Removal of root from the sinus. Oro-antral fistula aetiology, clinical features and various surgical methods for closure. Disorders of T.M. Joint Applied surgical anatomy of the joint. Dislocation – Types, aetiology, clinical features and management. Ankylosis – Definition, aetiology, clinical features and management Myo-facial pain dysfunction syndrome, aetiology, clinical features, management - Non surgical and surgical. Internal derangement of the joint. Arthritis of T.M. Joint. Infections of the Oral cavity Introduction, factors responsible for infection, course of odontogenic Infection, spread of odontogenic infections through various facial spaces. Dento-alveolar abscess – aetiology, clinical features and management. Osteomyelitis of the jaws – definition, aetiology, pre-disposing factors, Classification, clinical features and management Ludwigs angina – definition, aetiology, clinical features, management and complications. Benign cystic lesions of the jaws Definition, classification, pathogenesis. Diagnosis – Clinical features, radiological, aspiration biopsy, use of contrast media and histopathology. Management – Types of surgical procedures, rationale of the techniques, indications, procedures, complications etc. Tumours of the Oral cavity General considerations Non odontogenetic benign tumours occurring in oral cavity – fibroma, papilloma, lipoma, ossifying fibroma, myoma etc. Ameloblastoma – Clinical features, radiological appearance and methods of management. Carcinoma of the oral cavity Biopsy – types TNM classification. Outline of management of squamous; cell carcinoma: Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Role of dental surgeons in the prevention and early detection of oral cancer. Fractures of the jaws:- General considerations, types of factures, aetiology, clinical features and general principles of management. Mandibular fractures – Applied anatomy, classification. Diagnosis – Clinical and radiological Management – Reduction closed and open Fixation and immobilization methods Outline of rigid and semi-rigid internal fixation Fractures of the condyle – aetiology, classification, clinical features, principles of management. Fractures of the middle third of the face. Definition of the mid face, applied surgical anatomy, classification, clinical features and outline of management.
Preliminary impressions Final impressions Laboratory procedures involved with impression making (Beading & Boxing, and cast preparation). Record bases and occlusion rims-in detail. Materials & techniques Useful guidelines and ideal parameters. Recording and transferring bases and occlusal rims. Biological consideration in jaw relation & jaw movements – craniomandibular relations. Mandibular movements. Maxillo – mandibular relation including vertical and horizontal jaw relations. Concept of occlusion – discuss in brief. Relating the patient to the articulator. Face bow types & uses-discuss in brief. Face bow transfer procedure – discuss in brief. Recording maxillo mandibular relation. Vertical relations. Centric relation records. Eccentric relation records. Lateral relation records. Tooth selection and arrangement. Anterior teeth. Posterior teeth. Esthetic and functional harmony. Relating inclination of teeth to concept of occlusion – in brief. Neutrocentric concept. Balanced occlusal concept. Trial dentures Laboratory procedures. Wax contouring. Investing of dentures. Preparing of mold Preparing & packing acrylic resin. Processing of dentures. Recovery of dentures. Lab remount procedures. Recovery the complete denture from the cast. Finishing and polishing the complete denture. Plaster cast for clinical denture remount procedure. Denture insertion. Insertion procedures. Clinical errors. Correcting occlusal disharmony Selective grinding procedures. Treating problems with associated denture use – discuss in brief (tabulation / flow-chart form) Treating abused tissues – discuss in brief Relining and rebasing of dentures – discuss in brief Immediate complete dentures construction procedure-discuss in brief.
Detailed didactic sessions for the above components, either in the form of lectures or as structured students-teacher interactions, is essential. Specialists from multiple disciplines, particularly from legal and forensic sciences, can be encouraged to undertake teaching in their area of expertise. An interactive, navigable and non-linear (INN) model may also be utilized for education. Practical exercises (real-life casework and / or simulated cases) must complement didactic sessions to facilitate optimal student understanding of the subject. Mandatory practical training in dental identification methods, dental profiling (ethnic and sex differences, radiographic age estimation), and bite mark procedures, is of paramount importance. In addition, practical exercises / demonstrations in histological age estimation, comparative dental anatomy, DNA methods, medical autopsy, court visits, and other topics may be conducted depending on available expertise, equipment and feasibility. Approach to teaching forensic odontology Forensic odontology could be covered in two separate streams. The divisions include a preclinical stream and a clinical stream. Preclinical stream: Introduction to forensic odontology Sex difference in odontometrics Ethnic variations in tooth morphology Histological age estimation Dental DNA methods Bite marks procedures Overview of forensic medicine and toxicology It could prove useful to undertake the preclinical stream in II or III year under Oral Biology / Oral. Pathology since these aspects of forensic odontology require grounding in dental morphology, dental histology and basic sciences, which, students would have obtained in I and / or II BDS. Clinical stream: Dental identification Maintaining dental records Radiographic age estimation Medical jurisprudence and ethics It would be suitable to undertake these topics in the IV or V year as part of Oral Medicine and Radiology, since students require reasonable clinical exposure and acumen to interpret dental records, perform dental postmortems and analyse dental radiographs for age estimation. ETHICS (20 hrs. of instruction) INTRODUCTION: