Supplementary S1 Master list of all recordings used in this study. Archive legend: XC = xeno-canto; ML = Macaulay Library; IBC = The Internet Bird Collection; AVoCet = Avian vocalizations Center; PWS = Professional Wildlife Sounds; MA = McPherson Natural History Unit Sound Archive; P = Private collection of recordist. Taxa Archive Accession code Locality Recordists Date novaeseelandiae XC XC33770 Pakihi, Okarito, New Zealand Patrik novaeseelandiae P N.A. Pakihi, Okarito, New Zealand N.A. N.A. novaeseelandiae XC XC34725 Paparoa, New Zealand Frank Lambert novaeseelandiae MA N.A. Central North Island, New Zealand N.A. N.A. novaeseelandiae P N.A. Eglington Valley, Fiordland, New Zealand N.A. N.A. novaeseelandiae ML 9428 Jacks bay, Northland, New Zealand N.A. Sep-65 novaeseelandiae MA N.A. Porirua, Wellington, New Zealand N.A. Oct-02 novaeseelandiae MA N.A. Ttikitiki, New Zealand N.A. Oct-57 novaeseelandiae MA N.A. Ulva Island, New Zealand N.A. Dec-74 novaeseelandiae MA N.A. Whangeri, New Zealand N.A. novaeseelandiae XC XC216707 Wellington City, New Zealand Johannes Fischer novaeseelandiae XC XC114338 Paparoa National Park, New Zealand George Wagner novaeseelandiae XC XC90254 Pakihi, Okarito, New Zealand George Armistead novaeseelandiae XC XC90253 Pakihi, Okarito, New Zealand George Armistead novaeseelandiae XC XC185968 Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand Nick Talbot
novaeseelandiae XC XC198894 Abel Tasman National Park, New Zealand Rob van Bemmelen 2-Jan-14 novaeseelandiae XC XC153818 Fiordland National Park, Southland, New Zealand Fernand Deroussen novaeseelandiae ML 136145 Pongakawa Ecological Reserve, New Zealand Matthew Medler novaeseelandiae IBC N.A. Stewart Island, New Zealand Josep del Hoyo novaeseelandiae PWS N.A. Hamilton, New Zealand Fred van Gessel 6-Dec-13 novaeseelandiae XC XC206471 Paparoa National Park, New Zealand Jim Holmes novaeseelandiae ML 136118 Pongakawa Ecological Reserve, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand Matthew Medler leucopsis P N.A. Mount Field National Park, Tasmania Ron Nagorcka N.A. leucopsis P N.A. Mount Field National Park, Tasmania Fred van Gessel N.A. leucopsis P N.A. Paloona, Tasmania Fred van Gessel leucopsis XC XC204416 Mount Field National Park, Tasmania Marc Anderson lurida P N.A. Mount Lewis, Queensland, Australia Jack Leighton N.A. lurida XC XC98442 Lake Eacham, Queensland, Australia Patrik Åberg lurida PWS N.A. Paluma Queensland, Australia Fred van Gessel lurida PWS N.A. Lewis, Queensland, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook PWS N.A. Eungella, Queensland, Australia Fred van Gessel Sep-97 boobook PWS N.A. Eungella, Queensland, Australia Fred van Gessel Sep-97 14
boobook PWS N.A. Eungella, Queensland, Australia Fred van Gessel 2-Dec-90 boobook P N.A. New South Wales, Australia David Stewart N.A. boobook PWS N.A. Boonoo Boonoo National Park, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook PWS N.A. Calcairn, New South wales, Australia Fred van Gessel Oct-97 boobook PWS N.A. Dunn Swamp Capertre, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook PWS N.A. Gloucester Tops, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel 1-Oct-89 boobook PWS N.A. Gloucester Tops, New Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel 1-Oct-89 boobook PWS N.A. Gloucester Tops, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel Sep-89 boobook PWS N.A. Gloucester Tops, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook PWS N.A. Gloucester Tops, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook PWS N.A. Gloucester Tops, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook PWS N.A. Gloucester Tops, New Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook PWS N.A. Widden Valley, New South wales, Australia Fred van Gessel Sep-90 boobook P N.A. SE Forests National Park, New wales, Australia Richard Nelson 2008 boobook P N.A. Goobang National Park, New South Wales, Australia Richard Nelson 2010 boobook P N.A. Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia Marc Anderson
