Echiura All No – Pref. – Alt. – Alt. – Pref. – Must be narcotised before fixation Ectoprocts Cheilostomes and cyclostomes No Pref. – – – – – – – Pref. Short time in formalin; can also air dry Ctenostomes No Pref. – – – – Alt. – Pref. Alt. – All No Pref. – – Alt. – Alt. – Pref. Alt. – Mollusca Bivalves No Pref. Alt. Alt. – – – – Pref. Alt. Air dry valves or wedge valves open to allow formalin entry Aplocophora Yes – – Alt. Pref. – Pref. – – Pref. – Cephalopods Yes – – Pref. – – Alt. – – Pref. – Gastropods: opisthobranchs Yes – – Pref. Alt. – Alt. – – Pref. Air dry after microwaving Polyplacophora No Pref. – – – – – – Pref. – Tie flat Nemertea All No – – – Pref. – Alt. – Pref. – Must be narcotised (see detailed methods) Phoronids All No Alt. – Alt. Pref. – Alt. – Pref. – – Platyhelminthes All Yes – – Alt. Alt. – Pref. – Pref. – – Porifera All Yes Pref. – – – – – Pref. – – – Sipuncula All No – – – Pref. – Alt. y Pref. – – EtOH = ethanol. Pref. = preferred technique. Alt. = alternative technique.
Appendix 3 Life history characteristics of the CCIMPE Trigger List species Phylum Class Family Species Size | appearance | Preferred habitat Larval duration Time to maturity from settlement or hatching Propagules per reproductive event Sexual reproductive cycles per year Reproductive mode Annelida Polychaeta Sabellidae Sabella spallanzanii Large | obvious | grouped Benthic, hard and soft substrata Medium Medium Moderate More frequent/ continuous Sexual and fragmentation Spionidae Marenzelleria spp. a | cryptic | grouped Benthic, soft substrata Long Medium n/a Annual Sexual and fragmentation Arthropoda Malacostraca Portunidae Charybdis japonica | obvious | solitary Benthic, hard and soft substrata Long Medium Moderate Biannual Sexual: separate sexes Carcinus maenas Large | obvious | solitary Benthic, hard and soft substrata Long Long Moderate More frequent/ continuous Sexual: separate sexes Varunidae Eriocheir spp. Large | obvious | solitary Benthic, soft substrata Long Long Moderate Annual Sexual: separate sexes Hemigrapsus sanguineus Large | obvious | solitary Benthic, hard substrata Long Long Moderate More frequent/ continuous Sexual: separate sexes Hemigrapsus Large | obvious | solitary Benthic, hard substrata Long Long Moderate More frequent/ continuous Sexual: separate sexes Maxillopoda Balanidae Balanus improvisus Small | obvious | grouped Benthic, hard substrata Long Short n/a More frequent/ continuous Sexual: simultaneous hermaphrodite (selfing rare) Chlorophyta Caulerpaceae Caulerpa taxifolia b Large | obvious | grouped Benthic, hard and soft substrata n/a Short n/a n/a Fragmentation and vegetative Ulvophyceae Codiaceae Codium fragile spp. tomentosoides Large | cryptic | grouped Benthic, hard substrata Short Medium Moderate More frequent/ continuous Fragmentation and parthenogenic
Appendix 5 Pathways for human-mediated translocation of the CCIMPE Trigger List species Class Family Species Pathway Canals Fisheries Individual release Navigation buoys, marina floats Ships Natural range expansion through man-made canals Deliberate translocation of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery with deliberate of fish or shellfish Accid. with fishery products, packing or substrate Accid. release by individuals (e.g. aquarium discards) Accid. as attached or free-living fouling organisms Accid. as attached or free-living fouling organisms with solid ballast (e.g. rocks, sand) with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins Accid. associated with cargo Actinopterygii Gobiidae Neogobius melanostomus a – – – – – – – – x – Siganidae Siganus rivulatus – x – – – – – – – – Ascidiacea Didemnidae Didemnum spp. b – – x x x x Asteroidea Asteriidae Asterias amurensis – – x x – x x – x – Bivalvia Corbuliidae Corbula (Potamocorbula) amurensis – – – x – – x – x – Varicorbula – – – x – – – – x – Dreissenidae Mytilopsis sallei – – x x – x x – x – Myidae Mya arenaria – x – x – – – – x – Mytilidae Perna viridis – x x x – x x – x – Perna perna – x x x – x x – x – Musculista senhousia – – x x – x x – x – Pharidae Ensis directus – x – x – – – – x – Chlorophyceae Caulerpaceae Caulerpa taxifolia c – – – x x – – – x – Gastropoda Crepidula fornicata – – x x – x x – x –
Muricidae Rapana venosa (syn Rapana thomasiana) – – x x – – x – x – Turetellidae Maoricolpus roseus – – x x – – – – x – Malacostraca Portunidae Charybdis japonica – – – – – – – – x – Carcinus maenas – – x x x x x – Varunidae Eriocheir spp. x x – – – – – – x – Hemigrapsus sanguineus – – – – – x x – x – Hemigrapsus takanoi / penicillatus – – – – – x x – x – Maxillopoda Balanidae Balanus improvisus – – x x – x x – x – Phaeophyceae Sargassaceae Sargassum muticum – – x x – x x – – – Phycophyta Alariaceae Undaria pinnatifida – x x x – x x – x – Polychaeta Sabellidae Sabella spallanzanii – – x x – x x – x – Spionidae Marenzelleria spp. d – – x x – – x – x – Rhodophyceae Grateloupia turuturu – – x x – x x – – – Tentaculata Bolinopsidae Mnemiopsis leidyi – – – – – – – – x – Ulvophyceae Codiaceae Codium fragile spp. tomentosoides – – x x – x x – x –
Vessel hulls Wharf piles, pontoons Enclosed systems Aquaculture equipment Desiccation/drawdown P U L P No – – Various, including Styela clava,9 Didemnum vexillum,10 Undaria pinnatifida5 Successful method; drawdown restricted to enclosed systems Heat treatment – Hot water baths – – – P No – – U. pinnatifida5 Successful method – Hot water box P L U – Yes No < 30 m U. pinnatifida11 Successful method for vessel hulls; requires development for natural substrates – Steam sterilisation L L – – Yes No < 30 m U. pinnatifida12 Partially effective; can only treat very small areas attenuation – – – – Yes Low energy Yes Macroalgae Not yet tested in a marine context Salinity modification – Fresh water U U P P Yes Low energy No Caulerpa taxifolia13 Successful provided organisms can be contained – Freshwater – – P – No – – U. pinnatifida5 Successful method – Salt treatment U U L U Yes Low energy < 30 m C. taxifolia14,15,16 Suitable for control; unlikely to be successful for eradication Wrapping/encapsulation P P – P Yes Low energy < 30 m Styela clava,9 D. vexillum,10 Mytilopsis sallei,17 various fouling taxa9 Successful method; mortality of pests species can be accelerated via chemical application Smothering – artificial materials (such as PVC, matting) – – – – Yes Low energy < 30 m Various taxa including D. vexillum,4,10 C. taxifolia,18 Spartina anglica19 Successful method if integrity of smothering structure maintained – dredge spoil – – – – Yes Low energy No D. vexillum4 Successful method