SOP-1, Template 5: Simplified Amendment for LOP/Funding only US Agency for International Development (USAID) USAID Regional Mission to Ukraine and Belarus Amendment to Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Activity Data Activity Name: Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) Assistance Objective: Economic Growth Program Area: Agriculture Country(ies) and/or Operating Unit: Ukraine/Regional Mission to Ukraine and Belarus Originating Office: Office of Economic Growth (OEG) Date: 11/15/2017 PAD Level IEE: Yes No Supplemental IEE: Yes NoRCE/IEE Amendment: Yes No DCN of Original RCE/IEE: 2015-UKR-006 DCN of Amendment(s): If Yes, Purpose of Amendment (AMD): The purpose of this Amendment is to update the USAID/Ukraine PERSUAP DCN(s) of All Related EA/IEE/RCE/ER(s): 2010-UKR-005, 2014-UKR-012, 2015-UKR-013, Implementation Start/End: AMD: LOP: 12/2014 – 12/2022 Funding Amount: N/A LOP Amount: $50,000,000 Contract/Award Number (if known): Purpose of Amendment The Purpose of this Amendment is to update the USAID/Ukraine PERSUAP per Activities 5.15 and 5.16 of DCN: 2016-UKR-002. All conditions of the original IEE and Amendments remain in effect. With this Amendment, all existing reporting requirements shall remain in place. All activities in the agricultural portfolio performed their work in compliance with IEEs and Amendments. When drafting legislation and policy regulations, the implementing partners encouraged the assisted government authorities to integrate environmental considerations into the proposed legislation in line with the best international (EU compatible) approaches and practices. Nine (9) Environmental Review Checklists (ERCs) for environmental and social consequences related to policy development initiatives were prepared. Sixteen (16) ERCs and Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs) were prepared and approved. Twenty (20) credit unions were trained in implementation of a standardized environmental review procedure for credit unions to ensure that their loans are in compliance with Ukrainian laws and regulations regarding environmental protection.
This activity is currently in compliance. Recommended Environmental Threshold Decision Clearances: Approval: ________________________________________ Susan K. Fritz, Mission Director __________________ Date Approval: ________________________________________ John A. Pennell, Deputy Mission Director __________________ Date Approval: ________________________________________ David Rush, Resident Legal Officer __________________ Date Approval: ________________________________________ Gregory Olson, A/Regional Program Officer __________________ Date Clearance: ________________________________________ Larissa Piskunova, Deputy Mission Environmental Officer __________________ Date Concurrence: ________________________________________ Mark Kamiya, E&E Bureau Environmental Officer __________________ Date Distribution: IEE File MEO (to also provide a copy to COR)
leaf. Sanitation: Feed stubbles to cattle after harvest. Fusarium blight, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. oryzae Affected shoots turn yellow, curl and dry, often reaching to the soil surface. There is a decay of the root mass, the leaves are yellow and die, the base of the stalk becomes brown, the roots are easily detached. Advanced plant disease causes blackening knots and decay, leading to underdevelopment and panicle sterility. The grains of the affected plants are underdeveloped, dull, with dirty gray or brown fruit shells. Diseased seeds in the soil often rot. In hot and dry weather, the tops of the leaves twist and dry, and the plant dessicates. The yield may decrease by 10-15%. Use of resistant cultivars. Use clean (non-infected) seed. Remove and destroy stubbles after harvest. No treatment threshold found. Treat seed with dilute sodium hypochlorite (Clorox). Rice Weeds: Numerous grasses and sedges Grass weed leaves are monocots with long, thin leaves that grow from the base. Sedges are perennial plants that resemble grasses, grow in shallow water or moist soils, and can reach 4 feet in height. height. Sedges often grow in thick clusters or tussocks. Stems of sedges are usually triangular. Spikes occur on the upper sections of the plant and can be single or in groups. Weeds outcompete the crop for soil nutrients, water and light. They can be controlled prior to planting and plant emergence, and Use an integrated weed management scheme: Perform thorough land preparation (soil tillage, fertilizer, and water management). Narrow row spacing makes the crop more competitive than the weeds. Place the fertilizer in such a way that the crop has access to it but the weeds do not. This allows the crop to be more competitive with weeds. Keep the surroundings of farm free of weeds, unless they are maintained and intended as habitats for natural enemies of crop pests. Regularly clean farm tools. Hand weeding, hoeing and composting (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set). Minimizing weed competition during the early stages of the crop, before it has formed a closed No treatment threshold found. Pre-emergence: use an herbicide containing pendimethalin plus hand weeding.
