expression of genetic traits. genetic trait. Examples include the following: lung/mouth cancer – tobacco use skin cancer – vitamin D, folic acid and sun exposure diabetes – diet/exercise and genetic interaction PKU – diet disease – diet/exercise and genetic interaction SC.2.3 Evolution and Genetics: Understand the application of DNA technology. Objectives What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do Teaching Notes and Resources SC.2.3.1 Interpret how DNA is used for comparison and identification of organisms. Summarize the process of gel electrophoresis as a technique to separate molecules based on size. Students should learn the general steps of gel electrophoresis – using restrictions enzymes to cut DNA into different sized fragments and running those fragments on gels with longer fragments moving slower than faster ones. Interpret or “read” a gel. Exemplify applications of DNA fingerprinting - identifying individuals; identifying and cataloging endangered species. Gel Electrophoresis Animation: DNA technologies allow scientists to identify, study, and modify genes. Forensic identification is an example of the application of DNA technology. SC.2.3.2 Summarize how transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society. Generalize the applications of transgenic organisms (plants, animals, & bacteria) in agriculture and industry including pharmaceutical applications such as the production of human insulin. Summarize the steps in bacterial transformation (insertion of a gene into a bacterial plasmid, getting bacteria to take in the plasmid, selecting the transformed bacteria, and producing the product). Genetic engineering techniques are used in a variety of industries, in agriculture, in research, and in medicine. There is great benefit in terms of useful products derived through genetic engineering (e.g., human growth hormone, insulin, and pest- and disease-resistant fruits and vegetables). DNA Transformation Animation SC.2.3.3 Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (including cloning, Identify the reasons for establishing the Human Genome Project. Recognize that the project is useful in determining whether individuals may carry genes for genetic The Human Genome Project is a collaborative effort to map the entire gene sequence of organisms. This information may be useful in detection, prevention, and treatment of many genetic diseases. The potential for identifying and altering genomes raises practical and ethical questions. Genetic predisposition towards diseases impacts health. Awareness of genetic predisposition allows individuals to make lifestyle changes that can enhance quality of life.
the applied force and the time interval that the force is applied to the object. Everyday examples of the impulse/momentum relationship include: the use of airbags in cars; time of contact and “follow-through” in throwing, catching, kicking, and hitting objects in sports; bending your knees when you jump from a height to the ground to prevent injury. SC.3.2 Forces and Motion: Understand the relationship between forces and motion. Objectives What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do Teaching Notes and Resources SC.3.2.1 Explain how gravitational force affects the weight of an object and the velocity of an object in free fall. Recognize that the weight of an object is a measure of the force of gravity and is the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity: Fg = mg With negligible air resistance, explain acceleration due to gravity as an example of uniformly changing velocity: g= 9.8 m/s2 Relate the presence of air resistance to the concept of terminal velocity of an object in free fall. Introduction to Gravity Easy Weight Comparison Activity Comparison Between Mass and Weight Simulator Acceleration Due to Gravity Air Resistance Example of Air Resistance Explanation SC.3.2.2 Classify frictional forces into one of four types: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid. Identify friction as a force that opposes motion of an object. (Review from middle school.) Classify the frictional forces present in a situation such as a book resting on a table (static), a box pushed across the floor (sliding), a ball rolling across the floor (rolling), a boat moving through a river (fluid), or an object in free-fall (air resistance). Friction Lesson Plan with Simulation Friction Lab Friction Wiki: Rolling Friction Sliding Friction Lab Friction Lab SC.3.2.3 Explain forces using Newton’s three laws of motion. Explain the property of inertia as related to mass - the motion of an object will remain the same (either at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line) in the absence of unbalanced forces; if a change in motion of an object is Introduction to Newton’s Laws of Motion Law Explanation Video Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
observed, there must have been a net force on the object. Explain balanced and unbalanced forces mathematically and graphically with respect to acceleration to establish the relationship between net force, acceleration, and mass: a α F and a α 1/m (no trigonometry). Note: α is symbol for angular acceleration. Explain qualitatively and quantitatively the relationship between force, mass and acceleration– the greater the force on an object, the greater its change in motion; however, the same amount of force applied to an object with less mass results in a greater acceleration. While the second law describes a single object, forces always come in equal and opposite pairs due to interaction between objects. Give examples of interaction between objects describing Newton’s third law – whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal and opposite force is exerted by the second on the first. The third law can be written mathematically as FA→B = -F B→A. Students should explain why these forces do not “cancel each other out”. NFL Learning: Second Law of Motion Video Physics Classroom Motion Simulation Third Law of Motion Newton’s Laws Summary SC.3.3 Matter: Understand types, properties, and structure of matter. Objectives What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do Teaching Notes and Resources SC.3.3.1 Classify matter as: homogeneous or heterogeneous; pure substance or mixture; element or compound; metals, nonmetals, or metalloids; solution, colloid, or suspension. Classify a sample of matter as homogeneous or heterogeneous based on uniformity of the material. Classify a sample of matter as a pure substance or mixture based on the number of elements or compounds in the sample. Classify an element as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid based on its location on the periodic table. Classify a substance as an element or compound using its chemical formula. Homo/Hetero Exercise Foundations of Chemistry Slide Show for Mixtures Mixtures versus Pure Substances Explanation Periodic Table Explanation
