---
library_name: sentence-transformers
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- feature-extraction
- sentence-similarity
- transformers

---

# dbourget/philai-embeddings-v1.1

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model: It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024 dimensional dense vector space and can be used for tasks like clustering or semantic search.

The model is based on BERT-large-uncased, further trained using the TSDAE technique described [here](https://sbert.net/examples/unsupervised_learning/TSDAE/README.html) on a corpus of open access philosophy from [PhilArchive.org](https://philarchive.org).

The aim was to make an embedding model that can correctly capture semantic similarity between sentences that use philosophical jargon. The aim was partly achieved. In our informal benchmarks, it performs better than Ada3-large. However, it is still far from perfect and we hope to release an improved model soon.

## Usage (Sentence-Transformers)

Using this model becomes easy when you have [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) installed:

```
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can use the model like this:

```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
sentences = ["This is an example sentence", "Each sentence is converted"]

model = SentenceTransformer('dbourget/philai-embeddings-v1.1')
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings)
```



## Usage (HuggingFace Transformers)
Without [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net), you can use the model like this: First, you pass your input through the transformer model, then you have to apply the right pooling-operation on-top of the contextualized word embeddings.

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
import torch


def cls_pooling(model_output, attention_mask):
    return model_output[0][:,0]


# Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
sentences = ['This is an example sentence', 'Each sentence is converted']

# Load model from HuggingFace Hub
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('dbourget/philai-embeddings-v1.1')
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('dbourget/philai-embeddings-v1.1')

# Tokenize sentences
encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')

# Compute token embeddings
with torch.no_grad():
    model_output = model(**encoded_input)

# Perform pooling. In this case, cls pooling.
sentence_embeddings = cls_pooling(model_output, encoded_input['attention_mask'])

print("Sentence embeddings:")
print(sentence_embeddings)
```



## Evaluation Results

<!--- Describe how your model was evaluated -->

For an automated evaluation of this model, see the *Sentence Embeddings Benchmark*: [https://seb.sbert.net](https://seb.sbert.net?model_name=dbourget/philai-tsdae-4.8e-cp)


## Training
The model was trained with the parameters:

**DataLoader**:

`torch.utils.data.dataloader.DataLoader` of length 122952 with parameters:
```
{'batch_size': 28, 'sampler': 'torch.utils.data.sampler.RandomSampler', 'batch_sampler': 'torch.utils.data.sampler.BatchSampler'}
```

**Loss**:

`sentence_transformers.losses.DenoisingAutoEncoderLoss.DenoisingAutoEncoderLoss` 

Parameters of the fit()-Method:
```
{
    "epochs": 5,
    "evaluation_steps": 61476,
    "evaluator": "sentence_transformers.evaluation.TripletEvaluator.TripletEvaluator",
    "max_grad_norm": 1,
    "optimizer_class": "<class 'torch.optim.adamw.AdamW'>",
    "optimizer_params": {
        "lr": 2e-05
    },
    "scheduler": "constantlr",
    "steps_per_epoch": null,
    "warmup_steps": 10000,
    "weight_decay": 0
}
```


## Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```

## Citing & Authors

<!--- Describe where people can find more information -->