zilongwang/ReadingBank huggingface dataset:
Free Response Question 8 or better on the unique rubric written for each question 5 – 7 on the unique rubric written for each question 4 or below on the unique rubric written for each question Laboratory Experiment (s) Laboratory experiments were performed, data collected and analyzed, and written in a concise, clear, and accurate manner with graphics/diagrams neat and complete and appropriate terminology according to teacher’s instructions. If formal lab is requested – use Lab Report Rubric Laboratory experiments were performed, data collected and analyzed, and written in a concise, clear, and accurate manner with graphics/diagrams relatively neat and complete and generally appropriate terminology according to teacher’s instructions. If formal lab is requested – use Lab Report Rubric Laboratory experiments were performed and written in a concise, clear, and accurate manner with graphics/diagrams lacking in neatness and completeness and some appropriate terminology according to teacher’s instructions. If formal lab is requested – use Lab Report Rubric. Study Guide, Worksheets, Homework, and Notebook Study Guides, Worksheets, and Notebooks are consistently up to date, neat, and accurate. Information can be easily accessed. Study Guides, Worksheets, and Notebooks are relatively up to date, neat, and accurate Information can be somewhat easily accessed. Study Guides, Worksheets, and Notebooks are not up to date, neat, and accurate. It is difficult to access information. If a student falls within the ‘P’ range the following steps will be taken to complete the outstanding unit: The student will be automatically be assigned to the after-school homework tutorial for the duration of the next unit or until mastery of the outstanding unit, whichever comes first. In the after school homework tutorial, the following steps should be taken: the student must complete all unfinished work for the outstanding unit. Second, the student will use his/her time to study the necessary material and ask for additional help if necessary.
diffusion endocytosis endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus hypertonic hypotonic isotonic ligand lysosome membrane mitochondrion neuron neurotransmitter nuclear envelope phospholipid plasma membrane plasmolysis polarization prokaryotic cell repolarization ribosome rough ER selectively permeable smooth ER synapse exocytosis eukaryotic cell facilitated diffusion flagella fluid mosaic model nucleus organelles osmosis passive transport phagocytosis surface area:volume ratio transmembrane protein vacuole Thinking Practice For each molecule shown to the right, answer the following, providing justifications for each: Is it polar or nonpolar? Is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic? In order to be transferred into a cell, would the molecule require a protein channel? Biological systems rely heavily on the properties of water movement. Excretion, digestion, and blood pressure are just a few examples of situations where water balance is important. Suppose you have a membrane that ONLY water can pass. On one side of the membrane you have 0.1 M CaCl2. On the other side of the membrane, you have 0.1 M Glucose. CaCl2 ionizes in water to produce 3 ions. Glucose does not ionize in water. 0.1 M 0.1 M Glucose Calculate the water potential for each side of the membrane.
carbon fixation occurs (carbons of CO2 used to make sugar) occurs in stroma of chloroplasts ATP and NADPH generated by light-dependent reactions are used to assemble glucose Anaerobic Fermentation No oxygen; cell only goes through glycolysis followed by fermentation Fermentation recycles NAD needed to restart glycolysis alcohol fermentation ex. yeast cells- glucose ethyl alcohol + CO2+ NAD+ lactic acid fermentation ex. muscle cells- glucose lactic acid + NAD+ Fermentation does not make ATP but glycolysis does- 2ATP; very inefficient; sufficient for microorganisms Vocabulary absorption spectrum acetyl coA anabolism anaerobic metabolism ATP ATP synthase autotroph Calvin cycle cellular respiration chemiosmosis chlorophyll chloroplast citric acid/Krebs cycle electron transport chain FAD/FADH2 feedback inhibition fermentation glycolysis light dependent reactions light independent reactions metabolic pathway mitochondrion NAD/NADH NADP/NADH oxidative phosphorylation photolysis photosynthesis photosystem I photosystem II pyruvate stroma substrate-level phosphorylation thylakoid membrane Thinking Questions The figure outlines the process of cellular respiration. Glucose and oxygen are both reactants in this process. Describe the journey of a single carbon atom from glucose in cellular respiration Describe the journey of a single hydrogen atom from glucose in cellular respiration
AP BIOLOGY REVIEW PLAN FOR THE MIDTERM EXAM EXAM FORMAT: 80 Multiple choices – 80 points 2 Essay questions / problems – 20 points 20 Extra credit multiple choices – 10 points TOPICS TO REVIEW: CHAPTER 22 – DARWINIAN EVOLUTION The predecessors of Darwin (Linnaeus, Lamarck, Malthus, Lyell, Wallace) Evolution by natural selection as Darwin saw it Evidence of natural selection Examples of natural selection Mechanisms of evolution CHAPTER 23 – THE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS Microevolution vs. macroevolution The Hardy-Weinberg Principle – must be able to solve problems with it 5 conditions that needs to remain constant for H-W. equilibrium Evolution caused by mutations, sexual selection, natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow Mechanisms of natural selection (stabilizing, disruptive and directional selection) Processes that preserve variation in the population CHAPTER 24 – THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES Definition of biological species Speciation Speciation by reproductive isolation (prezygotic and postzygotic barriers and subtypes) Allopatric and sympatric speciation Polyploidy Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium CHAPTER 25 – THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH for formation of the earth, first life on earth, first eukaryotic cells. Conditions of the early atmosphere Oparin-Haldane and Miller-Urey Protobionts RNA world The fossil record and dating fossils Endosymbiotic theory and the formation of eukaryotes Rise and fall of dominant groups (continental drift, mass extinctions, adaptive radiations) Importance of hox genes CHAPTER 26 – PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE
Key Terms for Chapter 2 atom atomic mass atomic nucleus atomic number cation chemical bond chemical equilibrium chemical reaction compound covalent bond dalton electron electron electronegativity element energy energy hydrogen bond ion ionic bond ionic compound isotope mass number matter molecular formula molecule neutron nonpolar covalent bond orbital periodic table of the elements polar covalent bond potential energy product proton radioactive isotope reactant salt structural formula trace element valence valence electron valence shell van der Waals interactions
Key Terms acid acid precipitation adhesion aqueous solution base buffer calorie (cal) Celsius scale cohesion evaporative cooling heat heat of vaporization hydration hydrogen ion hydrophilic hydrophobic hydroxide ion joule (J) kilocalorie (kcal) kinetic energy molarity mole (mol) pH molecule solute solution solvent specific heat surface tension temperature
con- together (condensation reaction: a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water) di- two (disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined together) glyco- sweet (glycogen: a polysaccharide sugar used to store energy in animals) water; -lyse 5 break (hydrolysis: breaking chemical bonds by adding water) macro- large (macromolecule: a large molecule) meros- part (polymer: a chain made from smaller organic molecules) mono- single; -sacchar 5 sugar (monosaccharide: simplest type of sugar) poly- many (polysaccharide: many monosaccharides joined together) tri- three (triacylglycerol: three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule) Key Terms alpha (α) helix acid antiparallel beta (β) pleated carbohydrate catalyst cellulose chaperonin chitin cholesterol condensation reaction dehydration reaction denaturation deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) deoxyribose disaccharide disulfide bridge double helix enzyme fat fatty acid gene glycogen glycosidic linkage hydrolysis hydrophobic interaction macromolecule monomer monosaccharide nucleic acid nucleotide peptide bond phospholipid polymer polynucleotide polypeptide polysaccharide primary structure protein purine pyrimidine quaternary structure ribonucleic acid (RNA) ribose saturated fatty acid secondary structure starch steroid tertiary structure triacylglycerol unsaturated fatty acid X-ray crystallography
Growth, reproduction and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. Living systems require energy to maintain order, grow and reproduce. In accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, to offset entropy, energy input must exceed energy lost from and used by an organism to maintain order. Organisms use various energy-related strategies to survive; strategies include different metabolic rates, physiological changes, and variations in reproductive and offspring-raising strategies. Not only can energy deficiencies be detrimental to individual organisms, but changes in free energy availability also can affect population size and cause disruptions at the ecosystem level. Several means to capture, use and store free energy have evolved in organisms. Cells can capture free energy through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. Autotrophs capture free energy from the environment, including energy present in sunlight and chemical sources, whereas heterotrophs harvest free energy from carbon compounds produced by other organisms. Through a series of coordinated reaction pathways, photosynthesis traps free energy in sunlight that, in turn, is used to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration and fermentation use free energy available from sugars and from interconnected, multistep pathways (i.e., glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain) to phosphorylate ADP, producing the most common energy carrier, ATP. The free energy available in sugars can be used to drive metabolic pathways vital to cell processes. The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent in their reactants and products. Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. The cellular surface-to-volume ratio affects a biological system’s ability to obtain resources and eliminate waste products. Water and nutrients are essential for building new molecules. Carbon dioxide moves from the environment to photosynthetic organisms where it is metabolized and incorporated into carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids or lipids. Nitrogen is essential for building nucleic acids and proteins; phosphorus is incorporated into nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP and ADP. In aerobic organisms, oxygen serves as an electron acceptor in energy transformations.
meso- leuco- aero- anti- amphi- aqua- / hydro- arthro- auto- bi- / di- bio- cephal- chloro- chromo- -cide cyto- derm- haplo- ecto- / exo- endo- epi- gastro- -genesis herba- hetero- homo- ov- kary- neuro- soma- saccharo- primi-/ archea- -phyll Word Meaning hemo- hyper- hypo- intra- -itis lateral -logy -lysis -meter mono- morph- macro- multi- / poly- -path / -pathy -ped /-pod phago- -phobia -philia proto- photo- pseudo- -stasis sub- sym- / -syn -synthesis -taxis -troph -tropism -therm tri- zoo-, -zoa zyg- / -zygous Using Root words to define unknown words Once you have completed the above root word table, use it to develop a SIMPLE definition, in your own words, for each of the following terms: 1. Hydrology ________________________________________________________________ 2. Cytolysis ________________________________________________________________
