3) Livelihoods and economies (including Community-based natural resource management). e.g. supporting locally managed marine areas in Fiji (participation, recognition of traditional rights and knowledge) e.g. community management of the Quirimbas National Park, Mozambique, including a variety of community rights such as exclusive rights to harvest some resources and refusal of tourism jobs (although n.b. these rights are imposed by park authorities). 4) Enhancing civil society capacity e.g. provision of training in political analysis, advocacy and lobbying to CSOs in Tanzania so that they can better influence policy on natural resource management (including fisheries). 5) Education (environmental) (No fisheries examples found). 6) Disaster risk reduction (inc. re-building homes after disasters) (no fisheries examples found) Fauna and Flora International Securing land and resource rights; e.g. establishing and strengthening community-based institutions in Kenya, e.g. securing access rights in Central America including community-based “Responsible Fishing Areas” in Costa Rica. Addressing gender issues; Helping develop sustainable economic opportunities; e.g. eco-tourism in Cape Verde and Turkey. Recognising the multiple values of nature e.g. supporting indigenous management of ancestral waters, Philippines. 5) Participatory approaches e.g. Participatory/ community management initiatives in Kenya, Honduras, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Cape Verde, Liberia (primarily “participatory management plans”). Capacity building programme focusses on “conservation leadership skills”, rather than human rights. Wildlife Conservation Society Governance that is accountable, transparent and democratic e.g. Fiji ridge-to-reef management plan. Includes incorporating traditional management and local knowledge, improving community-community and community-Government communication; and community based monitoring (participation) Women’s rights e.g. Alternative livelihoods for women (such as bee-keeping, handicrafts) in Belize, Fiji, Madagascar. e.g. Resource management (MPA advisory committee in Belize, “informal” involvement in Fiji). Livelihoods (inc. health, education, access to markets). A 2007 WCS briefing note on Rights and Conservation includes a checklist of how to assess stakeholder rights capacity. There are no case studies explaining if and how this has been applied.
Table 1 (b): Implementation of a human rights based approach at the institutional level by 5 major conservation NGOs that are party to the Conservation Initiative on Human Rights (CI= Conservation International; WWF= World Wildlife Fund; FFI= Fauna and Flora International; WCS=Wildlife Conservation Society; TNC = The Nature Conservancy) – Fully referenced version. Institutional Systems should be put into place in conservation NGOs to ensure consistent respect for/ fulfilment of human rights across the organisation. Such systems should raise organisational awareness of human rights (e.g. staff training) and promote accountability (e.g. monitoring and evaluation, processes for effective consultation and dispute resolution). Work to protect human rights might include encouraging partners (corporate partners, funders or consultants) to apply the same human rights based approach as the organization. It might also include lobbying or assisting other duty-bearers such as Nation States to enhance their human rights capacity) Conservation organisation Human rights based approach Policies on human rights Monitoring and evaluation training on human rights Consultation processes Grievance mechanisms Due diligence of corporate partners Influencing third parties Conservation International CI launched an explicit “rights based approach” in 2012 (IUCN White Paper, 2014), with a dedicated web-portal Policies on: 1. Gender 2. Involuntary resettlement 3. Protection of vulnerable populations 4. Indigenous peoples 5. Partnerships 6. Research ethics Guidelines on incorporating gender into monitoring and evaluation (including indicators and guidance on conducting a gender analysis). Specific advisory unit: Policy Center for Environment and Peace, and Indigenous Advisory Group. Extensive guidelines on integrating gender and Free, Prior, Informed Free, and Informed Consent is a major focus of CI’s approach. Most case studies concern indigenous peoples and land-based conservation. CI has an Accountability and Grievance mechanism in place, as a requirement of its work with GEF. Not clear how complaints are lodged at the community level. CI has a due diligence process for corporate partners, with a specific partnership policy. No examples of how human rights have been investigated in due diligence. No information on advocating for human rights with government partners.
A recent review of CI’s impact evaluation processes makes no mention of conducting human-rights based evaluations A recent social impact monitoring collaboration with WWF and TNC focuses on human (see below). Consent into conservation programming and grant proposals. Workshops on the Approach provided to staff by Social Policy and Practice team. An e-course on the RBA is in development. Women’s Leadership Fund and Indigenous Peoples Conservation Fellowship Programme. WWF References CIHR 1. Statement of Principles on Indigenous Peoples and Conservation 2. Principles and Guidelines on WWF’s recent social impact monitoring (in collaboration with CI and TNC) focuses on measures WWF’s Social Development For Conservation (“SD4C”) team on linking development and WWF recognises the of indigenous peoples to free, prior and informed consent in its WWF has a project complaints resolution policy. Not clear how this is accessible to those in WWF has produced due diligence guidelines for financial investors in forest products, but does not At a global level, WWF has been active in raising awareness of human rights issues
Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Protected Areas 3. Gender policy 4. Policy on Poverty and Conservation of human well-being, that are related to but not directly grounded in, human rights conservation issues across WWF’s global network. No specific human rights focus. Statement of Principles on Indigenous People and Conservation. It has produced Guidelines on FPIC in relation to REDD+. remote communities without access to mail or Process is also not anonymous. clearly outline its own processes for due diligence of partners. related to Fisheries Crime. Fauna and Flora International References CIHR FFI’s position statement on Conservation, Livelihoods and Governance commits to respecting human rights. No information on human rights specific policies. FFI’s guide to social impact assessment is one of its “lessons learned from REDD+” documents. Uses Sustainable Livelihoods Approach – related, but not based on human rights framework. Conservation, Livelihoods and Governance programme that supports FFI staff to work effectively with local people and to understand and integrate their needs and rights within conservation initiatives. No specific reference to human rights. FFI has produced a series of FFI has produced a series of “lessons learned from REDD+” fact sheets that are relevant to human rights, and include guidance on free, prior and informed consent. FFI has produced a factsheet on grievance mechanisms in the context of REDD+ forest schemes. No details on the application of grievance mechanisms in practice, especially not in relation to fisheries. Human rights are investigated during FFI’s corporate due diligence processes include human rights review. No details available for any of these review processes. No information on advocating for rights with government partners.
Wildlife Conservation Society References CIHR WCS had a policy on human displacement, although not clear if this is still in force ([3]Roe, in Campese 2009). USAID Basic necessities survey to check people have access to essentials. USAID Natural Resource Governance tool to assess transparency and accountability of Governance. Rapid Gender Assessment in fisheries (notes that few field sites collect gender disaggregated data, and many do not have women specific programmes). WCS conducting a review of human rights No information found on staff capacity building or support in relation to human rights. No information found suggesting that WCS has a specific policy on free, prior informed consent. No information on dispute resolution. WCS Business and Conservation Approach does not reference rights related due diligence procedures. No information found on advocating for human rights with government partners.