问题：﻿为什么有很多人说中国教育不好？美式教育和中式教育差别到底在什么地方？教育好坏的评判标准是什么？ 我认为中国的应试教育没有问题，那是在大量人口和较低的社会生产力的情况下出现的， 而很多人特别是我周围的同学都认为中式教育残害了他们。 从创造力上讲是这样…
话题：﻿教育、社会、中国教育、美国教育
回答：﻿全面地，从宏观介绍差异的一篇文章：12DifferencesBetweenChineseEducationandAmericanEducationPostedonJune1,2007ThisanalysisisbeingpreparedforapresentationIamgoingtomakeattheInternationalConferenceonInterculturalEducationinHarbin,ChinaonJune22-24.Iwouldbeinterestedinreceivingyourobservations,comments,questionsaboutthedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericaneducationalpractices.ClassSizeisthefirstnoticeabledifferenceatthemiddleschoolandhighschoollevel.Teacherstypicallyteachtwoclasses(inan8periodday)withfrom55to65students.Americansecondaryteacherstypicallyteachfiveorsixclasseswithclasssizesrangingfrom25to30.TheChineseteachersusetheirnon-teachingtimetogradepapersandtopreparefortheirclasses,exceptfortheheadteachers(banzhuren)whichwillbeexplainedlater.WhileAmericansthinkthe"cohort"conceptisinnovative,Chinahasbeenusingitfordecades.ThroughoutChina,studentsbeginninginaschoolareputintoclassesandtheystayinthoseclasseswithoneanotherfortheentiretimetheyareinthatschoolunlesshighertestscorespermitthemtomovetoamoreadvancedgrouping.UnderstoodintheChinesesystemisthatthisgroupofstudentswilllearneachoftheirsubjectstogether.InAmerica,studentsarenotgroupedintosuchclasses.Instead,the30studentswhoaretogetherforEnglishclasswillberandomlysplitupintoanyoftheothersubjectsforthenextperiodandtheperiodafterthat,andsoon.Thenextyear,thestudentsaretotallymixedupagainintodifferentclasses.Occasionally,thesameclassofstudentswilltaketwocoursestogether,suchasEnglishandhistory,butthatisrare.TheChinesecarrythecohortconceptintotheuniversitylevelaswell.Myfourclassesofstudentsstaytogetherforalloftheirrequiredcoursesthewholetimetheyareatuniversity.ChinesestudentsstayinthesameclassroomfortheirmainclassesandtheirteacherscometothemwhileAmericanstudentschangeroomseveryperiodandtheroombelongstotheteacher.Thus,Chinesestudentsdon’thavehallwaylockers.Studentssitinthesameseatsforeachsubjectandkeeptheirmaterialsinashelfundertheirdesktop.Manystudentshaveclothcoversfortheirdeskandothermeansofmakingit"homey".ChineseeducationisbuiltonwhatAmericanscall"looping".Theteachersofthestudentsintheenteringclasswillalsofollowtheirsamestudentstothenextgradelevelandthenext.InAmerica,itisveryunusualforteacherstomovewiththeirstudentsfromonegradeleveltothenextatthemiddleschoolorhighschoollevelletalonetoloopfortheentireperiodoftimethestudentisinthatschool.Attheprimaryschoollevel,studentsbeginingradeonewithateacherandstaywiththatteachereveryyeartheyareinprimaryschool.Myuniversitystudentsreflectonthatteacherasbeingsoveryimportanttothemthattheyreallydidn’twanttoleavethemwhenitwastimetogotomiddleschool.Americanteachers,ontheotherhand,tendtospecializeinthecurriculumandcontentforaparticulargradelevelandthenstayatthatlevel.Sometimes,teacherswhowanttoteacholderstudentswillasktomovetoahighergrade,butthenthatteacherwouldtypicallystayatthatleveluntilretirement.ThatpracticemeansthatinAmerica,subjectmatterandteacherpreferencemightbevaluedmorehighlythanstudentneedsorstudentlearning.AnothersignificantstructuraldifferencebetweenAmericanandChineseschoolsistheconceptofheadteacheror"banzhuren".Thebanzhurentakesadditionalresponsibilityindeliveringinstruction,supervisingtheirspecificclassofstudents,andinknowingtheirstudentsandthefamiliesofthestudentsandincommunicatingwiththosefamilies.Forlessthan200yuanpermonthmore,thebanzhurenwillarriveatschoolpriorto7:00a.m.toprepareforthedayandtoworkwithearlyarrivingstudents.Thestudentdayatthemiddleschoolendsat4:55andtheteachersleaveshortlyafterthat.Thebanzhurenwillnotonlyteachherspecificclassthatsheisinchargeofbutwillalsositinonmanyothersubjectsthroughoutthedaysoshecanmonitortheprogressofherstudentswithotherteachers,counselherstudents,andcontacttheparentsofthosestudentsifnecessary.Thebanzhurenwillmonitorherclassduringlunchandnapwiththemafterlunch.Onebanzhurentoldmethatsheislikeamothertothosestudentswhodon’thavetheparentalsupporttheyneed.Inaddition,atLiaoningNormalUniversityJuniorMiddleSchool(LNUJMS)thebanzhurensareexpectedtovisitthehomesandfamiliesofhalftheirstudentssometimeduringthefirsttermandtheotherhalfduringthesecondterm.ThesevisitationswouldtakeplaceonSaturdaysorSundaysoronholidays.Thebanzhurenwill,afterthreeyears,receiveabonusbasedontheacademicimprovementofherclass.InAmerica,theindividualteacherisexpectedtomakeparentcontactwhenastudentmisbehavesorisnotperformingatasatisfactorylevel.InAmericansecondaryschoolsthereisalsoapersoncalledaguidancecounsellorwhowillassistwithparentcontact.However,theguidancecounsellorwillhaveacaseloadof350to500studentsandsheoftenmustresorttogroupcounsellingsessions.TheChinesebelieveinmeritpayandinusingstudenttestscoresforteacherevaluation.Forexample,whenthe9thgradersleavemiddleschooltheyaretestedtoseewhichhighschooltheyarequalifiedtoattend.Sincethesameteachershavehadthosestudentsforthreeyears,theycomparetheirentryscoretotheirexitscore.Theclassesthatshowedthemostacademicgainresultedinthatbanzhurenreceivingabonusthatmightrangefrom3000yuanto6000yuan(onemonthortwomonthspay).Thesameistrueatthehighschoollevel.Ontheotherhand,ateacherwhosestudentsdidnotshowgrowthwillbeevaluatedaccordingly.AtLNUJMS,themathteamwonfirstplaceintheDistrictmathcontest.Asareward,thefourmathteacherssplita2000yuanbonus.TheteachersIhavetalkedwithlikethebonussystem.SoforyearstheChinesehavebeendoingwhattheAmericanconservativeshavebeenadvocatingandourteacherunionshavebeenfighting.DisciplineinChineseschoolseasierthaninAmericanschools.Forexample,atLNUJMS,Iwassurprisedtofindminimalstudentsupervisionduringlunchandbetweenclasses.Oneadministratorandoneteacherwereinthehallwayandnoteacherswereintheirclassrooms.Theotherteachershadgonetotheirofficestomeetwithstudentsforacademicordisciplinaryreasonsorforarestbetweenclasses.InAmerica,thetimebetweenclassesisasshortaspossible,three,four,orperhapsfive,minutes.Studentsareexpectedtomovefromtheirclassroom,gototheirlockerstogetmaterialsfortheirnextclass,andthenmovetothatclass.TheAmericanteachersareexpectedtobeinthehallwaysduringpassingperiodsbecausethatiswhenfightingandothermisbehaviorsoccur.Itisnearlyimpossibletoevenimaginea10minutepassingperiodinanAmericanschool.Chinesestudentsareveryrespectful.WhenChinesestudentsrecite,theystand;whenstudentshandinapaper,theyusebothhandsasiftheyweremakingapresentationofthepapertotheteacher;whenstudentsrefertotheirteacherinwriting,theyoftenuseterminologysuchas,“Ourdearteacher.”Ininterviewingthebanzhurens,theycommentedthatistheirdutytoteachstudentshowtodowellinlifeandhowtobeaman.Universitystudents,whenaskedtorecalltheirmiddleschoolandhighschoolyearsoftenspeakoftheirteachersinveryexaltedwaystellinghowmuchtheirteachersmeanttothem.Chinesestudentsplayactiveandimportantroles(zhirisheng)insweepingtheclassrooms