Input: Amends the Water Resources Development Act of 1999 to: (1) authorize appropriations for FY 1999 through 2009 for implementation of a long-term resource monitoring program with respect to the Upper Mississippi River Environmental Management Program (currently, such funding is designated for a program for the planning, construction, and evaluation of measures for fish and wildlife habitat rehabilitation and enhancement); (2) authorize the Secretary of the Army to carry out modifications to the navigation project for the Delaware River, Pennsylvania and Delaware, if such project as modified is technically sound, environmentally (currently, economically) acceptable, and economically justified; (3) subject certain previously deauthorized water resources development projects to the seven-year limitation governing project deauthorizations under the Act, with the exception of such a project for Indian River County, Florida; (4) except from a certain schedule of the non-Federal cost of the periodic nourishment of shore protection projects constructed after December 31, 1999, those projects for which a District Engineer's Report has been completed by such date; (5) require that the project cooperation agreement for the Comite River Diversion Project for flood control include a provision that specifies that any reduction in the non-Federal share that results from certain modifications be credited toward the share of project costs to be paid by the Amite River Basin Drainage and Water Conservation District; (6) allow the Secretary to provide additional compensation to Chesapeake City, Maryland (currently, to the City of Chesapeake, Maryland) for damage to its water supply resulting from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Project; (7) provide for the submission of certain reports on water resources development projects by the Secretary, notwithstanding Federal reporting termination provisions; and (8) authorize and provide for an authorization of appropriations for the existing program for the safety and operations expenses of the Federal Railroad Administration, and make available for obligation funds currently appropriated for such program.

Output: To make technical corrections to the Water Resources Development Act of 1999.

Input:
Maritime Regulatory Reform Act of 1994 - Amends Federal maritime law to authorize the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard operates, in order to implement the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention adopted by the International Maritime Organization and to establish alternative compliance programs, to:  (1) prescribe regulations governing the U.S. merchant marine, merchant marine personnel, and shore-based management of vessels that affect the safety of vessels and personnel and marine pollution prevention; and (2) establish optional regulatory requirements commensurate with the level of quality control adopted by the shipowner or operator, provided that an equivalent level of safety is maintained.
(Sec. 3) Authorizes the Secretary to utilize reports, documents, and certificates issued by persons who may be relied upon with regard to marine safety, security, and environmental protection.
(Sec. 4) Authorizes the Secretary to accept approvals of fire and life safety equipment and materials by foreign governments which utilize design and testing standards that meet the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, and its associated International Maritime Organization guidance documents.
(Sec. 5) Requires each in service small passenger vessel carrying more than 12 passengers on an international voyage to be inspected annually.  Requires any other vessel to be inspected at least once every five years (currently, every two years).  Extends from two to five years the effective validation period of certificates of inspection issued to U.S. vessels that carry oil or hazardous material in bulk.
(Sec. 6) Requires the owner or individual in charge of a vessel to submit certain inspection related notices to the Secretary at least 30 days (currently, at least 30 days but not more than 60 days) before the current certificate of inspection issued to a vessel expires.
(Sec. 7) Revises provisions regarding the recognition of U.S. classification societies.

Output: Maritime Regulatory Reform Act of 1994

Input: Small Business Modernization Act of 2004 - Amends the Internal Revenue Code to: (1) terminate subchapter S corporation elections after 2004 and subchapter S status after 2014 and to allow privately-held domestic corporations, in lieu of electing subchapter S treatment, to elect to be treated as partnerships for tax purposes; (2) set forth rules for the tax treatment of former subchapter S corporations electing partnership status; and (3) exclude from net earnings from self-employment partnership income attributable to capital.

Output: To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide for unified income taxation with respect to pass-thru entities.

Input:
Federal Forage Fee Act of 1993 - Subjects grazing operations on Federal land to applicable Federal, State, and local environmental and land use requirements.
Sets forth a forage fee formula for lands under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior.

Output: Land Use Requirement

Input: . Merchant Marine of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act (Sec. 3) This bill requires the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate to arrange for the award, on behalf of Congress, of a single gold medal to the U.S. Merchant Marine of World War II, in recognition of their dedicated and vital service during World War II. Following its award the medal shall be given to the American Merchant Marine Museum where it will be available for display and research.

Output: Congressional Gold Medal to be given to Vietnam war veteran

Input:
Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act of 1999 - Establishes within the Treasury an embassy construction and security account for the purpose of constructing, or providing security upgrades to, U.S. diplomatic facilities in order to meet specified security requirements, including that: (1) threat assessments such as the Emergency Action Plan and the Composite Threat List address threats to U.S. missions from large vehicular bombs and transnational terrorism; (2) in the selection of sites for new U.S. diplomatic facilities abroad, that all U.S. Government agencies (except military installations) be located on the same compound; (3) each newly constructed or acquired U.S. diplomatic facility be sited not less than 100 feet from the perimeter of the property on which the facility is situated; (4) appropriate Department of State and U.S. diplomatic personnel undertake crisis management training for mass casualty and mass destruction incidents relating to diplomatic facilities; (5) there is adequate Department of State support for the Foreign Emergency Support Team; (6) the Secretary of State enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Secretary of Defense setting out rapid response procedures for mobilization of personnel and equipment of their respective departments to provide more effective assistance in times of emergency with respect to U.S.  diplomatic facilities; and (7) all U.S. diplomatic missions have emergency equipment and records stored at a secure off-site facility. Authorizes appropriations.
(Sec. 5) Directs the Secretary of State to report to Congress an identification of U.S. diplomatic facilities that are most vulnerable to terrorist attack, setting out, in tiers of 20, those facilities from the most to the least vulnerable to such an attack. Requires account funds allocated for construction of new embassies to be used to rebuild only those embassies in the top three tiers.
(Sec. 7) Directs the Secretary to review, and report to Congress on, the findings of the Overseas Presence Advisory Panel with respect to the closure of vulnerable U.S. diplomatic missions overseas.
(Sec. 8) Directs the Secretary to report to Congress on the role and function of each U.S. diplomatic facility through 2010.
(Sec. 9) Amends the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 to authorize the President to award an overseas service star to any member of the Foreign Service or any other civilian Government employee who while employed at, or assigned permanently or temporarily to, an official mission overseas, or while traveling abroad on official business, incurred a wound or other injury or an illness (whether or not resulting in death): (1) as the person was performing official duties; (2) as the person was on the premises of a U.S. mission abroad; or (3) by reason of the person's status as a U.S. Government employee.  Specifies award requirements.

Output: Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act of 1999

Highlight the parts (if any) of this bill related to Security that should be reviewed by a lawyer. Details: Is there a requirement for security that must be maintained by all U.S. diplomatic facilities?


In this task, you are given a summary for US Congressional and California state bill, your task is to generate a Title for this bill. The preferred titles are under forty words and mention the purpose of the bill.

