There are different ways of measuring development according to their economic development and quality of life: LIC = Low Income Country HIC = High Income Country NEE = Newly Emerging Economy Social and economic measures of development: Indicator What it is A measure of… As a country develops it gets… Limitation National Income (GNI) The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including income from overseas. In us$. Wealth Higher The figure hides variations between different regions in a country. Birth rate The number of live babies born per 1000 of the population per year Women’s rights In LICS not all births and deaths are recorded
Death rate The number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year. Health Lower In LICS not all births and deaths are recorded Infant mortality The number of babies who die per year under 1 years old per 1000 of the population Health In LICS not all deaths are recorded. People per doctor The average number of people per doctor Health Lower In LICs a lot of people use mobile phone to see the doctor so these people are not counted for. Literacy rate The % of adults who can read and write Education Higher In poorer countries lots of people live in slums so a lot of people are not asked as they do not have a registered address. Access to safe water The % of people who get clean drinking water Health Higher The rising cost of water in poor cities means that some people do not drink safe water even when they can access it. Life expectancy The average age a person is expected to live to Health Higher In countries where infant mortality us high, the life expectancy of those who survive childhood is actually far higher than the mean life expectancy. Human Development Index (HDI) This is the number that is calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Combination of health, wealth and education Higher The data to make this figure is hard to collect
Positives of tourism in Jamaica Negatives of tourism in Jamaica 24% of Jamaica’s GDP comes from tourism. 20,000 jobs from tourism have more money being spent in shops and other businesses. These jobs are better paid Government has invested in infrastructure to support tourism – multiplier effect New sewage treatment plants have reduced pollution. Many local people in key tourist sites of Montego Bay have witnessed improvements in their quality of life. The environment has benefited by landscaping and the designation of nature park e.g. Negril Marine National Park has an eco-tourism resort. Tourists do not always spend much money outside their resorts. Tourism jobs are seasonal Infrastructure improvements are focused around tourist resorts and sites. Many people in Jamaica still live in poor quality housing and lack basic services such as healthcare whereas Montego Bay is wealthy which causes tensions Many of the hotels are owned by foreign companies e.g. TUI and money goes back aboard (economic leakage) Lots of damaging effects to the environment e.g. footpath erosion and Co2 from buses and cars Overall tourism in Jamaica has reduced the development gap by: In 2015, 2.12 million visited Jamaica for the all-year tropical climate. In 2014 tourism contributed 24% of Jamaica’s gross domestic product. This is expected to rise to over 30% by 2024. Tourism income exceeds $2 billion each year. Tourism is the main source of employment – over 200,000 people are employed in the sector. Some LICs and NEEs are experiencing economic development which leads to significant social, environmental and cultural change CASE STUDY = NIGERIA = NEE
Nigeria has a high rate of deaths from Malaria (a disease spread by mosquito bites). Therefore, the World Bank and the USA government run a project and have donated 60 million mosquito nets. The Aduwan Health Centre (VOLUNTARY AID): The community did not have a health centre and there was high cases of HIV and AIDS. Therefore, Action Aid built a health clinic in 2010. This has enabled lots of people to be tested for HIV aids. The positive and negative impacts of aid on Nigeria: In 2014, the World Bank approved $500 million to fund developmental projects and provide long-term loans. This helps to reduce dependence on overseas oil exports. Aid from the USA helps to educate and protect people against HIV and AIDS The NGO “Nets for Life” provides education on malaria prevention and distributes mosquito nets to many households. The government may divert money away for other purposes e.g. claims it has gone to Nigeria’s navy Corruption by the government and individuals can mean that aid does not get to Nigeria. Donors may have an influence over where the aid goes and money may be used in the interests of the donor. The environmental impacts of economic development (industrial growth, growth, farming, mining, oil extraction and deforestation) in Nigeria: Industrial growth Urban growth Farming Mining Oil extraction Deforestation Nigeria has about 5000 registered industrial plants and 10,000 illegal industries. Waste disposal has become a major issue Services can’t keep pace with Commercial farming has led to land degradation. is water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion and Tin mining has led to soil erosion. Local water supplies were also polluted Oil spills can cause acid rain. Some oil developments have led to violent conflicts Deforestation for building settlements and roads has destroyed many habitats and led to increased co2 emissions.
