2.) Complications in “approved” Pesticides Lists. Technically, this PERSUAP only approves the seven new AIs in Table 2. Since this PERSUAP does not include all of the NAFAKA I AIs in Table 3, rather, it “approves” a subset of the AIs approved in the NAFAKA I PERSUAP. To prevent the reader from thinking that the seven new AIs in Table 2 plus all of the approved NAFAKA I AIs can be used, the BEO regards Table 3 as the Approved list for this PERSUAP. The users of this PERSUAP should understand that only selected NAFAKA I AIs can be used in addition to the seven new AIs in Table 2. 3.) Tanzanian pesticide registration status. The Tanzanian (TRPI) pesticide registration status of the pesticides presented in the NAFAKA II PERSUAP is not identified (whereas the MnM PERSUAP does do so). 4.) The Fall Armyworm outbreak in Africa and Tanzania is not adequately factored into this PERSUAP. 5.) Consolidated future PERSUAP. Any future PERSUAP from Tanzania in Ag/EG/Food Security will be a consolidated, single document covering the whole portfolio and all value chains. These issues, and the redundancies and duplicative treatment of pesticides in the multiple Tanzanian PERSUAPs must be resolved in any future unified Tanzanian Agriculture sector PERSUAP. APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED: CLEARANCE: Mission Director, USAID Tanzania: Cleared Date: Andrew Karas CONCURRENCE: Bureau Environmental Officer: Date: Brian Hirsch File Name: Tanzania Cereals Marketing Systems Development (NAFAKA II) PERSUAP Amendment #1 2017-2020. ECD Tracking ID: ADDITIONAL CLEARANCES: Agreement Officer’s Representative: ____________ Date: _________06\12\2017_
Active Ingredient + Crops USEPA Registration Status (AI) GUP/RUP (product) WHO Toxicity Class US EPA Toxicity Level Status of PERSUAP request Insecticides 1. Alphacypermethrin 10g/L No Rejected in NAFAKA PERSUAP-Not USEPA registered 2. Chlorpyrifos 500gm/L + Cypermethrin 100g/L Rejected in NAFAKA PESUAP-not registered for agriculture use 3. Profenofos 720g/L Yes RUP WHO II EPA 3 Caution Rejected in this PERSUAP-the only USEPA registered product is an RUP 4. Imidachloprid 200g/L + Cypermethrin 150g/L I: Yes Most GUP C: No WHO II Most EPA 3 Caution Rejected in this not USEPA registered 5. Dinotefuran 200g/Kg Yes Most GUP WHO NL Most EPA 3 Caution Approval requested in this PERSUAP 6. Thiamethoxam 250g/Kg Yes Most GUP WHO NL Most EPA 3 Caution Approval requested in this PERSUAP Fungicides 7 & 8. Propiconazole 250g/L + Cyproconazole 80g/L P: Yes GUP C: Yes GUP P: WHO II EPA 1 to 3 C: WHO III EPA 1 to 3 Approval requested in this PERSUAP for products that are equivalent to EPA 2 and 3 (EPA 1-equivalent products are rejected) 9 & 10. Mancozeb 600g + Dimethomorph 100g) M: Yes GUP D: Yes GUP M: WHO U Most EPA 3 Caution D: WHO U EPA 3 Caution Approval requested in this PERSUAP
Table 4. NAFAKA II Safer Use Action Plan Mitigation Measures from the PER Analysis Action/s to implement the measure Monitoring Indicators Monitoring process Timeline Responsible parties Factor A: USEPA & Host Country Registration Status of Proposed Pesticides 1. NAFAKA shall only provide assistance for the use or procurement of pesticides in Table 3. Assistance must be provided in conjunction with the mitigation measures. Copies of prohibited pesticide products at all NAFAKA supported VBAAs, lead farmers, agro dealers and producer organizations sites Copies of all approved pesticides at all NAFAKA supported VBAAs, agro dealers and producer organization sites Copies of appropriate methods of pesticide handling, storage, transport, use and disposal defined and available among all NAFAKA supported VBAAs, agro dealers, lead farmers and producer organizations. Surveys for inventory of pesticides types at NAFAKA supported agro dealers and VBAAs Verification of presence of copies for the list of approved pesticides at NAFAKA supported agro dealers and VBAAs Training reports on pesticides safer use & handling Product knowledge training reports Annual surveys on NAFAKA supported VBAAs and agro dealers Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly Director Input system and Productivity
