diet composition during breeding season Spring: 6% insects, 59% seeds, 35% broadleaves Summer: 29% insects, 45% seeds, 26% broadleaves The Atwater’s prairie chicken diet is composed of leaves, seeds and insects. According to the US Fish and Wildlife’s recovery plan for this species, the relative proportions of these food items vary over time. Foliage is dominated by broadleaf plants, but may also include grass (young). The proportion of insects in the diet increases in the summer months. Seeds are from native plants as well as cultivated crops, including corn, peanuts and rice. Data were available from Lehmann (1941) to determine spring and summer diets. Feeding category omnivore mean number of nest attempts/ female/ season mean number of successful broods/ female/ season mean number of fledglings/ successful nest fpsn 4.23 Table 5 of Peterson & Silvy (1996) calculated the weighted mean for the number of chicks/brood prior to brood breakup to be 4.23 from multiple sources during the period from 1937 to 1994. mean number of fledglings/ female/ season (ARS) ARS Annual survival phi Frequency on field Mean: 0.5 Min: 0 Max: 1 Frequency on field of this species is unknown. Individuals may visit agricultural fields. Low (0.1), Medium (0.5) and High (0.9) mean frequency on field values should be considered in a sensitivity analysis of this species. Residency Edge Based on habitat (see Table 2) Passerine? No Precocial/ altricial Precocial Table 7. Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus). Species life history parameters Model Code Typical value Rationale/Comments Initiation probability p 0.25 default
female body weight (g) during breeding season Mean: 13.8 SD:0.31 Min:12.3 Max:16 Dunning 1984 diet composition during breeding season 100% insects It is assumed that consume primarily invertebrates during the breeding season, however, they will also consume fruit (e.g., blueberries). (Mayfield 2014) Feeding category insectivore mean number of nest attempts/ female/ season mean number of successful broods/ female/ season mean number of fledglings/ successful nest fpsn After cowbird control was institutionalized in 1972, several studies estimated productivity: Shake and Mattson (1975) reported 2.84 young fledged per nest in 1972, on average; Kelly and DeCapita (1982) reported 2.76 young fledged per nest per year from 1972-1981; Bocetti (1994) found 3.59 young fledged per nest attempt in 1990-1992; Rockwell (2013) reported 2.72 fledglings per nest attempt from 2007-2009. mean number of fledglings/ female/ season (ARS) ARS 2.2 Productivity varies from year to year, but estimates over early decades (cowbirds present in area) show production of young per pair without interference by cowbirds was about 2.2 fledglings, vs. 0.8 in parasitized nests. Annual adult survival phi 0.65 Survival rate of adults from one June to the next is about 65% (Mayfield 1960, Walkinshaw 1983; C. Bocetti, C. Kepler, and P. Sykes, unpubl. data.). Frequency on Mean: 0 Min: 0.1 Max:0.2 Based on habitat (Table 2), low frequency on field is expected for agricultural habitats. Individuals may forage on agricultural fields. Residency Edge on habitat (see Table 2) Passerine? Yes Precocial/ altricial Altricial Table 15. Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapilla). Species life history parameters Model Code Typical value Rationale/Comments Initiation probability p 0.25 default
mean number of nest attempts/ female/ season mean number of successful broods/ female/ season mean number of fledglings/ successful nest fpsn 3.4 P&G 1995 cite 3.4 for unparasitized nests, but 0.2 for parasitized nests mean number of fledglings/ female/ season (ARS) ARS Annual adult survival phi 0.65^(1/365)=0.9988 Returns of color-banded adult males (>1 yr old) in thoroughly searched areas of a study site in central Texas indicate annual survivorship between 0.55 and 0.75 (Grzybowski 1991). Frequency on Mean: 0 Min: 0.1 Max:0.2 Based on habitat (Table 2), low frequency on field is expected for agricultural habitats. Individuals may forage on agricultural fields. Residency Edge Based on habitat (see Table 2) Passerine? Yes Precocial/ altricial No Table 16. Least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus). Species life history parameters Model Code Typical value Rationale/Comments daily probability of nest initiation p 0.25 Default used. See USFWS 5 yr plan – adults arrive earlier on breeding grounds than juveniles daily mortality rate during laying & incubation m1 0.9770 from USFWS 5yr plan see Hendricks and Rieger 1989. Nest success ranges from 33-89 % long-term average 41-74%. Kus et al. 2010: 51% +/- 0.2 Mayfield. Assuming a 29-day nest cycle (14 days of incubation + 12 days of nestling + 3 days. Latter 3 days comes from assuming a 4-egg clutch with 1-day egg-laying interval + onset of incubation with penultimate egg). Therefore, assuming 51% overall nest survival rate, daily survival must be the 29th root of 0.51 = 0.9770 mortality rate during nestling rearing m2 0.9770 refs to B. Kus. In USFWS 5 yr plan. See calculation above for m1. date of first egg of first nest T1 28 March 28-March first egg of first nest.