boobook P N.A. Victoria, Australia Len Jackson N.A. boobook P N.A. Victoria, Australia Len Jackson N.A. boobook P N.A. Cann River, Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb boobook P N.A. Tonimbuk, Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb 9-Oct-80 boobook P N.A. Christmas Hills, Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb 5-Sep-05 boobook P N.A. Belgrave, Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb boobook P N.A. Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb boobook P N.A. Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb boobook P N.A. Gembrook, Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb boobook P N.A. Point, Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb boobook P N.A. Rainbow, Victoria, Australia Ed McNabb boobook XC XC218050 Dharug National Park, New South Wales, Australia Mac Anderson boobook XC XC205630 South Gundagai, New South Wales, Australia Ding Li Yong 4-Dec-14 boobook XC XC201470 Dunn's Swamp, New South Wales, Australia Mac Anderson boobook XC XC172011 Dunn's Swamp, New South Wales, Australia Mac Anderson boobook XC XC171992 Dunn's Swamp, New South Wales, Australia Mac Anderson boobook XC XC155097 Lamington National Park, Queensland, Australia Fernand Deroussen boobook XC XC195640 Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia Jeremy Hegge boobook XC XC168206 Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia Jeremy Hegge 2-Feb-14 boobook ML 125937 Grampian Highlands, Victoria, Australia Linda Macaulay Oct-05
boobook ML 9429 Lamington National Park, Queensland, Australia Fred Loetscher Jr. 8-Dec-68 boobook ML 189107 Camp Mountain Village, Queensland, Australia Cedar 2-Oct-13 boobook P N.A. Samford Valley, Brisbane, Australia Chyi Yin Gwee 4-Dec-15 boobook PWS N.A. Kroombit Tops National Park ,Queensland, Australia Fred van Gessel 7-Oct-14 boobook PWS N.A. Wollemi National Park, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook XC XC211779 Black Hill Conservation Park, South Australia, Australia Mac Anderson boobook PWS N.A. Tregole National Park, Queensland, Australia Fred van Gessel boobook PWS N.A. Kinchega National Park, New South Wales, Australia Fred van Gessel 3-Oct-97 halmaturina P N.A. Flinder Chase National Park, Kangaroo Island, Australia Chyi Yin Gwee ocellata PWS N.A. Fitzgerald National Park, West Australia, Australia Fred van Gessel ocellata PWS N.A. Fitzgerald National Park, West Australia, Australia Fred van Gessel ocellata PWS N.A. Conimbla National Park, West Australia, Australia Fred van Gessel Nov-07 ocellata PWS N.A. Reynolds River National Park, Northern Territory, Australia Fred van Gessel ocellata PWS N.A. Lee Point, Northern Territory, Australia Fred van Gessel ocellata XC XC170213 Menora, Western Australia, Australia John Graff