Pesticides inventory for NAFAKA supported agro dealers Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides 2. NAFAKA shall choose and use least toxic pesticides of trusted quality with low human and environmental risk profiles (see decision matrix in Annex 7, MSDSs, and pesticide labels) Keep copies of the current list of approved pesticides (table 3) among NAFAKA supported VBAAs, agro dealers and Producer organizations Training on Safer Use of Pesticides offered to VBAAs, lead farmers and agro dealers Number of Training sessions/Repeated Message Enforcement on pesticide environmental risk profiles Number of pesticide Safer Use and management training sessions Verification of presence of copies of Materials Safety Data Sheets(MSDSs) at all NAFAKA project sites, VBAAs and agro dealer shops Review of training reports offered to VBAAs, agro dealers and lead farmers Quarterly Annually Director Input Systems and Productivity Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use is Part of an IPM Program 3. NAFAKA shall train farmers and other beneficiaries on IPM methods, which can include the use of pesticides if other methods are not effective. 4. NAFAKA shall assist the MALF with the NAFAKA will develop IPM farmer’s handbook manual for VBAAs, lead farmers and extension staff. VBAAs and lead farmers training on IPM Number of IPM training sessions Individuals adopting IPM Individuals adopting use of PMP for Review of Training reports Conducting Annual outcome survey to determine adoption of IPM and use of crop PMPs to Quarterly Annually Director Input Systems and Productivity
production and use of seasonal crop production and pest management plans (PMPs) and production of posters for on-farm use in prediction and management of the major pests of each crop. 5. NAFAKA shall develop new PMPs, in collaboration with Africa RISING group, for common beans and soya beans by NAFAKA agronomists IPM cascade training to farmers by VBAAs, lead farmers and extension staff. control of primary pests Individual trained on IPM by VBAAs control primary pests Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment 6. NAFAKA shall train farmers and other beneficiaries to understand pesticide formulations and formulation codes so that errors of application are reduced. 7. NAFAKA shall promote PPE use as a best practice. 8. NAFAKA shall promote the development and use Trainers manual developed for VBAAs, lead farmers and extension staff VBAAs and lead farmers training by NAFAKA agronomists on Safer Use & handling of Pesticides including use of PPE Posters, fliers, videos, radio messages targeting farmers behavior change and communication on Safer Use & handling, PPE Number of Individuals adopting use of PPEs Verification of presence of Behavior Change and communication materials; posters, videos, fliers, radio programs on Safer Use & handling, PPE Quarterly Annually Director Input Systems and Productivity
of professional spraying and record-keeping services, promoted to and accessible by farmers at congregation places (farms stores, cooperatives/associations, produce consolidation/cold storage/processing sites). The best way to ensure PPE use is to hire professional spray services that will have and maintain PPE (See pesticide labels for guidance on appropriate PPE and USEPA website.) 9. NAFAKA shall provide training in proper sprayer use, maintenance and repair. 10. NAFAKA shall provide training in hygiene, washing clothing and equipment, and proper disposal of wastes. VBAAs and lead farmers demonstrate and training farmers on Safer Use & handling of Pesticides Training youth groups and VBAAs to provide professional/commercial sprayer services to farmers Follow up and monitoring of youth groups and VBAAs offering professional sprayer services to farmers. Linking sprayer services providers with farmers associations, AMCOS and SACCOS Product knowledge/Safer Use training to sprayer service providers in collaboration with agro input companies Number of professional Sprayer Service Providers trained Number of providers of professional sprayer service Number of farmers accessing services of professional sprayer services Number of youth groups offering Sprayer Services Number and amounts of grants offered to professional sprayer service providers Number of business Evidence of existence of professional Sprayer Service providers in NAFAKA project areas Data collection Forms to track names of farmers utilizing professional sprayer service providers Annual outcome surveys to determine individuals adopting use of PPEs in NAFAKA project sites Quarterly Annually
