APUSH Unit 8 Populism & Progressivism APUSH 6.1 – APUSH 6.3 VUS.8d The Labor Movement Labor and management battled for control over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and directly confronting corporate power. As cities grew substantially in both size and in number, some segments of American society enjoyed lives of extravagant “conspicuous consumption,” while many others lived in relative poverty. Large corporations came to dominate the U.S. economy as it increasingly focused on the production of consumer goods, driven by new technologies and manufacturing techniques. The industrial workforce expanded through migration across national borders and internal migration, leading to a more diverse workforce, wages, and an increase in child labor. Racism and nativism often weakened the effectiveness of the labor movement. Corporations and the federal government were usually hostile to organized labor and often used force to crush strikes. As a result, organized labor met with only limited success. Labor Goals & Tactics Wages, hours & working conditions “Eight-hour day” movement Skilled workers vs. unskilled workers Craft unions vs. trade unions Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 Abolition of child labor Strike Wildcat strike Collective bargaining Closed shop Mediation & arbitration Management Goals & Tactics Yellow dog contract
Comstock Law of 1873 Kate Chopin The Awakening Victoria Woodhull “Free love” Divorce rates Family size Birth control Sterilization programs Women’s suffrage in the west Susan B. Anthony Civil disobedience Carrie Chapman Catt National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Alice Paul National Women’s Party (NWP) Women in factories during World War I 19th Amendment League of Women Voters Sierra Club Audubon Society Frederick Law Olmstead City parks Conservation John Muir Land management Gifford Pinchot National parks Progressive Presidents Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft and Woodrow Wilson responded to the progressive movement by increasing the role of the federal government in regulating the economy. Theodore Roosevelt Administration Assassination of William McKinley Anthracite Coal Strike United Mine Workers Arbitration “Square Deal” Northern Securities v. U.S., 1904 Enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act (“trust-busting”) “Good trusts” vs. “bad trusts” “Big Stick” “Bully pulpit” Meat Inspection Act Pure Food & Drug Act Elkins Act Railroad rebates Hepburn Act Free passes Interstate Commerce Commission Booker T. Washington Conservation John Muir Land management Gifford Pinchot Sierra Club Newlands Reclamation Act National Parks William H. Taft Administration Mann-Elkins Act Payne-Aldrich Tariff Ballinger-Pinchot Affair U.S. v. U.S. Steel 16th Amendment Income tax Election of 1912 Theodore Roosevelt “New Nationalism” Progressive (Bull Moose) Party William H. Taft Republican Party Woodrow Wilson Democratic Party “New Freedom” Eugene Debs Socialist Party Eugene Chafin Prohibition Party Woodrow Wilson Administration War I Underwood Tariff Tariff reductions Graduated (progressive) income tax Federal Reserve Act Discount (interest) rate Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Clayton Antitrust Act Child Labor Laws Adamson Act 17th Amendment Direct election of senators 18th Amendment Prohibition of alcohol 19th Amendment Women’s suffrage Unit Review: Essential Questions