SB5a Health and disease Word Pronunciation Meaning cause A factor that, when it changes, makes something else change. communicable disease A disease caused by a pathogen that can be passed from an infected individual to others. Also called an infectious disease. correlation When two factors change in a similar pattern, we say they are correlated. disease Something that causes the body not to work properly. health A state of complete physical, social and mental immune system im-youn sis-tem The system that helps protect the body from harm by diseases, especially communicable diseases. lifestyle The way we live, such as our diet, whether we smoke tobacco, and how much exercise we take. Lifestyle can affect whether we develop some diseases. non-communicable disease A disease that cannot be passed from individuals to those around them. Examples include inherited diseases and some diseases caused by lifestyle. pathogen path-o-jen A microorganism that causes a communicable disease. SB5b Non-communicable diseases Word Pronunciation Meaning cirrhosis si-rO-sis A disease of the liver, often caused by drinking a large amount of ethanol (alcohol) over a long period of time. deficiency disease def-ish-un-see A disease caused by a lack of a particular nutrient in the body, such as anaemia caused by a lack of iron. drug A substance that we take into the body, which affects how the body works. genetic disorder A disease caused by faulty alleles of our genes. malnutrition mal-new-trish-un Health problems caused by a diet that contains too little or too much of one or more nutrients. SB5c Cardiovascular disease Word Pronunciation Meaning body mass index (BMI) An estimate of how healthy a person’s mass is for their height. cardiovascular disease car-dee-O-vas-kyoo-lar A disease in which the heart or circulatory system does not function properly. heart attack When the heart stops pumping properly due to a lack of oxygen reaching part of it. obesity o-bee-sit-ee A condition in which someone is overweight for their height and has a BMI above 30.
stent A small mesh tube used to widen narrowed blood vessels and allow blood to flow more easily. stroke Death of brain cells caused by a lack of blood, due to a blockage in a blood vessel in the brain. waist : hip (waist-to-hip) ratio A measure of the amount of fat in the body, calculated by dividing the waist measurement by the hip measurement. SB5d Pathogens Word Pronunciation Meaning AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) When HIV has damaged a person’s immune system, so they are more likely to get secondary infections. chalara dieback cal-ar-ra A communicable disease of ash trees caused by a fungus. It produces lesions of the trunk and branches, and dieback of the top of the tree. cholera col-e-ra A communicable disease caused by a bacterium, which causes extreme diarrhoea. diarrhoea dye-a-ree-a Loose or watery faeces. haemorrhagic fever hem-or-raj-ik A disease that includes a fever (high body temperature) and internal bleeding, such as caused by the Ebola virus. host An individual or species that can be infected by a certain pathogen. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) A virus that attacks white blood cells in the human immune system, often leading to AIDS. malaria mal-air-ee-a A dangerous disease, caused by a protist, that causes serious fever, headaches and vomiting and can lead to death. protist A kingdom of eukaryotic and mainly single-celled organisms (also called ‘protoctists’). secondary infection An infection due to the immune system being weakened previously by a different pathogen. tuberculosis (TB) tyoo-ber-cyoo-lOw-sis A communicable bacterial disease that infects the lungs. ulcer ull-ser A sore area in the stomach lining which can be caused by a bacterium. virus A microbe that multiplies by infecting a cell and taking over the cell's DNA copying processes. Virus particles have no cellular structure and so are not true organisms. white blood cell A type of blood cell that forms part of the body’s defence system against disease.