The application of certain, higher-risk products requires training beyond the basic level. NGOs in the DRC occasionally provide training in safe pesticide use to extension agents and input suppliers. However, there is no formal government certification for such training. L: The use of pesticides by USAID supported programs in the DRC will be monitored as part of the projects’ crop management extension program. Any incidents reported by program staff or farmers will be followed up by M&E staff. The project must maintain records of all pesticide use, monitor pesticide effectiveness, and scout for resistance. Training in monitoring and reporting must be provided to farmers. Where literacy or language is a limiting factor, training should be developed to address this concern. Some products are considered low risk for resistance development, while others allow a limited number of applications per season because of the high risk of resistance development, and must alternate with pesticides from different chemical groups. IPs will be required to report as stipulated in the SUAP in Section 6. As part of this reporting, IPs directly supporting farm-level pesticide use or extension will be required to report on instances observed of pesticide resistance. USAID monitoring and evaluation field visits will examine pesticide compliance.
Beta-Cyfluthrin Insecticide Most product are RUP WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Brodifacoum Rodenticide Not allowed in DRC Not approved by EU Highly hazardous Bromadiolone Rodenticide Bromadiolone traps that are GUP Not registered/avaiolable in DRC Second-generation anticoagulant is RUP Bromophos Insecticide On the list of WHO obsolete pesticides Carbaryl Insecticide, Plant Growth Regulator Banned in EU High toxicity to bees High chronic toxicity potential Potential groundwater contaminant Carbendazim Fungicide Potential Reproductive or Developmental Toxin Highly Toxic: Zooplankton Moderately Toxic: Fish Slightly Toxic: Bees, Amphibians, Crustaceans Carbosulfan Insecticide No Federally registered products in the US Banned in EU Banned by Rotterdam convention Chlorophacinone Rodenticide USEPA Acute Toxicity Category 1 Chlorothalonil Chlorotalonil Fungicide DRC importation ban Some products containing this AI are RUP Likely carcinogen Potential groundwater contaminant Chlorpyrifos ethyl Insecticide Most products are RUP Coumatetralyl Rodenticide Not registered by EPA Cyanazine Herbicide No products containing this AI are registered in the US Cyfluthrin Insecticide Most product are RUP Not registered in DRC WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Very Highly Toxic: Fish, Crustaceans, Zooplankton Highly Toxic: Bees Cyphenothrin Structural use mostly Has veterinary uses for pests only in the US Diazinon Insecticide All crop products products are RUP, livestock products are not RUP Banned in Europe and DRC Probably carcinogenic to humans Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees
Dichlorvos (DDVP) Insecticide Banned in Europe and DRC WHO: 1b = Highly hazardous Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans Fatal by inhalation Highly Toxic: Bees, Crustaceans Dicofol Miticide No USEPA registered products Banned in DRC Difenacoum Rodenticide WHO hazard classification 1A d-trans-tetramethrin (isomer of Tetramethrin) Insecticide This isomer is not registered by USEPA Possible human carcinogen High toxicity to aquatic organisms Highly toxic to non-target bees Emamectin benzoate Insecticide Most products are RUP Potential pollutant of undergroung water Endosulfan Insecticide, Acaricide All products are RUP Banned in Europe and DRC Included in the Rotterdam Convention and subject to full PIC procedure. Included in Annex A of Stockholm Convention Fatal by inhalation Very Highly Toxic: Fish Highly Toxic: Crustaceans Ethephon Plant Growth regulator USEPA Category I for acute dermal irritation and eye irritation Cholinesterase inhibitor Fenamiphos Insecticide, nematicide No Federally registered products Fenthion (DMTP) Insecticide, avicide, and acaricide No Federally registered products available in the US Not registered in EU Formothion Insecticide Not registered by USEPA Malathion Insecticide DRC importation ban Probably carcinogenic to humans Potential pollutant of underground waters Highly Toxic: Bees Maneb Fungicide No Federally registered products in the US contain this AI Methyl Bromide Acaricide, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, nematicide, and rodenticide (fumigant) All products are RUP Oxamyl Insecticide, Nematicide Several products are RUP WHO: 1B = Highly hazardous Paraquat Herbicide All products are RUP in US Banned in EU Rotterdam convention pesticide Profenofos Insecticide, miticide RUP Potential neurotoxin Potential groundwater contaminant Toxic to aquatic organisms
