Electronic supplementary material Online Appendix I Overview on EURO I to VI emission standards for passenger cars EURO emission standard Transposition in the EU member states Regulation Title Emission Standard NOx [g/km] Diesel (Compression Ignition) Gasoline (Positive Ignition) I July 1992 Directives 91/441/EEC (passenger cars only) or 93/59/EEC (passenger cars and light trucks) - - II January 1996 for new type approvals Directives 94/12/EC or 96/69/EC 0.61 ‡ - III January 2000 for new type approvals January 2001 for first registration of existing, previously type-approved vehicle models Directive , further amendments in 0.50 0.15 IV 1 January 2005 for new type approvals January 2006 for first registration of existing, previously type-approved vehicle models Directive , further amendments in 0.25 0.08 V 1 September 2009 for the approval of vehicles 1 January 2011 for the registration and sale of all models Regulation (EC) No 0.18 0.06 VI 1st September 2014 for the approval of vehicles 1st January 2015 for the registration and sale of all models Regulation (EC) No 0.08 0.06 Sources: (; ) ‡ EURO II emissions for NOx were deduced from the limit for the combined pollutants (HC + NOx) as specified in the EURO II standard. The test procedure changed between EURO II and III and a standalone emission limit for NOx was defined. Source: () Table-OA_I-: Overview on measurement station characteristics as provided by the databases City Station Name [Local Station Code] Station and Street type† Coordinates (longitude; latitude) † Measurement equipment † * Patision [PAT101] traffic, canyon street 23.733047; 37.999458 < 2001: TECO 14B for NO2; < 2001: Thermo Environmental Instruments 14/BE for NO ≥ 2001: Horiba APNA 360
*Vienna n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. *Leipzig LEZ 01.03.2011 - Euro 1 / Green Sticker EURO IV (for PM) n.a. *,‡Frankfurt LEZ 01.01.2008 – 01.01.2010 EURO I EURO II (for PM) LEZ: 01.01.2010 – 01.01.2012 EURO I / Yellow Sticker EURO III (for PM) Not in LEZ: Frankfurt-Ost (UB) 01.01.2012 EURO I / Sticker EURO IV (for PM) Source:* (6th March 2013); ‡ (6th March 2013); †Transport for London (2007) Central London congestion charging, impacts monitoring. Fifth annual report.The Mayor of London, Greater London Authority, London.
NO -2.00 [-3.96, -0.69] -4.29% -2.03 [-5.35, 2.51] -5.17% −0.48 [−1.08, 0.13] −3.11% −0.37 [−1.23, 0.79] −0.79% 0.03 [−2.14, 2.27] 0.07% −0.27 [−0.94, 0.41] −1.74% −0.31 [−1.02, 0.32] −1.69% −0.05 [−0.27, 0.2] -0.83% −1.86 [−3.35, −0.03] -3.67% -0.72 [-1.38, -0.2] -7.52% 0.17 [-0.86, 1.39] 2.05% −0.04 [−0.14, 0.05] −1.51% −1.24 [−1.9, −0.44] −5.09% −0.19 [−0.48, 0.21] −1.49% −0.16 [−0.22, −0.09] −3.44% −0.19 [−0.27, −0.1] −4.01% −0.08 [−0.13, −0.05] -3.2% −0.8 [−1.3, −0.1] -4.76%
Mean weekday and weekend pollutant concentrations and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) in 9 European cities averaged across the entire study period Weekday pollutant concentrations Weekend pollutant concentrations Pollutant mean 95% CIs mean 95% CIs Athens TR NOx 223.92 226.89 188.76 TR NO2 93.56 94.29 83.78 TR NO 130.40 132.15 105.03 UB NOx 69.25 71.15 54.46 UB NO2 46.28 46.90 38.86 UB NO 23.04 24.01 15.68 Barcelona TR NOx 159.39 162.62 106.16 TR NO2 71.91 72.70 56.35 TR NO 57.76 59.65 33.11
UB NOx 83.48 85.93 57.09 UB NO2 48.97 49.77 39.45 UB NO 22.44 23.68 11.46 Lisbon TR NOx 95.76 98.87 64.59 TR NO2 48.36 49.12 37.27 TR NO 35.10 36.94 20.89 UB NOx 28.67 32.91 23.39 UB NO2 27.42 27.98 21.44 UB NO 8.64 9.51 5.01
Vienna TR NOx 56.55 59.49 38.09 TR NO2 38.12 38.84 28.60 TR NO 18.48 20.21 9.53 UB NOx 44.39 46.09 31.80 UB NO2 32.68 33.23 25.44 UB NO 11.76 12.62 6.39 Leipzig TR NOx 139.19 142.16 98.36 TR NO2 52.26 52.98 40.43 TR NO 56.75 58.49 37.79
UB NOx 28.06 29.76 18.65 UB NO2 23.03 23.58 16.31 UB NO 5.07 5.94 2.36 Frankfurt TR NOx 175.27 178.21 123.63 TR NO2 67.32 68.04 54.51 TR NO 70.41 72.14 45.08 UB NOx 94.69 96.47 52.50 UB NO2 43.57 44.12 29.90 UB NO 33.59 34.49 14.77