Pest Present in Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga or Vanuatu Present in Australia Potential to be on fresh Tahitian lime fruit pathway Potential for establishment and spread of pest Potential for economic consequences Pest risk assessment required ARTHROPODS (mites) Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1936) [Tenuipalpidae] Red crevice mite The taxonomy of the Brevipalpus phoenicis complex has recently been revised (Beard et al. 2015). Further identification of specimens is being undertaken to verify the species present in these Pacific Island countries. Cook Islands, Tonga (SPC 2016; Stout 1982). Yes. NSW, NT, Qld and WA (CSIRO 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead, 1879) [Eriophyidae] Citrus rust mite Cook Islands, Vanuatu (SPC 2016). Yes. NSW, Qld and WA (CABI 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) [Tarsonemidae] Broad mite Cook Islands, Samoa (Stout 1982; SPC 2016). Yes. NSW, Qld and WA (CABI 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Tetranychus neocaledonicus (André, 1933) [Tetranychidae] Vegetable spider mite Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Vanuatu (SPC 2016; Stout 1982). Yes. NSW, Qld and WA (Gutierrez and Schicha 1983), NT 2008), WA (Botha et al. 2014). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Coleoptera (beetles, weevils) Bradymerus amicorum (Fairmaire, 1849) [Tenebrionidae] Tenebrionid beetle Samoa, Tonga (Kaszab 1955). No record No. This beetle is associated with dead bark (Kaszab 1955). Unlikely to be present on fruit. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Diptera (flies)
Coccus viridis (Green, 1889) [Coccidae] Soft scale Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Williams and Watson 1990; Garcia Morales et al. 2016). Yes. NSW, NT, Qld and WA 2005; Poole 2010). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) [Pseudococcidae] Pineapple mealybug Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Williams and Watson 1988b). Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Tas. and WA (Garcia Morales et al. 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, 1959 [Pseudococcidae] Grey pineapple mealybug Cook Islands, (Williams and Watson 1988b). No record Yes. Lime is a host (Williams and Watson This mealybug is normally found on the aerial parts of host plants including the fruit (Martin Kessing et al. 2007c). Yes. This species could potentially establish in tropical regions of Australia, and possibly subtropical areas as well, especially where pineapples are grown (Martin Kessing et al. 2007c). Other hosts include bananas, taro and coffee (Garcia Morales et al. 2016). Yes. This species is one of the most serious mealybug pests in Hawaii. It is implicated in vectoring mealybug wilt and green spot disease in pineapples (Martin Kessing et al. 2007c). Yes Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell, 1893) [Pseudococcidae] Striped mealybug Cook Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Williams and Watson 1988b). Yes. NSW, NT, Qld and WA (Poole 2010). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No
Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar, 1821) [Cicadellidae] Glassy winged sharp shooter Cook Islands (CABI 2016) No record found. No. on the xylem of host plants, so typically found on stems and leaves. Oviposition is generally into the leaves of plants, forming blister-like patches. However, oviposition does occur in the rind of citrus fruit which causes significant scarring of the fruit and makes the fruit unsaleable (Blua et al. 1999; Phillips 2000). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Howardia biclavis (Comstock, 1883) [Diaspididae] Mining scale Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Williams and Watson 1988a). Yes. Qld (Donaldson and Tsang 2002). Declared Organism (Prohibited - section 12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017). No. Lime trees are a host, but this scale is usually found on twigs and branches, where it settles in the bark tissue (Garcia Morales et al. 2016). Rarely on leaves and fruit of hosts (Miller and Davidson 2005). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879 [Monophlebidae] Cottony cushion scale Tonga (Williams and Watson 1990). Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., WA (Houston 2002). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Icerya seychellarum (Westwood, 1855) [Monophlebidae] Seychelles fluted scale Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Williams and Watson 1990). Yes. NT, Qld (AFD 2016), WA (Poole 2010). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No
