1: Species name EPBC threatened status Distribution Landscape-scale habitat Peak detectability Similar species Acianthus ledwardii R.Br. (Ledward’s mosquito orchid) Extinct Queensland South-east Queensland Peak flowering period: not specified Similar species: not specified Acriopsis emarginata (javanica) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (pale chandelier orchid) Vulnerable Queensland Rainforests and swamps growing on trees Peak flowering period: July to October Similar species: not specified Arachnorchis actensis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (Canberra spider orchid) Critically endangered ACT Transitional vegetation zones between open grassy woodland and dry sclerophyll forest. Associated with Allocasuarina verticillata at some sites Vegetative growth: late autumn or early winter following good rains Flower bud production: late winter or early spring Peak flowering period: late September to mid October Similar species: Caladenia concinna Bulbophyllum globuliforme Nicholls (miniature moss-orchid, hoop pine orchid) Vulnerable Queensland, NSW B. globuliforme is host specific, and will only grow on branches of the Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) Peak flowering period: September to November but also recorded for May and August Similar species: not specified Bulbophyllum gracillimum (Rolfe) Vulnerable Queensland Notophyll vine forests growing low on rainforest Peak flowering period: flowering spasmodic, from Similar species: not specified
wispy umbrella orchid) usually close to creeks, in shaded, sheltered and constantly humid situations August through to March with the main flowering period being November to February Bulbophyllum longiflorum Thouars (pale umbrella orchid) Vulnerable Queensland Notophyll vine forests in wet tropical rainforests. It usually grows on the trunks of rainforest trees, but has also been seen growing on rocks Peak flowering period: January to March Similar species: unlikely to be confused with any other Australian species Caladenia amoena D.L.Jones (charming spider orchid) Endangered Victoria Ridge tops and sheltered slopes in dry sclerophyll forest Peak flowering period: late August to late September Similar species: not specified Caladenia anthracina (black-tipped spider orchid) Critically endangered Tasmania Grassy eucalypt woodland with Acacia dealbata and Pteridium esculentum on well-drained soil; areas of low rainfall in the northern midlands Peak flowering period: late September to early November. A strong peak in flowering in latter half of October Similar species: not specified Caladenia arenaria Fitzg. (sand-hill spider-orchid) Endangered NSW Callitris-covered sandy ridges and dunes, especially in the vicinity of watercourses Vegetative growth: autumn to early winter Peak flowering period: late August to early October Similar species: Caladenia colorata. Part of the C. patersonii complex. Hybrids with C. cardiochila have been observed
It flowers best after fires or on disturbed corridors throughout mallee heath Caladenia argocalla D.L.Jones Endangered SA Open grassy herbland under light, mixed Eucalypt and Callitris woodland or forest Vegetative growth/leaf production: April to May Flower-bud formation: mid-August to Peak flowering period: mid-September, October and early November Flowers profusely without fires Similar species: albino flowers of the spider-orchid (Caladenia behrii); and winter spider-orchid (C. brumalis) Caladenia atroclavia D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Endangered Queensland Open forest on heavy loams derived from granite Peak flowering period: October Similar species: not specified Caladenia audasii R.S.Rogers (McIvor spider-orchid) Endangered Victoria, SA Variety of woodland and open forest habitats Peak flowering period: mid-September to Similar species: Caladenia leptochila Caladenia barbarella Hopper & Endangered WA Margins of seasonal creek lines and damp lands absent in areas of dense heath or tall scrub of Peak flowering period: late August to mid September Similar species: Caladenia barorossa, C. mesocera and C. drakeoides. However, lipped clubbed
A.P.Br. (small dragon orchid) Melaleuca uncinata or Acacia spp. or more rarely on rocky ledges Poor flowering occurring in dry years Dormant between November and April C. barbarella is geographically isolated from species Caladenia behrii Schltdl. (pink-lipped spider-orchid) Endangered SA Eucalyptus woodlands and forests Vegetative growth/leaf production: April to August Flower-bud formation: August to September Peak flowering period: late August to October Occurs as small, scattered populations Similar species: Caladenia colorata, C. fulva, C. rigida, C. woolcockiorum Caladenia brachyscapa G.W.Carr (short spider-orchid) Extinct Victoria (extinct) Tasmania (extant) Heathland and sparse coastal scrub on sandy loam Peak flowering period: in mainland Australia is September to November; in Tasmania, late October to early November Similar species: not specified Caladenia brumalis D.L.Jones (winter spider-orchid) Vulnerable SA grass and shrubs in open forest or sedgeland, light woodland and mallee vegetation Peak flowering period: late June to September Similar species: Caladenia argocalla, C. sp. South East, C. colorata, C. fragrantisima, C. intuta. Forms hybrids with Caladenia latifolia, C.
Caladenia busselliana Hopper & A.P.Br. (Bussell’s spider-orchid) Endangered WA In marri (Eucalyptus calophylla) and jarrah (E. marginata) woodland often on the margins of swamps Peak flowering period: mid September late to October Dormant between late November to late April Flowering is stimulated by summer fires with fewer flowering plant found other years Similar species: Dunsborough Caladenia paludosa (swamp spider-orchid), Caladenia huegelii group Caladenia caesarea subsp. maritima Hopper & A.P.Br. (cape spider-orchid) Endangered WA In shallow soil on coastal granite outcrops Peak flowering period: August to September Dormant between late October and late April The flowers are strongly metallic scented. Plants flower most years Similar species: Caladenia luteola. Differs from the typical subspecies in having an earlier flowering period, smaller flowers and a coastal distribution Caladenia calcicola G.W.Carr (limestone Vulnerable Victoria, SA In open forest and woodland on low ridges overlaying limestone Peak flowering period: mid September to early November with an early to mid-October peak Similar species: Caladenia hastata, C reticulata, C. valida, C. stellata, C. lowanensis, C. cruciformis. Frequent hybridation occurs Caladenia campbellii Critically endangered Tasmania Slopes and ridges on rolling hills among shrubs Peak flowering period: October and November Similar species: Caladenia alata orchid)
Caladenia christineae Hopper & A.P.Br. (Christine’s spider orchid) Vulnerable WA Margins of winter-wet and freshwater lakes, often under Melaleuca species or mixed jarrah/marri forest Peak flowering period: mid September to November Dormant between December to late Summer fires stimulate flowering, and many populations have been found in flower only in the year after a summer fire Similar species: Caladenia harringtoniae, C. longicauda subsp. redacta. Occasionally hybridises with C. harringtoniae Caladenia colorata D.L.Jones (coloured spider-orchid) Endangered SA Mostly in Callitris or blue gum woodlands, sandy, fertile soils but also in rock outcrops and in mallee/broombush associations Vegetative growth: late May to early June Peak flowering period: August to early October Similar species: Caladenia behrii, C. brumalis, C. concolor, C. fulva, C. rosella, C. woolcockiorum Caladenia concolor (crimson spider-orchid) Vulnerable NSW, SA, Victoria Variety of woodland and open forest habitats (usually within ecosystems) among low heathy shrubs Peak flowering period: September and October Similar species: Caladenia rosella, C. oenochila Caladenia conferta D.L.Jones (coast spider-orchid) Endangered SA Mallee woodlands or broombush on rock outcrops, favouring bare, open Peak flowering period: July to September Occurs in areas of reliable winter rainfall Similar species: Caladenia toxochila. Forms sporadic hybrids with C. brumalis.
