Attorneys 152 Retaining Legal Counsel 153 9. Artist Management 159 Discovering Each Other 159 The Financial Relationship 160 Controlling Expense 161 Manager’s Commission 161 Going Rates 162 The Money Flow 162 A Possible Compromise 163 The Manager’s Role 163 Producing the Act 163 Programming 164 Advancing the Career 165 Gaining Traction as an Aspiring Talent 165 Landing the Record Deal 166 Care and Feeding of the Media 167 Controlling Performances 169 Personal Management Agreement 170 10. Unions and Guilds 181 American Federation of Musicians 182 Union Finance 184 Other Services 184 184 The 4As 185 American of Musical Artists 186 American Guild of Variety Artists 186 Actors’ Equity Association 186 International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees 187 Unions and Guilds 187 National Association of Broadcast Employees and Workers of America 187 Dramatists Guild of America, Inc. 188 Related Unions and Guilds 188 Open Shop Agreements 188 Other Issues 188 11. Artists’ Recording Contracts 191 (all to ch. 12) AFTRA Agreements 191 Contractors 192 Scale 192 Acquired Masters 194 Nonunion Recording 194 AFM Agreements 195 Recording Labor Agreement 195 Sound Recording Special Payments Fund 196 Music Performance Trust Fund 196 Nonunion Recording 197 Royalty Artist Contracts 198 Types of Deals 198 Negotiations 199 Regulation of Agents 150 Managers 151 Regulation of Managers 151 Disputes With Clients 153 Assistants to Management 154 Attorneys 154 Retaining Legal Counsel 155 9. Artist Management 161 Discovering Each Other 161 The Financial Relationship 162 Controlling Expense 163 Manager’s Commission 163 Going Rates 163 The Money Flow 164 A Possible Compromise 165 The Manager’s Role 165 Producing the Act 165 Programming 166 Advancing the Career 166 Gaining Traction as an Aspiring Talent 167 Landing the Record Deal 167 Care and Feeding of the Media 169 Controlling Performances 170 Personal Management Agreement 171 10. Unions and Guilds 183 American Federation of Musicians 184 Finance 186 Other Services 186 SAG-AFTRA 186 The 4As 187 American Guild of Musical Artists 188 American Guild of Variety Artists 188 Actors’ Equity Association 188 International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees 189 Other Unions and Guilds 189 National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians– Communications Workers of America 189 Dramatists of America, Inc. 189 Related Unions and Guilds 190 Open Shop Agreements 190 Other Issues 190 PART 4 THE RECORDED INDUSTRY 193 11. Record Labels 195 (previously Ch. 13) Perspective 195 Major Labels 198 Independent Labels 198 Specialty Labels 199 Record Company Structure 200 Executive Officers (CEO, COO, CFO, General Manager) 200 Artist and Repertoire (A&R) 200
The Marketing Team 244 The Elements of a Marketing Plan 245 The Strategy 245 Radio Promotion 246 Beyond Terrestrial Radio 247 Publicity 247 Advertising 248 Digital Marketing 248 International Promotion 249 Record Distribution 249 Digital Distribution 250 Physical Distribution 250 Types of Distributors 252 Retail Merchandising 253 Mass Merchant Stores 253 Entertainment Retailers 254 Cutouts and Repackaging 255 Retail Terms and Inducements 255 National Association of Recording Merchandisers 256 15. Marketplace Research 259 Understanding the Consumer 259 Research Topics 260 The Charts 260 Demographics 261 Record Categorization 262 Stylistic Preferences 262 Research Revolution 263 Data Sources 263 Nielsen’s Broadcast Data System 264 Mediabase 24/7 264 Mediaguide 264 Xray 264 Next Big 265 NPD Group 265 Nielsen’s RingScan 265 Nielsen’s SoundScan 265 PART 5 LIVE MUSIC 269 16. Concert Production 271 Concert Promotion 272 Getting Started 272 The Cost of Business 273 Booking the Artist 273 Finding the Artist 273 Making an Offer 273 The Agent 274 The 275 The Art of the Deal 275 Negotiating Artists’ Fees 275 Potential Versus Reality 277 Control Sheets 277 Contracts 280 Marketing 281 Advertising Production 282 Publicity and Public Relations 283 The Marketing Plan 245 SWOT 245 The Concept 246 The Marketing Team 246 The Elements of a Marketing Plan 247 The Strategy 247 Radio Promotion 248 Beyond Terrestrial Radio 249 Promotions 250 Publicity 250 Advertising 251 Digital Marketing 251 International Marketing 252 Record Distribution 252 Digital Distribution 254 Physical Distribution 255 of Distributors 255 Retail Merchandising 257 Mass-Merchant Chain Stores 257 Entertainment Retailers 257 Cutouts and Repackaging 258 Retail Terms and Inducements 259 Music Business Association 260 15. Marketplace Research 263 Understanding the Consumer 263 Research Topics 266 The Charts 266 Demographics 266 Record Categorization 266 Stylistic Preferences 267 Research Revolution 267 Data Sources 268 Nielsen 269 Mediabase 270 MusicWatch 270 Music Xray 270 Next Big Sound 271 Pandora AMP 271 PART 5 LIVE PERFORMANCE 273 16. Concert Production 275 Concert Promotion 276 Getting Started 277 The Cost of Doing Business 277 Booking the Artist 277 Finding the Artist 277 Making an Offer 277 The Agent 278 Preliminaries 278 The Offer 279 The Art of the Deal 279 Negotiating Artists’ Fees 279 Potential Versus Reality 281 Contracts 281