PREFIX a- ab- adipo- alb- andr- angio- ante- anthropo- anti- aqua- arbor- arthro- aster- audi- auto- bi- bio- bronch- card- carn- cell- cephalo- chlor- chrom- coel- com-/con-/co- contra- cran- cyt- de- deca- derm- den- di- dia- dis-/dif- MEANING without, lacking away from fat white of both kinds male vessel (blood) before humans against water tree jointed star hear, self two, twice life, living windpipe (lungs) heart meat storeroom head green color time hollow with, together against head cell from, away ten skin tooth two, double through, across apart from, deprive PREFIX e-/ef-/ex- echin- ect- en- encephal- epi- extra- gastro- gene- geo- glottis- hepato- hetero- hiber- homo- hyper- hypo- inter- intra- ichty- immunis- leuc- lith- luna- meta- micro- mono- multi- morph- neo- non- neur- MEANING out, out of, from spiny outside in brain on, above outside, beyond stomach origin, earth mouth of windpipe uncovered different winter same, alike water over, above below, under, less between within, during, inside fish free white stone moon large change small single many form new not nerve PREFIX oculo- odont- olf- omni- opthal- oss-/ost- phag- photo- plasm- pneumo- pre- prot-/proto- pseudo- retro- rota- rupt- sub- super-/sur- tele- therm- trans- tri- trop- ventr- uni- zo- MEANING eye tooth all eye bone eat light form lungs before first fake, false backward, back turn, wheel break, burst under, beneath above, upon at a distance temperature across, beyond three turning belly one animal PREFIX LIST = beginnings SUFFIX LIST = endings SUFFIX MEANING
Molarity MOLARITY Concentration – comparison of solute to solvent ( solute : solvent) Concentrated – large ratio of solute to solvent Dilute – small ratio of solute to solvent Molarity – Symbol – M mass Equation – in reference table M = moles of solute M = molar mass L of solution L of solution Example Problems 1. What is the molarity of a solution formed by mixing 10.0 g of H2SO4 with enough water to make 0.100 L of solution? 2. To prepare 10.5 L of a 2.50 M solution of KOH, how many grams of potassium hydroxide must be used? 3. How many moles of LiBr must be added to .650 L of water to make a 2.0 M solution? 4. What is the molarity of the solution produced when 145 g of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to prepare 2.75 L of solution? 5. How many grams of KCl are needed to prepare 0.750 L of a 1.50 M solution? 6. What is the molarity of the solution produced when .594 mol of HCl is dissolved in 0.385 L of water? 7. To produce 3.00 L of a 1.90 M solution of sodium hydroxide, how many grams of NaOH must be dissolved? 8. If 8.77 g of KI are dissolved in enough water to make 4.75 L of solution, what is the molarity of the solution? Label the diagram below to demonstrate the dissociation of the water molecule and then relate this diagram to the term pH. What defines an acid and a base? Why are small changes in pH so important in biology? What is a buffer? Give an example on how they would work in a living organism. What is acid precipitation and why is it important to living organisms? Chapter 4: Cell Structure What are three features all cells have in common? How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?
AP Biology Unit 3-Cells (Chapters 6&7) Practice Test Which of the following is true of both mitochondria and chloroplasts? are found in the cells of eukaryotic autotrophs and heterotrophs include stacks of membranes that absorb light They include compartments where hydrogen ions are concentrated produce sugars energy harvested in the cytoplasm They break down sugar to produce ATP of the following characteristics distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms? are unicellular, while all eukaryotes are multicellular are aquatic, while eukaryotes are terrestrial Prokaryotes are structurally less complex than eukaryotes are require a host to replicate, eukaryotes do not Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane, while eukaryotes do not Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function? hydrolysis synthesis Ribosome…carbohydrate synthesis cycle Endoplasmic reticulum…transcription A prokaryotic cell has which of the following? Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Plasmodesmata in plant cells are similar in function to junctions Gap junctions extracellular matrix Integrins Questions 6-10 In which cell would you expect to find… muscle cell in the thigh muscle of a runner pancreatic cell that manufactures digestive enzymes macrophage (white blood cell) that engulfs bacteria epithelial cell lining digestive tract ovarian cell that produces estrogen (a steroid hormone) The most tight junctions? The most lysosomes? The most smooth endoplasmic reticulum? The most bound ribosomes? The most mitochondria? Proteins to be used within the cytosol are generally synthesized ribosomes bound to rough ER free ribosomes By the nucleolus the golgi apparatus By mitochondria and chloroplasts Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes The evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes need for surface area of sufficient area to the cell’s function The observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once prokaryotes? ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes
AP European History Review Exercise #3: Ruling Merry Old England, 1485 - 1901 Dates of Reign 1485 - 1509 1509 - 1547 1547 - 1553 1553 - 1558 1558 - 1603 1603 - 1625 1625 - 1649 1649 - 1658 1658 - 1660 1660 - 1685 1685 - 1688 1689 - 1702 1702 - 1714 1714 - 1727 1727 - 1760 1760 - 1820 1820 - 1830 1830 - 1837 1837 - 1901 Name of Ruler A Must-Know Fact Them/Their Reign
AP European History Review Exercise #11:th Fun With Dates, Second Half of the 20 Century Edition Match the event on the left with one of the dates on the right 1. Josef Stalin dies. ______ 2. Terrorists Attack at the Olympic Games in Munich. ______. 3. Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia. ______ 4. Suez Canal Crisis. ______ 5. John Paul II Becomes Pope. ______. 6. Falkland Islands War. ______. 7. Assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II. ______. 8. Berlin Wall Built. ______ 9. Collapse of the Soviet Union. _______. 10. Mikhail Gorbachev Calls for Glasnost and Perestroika. _______. 11. Princess Elizabeth Becomes Queen at Age 25. _______. 12. The Euro the New European Currency. _______. 13. Lech Walesa Becomes First President of Poland. _______. 14. Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in Ukraine. _____. 15. Berlin Wall Falls. _______. 16. Soviet Satellite Sputnik Launches Space Age. ______ 17. Margaret Thatcher elected PM of Great Britain. _____ 18. Francisco Franco dies. _____ 19. Warsaw Pact Signed. ______ 20. Channel Tunnel Opens, Connecting Britain and France. _______ a) 1981 b) 1974 c) 1953 d) 1982 e) 1986 f) 1955 g) 1991 h) 1972 i) 1957 j) 1994 k) 1999 l) 1956 m) 1985 n) 1990 o) 1978 p) 1952 q) 1979 r) 1989 s) 1968 t) 1961
AP European History Review Exercise #12: Authors, Authors, Authors Part One Author Name Marsiglio de Padua Erasmus of Rotterdam John Calvin Rene Descartes Thomas Hobbes The Imitation of Christ The Prince Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation The Book of the Courtier Spiritual Exercises Novum Organum Essay Concerning Main Idea (s)
AP European History Review Exercise #13: Authors, Authors, Authors Part Two Author Name Jean-Jacques Rousseau Adam Smith Edward Gibbon Edmund Burke Mary Wollstonecraft Thomas Malthus David Ricardo Title Second Treatise on Government The Spirit of the Laws Critique of Pure Reason System of Positive The Communist The Origin of Mein Kampf Being and Main Idea (s)
AP European History Review Exercise #14: Britain from 1945 to Sometime Around Now Dates In Office 1945 - 1951 1951 - 1955 1955 - 1957 1957 - 1963 1963 - 1964 1964 - 1970 1970 - 1974 1974 - 1976 1976 - 1979 1979 - 1990 1990 - 1997 1997 - Name Of PM & Party A Must-Know Fact About Them/Their Administration
AP European History Review Exercise #15: Germany from 1945 to Sometime Around Now Dates In Office 1949 - 1963 1963 - 1966 1966 - 1969 1969 - 1974 1974 - 1982 1982 - 1998 1998 - 2005 2006 - Name Of Chancellor A Must-Know Fact About Them/Their Administration
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Week 17 2 AP Chemistry AP Environmental Science AP Psychology (PM) 3 AP Computer Science A AP Spanish AP Physics 1 (PM) (Algebra based) 4 AP English Lit & Comp AP Physics 2 (PM) (Algebra based) 5 AP Calculus AB & BC Exam 7:40am – Noon Gym Bring your Calculator! AP Chinese (PM) 6 AP US History Early Release Stand & Deliver
Week 18 9 AP Biology AP Music Theory AP Physics C: Mechanics AP Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism Stand & Deliver 10 AP US Government AP French (PM) Stand & Deliver 11 AP English Lang & Comp AP Statistics Stand & Deliver 12 AP World History AP Statistics (PM) Assign Playdoh Project Work on Playdoh Project 13 AP Micro Economics Work on Playdoh Project Week 19 16 Work on Playdoh Project 17 Work on Playdoh Project 18 Work on Playdoh Project 19 Playdoh Project Due 20 Last day for seniors Week 20 23 24 25 Release FINALS 26 Early Release FINALS Last Day for Students 27
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Week 17 2 AP Chemistry AP Environmental Science AP Psychology (PM) 3 AP Computer Science A AP Spanish AP Physics 1 (PM) (Algebra based) 4 AP English Lit & Comp AP Physics 2 (PM) (Algebra based) 5 AP Calculus AB & BC Exam 7:40am – Noon Gym Bring your Calculator! AP Chinese (PM) 6 AP US History Early Release
Week 18 9 AP Biology AP Music Theory AP Physics C: Mechanics AP Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism 10 AP US Government AP French (PM) 11 AP English Lang & Comp AP Statistics 12 AP World History AP Statistics (PM) 13 AP Micro Economics Week 19 16 17 18 19 20 Last day for seniors Week 20 23 24 25 Early Release FINALS 26 Early Release FINALS Last Day for Students 27
Chapter 1: Exploring Data NAME: _____________________ Reading Note: Notes can be written or typed. See my website for the MSWord document for these notes. Read the “EXAMPLE” sections and make sure you understand the answers to the questions. Read “TECHNOLOGY CORNER” sections and ACTUALLY DO the examples with your calculator. Make sure you understand how to use your calculator!!!! It will be your best friend You do NOT need to read the “ACTIVITY” sections! “Check Your Understanding” problems are optional (the answers are in the back of the book). Vocabulary YOU must know! individual variable categorical variable quantitative variable distribution inference frequency table relative frequency table pie chart bar graph segmented bar graph side-by-side bar graph two-way table (rows and columns) marginal distributions conditional distributions association dotplots stemplots histogram SOCS (or CUSS & BS) outlier shape symmetric distribution Skewed to the right Skewed to the left Unimodal distribution Bimodal distribution Uniform distribution resistant outlier  center µ median spread, variability quartiles Q1, , M, Q3 IQR five-number summary minimum maximum range boxplot standard deviation variance
What type of data are pie charts and bar graphs used for? Bar graphs represent each_______________________ as a bar and the bar heights give the category _____________________ or ____________________. What is a two-way table (tip: sketch an example and discuss rows and columns)? Define marginal distribution: Define conditional distribution: Describe how you decide which conditional distribution to compare (pg17, think about it: explanatory vs. response). Use the following two-way table, To explain the difference between a marginal distribution and a conditional distribution.
DNA molecule has a “direction.” Complementary strand runs in opposite direction The 2 strands of DNA lead us to replication… Watson and Crick in their 1953 publication in Nature said the following: “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material” DNA Replication There were three alternative models of DNA replication: Semi Conservative Through experimentation we discovered that DNA replicates semiconservatively. Which means each strand of the parental DNA acts as a template for a new strand, which is added by base pairing. DNA replication occurs in 3 basic steps Starting point The parent molecule has 2 complementary strands of DNA. Each base is paired by hydrogen bonding with its specific partner. A with T and C with G DNA Replication – An overview Step 1 The DNA strands separate. DNA Replication – An overview Step 2
Helicase – Unwinds the DNA Single Strand Binding Protein – Hold DNA strands apart Primase – puts down RNA primer Ligase – Joins Okazaki fragments together DNA polymerases Adding new nucleotides to 3’ end (elongation) Replacement of RNA primer with DNA Proofreading The mistakes made in replication are fixed in a number of ways: DNA polymerase will check it when it adds it and will correct it immediately. Nucleotide excision repair – when mistakes evade proofreading. A cell will use a variety of enzymes for mismatch repair. (nuclease cuts out incorrect base and correct one is filled in by DNA polymerase and fixed by ligase. Over time, we lose a little DNA Because DNA can’t attach nucleotides to the 5’ end of the daughter strand , the RNA primer on the very end of the lagging strand gets replaced by DNA. Thus the lagging strand becomes shorter each time replication occurs My telomeres are shorter than yours…and that depresses me We have “spare DNA” at the very end of each of our chromosomes This spare DNA is called a telomere and is made of “junk DNA –no genes, just repeating TTAGGG…you have between 100 and 1000 repetitions. So what’s the significance of telomeres We can make more telomeres using telomerase which is only available in some cells (such as reproductive cells) Without telomerase, the telomeres eventually run out which scientists believe is a key factor in aging and death Scientists have found telomerase in some cancerous cells.
e.g. Li2S Na2S CaS K2S SrS (NH4)2S BaS (i.e. alkali and most alkaline earth cations and ammonium) Hydroxides of the alkaline earth metals (Group 2) become more soluble as you move down the group – i.e. Ba(OH)2 is more soluble than Ca(OH)2, which is more soluble than Mg(OH)2. for Solubility (from Cornell University - Chemistry Department) (Sing to Rhythm of 99 Bottles) Potassium, sodium and ammonium salts, Whatever they may be, Can always be depended on for solubility. When asked about the nitrates The answer is always clear, They each and all are soluble, Is all we want to hear. Most every chloride's soluble At least we've always read Save silver, mercurous mercury And (slightly) chloride of lead Every single sulfate Is soluble, 'Tis said 'Cept barium and strontium And calcium and lead. Hydroxides of metals won't dissolve That is, all but three Potassium, sodium and ammonium Dissolve quite readily. And then you must remember That you must not "forgit" Calcium, barium, strontium Dissolve a little bit. The carbonates are insoluble,
AP CHEMISTRY PERIODIC TABLE Must be Completed to the Start of School. Memorize Element Names and Symbols of Common Elements & Phases Al aluminum Sb antimony Ar argon As arsenic Ba barium Be beryllium B boron Br bromine Cd cadmium Ca calcium C carbon Cs cesium Cl chlorine Cr chromium Co cobalt Cu copper F fluorine Fr francium
Ge germanium Au gold He helium H hydrogen I iodine Fe iron Kr krypton Pb lead Li lithium Mg magnesium Mn manganese Hg mercury Ne neon Ni nickel N nitrogen O oxygen Pd palladium P phosphorous Pt platinum Pu plutonium K potassium Ra radium Rn radon Rb rubidium Se selenium Si silicon Ag silver Na sodium Sr strontium S sulfur Te tellurium Th thorium Sn tin W tungsten U uranium Xe xenon Zn zinc - All metals are solid except for mercury which is a liquid. - All metalloids are solids. - Nonmetals: carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, & selenium are solids; bromine is a liquid; and the rest are gases. - Elements with Subscripts: Br2, I2, N2, Cl2, H2, O2, F2, P4, S8 Common Monatomic Ions Metals with Multiple Oxidation States Element Symbol Oxidation # Old System New System Iron Fe +2 Ferrous Iron (II)
+3 Ferric Iron () Copper Cu +1 Cuprous Copper (I) +2 Cupric Copper (II) Mercury Hg2 +2 Mercurous Mercury (I) Hg +2 Mercuric Mercury (II) Lead Pb +2 Plumbous Lead (II) +4 Plumbic Lead (IV) Tin Sn +2 Stannous Tin (II) +4 Stannic Tin (IV) Polyatomic Ions H2PO4 - dihydrogen phosphate C2H3O2 - acetate HSO3 - hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite) HSO4 - hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) 3 - hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) NO2 - nitrite NO3 - nitrate CN - cyanide SCN - thiocyanate OH - hydroxide MnO4 - permanganate ClO - hypochlorite ClO2 - chlorite ClO3 - chlorate ClO4 - perchlorate BrO - hypobromite BrO2 - bromite BrO3 - bromate BrO4 - perbromate IO - hypoiodite IO2 - iodite IO3 - iodate IO4 - periodate HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate C2O4 2- oxalate SO3 2- sulfite SO4 2- sulfate CO3 2- carbonate CrO4 2- chromate Cr2O7 2- dichromate SiO3 2- silicate O2 2- peroxide PO3 3- phosphite PO4 3- phosphate BO3 3- borate NH4 + ammoniu
4. Acids and Bases – Flash cards? Strong HClO4 – perchloric HI – hydroiodic HBr – hydrobromic HCl – hydrochloric HNO3 – nitric H2SO4 - sulfuric Strong Bases I hydroxides hydroxides from group II: Ca, Sr, Ba Weak Bases NH3 – ammonia and its organic derivatives