Ischnapsis longirostris (Signoret, 1882) [Diapididae] Black thread scale Cook Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Williams and Watson 1988a). Yes. NT, Qld, SA (Watson 2016). No. Not reported as a pest of citrus in the Pacific, and no records on limes. A specimen was collected from an unspecified part of a Citrus sp. in Rarotonga in 1937 (Williams and Watson 1988a). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman, 1869) [Diaspididae] Mussel scale Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Garcia Morales et al. 2016). Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic. (Garcia Morales et al. 2016) and WA (Poole 2010). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard, 1869) [Diaspididae] Glover scale Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga (Williams and Watson 1988a). Yes. NSW, Qld, Vic and WA 2010). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius, 1775) [Coreidae] Passionvine bug Cook Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (SPC 2016, as Leptoglossus australis). Yes. NSW, NT, Qld (Cassis et al. 2012) and WA (APPD 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpré and Charmoy, 1899) [Diaspididae] Diaspine scale Cook Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Williams and Watson 1988a; Watson 2016). No record found. No. Reported from a number of citrus species including limes, but is associated with the leaves (Stout 1982; Watson 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Mictis profana (Fabricius, 1803) [Coreidae] Crusader bug Samoa, Tonga (Stout 1982). Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic. and WA (Cassis et al. 2012). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No
Planococcus (Maskell, 1897) [syn.: Planococcus pacificus Cox, 1981] [Pseudococcidae] Pacific mealybug Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Williams and Watson 1988b). Yes. NSW, NT, Qld and SA (Cox 1989). Declared Organism (Prohibited - section 12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017). Yes. Recorded on limes in Vanuatu (Williams and Butcher 1987). This species can be spread via trade in fruit (Venette and Davis 2004; Francis et al. 2012). Yes. This species is polyphagous and has a high reproductive rate, and has successfully established in a number of countries following its introduction (Francis et al. 2012). Yes. This species is a serious pest in some countries. It can affect such as banana, citrus, cocoa, coffee, corn, grape, mango, potato and soybean (Venette and Davis 2004). Yes (WA) Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green, 1896) [Diaspididae] Trilobite scale (SPC 2016), Vanuatu (Williams and Butcher 1987). Yes. NT, Qld (Donaldson and Tsang 2002; (Garcia Morales et al. 2016). Declared Organism (Prohibited - section 12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017). No. Recorded on citrus, but found on the leaves (Watson 2016; Hill 2008). On other hosts it may be found on bark, leaves or fruit (Miller and Davidson 2005). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, 1918 [Pseudococcidae] Cryptic mealybug Samoa (Williams and Watson 1988b). Yes. Present in northern Queensland (QDAF 2016). Declared Organism (Prohibited - section 12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017). Yes. Commonly found on citrus, including limes. Concealed fruit is heavily attacked (Williams and Watson 1988b). Yes. This species is polyphagous and has a wide distribution globally, indicating a potential to establish and spread (Garcia Morales et al. 2016). Yes. This species is an important citrus pest in Japan (Arai 2002), and was a serious pest in Israel following its introduction there (Garcia Morales et al. 2016). Yes (WA)
Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841) [Aphididae] citrus aphid Cook Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (SPC 2016). Yes. Qld, Tas., Vic. (Hollis and Eastop 2005) and WA (APPD 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy, 1907) [Aphididae] Brown citrus aphid Cook Islands, Samoa (SPC 2016), Tonga (Carver et al. 1993), Vanuatu (CABI 2016). Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Vic. and WA (Hollis and Eastop 2005). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Unaspis citri (Comstock, 1883) [Diaspididae] Citrus snow scale Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga, Vanuatu (Waterhouse and Norris 1987). Yes. NSW and Qld (Donaldson and Tsang 2002). Declared Organism (Prohibited - section 12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017). Yes. Citrus is a host. Usually found on the trunk and branches, but occasionally present on fruit and leaves (Miller and Davidson 2005). Yes. This species has a broad host range including a number of citrus species (Garcia Morales et al. 2016). It is already present in eastern Australia, so could potentially establish if introduced to parts of Western Australia. Yes. This species is a serious pest of major economic importance (Miller and Davidson 2005). Yes (WA) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Cleora samoana Butler, 1886 [Geometridae] Forest looper caterpillar Niue, Samoa, Tonga (Stout 1982). No record found. No. Lime is a host, but the larvae feed on leaves 1982). Not likely to be present on fruit. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliére, 1867) [Pyralidae] blossom moth Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga (Stout 1982). No record found. No. Lime is reported as a host (Stout 1982), but this pest is unlikely to be present on mature fruit harvested for export. Larvae may feed on rind of immature fruit, causing premature yellowing and fruit drop (Silva and Mexia 1999). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No
