A guide to the Harvard Referencing System Using the Harvard Referencing System to reference in-text Using the Harvard Referencing System to reference in the text To Refer To Use the general format For example A single author (Surname date) (Saunders 1993) Dual authors (Surname and Surname date) (Saunders and Cooper 1993) More than two authors (Surname et al. date) (Slacked et al. 1996) Work by different authors generally (Surname date; Surname date) in alphabetical order (Baker 1996;Lewis 1998;Thornhill 1997) Different authors with the same surname (Surname, Initial date) (Smith,] 1998) Different publications by (Surname date; date) in ascending date (Lewis 1991; 1998)
the same author order Different publications by the same author from the same year (Surname date letter), make sure the letter is consistent throughout (Forster 1991a) An author referred to by another author where the original has not been read (secondary reference) (Surname date; cited by Surname date) (Granovetter 1974; cited by Saunders 1993) A corporate author (Corporate name date) (Hanson Trust plc 1990) A newspaper article with no obvious author (Newspaper name date) (The Guardian 2004) Another type of publication with no obvious author (Publication title date) (Labour Market Trends 2001) An Internet site (Site title date) (Advertising Association 1999 A publication for which the year of publication cannot be identified (Surname or Corporate name nd), where 'nd' means no date (Surname or Corporate name, c. date) where 'c.' means circa (Woollons nd) (Hattersley c. 1977) A direct quotation (Surname or Corporate name date, p. number) where 'p.' means 'page' and number is the page in the original publication on which the quotation appears 'The Harvard method, which I use in this book, has a number of advantages over other methods' (Bell 1999, p. 51)
Using the Harvard Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography Using the Harvard Referencing System in the reference or bibliography To reference Use the general format For example Books and Chapters in Books Book (first edition) Surname, Initial and Surname, Initials (date) Title, Publisher, Place of Publication SAUNDERS, MNK and COOPER, SA (1993) Understanding Business Statistics, DP Publications Ltd, London Book (other than first edition) Surname, Initial and Surname, Initials (date) Title (? edn) Publisher, Place of Publication MORRIS, C (1999) Quantitative Approaches to Business Studies (5th edn), Financial Times Pitman Publishing, London. Book (no obvious author) Corporate Name or Publication name (date) Title, Publisher, Place of Publication MINTELl MARKETING INTELLIGENCE (1998) Designerwear: Mintel Marketing Report, Mintel International Group., London Chapter in a book Surname, Initial and Surname, Initials (date) Title, Publisher, Place of Publication, Cahpter ? ROBSON, C. (1004) Real World Research (2nd edn), Blackwell, Oxford, Chapter 3. Chapter in an edited book Surname, Initials (date) 'Chapter Title', in Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (eds), Title, Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers CRAIG, PB (1991) 'Designing and using mail questionnaires' in Smith, NC and Dainty, P (eds), The Management Research Handbook, Routledge, London, PP. 181-9
Newspaper article (no obvious author) Newspaper name (date) 'Title of article', Newspaper name, place of printing, day, month, pages GUARDIAN (1992) 'Fraud trail at Britannia Theme Park', The Guardian, Manchester, 5 February, p. 4 Newspaper article from database Newspaper name or surname, initials (date) 'Title of article', Newspaper name, CD-ROM, day, month, pages FINANCIAL TIMES (1998) 'Recruitment: lessons in leadership: moral issues are increasingly pertinent to the military and top corporate ranks', Financial Times London, 11 March, p. 32 Other CD-ROM Publications Title of CD-ROM or Surname, Initials (date) (CD-ROM), Publisher, Place of Publication ENCARTA 98 ENCYCLOPAEDIA (1997) (CD-ROM), Microsoft, Redmond, WA Unpublished Conference Papers Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (date)'Title of Paper', paper presented at the conference name, days, month, location of conference SAUNDERS, MNK, THORNHILL, A and LEWIS, P (2001) 'Employees' reactions to management of change', paper presented at the Eight Annual Conference on Advances in Management, 11-14 July, Athens Letters, personal emails and electronic boards Letter Personal email Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (date)'Unpublished letter: Subject matter' Surname, Initials (date) 'Subject matter' (email to MacCLELLAND, S (1998) 'Unpublished letter: Reviewer’s feedback' MacCLELLAND, S (1998) ' Reviewer’s feedback' (email to author)(online)
Electronic board author)(online) Surname, Initials (date) Subject matter, name of electronic conference/bulletin board [online] JONES, K (1999), 101 Reasons why we need the pound [online] Internet Items excluding emails Journal published on the internet of full internet electronic conference / bulletin board> /groups/emu/friendex.htm> Journal article published on the internet Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (date)'Title of article', journal name, volume number, part number [online] (cited day month year) Available from of full internet address>. ILINGWORTH, N (2001)'The Internet matters: exploring the use of the internet as a research tool', Sociological Research Online 6:2, [online] (cited 20 March 1004) Available from /6/2/illingowrth.html Both the above tables are taken from the text: Saunders, M and Lewis, P and Thornhill, A (1004) Research Methods for Business Studies, (3rd edn), FT Prentice Hall Financial Times, London
Journal Articles Journal article Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of Title of article. Journal Title, volume number), doi:xxxx Hadgkiss, E. J & Renzaho, A.M. (2014). The physical health status, service utilisation and barriers to accessing care for asylum seekers residing in the community: a systematic review of the literature. Australian Health Review, 38, 142-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AH13113 page– page.
