Philosophy Why What How Essentialism Learners must require knowledge, skills and values Teaching should transmit tested values and knowledge so that students will become good True knowledge have essential properties which must be passed on since they are already tested Curricula are prescribed and are focused on basic skills and traditional disciplines. No to tech-voc and yes to academic contents Teachers and administrators will prescribe what is needed for the students to know Students’ interest does not matter since what we are dealing with are tested realities which must be transmitted. Mastery of the subject matter and teachers are to serve as models for students. More students contact, observe core requirements, longer school days, longer academic year…” Use of prescribed textbooks since mastery matters. Discussions on academic content and heavy lectures Heavy stress on memorization and discipline. Progressivism Develop learners become enlightened and intelligent citizens. For students to be taught living life at present not to prepare them for adult life. change is part of life that must be dealt with Need-based and relevant Curriculum Curriculum must respond to the students’ needs Something that relates to personal life and experiences Change is inevitable Experiential method and learning by doing Hands on, minds on, hearts on and scientific approach Giving of thought provoking games and puzzles Application of scientific methods and theories
Practical and activities that will enhance skills. Scientific, technological and social developments. Watch and learn, learn and apply then evaluate and watch… Perrenialism To develop the students’ rational and moral powers. To develop the students’ higher faculties to control their passions and appetites. To make students more rational and overcome their animalistic tendencies Uniform curriculum since all human beings possess the same essential nature Emphasis on humanities and general education Less emphasis on vocational and technical education Contents of great books which are the repository of knowledge and wisdom must be taught to people of today Teacher centered – teacher is a medium of proven knowledge and wisdom Banking system- since students’ interest or experiences do not matter Teacher applies all “creative techniques” to teach and to discipline students Existentialism To help students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions To help students find meaning in life by exposing Curriculum varies to give students the chance to choose Students choose their subject matter Humanities are emphasized to enable Focus is on the individual learner Learning is self-paced, self-directed Open communication between teachers and students
them to realities taking place in the real world To educate the whole person and not just focus on intellectual matters Help students exercise their freedom or ability to choose. students help develop and express their creativity and self-expression Vocational education helps to develop students’ potentials rather than simply for earning a livelihood Being creative and imaginative and not just copy or imitate established models Employment of values clarification strategy. Teacher is and ensure not to impose their values on their students since values are personal BEHAVIORISM To shape students’ behavior through creating for them a favorable environment Since Students are the product of their environment, education must shape a good society To help students exhibit good behavior in society Means on how to respond favorably to various stimuli in the environment Survival in the environment since humans and animals reacts only to external and internal stimuli Arrangement of the environment to ensure that students can make responses to stimuli Preparation of physical variables such as: light, temperature, arrangement of furniture, visual aids and other teaching aids are used to get the desired results from the students The teacher must know how to utilize a stimuli
to hold the students’ attention Appropriate incentives are given to reinforce positive responses and weaken or eliminate negative ones Linguistic Philosophy To develop the communication skills of the students because the essence of the person lies on his/her ability for self-expression Education is aimed at developing the students’ skills to send messages clearly and receive message correctly To teach is to resolve conflicts and problems resulting from miscommunication and Students must be taught Way and means on how to send messages clearly and how to understand correctly sent messages Mastery of the verbal, non-verbal and ways of communication More language learned will have better results Use of language that is correct, precise, grammatically coherent, and accurate for clear communication Experiential teaching whereby they are exposed to sending and receiving messages through verbal, nonverbal and ways Classroom must be an environment where there is an interplay of minds and hearts Teacher must facilitate dialogue among the students since exchange of words means exchange of ideas. CONSTRUCTIVISM To teach intrinsically motivated and independent Students must be taught how to learn Students are provided with data and they will