Europe Before 1914: The Main Powers Triple Entente Name Head of State Allies Disputes Britain King George V (1901-1936) Constitutional Monarchy France, Russia Naval arms race economic rivalry with Germany France President Raymond Poincaire Parliamentary Democracy Britain, Russia Wanted the return of the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine from Germany Russia Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) Monarchy Britain, France Rivals with Austria for control of the Balkans Strained relations with Britain. Triple Alliance Germany Kaiser William II Constitutional Monarchy Italy, Austria- Hungary. Rivals with France over Alsace, Britain over her navy. Austria- Hungary Kaiser Franz Joseph (1848-1916) Italy, Germany Rivalry with Russia over the Balkans, Territorial disputes with her ally, Italy 1918)
Triple Entente Name Head of State Allies Disputes King George V Constitutional Monarchy , Naval arms race economic rivalry with President Raymond Poincaire Parliamentary Democracy , Wanted the return of the provinces of and from Tsar Nicholas II Monarchy , Rivals with for control of the Balkans Strained relations with . Triple Kaiser William II Constitutional Monarchy , Austria- Hungary. Rivals with over , over her navy. Austria- Hungary Kaiser Franz Joseph Constitutional Monarchy , Rivalry with over the Balkans, Territorial disputes with her ally, King Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946) Constitutional Monarchy , Disputes with in North Africa Large Italian communities lived in the Austrian Empire. Fighting the War
Timeline of the Russian Revolution 1905 January - Bloody Sunday - Tsarist troops open fire on a peaceful demonstration of workers in . 1905 October - General Strike sweeps which ends when the Tsar promises a constitution. 1906 - The promised parliament, the Duma, is dissolved when it produces an anti government majority even though elected on a narrow franchise. 1911-1914 - A new wave of workers unrest ends with the outbreak of the First World War 1917 February - After several days of demonstrations in Petrograd (formally ) the government orders troops to open fire. The next day these troops mutiny. The Tsar abdicates when he hears that too has joined the Revolution. 1917 July 3-4 - Trotsky arrested. Lenin goes into hiding. A new provisional government is set up with Kerensky at its head (8th). 1917 September - The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet. 1917 October - The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional government 1917 October 26-27 - Soviet proclamations on land and peace. 1917 October 30 - Kerensky repulsed outside . Lived in exile until his death in 1970. 1917 November 2 - Bolsheviks gain 1917 November 8 - Vladimir Lenin was formally elected as the head of the new Soviet state 1917 November - Russian Civil War begins* 1918 March - The Bolsheviks accept the dictated peace of Brest-Litovsk from . 1919 - White Armies attack the Bolsheviks from all directions but the Red Army is finally victorious and turn the tide of the Civil War.* 1922 December 29-30 - formally declares itself the Soviet Union (USSR)
Joseph Stalin “Second Bolshevik Revolution” Aim: How did Stalin enforce his rule over the Soviet Union? Background Born Josef Vissarionovich Djugaskvili May 17, 1872 Mother – Always able to get Stalin out of trouble w/ her “charm”. Rumored that Stalin’s father on the birth certificate isn’t really the father Grew up in a violent neighborhood and household – Abusive father Left arm damaged after an accident with a carriage Nicknames – “Soso” & “Koba” – Would use these names in poetry & letters to friends Studied to be a priest – Marxism would keep him from finishing Poet, writer, singer, and ladies man – 2 known illegitimate children Began using the name “Stalin” in 1912 and adopted “Stalin” as his surname in 1917 Career criminal – Organized robberies, murders, beatings, protection rackets, and kidnappings that caught the attention of Lenin (Though robberies were looked down upon) – Made money for the Party Imprisoned & exiled for crimes – Would escape prison and exile Nicknamed “Doctor of Escapology” – Used disguises to avoid capture Became suicidal after the death of his first wife – Ignored his son, Yakov, and focused on the revolution to get over his wife. Rise to Power Met Lenin in 1905 – Despite his flaws in appearance, Stalin was awestruck by him Gradually became part of Lenin’s inner circle Met people who would help him gain influence and prestige at communist rallies. Most of these people would be eliminated once he came into power – No longer served a purpose to him Almost expelled from the Party in 1907 for his role in a bank robbery (mastermind), but not by Lenin – Stalin claimed that the expulsion never happened, nor did he have a role in the bank robbery – Lenin never believed the expulsion or the bank robbery His ties to the Tsarist police allowed him to eliminate enemies as well as get information. However people within the Party were suspicious of him. Was able to recruit members of the Tsarist police Stalin & Trotsky never liked each other – Stalin believed that Trotsky was “Pretty but useless” Stalin’s role in the Party was Secretary General – Made him dangerous because he operated behind the scenes and had all of the information he needed on enemies and allies Lenin feared Stalin’s growing influence and wanted him out of the Party after an argument with Lenin’s wife
The Hope of Peace - Wilson’s 14 Points & Treaty of Versailles - Big Three - David Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of America. - The League of Nations – A group of 40 nations that hoped to settle their differences through diplomacy and would take cooperative military and economic nation against any aggressive nation. - The US refuses to join because Americans were afraid that the US would be the world police. - US refused to join and the LON becomes ineffective The Fallout - Germany is forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles - Left weak & humiliated - Italy is not satisfied, felt cheated by the Allies - Japan was angry b/c the Allies did not recognize its claims in China and navy can only be the 3rd largest in the world – Behind US &GB - China was angry b/c Japan received German territories in China - Russia was angry b/c Poland was granted its independence and the creation of independent states that were once part of the Russia Empire - Europe’s aristocratic order was shattered and increased social and political instability The Changing of Society after WWI Aim: How did the changes of postwar society help and hurt the world? How did the changes of the world serve as building blocks to a future war? Life After WWI - The role of women continue to expand after WWI- Women working in the factories helped the economy, built their confidence and made them feel equal to men - Women will be allowed to vote throughout the world - 19th Amendment of the US Constitution- Woodrow Wilson - WWI will cost Great Britain its political and economic positions in the world- Why? - Great Britain became a debtor nation- They had to take loans from the United States in order to keep up - Japan and the United States will steal their markets- Why? - High unemployment - Land was destroyed because of the war - ½ of the men between 18-32 were killed during the war- What is this going to do to France? - Nearly bankrupt and had high war debts - Difficult to rebuild- Why?
