Input: A skateboarding youth does a trick on a rail. <sep> A young boy showing his new skateboard tricks to his friends.

Output: no


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: A boy in a blue jacket rides a skateboard down the street. <sep> A blue jacketed boy is standing in football field.

Output: yes

Input: A large group of people gather at a piano bar. <sep> A group of men at a piano bar

Output: no

Input: There are two young ladies jogging, by the ocean side. <sep> Two women are running late for a meeting.

Output: yes

Input: A man and a woman are on a seesaw. <sep> Two adults on a seesaw.

Output: no

Input: A man and woman are taking a picture of themselves while a woman in a scarf walks by them. <sep> A man and woman take selfies of themselves.

Output: yes


Explanation:
Relational Reasoning
Analogical Reasoning
Commonsense Reasoning

In this task, you are given concept set (with 3 to 5 concepts) that contain mentions of names of people, places, activities, or things. These concept sets reflect reasonable concept co-occurrences in everyday situations. All concepts given as input are separated by "#". Your job is to generate a sentence describing a day-to-day scene using all concepts from a given concept set.

Input: mountain#ski#skier

Output: Skier skis down the mountain

Explanation: Generated sentence as output is based on all three concepts "mountain", "ski", and "skier" given in the concept set.

Input: call#character#contain#wallpaper

Output: queen of wallpaper containing a portrait called film character .

Explanation: Generated sentence as output is based on all four concepts "call", "character", "contain", and "wallpaper" given in the concept set.

Input: artwork#element#place#temple#worship

Output: type of place of worship of artwork featuring a temple or place of worship and religious elements

Explanation: Generated sentence as output is based on all five concepts "artwork", "element", "place", "temple", and "worship" given in the concept set.

Input: monarch#present#trophy#win

Output: A huge commercial airplane comes down the runway.

Explanation: No concepts from given concept set are present in the output sentence.

Input: hang#stall#wall

Output: military commander entering into a city on the railway

Input: eat#hay#horse

Output: A horse is eating grass.

Explanation: Only two concepts, i.e., 'eat' and 'horse' are used in generating sentence, but cencept 'hay' is not used.

Input: fan#match#watch

Output: play a match with friends

Explanation: Only one concept, i.e., 'match' is used, but cencepts 'watch' and 'friends' are missing from generated sentence.

Input: sit#station#train

Output: a train sits at the station

Output: A train that is sitting in a station.

Output: A red train sitting at an empty station.


Input: mountain#ski#skier

Output: Skier skis down the mountain

Input: call#character#contain#wallpaper

Output: queen of wallpaper containing a portrait called film character .

Input: artwork#element#place#temple#worship

Output: type of place of worship of artwork featuring a temple or place of worship and religious elements

Input: monarch#present#trophy#win

Output: A huge commercial airplane comes down the runway.

Input: hang#stall#wall

Output: military commander entering into a city on the railway

Input: eat#hay#horse

Output: A horse is eating grass.

Input: fan#match#watch

Output: play a match with friends

Input: farmer#field#plow

Output: A farmer plows his field.

Output: The farmer is plowing his field.

Output: A couple of farmers plowing a field


Input: mountain#ski#skier

Output: Skier skis down the mountain

Input: call#character#contain#wallpaper

Output: queen of wallpaper containing a portrait called film character .

Input: artwork#element#place#temple#worship

Output: type of place of worship of artwork featuring a temple or place of worship and religious elements

Input: monarch#present#trophy#win

Output: A huge commercial airplane comes down the runway.

Input: hang#stall#wall

Output: military commander entering into a city on the railway

Input: eat#hay#horse

Output: A horse is eating grass.

Input: fan#match#watch

Output: play a match with friends

Input: family#park#picnic

Output: family on the picnic in park

Output: A family has a picnic at the park.

Output: young family having picnic in a park


Input: mountain#ski#skier

Output: Skier skis down the mountain

Input: call#character#contain#wallpaper

Output: queen of wallpaper containing a portrait called film character .

Input: artwork#element#place#temple#worship

Output: type of place of worship of artwork featuring a temple or place of worship and religious elements

Input: monarch#present#trophy#win

Output: A huge commercial airplane comes down the runway.

Input: hang#stall#wall

Output: military commander entering into a city on the railway

Input: eat#hay#horse

Output: A horse is eating grass.

Input: fan#match#watch

Output: play a match with friends

Input: airport#luggage#wait

Output: People wait for their luggage at an airport.

Output: Man waiting next to his luggage at an airport.

Output: Several men waiting on their luggage at the airport.

wait for luggage to arrive at the airport.


Input: mountain#ski#skier

Output: Skier skis down the mountain

Input: call#character#contain#wallpaper

Output: queen of wallpaper containing a portrait called film character .

Input: artwork#element#place#temple#worship

Output: type of place of worship of artwork featuring a temple or place of worship and religious elements

Input: monarch#present#trophy#win

Output: A huge commercial airplane comes down the runway.

Input: hang#stall#wall

Output: military commander entering into a city on the railway

Input: eat#hay#horse

Output: A horse is eating grass.

Input: fan#match#watch

Output: play a match with friends

Input: come#track#train

Output: train coming down the track

Output: A train is coming along on a track.

Output: a long train in coming down some tracks