ocellata XC XC164978 York Street, Western Australia, Australia Nigel Jackett ocellata XC XC162328 Musgrave Roadhouse, Queensland, Australia Henk ocellata ML 173633 National Park, Australia Cedar 3-Dec-12 ocellata PWS N.A. Coober Pedy, South Australia, Australia Fred van Gessel Aug-02 ocellata PWS N.A. Main Well Gammon Range, South Australia, Australia Fred van Gessel ocellata PWS N.A. Wilpena Pound Flinders Range, South Australia, Australia Fred van Gessel ocellata P N.A. Sawu Island Philippe Verbelen rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Philippe Verbelen rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Philippe Verbelen rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Peter Collaerts Jun-11 rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island James Eaton Jul-12 rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island James Eaton Sep-13 rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Cooleman rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Philippe Verbelen rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Mike Nelson Jul-15 rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Rheindt rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Frank Rheindt rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Rheindt rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Frank Rheindt N.A. rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Rheindt
rotiensis P N.A. Rote Island Frank Rheindt 1-Dec-15 fusca P N.A. Timor Philippe Verbelen fusca P N.A. Camplong, West Philippe Verbelen XC XC68850 Los Palos, Frank Lambert fusca XC XC68850 Los Palos, Frank Lambert fusca XC XC68848 Los Lambert fusca XC XC68848 Los Palos, Frank Lambert fusca XC XC68851 Los Palos, Lambert fusca XC XC68851 Los Frank Lambert fusca P N.A. West timor James Eaton fusca P N.A. West James Eaton fusca P N.A. Timor-Leste Colin Trainor fusca P N.A. Colin Trainor fusca P N.A. Timor-Leste Colin Trainor fusca P N.A. Timor-Leste Trainor 5-Oct-04 fusca P N.A. Colin Trainor 5-Oct-04 fusca P N.A. James Eaton XC XC112133 Camplong, West Raf Drijvers fusca ML 168919 Bipolo, West Timor Timothy Burr 9-Feb-12 fusca P N.A. Oel Nasi, West Timor Mike Nelson Jul-15 fusca P N.A. Oel Nasi, West Timor Mike Nelson Jul-15 fusca P N.A. Nino Konis, Timor-Leste N.A. Nov-13 P N.A. Oel Nasi, West Timor Frank Rheindt fusca P N.A. Oel Nasi, West Timor Frank Rheindt fusca P N.A. Oel Nasi, West Timor Frank Rheindt
plesseni P N.A. Pantar Philippe Verbelen 2-Sep-09 plesseni P N.A. Pantar Philippe Verbelen 4-Sep-09 plesseni P N.A. Pantar Philippe Verbelen 6-Sep-09 plesseni XC XC113306 Mangroves near Barunusa, Pantar Collaerts 4-Jul-11 plesseni P N.A. Pantar Robert Oct-11 plesseni P N.A. kungwera, Alor Philippe Verbelen plesseni P N.A. Tanglapui Timur, Alor Colin Trainor plesseni P N.A. Alor Jon Oct-12 plesseni P N.A. Apui, Alor Stijn Cooleman plesseni P N.A. Apui, Alor Stijn Cooleman plesseni P N.A. Bagan, Pantar Stijn Cooleman plesseni P N.A. Bagan, Pantar Stijn Cooleman plesseni P N.A. Apui, Alor Philippe Verbelen 5-Apr-14 plesseni XC XC153471 Baranusa, Pantar Frank Lambert plesseni XC XC204563 Bagang, Pantar Mike Nelson 9-Oct-14 plesseni XC XC204563 Bagang, Pantar Mike Nelson 9-Oct-14 rudolfi P N.A. Sumba Robert Jun-05 rudolfi AV#8374 Lewapaku Village, Bram Jun-05 rudolfi P N.A. Sumba James Eaton Jul-12 rudolfi XC XC122238 Sumba Bundgaard rudolfi XC XC122236 Lewa, Sumba Bundgaard connivens XC XC103047 Western Hamersley Range, West Australia, Australia Jackett e
connivens XC XC30645 Wildman River, Kakadu National Park, Northern Terrirory, Australia Vicki Powys connivens XC XC30645 Wildman Kakadu National Park, Northern Terrirory, Australia Vicki Powys connivens XC XC174186 Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia Marc Anderson connivens XC XC174186 Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia Marc Anderson theomacha P N.A. Tabubil, New Guinea P Gregory N.A. theomacha AV3651 Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea Pamela theomacha AV15343 Arfak Mountains, West Papua, Indonesia