Key Topic Week Indicative Content Extended Content Resources government (e.g. Milyutin, Witte, Pobedonostsev, Stolypin, Trotsky, Rasputin, Dzerzhinsky, Kirov, Zinoviev, Beria, Kaganovich, Molotov). The nature, aims and development of Communist institutions such as the CPSU, Central Committee, Politburo, Sovnarkom, Comintern, Cominform, Vesenkha, Gosplan. Reasons for and the nature of Impact of war and revolution. Heinemann, Oxford Lee, S. Russia and the USSR (2006) Routledge, Oxford Lynch, M. Reaction and Revolution: Russia 1894-1924 (3rd ed. 2005) Hodder Murray, London Lynch, M. Bolshevik and Stalinist Russia (5th ed.2015) Hodder, London Oxley, P. Russia 1855-1991 From Tsars to Commissars (2001) Oxford University Press, Oxford Sebag Montefiore, S. Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar (2004), Phoenix, London Service, R. Lenin (2000) Pan Macmillan, London Sherman, R. & Pearce, R. Russia 1815-81 (2nd ed. 2002) Access to History, Hodder and Stoughton, London Wells, M. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2008) OCR History, Heinemann, Harlow 2 The extent and impact of reform Reasons for economic, political, military and social reform (e.g. need to catch up with the West, war, revolution, serfdom). Extent to which reform was imposed ‘from above’ or ‘from below’. Strengths, limitations and impact of reforms affecting the government, army, economy and society (short- and long-term effects). The significance some key reforms: the Emancipation of the Serfs. constitutional reforms and developments such as the October Manifesto, Fundamental Laws, Constituent Assembly, Stalin Constitution. Reasons for the limitations of reforms and extent of Russia’s
problems (e.g. geographic size, backwardness, large peasantry, corruption). The role of reform and political development as a catalyst for revolution or opposition to government. 3 Methods of repression and enforcement Similarities and differences between Tsarist, Communist and individual rulers’ methods: government policies (e.g. education, judiciary, emergency powers, food requisitioning) propaganda and censorship secret police (e.g. Third Section, Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD, MVD, KGB) ‘guests of the Tsar’, the Lyubianka, exile and gulags denunciations, fear, espionage, chistka and show trials anti-semitism and pogroms role of positions such as the Minister of the Interior importance of individuals such as Trepov, Plehve, Dzerzhinsky, Yezhov, Beria the Red Terror and Ezhovschina ideological tenets of the Cold War and mistrust of the
Communists. Impact of war and revolution on the development of the Russian Empire and the USSR 8-9 The effects of the following wars on government, society, nationalities and the economy: the Crimean War, the War, 1905 Revolution, 1917 Revolutions, First World War, Second World War, the Cold War. The role of war and revolution as principal causes of political change, development and policy. Extent of responsibility of Russian government and individuals for instigating or permitting the negative effects of war and conflict on Russian economy and society: Nicholas II and the Great War Lenin, Trotsky and the Civil War Stalin, the Great Patriotic War and early Cold War the Ukraine. Similarities and differences in wartime economies societies during each conflict and/or the immediate post-war period. Impact of war and revolution on Russia during the period on society, politics, nationalities and the economy. Bromley, J. Russia 1848-1917 (2002) Heinemann, Harlow Corin C. & Fiehn, T. Communist Russia under Lenin and Stalin (2002) Schools History Project, John Murray, London Holland, A. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2010) OCR Historical Themes, Hodder Education, London Lynch, M. Reaction and Revolution: Russia 1894-1924 (3rd ed. 2005) Hodder Murray, London Lynch, M. Bolshevik and Stalinist Russia (5th ed.2015) Hodder, London Snyder, T. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2011) Wells, M. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2008) OCR History, Heinemann, Harlow Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states 10 The Polish Revolt 1863; Finland; the Baltic provinces; impact of the First World War and the Treaty of Brest Litovsk; Russo-Polish War. Reasons for ‘national’ opposition to Russian governments in European states: national interests and needs desire for independence Russification repression, control, inequality impact of war and revolution. Applebaum, A. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe (2013) Bromley, J. Russia 1848-1917 (2002) Heinemann, Harlow Conquest, R. Stalin: Breaker of Nations (2003) Phoenix, London
