Name: Teacher: This is the whole course in one booklet. It is set up in exam order. You should use this to accompany any other notes you have. There is also a command word mat which tells what each command word means, how many points to make, what words in the question mean. Paper 1 2 3 Date: 22nd May 2018 5th June 2018 11th June 2018 Length: 1 hour 30 minutes 1 hour 30 minutes 1 hour 15 minutes Time of day: PM PM PM number of marks: 88 3 marks for SPaG 88 3 marks for SPaG 76 6 marks for SPaG Equipment needed: 2 black or blue pens 2 pencils Ruler Calculator 2 black or blue pens 2 pencils Ruler Calculator 2 black or blue pens 2 pencils Ruler Calculator Topics covered: Section A – Question 1: Challenges of Natural hazards – 33 marks – answer all questions Section B – Question 2: The living world – 25 marks – answer all questions Section C: Question 3 – Coasts – 15 marks Question 4 – Rivers – 15 marks Question multiple-choice, short answers, 2 x 9 markers Section A – Question 1: Urban issues and challenges – 33 marks – answer all questions Section B – Question 2: The changing economic world -30 marks – answer all questions Section C: Answer Question 3 and question 6 (ENERGY) – 25 marks Question types: multiple-choice, short answers, 2 x 9 markers Section A – Question 1: Issue Evaluation – 37 marks – answer all questions Section B – Question 2: Geographical skills and fieldwork – 39 marks – answer all questions Question types: multiple-choice, short answers, 2 x 9 markers.
Seismometers and lasers monitor earth movement to predict for earthquakes. Volcanoes give off signs such as sulphur dioxide gas or bulges to indicate magma is rising. Monitor tectonic plate movement Well monitor the volcano to predict when it will go off so people can evacuate Sometimes you can’t predict them! Buildings are designed to withstand earthquakes e.g. frames. Automatic shut off switches to gas and electricity in case is an earthquake. Emergency services prepare for disasters. People educated on what to do if there is an earthquake e.g. Japan. Emergency supplies e.g. food are stockpiled. WEATHER HAZARDS Global atmospheric circulation helps to determine patterns of weather and climate General atmospheric circulation model: pressure belts and surface winds Air circulates between high and low pressure belts as surface winds: Winds are large scale movements of air caused by differences in air pressure. Differences in air pressure are caused by differences in temperature between the equator and the poles. Winds move FROM the areas of high pressure TO the areas of low pressure. are part of global atmospheric circulation loops (or cells). These loops have warm rising air which creates low pressure belt. There are loops in each hemisphere and it works as below:
How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of tropical storms. MONITORING SATELLITES -The classic cloud pattern is monitored -Rain clouds at 16km in the sky indicate a tropical The Global Precipitation Measurement satellite monitors the clouds 65 degree north and south of the equator to look for these clouds AIR CRAFT -Drones from planes fly through tropical storms at 10,000 feet to collect data on air pressure, rainfall and wind -NASA monitors weather patterns across the Atlantic using unmanned aircraft called Global Hawk. This monitors the data PREDICTION In 2013, NOAA developed two computers to give 5 days warnings and an accurate location of within 400 km The National Hurricane centre in Florida predicts a tropical storms path for 7 days using ‘track clone’. This is 70% accurate. Early warnings are issued so people have time to evacuate due to prediction. However some people do not both as it is costly, time consuming and not always accurate PROTECTION Buildings have of weakness which can be reinforced. FEMA advises home owners to: -install hurricane straps (metal strips) between roofs and walls shutter on windows -install emergence generators -tie down objects like garden furniture that blow away -reinforce garage doors -remove trees close to buildings and mangroves can reduce wind energy can trap debris Do not on low lying areas Build levees and flood walls to reduce the impact of a storm surge (like a tsunami wall of water) Build a house on stilts PLANNING American National Hurricane Preparedness Week in May encourages people to plan what they need. For example: -supply kits (long life food and medical kits) -fuel in cars -knowing where evacuation centres are -storing objects
The UK is affected by a number of weather hazards An overview of the types of weather hazard experienced in the UK: RAIN Too much rain in too short time can cause flooding which can disrupt homes and possessions, disrupt transport networks and cause death by drowning. It can also force businesses to close and recovering from flooding can cost millions of pounds. E.g. wet winter during 2014 WIND Strong winds (gales) can damage properties and cause disruption to transport. Unrooted trees and debris can injure people. are very strong in coastal areas of the UK E.g 2005 in Birmingham SNOW AND ICE Snow and ice can cause injuries due to slipping and deaths due to the cold. Schools and businesses can be to shut and lots of disruption to road and rail. Can damage crops. E.G. Beast from the east 2018 HAILSTORMS Can make driving very dangerous and can damage property HEAT Water supplies are low during a drought which can cause crop failures. Can people breathing difficulties e.g. pollution builds up due to heat wave. THUNDERSTORMS: rain, lightening and strong winds can cause death and damage. It can also cause fires. *You need to know an example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK – remember that time when you were off school having snow days!!! (see next page)*
The last glacial period ended 15,000 years ago and since then the climate has been warming. Global warming is the term used to describe the sharp rise in global temperatures over the last century and is a type of climate change. Evidence of climate change: Modern evidence (temperature records): Climate change is the long-term change in the weather Occurs over thousands of years Earth’s average surface air temperature has increased by approximately 1 degree Celsius over the last 100 years Sea-levels have by 19cm since 1900 – due to thermal expansion and ice sheets melting temperatures are the warmest they have been since 1850 World’s glaciers and ice sheets are decreasing in size Antarctica loses 134 billion tonnes per year Past evidence: TREE RINGS: As a tree it forms a new ring each year – the tree rings are thicker in warm, wet conditions. Scientists take cores and count the rings to find the age of a tree. The thickness of each ring show what the climate is like. Tree rings are a reliable source of evidence of climate change for the past 10,000 years ICE CORES: Ice sheets are made up of layers of ice – one layer is formed each year. Scientists drill into ice sheets to get long cores of ice. By analysing the gases trapped in the layers of ice they can tell what the temperature was each year. Oxygen isotopes (the amount of oxygen in the ice) are used to estimate temperatures. One ice core SEDIMENTS: The remains of organisms found in cores taken from ocean sediments can also be analysed. These can extend the temperature record back at least 5 million years. Plankton can reveal information such as past surface water temperatures and levels of FOSSIL POLLEN: Pollen from plants gets preserved in sediment, e.g. at the bottom of lakes or in peat bogs. Scientists can identify the preserved pollen to show which species were living at that time. Scientists know the conditions that plants live in now, so preserved pollen form similar plants shows that climate conditions were similar.