Eudocima phalonia (L., 1763) [syn.: Othreis fullonica (L., 1767); Eudocima fullonia (Clerck, 1764)] [Noctuidae] Fruit piercing moth Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga, Vanuatu (Stout 1982). Yes. NSW, NT, Qld (CSIRO 2016) and WA (APPD 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Eudocima salaminia (Cramer, 1777) [Noctuidae] Fruit piercing moth Samoa, Tonga (Stout 1982), Vanuatu (Muniappan et al. 2002). Yes. NSW, NT and Qld (CSIRO 2016). Declared Organism (Prohibited - section 12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017). No. Adults feed on citrus, but only at night, so will not be present when fruit is harvested. Eggs are laid on the leaves of Stephania japonica and other Menispermaceae plants on which the larvae feed (Muniappan et al. 2002). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No CHLOROPHYTA: Ulvophyceae Trentepohliales (green algae) Cephaleuros virescens Künze ex E.M.Fries 1832 [Trentepohliales: Trentepohliaceae] Algal leafspot Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga (Dingley et al. 1981), Vanuatu (SPC 2016). Yes. WA (APPD 2016). No. Reported on lime trees in Samoa (Dingley et al. 1981). Usually attacks the leaves and stems (Marlatt and Alfieri 1981). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No CHROMALVEOLATA: Oomycota Peronosporales (water moulds) Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan 1896 [Peronosporaceae] Brown rot Cook Islands (Dingley et al. 1981), Samoa, Tonga (SPC 2016). Yes. Qld (Simmonds 1966), SA (Cook and Dube 1989), Tas. (Sampson and Walker 1982) and WA (Shivas 1989). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No
Chaetothyrium javanicum (Zimm.) Boedijn 1931 [Chaetothyriaceae] Sooty mould Tonga (Dingley et al. 1981, as Phaeosaccardinula javanica). No record found No. Sooty moulds are superficial fungi found on the leaves, stems and fruit of trees that have been infested with honeydew excreting insects (Timmer 2000). Affected fruit would be removed from the pathway prior to export. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Cryptosporiopsis citri P.R.Johnst. & Full. 1988 [Dermateaceae] Leaf spot Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu (Johnston and Fullerton 1988). Yes. NT (Ray et al. 2008), Qld (Johnston and Fullerton 1988). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Diaporthe citri (H.S.Fawc.) F.A.Wolf 1926 [Diaporthaceae] Melanose Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga (Dingley et al. 1981; Stout 1982, as Diaporthe citri). Yes. NSW (Letham 1995), Qld (Simmonds 1966) and WA (ALA 2016). Assessment not required. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No
Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) [Pospiviroidae] Cook Islands et al. 2005), Samoa (Davis et al. 2006a). Yes. NSW, NT and Qld (CABI 2016). Yes. All citrus species are susceptible to infection, but may remain symptomless. Infection is systemic, so some viroids could be present in the fruit. No. Not to be transmitted from citrus fruit or seed (CABI 2016). Fresh lime fruit will not provide a pathway for transmission to a susceptible host, so the viroid is unlikely to be able to establish. Assessment not required. No VIRUSES Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) [Ophioviridae] Psorosis Note: Psorosis is thought to be caused by a complex of several viruses Samoa (Davis et al. 2006a), Tonga (Davis et al. 2006b). Yes. NSW (Letham 1995), Qld (Simmonds 1966), SA (Cook and Dube 1989) and Vic. (Washington and Nancarrow 1980). No. Fruit may have chlorotic ring-shaped symptoms on the surface. Infected trees have low yields and produce poor quality fruit (Sofy et al. 2007), which are unlikely to be suitable for export. Assessment not required. Assessment not required. No Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) [Closteroviridae] Tristeza, lime dieback Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga (Davis et al. 2010). Yes. NSW (Letham 1995), Qld (Simmonds 1966), SA (Cook and Dube 1989) and Vic. (Washington and Nancarrow 1980). Several strains, but not all, are present in Australia (PHA 2016). Yes. Citrus aurantifolia (key lime) is reported as a host in the Pacific Islands (Davis et al. 2010), and Tahitian lime is also a likely host. Virus is present in the phloem, so could be present in the limes, although affected trees are unlikely to yield export quality fruit. No. Not known to be seed borne (CABI 2016). Fresh lime fruit will not provide a pathway for transmission to a susceptible host, so the virus is unlikely to be able to establish and spread. Assessment not required. Unlikely to establish and spread via fresh fruit. No