Choose the letter of the best answer. (15 credits) 1. The beak types of different Galápagos finch species are examples of a. analogous structures. b. vestigial structures. c. fossils. d. adaptations. 2. All the bald eagles in an area is an example of a(n) a. population. b. fossil. c. species. d. individual. 3. Charles developed a theory that states that geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past have stayed the same throughout time. This is the theory of a. uniformitarianism. b. evolution. c. catastrophism. d. adaptation. 4. The false idea that a who trains to become a champion will have descendants who can jump exceptionally high is known as the a. theory of uniformitarianism. b. principle of gradualism. c. process of artificial selection. d. inheritance of acquired characteristics. 5. The variations in the features of the tortoise populations on Albemarle and Abingdon islands, shown in Figure 10.1, are examples of FIG. 10.1 a. vestigial structures. b. molecular fingerprinting. c. acquired characteristics. d. natural selection. 6. The non-functional pelvic bones of a boa constrictor are examples of a. homologous structures. b. vestigial structures. c. fossil structures. d. analogous structures. the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin saw different species of finch on different islands. This led him to theorize that species a. create own environment. b. can adapt to their environment. c. choose best environment. d. are found in many environments. 8. Charles Darwin discovered fossils of huge animals that resembled modern animals. This led him to conclude that the age of Earth was a. less than 6000 years. b. just 1000 c. much more than 6000 years. d. exactly 6000 years. 9. Which of the following lists the four main principles of the theory of natural selection? a. adaptation, inheritance of acquired characteristics,
overproduction, variation b. adaptation, inheritance of acquired characteristics, heritability, variation c. adaptation, descent with modification, heritability, variation d. adaptation, descent with modification, overproduction, variation 10. Dog breeds, such as beagles, Border collies, and German shepherds, were produced by the process of a. natural selection. b. artificial selection. c. descent without modification. d. inheritance of acquired characteristics. 11. As an environment changes, and some organisms have a higher fitness than others, natural selection acts directly on a. existing variations. b. genetic material. c. acquired traits. d. individual organisms. 12. The hind leg bones shown in the whale in Figure 10.2 are FIG. 10.2 a. fossil structures from an extinct ancestor. b. structures analogous to the wings of an early ancestor. c. vestigial structures that functioned in an early ancestor. d. homologous structures to the wings of flying insects. the actual allele frequencies in a population do not match genotype frequencies predicted by the equation, the population is a. isolated. c. shrinking. b. extinct. d. evolving. 11. Which of the five factors that can lead to evolution would operate on a change in body color that enabled animals to better hide from predators? a. natural selection b. genetic c. sexual selection d. gene flow 12. Reproductive isolation occurs when a. a small number of individuals moves and starts a new population. b. some catastrophic event greatly reduces the size of a population. c. the gene pools of different populations have become very diversified. d. members of different populations can no longer mate successfully.
1. Fossils that consist of minerals that have filled in an open mold of an organism are called a. permineralized. b. natural casts. c. preserved remains. d. fossils. 2. Which of the following characteristics must a good index fossil have? a. very rare, easy to identify, existed for a brief time, occurs in a local area b. somewhat rare, hard to identify, existed for a brief time, widespread c. common, hard to identify, existed for a long time, widespread d. very common, easy to identify, existed for a brief time, widespread 3. The smallest unit of geologic time is a(n) a. epoch. c. era. b. period. d. eon. 13. What type of isolation occurs when the timing of reproduction is different between two populations? a. geographic b. temporal c. behavioral d. selective 14. Coevolution is a process in which species a. evolve similar characteristics in different habitats. b. become increasingly different from each c. become extinct and are lost permanently. d. evolve in response to changes in each 15. Two species that are closely related become increasingly different through a. divergent evolution. b. disruptive selection. c. convergent isolation. d. competitive relationships.