20-24 73.7 20-24 54.8 25-29 66.4 25-29 55.1 30-34 67.6 30-34 48.7 35-39 64.7 35-39 53.8 40-44 65.3 40-44 62.6 45-49 75.4 45-49 62.7 50-54 80.6 Source: Demographic and Health Survey, 2004; National Statistical Office Table 3.2 Women Participation in Selected Sectors CATEGORY STATISTICS BY YEAR (%) 1991 2000 Ratio of boys to girls in Primary and Secondary School 79.7 91.8 1990 2006 Ration of young Literate women to men (age 15 – 24) 67.6 86.1 1990 2000 2006 in national parliament 10 8 13.6 1990 2000 2004 Share of women employed in the non-agricultural sector 10.5 11.8 12.4 Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2007 (MDGs, Goal 3) During the public consultations and investigations for this study, it was quite clear that women continue to dominate in some roles in subsistence agriculture. There was a similar trend to the one clarified in the above paragraph, with most women involved in basic work while the work that has some cash implications tends to be for men. Table 3.3 gives results of the survey on gender roles in agriculture according to the districts, regions and national levels. Table 3.3 Gender Allocation Activities in the Districts Visited ACTIVITY DISTRICT Central Region Southern Region Northern Region TOTAL Mchinji Salima Lilongwe Ntcheu Totals in Central Region Chikwawa Blantyre Mulanje Machinga Totals in Southern Region Nkhatabay Karonga Mzimba Totals in Northern Region TOTALS (NATIONAL) Preparation of gardens M 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 F 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 9 C 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 1 1 2 2 Registration for inputs M 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 11 F 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 4 C 0 0 0 0
Table 5.1: Project Activities and their Potential Impacts on the Various Environmental and Social Components ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL COMPONENTS Ecosystems Land Resources Soils Surface water resources Surface water quality Groundwater resources Groundwater quality Flora Fauna Air quality Rural livelihoods Future land use options Local economy National economy HIV and AIDS Aesthetic and amenity values Gender PROJECT COMPONENT / ACTIVITIES COMPONENT 1 Functional review and transformation for SWAp X X X X Technical systems and skills development X X X X COMPONENT 2 Gender mainstreaming X X X X X Vegetation clearing X X X X X X X X X Reduced Soil tillage X X X X X X X X X Inadequate financial resources to purchase farm inputs X X X Increased pressure on land due to increased access to inputs X X X X X X X X Increased agro-chemical availability, application/ accumulation as more and more inputs are made available to farmers X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Increase in (and complementary crop) varieties X X X X X X X X X X X Labour based impacts X X X Increase in conservation farming practices and use of organic manure X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Crop rotations X X X X X X X X X X
Intercropping leguminous seeds X X X X X X X X X X X Increasing rates of improved technology transfer and adoption X X X X X X X Rainwater management X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Increase in agricultural extension services X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Strengthening information flow X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Researcher-led experimentation X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Refurbishment of one warehouse X X Increased crop harvesting X X X X Cross border trade X X X X X X Project phase out X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X COMPONENT 3 Project Coordination X X X X Component 4 Rehabilitation of roads X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Spot improvement X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Upgrading to paved roads X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Maintenance of rehabilitated X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Notes: X indicates the component of the environment that the project has potential impacts (may be negative or positive).
