reviews [see Table C.22] and GRADE criteria for quality assessment of randomised controlled trials and observational studies [see Table C.3]). C.1: Designations of levels of evidence according to type of research question Level Intervention Diagnostic accuracy Prognosis Aetiology Screening intervention I Systematic review of level II studies A systematic review of level II studies A systematic review of level II studies A systematic review of level II studies A systematic review of level II studies II A randomised controlled A study of test accuracy with an independent, blinded comparison with a valid reference standard, among consecutive persons with a defined clinical presentation A prospective cohort A cohort study A randomised controlled III-1 Pseudo-randomised A study of test accuracy with independent, blinded comparison with a valid reference standard, among persons with a defined clinical presentation All or none All or none Pseudo-randomised controlled trial (ie alternate allocation or some other method) III-2 A comparative study with concurrent controls: • Non-randomised experimental trial • Cohort study • Case-control • Interrupted time series with control group A comparison with reference standard that does not meet the criteria required for Level II and III-1 evidence Analysis of prognostic factors amongst persons in a single arm of a randomised controlled A cohort study A comparative study with concurrent controls: ▪ Non-randomised, experimental ▪ Cohort study ▪ Case-control study III-3 A comparative study without concurrent controls: ▪ Historical control study ▪ Two or more single arm ▪ Interrupted time series without parallel control Diagnostic study A retrospective cohort study A study A comparative study without concurrent controls: Historical control study Two or more single arm study IV Case series with either post-test or pre-test/post-test outcomes of diagnostic yield (no reference standard) Case series, or cohort of persons at different stages of disease A study or case series Case series Source: (NHMRC 2009). Table C.2: Assessment of quality of systematic literature reviews Considerations in assessing quality of systematic reviews Questions and methods clearly stated Search procedure sufficiently rigorous to identify all relevant studies Review includes all the potential benefits and harms of the intervention Review only includes randomised controlled trials Methodological quality of primary studies assessed Data summarised to give a point estimate of effect and confidence intervals
D: Topics covered in Modules I and II Optimising antenatal care Principles of care Providing woman-centred care Antenatal care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women Antenatal care for migrant and refugee women Antenatal care for women with mental health disorders Population groups with specific care needs Clinical care duriNG pregnancy Core practices in antenatal care Antenatal visits Preparing for pregnancy, childbirth and parenthood Preparing for breastfeeding Lifestyle considerations Nutrition Nutritional supplements Physical activity Tobacco smoking Alcohol Medicines Sexual activity Travel Oral health Clinical assessments Gestational age Weight and body mass index Blood pressure Proteinuria Psychosocial factors affecting mental health Depression and anxiety Domestic violence Fetal development and anatomy Fetal growth and wellbeing Risk of pre-eclampsia Risk of preterm Maternal health screening Diabetes immunodeficiency virus Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Rubella Chlamydia Syphilis Gonorrhoea Trichomoniasis Asymptomatic bacteriuria Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis Anaemia Haemoglobin disorders Vitamin D deficiency Group B streptococcus Toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus Cervical abnormalities Thyroid dysfunction Screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities Common conditions Reflux (heartburn) Haemorrhoids Varicose veins Pelvic girdle pain Carpal tunnel syndrome Nausea and vomiting Constipation Clinical assessments in late pregnancy Fetal presentation Prolonged pregnancy