Chapter in a book Surname, First Name (s). “Chapter title.” Book title. Ed. Surname First Name. Place of publication: Publisher, Date. Page numbers. Ahmedi, Fauzia Erfan. "Welcoming Courtyards: Hospitality, Spirituality, and Gender." Feminism and Hospitality: Gender in the Host/Guest Relationship. Ed. Maurice Hamington. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010. 109-24. Journal Articles Journal article Surname, First Name. “Article Title.” Publication Name. Volume.Issue (Year): Page numbers. Laing, Jennifer, and Warwick Frost. "How Green Was My Festival: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities Associated With Staging Green Events." International Journal of Hospitality Management 29.2 (2010): 261-7. Journal Article (no obvious author) “Article Title.” Publication Name. Volume.Issue (Year): Page numbers. "How Green Was My Festival: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities Associated With Staging Green Events." International Journal of Hospitality Management 29.2 (2010): 261-7.
Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in-text For all in-text references, a superscript number is used to refer to a footnote at the bottom of the page. This then contains the following information. Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in the text To Refer To Use the general format For example Book: Single author Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p.XX 1S. Ratnagar, Trading Encounters: From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 23. Book: Dual authors Footnote Number First Initial. Surname and First Initial. Surname. Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p.XX 1A. Blackledge and A. Creese, Multilingualism: a Critical Perspective, London, Continuum, 2010, p. 10. Book: Three or more authors Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, First Initial. Surname, and First Initial. Surname. Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p.XX 1A. Kring, G.C. Davison, J.M. Neale, and S. Johnson, Abnormal Psychology, 11th edn., Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, p. 40. Book: No Author Footnote Number Publication title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p. XX 1The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 70. Book: Editor Footnote Number First Initial. Surname (ed.), 1J.M. Foley (ed.), A Companion To Ancient Epic, Oxford, 2009, pp. 25-30.
Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, pp.XX-XX Book: Organisation as Author Footnote Number Organisation Name, Publication title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, pp.XX-XX 1Australian Bureau of Statistics, Queensland Office, The Economic Status of Migrants in Australia, Canberra, Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1990, p. 320. Book: Chapter or Article in Edited Book Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, ‘Chapter or article title’, in Editor’s Initial. Editor’s Surname (ed.), Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, pp.XX-XX. 1J. Baker, 'The Place of Science and Technology in the Wise Management of the Great Barrier Reef', in E. Wolanski (ed.), Oceanographic Processes of Coral Reefs: Physical and Biological Links in the Great Barrier Reef, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2001, pp. 14-20. Book, edition other than first. Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, Book title, Nth edn., Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p.XX 1M.J. Sargent, P. Nilan, and G. Winter, The New Sociology for Australians, 4th edn., Melbourne, Longman Australia, 1997, p. 140. Journal Article: single author (print) Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Journal Name, vol. XX, no. Year, p.XX 1S. Mintz, 'Food Enigmas, Colonial and Postcolonial', Gastronomica, vol. 10, no.1, 2010, p. 149. Journal Article: 2 or 3 authors Footnote Number First Initial. Surname and First Initial. Surname, ‘Article 1P. Addo and N. Besnier, 'When Gifts Become Commodities: Pawnshops, Valuables, and Shame in Tonga and the Tongan Diaspora', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 14,
Surname, ‘Blog title’, URL (accessed Day Month Year). blog], 1 February 2010, (accessed 19 January 2010). Film or broadcast Footnote Number Title of Film, dir. First Name Surname, Place of production, name of producer, Year of production, [Medium watched on]. 1The Red Badge of Courage, dir. John Huston, USA, MGM, 1951, [videocassette]. Web Video Footnote number Title, [online video], year of release, URL, (accessed day month year). 1An Occasionally Accurate History of Australia: Part I, [online video], 2006, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJjNsCVHc34, (accessed 6 October 2010). Podcast Footnote Number ‘Episode Title’, Podcast Title, Producer Year, [podcast] URL, (accessed day month year) 1'Fungi and Mould', The Health Report, ABC Radio National 1999, [podcast] http://www.abc.net.au/m/healthreport/stories/1999/48140.htm, (accessed 10 March 2003). Conference Proceeding Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Conference Name. Place of publication, publisher, year of publication, pp. XX-XX 1G. Kozicz, 'Architecture of the Empty Shells of Nyar ma', Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art: PIATS 2003, Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 41-42. Citing information Footnote Number First initial. Surname, 1A. Smith, Italian architecture, Penguin, Melbourne, 2000, cited in D. Brown, Renaissance Italy, London, Faber and Faber, 2002,
someone else has cited [citing "secondary" sources] Publication Title, Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of Publication, cited in First Initial. Surname, Publication Title, Place of Publication, Publisher, Year of Publication, Page number. p. 45. Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in the bibliography To Refer To Use the general format For example Book: Single author Surname, First Initial., Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year. Ratnagar, S., Trading Encounters: From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004.
