Air Quality and Climate Factors Introduction This chapter assesses the air quality and climate impact associated with the Proposed Project. Details of the Proposed Project are outlined in Chapter 4. Assessment Methodology The impacts have been assessed in terms of Air Quality and Climate of the local environment as defined in the EPA “Advice Notes on Current Practice in the Preparation of EIS” (EPA, 2003). The assessment methodology is based on guidance outlined in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guidance “Air Dispersion Modelling From Industrial Installations Guidance Note” (EPA, 2010), Transportation Infrastructure Ireland (TII (formerly the National Roads Authority) Guidance “Guidelines For The Treatment Of Air Quality During The Planning And Construction Of National Road Schemes” (TII, 2011) and UK DEFRA Guidance “Part IV of the Environment Act 1995: Local Air Quality Management, LAQM.TG(16)” (UK DEFRA, 2016). Vehicle-derived air emissions in the study area have been modelled using the ADMS-Roads dispersion model (Version 4) which has been developed by the Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC) and following guidance issued by the EPA (EPA, 2010). The model is a steady-state Gaussian plume model used to assess pollutant concentrations associated with road sources and is based on the ADMS model also developed by CERC. The air dispersion modelling input data consisted of information on the physical environment (source geometry and building dimensions), detailed emission factor formulations and appropriate hourly meteorological data. Using this input data, the model predicted ambient ground level concentrations for each hour of the
Below Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (30 - <36 µg/m3 of NO2 or PM10) (18.75 - <22.5 µg/m3 of PM2.5) Negligible Slight beneficial Slight beneficial Well Below Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (<30 µg/m3 of NO2 or PM10) (<18.75 µg/m3 of PM2.5) Negligible Negligible Slight beneficial Note 1 Where the Impact Magnitude is Imperceptible, then the Impact Description is Negligible Source: Guidelines for the Treatment of Air Quality During the Planning and Construction of National Road Schemes - National Roads Authority (2011) Table 7.4: Air Quality Impact Significance Criteria for Short Term PM10 Absolute Concentration in Relation to Objective / Limit Value (PM10) Change in Concentration Small Medium Large Increase with Scheme Above Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (≥35 days) Slight Adverse Moderate Adverse Substantial Adverse Just Below Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (32 - <35 days) Slight Adverse Moderate Adverse Moderate Adverse Below Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (26 - <32 days) Negligible Slight Adverse Slight Adverse Well Below Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (<26 days) Negligible Negligible Slight Adverse Decrease with Scheme Above Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (≥35 days) Slight Beneficial Moderate Beneficial Substantial Beneficial Just Below Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (32 - <35 days) Slight Beneficial Moderate Beneficial Moderate Beneficial Below Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (26 - <32 days) Negligible Slight Beneficial Slight Beneficial Well Below Objective/Limit Value With Scheme (<26 days) Negligible Negligible Slight Beneficial Note 1 Where the Impact Magnitude is Imperceptible, then the Impact Description is Negligible Source: Guidelines for the Treatment of Air Quality During the Planning and Construction of National Road Schemes - National Roads Authority (2011) The UK Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM) in conjunction with the Environmental Protection UK (EPUK) has recently published impact descriptors for individual receptors based on long-term average concentrations. The matrix takes into account both the change in concentration and the resulting overall concentration as shown in Table 7.5. The guidance states that overall significance should be determined using professional judgement and consider:
Table 7.8: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Ground Level Results - Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 2012 and 2018 Do Minimum Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Meteorological Year Speed Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile EFT Version 7 2012 5 km/hr 27.8 110.9 56.4 175.8 117.2 326.3 15 km/hr 27.0 108.0 51.3 164.2 99.9 281.0 20 km/hr 26.3 106.7 46.9 153.4 85.6 243.3 EFT Version 6 2012 5 km/hr 28.2 112.1 57.9 179.7 120.0 334.2 15 km/hr 27.4 109.6 53.1 167.9 103.5 289.9 20 km/hr 26.7 107.1 48.7 157.5 89.2 252.1 DM 2018 2011 15 km/hr 21.8 90.2 37.0 117.5 87.7 252.0 2012 21.9 89.1 38.4 110.1 88.6 245.6 2013 22.0 89.3 37.0 115.2 85.8 230.2 2014 22.0 90.9 38.3 107.3 90.9 250.2 2015 21.4 90.9 35.2 117.1 83.9 255.8 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 40 200 40 200 40 200 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.9: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Ground Level Results – PM10 2012 and 2018 Do Minimum Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1
