* (a) Joel Mokyr, ‘The Industrial Revolution and the New Economic History’, pp. 1 - 52. See especially pp. 38 - 44 on the ‘Standard of Living Debate.’ (b) Donald McCloskey, ‘The Industrial Revolution, 1780 - 1860: A Survey’, pp. 53 - 74. (c) Joel Mokyr, ‘Demand vs. Supply in the Industrial Revolution’, pp. 97 - 118. * (d) Brinley Thomas, ‘Food Supply in the United Kingdom during the Industrial Revolution’, pp. 137 - 50. * (e) Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson, ‘English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look’, pp. 177 - 206. ** (f) Gustav N. von Tunzelmann, ‘The Standard of Living Debate and Optimal Economic Growth’, pp. 207 - 26. (g) E. G. West, ‘Literacy and the Industrial Revolution’, pp. 227-40. **8. Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, Volume 1: 1770 - 1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994): a) Ann Kussmaul, ‘The Pattern of Work as the Eighteenth Century Began’, pp. 1-11. b) Joel Mokyr, ‘Technological Change, 1700 - 1830', pp. 12-43. c) Nick Crafts, ‘The Industrial Revolution’, pp. 44-59. d) Roger Schofield, ‘British Population Change, 1700-1871', pp. 60-95. e) Robert Allan, ‘Agriculture During the Industrial Revolution’, pp. 96-122. f) Maxine Berg, ‘Factories, Workshops, and Industrial Organisation’, pp. 123-50. g) Larry Neal, ‘The Finance of Business During the Industrial Revolution’, pp. 151-81. h) Stanley L. Engerman, ‘Mercantilism and Overseas Trade, 1700 - 1800', pp. 182-204. i) Patrick O'Brien, ‘Central Government and the Economy, 1688 - 1815', pp. 204-42. j) Donald McCloskey, ‘1780-1860: A Survey’, pp. 242-70. k) Nick von Tunzelmann, ‘Technology in the Early Nineteenth Century’, pp 271-99.
1700-9 1710-9 1720-9 1730-9 1740-9 1750-9 1760-9 1770-9 1780-9 1790-9 100.0 104.0 99.6 90.9 96.0 101.6 110.7 125.8 130.8 149.7 100.0 102.3 102.5 107.8 109.8 110.7 112.5 112.4 115.2 -- 100.0 98.4 102.9 118.6 114.4 109.0 101.6 89.3 88.1 -- 100.0 109.1 126.1 135.9 135.9 132.4 161.7 203.6 215.7 238.6 100.0 104.9 126.6 149.5 141.6 130.3 146.1 161.8 164.9 159.4 SOURCE: Calculated from statistics in Elizabeth Gilboy, `The Cost of Living and Real Wages in Eighteenth Century England', Review of Economic Statistics (1938), as re-printed in B.R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, eds., Abstract of British Historical Statistics (1962), pp. 346-7. TABLE 3 Estimates of Nominal Annual Earnings for Eighteen Occupations 1755-1851: Adult Males, England and Wales (in current £'s) Occupation 1755 1781 1797 1805 1810 1815 1819 1827 1835 1851
1755 1781 1797 1805 1810 1815 1819 1827 1835 1851 52 weeks' earnings in 1851 59.16 72.62 103.41 139.12 144.76 137.88 134.47 106.89 103.41 100.00 £29.04 75.5 93.9 100.8 112.3 100.00 £29.04 42.95 54.88 72.92 98.89 110.95 105.55 99.41 98.89 96.98 100.00 £52.95 48.5 57.6 66.7 83.3 97.0 97.0 97.0 97.0 97.0 100.00 £42.90 50.86 57.38 64.86 79.44 92.03 95.28 91.92 93.55 88.68 100.00 £75.15 69.8 69.8 81.0 87.0 105.6 112.1 103.3 105.1 98.9 100.00 n.a. 51.05 59.64 74.42 96.58 107.81 106.18 101.84 97.59 94.11 100.00 £52.62 21.62 26.42 32.55 38.88 43.01 46.55 50.77 55.09 75.03 100.00 £258.88 38.62 46.62 58.97 75.87 84.89 85.30 84.37 83.11 88.77 100.00 £75.51 NOTE: The indices are aggregated from the finer groups listed in Table 9.1, using wage series from Table 9.2 and employment