Background Music and Foreground Spotlights 331 The Singer/Actors 334 The Evolving TV Picture 334 MTV and the Rise of the Music Video 335 Producing Short-Form Videos 336 Music Video Economics and Distribution 337 21. Dramatic Scoring for Movies, TV, and Games 343 Background 344 Changing Styles 344 Emergence of Tracks 345 The Craft 345 The Process 346 Spotting the Film 346 Composition 347 Recording to Film 348 The Final Mix 348 Scoring for TV 348 Scoring for Video Games 350 Production Music Libraries 350 Hiring Practices 351 AFM Contracts 351 Package Deals 351 Composers 352 Music Supervisors 352 Copyists 353 Orchestra Musicians 354 Music Editors 355 Organizations 355 22. in Advertising 359 Influences on Style 360 Jobs 360 Music Uses 360 Budgets 361 Station Branding 361 The Agency Role 362 Spot Production 363 Writing Copy 363 Scoring Music 364 Production Companies 365 Artists and Fees 366 Artists’ Contracts 367 Production Sequence 368 23. Music and Theater 375 of Musical Theater 376 Broadway Musicals 376 Off-Broadway Theater 376 School Productions 377 Regional Theater 377 Summer Theater 378 National Tours 378 Las Vegas and Other Entertainment Centers 379 Industrial Shows 379 Internet Radio 333 20. Music in Television and Video 337 Variety and Talk Shows 338 Music Specials/Events/Awards Shows 340 Songs 341 Background Music and Foreground Spotlights 341 The Evolving TV Picture 343 MTV and the Rise of the Music Video 344 Producing Videos 345 Video Economics & Distribution 350 Music Videos Online 350 21. Dramatic Scoring for Movies, TV, and Games 355 Background 356 Changing Styles 356 Emergence of Soundtracks 357 The 357 The Process 357 Spotting the Film 358 Composition 359 Recording to Film 360 The Final Mix 360 Music Scoring for TV 360 Scoring for Video Games 363 Production Music Libraries 363 Synch Fees 364 Hiring Practices 364 AFM Contracts 365 Package Deals 365 Composers 365 Music Supervisors 366 Copyists 367 Orchestra Musicians 367 Music Editors 369 Organizations 369 22. Music in Advertising 373 Influences on Style 374 Jobs 374 Music Uses 374 Budgets 375 Station Branding Logos 375 The Agency Role 375 Spot Production 377 Writing Copy 377 Scoring Music 378 Production Companies 378 Artists and Fees 380 Artists’ Contracts 381 Production Sequence 382 23. Music and Theater 389 of Musical Theater 390 Broadway Musicals 390
Corporation 421 Permits and Legalities 421 Raising Funds 422 Marketing 422 Product 423 Price 423 Place 423 Promotion 423 Accounting and Finance 425 When to Record a Transaction 425 How to Record a Transaction 425 Keeping of the Money 425 Balance Sheet 426 Income Statement 426 Cash Flow Statement 427 Operations Management 427 Gantt Charts 428 Management 428 Motivating Employees 429 Where To From Here? 430 PART 8 CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 433 28. Career Options 435 Creative Careers 436 Professional Songwriter 436 Lyricist 438 Composer of Show Music 439 Composer of Educational Materials 440 Composer of Children’s Music 441 Composer of Classical Music 442 Arranger-Orchestrator 443 Music Editor 444 Music Copyist 445 Directing/Producing Careers 445 Music Director-Conductor 445 Record Producer 447 Performing Careers 449 Singer 449 Instrumentalist 451 Teaching Careers 454 Studio Teacher 454 School Music Educator 455 College Music Instructor 456 Therapist 457 Broadcasting/Film/Video Game Careers 458 Radio Broadcasting 459 Film/TV Broadcasting 460 Video/Music Special 462 Video Game Scorer/Audio Programmer 463 Advertising Jingle Writer 464 Careers 464 Critic/Journalist/Editor 465 Music Librarian 466 Science and Technology 466 27. Starting Your Own Business 435 Getting the Process Started 436 Choosing a Name 437 Forms of Ownership 438 Sole Proprietorship 438 Partnership 438 Corporation 438 Permits and Legal Issues 439 Raising Funds 440 Marketing 440 Product 441 441 Place 441 Promotion 441 Accounting and Finance 443 When to Record a Transaction 443 Keeping Track of the Money 443 Balance Sheet 443 Income Statement 444 Cash Flow Statement 444 Operations Management 445 Gantt Charts 445 Management 445 Where to From Here? 446 PART 8 CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 449 28. Career Options 451 Creative Careers 452 Professional Songwriter 452 Lyricist 454 Composer of Show Music 455 Composer of Educational Materials 456 Composer of Children’s Music 457 Composer of Classical Music 457 Arranger-Orchestrator 459 Music Editor 460 Music Copyist 460 Directing/Producing Careers 461 Music Director-Conductor 461 Record Producer 462 Performing Careers 464 Singer 464 Instrumentalist 466 Teaching Careers 469 Studio Teacher 469 School Music Educator 470 College Music Instructor 472 Therapist 473 Game Careers 474 Broadcasting 474 Film/TV Broadcasting 476 Music Video/Music Special 478 Video Game Scorer/Audio Programmer 479
World Intellectual Property Organization 519 World Trade Organization 519 International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers 519 Bureau International des Sociétés Gérant les Droits d’Enregistrement et de Reproduction Mécanique 522 International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 522 International Federation of Musicians and International Federation of Actors 523 Appendix A: Membership and Copyright Forms 525 Appendix B: Selected Readings 527 Books 527 Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, Newsletters 529 Glossary 531 Index 553 About the Authors 597 Appendix B: Selected Readings 533 Books 533 Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, Newsletters 535 Glossary 539 Index 557 * What’s New-bold these *What’s moved location (then put in parenthesis what chapter it originated in, in the prior edition) *What’s removed If you have any questions, your sales representative is happy to help. You can utilize our Rep Locator to quickly find the contact information for your sales representative.