Summer Assignment: Living Systems In the AP Biology curriculum, this section on human body systems focuses on the immune, endocrine and nervous systems, with a big emphasis on communication. Some other systems are included in certain places. Read through the material and look at the pictures in this presentation. Wherever you see the icon, is a question to answer (35 questions total). Purchase a notebook and write your answers in your notebook(preferable a black and white marble notebook ) (AP Bio Summer Assignment 2018 Questions). You are welcome to use online or other resources to help you with the questions. This is due Sept. 17th.
• Compared to water bears, we may not have a dramatic way of maintaining water balance, but we do have an effective one: • Our bodies produce a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH). • ADH is produced in the brain and released from the pituitary gland into the bloodstream. It enhances fluid retention by causing the kidneys to reabsorb more water. • The pituitary is stimulated to release ADH when receptors detect an increase in blood osmolarity (increase in solute concentration in the blood). This also stimulates increased thirst. • 3. What is the effect of increased thirst? • 4. Is this an example of positive or negative feedback? Explain.
Molecular Recognition and More • pathogens induce the host plant to activate various chemical defense responses. Many of the pathogens’ molecules – called elicitors – trigger plant defenses. • If a has a receptor protein on its cell surfaces, the protein will bind to the elicitor. After binding, a signal transduction pathway is set in motion. The overall effects are both local, causing a response near the site of infection, and systemic, causing a response in parts of the plant that are distant from the site of infection. • Receptor proteins and elicitor bonding is specific and relies on molecular recognition. • Other diverse examples of plant defenses include: – Plants may produce pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins). One type is chitinase, an enzyme which breaks down the cell walls of fungi. – Phytoalexins, which serve as a natural antibiotic, are produced within hours of an infection by plant cells near the infection site. – Plants have a way of isolating damaged areas so that a pathogen does not spread. Cells around the site of infection undergo apoptosis depriving the pathogen of nutrients from the surrounding cells. • 6. If chitinase is a PR protein that breaks down fungal cell the cell walls of fungi must contain what complex carbohydrate? (You could look up examples of complex carbohydrates.)
Neuron Structure – A typical neuron has a cell body, axon and dendrites. Many have a myelin sheath that acts as an electrical insulator. – The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. – Schwann cells, which form the myelin sheath, are separated by gaps of unsheathed axon over which the impulse travels as the signal propagates along the neuron. Some neurons will send their signal to an effector cell or tissue, such as the muscle tissue here. The nervous signal may cause the muscle to contract or relax. This is how your muscles help you to move and respond to stimuli.
To Sum Up, Think About the Levels of Organization (Macromolecules make up cells, cells make up tissues, etc.) • Macromolecules • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organ Systems • Organism 35. It has often been said of the human body that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Give one example of how various parts of the human body work together for a higher- level function. Your example could be from this self-study, but does not have to be.