Input: Amends the Water Resources Development Act of 1999 to: (1) authorize appropriations for FY 1999 through 2009 for implementation of a long-term resource monitoring program with respect to the Upper Mississippi River Environmental Management Program (currently, such funding is designated for a program for the planning, construction, and evaluation of measures for fish and wildlife habitat rehabilitation and enhancement); (2) authorize the Secretary of the Army to carry out modifications to the navigation project for the Delaware River, Pennsylvania and Delaware, if such project as modified is technically sound, environmentally (currently, economically) acceptable, and economically justified; (3) subject certain previously deauthorized water resources development projects to the seven-year limitation governing project deauthorizations under the Act, with the exception of such a project for Indian River County, Florida; (4) except from a certain schedule of the non-Federal cost of the periodic nourishment of shore protection projects constructed after December 31, 1999, those projects for which a District Engineer's Report has been completed by such date; (5) require that the project cooperation agreement for the Comite River Diversion Project for flood control include a provision that specifies that any reduction in the non-Federal share that results from certain modifications be credited toward the share of project costs to be paid by the Amite River Basin Drainage and Water Conservation District; (6) allow the Secretary to provide additional compensation to Chesapeake City, Maryland (currently, to the City of Chesapeake, Maryland) for damage to its water supply resulting from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Project; (7) provide for the submission of certain reports on water resources development projects by the Secretary, notwithstanding Federal reporting termination provisions; and (8) authorize and provide for an authorization of appropriations for the existing program for the safety and operations expenses of the Federal Railroad Administration, and make available for obligation funds currently appropriated for such program.

Output: To make technical corrections to the Water Resources Development Act of 1999.

Explanation: This Bill makes corrections to the Water Resources Development Act of 1999, hence the generated title is correct.

Input:
Maritime Regulatory Reform Act of 1994 - Amends Federal maritime law to authorize the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard operates, in order to implement the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention adopted by the International Maritime Organization and to establish alternative compliance programs, to:  (1) prescribe regulations governing the U.S. merchant marine, merchant marine personnel, and shore-based management of vessels that affect the safety of vessels and personnel and marine pollution prevention; and (2) establish optional regulatory requirements commensurate with the level of quality control adopted by the shipowner or operator, provided that an equivalent level of safety is maintained.
(Sec. 3) Authorizes the Secretary to utilize reports, documents, and certificates issued by persons who may be relied upon with regard to marine safety, security, and environmental protection.
(Sec. 4) Authorizes the Secretary to accept approvals of fire and life safety equipment and materials by foreign governments which utilize design and testing standards that meet the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, and its associated International Maritime Organization guidance documents.
(Sec. 5) Requires each in service small passenger vessel carrying more than 12 passengers on an international voyage to be inspected annually.  Requires any other vessel to be inspected at least once every five years (currently, every two years).  Extends from two to five years the effective validation period of certificates of inspection issued to U.S. vessels that carry oil or hazardous material in bulk.
(Sec. 6) Requires the owner or individual in charge of a vessel to submit certain inspection related notices to the Secretary at least 30 days (currently, at least 30 days but not more than 60 days) before the current certificate of inspection issued to a vessel expires.
(Sec. 7) Revises provisions regarding the recognition of U.S. classification societies.

Output: Maritime Regulatory Reform Act of 1994

Explanation: This is a good example, as the title correctly summaries the bill.

Input: Small Business Modernization Act of 2004 - Amends the Internal Revenue Code to: (1) terminate subchapter S corporation elections after 2004 and subchapter S status after 2014 and to allow privately-held domestic corporations, in lieu of electing subchapter S treatment, to elect to be treated as partnerships for tax purposes; (2) set forth rules for the tax treatment of former subchapter S corporations electing partnership status; and (3) exclude from net earnings from self-employment partnership income attributable to capital.

Output: To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide for unified income taxation with respect to pass-thru entities.

Explanation: This Bill amends IRC to provide for Unified Income taxation with respect to pass-thru entities. Hence the generated title is correct

Input:
Federal Forage Fee Act of 1993 - Subjects grazing operations on Federal land to applicable Federal, State, and local environmental and land use requirements.
Sets forth a forage fee formula for lands under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior.

Output: Land Use Requirement

Explanation: While the title retains some text from the summary, the title doesn't relay any useful information, hence the generated title is not correct.

Input: . Merchant Marine of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act (Sec. 3) This bill requires the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate to arrange for the award, on behalf of Congress, of a single gold medal to the U.S. Merchant Marine of World War II, in recognition of their dedicated and vital service during World War II. Following its award the medal shall be given to the American Merchant Marine Museum where it will be available for display and research.

Output: Congressional Gold Medal to be given to Vietnam war veteran

Explanation: The title gives inaccurate information as there is no mention of Vietnam war in the summary. Hence the generated title is not correct.

Input:
Homeland Security Information Sharing Enhancement Act of 2006 - Amends the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to require the Under Secretary for Information and Analysis to implement a Homeland Security Advisory System to provide advisories and alerts regarding threats to homeland security. Requires such an advisory or alert to: (1) include information on protective measures and countermeasures; (2) be limited in scope to a specific region, locality, or economic sector; and (3) not use color designations as the exclusive means of specifying threat conditions.

Directs the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to: (1) integrate and standardize the information of the Department's intelligence components into a Department information-sharing environment; and (2) designate, for each such component, an information-sharing and knowledge management officer.

Requires the Under Secretary to: (1) establish Department-wide procedures for the review and analysis of information gathered from state, local, tribal, and private-sector sources; (2) develop mechanisms to provide analytical and operational feedback; (3) provide Department employees training and educational opportunities; and (4) evaluate how employees of the Office of Intelligence and Analysis and the Department's intelligence components are utilizing homeland security information.

Directs the Secretary, acting through the Chief Intelligence Officer, to establish a comprehensive information technology architecture for such Office.

Makes the Secretary the executive branch official responsible for disseminating homeland security-related terrorist threat information to state and local government and tribal officials and the private sector. Prohibits any federal official from issuing a homeland security-related analysis, advisory, or alert without the Secretary's approval, with exceptions.

Output: To amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to enhance homeland security information sharing, and for other purposes.

To require the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to provide advisory and alerts regarding threats to homeland security.


In this task you are given a disfluent question, a proper question and a context. A disfluent question is a question that has some interruptions in it while framing and a proper question is the correct form of the question without any disfluency. Classify whether the question is answerable or not based on the given context.

Input:
proper question: Who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 disfluent question: Where no sorry who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 context: In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, Walking Into Fresno, written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous WWVA Jamboree radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Output: Yes

Explanation: The input sentence is correctly recognized as answerable because the answer to the question is 'Bill Aken' and it is present in the context so it is a positive example.

Input:
proper question: Who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 disfluent question: Who was the director of Noah in 2014 no not that tell me who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 context: Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk; NBA player Jeremy Lin; US Ski Team skier Ryan Max Riley; physician Sachin H. Jain; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; computer pioneer and inventor An Wang; Tibetologist George de Roerich; and Marshall Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

Output: No

Explanation: The input sentence is correctly recognized as not answerable because the answer to the question is not present in the context so it is a positive example.

Input:
proper question: When did the Germanic tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe?
 disfluent question: When did the Scandinavian tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe, oh actually it was the Germanic tribes?
 context: From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as not holy, not Roman, and not an empire, as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and Germany remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe.

Output: No

Explanation: The answer to the question is not present in the context, so it is a positive example.

Input:
proper question: When was the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 disfluent question: When was Al-Banna or uh rather the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 context: Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years.

Output: Yes

Explanation: The answer to the question is '1948' and present in the context, so it is a positive example.

Input:
proper question: Who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 disfluent question: What well er who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 context: Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty, paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize winning physicist Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin, Nobel Prize winning economists Eugene Fama, James Heckman, Lars Peter Hansen, Roger Myerson and Robert Lucas, Jr., Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt, current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Hank Paulson, former Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington, and renowned political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape.

Output: Yes

Explanation: The answer to the question is not present in the context as nothing is told about who governs the Noble prize central bank hence it is a negative example. And the output should be No.

Input:
proper question: What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 disfluent question: What is er what force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 context: The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.

