Thermal comfort Workplace Regulations Thermal comfort for more vulnerable pupils will generally need higher category comfort criteria and particular needs of pupils should be considered. Overhead radiant heating panel sizing tool to limit radiant temperature asymmetry. See section 7.4. Maximum floor surface temperatures for underfloor heating that should not be exceeded during normal occupation. See section 7.5. Central control of heating set points and run times with local control of heat emitters. See section 4.8 and ESFA GDB, Annex 2I: Controls. Monitoring and logging performance using temperature sensor/logger. See ESFA GDB Annex 2I: Controls. ISO 7730 is underlying comfort standard. Risk assessments are needed for surface temperatures and low surface temperature (LST) emitters may be required for more vulnerable pupils.
accordance with section 7.3.2 and tables 7.3 and 7.4. Window design Glass safety Window restrictors AD K - Protection from falling, collision and impact Sill heights for different age groups and window restrictors for safety. See ESFA GDB Annex 2C: External Fabric. Actuators for window opening need to be robust and serviceable. Openable areas using effective area as defined in section 8.3 and annex D Ventilation design Local extract rates AD F Extract rates in section 5.2 and table 5.1. Cooling may be required for reprographics rooms in addition to extract ventilation required to remove pollutants from photocopying machines.
Gas safety interlocks on ventilation. See section 2.9. staff within educational establishments’. IGEM UP 2, edition 3 ‘Installation pipework on industrial and commercial premises’. See section 2.9, IGEM UP 11 and IGEM UP 19. IGEM UP 1101 ‘Guidance on gas installations for the management and within educational establishments’.
rooms, including practical spaces, and computer suites eg manually opened windows or room ventilation with on/off and variable speed control Spaces with less than normal level of activity or clothing, including sick, isolation rooms, changing rooms and gymnasia and dance and movement studios Category II or III Special schools and resourced provision, where needs of pupils tend to be complex and varied, including pupils with physical difficulties or profound and multiple learning difficulties. Category I or II pupils or adults may be wet and partially clothed for a significant length of time, such as swimming pools; Category II young children under 5 years old or those with SEN (Special education needs) or physical disabilities may be wet or partially clothed for a significant length of time. More rapid air movement leads to greater chilling by evaporation and to compensate, a higher design temperature is required. Category I Category IV should only be used in classrooms and other teaching spaces where there is local control over the room ventilation with variable speed control with override control by the teacher. The air quality criteria regarding CO2 levels must still be met. Table 74 Draught criteria for mechanical ventilation systems Recommended to provide thermal comfort Category of Draught criteria to provide thermal comfort Winter Summer and mid-season ∆T (Min maintained operative temp - plume local air temp) Maximum air velocity (m/s) ∆T (Troom, operative - plume local air temp) When Troom ≤25oC or Tcomf Maximum air velocity (m/s) I 1.5 0.15 1.5 0.15
lightning fossil fuel power stations motor vehicles Domestic combustion appliances emit nitric oxide (NO), which is a reactive compound that is oxidised to NO2. Epidemiological studies suggest that children who are exposed to combustion contaminants from gas stoves have higher rates of respiratory symptoms and illness than other children. There have been concerns that infants may be at a higher risk of symptoms of high indoor NO2 levels because of their high respiratory rates in relation to body size and because they spend a large proportion of their time indoors. Formaldehyde Formaldehyde: is released from most materials is used extensively as a preservative, disinfectant and biocide is a component of glues, varnishes, printing materials, textile treatments, permanent markers, automotive equipment, and dozens of other products is formed in combustion processes, tobacco smoking in particular It is formed by the air chemistry of terpenes, are contained in fragrances and air fresheners, and in particular as a product of the hydrolysis of formaldehyde based resins (mostly urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine formaldehyde) resins. Because of its multitude of indoor sources, formaldehyde is found ubiquitously in almost all indoor environments at levels that exceed outdoor concentrations by an order of magnitude or more. Indoor concentrations of formaldehyde are influenced by temperature, humidity, ventilation Formaldehyde has a pungent odour and has irritating properties which cause discomfort. The symptoms displayed short-term exposure to formaldehyde are: irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, together with exposure-dependent discomfort, lachrymation, sneezing, coughing, nausea and dyspnoea. Children have been reported to be more sensitive to formaldehyde exposure. In December 2012, the European harmonised classification and labelling system classified formaldehyde as a Category 1B carcinogen. Note: A Category 1 substance is known or presumed to have carcinogenic/mutagenic potential for humans. For category 1A, the assessment is based primarily on human evidence; for category 1B, the assessment is based primarily on animal evidence. Smoking is not permitted in schools.
Tobacco smoke is also an important source of indoor CO pollution. Epidemiological studies involving large population groups, where exposures were generally at relatively low carbon monoxide levels, have demonstrated increased incidences of low birth weight, congenital defects, infant and adult mortality, cardiovascular admissions, congestive heart failure, stroke, asthma, tuberculosis and pneumonia (WHO 2010). Smoking is not permitted in schools Ozone Outdoors, particularly in urban settings near areas of high traffic, levels of ozone can become sufficiently elevated to cause health problems, particularly in sensitive individuals, such as elderly people or asthmatics. Since outdoor air is drawn into buildings through ventilation systems or open windows, elevated outdoor ozone levels can cause elevated levels indoors. A number of indoor sources can increase ozone levels even more and have been known to cause respiratory problems. The indoor sources of ozone are: office machinery (particularly electrical equipment) computer terminals laser printers photocopiers Photocopiers are usually fitted with carbon filters to minimise emissions. However, without an effective maintenance regime, ozone concentrations can rise to unacceptably high levels. Being a strong oxidant, ozone can exert various physiological effects on pulmonary (lung) function, including reductions in lung function, air-exchange rates, and airway permeability. Ozone can also act as an irritant. The health impacts of exposure to elevated ozone levels include eye irritation, shortness of breath (dyspnoea), coughing, asthma, excessive mucous production, mucous membrane irritation, and chest pain upon inhalation. Subjects such as asthmatics and those with allergic rhinitis may be particularly susceptible to the effects of elevated ozone.