kg CO2-eq saved per pkm per household 0.265 Switch from standard gasoline vehicle to high-end electric car kWh/km (EV) 0.235 (Blaker, 2015) Kg CO2-eq/kWh (EV) 0.117 2013) Emissions from EV production (kg 0.123 (Nealer et al., 2015) Emissions from EV (kg CO2-eq/vkm) 0.150495 Calculated emissions from gasoline ICEV (kg CO2-eq/vkm) 0.289 (Hawkins et al., 2012) Average cost per vkm original 4.25 (Smartepenger, 2016) Average cost per vkm alternative 5.67 Calculated Passengers per car 1.55 (Transportøkonomisk Institutt, 2014) Average cost per pkm original 2.741935484 Calculated Average cost per pkm EV 3.658064516 Calculated kg CO2-eq per pkm EV 0.097093548 Calculated kg CO2-eq per pkm gasoline car 0.186451613 Calculated Household size (2012) 2.220 (Statistics Norway, 2014b) NOK saved per pkm per household -2.033806 kg CO2-eq saved per pkm per household 0.198374903 No trips by car under 3 km emissions from gasoline ICEV (kg CO2-eq/vkm) 0.289 (Hawkins et al., 2012) Marginal cost per vkm driven original vehicle 1.61 (Smartepenger, 2016) Passengers per car 1.55 (Transportøkonomisk Institutt, 2014) Marginal cost per pkm driven original vehicle 1.04 Calculated
Emissions original (kg CO2-eq/pkm) 0.19 Calculated Household size (2012) 2.22 (Statistics Norway, NOK saved per pkm per household 2.31 kg CO2-eq saved per pkm per household 0.41 Switch all daily car travel with bus transport emissions from gasoline ICEV (kg CO2-eq/vkm) 0.289 (Hawkins et al., 2012) Marginal cost per vkm driven original vehicle 1.61 (Smartepenger, 2016) Passengers per car 1.55 (Transportøkonomisk Institutt, 2014) Marginal cost per pkm driven original vehicle 1.04 Calculated Emissions original (kg CO2-eq/pkm) 0.19 Calculated Yearly cost public transport card 6 600 (ATB, 2015) Pkm per person per year 13,913.8 (Hjorthol et al., 2014) Marginal cost per pkm driven alternative 0.47 Calculated Emissions from alternative per pkm 0.029 (NSB, 2015) Household size (2012) 2.22 (Statistics Norway, 2014b) NOK saved per pkm per household 1.25 kg CO2-eq saved per pkm per household 0.35 Car-pooling for work travel by car under 10 km using a hybrid electric vehicle emissions from gasoline ICEV (kg CO2-eq/vkm) 0.289 (Hawkins et al., 2012) Passengers per car original 1.55 (Transportøkonomisk Institutt, 2014) Passengers per car alternative 3 Assumed Marginal cost per vkm original 1.61 (Smartepenger, 2016) Marginal cost per vkm alternative 1.05 (Smartepenger, 2016)
Marginal cost per pkm original 1.04 Calculated Marginal cost per pkm alternative 0.35 Calculated Emissions per vkm alternative 0.192 (Samaras and Meisterling, 2008) Emissions original (kg CO2-eq/pkm) 0.19 Calculated Emissions per pkm alternative 0.06 Calculated Household size (2012) 2.220 (Statistics Norway, 2014b) NOK saved per pkm per household 1.53 kg CO2-eq saved per pkm per household 0.27 Switch all car travel with train transport emissions from gasoline ICEV (kg CO2-eq/vkm) 0.289 (Hawkins et al., 2012) Marginal cost per vkm original 1.61 (Smartepenger, 2016) Passengers per car 1.55 (Transportøkonomisk Institutt, 2014) Marginal cost per pkm original 1.04 Calculated Emissions original (kg CO2-eq/pkm) 0.19 Calculated Yearly cost public transport card 6 600 (ATB, 2015) Pkm per person per year 13,913.8 (Hjorthol et al., 2014) Marginal cost per pkm alternative 0.47 Calculated Emissions alternative (kg CO2-eq/pkm) 0.025 (NSB, 2015) Household size (2012) 2.220 (Statistics Norway, NOK saved per pkm per household 1.25 kg CO2-eq per pkm per household 0.36 Walk Lerkendal - Trondheim S instead Emission (kg original 0.024 (NSB, 2015)
Reducing indoor temperature by 1°C kWh use of household 15,779.4 (Statistics Norway, 2014a) (Borge et al., 2004) Reduction potential 5 % (Akershus Enøk og Inneklima as, 1999) kg CO2-eq/kWh 0.117 2013) Cost reduction potential 5 % (Akershus Enøk og Inneklima as, 1999) NOK/kWh 0.729 (Statistics Norway, 2016) NOK saved per household per year 575 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 92 Space and water heating kWh use of household 15,779.4 (Statistics Norway, 2014a) (Borge et al., 2004) Reduction potential 65 % (Harvey, 2013) kg CO2-eq/kWh 0.117 2013) Cost in USD(2010)/m2 350 Exchange rate (USD to NOK in 2010) 6.0543 (Harvey, 2013) Average Norwegian household size (m2) 120 on Statistics Norway (2004) Total cost of initial investment in NOK 254,281 Calculated Lifetime 40 Assumed Yearly cost of initial investment 6,357 Calculated NOK/kWh 0.729 (Statistics Norway, 2016) Yearly savings from reduced kWh 7,477 Calculated Total use-phase emissions (kg 1,846 Calculated Share Non-use-phase emissions 10 % Assumed Total non use-phase emissions (kg 205 Calculated NOK saved per household per year 1,120
