---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- twi
- aka
datasets:
- allenai/nllb
- cis-lmu/Glot500
- legacy-datasets/wikipedia
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
- goldfish

---

# twi_latn_full

Goldfish is a suite of monolingual language models trained for 350 languages.
This model is the <b>Twi</b> (Latin script) model trained on 62MB of data (all our data in the language), after accounting for an estimated byte premium of 1.03; content-matched text in Twi takes on average 1.03x as many UTF-8 bytes to encode as English.
The Goldfish models are trained primarily for comparability across languages and for low-resource languages; Goldfish performance for high-resource languages is not designed to be comparable with modern large language models (LLMs).

Note: twi_latn is an [individual language](https://iso639-3.sil.org/code_tables/639/data) code. Macrolanguage code aka_latn (Akan) is included in Goldfish. Consider using that model depending on your use case.

All training and hyperparameter details are in our paper, [Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages (Chang et al., 2024)](https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish/blob/main/goldfish_paper_20240815.pdf).

Training code and sample usage: https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish

Sample usage also in this Google Colab: [link](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1rHFpnQsyXJ32ONwCosWZ7frjOYjbGCXG?usp=sharing)

## Model details:

To access all Goldfish model details programmatically, see https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish/blob/main/model_details.json.
All models are trained with a [CLS] (same as [BOS]) token prepended, and a [SEP] (same as [EOS]) token separating sequences.
Details for this model specifically:

* Architecture: gpt2
* Parameters: 124770816
* Maximum sequence length: 512 tokens
* Training text data (raw): 64.82MB
* Training text data (byte premium scaled): 62.795MB
* Training tokens: 18900480 (x10 epochs)
* Vocabulary size: 50000
* Compute cost: 9.6442627719168e+16 FLOPs or ~9.1 NVIDIA A6000 GPU hours

Training datasets (percentages prior to deduplication):
* 77.35013%: [NLLB (CommonCrawl and ParaCrawl)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/nllb)
* 10.40427%: [eBible](https://ebible.org/find/)
* 7.58195%: [Wikipedia 2023/08](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/)
* 4.66365%: [Glot500](https://huggingface.co/datasets/cis-lmu/Glot500), including [Wikipedia Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legacy-datasets/wikipedia)


## Citation

If you use this model, please cite:

```
@article{chang-etal-2024-goldfish,
  title={Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages},
  author={Chang, Tyler A. and Arnett, Catherine and Tu, Zhuowen and Bergen, Benjamin K.},
  journal={Preprint},
  year={2024},
}
```