Caladenia cremna (D.L.Jones) G.N.Backh. (Don’s spider orchid) Critically endangered Victoria Heathy dry forest Peak flowering period: not specified Similar species: not specified Caladenia dienema (windswept Endangered Tasmania Windswept low heathland, growing dwarfed shrubs and sedges on to well-drained sandy and clay loams; usually associated with rocky outcrops but may also extend into shrubby forests, usually dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua Peak flowering period: late October to early November Similar species: not specified Caladenia dorrienii Domin (Cossack spider-orchid) Syn. Calonema dorrienii (Domin) Szlach. Endangered WA Open wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo)/jarrah (E. marginata)/E. woodland Peak flowering period: mid September to November Dormant between December and late April Similar species: Caladenia vulgata Caladenia drakeoides Hopper & A.P.Br. (hinged dragon Endangered WA Margins of salt lakes and flats beneath scrub Peak flowering period: late August to early October Dormant between late October and late Similar species: Caladenia barbarosiae, C. mesocera, C. barbarella orchid)
Caladenia drakeoides occasionally co-occurs with C. mesocera Caladenia elegans Hopper & A.P.Br. (elegant Endangered WA among scattered Acacia, Melaleuca and Grevillea species in the winter-wet depressions. Some populations are found on slopes and hillsides Peak flowering period: late July to mid August Dormant between October and late April Similar species: Caladenia vulgata. Caladenia elegans often co-occurs and hybridises with Caladenia vulgata in some areas forming hybrid swarms Caladenia excelsa Hopper & A.P.Br. (giant spider-orchid) Endangered WA In soils in banksia, jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) woodlands Peak flowering period: late September to early November Dormant between December and late April Similar species: Caladenia longicauda Caladenia formosa G.W.Carr (elegant spider-orchid) Vulnerable Victoria, SA Diverse range of habitats including river red-gum flats, limestone hillocks and sandy heath-land. Eucalyptus leucoxylon (yellow gum) and E. microcarpa (grey box) with a low, somewhat open shrubby under-storey Peak flowering period: September and October Similar species: Caladenia concolor, C. colorata. Forms hybrids with other members of the C. patersonii complex orchid)
Caladenia G.W.Carr (tawny spider-orchid) Endangered Victoria, SA Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus leucoxylon sens. lat. with open Peak flowering period: September to early October Similar species: can be confused with Caladenia behrii and C. formosa. Member of the C. patersonii complex Caladenia gladiolata R.S.Rogers (bayonet Endangered SA Woodland, grassland and grassy, open forest Vegetative growth: May to June Flower-bud formation: July to September Peak flowering period: late August to November Similar species: Caladenia toxochila (bow-lip spider-orchid); C. longiclavata (clubbed spider-orchid). Forms hybrids with the star spider-orchid (Caladenia saxatilis), the sand spider-orchid (C. flindersica), the greencomb (C. tensa), and the mount remarkable spider-orchid (C. woolcockiorum). This occurs particularly following disturbance Caladenia harringtoniae Hopper & A.P.Br. (Harrington’s spider-orchid) Vulnerable WA Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) and flooded gum (Eucalyptus rudis) swamps and flats and along creek lines in jarrah (Eucalyptus Peak flowering period: late September to early November Similar species: Caladenia startiorum, C. winfieldii; C. christineae orchid)
D.L.Jones spider-orchid) Flower-bud formation: July to September Peak flowering period: late August to early November Usually present other orchids are numerous stricta and C. verrucosa; hybrids with C. stricta and C. vurrucosa. Hybrids rarely seen with C. brumalis (winter and C. fragrantissima (scented spider-orchid) Caladenia melanema Hopper & A.P.Br. (ballerina orchid) Critically endangered WA Swamp mallet (Eucalyptus spathulata), and Melaleuca scrub on rises above salt lakes and flats Peak flowering period: August to mid September Dormant between October and late April Similar species: Caladenia dimidia, C. vulgata Caladenia orientalis (G.W.Carr) Hopper & A.P.Br. (cream spider-orchid) Endangered Victoria Coastal heathland and heathy woodland Peak flowering period: one or two flowers between and early November–December Similar species: not specified Caladenia ornata (Nicholls) D.L.Jones (ornate pink fingers) Vulnerable Victoria, SA Seasonally inundated heathlands, woodlands and heathy woodlands Peak flowering period: mainly in October sometimes as late as December Occurs as sparse individuals and small clumps Similar species: Caladenia carnea, C. coactilis, C. fuscata, C. vulgaris orchid)
Caladenia ovata R.S.Rogers (Kangaroo Island spider-orchid) Vulnerable SA Brown stringybark (Eucalyptus baxteri) tall shrubland and tall in a under-storey Peak flowering period: late September and in October Seldom flowers except after bushfires Similar species: narrow spider-orchid (Caladenia leptochila); hybridisation between narrow lipped and the Kangaroo Island spider-orchid Caladenia pallida Lindl. (rosy Critically endangered Tasmania Open eucalypt forest in lowland areas with annual rainfall less than 1000 mm; the species' historical distribution may have included a more diverse range of habitats Peak flowering period: October with peak in November Similar species: Caladenia patersonii? Caladenia procera Hopper & A.P.Br. (Carbunup king spider orchid) Critically endangered WA Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), marri (Corymbia calophylla) and peppermint (Agonis flexuosa) woodland amongst low-dense shrubs Peak flowering period: mid September to late October Similar species: Caladenia pectinata, Caladenia decora Known to hybridise with forest mantis orchid (Caladenia attingens) Caladenia pumila (dwarf Critically endangered Victoria Endemic to the Geelong area Peak flowering period: not specified Similar species: not specified orchid) orchid)
Caladenia richardsiorum (little dip spider-orchid) Endangered SA Range of habitats from exposed limestone cliffs to sheltered coastal mallee vegetation, in closed forests and low coastal scrub Vegetative growth: June to August Flower-bud formation: August Peak flowering period: Late September to early November Similar species: Caladenia valida, C. hastata, C. reticulata Caladenia rigida R.S.Rogers (stiff white spider-orchid) Endangered SA In woodland, mostly on ridges and slopes, in open places amid sedges Vegetative growth: June to July Flower-bud formation: early to late August Peak flowering period: late August to October This species seems to depend on appropriate fire regimes to keep its habitat open and is known to flower profusely after fire, but does not require fire to flower Similar species: Caladenia intuta (ghost spider-orchid); C. behnii (pink-lipped spider-orchid) may form hybrids with (C. behrii) and the veined (C. reticulata) Caladenia robinsonii G.W.Carr (Frankston Endangered Victoria Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. pryoriana woodland with a grassy under-storey dominated by Themeda triandra Peak flowering period: mainly in October Similar species: not specified orchid)