Other acids (weak) HF – hydrofluoric H3PO4 – phosphoric **Note that the “ate” ion becomes the “ic” acid. HC2H3O2 or CH3CO2H – acetic H2CO3 – carbonic HCN – hydrocyanic H2S – hydrosulfuric HNO2 – nitrous H2SO3 – sulfurous H3PO3 – phosphorous HClO3 – chloric HClO2 – chlorous HClO – hypochlorous 5. Formulas for diatomic elements “Honkelbrif” – HONClBrIF all exist as diatomics H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2 “Mr. H. BrONClIF Also mercury (I) cation is a diatomic cation – Hg22+ IV. Basic Stoichiometry and Chemical Calculations 1. Balance: Fe + O2 → Fe2O3 SiCl4 + H2O → SiO2 + HCl PCl3 + H2O → H3PO3 + HCl CaO + P4O10 → Ca3(PO4)2 C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + NaCN → HCN + Na3PO4 Ba(NO3)2 + Al2(SO4)3 → BaSO4 + Al(NO3)3 + NaOH → Fe(OH)3 + NaCl
9. C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 + 2800 kJ Occasionally, not all values are found in the table of thermodynamic data. For most substances it is impossible to go into a lab and directly synthesize a compound from its free elements. The heat of formation for the substance must be calculated by working backwards from its heat of combustion. Calculate the ∆Hf of C6H12O6(s) given the combustion reaction above along with the following information: Substance ∆Hf° (kJ/mol) CO2(g) −393.5 H2O(l) −285.8 10. The thermite reaction occurs when a mixture of powdered aluminum and iron(III) oxide is ignited with a magnesium fuse. Using enthalpies of formation, calculate the standard change in enthalpy for the thermite reaction: 2Al (s) + Fe2O3(s) → A12O3(s) + 2Fe(s) 11. Calculate the ∆H for this overall reaction 2 H3BO3(aq) → B2O3(s) + 3 H2O(l) given the following equations: H3BO3(aq) → HBO2(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = −0.02 kJ/mol H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) → 4 HBO2(aq) ∆ H = −11.3 kJ/mol H2B4O7(aq) → 2 B2O3(s) + H2O(l) ∆ H = 17.5 kJ/mol 12. Calculate the change in energy that accompanies the following reaction given the data below. H2(g) + F2(g) → 2 HF(g) Bond Type _____ Bond Energy H−H 432 kJ/mol F−F 154 kJ/mol H−F 565 kJ/mol Answers listed in random order: ‒2,677, 17.0, ‒1276, ‒26, −544, ‒850. , ‒270, 8.0 × 107, ‒5.6, ‒320, 14.4, −10.7
Is the organisation/the registered with the relevant bodies and have appropriate qualification and training? Does the organisation have the appropriate levels of insurance? Does the organisation have the relevant policies for, for example, child safeguarding, safer recruitment and attendance? Specific to the Alternative provision; Does the provision Have clear purpose with a focus on education and achievement as well as meeting the pupil’s needs and rigorous assessment of progress? Offer appropriate and challenging teaching in English Mathematics and Science (including I.T.) on par with mainstream education – unless this is provided elsewhere within the package of provision? Be suited to the pupil’s capabilities, give pupils the opportunity to take appropriate qualifications and involve suitably qualified staff who can help pupils make excellent progress? Have good arrangements for working with relevant services such as social care, educational psychology, child and adolescent mental health services, youth offending teams and drug support services etc.? With regard to outdoor activities: do the coaches have relevant qualification or would a qualified teacher need to be present? . The end of a placement and reintegration; When the governing body of a school has secured alternative provision for a pupil on a fixed period exclusion, or has directed a pupil off-site to improve behaviour, it should have a plan and processes in place to reintegrate the pupil at the end of the placement. The governing body should obtain from the provider a final report on the pupil’s achievements during the placement, including academic attainment and progress, attendance records and evidence of change in behaviour. The governing body should also seek the pupil’s views on the success of the placement. If the placement does not end with reintegration into the school, for example, when a pupil reaches the end of Year 11 while still in alternative provision, the school should work with the provider to ensure that the young person can move on into suitable
Boolean Expressions Truth Tables More Operators (increment, decrement, assignment) Exercises: Java Software Solutions, Questions 3.1-3.11 Boolean Expression and Decision Making Statement Worksheets Java Software Solutions, Multiple Choice 3.1-3.3, 3.9, 3.10; True/False 3.1-3.6, 3.8-3.9; Short Answer 3.2-3.6; AP-Style Multiple Choice 3.2, 3.6 Magpie Introduction and Activities 1-4 (APCS A Labs) Labs: Java Software Solutions, Programming Project 3.2 – Design, implement, and test a program that determines if a given year is a leap year. [CR1] Magpie Activities 1-4 (APCS A Labs) [CR4] Assessments: Program Statements Conditional Assessment 4 (7-9) Title: Program Statements- Iteration Topics: Control flow (Iteration) Using while and for statements Program Development Revisited Analysis of Algorithms (informal comparisons of running times and exact calculation of statement execution counts). [CR3] Exercises: Java Software Solutions, Questions 3.12-3.13 Loops Worksheets Java Software Solutions, Multiple Choice 3.4-3.8; 3.7; Short Answer 3.7-3.11; AP-Style Multiple Choice 3.1, 3.3-3.5 Texts: Java Software Solutions: Ch. 3 Sections 3.5, 3.7-3.8; Summary of Key Concepts Labs: Java Software Solutions, Programming Project 3.6 – Design implement, and test a program to odd/even/zero digits. [CR1] Java Software Solutions, Programming Project 3.10 –Design, implement, and test a hi-lo guessing game program. [CR1] Java Software Solutions, Programming Project 3.12 – Design, implement and test a program that prints two-dimensional patterns of asterisks. [CR1] Java Software Solutions, Programming Project 3.14 – Design implement, and test a program that plays a Rock Paper Scissors game with the user. [CR1] Assessments: Program Statements Iteration Assessment Review Review
A Fourth The End of Forgetting 337 Claim/Assertion Identify the author’s major arguments. Evidence/Support What evidence does the author give to support her claim? How does she support this argument? Implications Why is this argument important? What are the possible effects? So what? Personal Reactions Do you Why? Does this matter? What questions does this 1. 2.
