5 – 9 999 999 Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Somalia, Uganda, Zimbabwe Chad, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Niger, South Africa, Uganda Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania Nigeria 2 500 000 – 4 999 999 Angola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Guinea, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Zambia Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo DRC, Ghana, Senegal, Zimbabwe Cameroon, Namibia, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania 1 – 2 499 999 Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Ghana, Mauritania, Mozambique, Rwanda Angola, Benin, Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Guinea, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Togo, Zambia Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Guinea, Togo, Uganda Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Madagascar, Mozambique, Africa, Uganda 500 000 – 999 999 Congo DRC, Guinea Bissau, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Burundi, Djibouti, Lesotho Congo DRC, Lesotho, Madagascar, Zimbabwe Angola, Central African Republic, Congo DRC, Zimbabwe 250 000 – 499 999 Burundi, Djibouti, Gambia, Togo Congo Republic, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Swaziland Angola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Guinea Bissau, Rwanda Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia 100 000 – 249 999 Congo Republic Cabo Verde, Comoros, Liberia Burundi, Gabon, Gambia, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia Cabo Verde, Gabon, Liberia
75 000 – 99 999 Gabon, Mauritius Congo Republic 50 000 – 74 999 Burundi, Guinea, Lesotho, Mali 25 000 – 49 999 Comoros, Gabon, Liberia, Mauritius Equatorial Guinea, Swaziland Chad, Congo Republic Ethiopia, Namibia, Niger, Swaziland 10 000 – 24 999 Cabo Cabo Verde, Comoros, Mauritius Gambia, Mauritius, Seychelles 5 000 – 9 999 Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé e Principe, Seychelles Botswana, Equatorial Guinea 1 000 – 4 999 São Tomé e Principe, Seychelles São Tomé e Principe São Tomé e Principe, Somalia < 1 000 Seychelles Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Mauritania, Sudan Table 2 Percentages of bovine, caprine, ovine, porcine of total Percentage Cattle Goats Sheep Pigs >70% Madagascar Algeria, Libya, Tunisia Seychelles 60 – 69% Swaziland Comoros, DRC, Mauritius Equatorial Guinea
50 – 59% Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia, Guinea, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Burundi, Congo, Malawi, Niger Mauritania, South Africa Cape Verde 40 – 49% Benin, CAR, Chad, Eritrea, Gambia, Mozambique CAR, Djibouti, Ghana, Mali, Rwanda, Somalia, Uganda Lesotho, Morocco, Somalia, Togo Mozambique 30 – 39% Cameroon, CIV, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome, Uganda Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Eritrea, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Sao Tome, Senegal, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Zimbabwe CIV, Djibouti, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan Gabon 20 – 29 % Burkina Faso, Burundi, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, S Africa, Sudan Angola, Cameroon, CIV, Egypt, Guinea, Guine Bissau, Libya, Namibia, Seychelles, Zambia Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali Guinea Bissau, Madagascar 10 – 19% DRC, Ghana, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Somalia Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Mozambique, RSA,Tunisia Benin, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Congo, DRC, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Rwanda, Sao Tome, Tanzania Angola, CAR, DRC, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Sao Tome
Table 3 Characteristics of diseases important for production and trade Disease Geographical distribution Transmission and reservoirs Survival outside host Potential for transboundary spread Zoonotic potential Effects on production and trade FMD disease that affects animals and camelids Worldwide (Not N America, Australia, New Zealand and most of Europe) Highly contagious; direct contact with infected animals and material; airborne in special conditions African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) are the reservoir host Sensitive to low pH; cannot survive in matured muscle but survives for long periods in lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and in some dairy products High, mainly via live animals and meat None Production: Most severe in dairy cattle and in pigs Trade: Trade bans during outbreaks and permanent market exclusion for producers in endemic areas PPR Viral disease of sheep and goats North, West and Central Africa as far south as Tanzania; Asia Direct contact with infected animals and material; airborne over short distances Ability to survive outside the host is poor Spread is by live infected animals and the potential for spread is high None Production: Can cause high mortality and also production losses Trade: Uninfected countries might ban live goats from infected countries RVF Serious disease of Africa (including Madagascar) and the Near East Transmission to animals is by a number of species of Sensitive to temperature and pH; long-term Spread is probably mainly by live infected animals; mosquitoes may RVF virus causes mild to occasionally serious and even Major losses can occur due to abortions and death of young animals
