Carbaryl Insecticide, Nematicide, PGR Carbaryl products can be moderately to highly toxic. Products with this AI should not be used by persons who are not professionally trained and certified IPs must receive MEO approval for use of products containing this AI. Toxic to aquatic species and pollinators. Application is not allowed within 100m of water. Should not be applied during or close to flowering. Approved by Programmatic PERSUAP for FAW. Carbendazim Fungicide Chlorantraniliprole Insecticide May undergo research testing per Pesticides Act with permissions from the GoM. Approved by the Programmatic PERSUAP for FAW. Chlorimuron (ethyl) Herbicide Approved for sugarcane and soya only. Chlorpyrifos Insecticide Products with this AI should not be used by persons who are not professionally trained and certified. IPs must receive MEO approval for use of products containing this AI. Neurotoxic and highly toxic to bees. Should not be applied during or close to flowering. Citronella oil (lemon grass oil) Repellent Malawi is in the process of developing guidelines to register botanicals. Copper hydroxide Fungicide Products containing copper hydroxide that have a signal word DANGER on the label and skull and crossbones on the pictogram due to irreversible eye damage can be used only by professionally trained and certified persons.
Dicamba Herbicide Weed control in maize and sugarcane only. Dichlorvos (DDVP) Insecticide, acaricide Not registered as an agricultural pesticide in Malawi and not approved for agriculture uses. Approved as killing strips in pheromone traps; however, strips must be properly disposed according to the label directions. Difenacoum Rodenticide This AI is highly toxic and is approves for use only in pre-baited, tamper-resistant rodent bait stations. Difenoconazole Fungicide Dimethoate Insecticide Products >40% are RUP in Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) formulation. All products in Malawi are Severe eye irritant. IPs must receive MEO approval for use of products containing this AI based on crop type, label, and capacity of used. May not be used on cowpeas. Approved by Programmatic PERSUAP for FAW. Dimethomorph Fungicide Diuron Herbicide Single AI products are approved. Mixture with other AIs are for cotton use only. Emamectin benzoate Insecticide Products with this AI above concentration of 1.9% should not be used by persons who are not appropriately trained and certified.. IPs must receive MEO approval for use of products containing this AI. In Malawi, this AI is registered in the Proclaim Fit, which is Emamectin benzoate 5% and Lufenuron 40%. Emamectin benzoate concentrations above 1.9% should not be used by small holder farmers. 50%.
Metribuzin Herbicide This AI is approved for use. Notably, products approved in Malawi that contain this AI in combination with other AIs are approved only for soya and sugarcane. Nicosulfuron Herbicide Oil Mineral /Paraffin/Kerosene Horticultural oil Insecticide/ Adjuvant/Repellent Botanicals not covered by the Pesticide Act. Depends on the type of oil and product. IPs must receive MEO approval for use of products containing this AI. Oil plant Horticultural oil Insecticide/Fungicide Botanicals not covered by the Pesticide Act Pendimethalin Herbicide Single AI products approved. In Malawi, mixed AI products are approved only for sugarcane.
Ethylene dibromide Fumigant, nematocide, insecticide, Fungicide SEG Yes (3) Yes Acute toxicity category I. Banned under Montreal protocol. Carcinogenic. Water pollutant. Poses significant health risks. Fenamiphos Nematocide, insecticide SEG Yes (3) No registered products No USEPA registered products. Fenitrothion Insecticide SEG Yes (1); Mix (3) Yes Toxic to aquatic species and pollinators. Application is not allowed within 100m of water. Should not be applied during or close to flowering. Fenvalerate Insecticide SEG Yes (2) No Not registered by EPA. Replaced by Esfenvalerate Fipronil Insecticide SEG Yes (2) Yes This AI is often found in RUP products. IPs must receive MEO approval for use of products containing this AI. In Malawi registered product Avi-Termikill is not RUP.
applied more than 10 m from water if applied to the ground and 45 m if spraying in air. Metribuzin Herbicide SEG; AGRA Yes (5); Mix (3) Yes This AI is approved for use. Notably, products approved in Malawi that contain this AI in combination with other AIs are approved only for soya and sugarcane. Monocrotophos Insecticide, Acaricide SEG No No registered products Not registered in Malawi or by USEPA. Banned by Rotterdam Convention MSMA Herbicide, Defoliant SEG Yes (2) Yes Known carcinogen Nicosulfuron Herbicide Yes (4) Yes Oil Mineral /Paraffin/Kerosene Insecticide/ No Yes Botanicals not covered by the Pesticide Act. Depends on the type of oil and product. IPs must receive
Table 2. APPROVED FOR USE BY USAID MALAWI FUNDED NOTE: THE FOLLOWING RESTRICTIONS APPLY TO ALL AIs High acute toxicity and RUP products are not approved for use by people that are untrained, uncertified and unregistered to handle pesticides. AI Type of AI STATUs in other PERSUAPs Green-approved Red-Rejected Malawi registration (# of products registered) RESTRICTIONS aND ADVISORIES Green-approved for all users Yellow-approved with stated advisory 2,4-D Herbicide, Plant growth regulator SAIOMA Yes (3); Has acid, amine salts and ester forms with variable ecotoxicity, ranging from practically non-toxic to highly toxic, depending on the form. Some products are Acute Toxicity Category I for irreversible eye damage (particularly acid and salt forms). Possibly carcinogenic to humans. Do not use products that have the signal word “Danger” and/or a skull-and-crossbones pictogram.
