Table S2 Typical examples of electrospinning toward use in tissue engineering Target organ and Molecules encapsulated or loaded Features morphology Fabrication process Matrix materials Ref. Scaffold dressing and Skin: Dermal wounds dressing) Silver NP Antibacterial activity; Solid nanofiber (130-192nm) Single needle//static collector Chitosan oligosaccharides(COS) /PVA [] Growth factors sustained release Solid nanofiber (130-150nm) Single needle/static collector chitosan/PEO [] Aligned fibers; scab mimicking design Solid nanofiber (200-500nm) Single needle/static collector PU []. Excellent oxygen permeability; fluid drainage Solid nanofiber (250-300nm) Single needle/static collector PU [] Aligned fibers; Solid nanofiber(321.8-346.3nm) Single needle/static collector PVA [] Emodin Sustained release Solid nanofiber (no information about diameter ) Single needle/static collector PVP [] Human epidermal growth factor Amine-containing surface; growth factor conjugation on fiber surface Solid nanofiber (no information about diameter) Single needle/static collector PCL/PEG [] Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) coating with positively charged chitosan and negatively charged Type collagen Solid nanofiber (392~541nm) Single needle/static collector PCL/cellulose acetate (CA) [] Skin Epidermal induction factors/ adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) Sustained release; differentiation Core/shell solid nanofiber (366~456nm) Coaxial needle/static collector [] Blood outgrowth endothelial cells Cell attachment; wound healing Solid nanofiber (304, 507nm) Single needle/ static collector PLA/chitosan, and PLA/chitosan/collagen []
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/ growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) Dual growth factor releasing system Solid nanofiber (130-150nm) Single needle/static collector Chitosan/PEO [] Keratinocytes fiber surface; collagen gel coating on mat Solid nanofiber (331±112nm/ 55±26nm) Single needle syringe/static collector Collagen/PCL [] NIH 3T3 fibroblast and primary rat skin cell Sandwich-type mat consisting of radially-aligned nanofibers (bottom),microskin tissue(middle) Nanofiber membranes with square-arrayed microwells and structural cues on the surface (top) Solid nanofiber (no information about diameter ) Single needle; rotating collector with square arrayed wells; static collector consisting of a ring electrode and a point electrode PCL [] Bone Hydroxyapatite NP/ mouse 7F2 osteoblast-like cells Genipin crosslinking; good mechanical property (335 ±119 nm) Single needle/ static collector Chitosan [] Hydroxyapatite NP/ human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) Biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibers Solid (214±25 nm) Single needle/static collector Chitosan/PEO [] Hydroxyapatite NP Good biocompatibility; Guided bone regeneration in vivo Solid fiber (several hundred nanometers~1 μm) Single needle/ static collector PCL-PEG-PCL [] BMP-2 and dexamethasone (DEX) Dual-drug-loading; sustained release; Solid nanofiber (350~400nm) Single needle/static collector PCE [] Hydroxyapatite NP/ mesenchymal stem (MSCs) Large pore size; high porosity and pore interconnectivity Solid nanofiber (no information about diameter) Single needle/static collector PCL/PEO/collagen [] Phase separation; Core/shell solid nanofiber Single Polyamide-6/ lactic acid [] derived
Periodontal ligament (connective tissue) metronidazole benzoate (MET) Sustained drug release Solid nanofiber (360~999nm) Single needle/static collector PCL [] Connective tissue(knee meniscus) Collagenase Controlled release of degradative enzyme improving repair Solid nanofiber (no information of diameter) Tri-needle/ rotating collector PEO/PCL [] Insertion site (Soft-to-hard tissue interface , (connective tissue) Tendon fibroblast Hierarchical scaffold consisting of aligned and randomly-oriented nanofibers; Solid nanofiber (no information about diameter) Single needle/static collector with two metal frames PLGA [] Gelatin deposition; MC3T3 osteoblastic cells Nanofibrous mat with a linear gradient of calcium phosphate nanofiber (no information about diameter) Single needle/static collector PLGA/PCL [] Hydroxyapatite NP/ osteoprogenitor cell Co-electrospun