are put in place particularly in the arena of climate change is a serious threat to food, water and energy security and most important challenge in this millennium. The Complementarities and co-benefits from nexus-based adaptation are as under Key Characteristic Nexus approach Climate change adaptation Complementarities and from nexus-based adaptation Goal Achieving energy, and food security objectives and sustaining resources through efficient use of available resources resilience and enhance adaptive capacities against climate and other risks Understanding adaptation to climate change is critical for addressing nexus challenges, and efficient use of resources is critical for effective adaptation Core principles Minimize resource waste and maximize economic efficiency, while accelerating the sustainable supply Reduce vulnerability by managing climate risks and building response capacity Since resource scarcity often increases people’s vulnerability, the nexus approach may contribute to facilitating adaptation and vice versa Main focus Provide integrated solutions at Implementable policy Frame work with solution at multiple stage. Minimize shock, risks, and vulnerability and address impacts and risks associated with climate change Understanding vulnerability to climate change is crucial for assessing challenges; equally, integrated nexus solutions can contribute to reducing vulnerability and poverty Broad strategies Policy integration, Harmonization of existing schematic local level planning and implementing by involving public governance system with multi by and crust cutting stakeholders with community partnership harmonization, and governance to build Addressing the drivers of vulnerability to climate change in specific sectors through building adaptive capacity and resilience Addressing the drivers of vulnerability to climate change in specific sectors through building adaptive capacity and resilience
synergies and generate co-benefits across sectors by engaging multiple stakeholders, partnership Source: Adapted from Golam Rasul & Bikash Sharma (2015) Synergies between the climate change adaptation and approaches Sector-specific adaptation measures Positive implication for the Sector Potential for synergies across the nexus Water Increasing water use efficiency E.g. Switching to drip irrigating Switching from use freshwater to Switching from wet to dry cooling at thermoelectric power plants Desalinization New storage and conveyance of water to serve new demands Watershed and river basin management Reduces water use per capita Reduces freshwater use per capita Reduces water use and associated thermal pollution Increase in brackish and freshwater supplies Increased water supplies to meet demand Increased water supplies to meet demand Increased availability of for energy and Agriculture Increased availability of freshwater for food, energy, and uses Increased availability of water for energy and agriculture Increased availability of freshwater and overall water supply for energy, agriculture, and other uses Increased availability of freshwater and overall water supply for energy, agriculture, and other uses Increased water supply for energy and other uses, improved water quality, reduction in flood potential Land Switching to crops and promote drought resistant original and Increased/maintained cropyield in drought areas Reduced water demand drought- tolerant
The Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada river- which is linked by canals water for irrigation to water-starved districts and also providing water to urban areas and Narmada water pipeline is linked 11000 villages in water starved area to meet drinking water requirement of human beings and cattle. Gujarat has adopted Participatory approach: The check – dams, minor-irrigation canals are under participating approach- right from construction to maintenance and management of its use by village community. More than 1, 00,000 check dams have been constructed under this approach. Milro- Irrigation is propagated – Government has set up an independent organization for mass introduction of drip and sprinkler irrigation known as Gujarat Green revolution Co Ltd- which is providing subsidies for laying of drip irrigation and its maintenance for three year with insurance cover and guiding farmer for its use and maintains and monitors its implementation. As a result of above approach while ground water level of many states have declined in recent years, the Gujarat is an exception. Energy Gujarat Introduced took a bold approach to provide electricity to rural areas under Jyotir Gram Yojana. It provided three phase power for 24 hours in rural areas. It introduced normal electricity terrif for residential area of village. It continued subsidized electricity to agriculture for eight hours. It crated two different greed- one for residential area and another agriculture area. Hence now its entire village has 24 hours electricity. This has encouraged local processing of agriculture products and improved quality of village life and that of students who can study at night also and has also reduced migration. Solar Pumps: This is an innovative project who can study can evening and night to use solar energy in Dhundi village of Anand district –by Setting up Dhundi Solar Pump Irrigation Cooperative. Install solar pumps for pumping of water. Use solar panels for producing electricity. When pump is not used, panels are linked with local electrical greed and farmers are paid for electricity produced. This provide permanent source of Income (case study at annexturs)