Output: Yes

Explanation: The answer to the question is not present in the context but it is recognized as 'Yes', hence it is a negative example.

Input:
proper question: Why did Warsaw become the capital of the Commonwealth?
 disfluent question: Why did King Sigismund III no um why did Warsaw become the capital of the Commonwealth?
 context: In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596. In the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs. Several private independent districts were established, the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which were ruled by their own laws. Three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the Swedish, Brandenburgian and Transylvanian forces.

Output: Yes


Input:
proper question: Who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 disfluent question: Where no sorry who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 context: In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, Walking Into Fresno, written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous WWVA Jamboree radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 disfluent question: Who was the director of Noah in 2014 no not that tell me who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 context: Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk; NBA player Jeremy Lin; US Ski Team skier Ryan Max Riley; physician Sachin H. Jain; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; computer pioneer and inventor An Wang; Tibetologist George de Roerich; and Marshall Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

Output: No

Input:
proper question: When did the Germanic tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe?
 disfluent question: When did the Scandinavian tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe, oh actually it was the Germanic tribes?
 context: From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as not holy, not Roman, and not an empire, as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and Germany remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe.

Output: No

Input:
proper question: When was the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 disfluent question: When was Al-Banna or uh rather the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 context: Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 disfluent question: What well er who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 context: Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty, paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize winning physicist Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin, Nobel Prize winning economists Eugene Fama, James Heckman, Lars Peter Hansen, Roger Myerson and Robert Lucas, Jr., Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt, current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Hank Paulson, former Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington, and renowned political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 disfluent question: What is er what force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 context: The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: What metaphors explained global warming?
 disfluent question: What metaphors explained Kyoto Protocol no no um global warming?
 context: According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture and related to immediate risks with everyday relevance, while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger. The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts. In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem. In the UK, a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the Stern Review ordered by the UK government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change.

Output: No


Input:
proper question: Who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 disfluent question: Where no sorry who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 context: In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, Walking Into Fresno, written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous WWVA Jamboree radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 disfluent question: Who was the director of Noah in 2014 no not that tell me who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 context: Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk; NBA player Jeremy Lin; US Ski Team skier Ryan Max Riley; physician Sachin H. Jain; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; computer pioneer and inventor An Wang; Tibetologist George de Roerich; and Marshall Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

Output: No

Input:
proper question: When did the Germanic tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe?
 disfluent question: When did the Scandinavian tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe, oh actually it was the Germanic tribes?
 context: From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as not holy, not Roman, and not an empire, as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and Germany remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe.

Output: No

Input:
proper question: When was the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 disfluent question: When was Al-Banna or uh rather the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 context: Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 disfluent question: What well er who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 context: Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty, paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize winning physicist Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin, Nobel Prize winning economists Eugene Fama, James Heckman, Lars Peter Hansen, Roger Myerson and Robert Lucas, Jr., Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt, current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Hank Paulson, former Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington, and renowned political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 disfluent question: What is er what force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 context: The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: What interpretation of Islam is, for many of the adherents, not the gold standard of their religion?
 disfluent question: When or wait what interpretation of Islam is, for many of the adherents, not the gold standard of their religion?
 context: The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism or Salafism. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only always oppose infidels in every way, but hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake, that democracy is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century, that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were infidels, etc. While this effort has by no means converted all, or even most Muslims to the Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations, and has set the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the gold standard of religion in minds of some or many Muslims.

Output: No


Input:
proper question: Who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 disfluent question: Where no sorry who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 context: In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, Walking Into Fresno, written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous WWVA Jamboree radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 disfluent question: Who was the director of Noah in 2014 no not that tell me who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 context: Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk; NBA player Jeremy Lin; US Ski Team skier Ryan Max Riley; physician Sachin H. Jain; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; computer pioneer and inventor An Wang; Tibetologist George de Roerich; and Marshall Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

Output: No

Input:
proper question: When did the Germanic tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe?
 disfluent question: When did the Scandinavian tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe, oh actually it was the Germanic tribes?
 context: From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as not holy, not Roman, and not an empire, as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and Germany remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe.

Output: No

Input:
proper question: When was the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 disfluent question: When was Al-Banna or uh rather the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 context: Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 disfluent question: What well er who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 context: Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty, paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize winning physicist Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin, Nobel Prize winning economists Eugene Fama, James Heckman, Lars Peter Hansen, Roger Myerson and Robert Lucas, Jr., Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt, current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Hank Paulson, former Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington, and renowned political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 disfluent question: What is er what force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 context: The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who in Warsaw has the power of legislative action?
 disfluent question: How many er who in Warsaw has the power of legislative action?
 context: Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.

Output: Yes


Input:
proper question: Who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 disfluent question: Where no sorry who recorded Walking in Fresno?
 context: In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, Walking Into Fresno, written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous WWVA Jamboree radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 disfluent question: Who was the director of Noah in 2014 no not that tell me who was the former host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien?
 context: Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk; NBA player Jeremy Lin; US Ski Team skier Ryan Max Riley; physician Sachin H. Jain; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; computer pioneer and inventor An Wang; Tibetologist George de Roerich; and Marshall Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

Output: No

Input:
proper question: When did the Germanic tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe?
 disfluent question: When did the Scandinavian tribes not claim territory in north and west Europe, oh actually it was the Germanic tribes?
 context: From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. However, there was no real systemic continuity from the Western Roman Empire to its German successor which was famously described as not holy, not Roman, and not an empire, as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation. Although by 1000 CE, the Germanic conquest of central, western, and southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia. There was, however, little cultural integration or national identity, and Germany remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe.

Output: No

Input:
proper question: When was the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 disfluent question: When was Al-Banna or uh rather the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?
 context: Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: Who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 disfluent question: What well er who governs Nobel Prize central bank?
 context: Current faculty include the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historian Dipesh Chakrabarty, paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno, evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne, Nobel prize winning physicist Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel prize winning physicist James Cronin, Nobel Prize winning economists Eugene Fama, James Heckman, Lars Peter Hansen, Roger Myerson and Robert Lucas, Jr., Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt, current governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan, the 74th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Hank Paulson, former Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors Austan Goolsbee, Shakespeare scholar David Bevington, and renowned political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 disfluent question: What is er what force leads to a commonly used unit of mass?
 context: The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.

Output: Yes

Input:
proper question: What session did the IPCC panel attend before the opening ceremonies?
 disfluent question: What people did the IPCC panel I meant session did they attend before the opening ceremonies?
 context: The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged. Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only. Attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts. After the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held. The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations.

Output: No


Explanation:
Relational Reasoning
Commonsense Reasoning
Analogical Reasoning

Two analogies on manipulating items in a kitchen is given in the form "A : B. C : ?". The phrase "A : B" relates item A to its appropriate manipulation B. Your task is to replace the question mark (?) with the appropriate manipulation of item C, following the "A : B" relation. Your answer should be a verb which shows a way to manipulate the given object.

Input: jug : pour. shoe : ?

Output: untie

Explanation: The given analogy relates items to how they are manipulated. Jugs can be poured into. Shoes can be untied.

Input: jar : open. box : ?

Output: open

Explanation: The given analogy relates items to how they are manipulated. Jars can be opened. Boxes can be opened.

Input: bottle : pour. safe : ?

Output: unlock

Explanation: Bottles can be poured into, and safes can be unlocked. So, unlock is a correct output here.

Input: backpack : unzip. safe : ?

Output: travel

Explanation: The given analogy relates items to how they are manipulated. Backpacks can be unzipped. Safes CANNOT be travelled, and so it not the correct answer.