Caladenia rosella G.W.Carr (rosella spider-orchid) Endangered Victoria Box and ironbark forests, grassy dry forest and heathy dry forest Peak flowering period: August and September Flowering may be enhanced by fire Similar species: crimson spider-orchid (Caladenia concolor), elegant spider-orchid (C. formosa) Caladenia saggicola D.L.Jones (sagg spider-orchid) Critically endangered Tasmania Eucalyptus viminalis woodland with a ground layer dominated by Lomandra longifolia on well-drained, grey sandy loams; also Allocasuarina verticillata and Eucalyptus viminalis woodland on yellow to grey sandy loams over sandstone Peak flowering period: mid September and mid October This species responds well to disturbance (rabbits and horses) and is likely to respond strongly to fire Similar species: Caladenia venusta (does not occur in Tasmania), C. patersonii Caladenia sp. Kilsyth South (G.S.Lorimer 1253) Vic. Herbarium (Kilsyth South spider-orchid) Critically endangered Victoria Eucalyptus cephalocarpa grassy open forest Peak flowering period: September and October Similar species: Caladenia venusta Caladenia sylvicola D.L.Jones (forest fingers) Critically endangered Tasmania Heathy Eucalyptus tenuiramis forest on a highly isolated hillside and also in open damp Eucalyptus obliqua forest on a moist, south-facing slope, both with Peak flowering period: a few days either side of the 1 November Similar species: not specified
gravelly loam overlying mudstone; elevation range 160 m to 240 m Caladenia tensa G.W.Carr (greenscomb spider-orchid) Endangered Victoria, SA Dry open woodland in various habitats including dry cypress-pine (family Cupressaceae)/yellow gum woodland, pine/box woodland, sites, heathy woodland and mallee woodland, generally with rock outcrops Peak flowering period: late August–November Similar species: Caladenia tentaculata and C. dilatata Hybrids have been recorded with many members of the Caladenia patersonii complex i.e. C. colorata, C. brumalis, C. woolcockiorum. Hybrids have been recorded with members of the C. diltaa complex including C. verrucosa and C. toxochila Caladenia tessellata Fitzg. (thick-lipped spider-orchid) Vulnerable NSW, Victoria Low, dry sclerophyll woodland with a heathy or sometimes grassy Vegetative growth: late autumn or early winter Peak flowering period: late September to early November The species’ summer dormancy is broken in Similar species: spider-orchid is most similar to the heart-lipped (Caladenia cardiochila). is also similar to
long, green and sparsely hairy) and could be used for species identification prior to flowering Caladenia versicolor G.W.Carr (candy Vulnerable Victoria, SA River red gum flats of seasonally inundated woodland, amidst low sedges Peak flowering period: September to November Similar species: A. colorata. Member of the A. patersonii complex Caladenia viridescens Hopper & A.P.Br. (Dunsborough spider-orchid) Endangered WA Marri (Corymbia calophylla), peppermint (Agonis flexuosa) woodlands, near coastal heath Peak flowering period: mid September to late October Dormant between late November and late April Similar species: Caladenia paludosa. Occasionally hybridises with C. busselliana Caladenia wanosa A.S.George (Kalbarri Vulnerable WA Under shrubs alongside ephemeral streams and among sandstone outcrops Peak flowering period: mid August to mid September Dormant between late October and late April Similar species: Caladenia radialis Caladenia williamsiae Hopper & A.P.Br. (Williams spider orchid) Endangered WA In lateritic soils on ridges under open wandoo shrubs Peak flowering period: August to September Dormant between late October and late April Similar species: Caladenia longiclavata, C. ensata
Caladenia winfieldii Hopper & A.P.Br. (majestic Endangered WA In damp areas alongside seasonal streams, growing among low shrubs under scattered Banskia littoralis Peak flowering period: late October to late November Similar species: Caladenia harringtoniae, C. startiorum Caladenia woolcockiorum D.L.Jones (Woolcock’s Vulnerable SA Grassy, open Eucalyptus woodland and forest clearings; on rocky ledges amid Callitris Peak flowering period: August and September Seasonally variable in its flowering Similar species: C saxatilis and the C. patersonii complex, especially C. behrii and C. brumalis. Hybrids have been recorded with C. gladiolata, C saxatilis and C. tensa in disturbed sites Caladenia xanthochila D.Beardsell & C.Beardsell spider-orchid) Endangered Victoria, SA Riparian open forest dominated by Eucalyptus species Peak flowering period: late August to late September Similar species: Caladenia stellata, C. rigida Caladenia xantholeuca D.L.Jones (white rabbits) Endangered SA Grows in moss pockets on shaded rock ledges under Callitris glaucophylla Peak flowering period: September and October Similar species: C. carnea, C. coactilis. This is an outcrossing species Calochilus psednus D.L.Jones & Lavarack (Cardwell beard orchid) Endangered Queensland Occurs in Melaleuca woodland with an of dense sedges and scattered low shrubs. Peak flowering period: December to February Similar species: C. caeruleus
Corunastylis littoralis (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (Tuncurry midge Critically endangered NSW Low dense heath, in sparse shrubland and Daphne heath (Brachyloma daphnoides), and in teatree (Leptospermum spp.) thickets woodland Peak flowering period: between February and Similar species: not specified Corybas dentatus D.L.Jones (Finniss helmet-orchid) Vulnerable SA Woodland in damp sandy soil, under bracken in woodland and native pines or in shaded gorges Peak flowering period: July to August Similar species : C. incurvus Corybas montanus (small helmet-orchid) Vulnerable Queensland, NSW Mountain tops in open forest Peak flowering period: June to July Similar species: not specified Corybas sulcatus (grooved Critically endangered Tasmania Endemic to Macquarie Island on wet grassy seepage areas Peak flowering period: late spring through to early summer Similar species: not specified Crepidium lawleri (Lavarack & B.Gray) Szlach. Endangered Queensland Margin of a Pandanus swamp in a shady moist situation Peak flowering period: September Similar species: not specified Cryptostylis hunteriana Nicholls (leafless Vulnerable Victoria, NSW and Queensland Wide variety of habitats including coastal districts, heathlands, heathy woodlands, sedgelands, Peak flowering period: Victoria/NSW: December to February Similar species: large tongue-orchid (Cryptostylis subulata) and the small
forests, and Spear (Xanthorrheoa resinosa) plains Queensland: August Australia: August to February NSW: December to January (Cryptostylis leptochila) Dendrobium antennatum Lindl. Endangered Queensland Riverine in lowland gorges, growing on rainforest trees Peak flowering period: erratic but usually March to November or possibly throughout the year, with an emphasis on winter Similar species: not specified Dendrobium bigibbum Lindl. Vulnerable Queensland Epiphyte, lithophyte; branches of small trees, or on rocks, in open monsoon forests, often occurring along creeks or on rocky hillsides where fire cannot penetrate Peak flowering period: may occur between January and October, with an emphasis on March to August and the flowers last about a month Similar species: not specified Dendrobium brachypus (Endl.) Rchb.f. (Norfolk Island orchid) Endangered Norfolk Island Occurs on tree branches in forests on mountain slopes Peak flowering period: not specified Similar species: not specified Dendrobium callitrophilum B.Gray & D.L.Jones (thin feather Vulnerable Queensland, Norfolk Island Epiphyte in rain forest and rainforest margins Peak flowering period: August and September Flowers lasts about a week, changing colour Similar species: D. aemulum
