opposed to chat systems or Blackboard discussion boards when used for class discussions in the online Introduction to Statistics course. Alternative Hypothesis There is a significant difference between students’ total sense of community as measured by the Classroom Community Scale (CCS, Rovai, 2002) and perceived learning as measured by the Perceived CAP Learning Scale (Rovai et al. 2009) based on the use of chat systems as opposed to video conferencing or Blackboard discussion boards when used for class discussions in the online Introduction to Statistics course. Alternative Hypothesis There is a significant difference between students’ total sense of community as measured by the Classroom Community Scale (CCS, Rovai, 2002) and perceived learning as measured by the Perceived CAP Learning Scale (Rovai et al. 2009) based on the use of Blackboard discussion boards as opposed to chat systems or video conferencing when used for class discussions in the online Introduction to Statistics course. Independent Variables – Communication Medium Blackboard Discussion forums (1) Chat systems (2) Video conferencing (3) All are nominally measured as there is no actual measure nor score nor rating in the three systems. Dependent Variables Sense of community as measured by the Classroom Community Scale (CCS, Rovai, 2002) Perceived learning as measured by the Perceived CAP Learning Scale (Rovai et al. 2009)
Test of Homogeneity of Variances Community_Connectedness_Scale Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 14.537 2 37 .000 ANOVA Community_Connectedness_Scale Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 2458.630 2 1229.315 34.979 .000 Within Groups 1300.345 37 35.144 Total 3758.975 39 Robust Tests of Equality of Means Community_Connectedness_Scale Statistica df1 df2 Sig. Welch 70.900 2 17.968 .000 Brown-Forsythe 32.226 2 20.282 .000
Post Hoc Communication_Medium Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable (I) (J) Mean (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Tukey HSD Discussion Board Chat -6.99* 2.332 .013 -12.68 -1.29 Video Conferencing -18.57* 2.241 .000 -24.04 -13.10 Chat Discussion 6.99* 2.332 .013 1.29 12.68 Conferencing -11.58* 2.332 .000 -17.28 -5.89 Discussion 18.57* 2.241 .000 13.10 24.04
Discussion Board Video Conferencing -18.57* 2.241 .000 -24.16 -12.98 Chat Discussion Board 6.99* 2.332 .014 1.17 12.81 Video Conferencing -11.58* 2.332 .000 -17.40 -5.76 Conferencing Discussion Board 18.57* 2.241 .000 12.98 24.16 Chat 11.58* 2.332 .000 5.76 17.40 Discussion Chat -6.99 2.933 .069 -14.45 .48 Video Conferencing -18.57* 1.613 .000 -22.74 -14.41 Chat Discussion Board 6.99 2.933 .069 -.48 14.45 Video Conferencing -11.58* 2.555 .002 -18.41 -4.76 Video Conferencing Discussion Board 18.57* 1.613 .000 14.41 22.74 Chat 11.58* 2.555 .002 4.76 18.41 Dunnett t Discussion Board Conferencing -18.57* 2.241 .000 -23.73 -13.41 Chat Video Conferencing -11.58* 2.332 .000 -16.95 -6.21 Tukey HSD Discussion Chat -9.18* 3.652 .042 -18.09 -.26 Video Conferencing -24.57* 3.509 .000 -33.14 -16.01 Chat Discussion Board 9.18* 3.652 .042 .26 18.09
Discussion Board Video Conferencing -24.57* 3.509 .000 -33.33 -15.81 Chat Discussion Board 9.18* 3.652 .048 .06 18.29 Video Conferencing -15.39* 3.652 .000 -24.51 -6.28 Video Conferencing Discussion Board 24.57* 3.509 .000 15.81 33.33 Chat 15.39* 3.652 .000 6.28 24.51 Discussion Board Chat -9.18 4.584 .139 -20.82 2.47 Video Conferencing -24.57* 2.579 .000 -31.24 -17.90 Chat Discussion Board 9.18 4.584 .139 -2.47 20.82 Video Conferencing -15.39* 3.951 .006 -25.94 -4.84 Video Conferencing Discussion 24.57* 2.579 .000 17.90 31.24 Chat 15.39* 3.951 .006 4.84 25.94 Dunnett t Discussion Board Video Conferencing -24.57* 3.509 .000 -32.65 -16.49 Chat Video Conferencing -15.39* 3.652 .000 -23.80 -6.99 Based on observed means. The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 86.173. *. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. b. Dunnett t-tests treat one group as a control, and compare all other groups against it.