问题：﻿雅思阅读部分如何提高？ 一般就是先阅读材料，然后做题，发现时间严重不够用。如果是先浏览下题目再阅读，也是时间不够用。请高手指教如何科学地训练阅读部分。
话题：﻿教育、英语、英语学习、社会、IELTS（雅思）
回答：﻿作者：李威廉老师链接：怎样快速做雅思阅读？-李威廉老师的回答来源：知乎著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权，非商业转载请注明出处。快速阅读的诀窍是：强迫自己接受一个观点：“做雅思阅读题就是一个不断寻找BUT的过程”；那么我们就开始强迫自己接受这个理论吧！通
过训练批判性思维从而实现快速阅读雅思文章，以及准确做出题目是非常有效的方法。因为批判性思维（CriticalThinking)
是最根本的英文文章的写作技术之一，只有充分理解并且掌握批判性思维方式才能真正理解作者所要表达的意思。也只有掌握批判性思维才能真正又快又准的解决雅
思阅读中的难题，对于CT的训练是远比那些华而不实的技巧和没有任何实际意思的阅读预测要务实而高效的多。详细个性化咨询微信:（答主私人微信号:Liweilianlaoshi,需要转载请联系我稿费事宜，本人长期咨询留学考试辅导和留学申请指导，长期在知乎解答问题）例
子1：比如Playingisaseriousbusiness.Childrenengrossedinamake-believe
world,foxcubsplay-fightingorkittensteamingaballofstring
aren’tjusthavingfun.Playmaylooklikeacarefreeandexuberantway
topassthetimebeforethehardworkofadulthoodcomesalong,but
there’smuchmoretoitthanthat.每当你读到arenotjusthavingfun....,
seemsto....应该很自然的想到后面的but,并且与前面构成明显的对比。例子二：接下来带领大家一起来通过训练CT来快速进行阅读理解：TheTruthabouttheEnvironment(Cam5)Formanyenvironmentalists,theworldseemstobe（出现seemsto//lookslike//maybe都是为了后面的indeed//but//however的转折来铺垫的）gettingworse.（总分结构的写法，作者会延续这个中心句的思路一直写下去，来证明中心句；当然如果有转折的话，就需要把重点放到BUT后面来进行。
）Theyhavedevelopedahit-listofourmainfears:thatnaturalresourcesarerunningout;thatthe
populationisevergrowing,leavinglessandlesstoeat;thatspeciesare
becomingextinctinvastnumbers,andthattheplanet'sairandwaterare
becomingevermorepolluted.（后面的细节的细节的例子都是用来证明前面的内容的，所以只要不出现BUT的强转折，就需要在心里面有期待：anticipation，就是后面的句子细节都是延续的，这样就会读的快起来！！）Butaquicklookat
thefactsshowsadifferentpicture.（出现了第一个转折，是和第一段中的seemstobe这样的转折的前奏的铺垫）First,energyandothernaturalresources
havebecomemoreabundant,notlessso,（一个小的CT来验证观点）sincethebook'TheLimitsto
Growth'waspublishedin1972byagroupofscientists.Second,morefoodisnowproducedperheadof
theworld'spopulationthanatanytimeinhistory.Fewerpeopleare
starving.Third,althoughspeciesareindeedbecomingextinct,（Although也是CT的具体体现，又是一个批判性思维的句子）onlyabout0.7%
ofthemareexpectedtodisappearinthenext50years,not25-50%,（小的CT)ashasso
oftenbeenpredicted.Andfinally,most
formsofenvironmentalpollutioneitherappeartohavebeenexggerated,orare
transient-associatedwiththeearlyphasesofindustrialisationand
thereforebestcurednotbyrestrictingeconomicgrowth,（又是一个CT，需要了解BUT后面的重点）butbyacceleratingit.
Oneformofpollution-thereleaseofgreenhousegasesthatcausesglobal
warming-doesappeartobeaphenomenonthatisgoingtoextendwellintoour
future,(批判性思维的句型CT）butitstotalimpactisunlikelytoposeadevastatingproblem.Abigger
problemmaywellturnouttobeaninappropriateresponsetoit.总之这一段就是一个大的批判性思维的中心句，然后再结合三个小的CT而快速构成的阅读段落。Yet(轻微转折，小的CT）opinionpollssuggestthatmanypeoplenurturethebeliefthat
environmentalstandardsaredecliningandfourfactorsseemtocausethis
disjunctionbetweenperceptionandreality.（中心句直接泼出来中心句，给出是四个方面导致现实和理解的不同，接下来就是要展开四个factors的s的）Oneisthelopsidednessbuiltintoscientific
research.Scientificfuncinggoesmainlytoareaswithmanyproblems.
