AP PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW that appear on previous published AP exams & RESEARCH behaviorism (learning) (2) behaviorism (observable behavior) Biomedical psychology cognitive psychology (study problem solving) (2) cognitive psychology-how we store and process info community psychologists control group (identify) (2) cross sectional research design debriefing required if deception is used in research dependent variable (identify) (3) dependent variable—measured by experimenter difference between cause and correlation double blind study ethical guidelines for animal research ethics guidelines deception allowed if necessary ethics guidelines in research evolutionary psychology: human mating preferences based on gender experimental method—establish and effect experimental research (example) experimental research (set up) factor analysis—cluster traits with “extroversion” Gestalt psychology-concerned with perception Gestalt: whole is different from sum of parts humanist psychology—free will humanistic psychology: self-actualized independent (variable) industrial organizational psychologists (3) informed consent (ethics) longitudinal research longitudinal study (disadvantage) longitudinal study—same group over time meaning of percentile score median (compute) Milgram obedience linked to ethics guidelines mode (compute) normal distribution (68% one standard deviation) normal distribution, 50 % at or below mean operational definitions required for experiment organizational psychologists positive correlation (example) positively skewed distribution (mean higher than median) primary prevention-keep disorders from developing random drawing for sample—each has equal probability of being chosen reliability (two halves of a test) representative sample scattergram—match to data scatterplot (correlation) scatterplot showing positive correlation score distribution positively skewed, low variability—test too hard significant difference—not due to chance skinner psychology—objections—doesn’t consider internal thoughts/feelings social desirability bias (questionnaires give inflated responses) standard deviation… figure based on set of scores (2) statistical inference (from sample to general population) statistical significance (meaning) variation in frequency distributions verification of research (repeated study) Watson-behaviorism BRAIN AND BIOLOGY
linear perspective—example locating sounds opponent-process theory (afterimaging) phi phenomenon pitch—frequency priming red-green—common color blindness retinal disparity—needs two eyes to see depth rods in retina more sensitive in dark, not in the fovea selection attention (2) semicircular canals (ears)—balance sensory neurons—most in the lips size constancy (2) synesthesia taste aversion—animals develop aversion for taste associated with sickness taste qualities—bitter, sweet, salty, sour top-down processing vision—transduction, retina visual cliff—depth perception (2) CONSCIOUSNESS AND DRUGS alcohol tolerance alcohol-depressant (2) barbituates—decrease behavior and mental activity circadian rhythm (2) hypnosis—dissociation hypnosis—heightened suggestibility hypnosis—treat pain / diverts attention from the pain narcolepsy—treated with amphetamines neurotransmitters—dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine opiate—pain reliever REM—lowered muscle tone sleep apnea withdrawal LEARNING classical cond—biological predisposition classical cond—contemporary interpretation, include cognitive processes like expectancy classical cond—identify CS classical conditioning—examples (2) classical conditioning—how it works classical—identitfy CS & US continuous reinforcement—responses extinguish quickly extinction (3) Kohler—insight in chimps latent learning (2) law of effect--Thorndike negative reinforcement (2) operant cond—response, reinforcement operant—reward overjustification effect Pavlov—salivation / CR and UR punishment—soon after behavior most effective reinforcement—should not be delayed Rescorla’s model of classical conditioning—one event reliably predicts another shaping behavior—example (3) social learning—modeling, imitation, observation (2) variable ratio—most resistant to extinction MEMORY, COGNITION, AND LANGUAGE algorithm (2) anterograde amnesia attention—transfer info from sensory to short term availability heuristic babbling—prelinquistic belief perseverance