after plant emergence. leaf canopy, is particularly important. In upland rice this critical period is approximately 15-40 days after seeding, while in transplanted rice, the crop can form a canopy more rapidly. Where a crop is exposed to prolonged weed competition during this critical period it is not usually able to recover sufficiently to give a good yield. PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE PULSES AND LEGUMINOUS CROPS: SOYBEANS, Glycine max, PEAS, Pisum sativum, BEANS, Vicia faba, Phaseolus vulgaris Thrips: Pea thrips, Kakothrips robustus, Cotton thrips, Thrips tabaci Thrips are tiny, 1-2mm, dark slender insects with fringed wings. They are seasonally transported on rain/wind storms. They feed by puncturing plant tissue and sucking out the cell contents. Nymphs and adults may damage the terminal buds and flowers, causing flower drop, leading to no seed development, which, under heavy infestation, can lead to yield losses of up to 100%. Rotation: Alternating crops with corn or crop. Blue sticky traps for monitoring before spring time. Good irrigation, drainage and fertilization. No treatment threshold found. artisanal extracts of garlic abamectin spinosad acetamiprid Flies and Midges: Bean seed fly, Delia platura Pea midge, Contarinia pisi Small, 10mm, creamy white legless maggot larvae of small gray flies that look like small house flies, and that keep their wings folded directly over their abdomen. Flies lay eggs in the soil surface near the germinating seeds. Larvae feed on the developing seeds and seedlings and pupate in the soil. There are several Do scouting and monitoring to determine pest presence, quantity and damage. Sanitation: Disc or plow early in the season to incorporate residues from a previous crop and destroy weed growth. Plant under ideal soil and weather conditions to assure rapid seed germination. No treatment threshold found. imidacloprid
pymetrozine PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE SUNFLOWER, SAFFLOWER (oil crops) Thrips (several species) Thrips are tiny, 1-2mm, dark slender insects with fringed wings. They are seasonally transported on rain/wind storms. They feed by puncturing plant tissue and sucking out the cell contents. Nymphs and adults may damage the terminal buds and flowers, causing flower drop, leading to no seed development, which, under heavy infestation, can lead to yield losses of up to 100%. Use resistant cultivars. Use reflective mulches. Maintain good plant vigor with irrigation and fertilization. Floating row covers can exclude thrips and other pests. Sanitation: Remove and dispose of old, spent flowers. No treatment threshold found. artisanal extracts of garlic abamectin spinosad acetamiprid Gray weevil, Tanymecus dilaticollis A 5-9mm powdery light gray weevil that feeds on seeds and leaf margins, reducing seed set and photosynthesis. Use delayed planting to avoid peak egg laying. Use proper plant spacing so that stems are sufficiently thick. Do frequent monitoring at bud stage, and Sanitation: remove and destroy crop stalks/residues. No treatment threshold found. Insecticide treatments are not recommended. Downy mildew, Plasmopara halstedii Disease in the field begins to manifest itself in a phase of the second pair of leaves, but the typical development can be seen later. There are five forms of downy mildew of sunflower, stunting, shortened stems, upper side of leaves appear large, angular, fuzzy patches of light Use resistant varieties. Provide good air circulation. Do crop rotation. Control weed hosts near field. Avoid wetting foliage, use drip irrigation if possible. No treatment threshold found. azoxystrobin, seed Foliar fungicides are not economical and not generally used. seed-
Zonate leaf spot, Phoma betae Leaf spot appears as concentric gray and brown rings of dead tissue and spores. These dead dry fungal patches or spots coalesce, leading to leaf withering, and may eventually kill the plants. Spores can lie dormant in the soil for several years, and can spread to many plants before discovered. Use resistant varieties and clean, certified and hot water treated seed. Ensure good soil drainage. Sanitation: Remove and destroy weeds and crop residues at end of season. No treatment threshold found. copper oxychloride copper sulfate (basic) PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE OILSEED CROPS: linseed/flaxseed, hemp seed, poppy seed Rape/Cabbage Bug, Eurydema oleracea The rape bug is a pentagon-shaped insect, 5-7mm in length, that is black with three yellow or white spots on the elytra (wings) and on the body margins. Eggs are and laid in two neat rows of about 12 total, and nymphs are pale gray. Bugs feed by injecting enzymes which break down plant tissues to be sucked up. Feeding damage causes wounds through which plant pathongens can enter. Maintenance of crop rotation with spatial and temporal isolation of cruciferous crop plantations. Destruction of cruciferous