(2) photosynthesis, only (3) excretion, only (4) the digestion of minerals 7. The diagram below represents events involved as energy is ultimately released from food. Which row in the table below best represents the chain of Xs and letters A and B in the diagram? (1) (2) (3) (4) 16. The equation below represents a summary of a biological process. carbon dioxide + water + water + oxygen This process is completed in (1) mitochondria (2) ribosomes (3) cell membranes (4) chloroplasts 20. What is represented by the sequence below? (1) a feedback mechanism in multicellular organisms (2) an immune response by of the pancreas (3) differentiation of organic molecules (4) the disruption of cellular communication 30. As the depth of the ocean increases, the amount of light that penetrates to that depth decreases. At about 200 meters, little, if any, light is present. The graph below illustrates the population size of four different species at different water depths. Which species most likely performs photosynthesis? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 45. The flow of energy through an ecosystem involves many energy transfers. The diagram below summarizes the transfer of energy that eventually powers muscle activity. The process of cellular respiration is represented by (1) arrow A, only
An obstruction in the structures labeled X would directly interfere with the (1) transfer of to a female (2) production of (3) production of urine (4) transfer of urine to the external environment 60. In sexually reproducing species, the number of chromosomes in each body cell remains the same from one generation to the next as a direct result of (1) meiosis and fertilization (2) mitosis and mutation (3) differentiation and aging (4) homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium DNA 13. The instructions for the traits of an organism are coded in the arrangement of (1) glucose units in carbohydrate molecules (2) bases in DNA in the nucleus (3) fat molecules in the cell membrane (4) energy-rich bonds in starch molecules 14. Which statement is true regarding an alteration or change in DNA? (1) It is always known as a mutation. (2) It is always advantageous to an individual. (3) It is always passed on to offspring. (4) It is always detected by the process of chromatography. 39. Two different of cells from an organism are shown below. Explain how these two different types of cells can function differently in the same organism even though they both contain the same genetic instructions. [1] 54. The diagram below represents a section of a molecule that carries genetic information. The pattern of numbers represents (1) a sequence of paired bases (2) the order of proteins in a gene (3) folds of an amino acid (4) positions of gene mutations 55. In the human pancreas, acinar cells produce digestive enzymes and beta cells produce insulin. The best explanation for this is that (1) a mutation occurs in the beta cells to pro- duce insulin when the sugar level increases in the blood (2) different parts of an individual’s DNA are used to direct the synthesis of different
(2) B→C→A (3) B→A→C (4) C→A→B 87. The relationship of some mammals is indicated in the diagram below. Which statement about the African elephant is correct? (1) It is more closely related to the mammoth than it is to the West African manatee. (2) It is more closely related to the West Indian manatee than it is to the mastodon. (3) It is not related to the Brazilian manatee or the mammoth. (4) It is the ancestor of Steller’s sea cow. 10. According to some scientists, patterns of evolution can be illustrated by the diagrams below. Which statement best explains the patterns seen in these diagrams? (1) The organisms at the end of each branch can be found in the environment today. (2)The organisms that are living today have all evolved at the same rate and have undergone the same kinds of changes. (3)Evolution involves changes that give rise to a variety of organisms, some of which continue to change through time while others die out. (4) These patterns cannot be used to illustrate the evolution of extinct organisms. 11. Which statement best illustrates a rapid biological adaptation that has actually occurred? (1) Pesticide-resistant insects have developed in certain environments. (2) Scientific evidence indicates that dinosaurs once lived on land. (3) Paving large areas of land has decreased habitats for certain organisms. (4) The characteristics of sharks have remained unchanged over a long period of time. 13. The diagram below illustrates the change that occurred in the physical appearance of a rabbit population over a 10-year period. Which condition would explain this change over time? (1) a decrease in the mutation rate of the rabbits with black fur (2) a decrease in the advantage of having white fur (3) an increase in the advantage of having white fur (4) an increase in the chromosome number of the rabbits with black fur 58. Which statement best describes a current understanding of natural selection? (1)Natural selection influences the frequency of an adaptation in a population. (2)Natural selection has been discarded as an important concept in evolution. (3)Changes in gene frequencies due to natural selection have little effect on the evolution of species. (4)New mutations of genetic material are due to natural selection. 63. Which species is most likely to survive changing environmental conditions?
(4) biological diversity 31. Communities have attempted to control the size of mosquito populations to prevent the spread of certain diseases such as malaria and encephalitis. Which control method is most likely to cause the least ecological damage? (1) draining the swamps where mosquitoes breed (2) spraying swamps with chemical pesticides to kill mosquitoes (3) spraying oil over swamps to suffocate mosquito larvae (4) increasing populations of native fish that feed on mosquito larvae in the swamps 32. Which animal has modified ecosystems more than any other animal and has had the greatest negative impact on world ecosystems? (1) gypsy moth (2) zebra mussel (3) (4) shark 36. In a forest community, a shelf fungus and a slug live on the side of a decaying tree trunk. The fungus digests and absorbs materials from the tree, while the slug eats algae growing on the outside of the trunk. These organisms do not compete with one another because they occupy (1) the same habitat, but different niches (2) the same niche, but different habitats (3) the same niche and the same habitat (4) different habitats and different niches 33. The map below shows the movement of some air pollution across part of the United States. Which statement is a correct inference that can be drawn from this information? (1) Illinois produces more air pollution than the other states shown. (2) The air pollution problem in Baltimore is increased by the addition of pollution from other areas. (3) There are no air pollution problems in southern states. (4) The air pollution problems in Virginia clear up quickly as the air moves toward the sea. 38. The graph below shows the growth of two populations of paramecia grown in the same culture dish for 14 days. Which ecological concept is best represented by the graph? (1) recycling (2) equilibrium (3) competition (4) decomposition
Base your answers to the following questions on the lake ecosystem represented below and on your knowledge of biology. 43. Identify one organism represented in the diagram that provides the vital link for the transfer of energy from the Sun to the other organisms in the ecosystem. [1] 44. Identify one predator/prey relationship that may occur in this ecosystem. [1] 45. one piece of evidence from the diagram that indicates that light penetrates to the bottom of the lake. [1] 46. Identify the type of organism that is not visible in the diagram but must be present in this ecosystem to recycle the remains of dead organisms. [1] 65. A stable pond ecosystem would not contain (1) materials cycled (2) oxygen (3) decomposers (4) more consumers than producers 8. In an ecosystem, the growth and survival of organisms are dependent on the availability of the energy from the Sun. This energy is available to organisms in the ecosystem because (1) producers have the ability to store energy from light in organic molecules (2) consumers have the ability to transfer chemical energy stored in bonds to plants (3) all organisms in a food web have the ability to use light energy (4) all organisms in a food web feed on autotrophs 9. factor has the greatest influence on the type of ecosystem that will form in a particular geographic area? (1) genetic variations in the animals (2) climate conditions (3) number of carnivores (4) percentage of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere 10. Farming reduces the natural biodiversity of an area, yet farms are necessary to feed the world’s human population. This situation is an example of (1) poor land use (2) a trade-off (3) conservation (4) a technological fix 11. A food chain is represented below. This food chain contains (1) 4 consumers and no producers (2) 1 predator, 1 parasite, and 2 producers