Textbook pages Read textbook Tried exam questions in textbook Problems Characteristics of living organisms (C1 work) understand that living organisms share the following characteristics: – they require nutrition – they respire – they excrete their waste – they respond to their surroundings – they move – they control their internal conditions – they reproduce – they grow and develop 2-6 Variety of living organisms Textbook pages Read textbook Tried exam questions in textbook Problems describe the common features shared by organisms within the following main groups: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protoctists and viruses, and for each group describe examples and their features as follows (details of life cycle and economic importance are not required) Plants: These are multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells have cellulose cell walls; they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (for example maize), and a herbaceous legume (for example peas or beans) Animals: are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they usually have nervous coordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrate as glycogen 7-11
describe how glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be used to increase the yield of certain crops 244-246 understand how varying carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis 47 understand the effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide and increased temperature in glasshouses 246 understand the reasons for pest control and the advantages and disadvantages of using pesticides and biological control with crop plants 248 understand that plants require mineral ions for growth and that magnesium ions are needed for chlorophyll and nitrate ions are needed for amino acids 52-53 understand the use of fertiliser to increase crop yield 247 describe the stages in the nitrogen cycle, including the roles of nitrogen fixing bacteria, decomposers, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria (specific names of bacteria are not required) 226-227 understand that eutrophication can result from leached minerals from fertiliser 235-236 understand the biological consequences of pollution of water by sewage, including increases in the number of micro-organisms causing depletion of oxygen 235 Excretion & Gas exchange (plants) Textbook Read textbook Tried exam questions in textbook Problems explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange 76-78 understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange 31
understand that genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics 180-182 understand the meaning of the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype 184-186 describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram 186-188 understand how to interpret family pedigrees 188-189 predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses 186-190 understand that the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in a female and XY in a male 190 describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagram 190 understand that division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two which contain identical sets of chromosomes 191-192 understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction 190 understand that division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of genetically different haploid gametes 191 understand that random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspring 190-192
know that in human cells the diploid number of chromosomes is 46 and the haploid number is 23 190 understand that variation within a species can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both 196 understand that mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited 197-198 describe the process of evolution by means of natural selection 198-200 understand that many mutations are harmful but some are neutral and a few are beneficial 197 understand that resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations, and appreciate how such an increase can lead to infections being difficult to control 202 Ecology and the Environment understand the population, community, habitat and ecosystem 212-213 explain how quadrats can be used to estimate the population size of an organism in two different areas 214-215 explain how quadrats can be used to sample the distribution of organisms in their habitats. 214-215 explain the names given to different trophic levels to include producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and decomposers 216-217 understand the concepts of food chains, food webs, pyramids of number, pyramids of biomass and pyramids of energy transfer 217-222