Early Battles of WWII Mistake(s) How did the Allies take advantage of the mistake(s)? Invasion of (1939) Misjudged Western reaction to the invasion Great Britain and France declared war on September 3, 1939 Fall of (1940) Hitler could not get all of France under Nazi control Vichy government was created to help fight the Nazis (1940) Refused to finish off a broken British army Allowed the British troops to escape through civilian assistance Inspires GB to fight back against the Nazis “Wars are not won by evacuations”
of (1940) Broke away from destroying airfields & planes Focused on attacking evacuating cities & bombed at night Attack became too expensive Loss of planes & soldiers Had to invade USSR & break the Nazi-Soviet Pact earlier than anticipated Used psychological & technological advantages to defeat the Nazis Would force the Nazis into a two front war Early Battles of WWII Mistake(s) How did the Allies take advantage of the mistake(s)? Invasion of (1939) Fall of (1940) (1940)
Yalta and Potsdam - Yalta Conference- Feb 1945- FDR, Churchill and Stalin meet at Yalta, in the Soviet Union to discuss the fate of the postwar world - Allied leaders decide that France and China should be added as permanent members of the newly formed United Nations - Germany will be divided, as well as Berlin, into four zones that would be occupied by the US, USSR, France and Great Britain - FDR and Churchill make an agreement with Stalin that he would hold free elections in Soviet-occupied areas in E. Europe in exchange Stalin would be given East Poland - Stalin also promised support in Japan in exchange for islands in the northern Pacific Ocean - Potsdam Conference- Aug 1945- Truman, Churchill (who is replaced halfway through the conference by Attlee) and Stalin meet to discuss the fate of Germany and the unconditional surrender of Japan - This conference will create tension over the fate of Europe and the alliance between the West and Soviet Union An anecdote from Stalin on the Conference after the war: “Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin went hunting.” Stalin said. “They finally killed their bear. Churchill said, “I’ll take the bearskin. Let Roosevelt and Stalin divide the meat.’ said, “No, I’ll take the skin. Let Churchill and Stalin divide the meat.” Stalin remained silent so Churchill and Roosevelt asked him: “Mister Stalin, what do you say?” Stalin simply replied, “The bear belongs to me - after all, I killed it.’”
- The USSR would not test another atomic weapon for two years. - After the Soviet atomic bomb success, the idea of building a hydrogen bomb became a reality - , opposed its creation due to its potential of destruction. Would later be accused of being a communist and have his reputation damaged. In 1963, his reputation would be restored. - The Soviet Union would spend a great deal of time and money building atomic weapons to keep pace with the United States. The arms race had begun. - In response to the Soviet Union becoming an atomic nation, Great Britain would become one as well in 1952 with the support of the United States. - The arms race would have its starts and stops throughout the Cold War but the threat of war was always very real. Cold War Battlegrounds Thesis: During the Cold War, there were many events that pitted democracy versus communism. Objectives Students will be able to identify and describe the events of the Cold War. Students will be able to explain why events of the Cold War would benefit both the US & USSR. Procedure Activity - Cold War Battlegrounds Packet and answer questions Key Questions: 1. Why was the Kitchen Debate significant?
- Fidel Castro overthrew Batista - Castro/USSR become allies - Failed invasion at by US to overthrow Castro - Cuban Missile Crisis – US keeps nuclear weapons out of - is still a communist nation today Communists - Ho Chi Minh led Communist revolution in - US couldn’t stop North Vietnamese despite better training & public support for war in US decreased - Nixon pulls troops out of - unites country under communism Communists 1968 - Alexander Dubcek decided to break away from Soviet rule - Reformed Czech by introducing jazz music, freedom of speech and capitalists for small businesses - Red Army removed Dubcek and restored order in Czech Communists The Olympics - Became a source of conflict in lieu of war - Defeated each other in various sports for Gold medals and bragging rights Tie - Soviet Union invaded - US trained the Mujahideen to defeat the - US trained Osama bin Laden - forced to leave due to world opinion & being unable to afford to stay and fight Democracy Kitchen Debate - Khrushchev v. Nixon July 24, 1959 1962