Energy converted from sun into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to be used in building of sugar (Calvin Cycle) Light-independent reactions- Calvin Cycle carbon fixation occurs (carbons of CO2 used to make sugar) occurs in stroma of chloroplasts ATP and NADPH generated by light-dependent reactions are used to assemble glucose Anaerobic Fermentation No oxygen; cell only goes through glycolysis followed by fermentation Fermentation recycles NAD needed to restart glycolysis alcohol fermentation ex. cells- glucose ethyl alcohol + CO2+ NAD+ lactic acid fermentation ex. muscle cells- glucose lactic acid + NAD+ Fermentation does not make ATP but glycolysis does- 2ATP; very inefficient; sufficient for microorganisms Vocabulary absorption spectrum acetyl coA anabolism anaerobic metabolism ATP ATP synthase autotroph Calvin cycle cellular respiration chemiosmosis chlorophyll chloroplast citric acid/Krebs cycle electron transport chain FAD/FADH2 feedback inhibition fermentation glycolysis dependent reactions independent reactions metabolic pathway mitochondrion NAD/NADH NADP/NADH oxidative phosphorylation photolysis photosynthesis photosystem I photosystem II pyruvate stroma substrate-level phosphorylation thylakoid membrane Thinking Questions The figure below outlines the process of cellular respiration. Glucose and oxygen are both reactants in this process. Describe the journey of a single carbon atom from glucose in cellular respiration Glucose is made of 6 carbon atoms. In glycolysis, one of the carbon atoms is in the 3 carbon pyruvate. Then it is turned into the 2 carbon acetyl CoA during glycolysis. It combines with oxaloacetate to make a 4 carbon molecule and then is released as CO2 in the Krebs Cycle.
Vocabulary amino acids anticodon base-pairing cell differentiation coding strand codon DNA DNA ligase DNA polymerase DNA replication exons genetic code helicase hydrogen bonding inducible introns lagging strand leading strand micro RNA (miRNA) mutation nucleic acids nucleotides Okazaki fragments protein replication fork repressor RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA) start codon/stop codon template strand transcription transcription factors translation Thinking Questions Compare the two DNA sequences shown below. Transcribe them into mRNA and translate them into an amino acid sequence. GTG CAC CTC ACT CCA GAG GAG (Normal Hemoglobin) mRNA CAG GUG GAG UGA GGU CUC CUC amino acids his-val-glu-stop-gly-leu-leu GTG CAC CTC ACT CCA GTG GAG (Sickle Cell Hemoglobin) mRNA CAC GUG GAG UGA GGU CAC CUC amino acids his-val-glu-stop-gly-his-leu Circle any differences there are in the DNA, RNA and amino acid sequences that might exist between these two sequences. underlined leu becomes his (amino acid sequence only) Identify the type of mutation that is represented AND EXPLAIN, IN DETAIL, what effect this would have on the protein/pigment (be sure to mention the types of functional groups on the amino acids and how this would affect shape of the molecule). substitution=different amino acids, different protein because different amino acids has a different R group involved in tertiary structure that may cause the protein to fold into a different shape changing or disrupting the proteins function. In prokaryotic cells, translation begins before transcription is finished. Give two reasons why this would not be possible in eukaryotic cells.
Related viruses can combine/recombine information if they infect the same host cell. Some viruses are able to integrate into the host DNA and establish a latent (lysogenic) infection HIV is a well-studied system where the rapid evolution of a virus within the host contributes to the pathogenicity of viral infection. Genetic information in retroviruses is a special case and has an alternate flow of information: from RNA to DNA, made possible by reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that copies the RNA genome into DNA. This DNA integrates into the host genome and becomes transcribed and translated for the assembly of new viral progeny. Vocabulary Antibody Antigen B-cell Cell-mediated immunity communication cyclic AMP (cAMP) cytotoxic T-cell G-protein linked receptor Helper T-cell Hormone Humoral immunity Inducer Lytic cycle Lysogenic Negative feedback Operon Operator Phagocyte phagocytosis phosphorylation cascade positive feedback protein kinase receptor repressor retrovirus reverse transcriptase second messenger signal cascade signal transduction signal transduction pathway transcription factor virus white blood cell Thinking Practice Refer to the diagram at the right to respond to the following questions. Is the hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic? How do you know? hydrophilic-it can’t move through the membrane. Explain how the action of the hormone might be different if it could move through the cell membrane. it could move through the membrane, and be received by receptor inside the cytoplasm. Explain what is happening in this picture and make a prediction what will be the end result in the cell to which this hormone has bound. the hormone triggers a signal transduction pathway, which will trigger a cellular response – this response could be activating a transcription factor that starts to transcribe DNA and eventually thorugh transcription make a protein. Examples could include the protein hormone insulin triggering a response of making a glucose transporter protein that is imbedded in the cell membrane.
The population growth of which bacteria is more affected by growing conditions? Explain how you know. P. caudamum because its population decreased, which P. Aurelia stayed the same. Using the information provided in the graphs, make a prediction as to why the bacteria identified in part a is more affected by growing conditions than the other bacteria. P. Aurelia outcompeted P. caudamum for available resources. Interdependence in nature is illustrated by the transfer of energy through trophic levels. The diagram below depicts the transfer of energy in a food web of an Arctic lake located in Alaska. Identify an organism from each of the 5 trophic levels (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, teritiary consumer and decomposer) and explain how energy is obtained at each producer=phytoplankton; primary consumer=zooplankton; secondary consumer=grayling; tertiary consumer=lake trout; decomposer-snail. Describe the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels of this food web. Only 10% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next; most energy is lost. Explain how the amount of energy available at each trophic affects the size of each population. The higher trophic levels have less energy and thus, smaller population sizes. If the cells in the dead terrestrial plant material that washed into the lake contained a commercially produced toxin, what would be the likely effects of this toxin on this food web? Explain. the toxin would spread throughout the food web and would become the most concentrated (biomagnification)at the tertiary consumer level. If all of the Sculpin in this ecosystem were removed, predict how it would impact the following and explain each prediction: The population of lake trout decrease