5.2 Impacts and their mitigation measures COMPONENT ACTIVITY ENVIRONMENTAL/ SOCIAL COMPONENT AFFECTED POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Component 1, Subcomponent 1.1: Change Management Functional review and transformation for SWAp Livelihoods Economy Gender Improvement on the national economy through more efficient and effective management of resources Improvement on performance of MoAFS as a result of streamlining functions and responsibilities Sensitivity of current employees: Fear of Loss of jobs Fear of Loss of control/autonomy Fear of marginalisation (women) and being left out in key positions Sensitisation of staff on change Properly planned exit strategies and payment of terminal benefits to Gender mainstreaming Component 1, Subcomponent 1.3: Institutional Development Technical systems and skills development Economy Rural livelihoods Gender Improvement on the national economy Improvement of individual skills higher performance and sustainability of the research and technical support systems Staff motivation Fear of marginalisation (women) and being left out in training and opportunities Gender mainstreaming grading
Component 2, Sustainable food security Gender mainstreaming Economy, Rural livelihoods, Gender, HIV and AIDS Both local and national economy improved as men and women participate equally in Agriculture Rural livelihoods improved as more people and women get empowered HIV and AIDS prevalence reduced as more women get more empowered to make decisions. Vegetation clearing for preparation of gardens Ecosystems, Soils, Water, Flora, Local economy, Aesthetics loosened up and exposed to erosion Surface resources silted and natural storage reduced due to loosened soils Surface water quality degraded by silt Ground water recharge reduced from rapid runoff degraded and fauna habitat destroyed Promote conservational farming and agro-forestry clearing of vegetation before the onset of heavy rains Construct contour bunds, ridges and plant vetiver grass to trap silt and enhance ground water recharge Control vegetation clearing Preserve some areas to retain grass for thatch and plants for medicines
Local resources reduced by cleared useful grass, plants and trees General aesthetics degraded Reduced soil tillage Ecosystems, Soils, Surface water resources and quality, Rural livelihoods, Economy, Aesthetics, Gender Ecosystems preserved due to less disturbance of soil and vegetation Soils protected from rains resources preserved due to reduced siltation of reservoirs Surface water quality improved due to reduced silt livelihoods and economy improved by improved productivity from minimum tillage Aesthetics improved by maintenance of natural ground and less gullies Women and men relieved of strenuous tillage works Inadequate financial resources to purchase farm inputs Land, Livelihoods, Gender Reduced harvests and adverse impacts on livelihoods Re-establish farmer clubs where farmers can easily access loans
More land required to compensate for poor agricultural practices Conflicts for land due to jealousy or envy for accessing inputs (marginalisation of the disadvantaged groups) Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on the availability and limitation of Educate farmers on the eligibility and modality of farm inputs distribution Increased agricultural activity due to increased access to inputs Ecosystems, Land, Soils, Water, Flora Fauna, HIV and AIDS and Gender Discrimination or conflicts villagers over eligibility to the free subsidy program Increased exploitation of land in anticipation for subsidised inputs Degradation of ecosystems, land, soil, water flora and fauna as more land is exploited Marginalisation of disadvantaged groups over access to land and inputs Educate community either through radios or newspapers on the beneficiaries of the program Promote IGAs for additional income generation to provide alternatives for those not eligible for subsidised inputs Set up committees to resolve disputes with assistance of leaders Increased availability, application/ accumulation as more and more inputs are Ecosystems, Land, Water, Fauna, Rural livelihoods, local and national economies improved due to increase in crop Ecosystems degraded Land, soils and water contaminated by Educate farmers on associated with the use of agro-chemicals on the environment, vegetation,
made available to farmers Air, livelihoods, and national economy, Health and safety, HIV and AIDS HIV an AIDS decreased as women get more financially empowered and independent Livelihoods and community socioeconomic relationships improved as more food is produced and as people associate more through farming and commercial interactions Households are able to consume more Improving people’s health and children’s education through better feeding Animals and vegetation poisoned and contaminated by Air quality degraded from sprays Misuse, overuse and of pesticides due to easy availability Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning HIV and AIDS increased as men get more disposable income fauna and water resources, and on human beings. Provide technical advice on proper use (location and timing) of agro-chemicals. Provide and promote protective clothes. Promote Integrated Pest Management (see Pest Management Plan). Advocate for bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control methods and on farm manure production because farmers complain on labour to transport manure from home to the field Increase in (and complementary crop) varieties Ecosystems, flora, rural livelihoods, future land use options, economy, health and safety, HIV and AIDS, Gender Soils conserved by varieties that need minimum or no tillage Rural livelihoods improved by increased harvest Improving people’s health and children’s education through better feeding Future land use options increased as less land is Ecosystems, flora and fauna disturbed by new crop varieties Potential for introduction of invasive species Flora affected by new varieties Local communities affected by different food taste Ensure new crop varieties are approved and compatible with ecosystems As far as possible, ensure crop varieties are of acceptable taste by the communities
used for same quantity harvested Local and national economies improved from increased harvests HIV and AIDS prevalence reduced by better nutrition as more food becomes available Gender division of labour improved as less work is required. Labour based impacts Rural livelihoods, HIV and AIDS, Gender Reduced overall labour as some farming elements are made easy or eliminated (e.g. minimum or no tillage) Increase in child labour for inputs application and harvesting Increase in strenuous activities for HIV and AIDS affected Increase in farm based activities for men, children and women (e.g. input collection and application, organic manure preparation and application and crop harvesting) Child labour law enforcement and community sensitization Provide opportunities for farmers to access bicycles on soft loans Facilitate produce marketing and income generating activities for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out labour.