from greenish-yellow to apricot as they age Dendrobium carronii Lavarack & P.J.Cribb Vulnerable Queensland Epiphyte on paper-barked species of Melaleuca in mixed open forests, but also on Xanthostemon crenulatus and Lophostemon suaveolens in swamp forests Peak flowering period: late winter or spring Similar species: closely related to D. canaliculatum R.Br. and the two species are difficult to separate when not in flower Dendrobium johannis Bateman ex Rchb.f Vulnerable Queensland Epiphyte in moist, open forests, mixed open forests and notophyll vine forests and swamp forests Peak flowering period: March to May Similar species: not specified Dendrobium lithocola (D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones Endangered Queensland Lithophytic, growing in rainforest Peak flowering period: autumn and the flowers last for about a month Similar species: not specified Dendrobium mirbelianum Gaudich Endangered Queensland Epiphytic in coastal swamps and mangroves; may grow on boulders Peak flowering period: variable and sporadic in this species, but generally occurs from August to November Similar species : Dendrobium discolor Dendrobium nindii W.Hill Endangered Queensland Mostly epiphytic in coastal swamps where it grows on Peak flowering period: July to October Similar species: not specified deciduous
a range of trees including palms and mangroves Dendrobium phalaenopsis (Fitzg.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones (Cooktown orchid) Vulnerable Queensland Epiphyte; open forests and dry scrubs often near beaches, in areas with a hot climate and extremely seasonal rainfall Peak flowering period: autumn and the flowers last about a month Occasional white flowered plants have been found Similar species: not specified Dendrobium x superbiens Rchb.f. (curly pinks) Vulnerable Queensland Stunted coastal scrubs on low trees or on rocks, often in exposed conditions occurring along creeks or on rocky hillsides where fire cannot penetrate Peak flowering period: February to June Similar species: not specified Diplocaulobium masonii (Rupp) Dockrill syn. Dendrobium stelliferum Extinct Queensland On trees on the edge of mangrove swamps in conditions of high humidity and relatively strong light Peak flowering period: not specified Similar species: not specified Dipodium pictum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Endangered Queensland Grows in or near rainforest, climbing up trees Peak flowering period: July and December Similar species: not specified Diuris aequalis F.Muell. ex Fitzg. Vulnerable NSW Montane and tableland eucalypt forest with a Peak flowering period: October to December Similar species: Diuris maculata
November, and is over by early December. Hot summer fires are likely to enhance flowering in the following flowering season Diuris lanceolata Lindl. (snake Endangered Tasmania, NSW and Queensland Coastal scrub and windswept coastal grassland and heathland among dwarfed shrubs and sedges on moist to well-drained sandy and clay loam, sometimes on rocky outcrops Peak flowering period: November to January predominantly in November Similar species: Diuris chryseopsis and D. behrii Diuris micrantha (dwarf bee-orchid) Vulnerable WA Winter-wet depressions or swamps Peak flowering period: August to early October Dormant between November and late Similar species: Bee orchid (Diuris laxiflora) Diuris ochroma D.L.Jones (pale golden moths) Vulnerable NSW, Victoria Montane riparian grassland; wet open grassland Peak flowering period: November and December Similar species: not specified Diuris pedunculata (small snake orchid) Endangered NSW, Victoria Open areas of dry scherophyll forests with grassy understories, in riparian forest, swamp Peak flowering period: August to October Similar species: Diuris longifolia and D. subalpina
forests, subalpine grassland and herbfields Diuris praecox (Newcastle doubletail) Vulnerable NSW Near-coastal districts open heathy forests Vegetative growth: winter Peak flowering period: late July to September Similar species: Lemon doubletail (D. abbreviata) Diuris purdiei Diels (Purdie’s Endangered WA Grows among native sedges in areas subject to winter inundation Peak flowering period: late September to mid October Dormant between late November and late April Flowers only after a summer fire Similar species: Diuris laevis Diuris venosa Rupp (veined doubletail) Vulnerable NSW Semi-swampy area and low-lying sites, swamp margins in tall open forest Peak flowering period: November to January Similar species: not specified Drakaea concolor Hopper & A.P.Br. (kneeling Vulnerable WA Sandy soils in open areas among heath and sedges Peak flowering period: mid August to September Dormant between November and late April Similar species: hammer orchid (Drakaea elastica) Drakaea confluens Hopper & A.P.Br. (late Endangered WA Open areas in mixed jarrah- banksia woodland Peak flowering period: late October to November Similar species: Drakaea isolata and D. livida
Dormant between December and late April Drakaea elastica (glossy-leaved hammer-orchid) Endangered WA In sandy soil adjacent to winter-wet depressions, swamps and water courses, growing in mixed woodlands, often under Kunzea species Peak flowering period: late September to early November Dormant between December and late April Drakaea elastica likes open sites and is often found on old, disused tracks and firebreaks Similar species: Kneeling hammer orchid (Drakaea concolor Drakaea isolata Hopper & A.P.Br. (lonely Endangered WA Grows with the duck orchid (Paracalaena triens) among low shrubs and mallee eucalypts on a rise above a salt lake Peak flowering period: September to early October Dormant between late November and late April Similar species: late hammer orchid (Drakaea confluens) Drakaea micrantha Hopper & A.P.Br. (dwarf Vulnerable WA Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and common sheoak (Allocasuarina fraseriana) woodland or forest associated with Banksia species Peak flowering period: early September to October Dormant between late November and late April Similar species: (Drakaea glyptodon) Epiblema grandiflorum N.Hoffman & Endangered WA Among dense sedges and Astartea fascicularis under tall paperbarks (Melaleuca Peak flowering period: late November the species appears to Similar species: not specified
Grastidium tozerense (Lavarack) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones Vulnerable Queensland On scattered small trees growing on open rocky areas with occur in the midst of the rainforest; occasionally growing on rocks Peak flowering period: the flowering time appears to be during the summer in cultivation, but plants were collected in flower in September and it is possible if flowers spasmodically throughout the year Similar species: D. baileyi Habenaria macraithii Lavarack Endangered Queensland Tall gallery forest with an open evergreen notophyll vine forest Peak flowering period: late autumn and winter Similar species: Habenaria dryadum and H. dracaenifolia (PNG species) H. hymenophylla (NT species) Microtis angusii D.L.Jones (Angus’s onion Endangered NSW Among grass in low woodland Peak flowering period: May to October Flower prolifically fire Similar species: Microtis parviflora and Microtis unifolia Microtis globula R.J.Bates mignonette Vulnerable WA In seasonally swampy areas which burnt the previous summer, growing, in peaty soils and damp sand Peak flowering period: mid December to mid January, only after hot summer fires Dormant between February and late April Similar species: none
Nematoceras dienemum (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones, M.A.Clem. & Molloy (windswept Critically endangered Macquarie Island (Tasmania) Lower coastal terraces (less than 30 m above sea level) and peat wetlands Peak flowering period: November to January Similar species: not specified Oberonia attenuata Dockrill Extinct Queensland Oberonia attenuata grew on trees in lowland rainforests, particularly those in gorges or near watercourses Peak flowering period: May and September Similar species: other Australian Oberonia species Paracaleana dixonii Hopper & A.P.Br. (sandplain duck orchid) Endangered WA Open sandy areas in heathland Peak flowering period: late October to late November Dormant between December and late April. Similar species: Paracaleana graniticola, P. brockmanii Phaius australis F.Muell. (lesser swamp-orchid) Endangered Queensland, NSW Coastal wet heath/sedgeland wetlands, swampy grassland or swampy forest; margins Peak flowering period: September to November Similar species: greater swamp-orchid (Phaius tancarvilleae) Phaius bernaysii Rowland ex. Rchb.f Endangered Queensland Protected swampy areas Peak flowering period: September to November Similar species: Phaius australis