weeds before their flowering on fields, near fields, and on waste grounds. No treatment threshold found. mineral oil malathion Flax bollworm, Heliothis ononis Flax bollworms are large caterpillars, 12-20 cm long, brown-green, with white stripes on each side. They have stiff hairs on each abdominal segment that differentiate them from cutworms and armyworms. Adults are cream-colored moths, 1.5-2 cm long with a brown inverted V stipe Choose flax varieties that are more resistant. Practice crop rotation. Remove weeds in and around field. Careful monitoring for eggs and small larvae, treat before large numbers of larvae enter fruit, where they are protected from sprays, biocontrol agents Trichogramma parasitic wasps and other natural enemies often destroy significant numbers of eggs, so monitor for No treatment threshold found. BT
yellow, die and drop off. Severe infections result in sunburned fruits and weakened plants. Infected plants have lower yield and a shortened fruiting season. High relative humidity and warm, shady weather favors disease development. air circulation. Crop monitoring. Early disease detection is important for successful powdery mildew control. Sanitation: Conduct a thorough year-end and dispose of all crop debris off-site or by burying in a landfill or composting. Cercospora leaf spot, Pseudocercospora (=Cercospora) abelmoschi A fungal disease transmitted by wind, rain and irrigation water is characterized by tiny circular or oval spots on leaves that enlarge with time. It is also seed-borne. Dark green or brown round spots surrounded by a yellow ring form on young plants, but turn white on older crop. Leaves turn yellow then wilt and fall. Elongated spots form on stems. The disease is favored by dew, rain and high humidity. Use resistant and tolerant varieties. Use clean seed. Avoid overhead watering. Water early in the morning. Crop rotation for 2-3 years with sorghum, maize, or fodder plants. Remove and destroy crop residues and heavily infected plants. No treatment threshold mancozeb tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin Viruses: Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV), Potato X Virus (PXV), Potato Virus Y (PVY) Symptoms include leaf puckering, mottling discoloration, and dwarfing. Aphids transmit these viruses. Under field conditions, there is often a composite infection with the three viruses (PLRV; PVX; PVY) on potato. PLRV also infects other solanaceous crops and weeds. The virus spreads early in the season, as young plants are generally more susceptible. Plants that are infected early become more efficient sources for further virus spread than plants infected later in Use resistant varieties. Use clean and treated seed. No treatment threshold To control vector aphids: Use seed treatments of imidacloprid pymetrozine
including tobacco products, tomato seed, infected plant debris, and cultivation equipment. Pepper Veinal Mottle Virus (PVMV) is transmitted in the manner by aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, especially on pepper Common symptoms include leaf curling. PVMV can be acquired by aphids and inoculated within 2 minutes of feeding and is not seed borne. High temperature and dry weather favor the pathogen. Use resistant varieties. Use clean and treated seed. No treatment threshold found. To control aphids: Use seed treatments of imidacloprid pymetrozine Weeds of Solanaceous Crops Herbicide expenses make farmers use hand weeding, hoeing or cultivation. At end of the harvest, manual removal of weeds. Clean weeds along irrigation canals that can transmit weeds to the field. Use crop rotation. Use transplants which can out-compete weeds quicker. Use soil solarization. Use soil mulches and pruning. Continue hoe and hand weeding. Can use drip irrigation to regulate water in the crop and avoid weed emergence. Tomato In fall beds, before weeds emerge, use metribuzin. After weeds emerge, use glyphosate. Pre-plant before weeds emerge, use trifluralin, pendimethalin. Post-plant before weeds emerge, use rimsulfuron. Post-plant after weeds emerge, use clethodim, metribuzin, rimsulfuron Potato and Post-plant, use dimethenamid, glyphosate, pendimethalin or rimsulfuron. Eggplant On preformed beds, use glyphosate, carfentrazone. Post-plant; use clethodim, carfentrazone. PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE ALLIUM CROPS: Allium Crops: onions, Allium cepa, garlic, Allium sativum, shallot, Allium ascalonicum, green onion/scallion, Allium fistulosum, leeks, Allium porrum, chives, Allium schoenoprasum
Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Thrips are tiny, 1-2mm, dark slender insects with fringed wings, best seen with a hand lens. They are seasonally transported northwards from more-humid coastal countries with the rain/wind storms. They feed by puncturing plant tissue and sucking out the cell contents. Nymphs and adults feed under leaf folds in protected inner leaves near the bulb. High populations of thrips can reduce both yield and storage quality of onions. Thrips are most damaging when they feed during the early bulbing stage of plant development. Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips control thrips in the crop. Eliminate other host plants on or near the crop. Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues. No reasonable treatment threshold Use seed treated with thiamethoxam garlic extract chili extract acetamiprid Bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera Bollworms are large caterpillars, 3-4 cm long, brown-green, with stripes on each side. They have stiff hairs on each abdominal segment that differentiate them from cutworms and armyworms. Adults are brown moths, 1.5-2 cm long. White eggs are laid in small groups on leaves. High populations inflict significant damage, particularly during droughts, if larvae consume flowers and pegs during podding. Vigorously growing plants with adequate available moisture are better able to replace damaged leaves and compensate for flower and pod damage. Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can control large numbers of Helicoverpa larvae. Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when to monitor for eggs. Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and grasses Plow, disc and harrow fields at least two times before sowing seeds to expose pupae to predators. Sow seeds thinly and remove competing weeds to produce vigorous plants, which are more likely to withstand pests and diseases. Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts like corn, cotton, sorghum, tobacco and soybean. No reasonable treatment threshold Use seed treated with thiamethoxam garlic extract BT spinosad
at the bottom of the bulb. Browning and rotting of roots and appearance of white-pink. difenoconazole tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin Damping off fungi, Pythium spp, and Rhizoctonia spp Soil-borne pathogens that infect seedlings, leading to red-brown lesions on stems and roots, causing them to wilt and die. Constitute a major constraint for onion production during the rainy season. Use treated seeds. Crop rotation. Avoid wet soils. Favor good drainage and good soil aeration. Water only when soil is dry. No treatment threshold Use seed treated with mancozeb, thiram difenoconazole tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin Pink Root, Phoma terrestris, Soil-borne pathogen that infects seedlings, leading to pink lesions on stems and roots, causing them to wilt and die. Pink and red roots and dried out. Infected roots first turn light pink, then darken through red and purple, shrivel, turn black, and die. Eventually stunted plants. Major disease constraint for onion production. Use resistant varieties (resistance may be overcome if soil temperatures of 28°C or higher occur. Schedule planting so that the bulk of the root growth occurs prior to reaching soil temperatures that favor disease development (24-28[C) Rotate out of infested onion fields for 4-6 years. Remove weeds and plant residues. Plant in friable, well-drained soils. Do soil solarization. Ensure good soil tilth and fertility. Avoid planting onions after cereals. No treatment threshold No fungicides are recommended. Downy mildew, Peronospora destructor Downy mildew infects onions and garlic, via air-borne spores. The first symptom noticed in the field is often large circular clumps of infected plants. A fine, gray-white to purple growth appears on older leaves, becoming pale green-blue and finally yellow before stem collapse. Plastic mulch covering to avoid plant contact with soil and minimize weeds that enhance microclimate conditions favorable to disease dispersion. Heat treatment of bulbs at 35 to 40 °C for 4 to 8h reduces the disease significantly. Eliminate crop residues, plant during dry season, avoid irrigation during heat of the day. Use crop rotation. Use certified seed and good drainage. No treatment threshold found. metalaxyl mancozeb copper oxychloride
PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE SALAD/LETTUCE, Lactuca sativa Gray rot, Botrytis cinerea, White rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Affects the leaves, stems, salad heads. Infection begins with the edge of the lower leaves, in places where they touch the ground. On the leaves, there are spots, which are covered with dense, whitish-gray velvety bursts of conidia. From infected leaves the infection passes on up the stem, causing complete rotting. Use certified clean seed that is treated. Use crop rotation with cereals following lettuce. Rotate out of lettuce crops for 3-4 years. Do proper agronomic practices: seedbed preparation, weed control, seed handling, date of planting, row spacing. No treatment threshold found. carboxin thiram mancozeb Downy mildew/ peronosporosis, Bremia lactucae On the upper side of the affected leaves are yellow spots, and from