Input: faucet : turn. bag : ?

Output: cupboard

Explanation: The given analogy relates items to how they are manipulated. Faucets can be turned. Cupboard is not the right answer for bag, as it does not model the same relation, and it instead models containment.

Input: peas : shell. present : ?

Output: unlock

Explanation: The given analogy relates items to how they are manipulated. Peas can be shelled. Unlock is not the right answer for present, as presents cannot be unlocked.

Input: backpack : unzip. banana : ?

Output: peel


Input: jug : pour. shoe : ?

Output: untie

Input: jar : open. box : ?

Output: open

Input: bottle : pour. safe : ?

Output: unlock

Input: backpack : unzip. safe : ?

Output: travel

Input: faucet : turn. bag : ?

Output: cupboard

Input: peas : shell. present : ?

Output: unlock

Input: present : open. bottle : ?

Output: pour

Output: squeeze


Input: jug : pour. shoe : ?

Output: untie

Input: jar : open. box : ?

Output: open

Input: bottle : pour. safe : ?

Output: unlock

Input: backpack : unzip. safe : ?

Output: travel

Input: faucet : turn. bag : ?

Output: cupboard

Input: peas : shell. present : ?

Output: unlock

Input: jug : pour. bottle : ?

Output: pour

Output: squeeze


Input: jug : pour. shoe : ?

Output: untie

Input: jar : open. box : ?

Output: open

Input: bottle : pour. safe : ?

Output: unlock

Input: backpack : unzip. safe : ?

Output: travel

Input: faucet : turn. bag : ?

Output: cupboard

Input: peas : shell. present : ?

Output: unlock

Input: banana : peel. faucet : ?

Output: turn


Input: jug : pour. shoe : ?

Output: untie

Input: jar : open. box : ?

Output: open

Input: bottle : pour. safe : ?

Output: unlock

Input: backpack : unzip. safe : ?

Output: travel

Input: faucet : turn. bag : ?

Output: cupboard

Input: peas : shell. present : ?

Output: unlock

Input: shoe : untie. pump : ?

Output: pump


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Given a premise and two alternatives, choose the alternative that is a more plausible cause or effect of the situation described by the premise. The input format is "premise
(1)alternative_1(2)alternative_2", the output should either be "1" or "2" based on your judgment.

Input:
The women met for coffee.
(1)The cafe reopened in a new location.(2)They wanted to catch up with each other.

Output: 2

Explanation: The second alternative makes more sense because meeting for coffee could be because of wanting to catch up with each other.

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 1

Explanation: The first alternative makes more sense because casting a shadow is the effect of the sun being in the sky.

Input:
The guests of the party hid behind the couch.
(1)It was a surprise party.(2)It was a birthday party.

Output: 1

Explanation: The first alternative makes more sense because the guest hiding behind the couch could be because the party being a surprise.

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 2

Explanation: Casting a shadow has nothing to do with the grass being cut.

Input:
The man got a discount on his groceries.
(1)He greeted the cashier.(2)He used a coupon.

Output: 1

Explanation: Using a coupon can be the reason of getting a discount on his groceries. But greeting the cashier can't be a plausible cause. So, the output should be 2.

Input:
I added sugar to the coffee.
(1)The coffee smelled strong.(2)The coffee tasted sweet.

Output: 2


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Input:
The women met for coffee.
(1)The cafe reopened in a new location.(2)They wanted to catch up with each other.

Output: 2

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 1

Input:
The guests of the party hid behind the couch.
(1)It was a surprise party.(2)It was a birthday party.

Output: 1

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 2

Input:
The man got a discount on his groceries.
(1)He greeted the cashier.(2)He used a coupon.

Output: 1

Input:
The man was denied for a loan.
(1)He was in debt.(2)He started a business.

Output: 1


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Input:
The women met for coffee.
(1)The cafe reopened in a new location.(2)They wanted to catch up with each other.

Output: 2

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 1

Input:
The guests of the party hid behind the couch.
(1)It was a surprise party.(2)It was a birthday party.

Output: 1

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 2

Input:
The man got a discount on his groceries.
(1)He greeted the cashier.(2)He used a coupon.

Output: 1

Input:
The boy threw a temper tantrum.
(1)His brother took his toys from him.(2)He shared his toys with his brother.

Output: 1


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Input:
The women met for coffee.
(1)The cafe reopened in a new location.(2)They wanted to catch up with each other.

Output: 2

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 1

Input:
The guests of the party hid behind the couch.
(1)It was a surprise party.(2)It was a birthday party.

Output: 1

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 2

Input:
The man got a discount on his groceries.
(1)He greeted the cashier.(2)He used a coupon.

Output: 1

Input:
The boy put his feet up on the table.
(1)His father sat down at the table.(2)His father lectured him.

Output: 2


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Input:
The women met for coffee.
(1)The cafe reopened in a new location.(2)They wanted to catch up with each other.

Output: 2

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 1

Input:
The guests of the party hid behind the couch.
(1)It was a surprise party.(2)It was a birthday party.

Output: 1

Input:
My body cast a shadow over the grass.
(1)The sun was rising.(2)The grass was cut.

Output: 2

Input:
The man got a discount on his groceries.
(1)He greeted the cashier.(2)He used a coupon.

Output: 1

Input:
The woman pressed down on the piano key.
(1)A sound played.(2)The key got stuck.

Output: 1


Two analogies that signify affordances are given in the form "A : B. C : ?". Affordance is the possibility of an action being done on an object, for example book is an affordance of writing. The phrase "A : B" implies that B is an affordance of A. Your task is to replace the question mark (?) with the appropriate affordance of the given action C, following the "A : B" relation. Your answer should be a single object without further explanation.

Input: cure : disease. swing : ?

Output: sword

Explanation: The given analogy implies that diseases can be cured - an affordance relation. Hence, the appropriate answer for swing is sword, since swords can be swung.

Input: write : book. swear : ?

Output: oath

Explanation: The given analogy implies that books can be written - an affordance relation. Hence, the appropriate answer for swear is oath, since oaths can be sworn.

Input: sing : song. drive : ?

Output: car

Explanation: The given analogy implies that songs can be sung - an affordance relation. Hence, the appropriate answer for drive is car, since cars can be driven.

Input: ride : horse. attack : ?

Output: car

Explanation: The given analogy implies that horses can be ridden - an affordance relation. But, car is not an appropriate answer for attack, since cars cannot be attacked.

Input: swear : oath. drop : ?

Output: fall

Explanation: The given analogy implies that oaths can be sworn - an affordance relation. But, fall is not an appropriate answer for drop, since this models the causation relation.

Input: drink : water. give : ?

Output: enemy

Explanation: The given analogy implies that water can be drunk - an affordance relation. But, enemy is not an appropriate answer for give

Input: drive : car. brush : ?

Output: hair


Input: cure : disease. swing : ?

Output: sword

Input: write : book. swear : ?

Output: oath

Input: sing : song. drive : ?

Output: car

Input: ride : horse. attack : ?

Output: car

Input: swear : oath. drop : ?

Output: fall

Input: drink : water. give : ?

Output: enemy

Input: reload : gun. paint : ?

Output: picture


Input: cure : disease. swing : ?

Output: sword

Input: write : book. swear : ?

Output: oath

Input: sing : song. drive : ?

Output: car

Input: ride : horse. attack : ?

Output: car

Input: swear : oath. drop : ?

Output: fall

Input: drink : water. give : ?

Output: enemy

Input: open : door. write : ?

