groups who always want to harm the Sunni population. It was ridiculous… but the Secular Club told me “we have to work together to make a change together”. And this is what I want for my country, so I joined them and became a candidate for the elections. And this is what we have to do, we have to go and approach the students to show them how we think and what we do, because they just have some prejudices about us. Farah tells me her experience during pre-elections day: I still remember during elections, last year my friend was voting for me and before we enter to vote all parties approach us at the door. She is from a specific place in Lebanon. A girl who is from the same environment (confession) came to her and talked to her. But I know that she is my friend she will vote for me. She got in, she voted for me and we went down. Then she was like “Farah… you know I feel guilty”. I asked why. She said “I voted for you but I guess my parents would be mad”. It is because she voted for me. She knows that I am more qualified and I would work for everybody, but she didn’t support the one from her religious group. I was like: “no it doesn’t work that way, you don’t have to feel guilty, on the contrary, you have to feel good about it”. She continued in relation to this incident saying: It is a little bit hard but when they (students) get exposed to different ideas, they will at least think about it and then maybe they will be less thinking in the same sectarian way. Analysis The bottom line for this discussion forms two main arguments for my thesis. The first argument is that by attaching a set of values and behaviors to the notion of secularity, the members of the Secular Club employ this notion to form a new secular habitus among youth in the Lebanese society and politics in response to political and social sectarianism. The second argument is that
Chabaan, Jad, and Karin Seyfert. 2012. “Faith Based NGOs in a Multi-Confessional Society: Evidence from Lebanon.” Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies. Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 1992. “Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for ‘Indian’ Past.” Representations 37: 1–26. De Poli, Barbara. 2014. “Arab Revolts and the ‘Civil State’: A new term for old conflicts between Islamism and secularism”. Approaching Religion 4 (2): 95-104. Diani, Mario. 2008. “Social Movement Theory and Grassroots Coalitions in the Paper for the 2008 ASA Annual Meeting. Boston, August 1-4. Erken, Ali. 2015. “Challenging Secular Establishment: Student Movements in Egypt and Turkey in the 1970s.” Mediterranean Quarterly 25 (4). Evans, James, and Phil Jones. 2011. “The Walking Interview: Methodology, Mobility and Place.” Applied Geography 31: 849–58. Fakhoury, Tamirace. 2015. “Lebanon’s Perilous Balancing Act.” Current History 114 (776): 349–54. Gambill, Gary C. 2003. “Student Politics in Lebanon.” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 5 (11). Gamson, William. 1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. Gibbs, Anita. 1997. Focus Groups. Vol. 19. Social Research Update. Department of Sociology, University of Surrey. Goulding, Christina. 2002. Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide for Management, Business and Market Resource. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Grafton, David D. 2002. “The Religious Secularism of Lebanon and the United States: A Discussion between Lebanon’s Secular Debate and Madison’s ‘principles of Pluralism.’” The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19 (3): 31–57. Harik, Judith, and Meho Lokman. 1996. “The War Generation and Student Elections at the American University of Beirut.” Arab Studies Quarterly 18 (2).
Haugbolle, Sune. 2013. “Social Boundaries and Secularism in the Lebanese Left.” Mediterranean Politics 18 (3): 427–43. Hermanowicz, Joseph. 2002. “The Great Interview: 25 Strategies for Studying People in Bed.” Qualitative Sociology 25 (4): 479–99. Hermez, Sami. 2011. “On Dignity and Clientelism: Lebanon in the Context of the 2011 Arab Revolutions.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 11 (3): 527–37. Jennifer A. Jones. 2011. “Who Are We? Producing Group Identity through Everyday Practices of Conflict and Discourse.” Sociological Perspectives 54 (2): 139–62. Khalaf, Roseanne S. 2009. “Lebanese Youth Narratives: A Bleak Post-War Landscape.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 44 (1): 97–116. Lahire, Bernard. 2004. La Culture Des Individus. Paris: la D´ecouverte. Lee, Elizabeth M, and Rory Kramer. 2013. “Out with the Old, In with the New? Habitus and Social Mobility at Selective Colleges.” Sociology of Education 86 (1): 18–35. Lefort, Bruno. 2013. “It’s Not About Politics, It’s Social: Student Elections in Lebanon as a Positioning Ritual.” Paper for ECPR General Conference. Bordeaux, September 2013. Leonardsson, Hanna. 2011. “Between Diversity and Unity: Young Lebanese Visions of Legitimate Social and Political Systems 20 Years after Civil War.” Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development 17 (August): 102–17. Yancey, Martin Patricia, and Turner, Barry A. 1986. “Grounded Theory and Organizational Research.” The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science 22 (2): 141–57. Maurice Obeid. 2010. “A Lebanese Confession: Why Religious Politics Is Bad for Lebanon.” Harvard Kennedy School Review 10: 104–8. McAdam, Doug. 1986. “Recruitmentt O High-Risk Activism:T He Case of Freedom Summer.” AmericanJ Ournalo F Sociology 92 (1): 64–90. Melucci, Alberto. 1985. “The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporarymovements.” Sociological Research 52: 789–816. Melucci, Alberto. 1996. Challenging Codes. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University