Crop rotation Ecosystems, soils, water, flora, rural livelihoods, economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender Improved soils Improved ecosystems due to improved Improved vegetative cover and animal habitat Improved livelihoods for the communities Improved local and national economies due to better yields More labour required for preparation of fields Since women are more involved in farming, gender division of labour might affect women more Requires more land HIV and AIDS affected may be subjected to more work Introduce IGAs for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out some filed work Educate farmers in appropriate crop rotation to minimise land requirements Intercropping leguminous seeds Ecosystems, Land resources, Soils, Water, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender Improved soils due to nitrogen fixation Improved vegetative and animal habitat Improved livelihoods for the communities from additional food and income Improved local and national economies Less land used for different types of crops Crops may compete for food and nutrients More types of pests to deal with Selective pesticide and fertilizer application on different crops may be difficult Higher labour input due to different peak labour demand Apply selective inter cropping Selection of pesticides to a wide range of pests Suitable fertilizers for intercropping Engage in IGAs to be able to pay for some activities Increasing rates of improved technology transfer and adoption Livelihoods, Land use, Economy, HIV and AIDS, Gender Improved livelihoods as farmers benefit from increased yields from technology improvement Improved land resources use and management as the production per unit of land Failure to adopt new agricultural technologies by farmers (problems with change of mindset) Conduct field demonstrations on new technologies
Improved local economy due to efficient and effective use of water Increase in agricultural extension services Ecosystems, Land resources, Soils, Flora, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS Gender Improved ecosystems Improved land as gullies will be reduced Improved soils Improved surface and groundwater quality Increased surface and groundwater resources Improved vegetative and animal habitat Improved livelihoods for the communities Improved air quality Improved local and national economy Improved awareness of gender and HIV and AIDS issues Improved socioeconomic relationships Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff Provide and adequate extension staff Strengthening information flow Ecosystems, Land resources, Water, Flora, Improved ecosystems Improved land as gullies will be reduced Improved soils
Fauna, livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender Improved surface and groundwater quality Increased surface and groundwater resources Improved vegetative cover and animal habitat Improved livelihoods for the communities Improved air quality Improved and national economy Improved awareness of gender and HIV and AIDS issues Improved socioeconomic relationships Researcher-led experimentation Ecosystems, Land resources, Soils, Flora, Fauna, communities, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender Improved ecosystems Improved land as gullies will be reduced Improved soils Increased surface and groundwater resources Improved vegetative cover and animal habitat Improved livelihoods for the communities Improved air quality Pollution of surface and groundwater from chemicals Ensure waste from research laboratories is adequately and properly treated
Improved and national economy Improved awareness of gender and HIV and AIDS issues Improved socioeconomic relationships Increased crop harvesting Economy, Livelihoods, HIV and AIDS, Gender Improvement of the economy and livelihoods as more food is available for consumption and sale Improved people’s health and children’s education through better feeding Improved management of HIV and AIDS impacts as people have access to sufficient food Gender streamlining eased as women become more economically empowered Lack of markets to sell farm produce Promote formation of farmer associations and cooperatives, which could easily access markets Link ASWAp with other programmes that aim at improving transport and access to markets and inputs by farmers Cross boarder trade Economy, Livelihoods, Infrastructure, Aesthetics, HIV and AIDS, Improved local and national economy livelihoods for the communities Improved socioeconomic relationships Increased risk of HIV and AIDS, Awareness campaigns on the risks of HIV and AIDS promoted through cross boarder relationships with highly mobile and sexually active persons