Phaius pictus T.E.Hunt Vulnerable Queensland Rainforest close to streams or in localised patches of seepage Peak flowering period: April to June Similar species: not specified Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii (F.M.Bailey) (native moth orchid) Endangered Queensland Epiphyte; humid rainforest areas, close to waterfalls or streams, in deep gorges, sheltered slopes or gullies in notophyll vine thickets, vine thickets and in open forest Peak flowering period: December to April Similar species: not specified Plexaure limenophylax Endl. (Endl.) (Norfolk Island phreatia) Critically endangered Norfolk Island Epiphyte on tree branches Peak flowering period: not specified Similar species: Phreatia paleata Pomatocalpa marsupiale (Kraenzl.) J.J.Sm. Vulnerable Queensland high up on trees and on exposed rocks in rainforest Peak flowering period: not specified Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum affine Lindl. (Jervis Bay leek Endangered NSW Low, grassy heathland and sedgeland communities, often in a mosaic with clumps of a mallee form of red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) Peak flowering period: to mid-November Similar species: maroon leek-orchid (Prasophyllum frenchii) and P. litorale. (P. litorale only occurs in Victoria and SA)
Prasophyllum amoenum D.L.Jones (dainty leek Endangered Tasmania Buttongrass moorland habitat on damp stony loam; alpine sedgeland, sedgey heathland and bolster heathland Peak flowering period: late December to March (depending on altitude). Species may respond favourably to disturbance but not necessarily fire Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum apoxychilum D.L.Jones (tapered leek-orchid) Endangered Tasmania Coastal heathland or grassy and scrubby open eucalypt forest on sandy and clay loams, often among rocks; occurs at a range of elevations and seems to be strongly associated with dolerite in the east/south-east of its range Peak flowering period: October to December Flowering is stimulated by fire and slashing Similar species: part of the P. truncatum complex Prasophyllum atratum D.L. Jones & D.T. Rouse (three hummock Critically endangered Tasmania Sedgey heathland on grey sandy loam beside an airstrip; single known population Peak flowering period: October to November with peak in first two weeks of November The species may require disturbance to stimulate emergence and flowering and is currently only found in areas that are slashed or burned regularly Similar species: not specified
Prasophyllum bagoense (Bago leek-orchid) Critically endangered NSW Subalpine treeless plain at an elevation of approximately 1200 m that comprises at least four plant communities: Fen I; Aquatic sedgeland—alpine bog community; tall wet heathland and McPhersons Plains open heathland; adjacent eucalypt woodland Peak flowering period: December to January and fruits from December to March (season dependent) Flowering may be stimulated by fire Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum castaneum (chestnut Critically endangered Tasmania Coastal in damp shrubby and sedgey heath on sandy loam or skeletal rocky soils; subject to exposure by strong sea winds Peak flowering period: late November to January with peak in December Flowering is probably stimulated by fire and likes disturbance Similar species: P. frenchii (can be confused with P. concinnum) Prasophyllum colemaniae R.S.Rogers (lilac leek-orchid) Vulnerable Victoria Grassy woodlands Peak flowering period: October to November Similar species: P. spicatum and P. truncatum Prasophyllum correctum (gaping leek-orchid) Endangered Victoria Central Gippsland Plains kangaroo (Themeda triandra) grassland and forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis) grassy woodland Vegetative growth: mid April and mid June Flower buds develop: mid October Similar species: tawny leek-orchid (Prasophyllum fuscum)
Nicholls (Gorae leek-orchid) swamp margins which are in seasonally inundated frenchii 1, also known as P. sp. Aff. frenchii A Prasophyllum favonium D.L.Jones (western Critically endangered Tasmania Windswept, dense, low heathland on moderately drained dark grey to black sandy peaty loams Peak flowering period: October and November with peak in November Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum frenchii F.Muell. (maroon Endangered Victoria, NSW, south-east SA Open sedge swampland or in wet grassland and wet heathland generally bordering swampy regions Peak flowering period: October to December Similar species: Prasophyllum litorale R.J. Bates (coastal leek-orchid), P. niphopedium D.L. Jones (alpine marsh leek-orchid), P. rogersii Rupp (marsh P. canaliculatum D. L. Jones (channelled P. appendiculatum Nicholls (tailed P. murfetii D. L. Jones (Murfets and P. fosteri D.L. Jones (Shelford leek-orchid) Prasophyllum fuscum R.Br. (tawny leek-orchid) Vulnerable NSW Wet, low heathland on gentle slopes or in moist Peak flowering period: October to December Similar species: Prasophyllum pallens and P. uroglossum
heath, often along seepage lines Prasophyllum goldsackii J.Z.Weber & R.J.Bates (Goldsack’s Endangered SA Limestone ridges in mallee woodlands or in open scrublands Peak flowering period: late September to October. Only flowers occasionally and the flowers rarely open Similar species: Prasophyllum sp. Enigma (R.Bates 2350) Prasophyllum incorrectum (golfers leek orchid) Critically endangered Tasmania Damp native grassland and grassy eucalypt and banksia woodland on sandy loam Peak flowering period: October and November (with peak around late October; very short flowering period Likes disturbance, specifically slashing and would most likely respond strongly to grassland fires Similar species: crowded leek-orchid (P. crebriflorum) Prasophyllum limnetes D.L.Jones (marsh leek-orchid) Critically endangered Tasmania Ecotone between low-lying marshy heath/sedgeland dominated by rushes and sedges with scattered patches of Lomandra longifolia and Themeda triandra, and coastal Eucalyptus amygdalina woodland with a heathy/grassy Peak flowering period: late November to December being in full flower mid December Responds strongly to fire disturbance Similar species: not specified
single known population Prasophyllum milfordense D.L.Jones (Milford leek-orchid) Critically endangered Tasmania Eucalyptus viminalis woodland with ground layer on well-drained, grey sandy loams; single known population Restricted distribution in southern Tasmania Peak flowering period: late October to early December with a peak in November Similar species: part of the P. truncatum complex Prasophyllum morganii Nicholls (mignonette Vulnerable Victoria Open forest of Eucalyptus pauciflora ssp. pauciflora and Eucalyptus rubida Peak flowering period: October and November Similar species: Prasophyllum retroflexum Prasophyllum murfetii (Fleurieu leek Critically endangered SA Swampy sites in low-lying areas around the margins of permanent swamps or lakes Peak flowering period: November to January Similar species: Prasophyllum frenchii Prasophyllum olidum D.L.Jones (pungent Critically endangered Tasmania Damp Themeda grassland on sandy loam; single known population Peak flowering period: late November and December Very short flowering period Similar species: P. rostratum; P. diversiflorum (note: P. diversiflorum is a Victorian species)
