Whisky Ring Scandal Indian Ring (Belknap) Scandal Horace Greely Panic of 1873 “Hard money” “Greenbacks” Election of 1876 Rutherford Hayes Compromise of 1877 “Solid South” Disfranchisement of African Americans James Garfield Charles Guiteau Civil service system Pendleton Act, 1883 service exams Merit system Chester A. Arthur James G. Blaine “Mugwumps” Grover Cleveland Tariff levels Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 Benjamin Harrison Populist Party Election of 1896 William Jennings William McKinley Political machines Boss Tweed Tammany Hall George Washington Plunkitt “Honest graft” Thomas Nast’s political cartoons New South or Nadir? The South struggled to modernize, facing the dual challenges of industrialization and stagnant race relations. Despite the industrialization of some segments of the southern economy, a change promoted by southern leaders who called for a “New agrarian sharecropping, and tenant farming systems continued to dominate the region. Although citizenship, equal protection of the laws, and voting rights were granted to African Americans in the 14th and 15th Amendments, these rights were progressively stripped away through segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics. The Civil War Amendments established judicial principles that were stalled for many decades but eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights. Increasingly prominent racist and nativist theories, along with Supreme Court decisions such as Plessy v. Ferguson, were used to justify violence, as well as local and national policies of discrimination and segregation. Discrimination against and segregation of African Americans intensified and took new forms in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. African Americans disagreed about how to respond to these developments. Challenging their prescribed “place,” African American activists articulated alternative visions of political, social, and economic equality. Henry Woodfin Grady Good Roads Movement Public education Birmingham steel industry Southern textile industry Piedmont vs. Tidewater Company towns Cheap labor 13th, 14th & 15th Amendments Ellison Alger Smyth Red Shirts Lynchings Poll tax Grandfather clause Literacy test Sharecropping Tenant farming Debt peonage Colored Farmers Alliance “Jim Crow” Racial segregation Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 “Equal protection under the law” “Separate but equal” Minstrel shows D.W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation “Second” Ku Klux Klan Convict labor George Washington Carver Peanuts Booker T. Washington “Atlanta Compromise” Speech “Cast down your bucket where you are” Tuskegee Institute Vocational education Economic self-sufficiency Gradualism Accommodation W.E.B. DuBois Niagara Movement
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) “Talented Tenth” Higher education The Souls of Black Folk Civil rights Integration Great Migration Ida B. Wells-Barnett Anti-lynching laws National Association of Colored Women (NACW) Gilded Age Arts The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age. Mark Twain The Gilded Age The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor Andrew Carnegie “The Gospel of Wealth” Horatio Alger Dime novels Russell Conwell “Acres of Diamonds” Thorstein Veblen “Leisure class” “Conspicuous consumption” Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass Stephen Crane The Red Badge of Courage Maggie, Girl of the Streets Edward Bellamy Looking Backward John Singer Sargent McNeil Whistler Mary Cassatt Winslow Homer Ashcan School of Artists Victorian architecture Louis Sullivan W.E.B. DuBois The Souls of Black Folk D.W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation Unit Review: Essential Questions What motivated the United States to control over Native American lands in the west? How did federal government policies affect the lives of Native Americans in the 19th century? What were the various motivations of different groups of settlers in the west? How did new inventions and innovations impact the economy of the west? How did settlers respond to and transform the environment of the west? How did new inventions and innovations encourage industrial growth? How did industrial leaders amass and wield power? What was the role of the federal government in encouraging the growth and regulating the practices of big business? What were the various governmental and social reactions to the influx of immigrants? To what extent did immigrants retain their traditions, assimilate, and transform American culture itself? Why was the period of the late 1800s nicknamed the "Gilded Age" and the "Era of Good Stealings"? What factors led to the development and reform of political machines and the spoils system?