You may also include possible implications of your research or areas that could/should be the subject of further study. The abstract is a single, double-spaced paragraph of approximately 150-250 words, depending on your instructor’s guidelines. The word “Abstract” should be centred at the top of the page in regular 12 pt. type No bold-faced or italic type; not all caps. Paper Formatting Use an easy to read typeface in 12 point font size. APA recommends Times New Roman Font Paper should be “Letter” (8.5”x11”), NOT A4 Margins should be set at 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides. All pages should have a running header, as instructed above Double-space throughout the body of your essay. Using Your Sources Italicize or underline the titles of books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums referred to in the body of your essay. Put “quotation marks” around the titles of journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles referred to in the body of your essay. The period follows the in-text citation, except in the case of extended quotations. E.g.: The implications of this study are that, “despite public perception, the crime rate in Canada is actually on the decline” (Smith, 2014, p. 45). Extended quotations are direct quotations of 40 words or more. They are set out in an indented block as follows: Start the quote on a new line, indented ½ inch (1.27 cm) from the left margin Omit the quotation marks The citation follows the final period of the paragraph. Like the body of your essay, extended or block quotes are also double-spaced Example of Extended Quote: According to Covey (1989) “principles are not values” (p. 35). It is only by our valuing of the right principles that we have truth. Covey further argues, “Principles are the territory. Values are maps” (p.35). It is the consistency between our values and principles that makes for effective living: The more closely our maps or paradigms are aligned with these principles or natural laws, the more accurate and functional they will be. Correct maps will infinitely impact our personal and interpersonal
When a work has 3, 4 or 5 authors, name all authors the first time the reference occurs. Example: As has been shown (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer ,2007) this type of testing … In the first subsequent citation use only the first author, followed by "et al." and a year. Example: As Adler et al. (2007) further argue … If you mention the same work again within one paragraph, omit the year. Example: Adler et al. also note that … An edited volume or collection (often called an anthology) is a collection of stories, articles, plays, poems etc. by different authors. Usually an edited volume has an editor or a compiler. Articles are cited by their individual author, so the same rules apply for in-text citations as for books noted above. Example: (Anagnost, 1989) or (Anagnost, 1989, p. 211). Sometimes you may end up quoting an author who is quoting someone else. In APA, this is quite common as a study you might be using as a research source will also make reference to studies conducted by other researchers. Cite your source – the book, article, etc. you are working from Also note that it is a quotation, not a direct source. Example: Seidenberg and McLellan’s (2014) study showed …. (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins and Haller, 1993) Sometimes a book will be published by a government department or by some other organisation. The individual writers who produced the book are not listed on the cover. In these cases, use the name of the agency, organisation, or government who published the book. Example: Summary or Paraphrase: (Vanier Institute of the Family, 2000) Direct Quote: (Vanier Institute of the Family, 2000, p. 40) Use the author’s last name, if there is an author listed If no author is listed, then use the title of the section of the website, not the title of the website, you are quoting from The heading may be shortened if necessary.