SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT CONTEXT This section reviews the current state of Madagascar international obligations concerning pesticides; Madagascar agriculture, environment and pesticides policy and levels of IPM use, including pesticides; and SPU awareness from pesticide import and use to final EPC disposition. 3.1 Madagascar International Treaties/Agreement Obligations Related to Pesticides The following are international agreements concerning pesticides. First the common name of the treaty is provided in column one, with a description of the purpose of each treaty in column two, and then Madagascar’s status with each is provided in column three. Treaty or Convention name Purpose of Treaty or Convention Madagascar decisions taken Stockholm Convention The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) covers chemicals that are toxic, persistent in the environment, and liable to bio-accumulate. The Convention was established to eliminate or restrict the production and use of POPs. Signed: 24 September 2001 Ratified: 18 November 2005 Rotterdam Convention The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade promotes shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals, commonly referred to as PIC chemicals. Signatory nations can decide whether to allow or ban the importation of chemicals listed in the treaty, and exporting countries are obliged make sure that producers within their jurisdiction comply. Signed: 08 December 1998 Ratified: 22 September 2004 Basel Convention The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. Accession: 02 June 1999 Entry into force: 31 August 1999 Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. Methyl Accession: 11 July 1996
coops. Gumboro, Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) virus (very significant) Use the vaccine that is commercially available. Practice good sanitation and biosecurity. Use vitamin-electrolyte therapy. Sodium hypochlorite with gloves, a mask and goggles may be used for cleaning up pens. Coccidiosis internal protozoan parasites, species in the following Genera: Cryptosporidia, Histomonas, Trichomonas, Tetratrichomonas, Entamoeba, Eimeria, and Endolimax (very significant) Many poultry gradually become immune to these organisms over time, with repeated exposure. No chemicals are recommended. Pullorum, Bacillary White Diarrhea, BWD, Salmonella pullorum (very significant) Ensure that chicks are from pullorum-free (or pullorum typhoid clean) hatcheries. Maintain parent stock free from infection, especially in commercial production. Flocks can be tested serologically, using the rapid plate agglutination test, confirmed with the tube agglutination test. Disinfect incubator and hatching units, and if possible, the hatching operation should be in a pullorum-free area and be quarantined. The entire flock must be culled and the poultry house properly disinfected and left empty for about a month before re-stocking. Keep poultry away from areas frequented by wild fowl. Keep strict control over access to poultry houses. Keep equipment cleaned and disinfected before taking it into poultry houses. Do not keep bird feeders or create duck ponds close to poultry barns as they attract wild birds. Maintain high sanitation standards. Disinfect the poultry house with sodium acid sulphate, calcium hypochlorite, or sodium hypochlorite with gloves, a mask and goggles. Use pharmaceutical antibiotics (note that none of these are considered to be pesticides; they are veterinary antibiotics, not regulated by 22
Export Cash Crops: Vanilla Flower-feeding beetles and weevils (significant) Do regular surveillance and pest removal. No insecticides are recommended. Shoot, flower, bud, immature bean chewers, caterpillars, snails/slugs (very significant, if unattended/uncontrolled) Do regular surveillance and pest removal. No insecticides or molluscicides are recommended. If needed a molluscicide containing metaldehyde (LIMOXYL) could be used. Growing tip chewers, grasshoppers signifitif Do regular surveillance and pest removal. No insecticides are recommended. Viruses: Mosaic virus, leaf curl virus, and Cymbidium Mosaic Potex Virus, transmitted by aphids (very significant) Use disease-free propagation material. Crops should be kept free of weeds that are hosts to aphids. Take care when pruning vines and/or training the vines around their support trees. The sap may contain viruses. Hands should be frequently washed with soap and water, and pruning tools and knives should be surface sterilised in bleach, or placed in boiling water for 5 minutes. Remove plants at the first sign of symptoms of any of these viruses. Take the plants out of the plantation and burn or bury them. Take cuttings from healthy, fast growing plants. Never use cuttings from diseased plants, even if part of the plant looks healthy. It is best to take cuttings only from plantations that have never shown signs of the diseases. No insecticides are recommended, because aphids can begin to feed quickly before spraying can occur. Anthracnose, Colletotrichum species (very significant) Use disease-free propagation material. Provide plants with adequate fertilization. Avoid excess Prune out and destroy infected plant parts. Application of a fungicide with copper compounds or copper