13. NAFAKA shall train and encourage farmers to use quality name-brand products and discourage farmers and other beneficiaries from using cheap generic products. 14. NAFAKA shall train farmers and other beneficiaries to rotate pesticides among the classes of pesticides available to reduce the development of resistance, and use the below recommendations for reducing resistance. Conduct Safer Use and handling and product knowledge training to farmers associations, AMCOS, SACCOS to reduce development of resistance, identify fake, adultered product and promote quality name brand product Assist providers of quality name brand product to Link with VBAAs, rural agro dealers and farmers organization to strengthen rural retailer network of supply of quality name brand products. Number of VBAAs, agro dealers, AMCOs, SACCOS linked with providers of quality name-brand products Number of business to business(B2B) linkage meetings facilitated by NAFAKA between providers of quality name-brand products and VBAAs, AMCOS and SACCOS B2B Meeting minutes Number contracts/agreements between Filling Data Collection Forms on number of VBAAs and agro dealers linked to providers of quality name-brand products Annually Director Input Systems and Productivity Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticides Use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems
15. NAFAKA shall train in and encourage the use of measures to reduce soil erosion (such as low till, no till, terracing, using ground cover between rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, using drip irrigation) to minimize transport of soil particles with pesticides adsorbed to them (which is a likely transport route to waterways.) 16. NAFAKA shall train in and discourage the use of herbicides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Annex 7) on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2-3 meters) to the surface. Conservation tillage practices manual developed in collaboration with the Africa RISING group Training of NAFAKA agronomists and extension staff on conservation tillage practices by Africa RISING group NAFAKA agronomists train VBAAs, lead farmers and extension staff on conservation tillage practices NAFAKA agronomists and extension staff provide technical assistance and training to farmers through VBAAs, lead farmers on techniques to determine water table to minimize ground water pollution. Number of individual trained on GAP/conservation tillage practices that minimize transport of soil particles with pesticides to waterways Number of individuals adopting conservation tillage practices that minimize soil with pesticides particles erosion into water bodies Number of individual trained on water table determination techniques to minimize ground water pollution Filling and Reviewing Data Collection Forms with registers of farmers trained on conservation/agro ecological tillage practices that minimize soil erosion Annual outcome survey to determine adoption of conservation/agro ecological tillage practices Reviewing evidences of individual trained on techniques to minimize ground water pollution Quarterly Annually Quarterly Director Input Systems and Productivity Factor I: The Availability and Effectiveness of other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods
17. NAFAKA shall promote low-risk preventive and natural chemical pest controls that are found in Annexes 1, 4, and 5 Identification of suppliers of natural chemical pest controls Ensure low risk preventive and natural chemical is part of IPM & Safer Use and handling training program offered to VBAAs, lead farmers and local government extension staff offered by NAFAKA and Africa RISING group Facilitate Linkages between providers of natural chemical pest control products and rural agro dealers and VBAAs to strengthen access by farmers Linkage meetings between suppliers of natural chemical pest controls and VBAAs, agro dealers, AMCOS, SACCOS and other producer organizations Individuals adopting natural chemical pest control products Number of VBAAs, agro dealers selling natural chemical pest control products Annual outcome surveys to determine adoption Annually Director Input Systems and Productivity Factor J: The Requesting Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Distribution, Storage, Use and Disposal of the Requested Pesticide 18. NAFAKA shall train in, encourage use of, and otherwise support farmers and other beneficiaries to use GlobalGAP best Global GAP best practices manual for pesticides storage, use and disposal in place Number of Individual trained on GlobalGAP Reviewing training reports on Global GAP Annually Annually Director Input Systems and Productivity