Roskams Sep-10 theomacha AV15345 Varirata National Park, Papua New Guinea Philippe Verbelen Jun-97 theomacha AV17096 Tanah Merah, West Papua, Indonesia Philippe Verbelen Oct-12 theomacha ML 182827 North Goroka, Papua New Guinea Benjamin Freeman theomacha ML 65841 Varirata, Papua New Guinea Scott Connop squamipila P N.A. Seram Craig Robson N.A. squamipila P N.A. Seram Mark van Beirs Nov-08 squamipila P N.A. Sawai, Seram James Eaton Jan-11 squamipila P N.A. Sawai, Seram Eaton Sep-12 squamipila XC XC122022 Masihulan, Seram Todd Mark squamipila XC XC122022 Masihulan, Seram Todd Mark squamipila XC XC122026 Masihulan, Seram Todd Mark forbesi P N.A. 20km north Saumlak, Tanimbar Island Robert Oct-07 forbesi P N.A. Tanimbar Island Philippe Verbelen 1994
forbesi P N.A. Tanimbar Island Bishop Feb-96 forbesi P N.A. Yonif Rd, Tanimbar Island Robert forbesi XC XC122124 Yamdena, Tanimbar Island Frank Lambert hypogramma P N.A. Labi Labi, Halmahera Robert N.A. hypogramma P N.A. Halmahera KD Bishop Oct 87 hypogramma XC XC71672 Kali Batu Putih, Halmahera David Gibbs 1992 hypogramma XC XC203861 Buli Road, Halmahera Mike Nelson hypogramma XC XC120644 Kali Batu Putih, Halmahera Poul Dreyer hantu P N.A. Wamlana, Buru James Eaton N.A. P N.A. Wamlana, Buru Craig Robson Dec-12 hantu XC XC201889 Hutong, Buru Frank Lambert natalis XC XC68846 Christmas Island Lambert Supplementary Table S2 Descriptions of all vocal parameters measured for the characterisation of territorial song. Number Parameter Description i. Number of elements per An element is defined as a trace on a spectrogram that corresponds to a syllable of the song. For instance, a disyllabic territorial call corresponds to two elements per motif. ii. Maximum number of Sub-elements are observed in some recordings in which the trace corresponding to a syllable appears to be broken on the
leucopsis King Island, Tasmania, Australia Tissue - - - - - leucopsis Victoria, Australia Tissue - - - - - boobook 44212 Shoalwater Bay, Ausralia Tissue boobook 44263 Shoalwater Bay, Ausralia Tissue - - - - - boobook AC99 Australian Capital Territory, Australia Tissue - - - - - boobook Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia Tissue - - - - - boobook Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia Tissue - - - - - boobook South Australia, Australia Tissue MV972 Kangaroo Island, Australia Tissue - - - - - MV976 Kangaroo Island, Australia Tissue lurida Atherton, Australia Tissue - - - - - ocellata 46680 Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, Australia Tissue - - - - - ocellata A09 Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia Tissue ocellata A25994 Perth, West Australia, Australia Tissue - - - - -
fusca RJ1004 Semau Island, Timor, Indonesia Tissue rotiensis RJ987 Rote Island, Indonesia Tissue connivens 44208 Shoalwater Bay, Ausralia Tissue connivens Clarke Range, Australia Tissue - - - - - connivens Victoria, Australia Tissue - - - - - rufa C541 Australia Tissue strenua 44726 Lilydale, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Tissue - strenua F023 New Wales, Australia Tissue - - - - - - jacquinoti Garanga River, Solomon islands Tissue - 384685 Africa Tissue - Halmahera, Moluccas, Indonesia Feather - - - - - - squamipila Moluccas, Indonesia Feather - - - - - - natalis Cemetary, Christmas Island, Australia Tissue - natalis George Family Centre, Christmas Tissue - - - - -
Island, Australia natalis Christmas Island, Australia Tissue - - - - - natalis Christmas Island, Australia Tissue natalis Christmas Island, Australia Tissue - - - - - theomacha E115 Tetebedi, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea Tissue