(significant) Do weed control in and around orchard. Sanitation: Cleaning up and destroying remains from previous crop. Marigold oil extract Can use miticides containing abamectin. Cercospora (Cercospora purpura) (very significant) Plant tolerant or resistant varieties and varieties that mature early. Pruning trees to open up canopy. When planting, maintain optiumum space between trees (7 x 7 meters). Make sure that soil drains well. Can use fungicides containing elemental copper, copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS), or mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP). Anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gleosporioides) (very significant) Plant tolerant or resistant varieties and varieties that mature early. Pruning trees to open up canopy. When planting, maintain optiumum space between trees (7 x 7 meters). Make sure that soil drains well. Prune and harvest only during dry conditions and minimize fruit contamination and injury. Can use fungicides containing copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS) or mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP). Phytophthora wilt (Phytophthora cinnamoni) (very significant) Plant tolerant or resistant varieties and varieties that mature early. Prune trees to open up canopy to air and sunlight. Make sure that soils are well-drained. Can use fungicides containing fosetyl aluminum + mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP) or metalaxyl (PROMEMA 72 WP). Avocado scab (Sphaceloma persea) (very significant) Pruning and thin trees to open up canopy. When planting, maintain optiumum space between trees (7 x 7 meters). Can use fungicides containing copper
Irrigate the field before planting to germinate weed seeds and afterwards cultivate the soil killing the weeds. After pre-irrigation, cultivate shallow so that weed seed is not brought up from deeper soil layers. Maintaining deep furrows keeps the bed tops from becoming overly wet while maintaining adequate soil moisture for the crop (by keeping the bed tops drier, fewer weeds are likely to germinate in the soil surface). To avoid excessive competition with the onions and to make removal easier, cultivate when weeds are small. Hand weeding is a very efficient method for weed control. Use soil solarization. At post-plant before weeds and crop emerge, use a synthetic herbicide containing pendimethalin (FIST 50 EC). Vegetables / Maraîchage : Cucurbits: Cucumber, Squashes, Zucchini, Pumpkins, Melons Weeds (very significant if unattended, or unweeded) Cultivate weeds under before they set seed in rotation crops. Pre-irrigate before planting crop and cultivate or spray weeds that emerge. Plant or transplant cucurbits into uniform beds and use a precision planting system that puts crop in straight line that will allow cultivation close to the seed line. Use mulches to smother weeds near plants. Before planting, treatment with synthetic herbicides containing glyphosate (ROUND UP BIOSEC). Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Aleurotrachelus trachoides) Mealybugs, Planococcus species Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia species), lady beetles and minute pirate bugs. Monitoring crops and establishment of a pesticide program after finding one white fly per 10 plants, spraying may be used. Yellow sticky traps may be used to monitor and reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread. If the infestation is heavy, spray natural solutions of local (2%) or commercial insecticidal soap, oil
Melon ladybird beetle (Henosepilachna elaterii) Sanitation: Destroy crop residues after season. Do post-season tillage to reduce overwintering sites and beetles. Use natural (EAU DE NEEM) extracts. Thrips (Thrips tabaci) (very significant) Use crop rotation with with bean, corn or other crop. Disc under flowering weeds before flower (do not disk after crop flowering as thrips will move to crop). Use blue sticky traps for monitoring. Use good irrigation, drainage and fertilization. Natural extracts of (EAU DE NEEM), garlic or spinosad (LASER 480 SC) can be used. If needed, spray synthetic insecticides containing thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG), imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), acetamiprid (K-TOTAL). Mites (Tetranychus species) (significant) Natural predators and parasitoids control large proportions of spider mite populations. Apply water to reduce dust on roads in the cucurbit vine plot. Do weed control in and around field. Irrigate in a manner that will avoid plant stress. Overhead watering has been shown to reduce mite problems, but it can increase some diseases. Tagetes African Marigold oil extract Natural extracts of (EAU DE NEEM), garlic or spinosad (LASER 480 SC) can be used. Can use synthetic insecticides neem neem neem