Output: letter

Output: book


Input: cure : disease. swing : ?

Output: sword

Input: write : book. swear : ?

Output: oath

Input: sing : song. drive : ?

Output: car

Input: ride : horse. attack : ?

Output: car

Input: swear : oath. drop : ?

Output: fall

Input: drink : water. give : ?

Output: enemy

Input: hunt : goose. give : ?

Output: gift


Input: cure : disease. swing : ?

Output: sword

Input: write : book. swear : ?

Output: oath

Input: sing : song. drive : ?

Output: car

Input: ride : horse. attack : ?

Output: car

Input: swear : oath. drop : ?

Output: fall

Input: drink : water. give : ?

Output: enemy

Input: swat : fly. chase : ?

Output: thief


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

In this task, you will be given a sentence, followed by ", so". You should complete the given text with another sentence, such that the whole text is plausible. The sentence you enter must be a likely result of the given sentence.

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she will be out with some cash on her

Explanation: The answer is a likely result of the sentence in the question.

Input: They government banned abortions, so

Output: many unwanted children will be born

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she talked to the man.

Explanation: This sentence is not a likely result of the question, so it's not a good completion.

Input: The cowgirl threw her lasso towards the horse, so

Output: it worked out pretty well

Output: she was able to catch it quickly

Output: the lasso grabbed onto the horse

Output: the horse trotted into the barn

Output: I hopped on the horse


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she will be out with some cash on her

Input: They government banned abortions, so

Output: many unwanted children will be born

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she talked to the man.

Input: The baby was wailing in his crib, so

Output: I took him to the doctor

Output: the mother picked up the baby

Output: I went to check on him

Output: I got up to check on him

Output: we had to get up early

Output: I decided to take him to the doctor


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she will be out with some cash on her

Input: They government banned abortions, so

Output: many unwanted children will be born

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she talked to the man.

Input: The mirror in the bathroom fogged up, so

Output: I could not see what was going on in the bathroom

Output: she couldn't see what was going on

Output: I couldn't see what was going on

Output: she turned to the other side of the room

Output: it was hard to tell what was going on

Output: I turned around to see what was going on

Output: I could not see what was going on

Output: I couldn't see what I was doing

Output: I could not see anything

it will be a nightmare for the children.


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she will be out with some cash on her

Input: They government banned abortions, so

Output: many unwanted children will be born

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she talked to the man.

Input: The tenant misplaced his keys to his apartment, so

Output: there was nothing he could do

Output: he had to leave the door open

Output: we had to take him home

Output: he went to his friend's house

Output: he took matters into his own hands

Output: he had to get a new one

Output: he went to his neighbor's house

Output: he couldn't call for help

Output: he couldn't get back to him

Output: he did the next best thing

Output: he couldn't go back to his home

Output: he left the door open

Output: his landlord repaired the door

Output: his landlord unlocked the door


Explanation:
Causal Reasoning
Textual Entailment

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she will be out with some cash on her

Input: They government banned abortions, so

Output: many unwanted children will be born

Input: The woman went to the bank, so

Output: she talked to the man.

Input: The clock stopped ticking, so

Output: I could get a good night's sleep

Output: I gave up and went to sleep

Output: we had to act fast

Output: i took extra time to get ready

Output: I was able to get a good look at the clock

Output: I went back to sleep

Output: I don't know what the problem was

Output: I thought it was time

Output: I could get my sleep

Output: I don't know what was going on

Output: I had to check it out

Output: I decided it was time

Output: I could get a good look at what was going on

Output: I called it a day

Output: the clock showed the wrong time

Output: I decided to try again

The clock is going to go back to normal.


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

You are given a sentence from a conversation between a human and a virtual assistant. Your task is to identify whether the sentence is a question or not. Answer with Yes or No.

Input: I am feeling hungry so I would like to find a place to eat.

Output: No

Explanation: The user is informing the intent, but not asking any question here

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: Yes

Explanation: The system is asking the user for location preferences

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: No

Explanation: Although there is 'How' phrase in the sentence, the system is just offering information about a restaurant and not asking any details from user

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: No

Explanation: The user is asking for other alternatives. So, its a question and output should be 1

Input: Can you please confirm that you want to book a table for 2 at 11:30 am at the Bird Dog restaurant in Palo Alto for today.

Output: No

Explanation: The system is asking the user to confirm the suggested booking. So, its a question and output should be 1

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant

Output: Yes

Explanation: The user is suggesting to look for another restaurant. So, its not a question and output should be 0

Input: The restaurant is located in Burlingame.

Output: No


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: I am feeling hungry so I would like to find a place to eat.

Output: No

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: Yes

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: No

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: No

Input: Can you please confirm that you want to book a table for 2 at 11:30 am at the Bird Dog restaurant in Palo Alto for today.

Output: No

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant

Output: Yes

Input: The reservation is for what time?

Output: Yes


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: I am feeling hungry so I would like to find a place to eat.

Output: No

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: Yes

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: No

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: No

Input: Can you please confirm that you want to book a table for 2 at 11:30 am at the Bird Dog restaurant in Palo Alto for today.

Output: No

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant

Output: Yes

Input: Yes that is correct. Are the prices inexpensive and do they have live music?

Output: Yes


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: I am feeling hungry so I would like to find a place to eat.

Output: No

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: Yes

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: No

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: No

Input: Can you please confirm that you want to book a table for 2 at 11:30 am at the Bird Dog restaurant in Palo Alto for today.

Output: No

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant

Output: Yes

Input: No, don't bother. I'm set.

Output: No


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: I am feeling hungry so I would like to find a place to eat.

Output: No

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: Yes

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: No

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: No

Input: Can you please confirm that you want to book a table for 2 at 11:30 am at the Bird Dog restaurant in Palo Alto for today.

Output: No

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant

Output: Yes

Input: Yes, the information is correct. Is the restaurant very expensive? Do they have live music?

Output: Yes


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

In this task, you are given a statement spoken by a politician in natural language. Your task is to generate the subject of the discussion for the given statement. The subject generated is not necessarily a part of the given input. Your answer should contain one or more words.

Input: Says the Annies List political group supports third-trimester abortions on demand.

Output: abortion

Explanation: It's a correct subject of the statement because it talks about a political group supporting demans of abortions.

Input: In this last election in November, ... 63 percent of the American people chose not to vote, ... 80 percent of young people, (and) 75 percent of low-income workers chose not to vote.

Output: election

Explanation: It's a correct subject of the statement because it talks about the percentage of different kinds of people who didn't choose to vote.

Input: The nuclear test conducted in our nation this time is the Earth's 2,054th nuclear test. The five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council have conducted 99.99 percent of the total nuclear tests.

Output: military

Explanation: It's a correct subject of the statement because it talks about nuclear test that's been conducted in the nation. Other subjects like "nuclear weapon" would also be correct.

Input: We just had the best year for the auto industry in America in history.

Output: election

Explanation: It's a wrong subject of the statement. Because the statement talks about the success of an auto industry that year. So, the correct subject would be: economy.

Input: We cut business taxes so today 70 percent of our businesses don't pay a business tax.

Output: health care

Explanation: It's a wrong subject of the statement. Because the statement talks about the business not paying taxes. So, the correct subject would be: taxes.

Input: Says a U.S. Supreme Court justice suggested that some U.S. cases will be decided based on South African law.

Output: military

Explanation: It's a wrong subject of the statement. Because the statement talks about the suggestion of the U.S. Supreme Court. So, correct subjects would be: legal issues, or supreme court.

