al., 2015). This model suggests that obesity may, in part, be due to self-regulation issues and emotional eating (Leehr et al., 2015) (See Figure 1 in Appendix). 2.5.2 Biopsychosocial model: This model can be used to examine body dissatisfaction as resulting from a combination of sociocultural, biological, and psychological factors. In the current environment, energy-dense foods are abundant, physical activity is not viewed as necessary, and the ideal body type is a thin and unattainable standard for women and men. Someone in this environment who has a low stress threshold, is a perfectionist, or has low emotion regulation skills will be more vulnerable for the development of weight-related problems. This person will be even more vulnerable if someone in their family has or had weight-related problems (Rodgers, Paxton, & McLean, 2014; Neumark-Sztainer, 2005). This model is similar to the social-ecological model because it focuses on interactions between various factors (See Figure 2 in Appendix). 2.5.3 Brain reward pathway model: This model suggests that eating disorders/disordered eating and obesity affect similar pathways and areas of the brain. These pathways affect one’s reward system and how one experiences satiety and pleasure. This model also posits that stress can cause overeating or under-eating (Hasan & Hasan, 2011; Berridge, Ho, Richard, & DiFeliceantonio, 2010) (See Figure 3 in Appendix). 2.5.4 Cognitive dissonance theory: This theory describes what individuals do when confronted with information that does not agree with their current beliefs and behavior (Butryn, 2014; Stice et al., 2013; Stice et al, 2012; Stice et al., 2011b; Stice et al., 2011a; Becker, 2009; Stice et al., 2009; Stice, et al., 2008a; Stice et al., 2008b). The dissonance theory proposes that
Part II 1.0 Methods This section is a critical literature synthesis, which entailed a comprehensive literature review and analysis. Data was collected from the online databases PubMed and Google Scholar. Some of the initial terms that were used to search for articles were: “eating disorders”, “obesity”, “disordered eating”, and “prevention.” To narrow down article choices, articles needed to be about eating disorder/disordered eating and/or obesity prevention interventions. Articles that were excluded were studies that took place outside of the United States or Canada. Eventually other terms were used to narrow the search. These terms included: “weight stigma”, “fat shaming”, “war on obesity”, “obesity epidemic”, “body image”, “chronic dieting”, “food industry”, “diet industry”, “BMI”, and “body mass index.” Other articles and references were obtained from the original articles’ reference and citation sections. Overall 92 different articles were used to examine different prevention approaches, methods, and interventions. When accounting for multiple usage of articles, the breakdown of these 91 articles was: 38 articles on obesity prevention methods, approaches, and interventions (7 about weight stigma and discrimination, 2 about BMI/BMI report cards, 6 about weight loss and dieting, 5 about bariatric surgery, 5 about VERB campaign, 3 about the CORD program, 6 about school-based interventions, and 4 about the Let’s Move initiative); 45 about eating disorder and disordered eating prevention methods, approaches, and interventions (9 about general, physician, and parental approaches to prevention, 9 about general school-based approaches to prevention, 3 about yoga and mind-body approaches, 5 about media literacy and Media Smart, 2 about Student Bodies, 15 about the Body Project, and 2 about the Healthy Weight intervention); and 22 about
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