Food Product ATP Regulation Maximum Temperature EU Regulation (EC) 853/2004 DIN 10508 2012 Minced meat and poultry +2℃ or the temperature on the label +2℃ +2℃ Whole muscle poultry +4℃ +4℃ +4℃ Whole muscle beef +7℃ +7℃ +7℃ Whole muscle pork +7℃ +7℃ +7℃ Fresh fish and crustaceans Temperature of melting ice Temperature of melting ice Temperature of melting ice Ready-to-eat, foods, other fresh foods +6℃ or the temperature on the label -- +7℃ Dairy products (yogurt, cream, fresh cheese, hard cheese) +6℃ or the temperature on the label +6℃ +10℃ Meat Preparations +6℃ +4℃ +4℃ Liquid egg products -- +4℃ +4℃ Table 6 Examples of some food ingredients for which temperature requirements are outlined within the designated legislation Packaging Materials for Food in the European Union Packaging materials used within the packaging systems of food products fall under the scope and principles of Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food, as well as Regulation (EC) No 2023/2006 of 22 December 2006 on good manufacturing practice for materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Additionally, EU law can be accompanied by additional national laws in member states.
In order to analyze the order database, only those items that require chilled storage temperatures were extracted from the order database. This includes all perishable items such as meat and poultry, hard and soft cheese, cream, fresh pastas, fresh doughs, and other processed, perishable food items. The average number and total mass of perishable products requiring chilled storage are illustrated in the following table, organized by box type. Box Type Average Weekly Total Number of Perishable Items Average Weekly Total Weight of Perishable Items (grams) Classic 3x2 5.37 1040.02 Classic 4x3 8.63 1691.23 Classic 5x2 9.87 1826.54 Classic 5x4 14.48 4982.33 Vegetarian 3x2 5.15 906.33 Vegetarian 3x4 7.17 1220.04 Vegetarian 5x2 6.90 1163.27 Vegetarian 5x4 9.75 1617.38 Table 10 This table illustrates the average weekly number of and chilled weight of items by box type that required chilled transport in 2015. This data was combined with the packaging usage data for the corresponding weeks. The total number of weeks per box type that utilized a given wool pouch size and number of ice packs are illustrated in the following table.
Eco-design when redirected specifically at the food packaging industry ensures “that packaging delivers maximum product value with minimum economic, environmental, and social waste” (FoodBev, 2016). Some requirements that ecofriendly packaging materials should meet include minimal material transport distance from supplier to buyer, efficient transport of packaging materials (volume to weight ratio), reduced raw material usage for product packaging, ease of recycling or disposal of packaging, favorable product volume to material weight ratio, and ensuring maximum product protection. The natural fiber materials that will be discussed in the following sections are namely baste fibers (hemp, flax, and jute), animal fibers (wool), and seed fibers (cotton or textile waste). Natural fiber classifications can be seen in the following table. Additionally, alternative commercialized foam materials from renewable sources are presented. Table 16 Natural fiber designation; adapted from the FAO’s International Year of Natural Fibers (Naturalfibres2009.org, 2009) Fiber Category Examples Description Seed Fibers cotton, kapok Fibers encase the seed(s) of the plant Leaf Fibers banana, agave, sisal, fique, abaca The leaves of the plant serve as the fiber source Baste Fibers flax, kenaf, jute, hemp, ramie, rattan From the outer skin of the plant stem Fruit Fibers coconut or coir Encase the fruit of the plant Stalk Fiber straw (from wheat, rice, barley), bamboo, grasses, tree wood Stalks of the plant Animal Fibers camel and horse hair, sheep wool, silk, alpaca, angora, cashmere, feathers Animal source; made of proteins Table 17 Thermal properties of some natural insulation materials; adapted from Ingrao et al., 2014 and Kymäläinen and Sjöberg, 2008. Heat insulating materials Form Density (kg/m3) Thermal conductivity (W/m°K) Specific heat (kJ/kg°K) Plant origin Cellulose fibers Flakes 25–65 0.037–0.041 1.9–2 Panels 30–90 0.039–0.040 Bulk granules 300–500 0.069 Cellulose (recycled paper) Loose-fill 30 0.041 --
