By the same author – Fighting the Revolution: Makhno-Durruti-Zapata (London, England, 1972) Zapata of Mexico (Sanday, Scotland, 1979; reprinted: Montréal, Canada, 1997; reprinted: London, England, 2005) Stamps of Alderney (Chippenham, England, 1982; reprinted and enlarged: Brighton, England, 1988) Symond Newell and Kett’s Rebellion in Norfolk (London, England, 2007) The Impossibilists – A Brief Profile of the Socialist Party of Canada (Twickenham, England, 2008)
Chapter III SOSUS As previously noted, the AUTEC base had, and presumably still has, other functions besides those described and listed above. Andros provided an important base for the United States and NATO’s Sound Surveillance System – SOSUS, known as ACOUSTINT, or acoustic intelligence. Jeffrey Richelson, in his American Espionage and the Soviet Target (p.l53) notes that all Soviet Russian naval movements – both military and commercial – were considered targets for US intelligence collection. “A major role in that monitoring was played by a set of passive listening devices installed at selective locations on the sea floor.” By the early 1950s, American undersea intelligence expanded fast. Richard J. Aldrich, citing W. Packard’s A Century of U.S. Naval Intelligence (Office of Naval Intelligence, Washington D.C., p.51, 1996), states: “In Washington, the Hoover Commission Report on American Intelligence Activities, completed in 1956, recommended that the US Navy expand the collection effort. This included the highly secret SOSUS project – Sound Surveillance Stations – which involved placing undersea microphones into the Atlantic. Using high-frequency radio direction-finders, contacts could be quickly co-ordinated and plotted. By the 1960s, with vast new resources authorised, the Americans were to launch a new wave of audacious operations” (The Hidden Hand, p.528). consists of an array of hydrophones attached to the ocean floor to detect submarines. But it is more than that. Arrays were first laid in 1950 along the east coast continental shelf of the United States as far south as the Bahamas. They were originally codenamed CEASAR, and were completed by 1954. is based upon a discovery about the nature of sound. In depths of the ocean of about 2,000 feet, there is a layer of water which holds,
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