Press. Monika Wohlrab-Sahr, and Marian Burchardt. 2012. “Multiple Secularities: Toward a Cultural Sociology of Secular Modernities.” Comparative Sociology 11: 875–909. Nagle, John. 2013. “‘Unity in Diversity’: Non-Sectarian Social Movement Challenges to the Politics of Ethnic Antagonism in Violently Divided Cities.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37.1 (January): 78–92. Nagle, John. 2016. Social Movements in Violently Divided Societies: Constructing Conflict and Peacebuilding. Routledge. Oakley, Ann. 1981. “Interviewing Women: A Contradiction in Terms.” In Helen Roberts (Ed.), Doing Feminist Research. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Omery, Anna. 1988. “Ethnography.” In In B. Sarter (Ed.), Paths to Knowledge: Innovative Research Methods for Nursing, 17–31. New York: NY: National League for Nursing. O’Reilly, Karen. 2005. Ethnographic Methods. London; New York: Routledge. Passeron, Jean Claude. 1977. Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. London: Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: Sage Publications. Salamey, Imad. 2009. “Failing Consociationalism in Lebanon and Integrative Options.” International Journal of Peace Studies, 14 (2). Salamey, Imad, and Rhys Payne. 2008. “Parliamentary Consociationalism in Lebanon: Equal Citizenry vs. Quotated Confessionalism.” The Journal of Legislative Studies 14 (4): 451–73. Seidman, Irving. 2006. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. 3rd Edition. New York, NY, USA: Teachers College Press. Silva, Elizabeth B. 2016. “Unity and Fragmentation of the Habitus.” The Sociological Review 64: 166–83. Spradley, James. 1980. Participant Observation. 1st Edition. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Stel, Nora. 2014. “Governance and Government in the Arab Spring Hybridity: Reflections from Lebanon.” Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice 6 (1): 49–69.
Touquet, Heleen. 2015. “Non-Ethnic Mobilisation in Deeply Divided Societies, the Case of the Sarajevo Protests.” Europe-Asia Studies 67 (3): 388–408. Touraine, Alain. 1981. The Voice and the Eye. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Traboulsi, Fawwaz. 2007. A History of Modern Lebanon. London. Wacquant, Loic. 2006. “Pierre Bourdieu.” In Key Sociological Thinkers Edited by Rob Stones. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, 261–78. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Taylor, Verta and Whittier, Nancy E. 1992. “Collective identity in social movement communities: Lesbian feminist mobilization”. In: Morris, Aldon D. (Ed); Mueller, Carol Mc Clurg (Ed). Frontiers in social movement theory. New Haven, CT, US: Yale University Press. Yang, Yang. 2014. “Bourdieu, Practice and Change: Beyond the Criticism of Determinism.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 46 (1): 1522–40. Yin, Robert K. 2003. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publications. Zakariyya, Fouad. 2005. Myth and Reality in the Contemporary Islamist Movement. First Edition. London: Pluto Press. Ziad Munson. 2010. “Mobilizing on Campus: Conservative Movements and Today’s College Students.” Sociological Forum 25 (4): 769–86. Online Sources: Al Suleiman, Abdul Rahman. 2006. “Tafkīk Mustalah Al-’Almaniyyah.” Atinternational.org. Accessed April 10, 2016. http://www.atinternational.org/forums/showpost.php?p=4664&postcount=14. Ayoub, Joey. 2012. “Photographs of the 2011 Lebanese Laique Pride.” Hummus For Thought. Accessed March 15, 2016. Aziz, Jean. 2015. “Lebanon Protesters Shift Focus from Garbage Crisis to Cleaning up Government.” Al Monitor, August 28. Accessed March 15, 2016.
“AUB Secular Club.” Facebook.com. Accessed March 15, 2016. https://www.facebook.com/secularclub/?fref=ts. Information International 2010. “Abolishing Confessionalism in Lebanon.” Accessed February 3, 2016. . LBCI Lebanon 2015. AUB Secular Club’s Vice-President on LBCI. Accessed March 18, 2016. . Maya Mikdashi. 2011. “What Is Political Sectarianism.” Jadaliyya. Accessed March 25 2016. http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1008/what-is-political-sectarianism. Maaroufi, Mouna. 2014. “Can Lebanon’s Secular Youth Take Back the Parliament?” Heinrich-Böll Stiftung Middle East. Accessed March 3, 2016. . Mughīth, Anwar, 2011. ‘Al-Dawla al-madaniyya wa-ldawla al-‛almāniyya… hal hunāka farq?’ Al-Yawm al-sābi‛. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=396736 Suter, Elizabeth A. 2000. “Focus Groups in Ethnography of Communication: Expanding Topics of Inquiry Beyond Participant Observation.” The Qualitative Report 5 (1&2). Accessed March 21, 2016. . “The Lebanese Constitution Promulgated May 23, 1926 with its Amendments 1995.” Accessed October 29, 2015.