An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner Another Country by James Baldwin As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner Beloved by Toni Morrison Billy Budd by Herman Melville Black Boy by Richard Wright Brave New World by Aldous Huxley Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya Catch-22 by Joseph Heller Ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko The Crossing by Cormac McCarthy East of by John Steinbeck by Peter Shaffer A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway For Whom the Tolls by Ernest Hemingway Go Tell It On the Mountain by James Baldwin The Golden Bowl by Henry James Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Light in August by William Faulkner Long Day’s Journey into by Eugene O’Neill Look Homeward, Angel by Thomas Wolfe The Memory Keeper’s Daughter by Kim Edwards Moby Dick by Herman Melville Native Son by Richard Wright Native Speaker by Chang-Rae Lee Obasan by Joy Kogawa Our Town by Thorton Wilder The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver Portrait of a Lady by Henry James A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner A Streetcar Named Desire by Williams Sula by Toni Morrison The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Turn of the Screw by Henry James Typical American by Gish Jen Wise Blood by Flannery O’Connor The Women of by Gloria Naylor The Zoo Story by Edward Albee Trial
British Literature As You Like It by William Shakespeare Bleak House by Charles Dickens Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy King Lear by William Shakespeare Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad Macbeth by William Shakespeare Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy The Merchant of by William Shakespeare Middlemarch by George Eliot Moll by Daniel Defoe Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell Othello by William Shakespeare A Passage to by E.M. Forster Persuasion by Jane Austen The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens The Tempest by William Shakespeare Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy Tom by Henry Fielding Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee The Winter’s Tale by William Shakespeare Continental and World Literature Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy Cat’s Eye by Margaret Atwood Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky Cry the Beloved Country by Alan Paton Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak Don Quixote by Miguel Cervantes Fasting, Feasting by Anita Desai Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri Jasmine by Bharati Mukherjee The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert Mythology by Edith Hamilton (see note below) The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Père Goriot by Honoré de Balzac
TIMED WRITING and MULTIPLE CHOICE Timed Writing Possibilities: 1985 question concerning thoughts on war 1988 Frederick Douglass question 1992 Queen Elizabeth question Multiple Choice: “The Governor’s Hall” from The Scarlet Letter 3 SPEAKING OF COURAGE This unit addresses two types of essays. First, the comparison and contrast essay through which students recognize the existence of similarities and differences between great moments in history and in the individual’s experience during those moments. Secondly, the cause and effect essay which analyzes why something happens. Why do humans resort to warfare? This and many other questions arise during this unit. The selections deal with the cruelty of war, and the individual heroism exhibited in moments of tribulation. Students read letters, speeches, commentaries, memoirs, poems, short stories, and novels. Red Badge of Courage – Stephen Crane The Things They Carried – Tim O’Brien “The Address” – “Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts” – Bruce Catton Various Civil War letters “A Mystery of Heroism” – Stephen Crane “War is Kind” – “An Occurrence at ” – Ambrose Bierce “The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner” – Randall Jarrell Dulce et Decorum Est” – Wilfred Owen “The Rear-Guard” – Sassoon ‘The Soldier” – Rupert Brooke
32. irony 33. juxtaposition 34. metaphor 35. mood 36. motif 37. narrator 38. onomatopoeia 39. oxymoron 40. paradox 41. personification 42. persuasion 43. plot 44. point of view 45. protagonist 46. realism 47. repetition 48. rhetoric 49. satire 50. setting 51. simile 52. situational irony 53. speaker 54. 55. symbol 56. syntax 57. theme 58. tone 59. understatement 60. verbal
Key contributions of Louis Pasteur & Charles Darwin What factors caused the legal Atlantic slave trade to come to an end by the early 1800s? + Britain’s role in ending it? Western Imperialism Causes of Western Imperialism in the period of 1750 to 1900? Advances in industrial technology/science permitted Europeans to expand their colonization efforts: Railroads, Steamships, Rifles, Maxim Gun, Quinine Africa, Asia, and the Pacific were the main focal points of Western imperialism in the period 1750-1900 What is meant by “The White Man’s Burden”? Define “Social Darwinism” + Explain how this ideology influenced Western imperialism from c1860 – 1900s. *note: Herbert Spencer developed this pseudo-science, not Charles Darwin Compare/Contrast Western imperialism in the period 1450 to 1750 vs. 1750 to 1900. How did the industrial revolution shape Western imperialism in the period of 1750 to 1900? Core/Dependency Theory Examples of raw materials extracted from colonies: India, Congo, Indonesia, South Africa The British placed restrictions on Indian cotton textile production in order to prevent competition with British textile industry. Describe labor systems used to extract these raw materials Identify major colonizing nations and examples of their colonies in the period 1750 to 1900 Explain the imperialism process in the areas of Java (Indonesia), India, South Africa, New Zealand, & Hawaii Compare Dutch imperialism in Java VS. British imperialism in India What role did the British East India Co. play in the colonization of India? As the British East India Co. expanded control over India, the Mughal Empire collapsed British Raj, 1858-1947 The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885: Purpose/Outcome/How was it unfair to Africans/Long-term effects? What was the “Scramble for Africa”? + Major participants In what ways did Westerners attempt to the cultural traditions of indigenous people that they colonized? Native people attempted to resist Western imperial control, but usually with little real chance of permanent success Why? + Examples? Zulu Wars in South Africa, late 1800s Sepoy Mutiny/Rebellion in India, 1857: Significance? Ethiopia succeeded in holding off Italian attempts at colonization there Definitions & examples of Settler Colonies, Tropical Dependencies, & White Dominions Industrial economic competition and imperial competition between Western European nations led to intense nationalism, militarism, and a massive arms buildup that eventually caused the First World War (1914-1918)