,scrubbingthesteps,servingmeals,beingclassmonitors,andhelpingteachers.Studentmonitorscanbeseenwearingspecialarmbandsinthehallway,watchingtomakecertainstudentsaredoingtheirtwice-dailyeyeexercisesproperly,providingleadershiponthemarchingfield,wateringplants,emptybins,cleaningwindows,helpingtodistributethedailylunch,andsoon.Studentsalwaysseemedtobecarryingouttheirtasksveryseriouslyandingoodhumor.Thestudentmonitorsystemisutilizedattheuniversitylevelaswellwiththeseappointedstudentshelpingtheteacherinmakingcopies,distributingandcollectingpapers,contactingclassmatesandsoon.Liketheconceptofbanzhuren,theconceptofzhirishengcannotfinditsEnglishequivalentduetothedifferentSino-Americaneducationalsystems.MostChineseschoolsareoperatedonthezhirishengsystemforthepurposeofmaintainingcleanclassroomsandschools.Chinesestudentsbuytheirtextbookseachyearandthetextbooksaresoftcoverandrelativelythin.ThetextbooksIlookedathada2006copyrightandIunderstandthattheyallhaverecentlyundergonerevision.Thecostisabout$1foratextbookand$2foraworkbookthataccompaniesthetextbook.Studentsmakeheavyuseofhighlightersandannotationsintheirbooks.Inaddition,thetextbooksoftenhavemorallessonsbuiltintothem.Forinstance,whenaparticularscientistishighlighted,aspectsofhis/herlifethatareexemplaryareextolled,suchashardwork,protectingtheenvironment,overcomingobstacles,etc.Ontheotherhand,Americantextbooksarehardcover,updatedeverysixyears(atleastinIndiana),andarerentedtostudents.StudentsarenotallowedtomarkintheirtextbooksinAmerica.ItalmostgoeswithoutsayingthatthecurriculuminChinaisstandardnation-wideandthatstudentshavefewelectivechoices.Nationalgoals,nationalcurriculum,nationalexpectations,nationalexercises,andevenanationalclassscheduleareallbuiltaroundtheChineseEducationSchemathatisbasedoncenturiesoftradition.InAmerica,educationisprimarilytheresponsibilityofthestategovernments.CountingWashingtonD.C.,thereare51separategovernmentsthatgivedirectiontopublicschools.Further,exceptforHawaii,statesaredividedintoschooldistrictsthatalsohavecertainautonomies.Indiana,forexample,has292schooldistricts,292differentteachercontracts,salaryschedules,andsetsofworkingconditions.DeeplyembeddedintheChinesecultureistheexaminationsystem.SincetheSongDynasty(960AD),theChinesehavereliedontheexaminationprocesstoidentifytheirgovernmentalleaders.Nowtheexaminationsystemisusedtodeterminewhichuniversitystudentsareabletoattend.ThesenationalexamsweregivenonJune7and8.Localmiddleschoolswereusedastestsitesandthosemiddleschoolstudentshadatwodayholliday.Thetestisofsuchgreatsignificancethatparentsrenthotelroomsnearbysotheirstudentcanhaveaquietlunchandtakeanap.Isawonehotelwithabigbannerwishingstudentsluckontheexam.Studentswilltakeeithertheliberalartstestorthesciencetest.Forliberalartsstudents,thefirsttest,Chinese,wasfrom9:00-11:30.Studentsweredismissedandcamebackforthemathtestfrom3:00-5:00.OnFriday,theschedulewasthesame,withthemorningsessionbeinggeography,politics,andhistoryandtheafternoonsessionbeingEnglish.Theparentsfilledthestreetinfrontoftheschoolandanxiouslyawaitedstudentscomingfromthetestsitesandwantedtoknowhowtheirchilddid.Taxicabsevenofferfreeservicetothesestudentstohelpthemgethomeortothetestingsite.MyfriendKevin’suncletooktimeoffworktodriveKevintothetestsite,pickhimupatnoontotakehimhome,thenbringhimback.Itishugedeal!（原文：http://slkchina.wordpress.com/2007/06/01/12-differences-between-chinese-education-and-american-education/）