Eliminating food waste Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 22 % (Matvett, 2014) Relative cost reduction to current 22 % (Matvett, 2014) Household GHG emissions from food (kg CO2-eq) 4,635 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Household expenditure on food 67,022.63 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 14,745 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 1,020 Organic diet Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current (green) 40 % (Stehfest et al., 2009) (Goodall, 2010) Organic vs conventional diet savings (organic) 10 % (Olesen et al., 2006) Relative cost reduction to current (green) 15 % (Grabs, 2015) (Berners-Lee et al., 2012) (Alfredsson, 2004) Relative cost reduction to current (organic) -45 % (Hvitved-Jacobsen, 2001) (Consumerreports, 2015) Household GHG emissions from food (kg CO2-eq) 4,635 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Household expenditure on food 67,022.63 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year -20,107 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 2,039 measures (organic, local, composting) Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 15 % (Goodall, 2010) Relative cost reduction to current -20 % assumed
Household GHG emissions from food (kg CO2-eq) 4,635 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Household expenditure on food 67,022.63 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year -13,405 kg CO2-eq per household per year 695 Clothing Eco-efficiency across suply chain Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 4.1 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 0 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 0 kg CO2-eq per household per year 57 Design for durability Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 7.7 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) -5 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year -1,399 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 107 Market shift to higher proportion of synthetic fibres Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 0.4 % (Thomas et al., 2012)
Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 1 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 280 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 6 Clean clothing less Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 2.6 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 2 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 560 kg CO2-eq per household per year 36 Wash at lower temperature Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 1.4 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 2 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 560 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 20
Increase size of washing and drying loads Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 1.4 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 1 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 280 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 20 Use the tumble less Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 1.1 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 2 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK per household per year 560 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 15 Dispose less - reuse more Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 0.7 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 3 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 839
kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 10 Start closed loop recycling of synthetic fibres Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 0.9 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 0 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 0 kg CO2-eq per household per year 13 Dispose less - recycle more Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 0.5 % (Thomas et al., 2012) Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 0 % assumed Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 0 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 7 Reduce clothing purchases by 20% Relative kg CO2-eq savings to current 20.0 % Relative cost reduction to current (NOK) 20 % Current GHG emissions (kg 1,393.9 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint)