Thatmaybewisepolicy,（前面是maybe,后面是转折，又是轻微的CT)butitwillalsocreateanimpressionthatmanymore
potentialproblemsexistthanisthecase.Secondly,environmentalgroupsneedtobenoticedbythemass
media.Theyalsoneedtokeepthemoneyrollingin.Understandably,
perhaps,theysometimesoverstatetheirarguments.In1997,forexample,the
WorldWideFundforNatureissuedapressreleaseentitled:'Twothirdsofthe
world'sforestslostforever'.(前后对比的CT)Thetruthturnsouttobenearer20%.Thoughthesegroupsarerunoverwhelminglybyselflessfolk,
theyneverthelesssharemanyofthecharacteristicsofotherlobbygroups.(这句中心句是比较难的，但是也确实是重要的CT句型，翻译是：尽管这些小组是以无私的名义来进行运作的，但是他们同样还是具有其他游说小组的特征，这句话你看懂了吗？）That
wouldmatterlessifpeopleappliedthesamedegreeofscepticismto
environmentallobbyingastheydotolobbygroupsinotherfields.(本句是虚拟语气，意思是：如果我们对于这些所谓环保组织施加相同程度的怀疑，那么问题就不会这么严重。“Atrade
organisationarguingfor,say,weakerpollutioncontrolsisinstantlyseenas
self-interested.（这个地方又是明显的CT，前面是instantlyseen是批判性思维的前奏，后面的YET是转折的后半部分，是重点）yetagreenorganisationopposingsuchaweakeningisseenas
altruistic,evenifanimpartialviewofthecontrolsinquestionmightsuggest
theyaredoingmoreharmthangood.(前后采用批判性思维写的句子，翻译为：然而这些绿色环保组织仍然被认为是利他的和无私的，即使有部分的观点建议说这会产生更多的危害（但是我们坚信是好的，因为是环保组织）Athirdsourceofconfusionistheattitudeofthemedia.
Peopleareclearlymorecuirousaboutbadnewsthangood.Newspapersandbroadcastersaretheretoprovidewhatthe
publicwants.（小的批判性思维的表现）That,however,canleadtosignificantdistortionsofperception.
AnexamplewasAmerica'sencounterElNinoin1997and1998.Thisclimatic
phenomenonwasaccusedofwreckingtourism,causingallergies,meltingthe
ski-slopesandcausing22deaths.（CT，后面是重点）However,accordingtoanarticalinthe
BulletinoftheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety,thedamageitdidwasestimated
atUS$4billingbutthebenefitsamountedtosomeUS$19billion.Thesecame
fromhigherwintertemperatures(whichsavedanestimated850lives,reduced
heatingcostsanddiminishedspringfloodscausedbymeltwaters).Thefourthfactorispoorindividualperception.Peopleworrythattheendlessriseintheamountofstuff
everyonethrowsawaywillcausetheworldtorunoutofplacestodisposeof
waste.(注意这句话是典型的批判性思维的句型）Yet,evenifAmerica'strashoutputcontinuestoriseasithasdonein
thepast,andeveniftheAmericanpopulationdoublesby2100,alltherubbish
Americaproducesthroughtheentire21stcentureywillstilltakeuponlyon
12,000thoftheareaoftheentireUnitedStates.请重视这句话的思维翻译是：即使美国的垃圾的增加速度是持续高的，即使美国的垃圾到了2100年会翻倍，那么全美国所产生的全部垃圾，也只占到总的21世纪的垃圾的1/12000,言下之意就是：这样的问题并不严重，这个是不是一个典型的和常识相违背的思路和句型。Sowhatofglobalwarming?Asweknow,carbondioxideemissions
arecausingtheplanettowarm.Thebestestimatesarethatthetemperatures
willriseby2-3°Cinthiscentury,causingconsiderableproblems,atatotal
costofUS$5,000billion.