composite nanofibrous mat; Solid fiber (0.47~1.92μm) Dual needles/rotating collector PCL/PEUU [] Cartilage Rabbit articular chondrocytes Plasma treated fibers; gelatin coating; improved cell differentiation Solid nanofiber (222±14nm) Single needle/static collector PLA [] Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) Composite fiber mat; cell-seeded scaffold for in vivo test Solid nanofiber (300~800nm) Single needle/static collector PVA/PCL [] Mesenchymal cells Low-density, electrospun scaffold with physical and biological cues of native ECM Solid nanofiber (410±60nm) Single needle/static collector PVA/chondroitin sulfate [] Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) Aligned nanofibers; Solid nanofiber (500nm) Single needle/rotating collector PCL [] Human marrow-derived Aligned nanofiber Solid nanofiber (no information Dual PCL/PEO [] shaped
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) scaffold with large pores; cell infiltration about diameter) needles/rotating collector BSA/rhTGF-b1/peptide E7/ Bone marrowderived stem cells (BMSCs) Co-delivery system; sustained release; Core/shell solid nanofiber (674.4±159.6nm) Co-axial needle/static collector PVP/PCL [] Chondrocytes Tissue-shaped titanium alloy model coated with cells/electrospun mat sandwich Solid nanofiber (440±63nm) Single needle/ static collector Gelatin/PCL [, ] Muscle/(skeletal , smooth, cardiac) Mouse C2C12 myoblasts Highly aligned and electrically conductive nanofibers; myoblast orientation Solid nanofiber (around 350nm) Single needle/static collector with two parallel block magnets PCL/PANi [] Intestinal smooth muscle strips (SMS); Two layers of orthogonally oriented fibers; gelatin coating Solid nanofiber (1~5μm) Single needle/rotating collector PCL [] Human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) and human valve interstitial cells (hVICs) Anisotropic nanofibrillar scaffolds; high porosity; Solid nanofiber (around 600nm) Single needle/rotating collector PCL [] 5-azacytidine High oxygen carrying potential; crosslinking with natural crosslinker Solid nanofiber (390±153nm) Single needle/static collector Hemoglobin/gelatin/fibrinogen [] Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) Natural-issue-like electrospun flat Solid fiber (3.57±1.55μm~4.48±1.56μm) Single needle/static collector Gelatin/fibrinogen [] Myoblasts Aligned hybrid nanofibers with high mechanical properties Solid nanofiber (250-500nm) Single needle/static collector with counter electrode Gelatin/CNT [] Cardiomyocytes (CMs) and flexible Solid nanofiber (167±82nm) Single PGS/gelatin //CNT []
hybrid electrospun scaffolds with enhanced electrical properties needle/static collector with a parallel electrode Valvular endothelial cells (VECs) and valvular interstitial cells (VICs) Electrospun scaffold mimicking the structure and mechanical properties of native valve leaflets Solid nanofiber (370±80nm) Single needle/ static collector PEGdma/PLA [] H9C2 cardiac myoblasts Textile-templated 3D anisotropic scaffolds Solid nanofiber (280.4±96.5nm/699.4±201.1nm) Single needle/ static collector with 3D patterning PLGA/ PCU [] Nerves Nerve cells (PC12) Aligned collagen; topographical cue to direct the orientation of nerve cells Solid nanofiber (205~266nm) Single needle/rotating collector PHBV/collagen [] Neonatal mouse cerebellum C17.2 stem cells Aligned fibers;better contact guidance of the cells Solid nanofiber(253±102nm) Single needle/rotating collector PLLACL/collagen [] Schwann cell Aligned finbers; high porosity and hydrophilicity; Solid nanofiber (168±21~280±26nm) Single needle/rotating collector PLGA–silk fibroin–collagen [] Schwann cell Axially aligned nanofibers; fibrin- cable-like architecture Solid nanofiber (230±63nm) Single needle/rotating collector PLGA–PCL [] Schwann cell Tubular chitosan nanofiber mesh consisting of layer of oriented fibers and an outerlayer of randomized fibers Solid nanofiber (~400nm) Single needle/rotating collector Chitosan []