Vegetables / Maraîchage : Crucifers and Lettuce: Cabbage, Chinese Cabbage (Pe Tsaî, Bok Choy), Salad Aphids: Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) and other species (very significant) Use of “habitat plantings” (flowering perennial plants) that attract aphid parasites and predators. Carefully manage nitrogen levels so that they are neither too high (which significantly attracts aphids) or too low (which impedes plant growth). Natural enemies that can be attracted to fields with habitat plantings include aphid and syrphid flies, lacewings, and the predaceous midge, minute pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs, lady beetles, soldier beetles, and parasitic wasps like Diaeretiella rapae. In some humid areas there are outbreaks of naturally existing fungi that cause epidemics among aphid colonies. When plants are young and leaf cupping has not yet occurred, high pressure overhead sprinkler irrigation dislodges aphids. Inter-planting with clover (as a “living mulch”) reduces aphid populations. Use trap crops: Plant mustards or collards on field margins or inter-planted and destroy these plants once heavily infested. Organically accepted insecticides include those containing insecticidal soap, (EAU DE NEEM). Use synthetic pesticides containing acetamiprid (recommended for use during vegetative growth, not flowering). Flea beetles (Systena species and Phyllotreta species) (very significant) Parasitoids like the Braconid wasp Microcotonus vittage parasitize and kill adult flea beetles. Use living mulches or polycultures. Trap crops: Interplant field and margins with giant mustard or radish and destroy these plants once heavily infested. Floating mesh or screen row covers such as Reemay can be used to cover seedlings and provide a barrier to adult beetles. White and yellow sticky traps placed every 15 to 30 feet of row. Sanitation: Clean up and (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set seed) plant debris from field and around field. Use repellents containing herbal extracts of garlic, onion, and mint. Use of organic botanical insecticides such as (EAU DE NEEM). Use of organic insecticidal soap. neem neem
the tap root, which subsequently allows entry of diseases like Club root (very significant) ants. Use compost and straw mulches to reduce maggot populations by hiding predators and excluding egg-laying flies. Intercrop with clovers or other legumes to reduce open soil available for egg-laying flies. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying flies. A solution of crushed rhubarb leaves or a vinegar solution sprayed periodically around cole crop plants may deter and manage the cabbage maggot. control. Club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae) (very significant) If soil pH is lower than 7.2, use lime to increase the pH. Use resistant varieties if available. Use crop rotation to non-cole crops for several years. Control brassicaceous weeds near field. Manage drainage so soil does not water-log. No chemicals are recommended. Black leg (Phoma lingam) (very significant) Clean, certified or hot-water treated seed. Good soil drainage. Rotation with non-brassica type crops. Control of brassica-type weeds. Deep incorporation of cole crop residues. Planting resistant varieties. No chemicals are recommended. Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) (very significant) Promoting good drainage. Increasing spacing for better aeration. Controlling brassica-type weeds. Using resistant varieties. Rotating with non-cole crops. Sanitation: After harvest, deep plow or destroy plant debris. Avoid the use of overhead irrigation. Use of mineral copper for organic production. Use synthetic pesticide containing chlorothalonil (SINOCOLOR 50 SC), or (FOSTONIC 80 WP). Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria Using clean, certified seed, Use synthetic
Can use herbicides containing nicosulfuron after crop emergence. Food Security Crops : Warehouse Storage of Small Cereal Grains Larger Grain Borer (LGB), (Prostephanus truncates) (very important and very significant) Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices: Do routine monitoring. Ensure good pest identification; understand pest biology, ecology, and behavior. Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices, as follows: All grain stored off the floor on pallets, with space between pallets, well ventilated/aerated and lighted, dispose of old containers. In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, ledges, braces, and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris. Brush, sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets to remove grain and debris. Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors, when possible). Remove all debris and vegetation growing within ten feet of the warehouses (preferably the whole storage area). Remove and dispose of all beans and debris remaining in planting machine or harvester, cull beans for animal feed, small piles of beans in field and close partial sacks of bean planting seed. Examine area to determine if rodent bait stations are required, and use if needed. Be sure to follow all label directions. Spray cleaned area around bins with a residual herbicide to remove all undesirable weedy plants. Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly. Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies. Use sticky traps to monitor for presence and quantity. Also: Harvest early to reduce field infestation If available, can use diatomaceous earth to mix with distributed grain. Use of (ACTELLIC 2 D or SUPER GUARD DUST) as an admixture provides a certain level of control. Insecticides containing deltamethrin or spinosad can be used by trained and PPE-protected employees of a certified warehouse treatment company to treat surfaces inside the warehouse. The walls and floor of an empty
NEEM), garlic, spinosad (LASER 480 SC), and insecticidal soaps are alternatives to other insecticides. Use synthetic insecticide containing abamectin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, or spinosad (LASER 480 SC). Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) (significant) Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations; predacious mites and some insect feeds on spider mites, eg (Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius andersoni); the major predator mites commercially available for purchase and release are the western predatory mite and Phytoseiulus. Do weed control in and around field. Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed trees are most likely to be damaged. Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible. Tagetes African Marigold oil extract Natural insecticidal soaps or agricultural oils and (EAU DE NEEM) extracts can be used for management
Cutworm species, (Agrotis segetum) (significant) Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations. Natural enemies include larvae of parasitic Braconid wasps and Tachinid flies. Predators include ground beetles, lacewings, praying mantis and weaver ants. Use crop rotation--plant alfalfa or beans after tomato. Removal of weeds in and around fields will reduce egg-laying sites and will help in the prevention of cutworm infestation. Do this at least 2-3 weeks before planting to reduce the incidence of cutworm larvae transferring to newly planted crops. Interplant main crops with onion, garlic, peppermint, coriander, or garlic every 10-20 rows to repel cutworms. Sunflowers and cosmos can also be planted as a trap crop in or around fields. Plow and harrow fields properly before planting. This will destroy eggs and expose larvae to chicken, ants, birds, and other predators. Use pheromone traps. Botanical and homemade extracts include (EAU DE NEEM). Use sprays of BT, if and when they become registered and available. Find ‘hot-spots’ (places of high infestation) and treat only those hot spots with synthetic insecticides containing a bait with Slugs/Snails, Deroceras species; Limax species; Helix species Provide good soil drainage. Keep weeds under control. Remove leaves and trash from the field when harvesting. Trapping with buried gallon plastic containers containing beer, with 1 trap every 3 meters. Remove boards, stones and things that slugs hide under. Do not use manure and/or mulches in areas of field prone to slug damage. Use diatomaceous earth, garlic-based repellents, kaolin dust or baits containing natural iron phosphate can be used. Use table or rock salt along perimeters where slugs are numerous and enter the field. If needed a molluscicide
containing metaldehyde (LIMOXYL) could be used. Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne species) (significant) Use of resistant cultivars and grow healthy plants (use appropriate seed, spacing, watering, weeding and fertilizer) Use Soil solarization using plastic. Use crop rotation, deep plowing, fallowing and avoid mono cropping. Rotate with broccoli, cauliflower, sorghum, Sudan grass, rape, and mustard seed which are resistant to nematodes. Sanitation: Remove and compost crop debris. Use of organic fertilizer particularly chicken manure and composts to add organic matter and soil structure to sandy soils Growing flax, a tropical herb, is good for controlling root knot nematodes. African and French marigold (Tagetes minuta and T. patula, respectively) plowed under the soil also suppress and reduce nematodes. Plant and plow residues under the soil 2 months later. Management of nematodes is difficult, especially in sandy soils. Botanical and homemade water extracts of basil, garlic, and seed cake may be effective controls. Two natural artisanal soil biopesticides containing extracts of ground cherry/tomatillo oil mixed with thyme oil. Potato early blight or Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria solani, Macrosporium solani) (significant) Scouting and spot treatment. Blights can be minimized by maintaining optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests. Grow later maturing, longer season varieties. Maintain optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests. Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early enough to cause economic loss. When justified, apply fungicides as soon as symptoms
(Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens) (very significant) Inoculate soil with Rhizobium leguminosarum. Avoid over-head sprinkler irrigation. Use crop rotation. Destroy volunteer bean plants growing in other crop fields. Sanitation: Destroy crop residue after harvest. effective chemical controls. Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) (very significant) Do regular monitoring for gray mold. Use sanitation: Clean up and destroy crop residues. Avoid over-head sprinkler irrigation. Can use natural fungicides containing oil, or potassium bicarbonate. Can use synthetic fungicides containing chlorothalonil (SINOCOLOR 50 SC). Leaf-rolling weevil, Apoderus/Sitona humeralis Do weed management in and around field. Do timely irrigation. Can use synthetic insecticides containing (deltametrin). Melon ladybird beetle (Henosepilachna elaterii) Use resistant varieties. Sanitation: Destroy crop residues after season. Do post-season tillage to reduce overwintering sites and beetles. Use natural (EAU DE NEEM) extracts. Leaf-footed bug, Anoplocnemis curvipes pierces developing bean pods, causing seed abortion Limited control occurs in nature by Trissolus basalis, a biological control agent and Assassin bug (Reduviids) Control weeds to destroy roosting sites Test for threshold guideline of 2 bugs per meter row and spray if this is exceeded. Spray with malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC). Anthracnosis and other Leaf Spot Diseases, Use clean seeds Grow resistant varieties Apply fungicides like mancozeb
Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds. Pay attention to nearby armyworm movements and dig a deep ditch on the edge of the field under attack to trap and kill larvae. extracts include basil, chili, garlic, (EAU DE NEEM), BT. Products containing indoxacarb (AVAUNT 150 SC or SINOXACARB 15 SC) may be used. Cutworm species, (Agrotis ipsilon, Peridroma saucia, and others) (very significant) Natural enemies like ground beetles, spiders, damsel bugs, minute pirate bugs, assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, and lacewing larvae naturally control armyworms. Parasitic wasp species Trichogramma, Copidosoma, Apanteles, Diadegma, and Hyposoter sting and parasitize eggs and larvae (some of these organisms are available for purchase commercially). Use of nocturnal overhead sprinkler irrigation to dislodge and repel pests. Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying moths. Use of artisanal extracts of garlic or chili pepper, and natural biopesticides or microbial controls consisting of Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (BATIK WG)/BT, spinosad (LASER 480 SC). Use of synthetic pesticides containing indoxacarb (AVAUNT 150 SC or SINOXACARB 15 SC). Corn rootworm, Diabrotica species (very significant) Rootworm damage is most common in heavy, damp soils. Any cultural practices that help dry the soil surface will reduce survival of rootworm eggs and early-instar larvae. Soil insecticides such as carbaryl (SEVIN 85 S), malathion
(very significant) Peanut pod brown spots, maladies de tâches brunes des gousses, Corticium species, Cercospora personata, Cercopora arachidicola (very significant) confused with leaf spot. Symptoms usually occur around the margins of the leaflets on the lower-most leaves. In general, spots found before mid-June are phytotoxicity. EC or TILT 250 EC). Peanut rosette disease (Arachis Hypogaea) (very significant) Use clean seed Plant early Use resistant varieties Use sanitation—destroy old plant residues Use early-maturing varieties Farmers can use insecticides containing (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC) to control aphid vectors White Mold, Sclerotium rolfsii (significant) Careful scouting is required to see this disease when symptoms first appear. Vines must be pulled back to expose lower stems and early infection. The end portion of infected limbs will remain green and healthy-looking for some time. Only after the disease has been present for many days will limbs appear to be visibly wilted. Crop rotations of three or more years are recommended. No fungicides are recommended.
Herbicides ametryne VOLCANO AMETRYN AMETRYVERT 500 SC METRO 500 SC AGRAX 500 bensulfuron-methyl SAMORY bispyribac-sodium RUBIS 100 SC glyphosate SPRINGBOK 360 SL GLYPHOVERT 360 SL SLASH 36 SL MATRIX 360 SL GLYPHADER HERBA SUPER 360 SL GLYPHOBEX 360 SL nicosulfuron NICOMAIS 40 SC pendimethalin ALLIGATOR METHALIX 33 EC FIST 50 EC PENDIMETHALIN 500 EC STOMP 500 EC PENDIPRO 50 EC PENDISTAR 400 EC propanil STAM F 34 Annex 14: Guidance on Screening Pesticides for Increased Likelihood of Quality