required for occurrence, energy released, and the nature of products. SC.3.5.2 Exemplify the radioactive decay of unstable nuclei using the concept of half-life. Conceptually explain half-life using models. Perform simple half-life calculations on an isotope’s half-life value, time of decay, and/or amount of substance. Half-Life Lab & Demonstration Khan Video Half-Life Half-Life Problems SC.3.6 Energy Conservation and Transfer: Understand types of energy, conservation of energy and energy transfer. Objectives What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do Teaching Notes and Resources SC.3.6.1 Explain thermal energy and its transfer. the ability of various materials to absorb or release thermal energy in order to conceptually relate mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature of materials to the amount of heat transferred. (Calculations with q = mCp ΔT should be used to aid in conceptual development through laboratory investigation and analysis, not as problem-solving exercises.) Compare thermal energy, heat, and temperature. Relate phase changes to latent heat that changes the potential energy of particles while the average kinetic energy of particles (temperature) remains the same. Compare conduction, convection, and radiation as methods of energy transfer. Thermal Energy Explanation Specific Heat Virtual Lab Comparison PDF Latent Heat Explanation Heat Module SC.3.6.2 Explain the law of conservation of energy in a mechanical system in terms of kinetic energy, potential energy and heat. Exemplify the relationship between kinetic energy, potential energy, and heat to illustrate that total energy is conserved in mechanical systems such as a pendulum, roller coaster, cars/balls on ramps, etc. Relate types of friction in a system to the transformation of mechanical energy to heat. Explanation Pendulum Understanding Conservation of Energy Friction SC.3.6.3 Explain work in terms of the relationship among the applied force to an object, the resulting displacement of the object, and the energy transferred to an object. Explain scenarios, in work is done, identifying the force, displacement, and energy transfer- work requires energy; when work is done on an object, the result is an increase in its energy and is Work Explanation
accompanied by a decrease in energy somewhere else. Compare scenarios in which work is done and conceptually explain the differences in magnitude of work done using the relationship W= FΔd. SC.3.6.4 Explain the relationship work, power and simple machines both qualitatively and quantitatively. Infer the work and power relationship: Determine the component simple machines present in complex machines – categorize a wedge and screw as variations of an inclined plane; a pulley and wheel & axle as variations of a lever. Explain the relationship between work and work output for simple machines using the law of conservation of energy. Define and determine ideal and actual mechanical advantage: , Define and determine efficiency of machines: Explain why no machine can be 100% efficient. Explanation Simulation Explanation Introduction to Mechanical Advantage Explanation SC.3.7 Energy Conservation and Transfer: Understand the nature of waves. Objectives What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do Teaching Notes and Resources SC.3.7.1 Explain the relationships among wave frequency, wave period, wave velocity, amplitude, and wavelength through calculation and investigation. Identify the basic characteristics of a longitudinal (compressional) wave: amplitude, rarefaction, and compression. Recognize the relationship between period and frequency (focus on conceptual understanding). Explain the relationship among velocity, frequency, and wavelength and use it to solve wave problems: vw = f λ Exemplify wave energy as related to its amplitude and independent of velocity, frequency or wavelength. Introduction to Waves and Optics Measures of Waves Explanation Wave Energy Explanation SC.3.7.2 Compare (mechanical, electromagnetic, and surface) using their characteristics. Classify waves as one of three types: mechanical, electromagnetic or surface waves based on their characteristics. Compare different wave types based on how they are produced, wave speed, type of Waves Explanation
material (medium) required, and motion of particles. SC.3.7.3 Classify as transverse or compressional (longitudinal). Compare compressional (longitudinal) and transverse waves in terms of particle motion relative to wave direction. Categories of Waves Explanation SC.3.7.4 Illustrate the wave interactions of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Illustrate reflection and refraction of waves at boundaries: reflection of a transverse pulse at the of a spring or rope; reflection of sound (SONAR) and radio waves (RADAR); reflection of water (surface) waves; refraction of water waves as the depth of the water changes; sounds as it changes media; refraction of light as it passes from air into water, glass, oil, etc. Illustrate the effects of wave interference and destructive interference of surface waves, mechanical waves (sound, pulses in springs/ropes, etc.) light (soap bubbles/thin films, diffraction gratings). Emphasis on conceptual mathematical relationships. Reflection and Refraction Explanation SC.3.8 Energy Conservation and Transfer: Understand electricity and magnetism and relationship. Objectives What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do Teaching Notes and Resources SC.3.8.1 Summarize static and current electricity. Identify interactions between charged objects - opposite charges attract and like charges Compare the three methods of charging objects: conduction, friction, and induction – explain the re-distribution or transfer of electrons for each method for both positively and negatively charged objects. Compare static and current electricity related to conservation of charge and movement of charge (without calculations). Interactions between Charges Explanation Introduction to Charge and Coulomb’s Law Friction Explanation Induction Explanation Conduction Explanation Comparison SC.3.8.2 Explain simple series and parallel DC circuits in terms of Ohm’s law. Interpret simple circuit diagrams symbols. Explain open and closed circuits. Circuit Explanation
SC.4.5 Earth Systems, Structures and Processes: Evaluate how humans use water. Objectives Curriculum – Materials Used Notes SC.4.5.1 Evaluate human influences on freshwater availability. SC.4.5.2 Evaluate human influences on water quality in North Carolina’s river basins, wetlands and tidal environments.