Chomsky—inherent language acquisition device deep structure—sentence structure (Chomsky) divergent thought (2) encoding episodic memory (3) extrinsic motivation framing (effect on recall) functional fixedness (2) heuristics (2) levels of processing—encoding meaning metacognition (2) morpheme (2) phonemes primacy effect procedural memory (2) prototype rehearsal—transfer to long term retrieval self-serving bias serial position effect—forget middle of list (3) short term memory—limited capacity Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis—lang. effects the way we think (2) MOTIVATION, EMOTION, STRESS approach-approach conflict approach-avoidance conflict catharsis (aggression) critical period—imprinting display rules—when appropriate to show emotion drive reduction theory (2) drive theory Ekman—research in facial expression & lying facial expressions—universal (3) general adaptation syndrome—def general adaptation syndrome—stages (ARE) homeostasis (4) incentive theory instinct—def (2) intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation James Lange theory of emotions learned helplessness (2) locus of control—internal & external Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (2) performance—effect of difficulty and arousal polygraph—unreliable, why? rooting behavior Schachter Singer—cognitive labeling theory (3) self actualization self efficacy (2) self esteem—set realistic goals stress—effect on immune system temperament—infants’ emotions type A personality—cardiovascular disease (2)] ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus—if damaged, eat more DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENDER accommodation Ainsworth Strange Situation—attachment androgeny Cognitive development milestones conservation continuity vs discontinuity egocentrism—Preoperational Erickson’s stages of development (2) Gilligan—criticism of Kohlberg (gender) (3) Harlow experiment (3) homosexuality—twin studies support genetic predisposition Kohlberg’s stages of moral development (2) Kubler-Ross—stages of death & dying object permanence (2) parenting styles—permission, authoritarian, authoritative Piaget’s stages of cognitive development (2)
primary sex characteristics secure attachment—predicts social competence stimulus generalization—learning categories? PERSONALITY criticism of Freud—empirically unverifiable denial ego—role (2) id (2) locus of control—cognitive perspective MMPI—info about clinical disorders personality inventory—t-f test projection (3) projective tests projective--inkblots reaction formation Rorschach—inkblots sublimation superego trait theory—criticism (underestimate situational variations) trait theory—focus on lasting nature of characteristics INTELLIGENCE AND TESTING Achievement vs aptitude tests (2) aptitude test—potential to learn Binet—predict children success in school construct validity creativity—ideas are original and valuable factor analysis fluid intelligence (2) IQ correlation for identical twins IQ formula (2) meaning of 100 IQ score percentile rank PKU—deficient liver enzyme, mental retardation predictive validity (3) psychologist can share scores only with written permission self-report inventories—personality tests Spearman’s concept of g standardization of tests—purpose test-retest validity validity ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY abnormal behavior—criteria antisocial person. disorder (2) anxiety (2) autism—impaired interpersonal communication compulsion conversion disorder dependent person. disorder depression dopamine—excess=schizophrenia hallucinations (2) hallucinations—symptom of psychosis hypochondriasis narcissistic person. disorder (2) obsessions—def OCD (2) disorder paranoia—distrust of others personality disorders—function ok in society schizophrenia—symptoms, disorganized thinking, delusions social phobia somatoform disorders (3) Unit Twelve TREATMENT AND THERAPY
anxiety hierarchy & relaxation—specific phobia aversive conditioning behavioral—reinforced responses (2) behavioral—reward good behavior biofeedback client centered—role of therapist cognitive –change way patient interprets events (2) cognitive—change irrational beliefs cognitive—example cognitive—formation of schemas deinstitutionalization—new policy and drug therapies (2) diathesis-stress approach drug for schizophrenia—block neurotransmitter sites ECT—major depression (2) Freud—dream analysis to get to unconscious group therapy—advantages light exposure therapy—seasonal affective disorder (2) lithium carbonate—bipolar neuroleptics—linked to Tardive dyskinesia operant conditioning—token economy placebo effect psychoanalytic—unconscious conflicts psychodynamic—free association, dreams, transference Rational Emotive Therapy—change irrational thoughts that underlie anxiety (4) self help & support groups—based on humanist systematic desensitization (2) systematic desensitization—anxiety disorder systematic desensitization—behavioral transference—psychoanalysis Unit Thirteen: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY actor-observer bias Asch conformity study Asch conformity—effect of dissenter (2) attraction—proximity and similarity (3) attribution theory (2) cognitive dissonance (4) deindividuation diffusion of responsibility (3) foot-in-the-door phenomenon fundamental attribution error (3) group norm group polarization (2) instrumental aggression interdependent self system just-world hypothesis mere-exposure effect Milgram obedience--% who obeyed Milgram obedience—perceived authority Milgram obedience—role model who doesn’t obey physical attraction=good personality self-fulfilling prophecy (3) social facilitation (2) social loafing stereotype