Spanish-American War The Spanish-American of 1898 signaled the collapse of the Spanish empire and the ascendency of American imperialism. The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories, an expanded economic and military presence in the Caribbean and America, engagement in a protracted insurrection in the Philippines, and increased involvement in Asia. rebellion Valeriano Weyler Reconcentration policy William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer Yellow journalism William McKinley De Lome Letter USS Maine George Dewey Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders “Splendid Little War” Treaty of Paris, 1898 Teller Amendment Amendment Guantanamo Bay Annexation of the Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo Philippine-American War Puerto Rico Guam Insular Cases Anti-Imperialist League America’s New Role Imperialism made the United States a major force in world affairs. Questions about America’s role in the world generated considerable debate, prompting the development of a wide variety of views and arguments between imperialists and anti-imperialists and, later, interventionists and isolationists. Russo-Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 Algeciras Conference Carrot & stick Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt Corollary Big Stick Diplomacy Great White Fleet William H. Taft Dollar Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson Missionary/Moral Diplomacy Root-Takahira Agreement Lodge Corollary Jones Act of 1916 Mexican Revolution Tampico Incident Pancho Raids John J. Pershing Punitive Expeditionary The United States in World War I The United States failed to remain neutral in World War I, officially entering the war in 1917. After initial neutrality in World War I the nation entered the conflict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs in response to Woodrow Wilson’s call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles. Although the American Expeditionary Force played a relatively limited role in the war, Wilson was heavily involved in postwar negotiations, resulting in the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, both of which generated substantial debate within the United States. Questions about America’s role in the world generated considerable debate, prompting the development of a wide variety of views and arguments between imperialists and anti-imperialists and, later, interventionists and isolationists. World War I and its aftermath intensified debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.
Central Powers Allied Powers Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Neutrality Isolationism Pacifism “Preparedness” Lusitania Sussex Pledge Election of 1916 “He kept us out of war” “Peace with honor” Unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmerman Telegram Jeanette Rankin “A war to make the safe for democracy” American Expeditionary Force (AEF) John J. Pershing Doughboys Trench warfare Stalemate War of attrition Heavy artillery, machine guns, airplanes, zeppelins, poison gas, tanks Tsar Nicholas II Russian Revolution & Bolshevik Revolution Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Vladimir Lenin Soviet Union Armistice Foreign Policy WWI In the following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism, which continued to the late 1930s. America’s rejection of the Treaty of Versailles weakened the League of Nations, one of many factors that paved the way for World War II. World War I and its aftermath intensified debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests. 14 Points Big Four Woodrow Wilson Lloyd George Georges Clemenceau Vittorio Orlando Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Reparations War guilt Territorial adjustments Demilitarization Self-determination Mandate system Irreconcilables Reservationists Henry Cabot Lodge 14 Reservations Washington Naval Conference, 1921-1922 Dawes Plan, 1924 Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922 Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1929 World War I Era at Home World War I sparked domestic extremism, including political dissent, strident nativism and racial violence. World War I created a repressive atmosphere for civil liberties, resulting in official restrictions on freedom of speech. The global ramifications of War I and wartime patriotism and xenophobia, combined with social tensions created by increased international migration, resulted in legislation restricting immigration from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe. Several acts of Congress established highly restrictive immigration quotas, national policies continued to permit unrestricted immigration from nations in the Western Hemisphere, especially Mexico, in order to guarantee an inexpensive supply of labor. Mobilization Selective Service Act George Creel