Dicofol (M/A) Control for mites in tomato and solanaceous Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Dimethoate Control for rice hispa in rice; cut worm, grasshopper, thrips in maize; hairy caterpillar and aphid in lentil; cut work in crucifer, thrips in cucurbits; aphids in beans and peas; grasshopper in wheat. Use with care away from groundwater and surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Fatty acids insecticidal soap (artisanal or commercial) Non-toxic treatment against aphids Use with care away from surface water. Not reviewed under the KISAN I PERSUAP Fenazaquin (M/A) Control for mites in tomato and solanaceous Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Fenpyroximate (M/A) Control for mites in tomato and solanaceous Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Flubendiamide Control for army worm in wheat Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Garlic extract (artisanal) Repellent for most sucking and biting pests in numerous grain and vegetable crops Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water Not reviewed under the KISAN I PERSUAP. Artisanal. Hexythiazox (M/A) Control for mites in tomato and solanaceous Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Imidacloprid Systemic insecticide for seed treatment to protect emerging seedlings against aphids Broad spectrum systemic insecticide for numerous grain and vegetable crops Use with care away from groundwater and surface water. Approved in KISAN I Indoxacarb (also HH) Control for ear bugs in rice; hairy Use late afternoon after bees are done Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP
caterpillar in lentil; leaf minor and fruit worm/borer and horn worm in tomato, army worm in wheat. foraging. Use with care away from surface water. Lufenuron (I and M/A) Broad spectrum systemic insecticide Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Malathion (I and M/A) Broad spectrum contact insecticide Use with care away from groundwater and surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging Malathion EC was approved in KISAN I Metarhizium anisopliae Control for grasshopper in maize Not applicable. Approved in KISAN I Nitenpyram Control for green leaf hopper/jassid, brown plant hopper, ear bug, stem gall midge, black but, army worm in rice; corn stalk and ear maggots in maize. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Novaluron Broad spectrum insecticide for numerous grain and vegetable crops Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Pyrethrins (Chrysanthemum flower extract, commercial or artisanal) Broad spectrum contact insecticide for numerous grain and vegetable crops Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. Not reviewed under the KISAN I PERSUAP Spinosad Broad spectrum contact insecticide Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. Not reviewed under the previous PERSUAP. It was not registered in Nepal until 2016. Spiromesifen Control for mites in tomato and solanaceous Use with care away from surface water. Not present in KISAN I PERSUAP Sulfur (M/A, also F) Control for mites and powdery in tomato; mites in solacaneous; powdery mildew in beans and peas; white mold in carrot. Not applicable. Sulphur was approved in KISAN I.
sowing, it is advisable not to control leaf folders as they will not cause significant economic loss. The rice crop can compensate from the damage when water and fertilizer are well managed. Handpick and destroy. Weekly monitoring from tillering to flowering stage is advisable. Monitor for crickets. They are good predators of leaff older eggs. Practice crop rotation. Avoid ratooning. The pupae might still be in the plant. Heavy infestation occurs with high doses of nitrogenous fertilizer. Split nitrogen fertilizer application. Apply nitrogen fertilizer during seedling, tillering, and panicle initiation. Practice proper sanitation. Clean border areas from weeds and grasses, as they serve as alternate host. In irrigated rice fields, plow-in rice stubbles and other plant residues, then subsequently flood the field. artisanal chili extract chlorantraniliprole spinosad Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Rice mealybug, Brevennia rehi Plant resistant varieties. Detect early symptoms of infestation in the nursery, pull out and destroy infested plants. Natural control by predators like lady beetles and larvae is usually effective. Heap affected paddy seedlings into conical bundles and cover them with wet gunny bags. Keep fields well irrigated to 5cm depth (drought favors the mealybug). Plant early with continuous ponding of irrigation water at 5 cm depth throughout the growing period. Manage nitrogen levels so that crop is not over-fertilized with nitrogen, which favors the mealybug. No reasonable treatment threshold found. No insecticides are recommended. Rice Stem Gall midge, Orseolia oryzae Choose local resistant varieties. Plow under ratoon from previous crop. Remove off-season alternate host plants like wild rice. Draining fields for 3-4 days controls the midge. Seeding synchronously as soon as possible after flooding. Seed parts of the field in sequence as they fill with water. No reasonable treatment threshold found. artisanal and commercial neem extract malathion pyrethrins nitenpyram