condition of the peasantry: state peasants and serfs by 1855 nature of the nobility Western influence moral reasons economic inefficiency. Reasons why Alexander was able to introduce Emancipation and methods in doing so: plans, discussions, advisors terms of the Treaty announcement to the peasants extension to state serfs 1866. The significance of Emancipation to wider economic, social and military aims and development. Aims of other domestic reforms: Alexander’s intentions and the risks behind local government reform need for legal reforms and tackling corruption problems with conscription, military service and discipline management of the extension of education and retention of autocracy purpose and methods of censorship need for industrialisation and catching up with the West. Extent to which domestic reforms were Peasant Emancipation of 1861 (1968) Cambridge University Press Falkus, M. The Industrialisation of Russia (1972) Macmillan Gerschenkron, A. The Beginnings of Russian Industrialisation (1970) Soviet Studies Hite, J. Tsarist Russia (1989) Causeway Press, Ormskirk Hosking, G. Russia, People and Empire 1552-1917 (1998) Fontana Press McCauley, M. & Waldron, P. The Emergence of the Modern Russian State 1855-1881 (1986) Macmillan Moss, W. The Age of Alexander II (2001) Anthem Mosse , W. L. Alexander II and the Modernisation of Russia (2nd ed. 1992) IB Taurus Neville, P. ‘Tsar Alexander II Liberator or Traditionalist?’ Modern History Review, vol.9, issue 1 (Sept.1997)
approached from a pragmatic or ideological basis. Reasons for a change in aims and policy decisions during Alexander’s reign (reform or reaction). Perrie, M. Alexander II: Emancipation and Reform in Russia (1989) Historical Association Pipes, R. Russia under the Old Regime (1974) Penguin Radzinsky, E. Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar (2005) Free Press, New York Rieber, A. ‘Alexander II: a revisionist view’, (1970) Journal of Modern History Seton-Watson, H. The Russian Empire 1801-1917 (1988) Clarendon Press Sherman, R. & Pearce, R. Russia 1815-81 (2nd ed. 2002) Access to History, Hodder and Stoughton, London Vernadsky, G. (ed.) Source Book for Russian History (1972) Yale University Press Waldron, P. The End of Imperial Russia 1855-1917 (1997) St Martin’s Press Watts, C.P. ‘Alexander II’s Reforms’, History Review, No.32 (Dec. 1998) Westwood, J.N. Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812-1886 (5th ed. 13 The nature of his government. Changes in central administration. Structure and function of central and local government institutions and bodies. Role of the Church. Nature and extent of legal reforms, censorship, the press, police and role of the Minister of the Interior. Circumstances of the Loris-Melikov proposal. Character and importance of advisors, ministers and imperial relations: Westernising, Liberal, Slavophile or reactionary tendencies extent of individual influence or direct involvement in policy role of Rostovtsev, Reutern, Golovnin, Grand Duke Constantine and the Milyutin brothers influence of Count Tolstoy, Prince Kropotkin, Panin, Pobedonostsev and Catherine Dolgoruky. 14 Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions. Limitations on personal, Short- and long-term effects of Emancipation on state and privately owned serfs: land redistribution, allotments
Soviet control of the railways, post, telegraphs and army resignations and replacement of ministers. Structure and organisation of the Provisional Government: the Cabinet revolutionary parties influence of the Petrograd Soviet and Dual Authority previous experience and political alignment of ministers such as Milyukov, Guchkov, Prince Lvov, Konavolov and Tereschenko. Role and significance of Kerensky. Extent of political representation and involvement of groups such as the Kadets, Octobrists and Progressive Bloc. (1997) Routledge, London Lieven, D. Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (2015) Penguin Lowe, N. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History (2002) Palgrave Master Series Lynch, M. Reaction and Revolution: Russia (3rd ed. 2005) Hodder Murray, London Pipes, R. Three Whys of the Russian Revolution (1998) Pipes, R. The Russian revolution 1899-1919 (1990) Read, C. War and Revolution in Russia (2013) Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Reed, J. Ten Days that shook the World (Penguin ed. 1977) Rogger, H. Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution 1801-81 (1983) Longman Service, R. The Russian Revolution 1900-1927 (4th ed. 2009) Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 18 Main domestic policies of the Provisional Government. The extent and impact of reform. Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions. Extent of economic and social changes. Nature of Russia’s problems and ways in which government tried to address these: abolition of police departments removal of governors and deputies release of political exiles independent judges, trial by jury and abolition of capital punishment. Reasons for inflation, its impact and government response: wages and cost of living
away from Petrograd. Reactions to government repression and control: going into hiding (e.g. Lenin in July 1917) closure of political press political incitement of workers and soldiers mutiny and strikes (e.g. Kronstadt) spread of Bolshevik slogans and propaganda. 19 The impact of the continuing war. Economic and social impact: food shortages, lack of fuel, inflation, disillusionment, mistrust, strikes. Division in government and differences in opinion regarding the war. Nature of the Kerensky offensive, role of Brusilov and impact on events. Circumstances and effect of the July Days. Reasons for, the nature and significance of the Kornilov coup. Decline of army discipline and desertion. 20-21 The extent and effectiveness of opposition. Reasons for the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Reasons why the government lost support: lack of authority and suspicion land question urban discontent continuation of war delays in the creation of a Constituent Assembly.
appointments to Party positions reasons for De-Stalinisation development of bureaucracy. Nature and extent of ‘Reform Communism’ , De-Stalinisation and ‘The Thaw’ (politics, economy, society, culture): aims of De-Stalinisation and Russia’s problems by 1956 government restructure agricultural reform (pricing, costs of equipment and transport, peasant taxation, modernisation, incentives such as the Virgin Lands) aims and methods of economic reforms (Seven Year Plan, light and heavy industry, technology and the Space race) bureaucratic changes and government institutions (e.g. Praesidium, committees, Supreme Economic Council, sovnarkhozi, KGB, local party administrators, apparatchiks and nomenklatura) cultural initiatives (Intourist, sporting exchanges, theatre) attaining ‘socialism’ and plans for ‘transition to communism’(21st and 22nd Party Congresses). Cambridge University Press Khrushchev, N. Khrushchev Remembers (1971) Laver, J. The Modernisation of Russia 1856-1985 (2002) Heinemann, Oxford Lowe, N. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History (2002) Palgrave Master Series Medvedev, M. & R. Khrushchev: The Years in Power (1978) Norton Library, Columbia University Press McCauley, M. The Khrushchev Era 1953-1964 (2014) Routledge, Abingdon Taubman, W. Khrushchev: The Man and his Era (2005) Free Press, London Taubman, W & Khrushchev, S. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower (2001) Volkogonov, D. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire (2010) 23 Changes in urban and Effect of government policies on urban
rural living and working conditions. Extent of economic and social changes including economic planning and the Virgin Lands Scheme. and rural communities within the USSR and its satellites in terms of: extent of influence and control from Moscow cost and standard of living transport facilities education and training housing opportunities (employment, travel, property, relocation) women, family and children religious belief and practice public facilities, leisure and culture communication modernisation (agricultural methods, domestic facilities, industrialisation) Party membership and government expectation. Extent to which economic and social reforms were successful: positive and negative effects of the Virgin Lands Scheme effect of pricing peasant incentive closure of MTS campaign for maize positive and negative effects of the Seven Year Plan impact of bureaucratic measures. 23-4 Opposition, methods Types of opposition and the nature of