of secondary and tertiary TVET institutions in 2000. The standards were revised and the revisions formally adopted in 2010. In 2012, HRSS updated its previous skilled-worker school standards and issued the latest standards for the establishment of skilled-worker schools, advanced skilled-workers schools, and technicians’ academies. In addition, Yunnan started implementing an updated version of its Non-public Education Institute Management Measures in May 2012, including additional establishment standards for private secondary TVET schools (in accordance with the national standards for secondary TVET) and private vocational training providers offering non-diploma-oriented training. Table .. Standards for the Setup of Secondary and Tertiary TVET Institutions, Yunnan Secondary TVET Tertiary TVET school Advanced school Technician academy Private vocational training provider Campus area √ √ √ √ √ √ Training facilities and equipment √ √ √ √ √ √ Minimum enrollment √ √ √ √ √ √ School leader and management √ √ √ √ √ √ Teacher number and qualification √ √ √ √ √ √ Stable source of financing √ √ √ √ √ √ Curriculum and teaching learning plan √ √ √ √ n.a. √ Teaching research group; major leaders n.a. n.a. n.a. √ √ n.a. Minimum majors n.a. √ √ √ √ n.a. Industry-school link n.a. n.a. collaboration committee at least 3 enterprises per major at least 5 enterprises per major n.a. Source: Ministry of Education 2000; Ministry of Education 2010b; HRSS 2012a; HRSS 2012b; HRSS, 2012c; Yunnan Department of Education 2012. Table 4.2 lists areas of requirement according to existing standards. The standards are input-based, requiring a minimum level of school infrastructure, training facilities and worker Skilled-
Government agency Types Areas Duration Entry requirements Training provided by Final certification Yunnan Department of Agriculture: Sunshine Project Guidance training Law and policy concerning urban employment 7–16 days Middle school graduate, healthy County vocational high schools, rural broadcasting school No Skills training More than 20 fields Yunnan HRSS Guidance training; Law and policy concerning urban At least one month; cooking 45 days No Accredited training providers, at home or local villages Qualified trainees obtain skills certificates; those not qualified receive module attendance recognition Skills training Computer, horticulture, animal husbandry, stitching and sewing Yunnan Poverty Alleviation Office: Rain and Dew Guidance training; Law and policy concerning urban 3 days Middle school graduate, healthy County Vocational High School, at home or local villages Usually no, but students can take skills tests administered by HRSS Skills training Hospitality, computer skills, sewing One month Source: Li 2012. The training programs usually comprise a combination of orientation, covering basic legal and policy knowledge, and skill-specific courses. Trainings conducted by the Department of Agriculture tend to focus on agriculture-related technical skills, whereas Poverty Alleviation Office and HRSS programs offer a variety of courses geared toward urban employment, mostly in the construction and service sectors. An important characteristic of rural training is the form of delivery: although many sessions are conducted in county vocational schools and other accredited training agencies, training sessions are also conducted in local villages and sometimes at home. The content of training provided through HRSS is based on a standard framework that leads to skills certification. Trainees who receive training through HRSS are required to pay for the final certification tests. A higher proportion of those who receive training through HRSS obtain skills
Upper secondary (TVET) Tertiary, associate degree Tertiary, Bachelor's and above Potential experience Potential experience squared Female Government agencies State-owned enterprises 0.153*** (0.0392) 0.144*** (0.0390) Constant Observations 1,026 1,026 R2 0.279 0.306 Source: STEP Household Survey 2012. Note: All models control for sector-level fixed effect. Data are weighted. Standard errors in parentheses. TVET = Technical and Vocational Education and Training. Table A.5 Rates of Return to Education by Gender, Ownership, and Ethnicity China 1988 1995 2002 2007 Female×year 0.00855*** (0.00) 0.0200*** (0.00) 0.0286*** (0.00) 0.0104* (0.00) Minority×year -0.00318 (0.01) 0.00650 (0.01) -0.00123 (0.01) 0.00868 (0.03) Ownership (reference group = other) SOE×year -1.81% (0.01) -0.0407*** (0.01) -0.0157** (0.01) -0.0404*** (0.01) Collective×year -0.0188 (0.01) -0.0332*** (0.01) -0.0251* (0.01) -0.00286 (0.02)