Third Quarter F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby Short essays and works by “The Lost Generation” Research on the 1920s, Prohibition and the Rise of Organized Crime Research paper, APA Format, Bibliography & In-text citations – My Glitch Rhetorical Analysis and writing AP Samples Spring Break Assignment: The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Fourth Quarter (Review and AP English Language and Composition Exam) Rhetorical Analysis and writing Synthesis and Writing Argument and Writing Review for the AP Language Exam Frederick Douglas Martin Luther King Jr “Gettysburg Address” – Abraham Lincoln Joseph Addison “How it feels to be Colored Me” – Zora Neale Hurston “Salvation” – Langston Hughes “Ain’t I a Woman?” – Sojourner Truth “Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Space” – Brent Staples “On Being the Right Size” - B. S. Haldane **This is when we do extensive review and take many practice After the AP exam, we will read some shorter fiction in order to transition into AP Literature and we will work on resumes, essays and cover letters.**
Possible texts/works for further study Credence Clearwater Revival’s “Fortunate Son” Bruce Springsteen’s “Born in the USA” Paul and Mary’s “Where Have All the Flowers Gone” Old Crow Medicine Show’s “Big Time in the Jungle” Billy Joel’s “Goodnight Saigon” Nick Ut’s photograph “Vietnam Napalm” (1972) Various photographs of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial designed by artist Maya Lin Art Buchwald’s Haak Plan Selection of political cartoons and photos Picasso’s Guernica Selections from Tim O’Brien’s If I Die in a Combat Zone Wilfred Own’s “Dulce Et Decorum Es” Tennyson’s The Charge of the Light Brigade” Yusef Komunyakaa’s “Facing It” Bob Dylan’s The Times They Are a’Changin’ Churchill’s speech (WWII) George W. Bush’s speech (Iraqi War) Patrick Henry’s speech to the Virginia Convention Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” Henry David Thoreau’s “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address JFK’s Inaugural Address Queen Elizabeth’s speech to her troops at Tilsbury Possible Writing Assignments: Three versions of a family story Analyze O’Brien’s use of tone, details, and repetition Unit Two Introduction to the course/Critical Reading Test Modes Textbook: Language of Composition Chapter 1 rhetorical situation Chapter 2 close reading and analytical writing Chapter 3 argument Chapter 4 synthesis Possible texts/works for Additional Study Ralph Ellison’s “Yardbird” essay Annie Dillard’s “The Death of a Moth” Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Senator Ellison Smith’s 1924 Congressional Address Benjamin Banneker’s letter to Thomas Jefferson John M. Barry’s description of the Mississippi River Florence Kelley’s speech to the National American Woman Suffrage Association Nancy Mairs’ passage (Cripple) Joan Didion passages (Phi Beta Kappa)
Summer Reading Presentation Rubric **** (No Rubric: -5) Rubric must be brought to class on presentation day Category 15 10 5 0 Themes Student discusses at least two themes and shows how these themes are represented in the novel, with full explanations of examples from the reading. Student discusses two themes from the and shows how they are represented in the novel. There was good explnation of how these themes are presented in the novel, but more explanation or clarification would have been helpful. Student discusses one to two themes from the but examples and explanations are unclear or shaky. Student does not demonstrate that they understand the reading. Student does not discuss a of the book. Characterization Student thoroughly discusses author’s portrayal of at least two characters, particularly the characters' personality, through the author’s narration, the character’s actions, and the character’s words. Student discusses the characterization of two characters in the novel, but does not do so thoroughly, leaving questions about the characerization of one or both of the characters. Student discusses one or two characters in the novel, but the discussion is shaky or unclear. Student does not discuss the characters in the book. Visual Aid The visual aid for the presentation is an accurate and attractive representation of the novel and helps with the presentation of the book. The visual aid for the presentation is accurate and attractive, but did not enhance or assist in the presentation of the book. The visual aid is somewhat accurate, but does not demonstrate much effort or time and does not assist in the presentation of the book. No visual aid was used in the presentation of the book. Text Student brought the book in on presentation day and had one annotation for each chapter or, if chapters don't exist, one Student brought the book in on presentation day and had annotations for most chapters or every 15 pages if chapters did not exist. Student brought the book in on the day of the presentation, but very few annotations were included in the book. Student did not bring in the book on the day of the presentation and no or very few annotations were brought in for the book.
ex. Romanovs ruled as absolute monarchs until CZAR PETER THE GREAT [r.1682-1725] continued trend of czars increasing their power became the most autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs During his he… brought boyars czar’s control nobles as set standardized compulsory education forced to adopt built up Russian military re-organized army in western style w/quality leaders extended serfdom boyars’ powers over serfs grew produce for export [where to?] began a new economic focus serfs = goal = RUSSIAN EXPANSION UNDER PETER THE GREAT need for [why?] failed war vs. over Black Sea successful war vs. Russia gained access to new capital built = CZARINA CATHERINE THE GREAT [r.1762-1796]