Input: From 2008 to 2011, the pages in the conforming bills have gone from 400 pages to 2,200.

Output: state-budget


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: Says the Annies List political group supports third-trimester abortions on demand.

Output: abortion

Input: In this last election in November, ... 63 percent of the American people chose not to vote, ... 80 percent of young people, (and) 75 percent of low-income workers chose not to vote.

Output: election

Input: The nuclear test conducted in our nation this time is the Earth's 2,054th nuclear test. The five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council have conducted 99.99 percent of the total nuclear tests.

Output: military

Input: We just had the best year for the auto industry in America in history.

Output: election

Input: We cut business taxes so today 70 percent of our businesses don't pay a business tax.

Output: health care

Input: Says a U.S. Supreme Court justice suggested that some U.S. cases will be decided based on South African law.

Output: military

Input: Says Lloyd Doggett voted for the health care, stimulus and cap-and-trade bills.

Output: cap-and-trade

Output: climate-change

Output: economy

Output: health-care

Output: message-machine


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: Says the Annies List political group supports third-trimester abortions on demand.

Output: abortion

Input: In this last election in November, ... 63 percent of the American people chose not to vote, ... 80 percent of young people, (and) 75 percent of low-income workers chose not to vote.

Output: election

Input: The nuclear test conducted in our nation this time is the Earth's 2,054th nuclear test. The five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council have conducted 99.99 percent of the total nuclear tests.

Output: military

Input: We just had the best year for the auto industry in America in history.

Output: election

Input: We cut business taxes so today 70 percent of our businesses don't pay a business tax.

Output: health care

Input: Says a U.S. Supreme Court justice suggested that some U.S. cases will be decided based on South African law.

Output: military

Input: Have the suburbs been inundated with former residents of Atlanta housing projects? Absolutely not.

Output: housing


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: Says the Annies List political group supports third-trimester abortions on demand.

Output: abortion

Input: In this last election in November, ... 63 percent of the American people chose not to vote, ... 80 percent of young people, (and) 75 percent of low-income workers chose not to vote.

Output: election

Input: The nuclear test conducted in our nation this time is the Earth's 2,054th nuclear test. The five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council have conducted 99.99 percent of the total nuclear tests.

Output: military

Input: We just had the best year for the auto industry in America in history.

Output: election

Input: We cut business taxes so today 70 percent of our businesses don't pay a business tax.

Output: health care

Input: Says a U.S. Supreme Court justice suggested that some U.S. cases will be decided based on South African law.

Output: military

Input: My opponent was on both the city of Chicago payroll and the state of Illinois payroll simultaneously, taking full salary, funding her full pension benefits both as a city worker and as a state worker for 10 years.

Output: pensions


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: Says the Annies List political group supports third-trimester abortions on demand.

Output: abortion

Input: In this last election in November, ... 63 percent of the American people chose not to vote, ... 80 percent of young people, (and) 75 percent of low-income workers chose not to vote.

Output: election

Input: The nuclear test conducted in our nation this time is the Earth's 2,054th nuclear test. The five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council have conducted 99.99 percent of the total nuclear tests.

Output: military

Input: We just had the best year for the auto industry in America in history.

Output: election

Input: We cut business taxes so today 70 percent of our businesses don't pay a business tax.

Output: health care

Input: Says a U.S. Supreme Court justice suggested that some U.S. cases will be decided based on South African law.

Output: military

Input: Last year the (Medicaid Fraud Control Unit) in Virginia alone recovered over $200 million!

Output: medicaid


Explanation: Deductive Reasoning

In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5. Your job is to generate a title for the story that makes complete sense. The title must be short, with less than three words, use simple language, and include the main topic of the story.

Input: Sentence 1: Marcus needed clothing for a business casual event. Sentence 2: All of his clothes were either too formal or too casual. Sentence 3: He decided to buy a pair of khakis. Sentence 4: The pair he bought fit him perfectly. Sentence 5: Marcus was happy to have the right clothes for the event.

Output: Marcus Buys Khakis

Explanation: Marcus's reasons for buying khakis is established, followed by his purchase of them and reaction.

Input: Sentence 1: Laura loved corn. Sentence 2: So she decided to grow some in her backyard. Sentence 3: The whole process of growing them made her very excited. Sentence 4: But she realized that they required too much water. Sentence 5: So Laura quickly abandoned her corn garden idea.

Output: Corn

Explanation: Laura was planning to plant corn, realized the infeasibility of the idea, and then decided against it.

Input: Sentence 1: Larry worked at an accounting firm. Sentence 2: It was a boring job but it paid the bills. Sentence 3: Larry grew tired of doing the same thing every day. Sentence 4: He had the idea to have an office party. Sentence 5: By lunch the whole office had passed out and nothing got done.

Output: Office Party

Explanation: Larry's workplace and need for an office party are established, followed by the events of the office party.

Input: Sentence 1: Ben found a frog in the creek. Sentence 2: It was green and slimy. Sentence 3: He took it home and put it in a bucket. Sentence 4: The next day, the frog was gone. Sentence 5: He'd jumped out and escaped!

Output: The Frog

Explanation: Ben caught a frog, could not find it the next day and realized it had escaped.

Input: Sentence 1: My grandparents and I were going for a walk. Sentence 2: Suddenly, right in front of us, was a huge moose. Sentence 3: We were walking near some pine trees and turned a corner. Sentence 4: It was so close that it scared us, but they told me not to run. Sentence 5: We all stood still and soon the moose walked away without harm.

Output: Eggplant Parmesan

Explanation: The people saw a moose, stopped walking, and allowed it to pass. The title is therefore incorrect.

Input: Sentence 1: Mary sliced the purple eggplant. Sentence 2: Then she breaded each slice carefully before frying them. Sentence 3: She layered each breaded slice into her casserole dish. Sentence 4: Finally, she sprinkled parmesan cheese on top and baked it. Sentence 5: She poured homemade marinara sauce in the dish.

Output: Up Close

Explanation: The story describes how eggplant parmesan is made step by step. The title is therefore incorrect.

Input: Sentence 1: Jim went fishing in a boat. Sentence 2: Jim caught a catfish. Sentence 3: He dropped the catfish trying to remove the hook. Sentence 4: The the catfish's spine went into Joe's foot. Sentence 5: Joe had to get a tetanus shot.

Output: A fish story


Explanation: Deductive Reasoning

Input: Sentence 1: Marcus needed clothing for a business casual event. Sentence 2: All of his clothes were either too formal or too casual. Sentence 3: He decided to buy a pair of khakis. Sentence 4: The pair he bought fit him perfectly. Sentence 5: Marcus was happy to have the right clothes for the event.

Output: Marcus Buys Khakis

Input: Sentence 1: Laura loved corn. Sentence 2: So she decided to grow some in her backyard. Sentence 3: The whole process of growing them made her very excited. Sentence 4: But she realized that they required too much water. Sentence 5: So Laura quickly abandoned her corn garden idea.

Output: Corn

Input: Sentence 1: Larry worked at an accounting firm. Sentence 2: It was a boring job but it paid the bills. Sentence 3: Larry grew tired of doing the same thing every day. Sentence 4: He had the idea to have an office party. Sentence 5: By lunch the whole office had passed out and nothing got done.

Output: Office Party

Input: Sentence 1: Ben found a frog in the creek. Sentence 2: It was green and slimy. Sentence 3: He took it home and put it in a bucket. Sentence 4: The next day, the frog was gone. Sentence 5: He'd jumped out and escaped!