and sesame. Brown leaf spot, Bipolaris (Drechslera) oryzae Use resistant varieties. Use certified clean (non-infested) seed. Do not over-fertilize with excessive nitrogen: Careful use of nitrogen can do much to prevent the disease. Use crop rotation. Sanitation: Burn or feed stubbles to cattle after harvest. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Foliar fungicides are generally not economical Foot rot, Fusarium moniliformae/Gibberella fujikuroi Use of resistant cultivars. Use clean (non-infected) seed. Use lime to raise soil pH. Use of chicken manure and mushroom compost decrease disease symptoms. Weed out and remove infested plants. Use soil solarization (heating under black plastic for 3 months) to kill spores. Burry or burn stubbles after harvest. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Treat seed with: dilute sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) Sheath blight, Rhizoctonia spp Use resistant varieties. Moldboard plowing, crop rotation, or fallowing should also minimize carryover inoculum. Avoid dense rice stands as they may enhance disease development. Ensure balanced nutrition. Use sanitation: burn or remove or destroy crop residues. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Trichoderma viride kasugamycin azoxystrobin tebuconazole trifloxystrobin propiconazole mancozeb kresoxim-methyl Smuts: Rice false smut, Ustilaginoidea virens, Entyloma oryzae; Black smut, Tilletia barclayana Although no variety is immune, some hybrids and varieties are more resistant than others. Avoid mechanical injuries to plants and maintain soil fertility. Rotate to another crop, the longer the better. Use of disease-free seeds that are selected from healthy mother plants Split nitrogen applications so as to not over-fertilize. Removal and proper disposal of infected plant debris Avoid field activities when the plants are wet No reasonable treatment threshold found. trifloxystrobin tebuconazole propiconazole Maize
A one-year rotation away from maize, followed by tillage is recommended to prevent disease development in the subsequent maize crop. In no-till or reduced-till fields with a history of gray leaf spot, a two-year rotation out of maize may be needed to reduce the amount of disease in the following maize crop. Black smut / Kalo poke, Ustilago maydis f. sp. zeae and Sphacelotheca reiliana Use resistant or tolerant varieties or hybrids. Maintain soil and plant health (test these with lab tests). Rotate maize with other crops. Destroy smutted plant parts by removal and burning. Avoid planting in humid conditions. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use seed treated with thiram difenoconazole mancozeb metalaxyl Lentils Hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Use resistant varieties. Natural enemies like ground beetles, spiders, damsel bugs, minute pirate bugs, assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, and lacewing larvae naturally control tiger moth larvae. Parasitic wasp species Trichogramma, Copidosoma, Apanteles, Diadegma, and Hyposoter sting and parasitize eggs and larvae. Monitor frequently and handpick larvae. No reasonable treatment threshold found. dimethoate acephate imidacloprid artisanal or commercial neem seed extract/azadirachtins artisanal garlic extract artisanal chili extract Bacillus thuringiensis/BT indoxacarb chlorantraniliprole carbaryl pyrethrins lufenuron Aphids, Aphis craccivora, A. faba Use resistant varieties. Many predators and parasites attack aphids, especially in fields that are not sprayed or sprayed with less toxic materials. Common predators of aphids in grams include lady beetles, syrphid flies, and green lacewings. These and parasitoids generally keep aphid populations under control. Monitor the crop regularly. Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps. Remove infested culls and weedy species around fields that may harbor the aphid between crops. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Seed treatments with imidacloprid acetamiprid artisanal or commercial neem seed extract/azadirachtins artisanal garlic extract artisanal chili extract dimethoate
confusion with Fusarium wilt) Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of vectors and inoculum. Rotate to small grains and maize. Use green manure plants. Avoid inter-planting with cotton, tomatoes or melons, which are alternate hosts. Summer flooding of soil. Grow several seasons of grass cover crops (rye or Sudan grass). Cover soil with clear UV-resistant plastic to solar heat the soil. Buckeye rot in standing crop, Phytophthora spp Use resistant varieties which have just become available. Avoid saving and using seed from infected fruit. Use straw or other organic mulch to reduce soil splashing on plants. Provide good drainage and prevent overwatering. Avoid wide fluctuations in soil moisture, which predisposes plants to infection. Use raised-bed technique and keep tops of bed. Planting cereals as a rotation crop to reduce the level of infestation in the soil. Sanitation: Remove and destroy infected fruits and plants. No reasonable treatment threshold found. A pre-plant banded fungicide application for fields with previous Phytophthora problems: azoxystrobin cymoxanil famoxadone mancozeb chlorothalonil ametoctradin Crucifers: cabbage, cauliflower Cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae nepalensis Use resistant varieties. Caterpillar natural enemies include predators like ground beetles, spiders, damsel bugs, minute pirate bugs, assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, lacewing larvae and parasitic wasps that sting and parasitize eggs and larvae. Apply balanced dose of fertilizers and manures. Avoid excess use of nitrogen in the field. Hand-pick larvae. Intercrop crucifers with other vegetables. Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude moths. Action threshold of one larva/plant Bacillus thuringiensis/BT neem seed extract extracts from garlic extracts from red chili peppers lufenuron novaluron malathion Diamond-back moth, Plutella Cover seedbed. Treat if 10% of infested plants in the seedbed, 30% from