2 Woolcool nonwoven sheep wool 600 24 0.034 12 35% - 3 Mailinger 70% wooden wool, #3 - - 8* - - 4 Mailinger 75% wooden wool, #2 - - 7 - - 5 Isolena nonwoven sheep wool, low density, NV 917* 20-30 30 up to 33% dry weight 14-15% 6 Isolena nonwoven sheep wool, medium density, MV 851* 20-30 30 up to 33% dry weight 14-15% 7 Isolena nonwoven sheep wool, high density, HV 918* 20-30 30 up to 33% dry weight 14-15% 8 Bioformtex nonwoven hemp mat 0.047 10 - - 9 Bioformtex nonwoven hemp mat 1200 0.047 11 to 12 - - 10 nonwoven jute mat - - 15* - - 11 Ziegler 75% recycled PET-Bottles + 25% PE, carded and 400 20 20 12 unknown expanded polystyrene - - - 30 - - 13 Nordpack loose-fill paper pulp enclosed within a Kraft paper exterior - - 15 - -
Table 20 All packaging designs tested via the heat penetration test method Sample Code # Variable Description Insulation Material Material Supplier Exterior Material Size Derogation Insulation Material Thickness (mm) External Dimensions, Envelope (cm) Insulation Liner Piece Dimensions (cm) height width gusset Width Length A Temperpack Kraft Concept 2 Feb Kraft paper envelope around jute insulation with fold over seal, one piece jute Temperpack Kraft Paper Medium 15 35.5 43 NA NA NA B Temperpack LDPE Concept Feb LDPE envelope around jute insulation with adhesive strip, one piece jute Temperpack LDPE Medium 15 35.5 43 NA NA NA C Temperpack Medium Kraft 1 Feb Kraft paper envelope around jute insulation with top seal, 1 piece jute Temperpack Kraft paper Medium 15 35.5 43 NA NA NA D Temperpack Medium LDPE 1" LDPE envelope around jute insulation with adhesive strip, one piece jute Temperpack LDPE Medium 15 46 46 NA NA NA E Temperpack Small LDPE 1" LDPE envelope around jute insulation with adhesive strip, one piece wool Temperpack LDPE Small 15 36 33 NA NA NA F Woolcool large 600g 2 pieces; perforated MDPE liner around wool inside outer LDPE envelope wool Woolcool LDPE & MDPE large 12 34 55 24 53 89 G Woolcool large 800g current standard,2 pieces; perforated MDPE liner around wool inside outer LDPE envelope wool Woolcool LDPE & MDPE Large 15 34 55 24 53 89
H Woolcool medium 600g 2 pieces; perforated MDPE liner around wool inside outer LDPE envelope wool Woolcool LDPE & MDPE medium 12 28 50 20 48 72 I Woolcool medium 800g current standard,2 pieces; perforated MDPE liner around wool inside outer LDPE envelope wool Woolcool LDPE & MDPE Medium 15 28 50 20 48 72 J Woolcool small 600g 2 pieces; perforated MDPE liner around wool inside outer LDPE envelope wool Woolcool LDPE & MDPE small 12 33 33 14 35 73 K Woolcool small 800g current standard,2 pieces; perforated MDPE liner around wool inside outer LDPE envelope wool Woolcool LDPE & MDPE small 15 33 33 14 35 73 L Ziegler, medium 75% recycled PET insulation material substituted into Woolcool liner and envelope, 2 pieces recycled PET and PE Ziegler LDPE & MDPE Medium 20 28 50 20 48 72 M Isolena MV, medium Wool insulation material substituted into Woolcool liner and envelope, 2 pieces wool Isolena LDPE & MDPE Medium 30 28 50 20 48 72 N Isolena HV, medium Wool insulation material substituted into Woolcool liner and envelope, 2 pieces wool Isolena LDPE & MDPE Medium 30 28 50 20 48 72 O Isolena NV, medium Wool insulation material substituted into Woolcool liner and envelope, 2 pieces wool Isolena LDPE & MDPE Medium 30 28 50 20 48 72 P BioFormtex, thin, medium hemp insulation material substituted into Woolcool liner and envelope, 2 pieces hemp BioFormtex LDPE & MDPE Medium 10 28 50 20 48 72 Q BioFormtex, thick, medium hemp insulation material substituted into Woolcool liner and envelope, 2 pieces hemp BioFormtex LDPE & MDPE Medium 11.5 28 50 20 48 72 R Mailinger 2, medium wooden wool substituted into Woolcool liner and envelope, 2 pieces wooden wool Mailinger LDPE & MDPE Medium 7 28 50 20 48 72
S Mailinger 3, medium wooden wool substituted into Woolcool liner and envelope, 2 pieces wooden wool Mailinger LDPE & MDPE Medium 8 28 50 20 48 72 T Nordpack, small paper material inside Kraft paper liner, inside Kraft paper envelope, 2 pieces shredded paper fibers Nordpack Kraft paper Small 15 43 39 NA 38 78 U EPS Cooler Expanded polystyrene (external cubic dimensions given) EPS -- -- -- 30 25 25 25 -- --
K 1 0.17 K 1 0.16 J 2 0.17 0.16 0.01 6% J 2 0.15 J 2 0.15 C 10 0.17 0.20 0.06 28% C 10 0.27 C 10 0.17 A 10 0.18 0.20 0.05 23% A 10 0.25 A 10 0.17 B 10 0.17 0.21 0.07 31% B 10 0.29 B 10 0.17 L 11 0.26 0.25 0.01 3% L 11 0.25 L 11 0.25 O 5 0.18 0.17 0.01 6% O 5 0.17 O 5 0.16 M 6 0.22 0.21 0.01 4% M 6 0.22 M 6 0.20 N 7 0.22 0.22 0.01 3% N 7 0.21 N 7 0.22 E 10 0.17 0.17 0.01 7% E 10 0.16 D 10 0.27 0.27 0.01 3% D 10 0.25 R 4 0.32 0.32 -- -- S 3 0.30 0.30 -- -- P 8 0.30 0.29 0.02 5% P 8 0.31
Autumn Logistics Temperature Profiles, All Weeks within KW39-51 Autumn Logistics Temperature Profiles, Variable Information and Average Values Year Week Logging Interval Average Temperature (Variable ID) Year, Week, Box Type, and Logistics 2015 49 10 sec 6.9 15KW49 N5x2 UPS