Robert Jordan – Speaker Information for the NCCSD International Conference on ‘Food, Water, Energy Nexus in the Arena of Climate Change’ on the 14th to 16th October, 2016 in Gujarat, India Subject: Organic Food & Farming in the Context of Climate Change, and Food, Water & Livelihood Security Title: Farmer Led Solutions to Climate Change, and Food, Water & Livelihood Security Today’s organic farming systems based on agro-ecology such as ‘planting with space’, ‘push and pull’ and ‘pasture-cropping’ are all highly productive and when combined with innovative low-cost marketing and quality guarantee systems help to put farmers back in control of their livelihoods. Based on the intentional intensification of symbiotic ecological functions and smart farming practices, organic farming systems are largely independent of expensive agricultural inputs and thereby free farmers from cycles of debt, increase profits and provide farming families, local communities and national and international markets with high quality chemical free nutrition. By harnessing natural ecosystems and their functions, such as photosynthesis, organic farming systems capture high levels of CO2 from the atmosphere in the form of soil organic matter, which builds
resilience to droughts, floods, storms and temperature extremes and significantly contributes to mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration. For such farmer led solutions to climate change, and food, water & livelihood security to widely benefit farming communities in India significant training and extension services are required as well as research into the ongoing development of easily adopted highly productive and resilient organic systems. Balancing the food, water and energy nexus for climate resilience in Indian Agriculture A. Arunachalam Indian Council of Agricultural Research, KrishiBhawan, New Delhi 110001 (email: arun70@gmail.com) World is facing the implications of climate change and serious food crises are adding about 200 million people to the 850,000 million people that are already facing absolute hunger and poverty. To mitigate this challenge, promotion of rain fed agriculture is the order of the day. For instance, the dry areas of the world, which occupy more than 40% of the earth’s surface and are the home to more than 2 billion people, are not only the most food deficit areas in the world but also the most vulnerable to climate change given their fragile agro-ecosystems . Over all, sustainable agricultural development in dry areas faces major challenges: Rapid natural resource degradation and desertification, particularly water scarcity due to the variability in rainfall and groundwater depletion. Drought, which is becoming a more frequent phenomenon, Land degradation due to over grazing and inappropriate soil and water management, as well as salinization; Loss of biodiversity due to mono-cropping, overgrazing, incursion of cropping in rangeland areas, and mismanagement of uncultivated and forest areas; Biotic stresses including diseases and insect pests;
to increase cereal production, including providing incentives by subsidizing water and energy and guaranteeing rice and wheat prices (Rasul, 2016). While such incentives have increased production of cereals,which in turn increased the demand for water and energy, led also to degradation of the resource base, and contributed to an increase in water-related problems. Despite the inherent between food, water, and energy production, agencies often work in a fragmented and isolated way. Free water and subsidized electricity have not only encouraged over-exploitation of resources, they have also led to in water and energy-saving technologies and approaches and hindered crop diversification and broad-based agricultural growth in line with the comparative advantages. Access to electricity, energy subsidies and affordable pumps allowed farmers to shift their dependence from surface irrigation (via canals) to groundwater (viawells and tube-wells). In principle, these developments empowered farmers by diversifying their irrigation options and insuring them against the rain shocks. However, the absence of a robust water management policy left the groundwater resources vulnerable to Today, more than 70% of the groundwater has already been utilized and the available groundwater resources are under great stress. The resource stability nexus goes more troubling while considering the long term consequences of climate change especially in developing countries like India. India having two-third of its area rain dependent i.e high monsoon dependency, having diverse seasons, crops and farming system with close link between climate and water resources. Climate change brings shift in rainfall pattern, variation in temperature, extreme weather events and wet and dry spell, cause significant impact on choice and duration of crops, which in turns disturb the water-food-