VSI: Cities and climate change, Journal of Cleaner Production Global warming impact of suburbanization: The case of Sydney Guangwu Michalis Hadjikakoua,b, Thomas Wiedmanna, c and Lei Shi d** Sustainability Assessment Program (SAP), UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China *) Corresponding author. Email: guangwu.chen@unsw.edu.au; **) Corresponding author, Email: slone@tsinghua.edu.cn Appendix: Table S1 literature review of selected publications on energy use and carbon emissions of suburbs and city core GHG accounting Model Data year Region References Research purpose Household expenditure survey with Chinese based EIO-LCA 2010 Chinese Rural and urban area () Investigate urbanization effects on carbon footprint Estimate based on National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data 2001 and 2009 Central Phoenix and the suburban city of Gilbert, USA () Compares the effects of long term suburban growth on travel behaviour, energy consumption, and GHG emissions Estimated standard inventory for and infrastructure with EPA emission factors plus EIO-LCA (PaLATE software based) 2011 Phoenix Metropolitan area () Clarify connections between urban form and its use together with the associated energy demands for infrastructure (buildings and paved surfaces) and transport and its GHG emissions. Statistics Finland’s Household Budget Survey with Hybrid LCA 2012 All urban areas in Finland () Analyse the carbon footprints of the residents living in new housing in different urban forms
Production based impact factors with household survey data 2001 125 largest urbanized areas in the U.S () Examines the paths by which urban form influences an individual household’s carbon dioxide emissions Household Budget Survey data with Finnish-based 2005 Rural municipalities, semi-urban municipalities, cities, and Helsinki metropolitan area (HMA) (, ) urban form–lifestyle relationships together with the resulting GHG implications, Australian Household Expenditure Survey with EIO-LCA 2009 85 districts covering major urban centres (Perth, Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney and Brisbane) and the rest of Australia () Investigation of the direct and indirect primary energy requirements of Australian households, contrasting suburban and rural consumption patterns as well as inter- and levels of inequality in energy requirements. Input–output-based hybrid LCA 2006 two metropolitan areas in Finland, including 11 cities () Calculate the consumption-based carbon footprints in metropolitan areas, i.e. carbon consumption, with the emphasis on urban structures. Household consumption with input-output-based hybrid approach - Four housing types in Melbourne and Brisbane () Comparison of the energy demand and emissions of these different housing types a sample of 41 households survey data with energy factors and Australian-based EIO-LCA - Samples from central and suburban Adelaide () To determine whether the urban density option of higher rise dwellings offers a lower environmental impact than conventional housing Residential survey data with energy factors 2001 Toronto Census Metropolitan Area () To determine the impact of urban form on emission-causing activities Estimated sample data with United States-based and combined methods 1997 a compact, multistory condominium project located near the inner core of the City of Toronto; and a low-density residential subdivision located within Toronto’s suburban fring () Assessment of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with high and low residential development.