Prasophyllum pallidum Nicholls (pale leek-orchid) Vulnerable SA South Australian blue gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) open forest, low and low woodland; long-leaved box (Eucalyptus goniocalyx) woodland; pink gum (Eucalyptus fasciculosa) low woodland and low open-woodland; grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) woodland; slender cypress pine (Callitris gracilis) pink gum low open-forest Peak flowering period: late September to early November Regeneration is thought to be stimulated by fire Similar species: Prasophyllum fitzgeraldii Prasophyllum perangustum D.L.Jones (Knocklofty Critically endangered Tasmania Grassy Eucalyptus pulchella forest on clay loam and skeletal clay loam derived from dolerite; single known population in the foothills of Mt Wellington at an altitude of about 350 m Peak flowering period: November and December Similar species: P. rogersii (note: this is a NSW species) Prasophyllum petilum & R.J.Bates (Tarengo leek orchid) Endangered ACT, NSW Grassy woodland or natural grassland Peak flowering period: late October and early November in the Ilford/Boorowa/Hall areas, and in early December in Similar species: Prasophyllum campestre
the Delegate/Captains Flat areas Associated with damp depressions which pool water after rain Prasophyllum pruinosum R.S.Rogers (plum leek-orchid) Endangered SA Open woodland habitats; usually with an overstorey of pink gum (Eucalyptus fasciculosa), South Australian blue gum (E. leucoxylon), and Callitris gracilis Peak flowering period: late September to November Similar species: P. patens complex Prasophyllum pulchellum D.L.Jones (pretty leek-orchid) Critically endangered Tasmania low sedgy heath with pockets of paperbark or tea-tree on poorly to moderately-drained sandy or peaty loam; widely scattered coastal and near-coastal sites in the north, north-west and south-east Peak flowering period: late October to December Flowering is stimulated by fire Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum robustum (Nicholls) M.A.Clem. & (robust leek-orchid) Critically endangered Tasmania Grassy and shrubby Eucalyptus amygdalina forest on well-drained brown loam derived from basalt Peak flowering period: early November Similar species: P. stellatum
Prasophyllum secutum (northern Endangered Tasmania coastal scrub in the swales of stabilised sand dunes on white to grey sands and sandy loam; the species has only ever been detected in the first few flowering seasons after high-intensity summer fires Peak flowering period: October to December Emergence and flowering is highly dependent on a hot summer fire the preceding season. In the absence of fire chances of seeing plants is extremely low Similar species: Prasophyllum secutum is most similar to P. favonium Prasophyllum sp. Wybong (C.Phelps ORG 5269) Australian National Herbarium Critically endangered NSW Open eucalypt woodland and grassland Vegetative growth: over winter and spring. Peak flowering period: spring Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum spicatum R.J.Bates & D.L.Jones (dense leek-orchid) Vulnerable Victoria, SA Grassland, heathland and heathy woodland Peak flowering period: September to November Flowering is enhanced by disturbance such as burning or slashing of the habitat, during the previous summer Similar species: P. odoratum and P. patens (P. patens is a NSW species) Prasophyllum stellatum D.L.Jones (Ben Lomond Critically endangered Tasmania Eucalyptus delegatensis forest (with Eucalyptus dalrympleana as a canopy component), with a shrubby to grassy most sites have a Peak flowering period: January to March with peak flowering of the species occurring mid to late February Similar species: P. truncatum complex most similar to P. robustum
relatively high surface rock cover with deep clay-loam soils; elevation range 555 m to 960 m Prasophyllum suaveolens D.L.Jones & R.J.Bates (fragrant leek-orchid) Endangered Victoria Grassland and open grassy woodland Peak flowering period: October and November Similar species: P. fuscum, P. correctum and P. rostratum (note: P. fuscum is a NSW species, P. rostratum is a Tasmanian species) Prasophyllum subbisectum Nicholls (Pomonal leek-orchid) Endangered Victoria Heathy woodlands and heathy open forests dominated by Eucalyptus leucoxylon sens. lat. and Eucalyptus goniocalyx Peak flowering period: October and November Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum taphanyx D.L.Jones (graveside Critically endangered Tasmania Native grassland on basaltic single known population Peak flowering period: late October and November Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum tunbridgense D.L.Jones (Tunbridge Endangered Tasmania Native grassland on loams derived from basalt Peak flowering period: October to November Very brief flowering period Similar species: Prasophyllum milfordense and P. truncatum
Prasophyllum validum R.S.Rogers (sturdy leek-orchid) Vulnerable SA Eucalyptus microcarpa woodland and low woodland; Eucalyptus leucoxylon woodland and open-forest; Eucalyptus cladocalyx association Peak flowering period: October and November Similar species: not specified Prasophyllum wallum R.J.Bates & D.L.Jones (wallum leek-orchid) Vulnerable Queensland Wallum communities and on stabilised dunes Peak flowering period: August and September Similar species: not specified Pterostylis arenicola M.A.Clem. & J.Stewart (sandhill greenhood orchid) Vulnerable SA Mallee box (Eucalyptus porosa) and drooping sheoak (Allocasuarina verticilla); golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha) +/- drooping sheoak; mallee pine (Callitris gracilis) +/- drooping sheoak; soap mallee (Eucalyptus deiversifolia) +/- golden wattle +/- drooping sheoak on in near coastal areas Vegetative growth: June Flower-bud formation: July to August Peak flowering period: September to December Highly variable species with no two plants looking the same in flower morphology and colouring Similar species: rufa greenhood (or baggy britches) Pterostylis boormanii Pterostylis atriola D.L.Jones (snug greenhood) Endangered Tasmania Dry to damp sclerophyll forest on generally stony soils, typically with an open under-storey; the species occurs at a range Peak flowering period: January to March, peaking in February, may Similar species: leafless greenhood (Pterostylis aphylla; baby greenhood (Pterostylis parviflora);
of elevations but is most strongly associated with 'winter-cold' sites (e.g. Snug Tiers) or areas receiving a moderately consistent rainfall (e.g. Wielangta, Railton) flower as late as May at some sites Some level of disturbance is thought to be required for persistence marsh greenhood (Pterostylis uliginosa) Pterostylis basaltica D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (basalt greenhood) Endangered Victoria Grows among rocks on basalt outcrops, which are scattered in grassland and sparse woodland Peak flowering period: November to January Even at flowering time the orchids can be difficult to sight Similar species: not specified Pterostylis bicornis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Vulnerable Queensland Growing in humus pockets on bare rock Peak flowering period: June and July Similar species: not specified Pterostylis bryophila D.L.Jones (Hindmarsh Valley greenhood) Critically endangered SA South Australian blue gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) and pink gum (E. fasciculosa) open forest or woodland; grassy woodland in mossy gullies along drainage lines; on steep slopes and ridges near creeks Vegetative growth: March to April Flower-bud formation: April to May Peak flowering period: May to July Flowering abundance is known to vary significantly from year to year depending on autumn rainfall Similar species: coastal greenhood (Pterostylis alveata) and P. obtusa. (Note: P. obtusa does not occur in SA)