(本段开篇的句子，再次说明是CT的批判性思维的句型）Despitetheintuitionthatsomethingdrasticneedstobedone
aboutsuchacostlyproblem,economicanalysesclearlyshowitwillbefarmore
expensivetocutcarbondioxideemissionsradicallythantopaythecostsof
adaptationottheincreasedtemperatures.（本句话的意思着实和我们的常识是完全不一致的，是完全违背常识的，翻译过来是：尽管我们知道要为此而付出的昂贵代价的学费的问题是急需关注的，但是经济分析人士认为大量减少二氧化碳的排放，而比为了适应增加的温度所需要支付的费用要高很多）Amodelbyoneofthemainauthorsof
theUnitedNationsClimateChangePanelshowshowanexpectedtemperature
increaseof2.1degreesin2100wouldonlybediminishedtoanincreaseof1.9
degrees.Ortoputitanotherway,thetemperatureincreasethattheplanet
wouldhaveexperiencedin2094wouldbepostponedto2100.（后面的例子就是顺接前面的观点而进行展开的具体例子）Sothisdoesnotpreventglobalwarming,butmerelybuysthe
worldsixyears.（小的转折后面有来一个小的转折）Yet（然而的表达又是转折）thecostofreducingcarbondioxideemissions,forthe
UnitedStatesalone,willbehigherthanthecostofsolvingthewolrd'ssingle,
mostpressinghealthproblem:providinguniversalaccesstocleandrinkingwater
andsanitation.Suchmeasureswouldavoid2milliondeathseveryyear,and
preventhalfabillionpeoplefrombecomingseriouslyill.Itiscrucialthatwelookatthefactsifwewanttomakethe
bestpossibledecisionsforthefuture.Itmaybecostlytobeoverlyoptimistic
-butmorecostlystilltobetoopessimistic.（最后一句话的写作质量是很高的，翻译是：
“似乎过于乐观的成本必然是很高的，但是过于悲观却是代价更高的。）这句话同样具有很强的批判性，在现实生活中，的确也是过于悲观所产生的后果，要大大高
于过于乐观，随意一个穷人，普通人，最大的问题是不自信，虽然我们一直都不这样认为？Questions27-32Dothefollowingstatementsagree
withtheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEif
thestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisno
informationonthis27
Environmentaliststakeapessimisticviewoftheworldforanumberof
reasons是对的。因为有展开即可证明是对的28
DataontheEarth'snaturalresourceshasonlybeencollectedsince
1972虽然有ONLY，但的确不能判断是对还是错，所以是NG;29
Thenumberofstarvingpeopleintheworldhasincreasedinrecent
years错的，和文章意思相反。30
Extinctspeciesarebeingreplacedbynewspecies没有提到取代的问题，所以是NG;31Somepollutionproblems
havebeencorrectlylinkedtoindustrialisation文章中的出现了工业化，是对的。32Itwouldbebestto
attempttoslowdowneconomicgrowth是相反的，因为是批判性句型的一半：thereforebestcurednotbyrestrictingeconomicgrowth；Questions
33-37Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.33
Whataspectofscientificresearchdoesthewriterexpressconcernaboutin
paragraph4?(A)
theneedtoproduceresults(B)
thelackoffinancialsupport(C)
theselectionofareastoresearch(D)
thedesiretosolveeveryresearchproblem定位词：paragraph
4，scientific
research本题选C，的确是和选择的领域有关；34The
writerquotesfromtheWorldwideFundforNaturetoillustrate
how34
ThewriterquotesfromtheWorldwideFundforNaturetoillustratehow(A)
influentialthemassmediacanbe(B)
effectiveenvironmentalgroupscanbe(C)
themassmediacanhelpgroupsraisefunds(D)
environmentalgroupscanexaggeratetheirclaims通过批判性思维理解，有同义转化（PARAPHRAZE说明），所以是选项D35Whatis
thewriter'smainpointaboutlobbygroupsinparagraph6?35
Whatisthewriter'smainpointaboutlobbygroupsinparagraph6?(A)
somearemoreactivethanothers(B)
somearebetterorganisedthan
others(C)