Azadirachtin (Neem) Insecticide, Nematicide SAIOMA Yes (1); Mix (4) Azoxystrobin Fungicide SEG; AGRA Yes (2); Mix (1) Bacillus thuringiensis Biological agent, larvicide Yes (2) Beauveria bassiana Biological insecticide FAW No (potentially proposed for research) May undergo research testing per Pesticides Act with permissions from the GoM. Only locally approved strains allowed. Approved by the Programmatic PERSUAP for FAW. Bentazon/ Bendioxide Herbicide; Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) SEG; AGRA Yes Sodium tetraborate decahydrate) Boric acid Insecticide, Fungicide, Antiseptic, Wood Preservative Yes; Mix (2) Public health, household indoor and outdoor use, warehouse use. Construction. Boscalid Fungicide Yes; Mix (1)
Spinosad/ Spinetoram Insecticide SEG SAIOMAAGRA; Ghana FAW; FAW Yes (1) AI is suspected to contribute to honeybee colony collapse disorder, although it is generally considered safer than other chemicals belonging to the same chemical group. Should not be applied during or close to flowering. Approved by the Programmatic PERSUAP for FAW. Sulphur (Enxofre) Fungicide, insecticide SEG; AGRA Yes (4) Tebuconazole Fungicide SEG; AGRA Yes (4); Mix (3) Terbuthylazine Herbicide, Microbicide, Algaecide SEG; SAIOMA; AGRA Yes; Mix (2) This AI is approved, however products containing this AI in combination with atrazine are not approved. There may be no products in Malawi that can be approved due to presence of Atrazine. Tetramethrin Insecticide SEG Yes; Mix (9) Public health uses only Thiamethoxam Insecticide SEG; AGRA Yes (5); Mix (4) Suspected to contribute to honeybee colony collapse disorder. Should not be applied during or close to flowering.
Provide first-time training to appropriate project staff, partners and beneficiaries in the IPM Plans. To be implemented by this Date: Provide refresher training annually. From Date: Over LOP Require and enforce IPM plan implementation in situations where the project has direct control over pesticide use Over LOP Require and enforce that field extension under direct project control be IPM-based. Over LOP
Where activity control over extension or agricultural or silvicultural practices on the ground is less than complete, promote and support pesticide use in conformity with IPM plans to the greatest practicable extent. Over LOP Modify IPM plans over LOP based on experience. Over LOP Train appropriate IP staff and beneficiaries in safer pesticide use and pesticide first aid in conformity with Annex C.1. Ensure that for all beneficiaries that receive support for procurement and use of seed treated with pesticides, training in handling dressed seed is provided. Immediately and over LOP Ensure that for all beneficiaries that receive support for post-harvest storage of grains involving pesticides are trained in handling, disposal, and waiting periods before the treated commodities can be consumed. Immediately and over LOP
Develop a training plan for pesticide safe practices and IPM for project staff Before training Develop or source curricula and training materials conforming to required training elements specified in Annex C. Before training Implement training plan, providing first-time training to all relevant staff and beneficiaries To be implemented Date: Than periodically as needed
Pod borers Helicoverpa armigera, Maruca vitrata The young larvae usually attack buds and flowers and older ones bore into maturing pods. The Pod borers destroy buds, flowers, and pods on crop. If flowers and pods are not available, larvae will feed upon foliage. Larvae prefer to feed on the protein-rich seeds within the pods. Seeds in the damaged pods are totally or partially eaten out by the larvae. The damage sometimes causes greater than 80% yield loss. Cultural practices: Intercropping, time of sowing, spacing, water/nutrition management, and crop rotation Planting resistant and/or tolerant cultivars Use of organic pesticides, such as extracts of neem seed kernel, tephrosia, pongamia, chili/garlic, and others Natural biological control by manipulating natural enemy populations, such as predator bugs and parasitoid wasps Use of cropping system with plants that provide shelter, pollen and nectar for natural enemy’s optimization Emamectin benzoate Lambda cyhalothrin Thiamethoxam Indoxacarb Pod sucking bug Clavigralla spp. Both nymph and adult suck sap from the developing seeds through the pod wall. Infested pods show pale yellow patches, and seeds shrivel up and lose germination ability. Destruction of debris, crop residues, weeds, and other alternate hosts Deep summer ploughing Adoption of proper crop rotation and avoid growing of cucurbit crops in sequence Use of resistant and tolerant varieties Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies to manage the pest population should be done Spinosad/ Spinetoram Lambda cyhalothrin Imidacloprid Powdery mildew Oidiopsis taurica The initial symptoms develop as small chloritic spots on the upper surface of individual leaves. Subsequently the corresponding lower surfaces develop white powdery patches. Severe infections result in heavy defoliation. Select fields away from perennial pigeonpeas affected with the disease. Remove infected leaves to reduce the spread and clean up beds Sulphur