β-tricalcium phosphate particles; Schwann cell Tubular chitosan nanofiber mesh ; Electrical polarization Solid nanofiber (~400nm) Single needle/rotating collector Chitosan [] Schwann cell; neuron-like PC-12 cell Aligned fibers guide neurite outgrowth Solid nanofiber (408.2±76.6nm) Single needle/rotating collector Chitosan–PCL [] Schwann cell High laminin concentration on fiber surface; excellent mechanical and surface properties Solid nanofiber (494.5±114.9nm) Single needle/static collector Chitosan–PCL [] Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons Mono (MC) and bi-component (BC) fibrous conduits; Solid fiber (0.59±0.15μm/5.61±0.8μm) Single needle/rotating collector PCL/gelatin [] Neural stem cells (NSCs) Aligned fibers; topographical cues; contact guidance of neurite outgrowth Solid nano/microfiber (150~3000nm) Single needle/rotating collector PLA [] Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and rat Schwann cells Aligned fibers; crossing fibers; guidance of neurite outgrowth Solid fiber (1200-1600nm) Single needle/rotating collector PLA [] Retinoic acid/purmorphamine; neural Stem-Like Cells (NSLCs) Co-electrospun fibers with a degradation rate and mechanical properties similar to peripheral nerve tissue Core/shell solid fibers (around 1.6 μm) Co-axial needle/rotating collector PLA/gelatin [] Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) Aligned construct; sub-micro scale topographical cues; Solid nanofiber (400-600nm) Single needle/rotating collector PAN-MA [] based
Laminin and nerve growth factor(NGF) Intra-luminal PLGA guidance channel; PLA outer surface Solid nanofiber (250-1000nm) Single needle/rotating collector PLA/PLGA [] Gold nanoparticles; Schwann Nanocomposite electrospun silk fibroin mat with low electric resistance Solid nanofiber (100-300nm) Single needle/static collector Silk fibroin/PEO [] Blood vessels Sprague Dawley Rat Aortic Endothelial Cells (SDRAECs) High porosity; high water uptake Solid nanofiber (166±85nm) Single needle/rotating collector Spider silk fibroin/PCL/gelatin [] Sprague Dawley Rat Aortic Endothelial Cells (SDRAECs) Biologically active surface; high cell adhesion nanofiber (no information about diameter) Single needle/rotating collector Spider silk fibroin/PCL/chitosan [] Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) Bi-layered vascular graft; internal layer composed of microfibers; external layer composed of random electrospun nanofiber nanofiber (650±460nm) Single needle/rotating collector PCL [] RAW264.7 Macroporous electrospun scaffold with thicker fibres and larger Solid fiber (5-6 μm) Single needle/static collector PCL [] Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) Tri-layered scaffold; anisotropic mechanical properties Solid nanofiber (no information about diameter) Single needle; static collector with two aluminum electrodes PGS/PCL [] Human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) pNIPAM grafted and micropatterned PDMS substrate is covered with an aligned Solid submicron fiber (0.98±0.18μm) Single needle; rotating collector PCL []
electrospun mat; Rolling of nanofiber/PDMS mat over sterile mandrel Cell encapsulation Basic research Human astrocytoma (1321N1) Continuous composite microfibers Solid fiber(various diameter that results from cell encapsulations) Co-axial single needle/static collector(liquid medium) PDMS [] Mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) Cell suspension core encapsulated in Matrigel Core/shell hollow fiber (no information about diameter) Co-axial single needle/static collector Modified matrigelTM [] Table S3 Typical examples of microfluidic spinning toward use in tissue engineering Target organ/cell type Cells or Molecules encapsulated or loaded Features morphology Fabrication process Matrix materials Ref. Scaffold Wound dressing hydrophobic + hydrophilic drugs multiple drug loading for wound healing Solid, peapod-like internals (150-200μm) Glass capillary tubes Chitosan [] Ampicillin Antibiotic drug loading for wound healing, delayed drug release Solid, crystal-like structure by dehydration (~100μm) PDMS channel Alginate [] Liver Primary rat hepatocytes in situ construction of a 3D cell-laden fibrous scaffold with diverse compositions and Solid, parallel coding (~100μm) PDMS with round channel Alginate []
NIH-3T3 In situ production of Janus fibers with porous/non porous region Solid, Janus (asymmetric); porous/nonporous surfaces (~50μm) PDMS channel PU [] Encapsulation type Basic research (Fibroblast/cancer L929 - Solid (19-55μm) Pulled pipettes in PDMS alginate [] L929 Heterogeneous structure (20-250μm) PDMS with round channel Silk fibroin/alginate [] NIH-3T3 + magnetic particles, ferrofluid Hydrophobic/philic droplet encapsulation fibers) Solid, composite droplet-in (Diameter: fiber 80–128μm; droplet 113–187μm) PDMS Alginate [] NIH-3T3 + HepG2 Fiber assembly by weaving and reeling Core-shell (OD: 210μm, ID: 92μm) Pulled pipettes Alginate/collagen/fibrin [] NIH-3T3 cells + HepG2 Spatially controlled co-culture Solid/Janus, multiple-shell hollow (30–130μm) Inserted multiple capillaries in collection capillary inside a square capillary Alginate [] NIH-3T3, HeLa Guided cell growth in soft-core region parallel coding (anisotropic) PDMS Alginate [] HeLa Cell-encapsulated yarn-ball shaped characteristics of both beads and of fibers Solid, yarn-ball-shaped (Fiber: 12.9–26.2μm) PDMS Alginate [] HeLa + 10T1/2 cells (surface) filament-like structures with outer cell sheath Hollow, removal (sacrificial) (OD: Membrane thickness:70-140μm) Coaxial double orifice spinneret Alg-Ph [] Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) cells - Solid (211.4-364.3μm) PMMA Alginate [] Nerve PC12 Guided cell alignment in region, artificial bundle parallel patterns in periphery (60-130μm) PDMS with micronozzle array structures Alginate/Propylene glycol alginate (PGA) []
structures PC12 Guided cell alignment in region parallel coding (anisotropic) (7–200μm) PDMS Alginate [] Primary rat cortical Intrinsic morphologies and functions (Ca2+ oscillations of neuron) Core-shell (OD: ID: 92μm) Pulled pipettes Alginate/collagen/fibrin [] primary mouse neural stem cells Neural differentiation induction in Core-shell (OD: ID: 92μm) Pulled glass pipettes Alginate/collagen/fibrin [] Muscle Dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) Differentiation into smooth muscle cell lineage, controlled 3D cell alignment and orientation, fiber self-assembly with coiled spring structure Core-shell (300–350μm) Pulled pipettes Alginate/collagen/fibrin [] Primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes + cardiac fibroblasts Cell patterning on Mosaic hydrogel sheets Flat, Mosaic (Width: 3 mm, height: 150–350 μm) PDMS with flat channel Alginate [] primary rat cardiomyocytes Intrinsic morphologies and functions (spontaneous contraction between (OD: 210μm, ID:92μm) Pulled glass pipettes Alginate/collagen/fibrin [] Cartilage Chondrocytes from human nasal septum cartilage Chondrogenesis in microfiber Solid (10–50μm) PDMS Alginate [] Liver HepG2 Guided cell culture Solid(100μm) Pulled glass pipettes in PDMS Alginate/chitosan [] HepG2 - Core-shell(OD: ~500μm, ID:96-351μm) Coaxial double cylinder Alginate/PVA [] Primary rat hepatocytes + L929 Spatially controlled co-culture, Digital valve control system Solid, parallel coding (100-250μm) PDMS with round channel Alginate [] Primary rat hepatocytes + Spatially controlled Solid, parallel coding PDMS Alginate []
muscle cells (HIVS-125) (in gel matrix) structure ID: 0.3μm) Endothelial cells (EA.hy926) Increased physical strength of hydrogels Solid (250μm) Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) [] Bovine carotid artery endothelial cells (BECs) Vascular-like structures within collagen gel, Artificial endothelialized tubes Solid, removal (sacrificial) (250/500μm) Glass tubule/stainless steel needle Alginate [] Bovine carotid artery endothelial cells (BECs) + mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) (surface) Vascular-like structures within collagen gel, Tubular constructs with layered ECs and SMCs Solid, removal (sacrificial) (150-1200μm) Glass tubule/stainless steel needle needle Alginate [] Primary human endothelial cells(HUVEC), MS1 Intrinsic morphologies and functions (tubular structure) Core-shell(OD: 210μm, ID:92μm) Pulled glass pipettes Alginate/collagen/fibrin [] Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) Vascular-like structures within collagen gel Solid, removal (sacrificial) (500μm) Double co-axial cylinder system Alg-Ph [] Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) + human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) (surface) Tubular constructs with layered ECs and SMCs Core-shell, removal after gelatin-Ph coating Double co-axial cylinder system Alg-Ph []