A: This annex details the primary pests of all target crops on a crop-by-crop basis, available non-chemical control methods, and recommended chemical controls, where these are necessary. As such, this annex contains both information compiled as INPUT to the PER analysis (pests of target crops), and OUTPUTS of that analysis (available controls, recommended chemical controls). This information is intended to serve as the basis for the crop and pest-specific IPM Management Plans required by the SUAP. This annex is intended to describe the IPM context in which the selected pesticides will be used. It does not purport to be a complete handbook of IPM techniques. The PER analysis did not include artisanal pesticides and their ingredients, however in some cases this IPM suggests use of artisanal solutions that are already commonly used by farmers in DRC. A.1. TYPE OF PESTS DAMAGE DONE IPM CONTROL RECOMMENDED (AI), WHEN NEEDED Weeds and Grasses Annual and perennial broadleaf weeds Annual or perennial grasses Reduction in crop yield as weeds compete with crops for water, nutrients and light Increased cost of cultivation Reduced quality of produce Transmitting pests and disease Weeds block drainage and reduce irrigation efficiency Land preparation to provide weed free environment for small millet seed Small millet seeds should be sown less deep than seeds such as maize Making sure all equipment used to plant millet is free of weed seeds. Help prevent weed seed from entering fields by controlling weeds along ditchbanks, roadsides, and field margins Narrow row spacing, adapted variety selection, and crop rotations, all practices that will provide a competitive edge for the millet crop. Chemical weed control options are limited for millet production. Use Glyphosate products PESTS AVAILABLE PEST INTEGRATED
Hand weeding Soil applied and foliage applied herbicides. Parasitic weed Striga (Striga spp.) Mostly in Bunia and Kasai Striga will parasitize millet plants and prevent root development and nutrient uptake. Severe attack produces leaf wilting and chlorosis. Infected plants may be stunted and die before seed set. In Striga affected fields, do not grow pearl millet continuously and follow crop rotation with legumes Post emergence use 2, 4-D products Millet head miner (Heliocheilus albipunctella) Millet earhead caterpillar also known as Millet spike worm (Rhaguva albipunctella) Fly period of the adult moth coincides with the peak of millet panicle emergence and flowering. Caterpillars eat and finish the larval development inside panicles. During this period, the seed head also grows and develops, passing from emergence through flowering to grain-filling and maturity. Plough deeply to expose residual larval populations and pupae to natural enemies and desiccation. Conserve natural enemies. Augmentation (rearing and releases) of an effective parasitic wasp (Habrobracon hebetor) A two-week delay in planting of short cycle millet varieties (75 days to maturity) to desynchronize the peak flight period of the susceptible phenological stage of the crop has been reported to be effective against this pest. Deltamethrin Imidacloprid Dimethoate Lambda-cyhalothrin Head-bugs Eurystylus oldi and other spp. Damage on panicle starts as soon as it emerges from the boot leaf, the nymphs and adults suck the sap from the developing grain and occasionally on tender parts of the panicle Use resistant cultivars Where available use Neem extract
Whenever necessary spray biopesticides. Neem extracts act as antifeedant (grasshoppers stop feeding when exposed to neem products) and affect development of grasshoppers. Maize streak virus (MSV) White to yellowish streaking on the leaves. The streaks are very narrow, more or less broken and run parallel along the leaves. The virus is transmitted by leafhoppers (Cicadulina mbila and C. bipunctella zeae). Maize streak virus is a serious constraint to maize production in sub-Saharan Africa. The reduction in yields depends on the time of infection. Plants infected at early stage usually do not produce any cobs. Use of tolerant, resistant varieties if available. Plant early in the season. Eradicate grass weeds. Eradicate control vectors such as leafhoppers Pesticides such as Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam can be used for control of vectors, but have been found not to be economical for control of disease Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) The larvae of the Angoumois grain moth penetrate and feed inside maize grain. This insect may also infest the crop in the field prior to harvest. The moths are small yellowish Practice good warehousing hygiene. Ensure proper monitoring and record keeping. All residual pockets of infestation should be cleaned out at the end of the storage season. This is important to minimize re-infestation of the new crop. Store old and new lots separately. Insecticide treatments with Pirimiphos-methyl Fumigation with Aluminum Phosphide
Termites (Microtermes spp., Ancistrotermes spp., Trinervitermes spp., Macrotermes spp., and Odontotermes spp.). Termites may cause serious damage during dry periods. They may also occur in lowland areas in light texture soils. They generally attack plants in their later growth stage by hollowing out their root system and filling it with soil resulting in the lodging of the rice plants. The attacked plants are then predisposed to further damage by ground-dwelling pests such as rodents, ants, and secondary infection by and bacteria. Damaged plants can easily be pulled up by hand because the roots are severed. Plant resistant varieties whenever available. " Use neem with detergent. The application of red palm oil mixed with pawpaw is an indigenous control practice. Imidacloprid is one of slow-acting materials that allow foragers to carry the product back to the nest and effectively control the entire colony Fipronil The case worm is a common pest on wetland rice. The caterpillar attacks the food plant only in the vegetative stage, during the first 4 weeks after . The caterpillars climb onto a leaf and begin feeding by scrapping the leaf surface causing linear grazing of leaves giving the leaf tissue a ladder-like appearance. Practice field sanitation (burning debris or feeding of debris to livestock after harvest). Practice early and synchronized planting. Proper plant density. Practice proper water management. Ensure good drainage for 3 days, since larvae cannot survive without water. Hand pick and destroy rolled leaves in the nursery Insecticides are not commonly used
