After pre-irrigation, cultivate shallow so that weed seed is not brought up from deeper soil layers. Maintaining deep furrows keeps the bed tops from becoming overly wet while maintaining adequate soil moisture for the crop (by keeping the bed tops drier, fewer weeds are likely to germinate in the soil surface). To avoid excessive competition with the onions and to make removal easier, cultivate when weeds are small. Hand weeding is a very efficient method for weed control. Use soil solarization. Cucurbits: Cucumbers, Squashes, Pumpkins, Melons, Watermelon Aphids (Several including melon or cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum) Use resistant varieties Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops. If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup. imidacloprid spirotetramat flupyradifurone Mangold flea beetle (Chaetocnema concinna) Use proper water and fertilization to grow vigorous plants and eliminate plant stress from insufficient moisture and powdery mildew. imidacloprid Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) Resistant varieties are available for control. Avoid overhead irrigation. Tea tree oil mancozeb metalaxyl dimethomorph fosetyl-aluminum propamocarb-hydrochloride, mandipropamide, mefenoxam famoxadone cymoxanil Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheса fuliginea, Erysiphe cichoracearum) Control irrigation water to not over-water. Resistant varieties are available for control. Use crop rotation. Tea tree oil sulfur azoxystrobin
Remove host trees in nearby abandoned orchards (apple, pear, and walnut) to destroy reservoirs of codling moth. Remove props, picking bins, and fruit piles from the orchard. Fruit trees: Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) Hand removal and destruction of webbing nests in fall. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT, subsp. kurstaki . Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) Maintain tree vigor by watering and fertilizing properly. Use sticky bands or burlap bands around tree trunks to trap and destroy migrating larvae. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT, subsp. kurstaki . Soft and armored scales (Ceroplastes japonicus) Prune branches to open them up to light, sun and predators. Sanitation: Prune off and destroy heavily infested branches. Manage ants that tend the scales by placing tanglefoot around the tree trunk. horticultural oil midacloprid Mites: Brown fruit mite (Bryobia redicorzevi) Red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi) Fruit tree spider mite (Tetranychus viennensis) Do weed control in orchard. Control dust near orchard by watering or oiling dirt roads. Prevent water stress by irrigating or watering orchard during dry times. Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible. sulfur horticultural oils fenpyroximate clofentezine etoxazole pyridaben spirodiclofen spiromesifen Pear blister moth (Leucoptera malifoliella) Sanitation: Use autumn plowing and digging of soil around trunks for destruction of wintering pupae, collection and destruction of fallen leaves in autumn or in early spring, and cleaning of old bark. Use of insecticides is not economical for this pest. Leaf miners (Lyriomyza species) Do not apply large amounts of nitrogen while miners are present. Sanitation: remove crop debris and weeds. malathion imidacloprid Pear leaf blister mite (Eriophyes = Phytoptus pyri) Resistant varieties with naturally russetted surfaces (Bosc, Hardy, Winter and Nelis) do not show the effects of blister mite attack. Monitor and treat in fall or dormant season. sulfur horticultural oil fenpyroximate spiromesifen
2017 Georgia PERSUAP-Approved Molluscicide AI Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts Molluscicide Active Ingredients proposed for control of slug or snail pests and thus proposed for Reg 216 analysis Reg 216, Factor I Availability of Other Pesticide Options: AI chemical classes for rotation to avoid development of resistance, and reduction of effectiveness (Factor F) Reg 216, Factor A: Is AI EPA Registered? Reg 216, Factor A: Any Restricted Use Pesticides with this AI? Reg 216, Factor A: Is AI Registered in EU? Reg 216 Factor E: WHO Acute Toxicity Class Reg 216 Factor E: EPA Acute Toxicity Classes Reg 216 Factor E: Chronic Toxicity Reg 216 Factors G & H (Non-target ecosystem, Hydrology): Groundwater contaminant fish bees birds amphibians worms Mollusks Crustaceans Aquatic Insects Plankton metaldehyde aldehyde yes no yes II II, III PC potential NAT PNT MT PNT PNT HT PNT PNT PNT
Maintain detailed schedules of dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained or replaced. Chronic human poisoning leading to future health issues Train on and use PPE PPE used during spraying Project technical staff Demo Farmers Retailers Annual training. Continuous use of PPE. Immediately and annually thereafter Groundwater (drinking water) & surface water contamination leading to aquatic ecotoxicity (fish kills) Training on methods for keeping pesticides out of ground and surface water Interviewed farmers understand which pesticides have groundwater pollution potential & how to keep pesticides out of water Project technical staff. Annual training. Annual interviews Interviews conducted within 6 months of project start. Death of pollinator honeybees (from imidacloprid application) Training on methods for protecting honeybees from spray Interviewed farmers understand risks to honeybees Project technical staff. Annual Interviews conducted within 6 months of project start. Mass-level local and migratory bird deaths Training on pesticide choices & selection Interviewed farmers understand pesticide choices and selection Project technical staff. Annual Interviews conducted within 6 months of project start.
criteria Incorrect pest identification Resistance to pesticides by pests. Training on identification of most common pests. Maintain records of regular field pest monitoring and identification. Interviewed farmers can positively identify common pests, diseases and weeds. Training records maintained. Project technical staff. Project agronomists, or if trained, beneficiary farmers. Annual Interviews conducted within 6 months of project start. Updated PERSUAP not available All pesticide related activities should follow requirements of the PERSUAP Updated PERSUAP present Project technical staff. Every 1 year. Update PERSUAP within 1 years of project start. Amended PERSUAP not available All pesticide related activities should follow requirements of the PERSUAP Amended PERSUAP present Project technical staff. Every 2 years. Amend PERSUAP within 2 years of project start. Sprayers leak at every parts junction Training on sprayer maintenance Sprayers well maintained, not leaking. Training records maintained. Project technical staff. Interviews every 6 months. Immediately Use of registered pesticides, certain RUP pesticides, Class I pesticides, known carcinogens Incorrect or improper Training on banned, prohibited and permitted pesticides. Translation of list of approved pesticides to local languages. Distribution of translated list All pesticide Active Ingredients (AIs) EPA registered No Class I pesticides used (except copper products by certified applicators) Interviewed Project technical staff. Annual Immediately