and, at this stage, cause maximum damage to the host. Infestation of a cereal crop by S. hermonthica may be apparent before emergence from the soil, by the chlorotic blotches on the crop foliage. draw nutrition from the host. Hence leafy crop varieties, dense, uniform planting and with legumes, all tend to suppress the weed. Table A. 8. Crop: RICE TYPE OF DAMAGE DONE AVAILABLE IPM CONTROL MEASURES RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES, WHEN NEEDED Stalk-eyed fly Diopsis spp As a result of fly maggot feeding the central whorl does not open, but dries-up and dies, producing what is commonly known as "dead heart". Maggots move readily from one tiller to another. Later generations feed on the developing flower head. A severe attack is likely to occur when water levels are low. Such attacks reduce yields of rice plants. Shoot fly attack rice plants early in the crop growth stage, shortly after emergence in direct-seeded fields or shortly after . They are present throughout Plant recommended early maturing varieties Destruction of eggs in the seedbeds Early planting Use recommended plant spacing Minimize simultaneous planting as this provides food continuously for the pest Destruction of stubble after harvest Clean weeding Plough after harvest to expose the eggs to natural enemies Pyrethrin
D. D.1 Only pesticides specifically approved (i.e., appearing in the “lists of approved pesticides” Table 2) under this PERSUAP are authorized for use under USAID projects in Malawi. For reference, Table D.below document pesticides (as AIs) that have been specifically considered and rejected for use by the analysis undertaken in this PERSUAP. D 1. PESTICIDES REJECTED FOR PROCURE/USE/SUPPORT BY ACTIVITIES IN MALAWI a. AI b. Type of AI c. IN OTHER PERSUAPS Green-approved Red-Rejected D. Malawi registration (# registered) E. USEPA registration status F. Provisions And ADvisories Red-rejected for all user Alachlor Herbicide SEG Yes (2); Mix (1) Yes Banned under Rotterdam Convention. Known water pollutant. RUP. Arsenic (acid and oxide) Insecticide, Herbicide, Rodenticide Yes; Mix (1) Yes Ingredient in wood protectant Tanalith C Oxide Liquor. Atrazine Herbicide SEG; SAIOMA Yes (8); Mix (4) Yes Known water pollutant Benomyl Fungicide SEG Yes (1); Mix banned by Rotterdam at or >7%; No Greater than 7% is banned under Rotterdam Convention. Benomyl on market in Malawi is 50%. Not USEPA registered. Chlorpyrifos methyl Insecticide No Yes Not registered in Malawi Dazomet Fumigant, insecticide SEG; AGRA Yes (1) Yes Known water pollutant. See Annex D. Substances removed from use.
Furfural Fungicide, Biocide, Nematicide SEG No Yes Not registered in Malawi. Only ornamental uses and turf the US. Hexazinon Herbicide SEG Yes (7) Yes Known water pollutant Iprovalicarb Fungicide SEG Yes; Mix (1) No Not registered by USEPA Maneb Fungicide Yes; Mix (2) No registered products Not registered by EPA Mercaptothion Insecticide Yes (1); Mix (3) No Not registered by EPA Metam sodium Algaecide, Fumigant, Fungicide, Herbicide, Microbicide, Nematocide SEG Yes (2) (Ban being considered by PCB) Yes Banned under Montreal protocol. RUP. Class 1 Methomyl Insecticide SEG; SAIOMA Yes (1) Yes Products available in Malawi are 90% concentration and RUP. Methyl bromide Fumigant SEG No No Not registered in Malawi. RUP. Class I. Banned by Montreal protocol
Metolachlor Metolachlor (S) Herbicide SEG; SAIOMA Yes (5) Yes RUP and known water pollutant Monocrotophos Insecticide, Acaricide SEG No No registered products Not registered in Malawi or by USEPA. Banned by Rotterdam Convention MSMA Herbicide, Defoliant SEG Yes (2) Yes Known carcinogen Oxamyl Insecticide, Nematicide SEG Yes (7) Yes Most products are RUP. Paraquat Herbicide SEG No Yes Not registered in Malawi. RUP. Class 1 Propiconazole Fungicide SEG; AGRA No Yes No longer registered in Malawi Propineb Fungicide, microbidice SEG Yes; mix (1) No registered products No products are registered by USEPA Thiaclorpid Insecticide, Molluscicide Yes No registered products No products are registered by USEPA Tebuthiurone Herbicide SEG; AGRA No Yes No longer registered in Malawi Zinc phosphide Rodenticide SEG Yes (2) Yes All pellets products available in Malawi are RUP and is not included in the USAID Fumigation PEA.