weights. The employment weights for 1755-1815 draw on Lindert, ‘English Occupations, 1670-1811', Table 3; while those for are derived from censuses. The derivations of the employment weights are described in DP, Appendix A. SOURCE: For the three previous series, see Bowley, 1900, table in back; Phelps Brown and Hopkins, 1955; Tucker, 1936, pp. The conversion of the Phelps Brown-Hopkins series from daily to annual wages assumed 312 working days a year. TABLE 5 A ‘Best-Guesss’ Cost-of-Living Index, 1781-1850, Using Southern Urban Expenditure Weights (1850 = 100) Index Index Index
2e+95 118.8 119.3 121.9 118.4 112.3 109.6 112.5 115.9 122.3 125.9 121.2 118.3 127.3 130.7 153.8 159.5 138.8 136.9 155.7 207.1 218.2 160.9 156.8 160.2 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1920 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 186.7 178.5 169.1 180.5 204.9 215.4 204.5 235.7 230.0 203.3 182.6 192.1 197.5 192.4 182.9 170.1 150.5 139.8 146.0 154.6 162.3 144.4 140.9 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1949 1850 143.2 143.2 143.9 141.3 133.9 124.7 117.6 112.8 126.4 129.2 138.3 142.3 138.4 133.3 123.4 109.6 114.5 112.0 116.4 138.0 110.9 101.2 100.0
Source: DP, Appendix B. Lindert and Williamson (1983) in Kokyr (1985). TABLE 6 Trends in Real Adult Male Full-Time Earnings for Selected Groups of Workers 1755-1851 Benchmark year Farm labour Middle group Artisans All blue collar White collar All workers 1755 65.46 47.54 56.29 56.50 23.93 42.74 1781 61.12 46.19 48.30 50.19 22.24 39.24 1797 74.50 52.54 46.73 53.61 23.45 42.48 1805 74.51 52.96 42.55 51.73 20.82 40.64 1810 67.21 51.54 42.73 50.04 19.97 39.41 1815 75.51 57.81 52.18 58.15 25.49 46.71 1819 73.52 54.35 50.26 55.68 27.76 46.13 1827 75.86 70.18 66.39 69.25 39.10 58.99 1835 91.67 85.97 78.62 84.43 66.52 78.69 1851 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Percentage change, 1781-1851, under three sets of cost-of-living weights and price assumptions Most pessi- mistic ‘Best-guess’ Most opti- mistic 31.6% 63.6% 107.0% 75.1% 116.5% 175.3% 68.0% 107.0% 164.2% 61.8% 99.2% 154.4% 294.5% 349.6% 520.3% 103.7% 154.8% 220.3%
4. Diminished by urban-industrial disamenities, or <2.5%* 63.6% >86.0% >141.6% 5. Augmented by adult mortality gains, which were not negative (Sec. VIII) >63.6% >86.0% >141.6% * These figures taken from DP, Section 8. Readers preferring the estimaes in Section IX above may wish to substitute the 9.7% figure for Rows 3 and 4 together in the ‘blue-collar’ and ‘all workers’ columns. Source: Lindert and Williamson, 1983. TABLE 8 Investment, Employment, and Output in England and Wales, 1761-1770 to 1841-1850, in 1788-1792 Prices Decade Capital stock (£m) Repairs and renewals (£m) Capital formation (£m) Gross investment (£m) Labor force (000s) Wage bill (£m) Land rents (£m) Land stock (£m) Total output (A) Agriculture 1761-70 1771-80 1781-90 1791-1800 1801-10 1811-20 1821-30 1831-40 1841-50 260 276 299 326 351 373 396 421 455 22.5 24.4 27.0 30.0 30.8 33.3 35.9 38.3 42.3 0.9 1.8 2.1 2.4 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.2 3.5 23.4 26.2 29.1 32.4 32.6 35.2 37.8 40.5 45.8 874 908 894 842 768 770 820 805 809 23.5 23.8 23.6 23.9 24.1 27.1 27.3 28.6 29.6 19.8 19.7 20.3 21.2 24.5 21.0 22.0 32.3 37.0 374 395 423 453 435 418 680 739 886 66.7 69.7 73.0 77.5 81.2 83.4 97.0 101.3 112.4