Scenario Year Speed Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile EFT Version 7 2012 5 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.7 28.5 22.7 35.3 15 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.5 28.2 22.2 34.3 20 km/hr 14.9 25.2 17.3 28.0 21.8 33.7 EFT Version 6 2012 5 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.9 28.7 23.2 36.5 15 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.7 28.4 22.6 34.9 20 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.5 28.2 22.2 34.2 DM 2018 (EFT Version 7) 2011 15 km/hr 15.8 28.1 18.3 31.1 22.5 36.6 2012 15.9 28.0 18.4 31.1 22.6 35.2 2013 15.9 28.1 17.6 30.7 22.0 34.5 2014 15.9 28.3 18.4 31.0 22.8 35.8 2015 15.9 28.4 18.3 32.7 22.3 38.2 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 40 50 40 50 40 50 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.10: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Ground Level Results – PM2.5 2012 and 2018 Do Minimum
Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Year Speed Annual PM2.5 Annual PM2.5 Annual PM2.5 EFT Version 7 2012 5 km/hr 9.5 11.5 15.1 15 km/hr 9.5 11.3 14.5 20 km/hr 9.5 11.1 14.1 EFT Version 6 2012 5 km/hr 9.5 11.7 15.6 15 km/hr 9.5 11.5 14.9 20 km/hr 9.5 11.3 14.4 DM 2018 (EFT Version 7) 2011 15 km/hr 9.3 10.8 13.7 2012 9.3 10.9 13.8 2013 9.3 10.4 13.5 2014 9.3 10.8 14.0 2015 9.3 10.8 13.7 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 25 25 25 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.11: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling First-floor Results - Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 2012 and 2018 Do Minimum Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Meteorological Year Speed Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile EFT Version 7 2012 5 km/hr 27.8 110.9 54.0 170.3 84.2 244.9 15 km/hr 27.0 108.0 49.3 157.9 73.4 212.4 20 km/hr 26.3 106.7 45.2 147.8 65.0 187.6 EFT Version 6 2012 5 km/hr 28.2 112.1 55.4 174.3 86.0 250.0 15 km/hr 27.4 109.6 50.9 162.2 75.8 218.4 20 km/hr 26.7 107.1 46.8 152.2 67.5 194.9
DM 2018 (EFT Version 7) 2011 15 km/hr 21.8 90.2 35.6 113.4 65.0 186.2 2012 21.9 89.1 37.0 107.0 65.3 182.1 2013 21.9 89.3 36.7 115.4 66.1 182.3 2014 22.0 90.9 37.0 104.2 67.3 186.9 2015 21.4 90.9 33.9 113.9 61.9 196.1 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 40 200 40 200 40 200 Note 1 Maximum result at the first-floor façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.12: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling First-floor Results – PM10 2012 and 2018 Do Minimum Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Year Speed Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile EFT Version 7 2012 5 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.4 28.2 19.4 32.3 15 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.2 27.9 19.1 31.7 20 km/hr 14.9 25.2 17.0 27.7 18.8 31.2 EFT Version 6 2012 5 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.6 28.4 19.7 32.9 15 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.4 28.1 19.4 32.2 20 km/hr 15.0 25.3 17.2 27.9 19.1 31.6
Table 7.14: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Results – Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 2035 Do Minimum Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Meteorological Year Speed Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile DM 2035 – Ground Level Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2011 15 km/hr 19.9 88.0 24.3 92.6 28.2 101.0 2012 19.9 88.4 24.7 92.2 29.0 96.8 2013 19.9 88.2 24.6 93.8 28.6 98.7 2014 20.0 89.4 24.8 91.4 29.0 95.6 2015 19.7 88.8 23.6 95.5 27.3 104.4 DM 2035 – First-floor Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2011 15 km/hr 19.9 88.0 23.9 91.7 27.2 95.9 2012 19.9 88.4 24.3 91.9 27.2 95.4 2013 19.9 88.2 24.2 93.0 27.2 95.6 2014 20.0 89.4 24.4 91.2 27.5 94.0 2015 19.7 88.8 23.3 94.7 26.1 99.5 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 40 200 40 200 40 200 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.15: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Results – PM10 2035 Do Minimum Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Year Speed Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile DM 2035 - Ground Level 2011 15 km/hr 15.8 28.1 17.6 30.4 19.9 32.9 2012 15.8 28.0 17.7 30.6 20.2 32.7
Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2013 15.8 28.0 17.6 30.9 20.0 33.3 2014 15.8 28.3 17.6 30.1 20.2 32.4 2015 15.8 28.3 17.6 31.5 19.9 36.2 DM 2035 – First-floor Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2011 15 km/hr 15.8 28.1 17.1 29.9 18.5 31.8 2012 15.8 28.0 17.3 30.5 18.8 31.7 2013 15.8 28.0 17.2 30.1 18.6 31.3 2014 15.8 28.3 17.2 29.8 18.7 31.3 2015 15.8 28.3 17.1 31.3 18.5 34.0 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 40 50 40 50 40 50 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.16: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Results – PM2.5 2035 Do Minimum Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Year Speed Annual PM2.5 Annual PM2.5 Annual PM2.5 DM 2035 - Ground Level Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2011 15 km/hr 9.3 10.2 11.5 2012 9.3 10.3 11.7 2013 9.3 10.2 11.6 2014 9.3 10.3 11.7 2015 9.3 10.2 11.5 DM 2035 – 2011 15 km/hr 9.3 10.0 10.7 2012 9.3 10.1 10.9
First-floor Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2013 9.3 10.0 10.8 2014 9.3 10.1 10.9 2015 9.3 10.0 10.8 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 25 25 25 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area.
