IMPORTANT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COMPOUND FORMULA COMMON MAME IUPAC NAME HALO COMPOUNDS R-X CH3 -Cl CH3-CH2-Cl CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl (CH3)2 -CH-Cl CH3-CH2- CH2 (CH3)2 -CH- CH2Cl CH3-CH2- CH(Cl) (CH3)3 –C-Cl C6H5 –Cl C6H5 - CH2-Cl C6H11Cl Methyl chloride Ethyl chloride n-Propyl chloride Isopropyl chloride n-Butyl chloride Isobutyl chloride sec-Butyl chloride ter-Butyl chloride Phenyl chloride Benzyl chloride Cyclohexyl chloride Chloromethane Chloroethane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane Chlorobenzene Benzyl chloride ALCOHOLS R-OH CH3 -OH CH3-CH2-OH CH3-CH2-CH2-OH (CH3)2 -CH-OH CH3-CH2- CH2 Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol n-Propyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol Methanol Ethanol Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol Butan-1-ol
5. Carboxylic acids Formic acid ( Methanoic acid) Sodium bicarbonate test Tollens test Effervescence due to evolution of CO2 gas Effervescence due to evolution of CO2 gas All carboxylic acids give this test HCOOH is the only carboxylic acid that gives this test HCOOH and CH3COOH HCOOH gives this test . CH3COOH does not give this test 6 Amines Primary amines Aniline Hinsberg test – Benzene sulphonyl chloride + NaOH Carbylamine test – Alcoholic KOH + CHCl3 Azodye test – NaNO2 + HCl + phenol ( 00 to 5 0 C) 10 –Soluble 20 – Insoluble 30 – does not react with Hinsberg reagent Very unpleasant smelling isocyanide gas evolves Reddish orange dye To distinguish primary , sec & ter amines Alkyl amine – 10 Dialkylamine -20 (N- alkyl alkanamine) Trialkylamine( N,N – dialkyl alkanamine - 30 To distinguish primary amines from other amines 1)Ethylamine & Diethylamine Ethylamine gives this test. Diethylamine does not give this test 2) Aniline & Dimethylamine Aniline gives this test. Diethylamine does not give this test Aniline & Benzylamine Aniline gives this test Benzylamine does not give this test. **************************************************************************************** CHAPTER 10 HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES VSA (one mark each)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LYOPHOBIC & HYOPHILIC SOLUTION LYOPHOBIC HYOPHILIC They are irreversible solutions Reversible solutions Less stable and get coagulated, by heating or by agitating Quite stable, are not easily coagulated by electrolysis Not much hydrated Highly hydrated Cannot prepared directly, prepared by special method only Prepared easily by directly mixing with the liquid dispersion medium Viscosity is almost same as that of the medium Viscosity is higher than that of medium Surface tension is nearly same as that of dispersion medium Surface tension is usually lower than that of the dispersion medium Solution generally formed by metals, their sulphides etc. (inorganic substances) Usually formed by organic substances like starch, gum, proteins etc. They carry either +ve or-ve charge Carry no charge CLASSIFICATION – DEPENDING UPON MOLECULAR SIZE Types of colloids:- Multi molecular colloids:-When on dispersion of a substance in the dispersion medium, a large number of atoms or smaller molecules of the substance(< 1mm) aggregate together to form species having size in colloidal range, the species thus formed are called multimolecular colloids. E.g. a gold solution consists of particles of various sizes which are clusters of various gold atoms. A solution of sulphur consists of colloidal particles which are aggregates of S8 molecules. Macro molecular colloids:- These are the substances which on dissolution form solution in which the dispersed phase have the size of particles of colloidal range. Such substances are called macromolecular colloids. E.g. colloidal solution of starch, protein, cellulose, carbohydrates etc. These solutions are quite stable & versatile with True solution. Manmade: Polythene, Nylon, synthetic rubber, etc. Associated colloids:- These are substances which when dissolved in the medium behave as normal electrolyte at low concentration but behave as colloid at higher concentration.