somereceivemorecriticismthanothers(D)
somesupportmoreimportantissuesthanothers本题难度很大，充分理解批判性思维的意思之后，可以证明是选项C，具体解析见文章中的分析；36
Thewritersuggeststhatnewspapersprintitemsthatareintendedto(A)
educatereaders(B)
meettheirreaders'expectations(C)
encouragefeedbackfromreaders(D)
misleadreaders本题较为简单，是选项B，迎合观众的需求。37
WhatdoesthewritersayaboutAmerica'swasteproblem?(A)
itwillincreaseinlinewithpopulationgrowth(B)
itisnotasimportantaswehavebeenledtobelieve(C)
ithasbeenreducedthroughpublicawarenessoftheissues(D)
itisonlysignificantincertainareasofthecountry定位词：America's
wasteproblem通过批判性思维的理解，本题选B，具体的分析见文章解析。Questions38-40Completethe
summarywiththelistofwordsA-Ibelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Iin
boxes38-40.GLOBAL
WARMINGThewriteradmitsthatglobalwarmingisa38challenge,（典型的批判性思维的句子）butsaysthatit
willnothaveacatastrophicimpactonourfuture,ifwedealwithitinthe
39way.Ifwetryto
reducethelevelsofgreenhousegases,hebelievesthatitwouldonlyhavea
minimalimpactonrisingtemperatures.Hefeelsifwouldbebettertospend
moneyonthemore40
healthproblemofprovidingtheworld'spopulationwithcleandrinking
waterAunrealisticBagreedCexpensiveDrightElong-termFusualGsurprisingHpersonalI：urgent38：选E39：选D；40，选I，表示紧急的。通过批判性思维训练将极大的提高阅读速度以及更准确的做出雅思阅读题目。不会左顾右盼，最终选错。3，Theinvestigators'findingswerestriking.（这是由形容词形式的中心句，作为读者要明白该段落接下来所有的意思都是围绕着“为什么是令人吃惊的结果“，在英文阅读中有三个词表示结果，分别是：result,outcome和findings）
Inthelate1970s,theinfantmortalityrateforthechildrenof
illiteratemotherswasaround100deathsperthousandlivebirths.(这是文盲妈妈组)
Atthispointintheirlives,thosemotherswholaterwentontolearn
toreadhadassimilatedlevelofchildmortality(105/1000).（这是后来学习阅读的妈妈组）Forwomeneducatedinprimaryschool,however,theinfantmortalityratewassignificantlylower,at80perthousand（这是本来妈妈就读过小学的组）到目前为止，还是没有找到任何“striking”的痕迹，那么读者需要思考，这个“striking”到底体现在什么方面？In1985,aftertheNationalLiteracyCrusadehadended,theinfantmortalityfiguresforthosewhoremainedilliterate（仍然是文盲的妈妈组）andforthoseeducatedinprimaryschool（本身就读过小学的妈妈组）remainedmoreorlessunchanged.Forthosewomenwholearnttoreadthroughthecampaign,（然而后来通过训练而读书的妈妈组）theinfantmortalityratewas84perthousand,animpressive21pointslowerthanforthosewomenwhowerestillilliterate.（这个地方就是非常明显的下降，所以构成“令人吃惊的”结果。）Thechildrenofthenewly-literatemotherswerealso（这个also是更进一步的表明，这个项目的另外一个优点）betternourishedthanthoseofwomenwhocouldnotread.这个段落最要说明的重点就是要通过实验调查结果显示，只有本来是文盲后来扫盲之后的妈妈组，这个项目的意义最大。孩子的出生率和死亡率都得到了很大的改善。但是该题的难点就是很多同学，无法理清这2个段落的内在联系，不具有很强的批判性思维。所以看的很迷茫，从而做错题目。速度也很慢。难题解析：4Before
theNationalLiteracyCrusade,illiteratewomenhadapproximatelythe
samelevelsofinfantmortalityasthosewhohadlearnttoreadin
primaryschool.（在具体这个项目之前，一个是100/1000，一个是105/1000,所以该题是错误的。）21
BeforeandaftertheNationalLiteracyCrusadethechildmortalityrate
fortheilliteratewomenstayedatabout110deathsforeachthousand
livebirths.（这个项目对于仍然是文盲组的妈妈组没有影响）22ThewomenwhohadlearnttoreadthroughtheNationalLiteracyCrusadeshowedthegreatestchangeininfantmortalitylevels.（这是这个段落最想表达的重点，也是impressive这个词的同义转换，21%就是这个意思。）23ThewomenwhohadlearnttoreadthroughtheNationalLiteracyCrusadehadthelowestratesofchildmortality.（虽然通过项目扫盲的妈妈组取得了最大的变化，仍然是84/1000，但是并不是最少的，因为最少的是80/1000）24
AftertheNationalLiteracyCrusadethechildrenofthewomenwho
remainedilliteratewerefoundtobeseverelymalnourished.(这是典型的NG阅读题目的出题思路，并没有提到)ß1．Firstitwillpassthroughsharpmetalbarswhichwilltearopentheplasticbagsinwhichrubbishisusuallypacked.ß结构：全句有3个谓语动词：willpass，willtear和is。其中主句的是willpass。句子主干是itwillpassthroughsharpmetalbars。第一个which引导的定语从句修饰的是sharpmetalbars。第二个which引导的定语从句修饰的是theplasticbags。这是大定语从句里面还有一个小定语从句。句子可以拆分为：ß1.Firstitwillpassthroughsharpmetalbars.ß2.Themetalbarswilltearopentheplasticbags.ß3.Rubbishisusuallypackedinthebags.ß翻译：首先，垃圾要通过尖的金属棒，金属棒会把装垃圾的塑料袋弄破。ß2．When
wetalkaboutsomeone’spersonality,wemeanthewaysinwhichheorshe
acts,speaks,thinksandfeelsthatmakethatindividualdifferentfrom
others.ß结构：全句有4组谓语动词：talk，mean，acts/speaks/thinks/feels和make。其中主句的是：mean。句首是When引导的时间状语从句。之后which引导的定语从句和that引导的定语从句都是修饰theways的。句子可以拆分为：ß1.Wetalkaboutsomeone’spersonality.ß2.Wemeantheways.ß3.Heorsheacts,speaks,thinksandfeelsintheseways.ß4.Thesemakethatindividualdifferentfromothers.ß翻译：当我们谈到某个人的个性时，我们指的是他/她在行为，言谈和思考以及感觉等方面的方式。这些方式使这个人区别于他人。ß3．Competition
isnotonlygoodinitself,itisthemeansbywhichotherbasic
Americanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunityand
hardworkareprotected.ß结构：全句有3个谓语动词：is,is和areprotected。其中主句的是：is,is。全句由两个有递进关系的单句构成。其中，which引导的是定语从句，修饰themeans。句子可被拆分为：ß1.Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself.ß2.Itisthemeans.ß3.OtherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunityandhardworkareprotectedbythesemeans.ß翻译：竞争不但本身就是好事，还是其他基本的美国价值观如个人自由，机会平等和勤奋工作等得到保护的手段。ß4.
Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelife
equalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingreal
happiness.ß结构：全句有3个谓语动词：hold，equals和reduce。其中主句的是reduces。句子主干为：Thewayactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness。Theway后面是省略了which/that的定语从句。在这个定语从句中，还有一个that引导的同位语从句，修饰thebelief。句子可以拆分为：ß1.Thiswayactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.ß2.Afun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappiness.ß3.Peopleholdtothisbelief.ß翻译：人们信奉的充实又无忧无虑的生活就等于幸福的信念实际上降低了他们获得真正的幸福的可能性。ß5.
Thosewhoopposethebuildingofflatsbasetheircaseprimarilyon
theassumptionthateveryoneprefersanindividualhomeandgardenandon
thehighcostperunitofaccommodation.ß结构：全句有3个谓语动词：oppose，base和prefers。其中主句的是：base。句子主干为：Thosebasetheircaseprimarilyontheassumptionandonthehighcost。其中who引导的是定语从句，修饰those。that引导的同位语从句修饰theassumption。ß翻译：那些反对建设公寓的人的理由主要是基于大家都喜欢单独的住宅和花园的假设以及每个居住单位的高成本。视频解析地址：@李威廉老师批判式突破阅读高分（第一讲）TOP10最难的10篇文章是：剑桥4的P42和P50,剑桥5的P20和P71，剑桥6中的：P22和P89，剑桥7的P26和P96,剑桥8中的：P22和P45本人将会持续更新用批判性思维的本质思维方法，结合你有限的词汇量，来快速理解英文阅读，从而解决留学考试(IELTS,TOEFL,SAT,GMAT)的阅读高分问题。详细个性化咨询微信:（答主私人微信号:Liweilianlaoshi,需要转载请联系我稿费事宜，本人长期咨询留学考试辅导和留学申请指导，长期在知乎解答问题）