Current spending (NOK) 27,975.69 et al., 2016) 2012 prices NOK saved per household per year 5,595 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 279 Furniture P1: Convertible cot into childhood bed Total kg CO2-eq reduction potential 6.956 (González-García et al., 2011) Lifetime (years) 10 assumed One-time cost -5,000 assumed NOK saved per household per year -500 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 0.70 P3: Office Total kg CO2-eq reduction potential 138.2 (González-García et al., 2011) Lifetime 10 assumed One-time cost -5,000 assumed NOK saved per household per year -500 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 13.82 P5: Headboard Total kg CO2-eq reduction potential 52.9 (González-García et al., 2011) Lifetime 10 assumed One-time cost -1,500 assumed NOK saved per household per year -150 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 5.29 P6: room accessories Total kg CO2-eq reduction potential 13.7 (González-García et al., 2011) Lifetime (years) 10 assumed One-time cost -5,000 assumed NOK per household per year -500 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 1.37
P7: Wine Crate Total kg CO2-eq reduction potential 0.270 (González-García et al., 2011) Lifetime (years) 3 assumed One-time cost -300 assumed NOK saved per household per year -100 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 0.09 P9: Ventilated wooden wall Total kg CO2-eq reduction potential 27.0 (González-García et al., 2011) Lifetime (years) 20 assumed One-time cost -20,000 assumed NOK saved per household per year -1,000 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 1.35 Paper Increase lifetime of all products by 20% (e.g. through re-selling or longer lifetime) Current spending (NOK) 9,894.00 (Steen-Olsen et al., 2016) 2012 prices Current GHG emissions (kg 579 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) Relative monetary savings to sector 20 % Assumed Relative emission savings to sector 20 % Assumed NOK saved per household per year 1,979 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 115.71 Buy furniture with 20% recycled MDF (medium-density fibreboard) Current spending (NOK) 9,894.00 et al., 2016) 2012 prices Current GHG emissions (kg 579 EXIOBASE2 (Norwegian household carbon footprint) of wood-based material in furniture 60 % (Linkosalmi et al., 2016)
Cost reduction recycled MDF -10 % Assumed GHG emission reduction potential 21 % (Mitchell and Stevens, 2009) NOK saved per household per year -989 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 72.90 Eliminating unsolicited mail Reduction potential in kg paper 35 http://klimahandling.no/si-nei-til-uadressert-reklame/ Emission intensity of paper (kg CO2/kg paper) 1.10 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2015) NOK saved per household per year 0 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 38.50 Reduced printing (printing management system, two-sided printing) kg printed paper consumption per household 50 assumed: 5g/paper * x-sheets/day*365 Estimated relative GHG reduction 30 % (Canonico et al., 2009) (Dempsey and Palilonis, 2012) Cost per kg paper (NOK) 20 Assumed based on online price NOK saved per household per year 300 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 15.00 Reading e-papers instead of newspapers Estimated number of 2.22 (Statistics Norway, 2014b) Cost reduction per month (NOK) 200 Assumed Estimated GHG emissions per person per year (kg CO2-eq) 9.8 (Moberg et al., 2010) NOK saved per household per year 2,400 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 21.76
Reading e-books instead of books Estimated number of books per year 10 Assumed Cost reduction per month 0 Price assumed same for book and e-book GHG emissions per book 1.30 (Moberg et al., 2011) GHG emissions per 0.87 (Moberg et al., 2011) NOK per household per year 0 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 4.30 Plastic Reducing plastic waste by 30% Current yearly plastic per person (kg) 7 (Statistics Norway, 2015) Relative waste reduction 30 % Assumed People per household 2.22 (Statistics Norway, 2014b) Emission intensity (kg CO2-eq/kg plastic) 3 (Winnipeg & Veolia Water, 2011) per kg plastic (NOK) 50 Assumed NOK saved per household per year 233 kg CO2-eq saved per household per year 13.99 Derivation of the input-output framework 2.1 shows a simplified input-output table. The Z-matrix (industry x industry) is the total inter-industry flows matrix. The columns represent total input into each industry, while the rows show total output from each industry. The V-vector/matrix (value added x industry) is the total value added into the industries, and accounts for labor costs, profits, capital costs etc. The y-vector (industry x final demand) is the total final demand containing consumption of households and governments, private investment purchases and net exports. Finally, the (total output x industries) is the total output from the industries, given the final demand.