domestic ruminants (Saudi Arabia and Yemen) mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex) survival is probably in mosquitoes move over distances in vehicles fatal disease in humans; infection is usually due to contact with blood of infected animals Trade in live animals may be banned during outbreaks Rabies viral neurological disease of all mammals including humans Worldwide. Many countries that are free of rabies are islands Usually by bites of infected animals; other routes described are rare Survival outside an animal is very brief under natural conditions Spread would be mainly by infected animals incubating the disease Rabies is a fatal disease in humans Usually only individual animals are affected but outbreaks in cattle and wildlife have caused serious losses BSE BSE emerged in UK in the 1980s. It is a fatal neurological disease caused by a prion Most cases occurred in UK followed by other European countries, Canada, Japan and USA ex Canada; no cases have been reported in the southern hemisphere Infection is by oral ingestion of infected tissues Prions are highly stable in tissues and very high temperatures are required to destroy them Owing to the lengthy incubation period (years) before clinical signs appear and long persistence in meat (certain types of tissue) and bone meal the potential for transboundary spread is high In the 1990s BSE was linked to a variant of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (vCJD) that appeared in younger people and is invariably fatal with an infected cow were culled; most were valuable dairy cattle After the link to human disease was discovered there were massive effects on trade due public fear and to surveillance requirements that
are not easy to achieve BT A vector-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants Africa, Asia, Australia, USA, Europe (recent introduction to N Europe now apparently extinct) Transmission by blood-sucking midges (Culicoides spp.) The virus is labile; it is probably maintained during winter in midges; ruminants can only be infected by midges Spread is by movement of infected animals and possibly by wind-borne midges; establishment requires suitable midges to host the virus None High mortality can occur in sheep Outbreaks, particularly in new areas, can cause restrictions on movement of live animals including game AHS A vector-borne viral disease of equines Endemic in Africa; epidemics occurred after introduction into Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Near and Middle East Transmission is by midges (Culicoides spp.) Dogs can be infected by eating infected meat Zebras are considered to be reservoirs of the virus The virus is labile; equines can only be infected by midges Spread is by movement of infected animals; the outbreak in Spain was traced to zebras imported from Namibia None AHS can cause high mortality and loss of working time in horses Movement restrictions can have negative effects on the high value racing industry ASF Endemic in Africa and Highly contagious and transmission Long survival is possible in a Spread over long distances is mainly None High mortality can serious losses
ASF is a highly fatal viral disease of domestic pigs in Sardinia it occurred in Western Europe, Caribbean countries and Brazil (1960 – 1994) and in the Caucasus and non-Caucasian Russia (2007 – present) among domestic pigs is by direct contact with infected pigs and contaminated objects and eating infected meat; it can also be via argasid ticks (Ornithodoros spp.) Common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) maintain the virus in a sylvatic cycle with Ornithodoros suitable protein environment like chilled or frozen pork and uncooked pork products by infected pork products; sales of pigs in the incubatory phase of the disease may occur between neighbouring countries to pig producers, exacerbated at times by drastic control measures Trade restrictions are applied to pigs and pork originating from infected areas CSF Highly viral disease of domestic pigs Worldwide with the exception of the African region, it is only endemic in Madagascar. South Africa and Mauritius have experienced epidemics. Eradicated in North CSF is transmitted directly by contact with infected pigs and contaminated objects; it can be transmitted in semen, vertically to foetuses, and under particular conditions can be airborne Long survival is possible in a suitable protein environment like chilled or frozen pork and uncooked pork products Spread over long distances is mainly by infected pork products None High mortality can cause serious losses to pig producers, exacerbated at times by drastic control measures Trade restrictions are applied to pigs