Do intercropping and interplanting crops Use yellow sticky traps for monitoring. After the last harvest, destroy all crop residues. Ensure good growing conditions for the crop. Avoid application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizer. For vector control: Use seed treated with imidacloprid neem seed extract garlic extract chili extract acetamiprid spinosad Powdery mildew, Erysiphe spp Use resistant varieties Remove weeds. Avoid late-season applications of nitrogen fertilizer. Avoid overhead watering. Remove and destroy all infected plant parts. No reasonable treatment threshold found. neem seed extract azoxystrobin tebuconazole trifloxystrobin kresoxim-methyl Seedling damping off fungi, Pythium spp, Rhizoctonia solani Avoid excessive irrigation to reduce humidity around the plants. Monitor the field regularly for disease-affected seedlings. Remove and destroy affected seedlings. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Seed treatment with: Trichoderma viride thiram mancozeb Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips control thrips in the crop. Eliminate other host plants on or near the crop. Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use seed treated with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid Beauveria bassiana neem seed extract garlic extract chili extract acetamiprid malathion Head borer, Helicoverpa armigera Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can control large numbers of Helicoverpa larvae. Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when to monitor for eggs. Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use seed treated with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid neem seed extract garlic extract Bacillus thuringiensis/BT
where the disease has occurred. Destroy volunteer Allium plants in and around the field and buildings. Locate onion fields where there is good air movement to promote rapid drying of foliage. azoxystrobin mancozeb chlorothalonil difenoconazole Purple blotch, Alternaria porri Use resistant varieties. Disinfect seeds. Use a crop rotation of 3-4 years. Avoid watering the foliage at the end of the day or at night. Do not plant new fields near existing fields with blight symptoms. If possible, use furrow irrigation. Remove and destroy crop debris. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use seed treated with thiram garlic extract mancozeb chlorothalonil tebuconazole trifloxystrobin Black mold, Aspergillus niger Early harvest. Harvest when conditions are dry. Use care to not damage onions while harvesting. Remove dead onion tissue to improve storability. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use seed treated with thiram difenoconazole Spinach and greens Aphids: Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii Natural parasitic wasps and predators reduce populations of aphids, unless insecticides applied kill them. Put up insect-proof nets or tunnels to exclude aphid entry. Remove or control alternate hosts, including mustards and related weeds, around field borders. Destroy crop remnants immediately after harvest. Treat as soon as 1 to 2% of plants are infested with one or more aphids. Use seed treated with: thiamethoxam imidacloprid insecticidal soap neem seed extract garlic extract chili extract Spinach leafminer, Pegomya hyoscyami Natural enemies, especially parasitic wasps, commonly reduce populations of leafminers, unless insecticides applied to control other pests kill them. Hand picking and destruction of infested leaves Use reflective silver plastic soil mulches. Where possible, avoid planting next to infested fields, especially those close to harvest time. No reasonable treatment threshold found. extracts of neem seed carbaryl malathion acetamiprid imidacloprid lufenuron
and repel pests. Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude moths. pyrethrin indoxacarb lufenuron chlorantraniliprole flubendiamide Aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Schizaphis graminnum, and Microsiphum avenae A number of coccinellid and syrphid predators, parasites and fungal diseases usually keep aphid populations below damaging levels. Maintain adequate soil moisture and fertilization (Plants stressed for water or nutrients are more susceptible to and suffer greater damage from aphids). Use regular monitoring, yellow sticky traps. Use resistant varieties. Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops. Avoid early planting. Avoid excessively high soil nitrogen levels. Use wheat varieties that are resistant to BYDV. No reasonable treatment threshold found. For high levels of BYDV, use systemic synthetic insecticide seed treatments containing thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. No synthetic pesticides are recommended for spraying. Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor Use resistant or tolerant varieties. Use crop rotation away from wheat. Disk wheat stubble after harvest. Delay winter wheat planting until after first freeze. No reasonable treatment threshold found. thiamethoxam imidacloprid Grasshoppers, Atractomorpha crenulata, Oxya adanata, Chrotogonus spp Do weed control in crop and around field. Natural predators control most grasshoppers. Hand pick early in the morning when hoppers are less active, feed to chickens. Threshold is from 8 to 12 grasshoppers per square meter. Use fireplace ashes, neem and red chili extracts. garlic extract Metharrizium anisopliae malathion acetamiprid dimethoate neem seed extract Termites, Microtermes obsi, Odontotermes obsesus Use tolerant varieties. Locate and destroy termite nests and mounds near crop fields. Use an organic and non-organic fertilizer combination to favor the strong growth of the seedlings. Apply mulches of Castor oil plant leaves, Mahogany chips, No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use seed treated with: thiamethoxam imidacloprid
Herbicide and Plant Growth Regulator Active Ingredients proposed for control of crop diseases and thus proposed for Reg 216 analysis Reg 216, Factor I Availability of Other Pesticide Options: AI chemical classes for rotation to avoid development of resistance, and reduction of effectiveness (Factor F) Reg 216, Factor A: Is AI EPA Registered? Reg 216, Factor A: Any Restricted Use Pesticides with this AI? Reg 216, Factor A: Is AI Registered in EU? Reg 216 Factor E: WHO Acute Toxicity Class Reg 216 Factor E: EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Reg 216 Factor E: Chronic Toxicity Reg 216 Factors G & H ecosystem, Hydrology): Groundwater contaminant fish bees birds amphibians worms Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic Insects Plankton 2 4 D ethyl ester chlorophenoxy acid yes no NL NL II, III PC, ED, RD ST 2 4 D sodium salt chlorophenoxy acid yes no NL III PC NAT ST NAT NAT ST NAT bispyribac-sodium unclassified yes no U III NL no data ST NAT MT chlorimuron (ethyl) sulfonyl urea yes no no III III NL no data NAT ST NAT MT NAT clodinafop propargyl a propionic acid yes no yes III II, III PC, RD no data HT*3 MT glyphosate phosphonoglycine yes no yes III II, III NL ST ST NAT PNT ST glyphosate ammonium salt phosphonoglycine yes no NL III II, III NL metribuzin triazinone yes no yes II II, III ED NAT MT MT ST ST metsulfuron-methyl sulfonyl urea yes no yes U III NL NAT NAT MT NAT oxyfluorfen diphehyl ether yes no yes U II, III PC no data HT*3 PNT PNT HT*3 HT*3 pendimethalin dinitroanaline yes no yes II III PC, ED no data NAT ST penoxsulam triazolopyrimidine yes no yes U III PC MT NAT NAT sulfosulfuron sulfonylurea yes no yes NL III PC no data ST NAT MT NAT NAT *1: Use with care away from groundwater *2: Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging *3: Use with care away from surface water
2018 Approved Nepal Molluscicide Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts Active Ingredients proposed for control of crop diseases and thus proposed for Reg 216 analysis Reg 216, Factor I Availability of Other Pesticide Options: AI chemical classes for rotation to avoid development of resistance, and reduction of effectiveness (Factor F) Reg 216, Factor A: Is AI EPA Registered? Reg 216, Factor A: Any Restricted Use Pesticides with this AI? Reg 216 Factor E: WHO Acute Toxicity Class Reg 216 Factor E: EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Reg 216 Factor E: Chronic Toxicity Reg 216 Factors G & H (Non-target ecosystem, Hydrology): Groundwater contaminant fish bees birds amphibians worms Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic Insects Plankton metaldehyde aldehyde yes no II II, III PC potential*1 NAT PNT MT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT *1: Use with care away from groundwater 2018 Approved Nepal Nematicide Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts Paecilomyces lilacinus microbial yes no NL III NL no data MT*3 MT*3 *3: Use with care away from surface water 2018 Approved Nepal Rodenticide Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts bromadiolone coumarin yes no Ia III none no data MT*3 MT*3 MT*3 *3: Use with care away from surface water
Annex 16: Tracking Templates A and B Tracking Template A Project Title: Pesticide(s): Crops: Location Common Name(s): Target Pests: Required Compliance Mitigation Measures Compliance Dates Actions to achieve compliance Responsible Party Status Capacity Building Technical Assistance for Trainers Development and Distribution of Educational Material Training of Pesticide Handlers Local Issues Establish Pesticide Quality Standards Require Good Packaging and Clear, Adequate Labeling Safer Pesticide Use Ensure Accessibility of Personal Protective Equipment Define Appropriate Procedures for Safe Pesticide Transport Define Appropriate Methods for Safe Pesticide Storage Define Disposal Provisions for Used Pesticide Containers Long-Term Program Coordination, Collaboration, Awareness raising, Surveillance, Control Management, Research Tracking Template B USAID Pesticide Data Sheet (PDS) DO NOT EXCEED ONE PAGE Date: Project: Location: USAID Tracking Code: Active Ingredient (AI): Pesticide Use Type: Formulation: % AI: Location Common Names: USEPA registration status, code, & date: Location registration status & date: US Common Name: USEPA Tox Signal word: USEPA RUP flag: WHO Tox Class: