VERBAL • Verb not behaving like a verb • Types: o Gerund acting like a noun in –ing is fun. (subj.) enjoy shopping. (D.O.) pencils for drawing. (O.P.) o Participle acting like an adjective in –ing or –ed (or other past tense endings) have running shoes. I ran down the street. an unspoken rule. o Infinitive + verb act like: • noun: I like to eat. • adjective: It’s the best to eat. • adverb: I need a pen to write a letter. Can Use
o Direct object a noun or pronoun an action verb never in a prepositional phrase find it, say “subject” “verb” “what?” like English. • Subject: “I” • Verb: “like” • Like what?: “English” (English is the direct object.) o Indirect Object a noun or pronoun before a direct object never in a prepositional phrase find it, say “subject” “verb” “direct object” “to or for whom or what?” gave me the paper. • Subject: “He” • Verb: “gave” • Gave what?: “paper” • Gave paper “to whom”: “me” (Me is the indirect object) o Predicate nominative a noun or pronoun a linking verb and renames the subject find it, say “subject” “linking verb” “what?” Is Is Follows Follows He
• If there is no object, it’s not a preposition. o Please stand up. (Up is an adverb in this sentence.) OBJECT OF INFINITIVE • infinitive and tells “what?” • I want to eat pizza o “to eat what?” - pizza (object of infinitive) OBJECT OF GERUND • gerund and tells “what?” • I like eating pizza. o “eating what?” – pizza (object of gerund) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE • Group of words beginning with preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun • act as an adjective (I want a room with a view.) or adverb (His house is on the lake.) GERUND PHRASE • Gerund plus its modifiers and objects • Writing long essays can be fun. PARTICIPLE PHRASE • Participle plus its modifiers and objects • Running down the hall, he bumped into the principal.
SENTENCE PURPOSE • Declarative – makes a statement; ends in a period • Interrogative – asks a question; ends in a question mark • Imperative – gives a command; ends in a period • Exclamatory – expresses strong feelings; ends in an exclamation mark DGP: Thursday Notes (Punctuation and Capitalization) CAPITALIZATION • Capitalize o Proper nouns o Proper adjectives o first word of a sentence SEMICOLON • Joins two clauses without a coordinating conjunction
o likes apples; she likes oranges. o goes to Harvard; however, she goes to Yale. • be used in a series with commas for clarity o We went to London, England; Paris, France, and Madrid, Spain. APOSTROPHE • apostrophes to make words possessive and to make contractions • DON’T use apostrophes to make words plural. • Possessive pronouns don’t use apostrophes. (hers, its, ours, yours, etc.) • Be sure you have a real word before your apostrophe: children’s toys, not childrens’ toys • If the word is plural and ends in s, add apostrophe only: dogs’ owners • Treat singular nouns ending in s just like any other singular noun: boss’s, Brutus’s UNDERLINING/ITALICIZING • Underlining and italicizing are the same • Underline or italicize titles of long things: newspapers, magazines, CD’s, movies, novels, musical compositions, etc. • Underline or italicize names of ships, planes, trains, and artwork. • Underline or italicize foreign expressions. QUOTATION MARKS • Quote titles of short things: short stories, poems, songs, articles, etc. • Quote dialogue and words copied from other sources. • Commas and periods that follow quoted words always go inside closing quotation marks. (I said, “Go home . ”)