Table 7.24: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Results - Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 2018 Do Something Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Meteorological Year Speed Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile Annual NO2 1-Hr 99.8th%ile DS 2018 - Ground Level Receptor (EFT Version 7) 2011 15 km/hr 22.5 91.2 36.9 117.1 65.9 190.8 2012 22.5 89.6 37.6 107.8 66.8 185.7 2013 22.5 90.1 36.9 111.9 67.4 187.7 2014 22.7 92.3 37.6 108.2 68.3 188.6 2015 22.0 92.5 35.4 121.0 63.3 195.9 DS 2018 – First-floor Receptor (EFT Version 7) 2011 15 km/hr 22.5 91.2 35.2 112.2 53.4 151.0 2012 22.5 89.6 35.7 105.1 55.2 147.8 2013 22.5 90.1 35.1 108.4 53.2 151.8 2014 22.7 92.3 35.8 103.9 54.4 151.1 2015 22.0 92.5 33.8 113.9 51.5 158.3 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 40 200 40 200 40 200 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.25: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Results – PM10 2018 Do Something Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Year Speed Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile Annual PM10 24-hr 90th%ile DS 2018 - Ground Level 2011 15 km/hr 15.9 28.1 17.7 30.5 21.4 34.5 2012 15.9 28.1 17.8 31.1 21.7 33.8
Receptor (EFT Version 7) 2013 15.9 28.1 17.7 30.8 21.5 34.5 2014 15.9 28.3 17.8 30.3 21.7 33.4 2015 15.9 28.4 17.7 31.5 21.4 38.1 DS 2018 – Receptor (EFT Version 7) 2011 15 km/hr 15.9 28.1 17.5 30.1 18.8 32.0 2012 15.9 28.1 17.5 30.7 19.0 31.8 2013 15.9 28.1 17.4 30.4 18.8 32.6 2014 15.9 28.3 17.5 29.9 18.9 31.7 2015 15.9 28.4 17.4 31.3 18.7 34.0 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 40 50 40 50 40 50 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.26: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Results – PM2.5 2018 Do Something Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Year Speed Annual PM2.5 Annual PM2.5 Annual PM2.5 DS 2018 - Ground Level Receptor (EFT Version 7) 2011 15 km/hr 9.3 10.5 12.8 2012 9.3 10.6 12.9 2013 9.3 10.5 12.9 2014 9.3 10.5 13.0 2015 9.3 10.5 12.8 DS 2018 – First-floor 2011 15 km/hr 9.3 10.3 11.2 2012 9.3 10.4 11.3 2013 9.3 10.3 11.2
Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2013 15.8 27.9 17.4 30.6 20.3 33.2 2014 15.8 28.2 17.5 30.1 20.4 32.5 2015 15.8 28.2 17.4 31.0 20.2 36.3 DS 2035 – Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2011 15 km/hr 15.8 28.0 17.2 29.8 18.4 31.2 2012 15.8 28.0 17.2 30.6 18.4 31.6 2013 15.8 27.9 17.1 30.0 18.5 31.4 2014 15.8 28.2 17.2 29.9 18.6 30.8 2015 15.8 28.2 17.1 30.9 18.4 33.6 Ambient Air Quality Limit Value (g/m3) 40 50 40 50 40 50 Note 1 Maximum result at the façade of any building in the study area. Table 7.29: ADMS-Roads Air Modelling Results – PM2.5 2035 Do Something Location Winetavern St Parliament St Maximum ResultNote 1 Scenario Year Speed Annual PM2.5 Annual PM2.5 Annual PM2.5 DS 2035 - Ground Level Receptor (EFT Version 7, Year 2030) 2011 15 km/hr 9.3 10.2 11.7 2012 9.3 10.2 11.8 2013 9.2 10.2 11.7 2014 9.3 10.2 11.8 2015 9.3 10.1 11.7 DS 2035 – First-floor 2011 15 km/hr 9.3 10.0 10.7 2012 9.3 10.0 10.8 2013 9.2 10.0 10.8