Output: The Frog

Input: Sentence 1: My grandparents and I were going for a walk. Sentence 2: Suddenly, right in front of us, was a huge moose. Sentence 3: We were walking near some pine trees and turned a corner. Sentence 4: It was so close that it scared us, but they told me not to run. Sentence 5: We all stood still and soon the moose walked away without harm.

Output: Eggplant Parmesan

Input: Sentence 1: Mary sliced the purple eggplant. Sentence 2: Then she breaded each slice carefully before frying them. Sentence 3: She layered each breaded slice into her casserole dish. Sentence 4: Finally, she sprinkled parmesan cheese on top and baked it. Sentence 5: She poured homemade marinara sauce in the dish.

Output: Up Close

Input: Sentence 1: I went to my cousins house for a party. Sentence 2: Her dog tried to rest on me. Sentence 3: After I tried to moved it away, I started to cough. Sentence 4: The coughing continued until the end of the night. Sentence 5: I had to take pills in order to heal the coughing.

Output: Allergies


Explanation: Deductive Reasoning

Input: Sentence 1: Marcus needed clothing for a business casual event. Sentence 2: All of his clothes were either too formal or too casual. Sentence 3: He decided to buy a pair of khakis. Sentence 4: The pair he bought fit him perfectly. Sentence 5: Marcus was happy to have the right clothes for the event.

Output: Marcus Buys Khakis

Input: Sentence 1: Laura loved corn. Sentence 2: So she decided to grow some in her backyard. Sentence 3: The whole process of growing them made her very excited. Sentence 4: But she realized that they required too much water. Sentence 5: So Laura quickly abandoned her corn garden idea.

Output: Corn

Input: Sentence 1: Larry worked at an accounting firm. Sentence 2: It was a boring job but it paid the bills. Sentence 3: Larry grew tired of doing the same thing every day. Sentence 4: He had the idea to have an office party. Sentence 5: By lunch the whole office had passed out and nothing got done.

Output: Office Party

Input: Sentence 1: Ben found a frog in the creek. Sentence 2: It was green and slimy. Sentence 3: He took it home and put it in a bucket. Sentence 4: The next day, the frog was gone. Sentence 5: He'd jumped out and escaped!

Output: The Frog

Input: Sentence 1: My grandparents and I were going for a walk. Sentence 2: Suddenly, right in front of us, was a huge moose. Sentence 3: We were walking near some pine trees and turned a corner. Sentence 4: It was so close that it scared us, but they told me not to run. Sentence 5: We all stood still and soon the moose walked away without harm.

Output: Eggplant Parmesan

Input: Sentence 1: Mary sliced the purple eggplant. Sentence 2: Then she breaded each slice carefully before frying them. Sentence 3: She layered each breaded slice into her casserole dish. Sentence 4: Finally, she sprinkled parmesan cheese on top and baked it. Sentence 5: She poured homemade marinara sauce in the dish.

Output: Up Close

Input: Sentence 1: Will wasn't sure who he liked in the US presidential election. Sentence 2: Will talked with his friends, who were all undecided as well. Sentence 3: Will watched a debate where the two candidates sparred. Sentence 4: Will decided he liked one candidate's answers over the other's. Sentence 5: Will cast his vote for that candidate.

Output: Election Choices


Explanation: Deductive Reasoning

Input: Sentence 1: Marcus needed clothing for a business casual event. Sentence 2: All of his clothes were either too formal or too casual. Sentence 3: He decided to buy a pair of khakis. Sentence 4: The pair he bought fit him perfectly. Sentence 5: Marcus was happy to have the right clothes for the event.

Output: Marcus Buys Khakis

Input: Sentence 1: Laura loved corn. Sentence 2: So she decided to grow some in her backyard. Sentence 3: The whole process of growing them made her very excited. Sentence 4: But she realized that they required too much water. Sentence 5: So Laura quickly abandoned her corn garden idea.

Output: Corn

Input: Sentence 1: Larry worked at an accounting firm. Sentence 2: It was a boring job but it paid the bills. Sentence 3: Larry grew tired of doing the same thing every day. Sentence 4: He had the idea to have an office party. Sentence 5: By lunch the whole office had passed out and nothing got done.

Output: Office Party

Input: Sentence 1: Ben found a frog in the creek. Sentence 2: It was green and slimy. Sentence 3: He took it home and put it in a bucket. Sentence 4: The next day, the frog was gone. Sentence 5: He'd jumped out and escaped!

Output: The Frog

Input: Sentence 1: My grandparents and I were going for a walk. Sentence 2: Suddenly, right in front of us, was a huge moose. Sentence 3: We were walking near some pine trees and turned a corner. Sentence 4: It was so close that it scared us, but they told me not to run. Sentence 5: We all stood still and soon the moose walked away without harm.

Output: Eggplant Parmesan

Input: Sentence 1: Mary sliced the purple eggplant. Sentence 2: Then she breaded each slice carefully before frying them. Sentence 3: She layered each breaded slice into her casserole dish. Sentence 4: Finally, she sprinkled parmesan cheese on top and baked it. Sentence 5: She poured homemade marinara sauce in the dish.

Output: Up Close

Input: Sentence 1: A student ran around the classroom. Sentence 2: He yelled at the other students. Sentence 3: The teacher spoke to him calmly. Sentence 4: He began to calm down. Sentence 5: The student learned a lot.

Output: Calm Words


Explanation: Deductive Reasoning

Input: Sentence 1: Marcus needed clothing for a business casual event. Sentence 2: All of his clothes were either too formal or too casual. Sentence 3: He decided to buy a pair of khakis. Sentence 4: The pair he bought fit him perfectly. Sentence 5: Marcus was happy to have the right clothes for the event.

Output: Marcus Buys Khakis

Input: Sentence 1: Laura loved corn. Sentence 2: So she decided to grow some in her backyard. Sentence 3: The whole process of growing them made her very excited. Sentence 4: But she realized that they required too much water. Sentence 5: So Laura quickly abandoned her corn garden idea.

Output: Corn

Input: Sentence 1: Larry worked at an accounting firm. Sentence 2: It was a boring job but it paid the bills. Sentence 3: Larry grew tired of doing the same thing every day. Sentence 4: He had the idea to have an office party. Sentence 5: By lunch the whole office had passed out and nothing got done.

Output: Office Party

Input: Sentence 1: Ben found a frog in the creek. Sentence 2: It was green and slimy. Sentence 3: He took it home and put it in a bucket. Sentence 4: The next day, the frog was gone. Sentence 5: He'd jumped out and escaped!

Output: The Frog

Input: Sentence 1: My grandparents and I were going for a walk. Sentence 2: Suddenly, right in front of us, was a huge moose. Sentence 3: We were walking near some pine trees and turned a corner. Sentence 4: It was so close that it scared us, but they told me not to run. Sentence 5: We all stood still and soon the moose walked away without harm.

Output: Eggplant Parmesan

Input: Sentence 1: Mary sliced the purple eggplant. Sentence 2: Then she breaded each slice carefully before frying them. Sentence 3: She layered each breaded slice into her casserole dish. Sentence 4: Finally, she sprinkled parmesan cheese on top and baked it. Sentence 5: She poured homemade marinara sauce in the dish.

Output: Up Close

Input: Sentence 1: Grady had a big aquarium. Sentence 2: He filled it with tropical fish. Sentence 3: He loved looking at the tank while he drifted off to sleep. Sentence 4: He had big plans for adding more fish. Sentence 5: The fish had become his favorite entertainment.