which may be completely destroyed. Severe infestations sporadically occur on transplanted rice and can kill the plant. When the plants survive, they usually recuperate and produce some grain. However, damaged plants often mature late. They are generally most abundant during the rainy season. Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) Stunting of rice plants Reduced tillers Yellowing and mottling of leaves Infected plants easily attacked by other diseases Use resistant/tolerant varieties NERICA 4 and 6, NARIC 1 and 2 Rouging infected plants only when infestation is low Do not ratoon crop to avoid disease carryover Vector control Can use synthetic insecticides containing pyrethroids like Deltamethrin to control the flea beetle vector. A preventive seed treatment with Thiamethoxam Rice blast –Leaf and Neck blast Pyricularia oryzae Magnaporthe grisea Most destructive Removes photosynthetic tissue from leaves, stems and gains Reduces yield by up to 50% or more Resistant varieties like Gold Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer Fungicides may not be economic to use Use application of synthetic fungicides containing Mefenoxam, Mancozeb, Difenoconozole where cost effective.
Sheath Blight Rhizoctonia solani (Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) Reduced photosynthetic areas Leaves die Yield reducti on by 20-25% No variety has a high level of resistance Do not apply excessive nitrogen Fungicides usually not economical and not recommended For this disease, recommendations should include 1) provide wider plant spacing 2) drain fields relatively early Use available fungicides such as , Brown spot Helminthosporium oryzae Sexual stage: Cochliobolus miyabeanus Reduced photosynthetic area Reduced grain weight and quality Provide adequate fertilizer Resistant varieties Hot water treatment of seed Seed treatment with Thiram, spray Mancozeb Leaf scald Monographella albescens Reduced photosynthetic area Lowers filled grain ratio and grain quality Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer Use Mancozeb products Sheath rot Sarocladium oryzae Loss of photosynthetic area on the uppermost leaf sheaths enclosing panicle Panicle remains in sheath No control known None available
infestation as well as fungus (A. flavus) infection of pods leading to aflatoxin formation in seeds. The complete destruction of mounds and removal of queen termites are effective control measures against mound-building species (Macrotermes spp.). Partial destruction of mounds is unlikely to solve the problem, since replacement reproduction may develop from the remaining termites. It has been reported that close spacing in groundnut helps to deter termite infestation, although the reason for this was not given. However, high density sowing, followed by thinning of surviving plants where necessary to reduce competition, offsets anticipated losses due to termites. A.5. PEST DAMAGE DONE MANAGMENET AND PRODUCTION MEASURES RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED Cassava Green Mite Mononychellus tanajoa Severely reduce yields by reducing the leaves and lowering the photosynthetic activity of the plant Using clean planting material, planting early in the rain season and intercropping with pigeon pea, can reduce populations of the pest. Not recommended as may not be effective or economic PEST
Weevils Cylas spp Female weevils excavate cavities and create egg-laying punctures. The eggs are laid below the surface of the roots and are covered with dark color. Hatched larvae are tunneling inside tubers. Mining of sweet potato tubers by larvae is the principal cause of sweet potato damage. The tuber becomes spongy in appearance, riddled with cavities, and dark in color Intercropping with maize, yam, cowpea, other crops Crop rotation Elimination of crop residues Deter infestation by preventing soil cracking, irrigating frequently or hilling a small area around the sweet potato Mulching materials such as rice straw and plastic film reduce the infestation of sweet potato weevils by spreading them over the planting site Reridging at tuber formation stage Practice proper field sanitation Using entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi Pheromone traps and use of natural enemies where available Neem extract Imidacloprid Write grub (larvae of Scarab beetles) White grub larvae gouge out broad, shallow areas on the root Avoid planting in fields that follow pasture None Approved Stemborers Omphisa anastomosalis Larvae boring into the main stem and sometimes penetrates storage roots Use treated planting materials Crop rotation Hilling-up to cover the holes that provide the adults with an exit from the stem Earwigs and ants may attack the larvae developing within sweet potato vines. Undetermined hymenopteran species (family Encyrtidae) have been observed attacking this pest Use resistant varieties where available Use of insecticides, is difficult and costly because the insect remains largely concealed throughout its life Thiamethoxam Lambda-cyhalothrin
