3. Fats are also important fuels for cells identify that fatty acids include alkanoic acids with the general formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOH solve problems, identify resources and perform investigations to compare the structures of fatty acids and glycerol from diagrams or models use available evidence and process information from secondary sources to analyse the structure of the glycerol molecule and predict its viscosity and solubility in water, giving reasons for their predictions identify that part of the fatty acid molecule which should mix with water and explain this phenomenon identify the most common fatty acids in our diet and in our body stores as the C14-C20 series from diagrams or models describe glycerol as a triol and identify its systematic name explain that fatty acids are stored as esters of glycerol [triacylglycerols (TAGs)] and account for the hydrophobic nature of these esters assess the importance of TAGs as an energy dense store for humans Students learn to: Students: 4. Proteins are used as both structural molecules and as enzymes to catalyse metabolic reactions describe the composition and general formula for amino acids process information from secondary sources to draw the generalised structural formula for an amino acid identify data, plan, choose equipment and perform investigations to observe the effect of changes in pH and temperature on the reaction of a named enzyme and use the available evidence to relate this to possible changes in the primary, secondary and/or tertiary structure of the enzyme identify the major functional groups in an amino acid outline the nature of a peptide bond and, using a specific example, describe the chemistry involved in the formation of a peptide bond explain, using a named example, the relationship between the chemical features of a protein and its shape using appropriate diagrams or models
mitochondrion describe the role of oxygen in respiration Students learn to: Students: 9. ATP used in muscle contraction is continually regenerated identify NADH and FADH2 as compounds essential for respiration process information from a simplified flow chart of biochemical pathways to analyse the steps in oxidative phosphorylation describe the NADH/FADH2 oxidation as part of an process leading to ATP production construct an equation to summarise the reduction/oxidation process in ATP regeneration define oxidative phosphorylation as the process that couples the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to the production of ATP 10. Sprinting involves muscles contracting powerfully and rapidly and utilises type 2 muscle cells outline the problems associated with the supply and use of fuels during sprinting and relate this to the sprinting muscles’ reliance on non-oxygen/non-mitochondrial based ATP production solve problems and process information from a simplified flow chart of biochemical pathways to summarise the steps in anaerobic glycolysis and analyse the total energy output from this process use available evidence and process information from a simplified flow chart of biochemical pathways to trace the path of lactic acid formation and compare this with the process of fermentation process information to discuss the use of multiple naming systems in chemistry using lactic acid (2–hydroxypropanoic acid or 2–hydroxypropionic acid) as an example explain the possible relationship between the production of (lactic) acid during anaerobic respiration and the impairment of muscle contractions by changes in cellular pH