Over 20 hectares 438,000 12.5% 30,700,000 63.2% Table 1 (b). FRENCH AND GERMAN AGRICULTURE IN THE 19th CENTURY Distribution of Farm Lands B. GERMANY: 1907 (In terms of post 1919-frontiers) Category Percentages of the Total Arable Area per Category of Farms by Area East Rest of All Elbia* Germany Germany Under 5 hectares 8.7% 21.0% 16.2% 5 - 20 hectares 21.3% 41.0% 33.4% 20 - 100 hectares 29.5% 29.9% 29.8% Over 100 hectares 40.5% 8.1% 20.6% (250 acres) Over 20 hectares 70.0% 38.0% 50.4% * East Elbia: Posen and West Prussia, East Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg-Berlin, Silesia, Mecklenburg. Table 2. OUTPUT OF PRINCIPAL GRAIN CROPS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, IN MILLIONS OF QUINTALS, IN DECENNIAL AVERAGES, 1871-90 TO 1905-14 Great
Decade Britain France Germany Russia 1781-90 35.0 85.3 1800-13 43.0 94.5 268.6 1815-24 49.5 104.0 n.a. 1825-34 n.a. 116.3 n.a. 1835-44 n.a. 131.4 310.1 1845-54 64.0 146.6 122.6 363.3 1855-64 68.0 158.5 153.7 381.2 1865-74 70.0 160.1 204.8 410.1 1875-84 n.a. 161.8 248.4 451.0 1885-94 56.9 160.1 304.6 515.4 1895-1904 52.5 172.1 391.0 479.3 1905-14 51.7 171.9 457.9 543.1 1 quintal = 100 kilograms = 0.10 metric ton = 220.46 lb. Source: Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe (London, 1973), Vol. IV:2, pp. 752-53. Table 3. CROP YIELDS IN FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND GERMANY, 1906-10 Kilograms of Output per Hectare of Land: Five-Yer Means (1 hectare = 2.47 acres) Crop France Britain Germany Wheat 135 221 201 Rye 106 182 170 Barley 130 196 196 Oats 126 189 197
Table 8: Number of European Cities over 100,000 in 1900 FRANCE 15 GERMANY 48 BRITAIN 50 Table 9. Proportions of Total Populations engaged in Agriculture in England and France YEAR ENGLAND FRANCE 1500 76% 73% 1600 70% 69% 1700 55% 63% 1750 46% 61% 1800 40% 59% Sources: E. Anthony Wrigley, ‘Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15:4 (Spring 1985), 683-728. Special issue with the title Population and Economy: From the Traditional to the Modern World. Robert Allen, ‘The Growth of Labour Productivity in Early-Modern English Agriculture’, Explorations in
1850 9,791 903 2,914 5,856 500 1860 14,594 1,730 9,166 11,088 1,625 1870 21,545 2,897 16,464 18,875 10,731 1880 25,045 4,112 23,233a 33,836b 22,864 1890 27,810 4,525 33,278 42,868 30,594 1900 30,061 4,591 38,107 51,675 53,231 1910 32,163 4,678 40,483 61,205 66,579 1913 32,613 n.a. 40,768 63,375 70,153 * 1 km. = 0.6214 miles. a. Excluding Alsace-Lorraine: ceded to Germany in 1871 b. Including Alsace-Lorraine: acquired from France in 1871 Sources: B.R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), pp. 225-26; Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV:2, The Emergence of Industrial Societies (London, 1973), pp. 790, 794. Table 14. FOREIGN TRADE CURRENT VALUES AND INDICES OF THE DOMESTIC EXPORTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, FRANCE, AND GERMANY: QUINQUENNIAL MEANS, 1860-4 TO 1910-13 Mean of 1870 - 4 = 100 Period United Kingdom U.K. France France Germany Germany Domestic Ex- Index Exports in Index Exports in Index ports in 1870-4 Millions of 1870-4 Millions of 1870-4 Millions = 100 Francs = 100 Marks = 100
1860-4 138.4 58.9 2,402.6 71.0 1865-9 181.1 77.1 2,992.0 88.4 1870-4 234.8 100.0 3,385.0 100.0 1875-9 201.5 85.8 3,459.2 102.2 1880-4 234.3 99.8 3,457.4 102.1 3,125.0 1885-9 226.2 96.3 3,306.8 97.7 3,067.4 1890-4 234.4 99.8 3,419.6 101.0 3,102.0 1895-9 239.7 102.1 3,607.4 106.6 3,688.4 1900-4 289.2 123.2 4,215.4 124.5 4,791.6 1905-9 377.3 160.7 5,191.4 153.4 6,386.0 1910-3 474.2 202.0 6,476.0 191.3 8,658.8 * estimated Source: B.R. Mitchell, ‘Statistical Appendix’, in Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV:2, Emergence of Industrial Societies (1973), pp. 798-800. Table 15. THE POPULATIONS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN MILLIONS, IN DECENNIAL INTERVALS, 1800-1910 Great Year Britain Belgium France Germany Russia 1800 10.7 3.1 27.3 n.a. 35.5 1810 12.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1820 14.1 n.a. 30.5 25.0 48.6 1830 16.3 4.1 32.6 28.2 56.1 1840 18.5 4.1 34.2 31.4 62.4 1850 20.8 4.3 35.8 34.0 68.5 1860 23.2 4.5 37.4 36.2 74.1 1870 26.0 4.8 36.1a 40.8b 84.5
Income Level in 1970 $US France Britain Birth Rate* France Britain Death Rate* France Britain Labour Force in Agriculture+ France Britain Agri Income as % GNP+ France Britain Manuf Income as % of GNP France Britain Gr Dom Inv as % GNP France Britain $343 29.9 25.0 n.a. 38.5 35.9 n.a. $567 35.9 22.2 25.0 24.9 31.5 10.5 $432 26.8 21.4 51.8 33.0 39.3 12.4 $567 $904 25.9 35.2 28.4 22.9 49.3 20.0 33.5 18.8 36.0 33.5 12.5 8.5 $668 $1,130 21.8 30.2 22.8 19.5 45.9 16.3 28.0 13.4 36.8 33.6 14.0 7.3 $883 19.6 25.1 17.8 13.5 41.0 15.1 28.7 10.3 38.6 31.8 13.6 7.0 * Birth and Death Rates: crude rates measured per thousand + Agriculture includes extractive industries as well n.a. = data are not available Source: Nicholas Crafts, ‘Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1830 - 1910: A Review of the Evidence’, The Journal of Economic History, 44:1 (March 1984), Tables 2-3, pp. 53-54.