Table S1. OMB dataset Original herb Similar efficacious herbs Medicinal herb* Scientific name of legitimate plants Medicinal herb* Scientific name of legitimate plants Licorice L., Batalin Rehmannia Root Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Steud. Cassia Twig Presl Peppermint Herb Linné var. Malinvaud ex Holmes Licorice Fisch., L., Batalin Ciboule Root L. Citrus Seed Citrii Unshiu Immature Peel Arisaema Rhizome ., , Pinellia Breit. Angelica Gigas Root Nakai Cnidium Rhizome Makino, Hort. Aralia Continentalis Root Kitag. Ostericum Root Angelica grosseserrata Maxim., Ting, Boiss. Forsythia Fruit Lindl. Bupleurum Root L. Gentian Root and Rhizome Bge., Pall., Kitag. Sinomenium Stem and Rhizome Rehder et Wilson Ephedra Herb Stapf, Schrenk et C.A.Mey., Bge. Scouring Rush Herb L. Perilla Leaf Britton var. Kudo, Britton var. Decne. Atractylodes Rhizome White Koidz., Koidz. Astragalus Root Bge., Bunge var. Hsiao Glehnia Root Fr.Schmidt ex Miq. Adenophora Root var. Hara, Miq. Eriobotrya Leaf Lindl. Mulberry Root Bark L Japanese Galangal Miq. Raw ginger Rosc Virginian Poke Root L. Peking Euphorbia Root Rupr. Kansui Root Liou ex Wang Asiasarum Root and Rhizome F.Maekawa var. F.Maekawa, Miq. var. Nakai Aralia Continentalis Root Kitag.
Cynomorium Herb Rupr. Desert-living Cistanche Y.C.Ma Schisandra Fruit Baill. Lindera Root Fernandez-Villar Polygonum Multiflorum Root Thunb. Epimedium Herb Nakai, Maxim., Maxim., T.S.Ying, Maxim. Desert-living Cistanche Y.C.Ma Polyporus Sclerotium Fries Poria Poria cocos Wolf Anemarrhena Rhizome Bge. Poria Wolf Citrus Unshiu Peel Red Tangerine Peel Arisaema Rhizome ., , Pinellia Tuber Breit. Feather Cockscomb Seed L. Cassia Seed L., L. Desert-living Cistanche Y.C.Ma Cynomorium Herb Rupr. Smooth Greenbrier Rhizome L., Roxb. Mountain Yam Rhizoma Makino Indigowoad Fort. Indigo H.Gross, (Nees) Bremek Common Eelgrass L. Sea weed fusiforme Okamura, C.Ag. Scrophularia Root Miq., Hemsl. Rehmannia Root Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Steud. Astragalus Root Bge., Bunge var. Hsiao Cinnamon Bark Presl Burnet Root L., L. var. (Bert.) Yü et Li Curcuma Longa Rhizome L. Curcuma Root Y.H.Chen et C.Ling, L., S.G.Lee et C.F.Liang, Val. Zedoary Val. S.G.Lee et C.F.Liang, Y.H.Chen et C.Ling Cnidium Rhizome Makino, Hort. Kelp Aresch. Sea weed fusiforme Okamura, C.Ag.
Pamp. Benzoin Dryand., Craib ex Hart. Argy Wormwood Leaf Artemisia argyi Lev. et Vant., Artemisia princeps Pampanini, Artemisia montana Pampani Black Falsehellebore Root L. var. Loes. Fil, Turcz Ligustrum Fruit Ait., Thunb. Forsythia Fruit Lindl., Vahl Evodia Fruit Benth., Benth. var. Huang, Benth. var. Huang Gentian Root and Rhizome Bge., Pall., Kitag. Fel bovis Gmelin, L. Achyranthes Root Bl. Japanese Bush cherry Seed Lev., Bge. Curcuma Root Y.H.Chen et C.Ling, L., S.G.Lee et C.F.Liang, Val. Clematis Root Rupr., Pall., Osbeck Oldham Gypsophila Root L. var. Bge., Miq. Epimedium Herb Nakai, Maxim., T.S.Ying, Lithospermum Root Sieb. et Zucc., Johnst, Bge. Perilla Leaf Britton var. Kudo, Britton var. Decne. Perilla fruit L.Britton var. (Thunb.) Kudo, Britton var. Decne. Philippine Violet Herb Baker, Makino Paper Mulberry Fruit (L.) Vent., Siebold Rice Bean Ohwi & H.Ohashi, Ohwi & H.Ohashi Hogfennel Root Dunn, Franchet et Savatier, Maxim. Caulis Erycibes Benth., Pepperweed Seed Webb. ex Prantl Gleditsia Spine Miq. var. Lamark Gleditsia Fruit Miq. var. Nakai, Lamark Bamboo Oil Munro var. Stapf, Sieb. et Zucc. Bamboo Shavings Munro var. Stapf, Sieb. et Zucc. Bitter Orange L., Hayata Lycium Root Bark Mill., L. Great Burnet Root L., L. var. (Bert.) Yü et Li Largeleaf Gentian Root Pallas, Maxim., Duthie ex Burk, Fisch. Plantago Seed L., Willd. Atractylodes DC., Cnidium Rhizome Makino,