losses from equally high aphid populations decline substantially as harvest approaches, unless aphid densities are reducing leaf area enough to permit sunburn. Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum/) Pseudomonas solanacearum) Wilting, yellowing and some stunting of the plants, which finally die. In tubers, areas are seen on the outside, especially near the point of attachment of the stolon. Cut tubers may show pockets of white to brown pus or browning of the vascular tissue which, if left standing, may exude dirty white globules of bacteria. As the disease progresses bubbly globules of bacteria may exude through the eyes; soil will often adhere to the exuded bacteria, hence the name 'sore eyes' or 'jammy eyes'. Use resistant strains where available Organic amendments to soil have direct impacts on plant health and crop productivity. They are advantageous because they improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, which can have positive effects on plant growth Bacterial wilt is difficult to control (or eradicate) because of the soil-borne nature of its causal organism. Adopt rotations with pastures, cereals and non-solanaceous crops for periods exceeding five years. Use of certified seed from reliable sources. Planting in areas where bacterial wilt has not occurred previously. Control self-sown potatoes. Control weed hosts Avoid deep ploughing – the organisms survive in the deep, cool layers of soil. Irrigation water should never be allowed to run freely over or below the soil surface. Regular crop inspection for disease symptoms and remove and destroy diseased plants, tubers and immediate neighbours. Use stock to clean up chats, discarded tubers and crop debris, but do not allow the stock back onto clean paddocks. Do not return potato waste, e.g. oversized, misshapen and diseased tubers to paddocks. Minimize the spread through proper sanitation practices. Inorganic bacteriocides such as calcium cyanamide (CC) (fertilizer), ammonia water (AW), and a mixture of ammonium bicarbonate with lime (A+L)
time of infection, light intensity, and temperature The most characteristic symptom of the disease on leaves is a light- and dark-green mosaic pattern Tomato fruit borers Larvae of several types of moth The larvae of the moth damage fruit as they feed on flesh and seed Hand picking of larvae Trenching the field Damaged fruits and crop residue should be burn to avoid carryover of pest Don’t over-irrigate, high moisture in field increases infestation Use light traps Use African Marigold (Tagitus Erecta) as a trap crop Use species appropriatepheromone traps Deep ploughing after picking Establish bird perches in the field Cypermethrin Neem extract Root knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. Cause galls on roots up to 1 inch in diameter. These galls interfere with the flow of water and nutrients to the plant; infected plants appear less vigorous than healthy plants, may be yellowed, are prone to wilt in hot weather, and respond poorly to fertilizer. Damage areas usually appear as irregular patches and are frequently associated with soils. Because root knot nematodes feed and multiply on many weed species, weed control is an important aspect of their management. Use varieties resistant to nematodes, rotate with resistant varieties Soil solarization Soil fumigation can be done only by certified professionals Neem cake Soil fumigants not approved in this PERSUAP
Sanitation: After harvest, remove cotton stubble and destroy by burning, feeding to cows or composting. imidacloprid or thiamethoxam. Use organic natural insecticides containing local neem/azadirachtin extract, and pyrethrum extract. Can rotate among rapid knock-down insecticides containing synthetic pyrethroids Bbifenthrin, Lambda-Cyhalothrin. A.9. DAMAGE DONE MANAGMENET AND PRODUCTION MEASURES RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED Mites and lice in chickens Infestation can reduce egg laying Early detection. Keeping the coops and bedding fresh and clean, scrub coops with soap and water, inspect the flock Orange peel extracts d-Limonene product such as Orange Guard Dusting with Diatomaceous Earth Keds (ticks), lice, sheep nose bot flies, wool maggots (fleece worms), and sheep scab (mange) and flies in sheep and goats Symptoms of these pests vary from minor itching and irritation to extreme annoyance and fatigue, malnutrition, and even death. Pests also can transmit dis eases and cause secondary infections. In addition to routine shearing, clipping, and cleaning, other cultural controls include practices such as appropriate manure management and stall sanitation. Chemical controls include various sprays, dips, pourons, and dusts. Flies are often targeted with sprays and baits/traps Permethrin Deltamethrin Lambda-cyhalothrin