America and in Western Europe with the exception of wild boars Eurasian wild boar populations can become reservoirs of the and pork originating from infected areas CBPP A respiratory disease of cattle caused by a mycoplasm Formerly worldwide, it is now restricted to some countries in Africa and Near and Middle East Direct contact between infected and susceptible cattle The organism cannot survive for long outside the host Spread is by infected animals that may harbour the mycoplasms in their nasal cavities up to 40 days before becoming serologically positive None Outbreaks in populations can cause high mortality Restrictions may be placed on buying animals from countries that are infected Anthrax A serious bacterial disease that causes disease in a wide variety of mammals Anthrax occurs worldwide Transmission is usually by ingestion or inhalation of bacilli or spores; mechanical transmission by biting flies has been reported Spores can survive for very long periods (centuries) in soil. Bacilli do not survive long in carcasses and must be released into the environment for sporulation to occur Spread is by movement of material contaminated by spores, for example the of animals; outbreaks have been traced to hide drums imported into Europe and USA from Africa Severity of disease in humans depends on the route of infection. Percutaneous infection results in the skin form (sores), while ingestion of infected meat results in the If carcasses of animals that die of anthrax are not dealt with promptly large outbreaks with 100% mortality can occur in ruminants, including in wildlife Anthrax is considered one of
pharyngeal form that is fatal if not treated. Inhalation of spores can result in serious, often fatal systemic disease the foremost potential bioterrorism agents ECF and CD Theileriosis is caused by a protozoan blood parasite Theileria parva; cattle are affected Both diseases are endemic in some countries in Africa Transmission is via the of the ixodid tick vector, mainly Rhipicephalus appendiculatus African buffalo are reservoir hosts of CD No survival outside the host or vector Spread is by movement of infected cattle (ECF) and buffalo (CD) or ticks; it may occur between neighbouring countries None Both diseases can cause high mortality and ECF can also reduce performance in endemic areas There are restrictions on trade in buffalo from areas; some local trade restrictions may result from ECF Trypanosomosis (nagana) Nagana in cattle is widespread in tropical Africa and distribution is determined by the Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) transmit the The parasite cannot survive outside the host and vector Spread is by movement of infected cattle but the disease can only be established Human sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Mortality is usually low except in newly introduced cattle, but affected cattle are less productive
presence of the vector trypanosomes that cause nagana where there are tsetse flies and T. b. rhodesiense and often in very poor condition Bovine babesiosis Widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions wherever the vectors are present The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus and R.(B.) microplus transmit babesias The parasites cannot survive outside the host and vectors Infected cattle or can introduce babesiosis to new areas as occurred in Australia with the introduction of B. microplus None European cattle breeds are most severely affected Heartwater Throughout Africa, mainly in tropical and subtropical was established on two Caribbean islands Ehrlichia ruminantis is transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma; A. variegatum is the most important vector in southern Africa The parasite cannot survive outside the host and vector Infected cattle can spread the and the vector, which can become established if conditions are suitable None Major stock losses occur due to high mortality in ruminants including some wild species when introduced into endemic areas Bovine anaplasmosis Worldwide; endemic in most of southern Africa (cattle farming Ticks transmit the anaplasmas; the main vector is Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, but three other species of Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma The parasite cannot survive outside the host and vector Spread is by movement of infected cattle and this can result in outbreaks in areas but establishment is only possible where None The effects range from a drop in milk production, weight loss and poor conditions with slow recovery to high mortality (up to 50%); temporary infertility may occur
marginatum rufipes can transmit the agent suitable tick vectors occur as well as abortions and neonatal deaths Newcastle disease ND is a viral disease of birds (probably all species) that occurs in mild to virulent forms Worldwide Direct contact with infected birds or contaminated material resulting in ingestion or inhalation of infected material Ducks are relatively resistant to ND The is easily inactivated by changes in pH and disinfectants but faeces are a potent source of infection for other birds Spread is mainly by movement of live poultry Mild conjunctivitis in humans has been described ND can cause severe losses due to mortality as well as drop in egg production and growth Trade restrictions may occur during outbreaks Avian influenza disease of birds that varies from mild (low pathogenic AI) to highly fatal (highly pathogenic AI, HPAI) Worldwide Direct contact with infected or contaminated matter, including water, and aerosols Some water birds appear to be relatively resistant The virus is easily inactivated but can persist in faeces at low temperatures for up to 44 days as well as in water Live infected poultry and infected migratory birds have proven highly efficient in moving the virus over long distances H5N1 HPAI has caused more than 300 human deaths since 2002 although humans are relatively resistant to infection High mortality occurs and because of the zoonotic potential even birds infected with LPAI are killed so losses can be very heavy Trade restrictions are severe if there is an outbreak and trade is also