the bottom, a white plaque of conidia. Infection gradually increases, necrotic leaves become fragile, dry and completely die. Transplanting healthy and resistant plants. Rotate away from highly infected fields Field well-drained Use of resistant seed. Avoid overhead irrigation. No treatment threshold found. Apply a treatment when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear. metalaxyl mancozeb PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE SPINACH, Spinacia oleracea Leaf miners, Liriomyza spp Adult flies are small, 1.5 mm, black and yellow flies that lay eggs individually on spinach leaves. Larvae, tiny, 2mm, bright yellow maggots, hatch and mine winding white tunnels in the leaves. Tunnels become larger and parts of leaves dry out. Natural enemies, especially parasitic wasps, commonly reduce populations of leafminers, unless insecticides applied to control other pests kill them. Hand picking and destruction of infested leaves Use reflective silver plastic soil mulches. Where possible, avoid planting next to infested fields, especially those close to harvest time. Sanitation: Postharvest disking of fields destroys pupae and reduces migration of adult flies into susceptible fields. No treatment threshold found. malathion acetamiprid imidacloprid
cyprodinil mancozeb (apples) Powdery mildew, Podosphaera leucotricha This wind/rain transmitted fungal infection is characterized by a gray-white powdery film, spots on the leaves and stems, which become dry and brittle. The leaves will then turn yellow, die and drop off. Infected plants have lower yield and a shortened fruiting season. High relative humidity and warm, shady weather favors disease development. Sanitation: Prune away and destroy infected shoots during dormancy or early spring. No treatment threshold found. sulfur trifloxystrobin thiophanate methyl Monilia brown blossom and fruit rot, Monilia fructigena Fungi overwinter in dead mummified fruits, releasing spores in the spring at blossom. Infection leads to collapsed leaves, shoot blight, dead flowers and brown mummified fruit. Reduce mechanical wounding of fruit. Sanitation: Removal and destruction of infected mummy fruits. No treatment threshold found. propiconazole (apples) thiophanate methyl pyraclostrobin (apples) boscalid pyrimethanil cyprodinil Shot-hole disease, Wilsonomyces carpophilus (=Stigmina carpophila) The fungus survives in infected buds and twigs. Spores are rain splashed. Disease increases during the rainy season, when fruit and buds become infected, killing buds during winter and causing spots on fruit and leaves in spring. Infected spots may die and drop out, causing shot-hole appearance. Leaf drop may occur in spring. Lesions on the upper sides of fruits are light brown with purple margins, which may become Maintain a vigorous plant by properly watering and fertilizing following soil test results. Sanitation: Prune out dead plant material and material with lesions and dead buds; Removal and destruction of infected fruits and leaves. At red bud, full bloom and petal fall, copper compounds sulfur pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin (cherry, peach) cyprodinil
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci slender insects with fringed wings that pupate underground. They are seasonally transported on rain/wind storms. They feed by puncturing plant tissue and sucking out the cell contents. Nymphs and adults may damage the terminal buds and flowers, causing flower drop, leading to no seed development, which, under heavy infestation, can lead to yield losses of up to 100%. On herbs, they aggregate in the buds, feeding on succulent new leaves, resulting in misshapen leaves, thickening and scarring of leaf tissue, and occaisionally holes in leaves. other predators such as bugs, ladybirds, lacewing larvae, ground beetles, Staphilinid beetles and robber flies are capable lowering thrip numbers. Monitor frequently for thrips. Use yellow sticky traps to check for thrips presence and quantity. Use early deep plowing. Use crop rotation. In greenhouses, use fine mesh exclusion screening. Use silver reflective mulch. artisanal extracts of garlic abamectin spinosad Weeds, several grasses and broadleaf weeds Numerous weeds compete with young herb plants Monitor and identify predominant weeds to make a management plan. Avoid planting carrots in fields last planted to cereals or in fields with known infestations of perennial weeds. To prevent the buildup of weed seed in the soil, cultivate weeds before they set seed in rotation crops. Soil solarization can be used to control most weeds in carrots. Do not practice close cultivation with machinery or hoe, risk of damage to roots is too high. No treatment threshold found. glyphosate, pre-plant PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE ANIMAL FODDER CROPS: bent grass, bluestem grass, orchard grass, fescue, ryegrass, timothy grass, alfalfas, clovers, vetches