practices for pesticide storage, use, and disposal, whether or not GlobalGAP certification is sought. 19. NAFAKA shall ensure that demonstration farms, beneficiary farmers and professional spray services who apply pesticides wear sufficient (what is recommended by the pesticide label and MSDS) PPE as a condition of employment or as a condition for receiving USAID assistance. VBAAs , agro dealers and lead farmers training on GlobalGAP Behavior change and Communication campaign of use of PPE Provide technical assistance to farmers on estimation of actual pesticides required to avoid overuse Number of individual adopting Global GAP Poster, leaflets, videos, radio messages on global GAP practices on storage, use & disposal of pesticides Outcome surveys to determine individual adopting Global GAP on pesticides storage, use & disposal Factor L: The Provisions Made for Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of the Pesticides 20. NAFAKA shall carefully document input use on demonstration farms and shall encourage and train beneficiary farmers to document pesticides use and any indicators of negative environmental effects Get all project offices copies of pesticide MSDSs to keep on-hand, with a source of exact information on risks and risk mitigations for each product, and what measures to take in case of an accidental spill, fire or poisoning. GAPs/IPM measures tried/used (see Annex 1) their success or failure. PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, dates when equipment needs to be Review of Data Collection Forms Conduct surveys Review field monitoring reports on pesticides use and negative Quarterly Annually Annually Director Input Systems and Productivity
Conduct a pesticide performance monitoring program in all NAFAKA project area maintained or replaced. Any pesticide that does not work as it is supposed to, following recommended dose and usage Resistance: Pesticide resistance development. This is indicated if the spray no longer works as it once did. Human poisonings and any incidences of chronic health issues Farm animal and livestock deaths Any incidences of water pollution environmental effects
after harvest. Plowing destroys the pest and exposes pupae to ground predators and sunlight. Maggots can survive for some time in crop residues. Root flies prefer to lay eggs in the soil that is moist and with high organic matter. Do not plant susceptible crops unless the plant residues are dry and/or completely decomposed by use of composting. Armyworms Spodoptera exempta (African armyworm) Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm, exotic) Use pheromone traps to detect. Use regular surveillance to detect and quickly reduce populations before they explode. Quickly report outbreaks to MOA; if detected early, the MOA may spray them at no cost. Control weeds around field and in adjacent fields. If only the leaves of young plants are attacked (and not the growing point), compensate the damage by applying recommended fertilizers by the MoA and by irrigating the field so the plants recover from the attack. A preventive seed treatment with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, rotate among broadcast sprays with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid, deltamethrin (there is some armyworm resistance known to deltamethrin) or fenitrothion. On small-scale farms, handpick and destroy the egg masses and larvae. If available, spray young caterpillars with neem-based products before they enter the ears or whorl. Rodents Many mouse and rat species Use regular surveillance to detect and quickly reduce populations before they explode. Control weeds around field. Quickly report outbreaks to MOA; if detected early, the MOA may spray them at no cost. Place traps in strategic locations (entry Can use artisanal rat attractants plus rodenticides: ground avocado seeds, Glyricida seeds, coconut and salt. Can use, in a hazard-labeled rodent bait box, synthetic rodenticides containing bromadialone.