Output: The Fish


Explanation: Textual Entailment

In this task, you're given a pair of sentences, sentence 1 and sentence 2. Your job is to choose whether the two sentences clearly agree (entailment)/disagree (contradiction) with each other, or if this cannot be determined (neutral). Your answer must be in the form of the letters E, C, and N respectively.

Input: Sentence 1: Jon saw his friend Tom coming out of the grocery store with a bag of fruit. Sentence 2: Tom had been shopping for fruit to give Jon.

Output: N

Explanation: Tom's reason for buying the fruit is not known.

Input: Sentence 1: The girl transferred all the flowers from the boquet to a vase. Sentence 2: The flowers will soon wither.

Output: N

Explanation: The flowers could be real or plastic.

Input: Sentence 1: The skier was on the edge of the ramp. Sentence 2: The skier was dressed in winter clothes.

Output: E

Explanation: Skiing is done in the snow and requires cold climates

Input: Sentence 1: Joyce likes to eat fruit salad as often as possible. Sentence 2: Joyce loves eating healthy.

Output: E

Explanation: Fruit salad is healthy food.

Input: Sentence 1: The boy skated down the staircase railing. Sentence 2: The boy is a newbie skater.

Output: C

Explanation: Skating on a railng requires a lot of practice

Input: Sentence 1: Bertha was selected as captain of her basketball team. Sentence 2: Bertha was not atheletically inclined.

Output: C

Explanation: Basketball players are athletic.

Input: Sentence 1: There was an earthquake in San Fransisco. Sentence 2: The earthquake caused a lot of road damage.

Output: E

Explanation: The earthquake might not have been severe enough to cause raod damage, so the answer should be N.

Input: Sentence 1: Anna went to the school picnic. Sentence 2: Anna ate with her classmates at the picnic.

Output: N

Explanation: Anna's classmates are in her school, and a picnic involves food, so the answer should be E.

Input: Sentence 1: An orchestra practicing their composition. Sentence 2: The orchestra is practicing a very difficult composition.

Output: N


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: Sentence 1: Jon saw his friend Tom coming out of the grocery store with a bag of fruit. Sentence 2: Tom had been shopping for fruit to give Jon.

Output: N

Input: Sentence 1: The girl transferred all the flowers from the boquet to a vase. Sentence 2: The flowers will soon wither.

Output: N

Explanation: The flowers could be real or plastic.

Input: Sentence 1: The skier was on the edge of the ramp. Sentence 2: The skier was dressed in winter clothes.

Output: E

Input: Sentence 1: Joyce likes to eat fruit salad as often as possible. Sentence 2: Joyce loves eating healthy.

Output: E

Explanation: Fruit salad is healthy food.

Input: Sentence 1: The boy skated down the staircase railing. Sentence 2: The boy is a newbie skater.

Output: C

Input: Sentence 1: Bertha was selected as captain of her basketball team. Sentence 2: Bertha was not atheletically inclined.

Output: C

Explanation: Basketball players are athletic.

Input: Sentence 1: There was an earthquake in San Fransisco. Sentence 2: The earthquake caused a lot of road damage.

Output: E

Input: Sentence 1: Anna went to the school picnic. Sentence 2: Anna ate with her classmates at the picnic.

Output: N

Input: Sentence 1: A man crossing a natural stone bridge jumps while in the middle of it. Sentence 2: A Girl was running in the bridge.

Output: C


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: Sentence 1: Jon saw his friend Tom coming out of the grocery store with a bag of fruit. Sentence 2: Tom had been shopping for fruit to give Jon.

Output: N

Input: Sentence 1: The girl transferred all the flowers from the boquet to a vase. Sentence 2: The flowers will soon wither.

Output: N

Explanation: The flowers could be real or plastic.

Input: Sentence 1: The skier was on the edge of the ramp. Sentence 2: The skier was dressed in winter clothes.

Output: E

Input: Sentence 1: Joyce likes to eat fruit salad as often as possible. Sentence 2: Joyce loves eating healthy.

Output: E

Explanation: Fruit salad is healthy food.

Input: Sentence 1: The boy skated down the staircase railing. Sentence 2: The boy is a newbie skater.

Output: C

Input: Sentence 1: Bertha was selected as captain of her basketball team. Sentence 2: Bertha was not atheletically inclined.

Output: C

Explanation: Basketball players are athletic.

Input: Sentence 1: There was an earthquake in San Fransisco. Sentence 2: The earthquake caused a lot of road damage.

Output: E

Input: Sentence 1: Anna went to the school picnic. Sentence 2: Anna ate with her classmates at the picnic.

Output: N

Input: Sentence 1: An older woman sits next to a small girl who is wearing a striped dress. Sentence 2: People on the train can't help but stare-down an homeless man at the end of the coach of the train

Output: C


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: Sentence 1: Jon saw his friend Tom coming out of the grocery store with a bag of fruit. Sentence 2: Tom had been shopping for fruit to give Jon.

Output: N

Input: Sentence 1: The girl transferred all the flowers from the boquet to a vase. Sentence 2: The flowers will soon wither.

Output: N

Explanation: The flowers could be real or plastic.

Input: Sentence 1: The skier was on the edge of the ramp. Sentence 2: The skier was dressed in winter clothes.

Output: E

Input: Sentence 1: Joyce likes to eat fruit salad as often as possible. Sentence 2: Joyce loves eating healthy.

Output: E

Explanation: Fruit salad is healthy food.

Input: Sentence 1: The boy skated down the staircase railing. Sentence 2: The boy is a newbie skater.

Output: C

Input: Sentence 1: Bertha was selected as captain of her basketball team. Sentence 2: Bertha was not atheletically inclined.

Output: C

Explanation: Basketball players are athletic.

Input: Sentence 1: There was an earthquake in San Fransisco. Sentence 2: The earthquake caused a lot of road damage.

Output: E

Input: Sentence 1: Anna went to the school picnic. Sentence 2: Anna ate with her classmates at the picnic.

Output: N

Input: Sentence 1: A hostess in a restaurant, wearing a uniform and a black hat is cleaning one of the tables. Sentence 2: One of the waitresses did not show up so the restaurant hostess is bussing tables.

Output: N


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input: Sentence 1: Jon saw his friend Tom coming out of the grocery store with a bag of fruit. Sentence 2: Tom had been shopping for fruit to give Jon.

Output: N

Input: Sentence 1: The girl transferred all the flowers from the boquet to a vase. Sentence 2: The flowers will soon wither.

Output: N

Explanation: The flowers could be real or plastic.

Input: Sentence 1: The skier was on the edge of the ramp. Sentence 2: The skier was dressed in winter clothes.

Output: E

Input: Sentence 1: Joyce likes to eat fruit salad as often as possible. Sentence 2: Joyce loves eating healthy.

Output: E

Explanation: Fruit salad is healthy food.

Input: Sentence 1: The boy skated down the staircase railing. Sentence 2: The boy is a newbie skater.

Output: C

Input: Sentence 1: Bertha was selected as captain of her basketball team. Sentence 2: Bertha was not atheletically inclined.

Output: C

Explanation: Basketball players are athletic.

Input: Sentence 1: There was an earthquake in San Fransisco. Sentence 2: The earthquake caused a lot of road damage.

Output: E

Input: Sentence 1: Anna went to the school picnic. Sentence 2: Anna ate with her classmates at the picnic.

Output: N

Input: Sentence 1: A young woman in an "I Heart Bill Clinton" T-Shirt cooks meat on a grill in a public picnic area, while two young men converse behind her and a bicyclist and motorcyclist ride by on a nearby road in the background. Sentence 2: a woman heats up a frozen dinner in a microwave

Output: C