from Antarctica shows the temperature changes over the last 400,000 years oxygen and nutrients The causes of climate change: – Caused by man PHYSICAL/NATURAL – Caused naturally Physical causes of climate change: OUTPUT The amount of energy off by the sun can be measured by observing sunspots. Sunspots = A dark that appears from time to time on the sun. Lots of sunspots = lots of solar energy = warm Over the last 50 years, the amount of sunspots have not changed so this shows that solar energy alone can not be responsible for climate change. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY: Violent volcanic eruptions blast lots of ash, gas and liquids into the atmosphere. Volcanic ash can out the sun causing the temperature to drop. Sulphur dioxide can turn to sulphuric acid after an eruption and reflect the radiation from the sun. When there is a cooling of the atmosphere = a volcanic winter. ORBITAL CHANGES: The way the Earth moves around the sun changes. For example, the path of the Earth’s orbit around the sun changes from an almost perfect circle to an ellipse (an oval) and back again over 96,000 years. These changes affect the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives. If the Earth receives lots of energy then it gets warmer. Orbital changes may have caused glacial and interglacial cycles in the Quaternary Human causes of climate change: What is the enhanced greenhouse effect? The atmosphere allows most of the heat from the sun wave radiation) to pass straight through to warm up the Earth’s surface. However, when the Earth gives off heat in the form of long-wave radiation, some gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane (caused by huamns) are able to absorb it. Therefore, the greenhouse effect keeps the Earth warm. Causes of the greenhouse effect:
raised so that more water can fit into the channel. This means that the river channel holds more water before flooding occurs. This reduces the flood risk. security and don’t prepare for the flood. Embankments have high maintenance costs and need repairing a lot! They sometimes put concrete in to line the channel and this can cause animals to lose their habitats! Can be used as a riverside footpath for people Cheaper than other HE methods Can provide habitats for water voles. FLOOD RELIEF CHANNELS A flood relief channel is an artificially made channel that is designed to back up the main river channel for a river that often floods. It does this so that urban areas do not flood. During times of high discharge (lots of water in the river), gates open to allow the excess water to go into the flood relief channel) to stop flooding. Footpaths and cycle tracks can be built along the new channel. This means people can bird watch. A relief channel protects 3000 properties in Exeter Some relief channels have artificial reed beds in them which give animals a habitat. However, some relief channels can destroys animal’s habitats. People who used to live where the relief channel is built in Exeter have to move. Settlements downstream of the relief channel can be flooded. SOFT ENGINEERING: STRATEGY HOW IT WORKS and Floodplain Zoning Where the land is used to minimise the risk of flooding. The Environment Agency categorises land into four The most important buildings are built in zone 1 and the least important buildings are built in zone 3b. In some cities, building has already place on the floodplain. There is a housing shortage in the UK so a restriction on building houses is not helpful Habitats are destroyed due to building on other greenfield sites. Cheap Provides space Less flooding due to not building on floodplain warnings and preparation The Environmental Agency have an action plan for areas that are at It is a cheap way of protecting people and their property. If people are warned then they can keep valuables safe.
risk. The MET office analyses data from its weather stations and gives flood warnings. These warnings are publicised via the media so people can prepare for a flood. It is a way of ensuring people’s safety without having to invest in high cost hard engineering. It may not help people who live in areas that are prone to flood. It does not stop a flood so insurance costs will be high. warnings are only effective if people listen to them and take notice of them. Not everyone has access to social Planting trees (afforestation) Planting trees on slopes helps intercept the rainfall to reduce the flood risk. The trees take up water via their roots. More CO2 is absorbed. The trees leaves can reduce surface runoff. Animals gain new habitats Animals could lose grazing land. Planting more trees changes the appearance of a landscape e.g. less open grass and it could look unnatural. Not 100% effective River restoration This is when the river that has previously been hard engineered is restored in an environmentally friendly way back to being a river channel. For example, trees are planted and storage areas are made. Creates new wetland habitats Looks nice Increase water storage reduces floods downstream. Expensive – Up to £11 billion. Lose crops Not 100% effective An example of a flood management scheme in the UK = Jubilee River Restoration (Windsor) Location and Background