points). Encourage all neighbors to also control rodents on an area-wide basis. Locusts Red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata Migratory locust, Locusta migratoria Use regular surveillance to detect and quickly reduce populations before they explode. Quickly report outbreaks to MOA; if detected early, the MOA may spray them at no cost. Insecticides containing fenitrothion or deltamethrin may provide some control. Birds Crow group of birds, Corvidae Bird scaring with scarecrows, tape or crop guards. No avicides are recommended for bird control. Ear and Kernel Rots & production of aflatoxins Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus colored mold) Fusarium moniliforme (white-salmon colored mold) Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) (pink-red colored mold) Use certified clean seed. Use hybrid varieties with resistance to Aspergillus. Plant early and avoid drought stress, if possible. Control insects that damage the husk, ear and kernals. Control fertilizer applications carefully and according to extension timing recommendations so as to not or apply at the inopportune time. Harvest early and on time (the longer maize is left in the field, the higher the aflatoxin content). Avoid or reduce kernel damage during harvest. Dry and store maize at less than 13% moisture. Commercial biological treatments are available in the USA, called and AF36, and EPA-approved. If desired, try to get these registered by TPRI and try them. Few synthetic fungicides provide economically efficient control of aflatoxin molds.
after harvest. Termites Macrotermes species Microtermes species and Odontotermes species Destroy termite mounds in and near fields. Excavation of mound tops and burning of straw to suffocate and kill the colony. Dig out and remove the queen (the one with really fat abdomen). Use baits: wood stakes treated with borates. Seed treated with systemic insecticide. Use composted instead of fresh mulch. A preventive seed treatment with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, broadcast a spray with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. Spray with synthetic insecticides containing permethrin. If available, registered in Tanzania and desired by NAFAKA, insecticides containing the microbe Metarhizium anisopliae or synthetic chemicals called Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) could be used. Rice thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis Predatory thrips, Coccinellid beetles, Anthocorid bugs, and Staphylinid beetles are biological control agents that feed on both the larvae and adults. Use resistant cultivars. Flooding to submerge the infested field for 2 days as a cultural control practice is very effective against the rice thrips. Use a preventive seed treatment with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, broadcast a spray with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. Rice stem borers Chilo zacconius Coniesta ingnefusalis Orseola oryzicola Maliarpha separatella Use resistant and early-maturing varieties. Improved semi-dwarf varieties are generally more resistant to stem borers than the tall traditional ones. Transplant & grow healthy rice Use natural extracts of neem and chili peppers. A preventive seed treatment with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, broadcast a spray with
Pink borer (Sesamia calamistis) seedlings and plants. Harvest at the very base of the plants, or plow stubble under and flood. Early/synchronized planting & water management. thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. Rice gall midges, shoot maggots cause deadheart Orseolia oryzivora Cricotopus sylvestris Paralauterborniella subcincta Paratanytarsus species Use resistant varieties. Plow under ratoon from previous crop. Remove off-season alternate host plants like wild rice. Draining fields for 3-4 days controls the midge. Seeding synchronously as soon as possible after flooding. Seed parts of the field in sequence as they fill with water. Avoid over-doses of fertilizer. A preventive seed treatment with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, broadcast a spray with thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, fenitrothion, or deltamethrin. Rice beetles and flea beetles Leaf-feeding beetle (Epilachna similis) Hispid Beetle (Trichispa species) Flea Beetle (Chaetocnema varicornis) Use resistant varieties. Use crop rotation. Keep bunds and surroundings free from grass weeds Destroy stubble and avoid ratooning. Top the tips of leaves and seedlings before transplanting to destroy egg masses. Ensure balanced nutrition (avoid excessive nitrogen application). Removing weedy vegetation on the levees in spring near the time of seeding. A preventive seed treatment with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid. At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, broadcast a spray with thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, fenitrothion, or deltamethrin.
Ecotoxicity Active Ingredients Class EPA Registered Restricted Use Pesticide WHO Acute Toxicity Class EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Chronic Toxicity Groundwater contaminant fish bees birds amphibians worms Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic Insects Plankton Fumigant aluminum phosphide inorganic yes All I NL no data HT HT HT MT MT Insecticides abamectin microbial extract yes Some II, III ED, RD no data ST HT MT HT alpha cypermethrin synthetic pyrethroid yes All II II, III PC no data HT HT MT aluminum phosphide inorganic yes All I NL no data HT HT HT MT MT bifenthrin synthetic pyrethroid yes Half II II, III PC, ED, RD no data HT MT HT carbosulfan carbamate no No II II NL no data HT HT HT HT HT chlorpyrifos organophosphate no agr All II II, III ED no data HT HT HT MT MT HT MT cypermethrin synthetic pyrethroid no agr All II, III PC, ED, RD no data HT HT MT deltamethrin synthetic pyrethroid yes II I, II, III ED no data MT HT ST HT MT dinotefuran Neonicotinoid, Guanidine yes No III NL HT
copper sulfate pentahydrate inorganic yes no II I, II, III NL no data MT HT MT cymoxanil unclassified yes no III II, III NL no data MT MT ST MT MT ST cyproconazole azole yes no III I, II, III KC no data ST MT difenoconazole azole yes no III III PC, ED no data ST MT ST MT MT HT dimethomorph morpholine yes no U III NL MT ST ST epoxiconazole triazole no no NL NL PC, ED no data MT MT MT hexaconazole azole no no U IV PC no data MT HT MT mancozeb dithiocarbamate yes no U III PC, ED, RD no data MT MT ST HT metalaxyl benzanoid yes no III II, III NL ST ST MT MT ST procymidone unclassified no no U NL PC, ED no data MT MT ST MT propiconazole azole yes no II NL PC, RD no data MT MT MT propineb dithiocarbamate Zn no no U NL RD no data MT PNT PNT MT MT MT pyrimethanil yes no U II, III PC, ED no data MT PNT MT MT MT sulfur inorganic yes no U III NL no data tebuconazole azole yes no III II, III PC, ED MT MT MT MT MT HT thiophanate-methyl benzamidazole yes no U II, III PC, RD ST ST MT MT ST triadimefon triazole yes no III II, III PC, ED, RD MT MT PNT
Ecotoxicity Active Ingredients Class EPA Registered Restricted Use Pesticide WHO Acute Toxicity Class EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Chronic Toxicity Groundwater contaminant fish bees birds amphibians worms Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic Insects Plankton Herbicides 2 4 D amine chlorophenoxy acid yes No NL PC no data ST HT MT ST ST ST 2,4-D dimethyl amine chlorophenoxy acid yes No II I, II PC MT MT MT MT MT acetochlor chloroacetanilide yes III II, IIII PC, ED MT MT ST MT MT alachlor chloroacetanilide yes All III I, II, III KC, ED, RD known MT MT MT MT ST ST atrazine triazine yes U III KC, ED known ST MT ST ST ST ST ST ST bentazone, sodium salt benzothiazinone yes No III III NL known ST MT MT ST MT ST yes No III NL ST bromoxynil octa/heptanoate hydroxybenzonitrile yes No II II, III PC, RD no data ST MT MT MT MT butralin dinitroaniline yes No III I, III NL no data HT MT MT MT clomazone isoxazolidinone yes No II II, III NL MT MT MT MT HT cyhalofop-butyl phenoxypropionate yes No U II, III NL no data MT MT MT MT
pendimethalin dinitroanaline yes No III III PC, ED no data MT MT MT MT MT MT penoxsulam triazolopyrimidine yes No U II, III PC MT ST MT MT propanil analide yes No III II, III PC MT MT ST ST ST ST sulfonylurea no No U NL NL no data MT ethyl
dilute hydrochloric acid organic acid yes no NL I NL no data Iodine inorganic yes no NL I NL no data MT HT Phenol yes no NL II, III NL no data ST ST ST ST phosphoric acid inorganic yes no NL I NL no data ST potassium iodide inorganic yes no NL I NL no data sodium hydroxide organic base yes no NL II, III NL no data Triclosan chlorinated phenol yes no NL I, II, III PC no data HT