Age Specific Marital Fertility Rates per 1,000 women-years lived and Total Marital Fertility Rates in England Periods/Ages 1680-1729 1730-1779 1780-1829 15-19 315 430 532 20-24 410 418 429 25-29 366 364 390 30-34 315 314 312 35-39 240 254 255 40-44 111 134 148 45-49 22 22 23 TMF 20-49 7.32 7.53 7.79 TMF 15-49 8.9 9.68 10.45
1610 - 19 27.5 25.6 1620 - 29 27.6 25.2 1630 - 39 27.3 25.2 1640 - 49 27.4 25.7 1650 - 59 27.5 25.6 1660 - 69 27.4 25.9 1670 - 79 28.0 26.2 1680 - 89 27.7 25.8 1690 - 99 27.1 25.9 1700 - 09 27.4 26.0 1710 - 19 27.3 26.3 1720 - 29 27.0 25.9 1730 - 39 26.9 25.5 1740 - 49 26.5 24.8 1750 - 59 26.1 25.0 1760 - 69 25.9 24.5 1770 - 79 26.1 24.3
b) But subsequently he was forced to find other explanations for the period 1700 - 1750: i) because he came to believe that the fall in mortality had commenced as early as 1700, despite a temporary rise in the 1730s, ii) and because these smallpox inoculation techniques date only from the mid-18th century iii) He dismisses purely economic arguments, i.e., rises in living standards, better nutrition, etc., on the grounds that the mortality fall was so general throughout the population c) His explanation: improved hygiene standards through reconstruction of family dwellings. i) For reasons that you will have to read for yourself, he contends that late 17th- and early 18th- century England experienced a boom in reconstruction of family dwellings that especially improved hygiene. ii) by building solid foundations and floors with brick, stone, or cement to replace the former standard dirt floors that had been breeding grounds for disease (since people had so commonly urinated and defecated on their dirt floors). iii) His view of the cause: a wave of fires that struck many English towns in this era, necessitating rebuilding, but in this new form. iv) But does this thesis apply to the upper class housing – since he is seeking universal factors for all social classes; v) How many English towns experienced this phenomenon? vi) and is not such a thesis still fundamentally economic in nature? d) Mortality: Wrigley’s subsequent views i) Subsequently, Wrigley became more willing to consider the importance of changes in mortality, while generally insisting that they had to be linked to nuptiality and fertility ii) the question of still-births: i.e., the effect of having children die at birth (1) The importance here is the link to what is known as the birth-interval: i.e., the duration of time between pregnancy and births (calculated on average for all women of the same age cohort) (2) Wrigley’s evidence indicates that a fall in the rate of still-births tends to be linked to a shorter duration for the birth-interval.
Country in millions Birth Rate per 1000 Death Rate per 1000 Infant Life Total Life Males Life Females Canada 32.90 11 7 5.30 80 78 83 U. S. A. 302.20 14 8 6.50 78 75 80 Argentina 39.40 19 8 14.40 75 71 79 Cuba 11.20 11 8 6.20 77 75 79 U.K. 61.00 12 10 4.90 79 77 81 Belgium 10.60 11 10 4.40 79 76 82 Netherlands 16.40 11 8 4.40 80 78 82 France 61.70 13 9 3.70 81 77 84 Germany 82.30 8 10 3.80 79 76 82 Switzerland 7.50 10 8 4.20 81 79 84 Norway 4.70 13 9 3.20 80 78 83 Sweden 9.10 12 10 2.80 81 79 83 Italy 59.30 10 9 3.70 81 78 84 Spain 45.30 11 8 3.80 80 77 83
1566 3.174 3.398 39.67 0.91 34.16 24.21 1571 3.310 3.545 41.06 0.77 32.37 22.73 1576 3.448 3.692 41.56 1.02 34.20 22.43 1581 3.631 3.889 42.70 1.27 34.12 21.56 1586 3.841 4.113 37.05 0.75 32.09 25.70 1591 3.938 4.217 38.05 0.81 32.12 24.75 1596 4.057 4.344 37.82 0.63 31.50 24.95 1601 4.162 4.457 38.53 0.75 33.24 24.77 1606 4.310 4.616 39.59 0.76 33.05 24.07 1611 4.476 4.793 36.79 0.41 31.60 26.14 1616 4.568 4.892 40.31 0.81 32.30 23.37 1621 4.745 5.081 33.39 0.11 30.91 28.85 1626 4.762 5.099 39.69 0.74 31.81 23.68
1680 - 89 27.7 25.8 1690 - 99 27.1 25.9 1700 - 09 27.4 26.0 1710 - 19 27.3 26.3 1720 - 29 27 25.9 1730 - 39 26.9 25.5 1740 - 49 26.5 24.8 1750 - 59 26.1 25.0 1760 - 69 25.9 24.5 1770 - 79 26.1 24.3 1780 - 89 25.9 24.0 1790 - 99 25.3 24.0 1800 - 09 25.3 24.0 1810 - 19 25.1 23.6 1820 - 29 25.2 23.8 1830 - 39 24.9 23.1
Source: E.A. Wrigley, R.S. Davies, J.E. Oeppen, and R.S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution, 1580- 1837 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 130- 34. Table 9. Age Specific Marital Fertility Rates per 1,000 women-years lived and Total Marital Fertility Rates in England Periods/Ages 1680-1729 1730-1779 1780-1829 15-19 315 430 532 20-24 410 418 429 25-29 366 364 390 30-34 315 314 312 35-39 240 254 255 40-44 111 134 148
45-49 22 22 23 TMF 20-49 7.32 7.53 7.79 TMF 15-49 8.9 9.68 10.45 Source: E. Anthony Wrigley, ‘British Population during the “Long” Eighteenth Century, 1680 - 1840’, in Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, 3 vols. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), Vol I: Industrialization, 1700 - 1860, Table 3.2, p. 70. Table 10. Maternal Mortality Rates in England per 1,000 birth events Periods: in half centuries maternal mortality rates per 1,000 births 1650 - 99 16.3 1700 - 49 12.9
1800 28 11 35 1850 45 19 39 Source: E. Anthony Wrigley, ‘British Population during the “Long” Eighteenth Century, 1680 - 1840’, in Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, 3 vols. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), Vol I: Industrialization, 1700 - 1860, Table 3.11, p. 88. Table 3.11, p. 88 Table 12. Estimates of the Population of London 1500 (estimate) 50,000 (or more) 1600 200,000 1650 350,000 1750 550,000
Monmouthshire. For 1820 and 1900 all totals are taken from or estimated from B.R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1981), table BI, except for England in 1820. Otherwise the most important sources used were the following: E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction (London, 1981), table 7.8; B.R. Mitchell and P. Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), chapter I, tables 2, 7; M. Reinhard, A. Arnmengaud and J. Dupaquier, Histoire générale de la population mondiale, 3rd edn. (Paris, 1968); J. Dupâquier, La population française aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1979); C. McEvedy and R. Jones, Atlas of World Population History (London, 1978); M. Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the 17th Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977); C.M. Cipolla, ‘Four Centuries of Italian Demographic Development’, and K.H. Connell, ‘Land and Population in Ireland, 1780-1845’, both in D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, eds., Population in History (London, 1965); J.A. Faber, H.K. Roessingh, B.H. Slicher van Bath, A.M. Van der Woude and H.J. Van Xanten, ‘Population Changes and Economic Developments in the Netherlands: A Historical Survey’, A.A.G. Bijdragen, 12 (1965).’ Table 16. The Populations of Selected European Countries in Millions, in decennial intervals, 1800-1910 Great Year Britain Belgium France Germany Russia