disciplines including mathematics. - Analysis of phylogenetic trees - Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 1.b.1 Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. 25.1, 25.3 - Cytoskeleton similarities - organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) - Linear chromosomes - Universal genetic code 1.b.2 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested. 26.1 - 26.3 - Number of heart chambers in animals - Opposable thumbs - Absence of legs in some sea mammals 1.c.1 Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth’s history. 24.3, 24.4, 25.4 - Five major extinction events - Human impact on ecosystems and species extinction rates 1.c.2 Speciation may when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other. 24.1 - Galapagos examples - Salamander examples 1.c.3 Populations of organisms continue to evolve. 24.2, 44.1 - Chemical resistance in many species - Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants study) - A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process.
energy for use in biological processes. - NADP in photosynthesis 2.a.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. 3.1 – 3.3 4.1, 4.2 6.2 - Cohesion and Adhesion - High specific heat capacity - Universal solvent supports reactions - Heat of vaporization and Heat of fusion - Water’s thermal conductivity 2.b.1 Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to structure. 7.1, 7.2 - Fluid mosaic model of membranes - Diffusion - Aquaporins - NA+/K+ pump 2.b.2 Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. 7.3 – 7.5 - Simple diffusion - Glucose transport - NA+/K+ pump - H+ pump 2.b.3 Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions. 6.2 – 6.5 - Nuclear envelope - Endoplasmic reticulum - Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - Golgi bodies 2.c.1 Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes. 18.1, 18.2 40.2 44.4 45.2 - Operons and Eukaryotic gene control mechanisms - Endothermy and Ectothermy - Kidney function - Glucose regulation - Calcium regulation 2.c.2 Organisms respond to changes in 40.2 44.4 51.1 – 51.3 - Endothermy and Ectothermy - Kidney function
their external environments. - Animal behavior examples 2.d.1 All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities, and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions including exchange of matter and free energy. 12.5 52.5 53.1 – 53.5 54.1 – 54.5 55.1 – 55.4 - Cell density - Temperature and water availability - Sunlight - Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) - Predator-prey relationships - Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, and pH - Availability of nesting sites - Food chains and food webs - species diversity - Population density 2.d.2 Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation to different environments. 40.2, 40.3 44.2, 43.3 56.1 - Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants - Digestive mechanisms in animals - Respiration systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals - Nitrogenous was production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals - Excretory systems across the animal Kingdom - Thermoregulation in animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 2.d.3 Biological systems are 40.2, 40.3 - Physiological responses to toxic substances
affected by disruptions to dynamic homeostasis. 43. 2- 44.4 56.1 - Dehydration - Immunological responses to pathogens, toxins and allergens - Invasive and/or eruptive species - Human impact - Natural disasters 2.d.4 Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis. 43.1 – 43.4 54.2 - Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific response mechanisms - Vertebrate immune systems have specific response mechanisms - Plants have a variety of defense mechanisms 2.e.1 timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal development of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. 18.2 – 18.4 25.5 - Morphogenesis of fingers and toes - Eukaryotic gene control mechanisms - HOX genes 2.e.2 Timing and coordination of physiological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms. 24.1 11.1 - Release and reaction of pheromones - Visual displays in the reproductive cycle - Quorum sensing in bacteria 2.e.3 Timing and coordination of behavior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in 51.1, 51.2, 54.1 - Hibernation, estivation, migration and courtship behaviors - Niche and resource portioning
natural selection. Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Essential knowledge Chapters/sections Illustrative examples covered 3.a.1 DNA and in some RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. 17.3 16.1, 16.2 17.1 – 17.4 19.2 20.1, 20.2 - Addition of a poly-A tail - Addition of a GTP cap - Excision of introns - Enzymatic reactions - Transport by proteins - Synthesis and degradation - Electrophoresis - Plasmid-based transformations - Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA - PCR - Genetically modified foods - Transgenic animals, cloned animals - Pharmaceuticals such as Humulin 3.a.2 In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis, or meiosis plus fertilization. 12.1 – 12.3 13.1 – 13.3 - factor (MPF) - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) - Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control - Meiosis and sexual life cycles 3.a.3 The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from 14.1 – 14.4 15.1 – 15.4 20.4 - Sickle cell anemia - Tay-Sachs disease - Huntington’s disease - X-linked traits - Klinefelter’s syndrome
- Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development - Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer - HOX genes and their role in development 3.c.1 Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. 15.4 16.2 17.5 23.4 - Antibiotic resistance mutations - Pesticide resistance mutations - Griffith’s experiments in transformation - Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote advantage 3.c.2 Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. 13.4 - Sexual reproduction and random assortment of chromosomes - Random fertilization - Crossing over of chromosomes 3.c.3 Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. 19.1, 19.2 - Transduction in bacteria - Transposons present in DNA 3.d.1 Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history. 11.1, 11.2 - Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways - Response to external signals by cells - Cell signaling mechanism comparison across
bacteria to eukaryotes 3.d.2 Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling. 11.1, 11.2 43.2 48 1 – 48.3 45.1 – 45. 3 - Plasmodesmata between plant cells allow material to be transported from cell to cell - Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact such as with T-cells and killer T-cells - Neuron transmission across synapsis - Neurotransmitters - Insulin and glucagon - Pituitary hormones 3.d.3 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. 11.3 - G-protein linked receptors - ion channels - Receptor tyrosine kinases - Secondary messengers such as cAMP, Calcium ions, and IP3. 3.d.4 changes in signal transduction pathways can cellular response. 11.4 - Diabetes, heart disease, cancer - Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, and pesticides - Drug interactions 3.e.1 Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. 51.1 - Fight or flight response - Predator warnings - Avoidance responses - Territorial marking in mammals - Bee dances, bird songs - Courtship and mating behaviors 3.e.2 Animals have nervous systems that 48.1 – 48.4 - Acetylcholine - Epinephrine - Dopamine
detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information and produce responses. - GABA - production - Neurotransmission and responses Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions posses complex properties. Essential knowledge Chapters/sections Illustrative examples covered 4.a.1 The subcomponents of biological molecules and sequence determine the properties of that molecule. 5.1 – 5.5 - Functions groups - Monomers and polymers - Levels of protein structure - Carbohydrates - Lipids 4.a.2 The structure and function of subcellular components and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. 6.2 – 6.5 - Organelle structure and function - Endomembrane system - Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate fibers) 4.a.3 Interactions between external stimuli and regulated gene expression results in specialization of cells, tissues and organs. 18.4 - Promoters and gene expression - Enhancers and gene expression - Regulation of gene control mechanisms
4.a.4 Organisms exhibit complex properties due to interactions between their constituent parts. 44.1 – 44.3 48.4 51.1 – 55.4 - Osmoregulation and Excretory system - Nerve signal transmission and response to external stimuli - Animal behavior examples 4.a.5 Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways. 53.1 – 53.6 54.1, 54.2 - Predator/pre relationships - Symbiotic relationships - Niche resource partitioning 4.a.6 Interactions living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy. 54.2 55.1 – 55.4 56.4 - Food chains and food webs - Carbon nitrogen cycle - Biological magnification of DDT 4.b.1 Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. 5.4 8.4, 8.5 - Protein structure levels and folding - ATP cycling - Enzyme active sites and allosteric sites 4.b.2 Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter. 40.1 44.1 – 44.3 25.1 - Exchange of - Circulation of fluids - Excretion of wastes as linked to environment - Bacterial community in and around deep sea vents 4.b.3 Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of 54.1 – 54.3 - Examples of uniform, clumped and random distributions - Loss of keystone