Pterostylis cheraphila & M.A.Clem. (floodplain rustyhood) Vulnerable Victoria Floodplain in riverine woodland dominated by Eucalyptus largiflorens Peak flowering period: October and November Similar species: not specified Pterostylis chlorogramma D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. greenhood) Vulnerable Victoria, SA Moist open forest among herbs and shrubs Peak flowering period: July to September Similar species: not specified Pterostylis cobarensis M.A.Clem. (Cobar greenhood orchid) Vulnerable NSW, Qld, SA among rocks on low hills, on slopes above streams, on rocky hills, sheltered locations between rocks and under trees Peak flowering period: September to November Similar species: not specified Pterostylis commutata D.L.Jones (midland greenhood) Critically endangered Tasmania Native grassland and Eucalyptus pauciflora grassy woodland on sandy soils and basalt loams; occurs in small, loose colonies Flowering occurs from December to January usually in full flower around Christmas time The rosette is present at flowering although usually withering Similar species: P. biseta (mainland species) Pterostylis cucullata subsp. cucullata Listed at species level SA, Victoria and Tasmania Calcareous dunes and sand-sheets in areas, within Flower-bud formation: August Similar species: not specified
D.L.Jones (leafy greenhood) closed scrubs dominated by either Leptospermum laevigatum or Beyeria lechenaultii var. latifolia; sites are typically sheltered, facing south or south-easterly to westerly, with seasonally damp but well-drained humus-rich sandy loams, often with moss and deep leaf litter Peak flowering period: mid October to mid November Although this species can form massive colonies it can be difficult to detect because plants can occur among dense grass and beneath low coastal scrub Has distinctive rosettes that can be easily counted Pterostylis despectans (Nicholls) M.A.Clem. & (lowly greenhood) Endangered SA, Victoria and NSW Peppermint box (Eucalyptus odorata) grassy woodland; flat or undulating woodland or open forest of yellow gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) and grey box (E. microcarpa) or yellow gum and yellow box (E. melliodora); adjacent to red gum (E. camaldulensis) woodland; adjacent to red box (E. polyanthemos) open forests Vegetative growth: rosettes develop in winter to early spring but generally wither before the flower spike matures. Peak flowering period: late October into summer, but mostly in November and December The species is usually found in open areas where it is well camouflaged by grass and leaf litter, and may sometimes be hidden away under low shrubs; forms quite extensive Similar species: Pterostylis mirabilis, O. bisetus complex
colonies; flowers open up to a month after the leaves have withered away Pterostylis gibbosa R.Br. (Illawarra greenhood) Endangered NSW, Qld Flat, gently sloping sites on the coastal plain; woodlands with a native grass under-storey Peak flowering period: late August to early September and can last until early December under favourable conditions It has been noted that orchids that have withered due to dry conditions early in the growing season may resprout in response to good rains later in the season Similar species: not specified Pterostylis oreophila Clemesha (Kiandra greenhood) Critically endangered NSW, ACT, Victoria montane and subalpine streams under tall dense thickets of Leptospermum grandiflorum (mountain tea tree), and sphagnum mounds Peak flowering period November to January Pod development to ripening occurs from December to March Similar species: not specified Pterostylis pratensis D.L.Jones Vulnerable Tasmania Subalpine Poa labillardierei tussock grassland with patches of often stunted Olearia Peak flowering period: mid-November to Similar species: the P. mutica complex (P. mutica, P. rubenachii, P. wapstratum) and P.
(Liawenee greenhood) algida and Hakea microcarpa scrub on loamy to clay soils derived from basalt; grows in very exposed conditions at altitude of 850 m to 1100 m above sea level cycnocephala complex (P. pratensis, P. ziegeleri) Pterostylis pulchella Messmer (pretty greenhood) Vulnerable NSW Escarpments close to waterfalls, on moist, sheltered ridges, and creek banks Peak flowering period: February to May Similar species: P. grandiflora, P. ophioglossa, P. reflexa and P. obtusa Pterostylis rubenachii (Arthur River greenhood) Endangered Tasmania Dry sandy slopes of sparsely vegetated stabilised sand dunes, and also in permanently wet to moist scrubby and sedgey coastal heath converted to semi-improved pasture by regular slashing Flowering period: October to November with the peak in early November Similar species: not specified Pterostylis saxicola D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (Sydney Plains greenhood) Endangered NSW Heathy forests, in shallow sandy soil over flat sheets of sandstone and also in crevices between sandstone boulders, often in close proximity to streams Peak flowering period: October to December Similar species: P. gibbosa, P. chaetophora
Pterostylis sp. Botany Bay (A.Bishop NSW Herbarium (Botany Bay bearded greenhood Endangered NSW Grows in low coastal heathland, in moist level sites Flower bud production: July Peak flowering period: August to September Similar species: Pterostylis plumosa, P. sp. aff. plumosa (Mallee) and P. sp. aff. plumosa (Anglesea), P. tasmanica. Both P. sp. aff. plumosa (Mallee) and P. sp. aff. plumosa (Anglesea) are Victorian species Pterostylis sp. Eyre Peninsula syn. P. mirabilis (nodding rufoushood) Vulnerable SA Scrublands of broombush (Melaleuca uncinata); woodland of Callitris and Eucalypt spp. Vegetative growth: May to June Flower-bud formation: September Peak flowering period: October to December Similar species: late flowering lowly greenhood (Pterostylis despectans Pterostylis sp. Flat Rock Creek (D.L.Jones 15873 & K.J.Fitzgerald). Now named as P. vernalis Australian National Herbarium (spring tiny greenhood) Critically endangered NSW Heath and heathy forests, beneath taller shrubs Vegetative growth: late autumn or early winter following good rains Flower bud production: late winter Peak flowering period: August to October Flowering may be enhanced by summer fires Similar species: not specified
Pterostylis sp. Halbury 8425) (Halbury greenhood) syn. P. lepida Endangered SA In open mossy clearings, gaps and pathways between trees and shrubs Vegetative growth: rosette in May to June Flower bud production: July to October Peak flowering period: mid-August and early November Similar species: Boormans rustyhood (Pterostylis boormanii), morphologically similar ruddyhood (Pterostylis pusilla) Pterostylis sp. Hale (R.Bates 21725) SA Herbarium) (Hale dwarf greenhood) Endangered SA Mallee and in heathy woodland Peak flowering period: August to September Similar species: Pterostylis nana complex Pterostylis sp. Northampton (S.D.Hopper 3349) WA Herbarium (Northampton midget greenhood), syn P. sinuata Endangered WA Winter-wet areas among low scrub heath. Populations also found on sandy loam slopes with low shrubs Peak flowering period: early August to early September Dormant between October and late Prefers open, well lit, moist areas and disappears when density of vegetation increases Similar species: Pterostylis mutica Pterostylis tenuissima Nicholls (swamp greenhood) Vulnerable Victoria and south-east SA Leptospermum lanigerum tall closed shrubland in swamps or along watercourses that are Peak flowering period: mainly between October and February, but has been observed throughout the year Similar species: not specified