of publication: Publisher, Year of publications. of tubes, drains, lines and frames. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2008. Chapter in an edited book Surname Initials. Title of Chapter. In: Surname of Editor Initials, editor(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publications. Rowlands TE, Haine LS. Acute limb ischaemia. In: Donnelly R, London NJM, editors. ABC of arterial and venous disease. 2nd ed. West Sussex. Blackwell Publishing; 2009. Standard journal article – one author Surname Initial. Article Title. Journal Title. Year of Publication Month; volume(issue):pages. Snowdon J. Severe depression in old age. Medicine Today. 2002 Dec;3(12):40-47. Standard journal article – two authors Surname Initial, Surname Initial. Article Title. Journal Title. Year of Publication Month; volume(issue):pages. McInnes D, Bollen J. Learning on the job: metaphors of choreography and the practice of sex in venues. Venereology 2000; 13(1):27-36. Standard journal article – three to six authors As above, list all authors using the same format. Skalsky K, Yahav D, Bishara J, Pitlik S, Leibovici L, Paul M. Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2008 Mar 29;336(7646):701-4. Journal article – more than six authors Use the same format as above, only list the first 6 named authors. Hanna JN, McBride WJ, Brookes DL, Shield J, Taylor CT, Smith IL, Craig SB, Smith GA. Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian. Med J Aust. 2006 Nov 20;185(10):562-64 Newspaper Surname Initials. Article title. Purdon F. Colder babies at risk of SIDS. The
first edition. Chapters/Sections of Edited Book First Name Initial. Surname, ‘Title of Chapter/Section’ in Title of Edited Book, ed. by First Name Surname (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), pp. XX-XX Gwyn A. Williams, ‘Locating a Welsh working class’, in A people and a Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales 1780-1980, ed. by David Smith (London: Pluto Press, 1980), pp. 16-46. Journal Articles Name Surname, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Journal, Volume. Issue (Year), XX-XX James A. W. Heffernan, ‘Looking at the monster: “Frankenstein” and film’, Critical Inquiry, 24.1 (1997), 133-58. Newspaper Articles Name Surname, ‘Title of Article’, Publication, Date, page number. Michael Schmidt, ‘Tragedy of Three Star-Crossed Lovers’, Daily Telegraph, 1 February 1990, p. 14. Webpages Name Surname, Title of Page (Year), <URL> [accessed date]. Mary Beard, The Fall of the Roman Republic (2011), <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/ romans/fallofromanrepublic_article_01.shtml> [accessed 20 June 2012].
relevant law report and court. Statutes and Statutory Instruments Short title Year OR Name Year, SI Number. Act of Supremacy 1558 OR Human Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b) Books Name Surname, Title (Nth Edition, Publisher Year) Page Number Andrew Burrows, Remedies for Torts and Breach of Contract (3rd edn, OUP 2004) Contributions to edited books Name Surname, ‘Title of Contribution’ in Editors First Name Surname (eds), Title of book (Publisher year) Francis Rose, ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006) Journal Articles Name Surname, ‘Title of Article’ (Year) Volume Number Journal Title First Page of Article Alison L Young, ‘In Defence of Due Deference’ (2009) 72 MLR Website Name Surname, ‘Page title’ (website title, Publication date) <URL> accessed Date Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009 Newspaper Articles Name Surname, ‘Title of article’ publication (Place of publication, date of publication) Page number Jane Croft, ‘Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (London, 1 July 2010) 3
Website Surname, Initial., ‘Page title’ (website title, Publication date) <URL> accessed Date Cole, S., ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009 Newspaper Articles Surname, Initial., ‘Title of article’ publication (Place of publication, date of publication) Page number Croft, J., ‘Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (London, 1 July 2010) 3 Information in the above tables was taken from