industries to shut down and high job losses. Privatisation did bring lots of new industries. 2010 – There has been a push in the manufacturing sectors and new policies have included: improving infrastructure (e.g. HS2), loans to small businesses and encouraging global firms to locate in the UK. -Machines and technology have replaced people -Other countries like China can produce cheaper goods due to cheaper labour -Lack of investment and high wages in the UK communications e.g. the internet -Cheaper good and services from abroad -Foreign investment -Migration -Less manufacturing -Inequality -Outsourcing jobs A feature of a post-industrial economy = SCIENCE PARKS *They are big estates where lots of scientific research takes place usually on the outskirts of big cities near to housing and good rail/road links They help to support new and growing business through research and new ideas Universities, such as Cambridge works with them and this means they get a good reputation We demand more products that need to be researched in science parks E.G. Cambridge Science Park employs over 5000 people, is close to the M11 and close to Stansted Airport Other features of post-industrial economies: Services – retail is the biggest service sector in the UK employing 44 million people IT – It is a massive part of the economy with 60,000 employed in it. Finance – The UK has global financial quarters e.g. HSBC Research – E.g. Science An example of how a modern industrial development can be made more environmentally sustainable: Quorum Business Park Before Quorum Quorum is now sustainable
Example of an improvement in rail infrastructure (also something that reduces the N/S divide) = HS2 Example of an improvement in airport infrastructure = the proposed Third Runway at Heathrow POSITIVES: -Rising travellers – need it to cope with 2x demand. the economy £7billion extra a year -New planes e.g. Airbus A380 – not polluting -10,000+ jobs POSITIVES: -Rising travellers – need it to cope with 2x demand. -Boost the economy £7billion extra a year -New planes e.g. Airbus A380 – not polluting -10,000+ jobs NEGATIVES: -Heathrow generated 6% of the Uk’s co2 emissions. -Exceed EU regulations on nitrous -200,000 extra flights asthma and high blood pressure -Sipson – 700 houses knocked down. The north-south divide: “The South Divide is often referred to as the cultural and economic differences between Southern England and Northern England” Arguments for and against the North/South Divide: FOR Education: OFSTED stated that there is a north south divide. The north has a lower % of good and outstanding schools On average, 70% of pupils attain 5A*-C in London. In Yorkshire, this number is 63%
A strategy to maintain supplies = water transfer What is it? Water transfer is simply the movement of water. How will it work? In 2006, the government designed a water grid plan to transfer water from areas of water surplus (extra) to areas of water deficit (not enough) – it was not approved! deal with UK water stress Help to grow crops Use water appropriately without wasting it. Expensive Destroys habitats and wildlife Lots of co2 released in pumping water over large distances pollution (causes impacts and management): CAUSES IMPACTS MANAGEMENT Chemicals such as pesticides and fertilisers run off from farming land Untreated waste from factories Fertilisers can increase the speeding up the growth of algae which can decrease oxygen supply in the water so wildlife can die. Bacteria in sewage can spread diseases Things like are built close to rivers to act as water traps to catch pollution before it enters the river Waste water treatments remove things like bacteria from the water
Energy insecurity leads to jobs being put at risk as the sales of goods and services may fall. In low income countries, energy insecurity means that people (often women) have to spend hours walking to collect wood Modern farming requires lots of energy to power machines and therefore when there is little energy the prices of energy go up. This then means that the farmer has less money. Farmers in countries where there energy insecurity have to put the prices of their food up in order to be able to compete with poorer countries. Energy insecurity can lead to people at home having to pay more money for their bills. Energy insecurity to an increase in the cost of living e.g. more to run the home, make food and travel. People clear areas of the rainforest for wood and then use the land to grow biofuels e.g. in the Amazon Rainforest. People have to build wind and solar panels in areas of scenic beauty. People valleys e.g. the Three Gorges Dam in China for Power and this means that people have to move house. Energy insecurity may lead to conflict between different countries e.g. Russia and Ulkraine. Energy insecurity can mean that people at home get an unreliable source of energy e.g. having power cuts. This happens in Pakistan where regular power cuts can last 20 hours. In areas of energy insecurity, the likelihood of terrorism or hijacking of oil trucks is high. The main impacts of energy insecurity: Economic and environmental costs When a country has fuel they will make their prices higher. The use of coal has caused problems of smog in places, such as China. Food production Growing bio-fuels can take up lots of farmland which can reduce the amount of food that can be grown and cause prices to rise. If energy is in short supply then it costs more to produce and transport goods. Industrial outputs If energy is in short supply then manufacturing becomes expensive. The potential for a conflict where demand exceeds supply e.g. Ulkraine The exploration of difficult and environmentally sensitive areas (see Arctic case study)
WIND R Made by the wind turning the blades of turbines to create electricity. Wind is free Will not run out No c02 It a lot and can be difficult to set up The energy cannot be stored (so no power if it’s not windy!) If it’s too windy, turbines can be switched off as they are at risk of breaking. They may harm if they fly into them. WAVE R The waves spin a turbine Waves are free Waves won’t run out Does not produce c02 Wave energy generators may be a hazard to ships They can be noisy Waves can be small so can’t generate electricity TIDAL R Using the movement of sea water, underwater turbines generate electricity. Free power No CO2 Know when tides happen so can make electricity Can interfere with ships and wildlife (imagine if you were a bird, fish or seal faced with that!) Not very efficient (only 2% of the tides energy is converted to power) Not as useful for inland areas (away from the coast) a lot to set up GEOTHERMAL R Cold is pumped to deep beneath the earth’s surface to be heated in a tectonic area No Co2 Free Won’t run out Limited to tectonically active countries Harmful gas and minerals may come up from the ground below = difficult to destroy SOLAR R Using the sun to generate electricity using solar panels Once set up, running are very low Governments offer schemes if you have solar panels on your house where you can Energy production is seasonal Solar panel ‘farms’ need a lot of space No energy at night