seasonally inundated with freshwater Pterostylis valida (Nicholls) D.L.Jones (robust greenhood) Critically endangered Victoria Granite slopes in shallow pockets of soil in open woodland Peak flowering period: October and November Similar species: those of the Pterostylis excelsa complex Pterostylis wapstrarum D.L.Jones (fleshy greenhood) Critically endangered Tasmania Native grassland and grassy woodland (Eucalyptus pauciflora and Eucalyptus viminalis) on basalt and dolerite soils Peak flowering period: October to November Similar species: species in the P. mutica complex (P. mutica, P. rubenachii, P. wapstrarum) and P. cycnocephala complex (P. pratensis, P. ziegeleri) Pterostylis x aenigma D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (enigmatic greenhood) Endangered Victoria Floodplains of montane watercourses grasses and sedges in woodland and open forest Peak flowering period: November and December Similar species: Pterostylis falcata and Pterostylis cucullata Pterostylis xerophila M.A.Clem. (desert greenhood) Vulnerable SA, Victoria Semi-arid regions in open mallee scrublands, on ‘buckshot’ rise under thickets of Melaleuca uncinata and on sand dunes under Leptospermum coriaceum Flower-bud formation: August to September Peak flowering period: August to December, but mostly in October and November Morphology of the flowers of Victorian plants varies Similar species: P. xerophila
considerably between populations Pterostylis ziegeleri D.L.Jones (grassland greenhood) Vulnerable Tasmania Slopes of low, stabilised sand dunes and in grassy dune swales in coastal areas, while in the midlands it grows in native grassland or grassy woodland on well-drained clay loams derived from basalt Peak flowering period: September to December, with peak in October Similar species: the P. mutica complex (P. mutica, P. rubenachii, P. wapstrarum) and P. cycnocephala complex (P. pratensis, P. ziegeleri) Rhinerrhizopsis matutina D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Vulnerable Queensland Epiphyte in notophyll vine forests and in mesophyll vine forest Peak flowering period: flowering is erratic with the main period being from July to September Similar species: No Rhizanthella gardneri R.S.Rogers (Western Australian underground Endangered WA Grows in thickets with broom bush (Melaleuca spp.) Peak flowering period: May to June (northern populations) and June to July (southern populations) Dormant between October and late April Similar species: has been confused for the underground fungi stink-horn fungus (Colus pusillus) and earthstar fungus (Geastrum spp.) as well as a parasitic angiosperm Orobanche minor Rhizanthella slateri (Rupp) M.A.Clem. & Endangered NSW Terrestrial saprophytic; Eucalyptus forest Peak flowering period: October and November Similar species: not specified deciduous
P.J.Cribb (eastern underground orchid) Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii F.Muell. (ravine orchid) Vulnerable NSW, Queensland Epilithic or terrestrial herb, rarely an epiphyte. On rocks or escarpments in moist, heavily shaded conditions in ravines; usually near streams and waterfalls; in wet sclerophyll forest and subtropical rainforest Peak flowering period: October to November Similar species: S. hartmannii Sarcochilus hartmannii (waxy sarcochilus) Vulnerable NSW, Queensland Lithophytic herb, occasionally epiphytic. Exposed, bluffs and slopes, or sclerophyll forests, but sometimes grows near creeks Peak flowering period: September to November Similar species: S. aequalis and S. fitzgeraldii Sarcochilus hirticalcar (Dockrill) M.A.Clem. & B.J.Wallace Vulnerable Queensland Rainforest species, grows on rainforest trees, favouring flaky-barked trees Peak flowering period: November and December Similar species: not specified Sarcochilus roseus (Clemesha) Clemesha Vulnerable Queensland Epiphytic evergreen; in dryish exposed or Peak flowering period: October to December Similar species: S. ceciliae Sarcochilus weinthalii F.M. Vulnerable NSW, Queensland Epiphytic on trees in dry rainforest at altitudes Peak flowering period: August to October Similar species: not specified
Bailey (blotched sarcochilus) Spathoglottis plicata Blume Vulnerable Queensland Grows in or near swamps and in grassy patches near streams Peak flowering period: any time between July and April but the main season is from September to April Similar species: S. paulinae Taeniophyllum muelleri Lindl. ex Benth. (minute orchid) Vulnerable NSW, Queensland, Norfolk Island Epiphyte of rainforest and vine forest (open and closed) Peak flowering period: not specified Similar species: Taeniophyllum norfolkianum Taeniophyllum norfolkianum D.L.Jones, B.Gray & M.A.Clem. (minute Vulnerable Norfolk Island Epiphytic orchid. Underside of branches of the Norfolk Island pine in shaded gullies and lower slopes in closed forests Peak flowering period: August to October Similar species: very similar to T. muelleri Thelymitra cyanapicata Jeanes (blue top Critically endangered SA Manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), open swampy woodland Peak flowering period: October and early November The flowers open only in warm, humid weather Similar species: others in the Thelymitra pauciflora complex Thelymitra epipactoides F.Muell. (metallic sun-orchid) Endangered SA, Victoria Mesic coastal heathlands, grasslands, sedgelands and woodlands, but is also found in drier inland Vegetative growth: leaves can be seen as early as April and continue to grow throughout winter. Similar species: T. grandiflora
heathlands, open forests and woodlands Peak flowering period: August to November Flowering plants are only found after fires Flowers open when the relative humidity is than 52%, air temperature is above 15 °C, and there are clear skies Thelymitra jonesii Jeanes (sky-blue sun-orchid) Endangered Tasmania coastal heath on sandy to peaty soils and Eucalyptus obliqua forest in deep loam soils over dolerite Peak flowering period: about a week either side of 1 November This species responds strongly to hot fires Similar species: Thelymitra azurea and Thelymitra occidentalis Thelymitra kangaloonica Jeanes Critically endangered NSW Seasonally swampy sedgeland, highly localised, being restricted to the Peak flowering period: late October and early November The strongly scented flowers open fairly readily on sunny days. Surveys within the known locations require methodical surveying of the main swamps (Butler's Swamp and Stockyard Swamp) Similar species: species of sun-orchids (Thelymitra spp.)
Thelymitra manginii R.S.Rogers (cinnamon sun orchid) Endangered WA Open wandoo woodland in granite areas Peak flowering period: early November Dormant between December and late April Similar species: Thelymitra stellata, T. jacksonii and T. yorkensis Thelymitra matthewsii Cheeseman (spiral sun-orchid) Vulnerable SA, Victoria Open forests and woodlands Peak flowering period: late August to early October It is a post-disturbance coloniser Similar species: T. spiralis (WA) Thelymitra psammophila C.R.P.Andrews (sandplain Vulnerable WA Sandy-clay and lateritic claysoil in open heath and sedges Peak flowering period: September to early October Dormant between November to late April Similar species: Thelymitra flexuosa Thelymitra stellata Lindl. (star Endangered WA Lateritic soil, growing amongst low heath and scrub in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) woodland, on ridges, slopes, and breakaways Peak flowering period: late September in northern populations and October to November near Perth. Flowers remain closed overnight and during cool overcast weather Similar species: Thelymitra magnifica Thelymitra xmackibbinii Vulnerable Victoria Woodlands within associations Flowering occurs from early September to early October Similar species: not specified