Component 3, Project coordination Preparation and management of project work plans, financial and procurement operations Rural livelihoods, Economy & gender Improved and national economy and livelihoods for the communities as a result of efficient and effective targeting of financial, human and technical resources. Component 4, Improvement and maintenance of unpaved rural roads Improvement and Rehabilitation of feeder roads Ecosystems, Land resources, Soils, Water, Flora, Fauna, Local communities, Rural livelihoods, Economy, HIV and AIDS and Gender Creation of employment opportunities Improved transportation system Increased economic activities Improved access to markets Increased access to health care Improved livelihoods for the communities Improved local and national economy Improved awareness of gender and HIV and AIDS issues Increased soil erosion due to topsoil removal and excavations Soil pollution due to spillage of rehabilitation materials Land degradation due to quarrying, burrow pits and gravel winning Deteriorating water quality due to spillage of oil, lubricants and hazardous substance Air pollution from dust generated by rehabilitation works Limit rehabilitation works to the road corridor Re-vegetate all disturbed areas Control flow of water to reduce erosion and siltation through engineering solutions such as intercepting gutters, check dams and gutters Rehabilitate all quarry and burrow pits after civil works Haul should be regularly maintained
Table 5.3 Evaluation of Negative Impacts Component 1: IMPACTS FROM FUNCTIONAL REVIEW AND TRANSFORMATION FOR SWAp Sensitivity of current employees Fear of Loss of jobs Fear of Loss of control/autonomy Fear of marginalisation -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 5 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 1 TOTAL SCORE - 9 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENS
Soil erosion Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigation measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 10 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENS Siltation Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 3 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – cautionary principle. - 3 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 13 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENS Degradation of Surface Water Quality -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 3 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 3 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 SCORE - 13 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENS Reduced Groundwater Recharge due to Rapid Runoff Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 1 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 1 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 1 TOTAL SCORE - 4 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INADEQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PURCHASE SUBSIDISED INPUTS OR FROM DELAYS IN DISTRIBUTING INPUTS Reduced Agricultural Production Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1
Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to Definite. Unavoidable. - 1 Duration term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 2 TOTAL SCORE - 6 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY DUE TO INCREASED ACCESS TO INPUTS Conflicts over access to inputs Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1
Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 2 TOTAL SCORE - 8 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED AGRO-CHEMICAL AVAILABILITY, APPLICATION/ACCUMULATION AS MORE INPUTS ARE MADE AVAILABLE TO FARMERS Ecosystems degraded; Land , soils and water contaminated; Animals and vegetation poisoned and contaminated, Air quality degraded from sprays Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning Eutrophication of rivers and water bodies Misuse, overuse and abuse of pesticides Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 3 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 3 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project Very long term, for the entire project and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 13 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN MAIZE (AND COMPLEMENTARY CROP) VARIETIES Ecosystems disturbed by new crop varieties Threat of introduction of invasive species Flora affected by new varieties Local communities affected by different food taste Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will regionally. - 3 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 1 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 10 Component 2: BASED IMPACTS Increase in child labour Increase in farm based activities for women Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project Very long term, for the entire project and after closure. - 4 SCORE - 10 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN CONSERVATION PRACTICES AND USE OF ORGANIC MANURE Contact with organic matter increase chances of contamination Increased breeding of flies Smells form organic matter Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 SCORE - 10 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN CONSERVATION FARMING PRACTICES AND USE OF ORGANIC MANURE Increased organic pollution of surface water Increased risk of organic contamination -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 3 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 13 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP ROTATION More labour required women are more involved in farming, gender division of labour might affect women more Requires more land HIV and AIDS affected may be subjected to more work
Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 12 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INTER-CROPPING LEGUMINOUS SEEDS Crops may compete for nutrients More of pests to deal with Selective pesticide and fertilizer application on different crops may be difficult Higher labour input due to different peak labour demand Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 SCORE - 10 Component 2: INCREASING RATES OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND ADOPTION Failure to adopt new agricultural technologies by farmers (problems with change of mindset) Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will regionally. - 3
Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 1 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 2 TOTAL SCORE - 9 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED RAIN WATER MANAGEMENT Higher labour input for construction of contour ridges, swales and box ridges Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1
Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 1 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 8 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1
Significance Impacts are low. A change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 3 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 2 TOTAL SCORE - 9 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM RESEARCHER-LED EXPERIMENTATION Pollution of surface and groundwater from chemicals Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. -1
Significance Impacts are low. A change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 12 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP HARVESTING Lack of markets to sell farm produce Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 3
Significance Impacts are low. A change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project and after closure. - 2 TOTAL SCORE - 10 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROSS BOARDER TRADE Increased risk of HIV and AIDS, Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5 Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 3
Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 1 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 4 TOTAL SCORE - 10 Component 2: IMPACTS FROM PROJECT OUT Farmers’ reluctance to continue on own, leading to: Degradation of ecosystems; Degradation of soils and water resources and quality Disturbance of flora and fauna Disturbance of local communities and rural livelihoods; Disturbance of local and national economies Risk of increase in HIV and AIDS prevalence; Disturbance of social and economic community relationships Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will occur throughout the country. Impacts will occur regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A small change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate. An impact that is measurable, but does not alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impact is very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 4 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 5 TOTAL SCORE - 13 Component 4: IMPACTS FROM IMPROVEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF FEEDER Physical Impacts Increased soil erosion due to topsoil removal and excavations; Land degradation due to quarrying, borrow pits and gravel winning Degradation of soil and water quality due to spillage of lubricants and fuels Air pollution from dust generated by rehabilitation works; Generation solid and liquid waste Disturbance degradation of flora and fauna Score -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Score -1 to -5
Magnitude or Extent Impacts will occur only at the ASWAp-SP sites. Impacts will throughout the country. Impacts will regionally. - 1 Significance Impacts are low. A change that is hardly detectable. Impacts are moderate and measurable but do not significantly alter ecosystems. Impact is high. Many organisms lost or affected. Major disruption of ecosystem processes. Impacts are very high. A process or area is completely disrupted or destroyed. Loss of all affected organisms. Impact is unknown. Insufficient information is available to determine impacts – apply cautionary principle. - 2 Probability of occurrence Possible. The impact may occur, but it is not probable, provided recommendations/ mitigatory measures are followed, and management is effective. Probable. The impact is very likely to occur. Definite. Unavoidable. - 3 Duration Short term, during the first year of the programme only. Medium term, during first three years of implementation. Long term, for the entire project phase. Very long term, for the entire project phase and after closure. - 1 TOTAL SCORE - 7
7 General aesthetics degraded Promote sustainable land management MoAFS, DC From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept. Annually during project implementation Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INADEQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PURCHASE INPUTS OR FROM DELAYS IN DISTRIBUTING INPUTS 8 Reduced harvests and adverse impacts on livelihoods More land required to compensate for poor agricultural practices Conflicts for land due to jealousy or envy for those accessing inputs (marginalisation of the disadvantaged groups) Provide farm inputs on time Establish farmer where farmers can easily access loans Encourage for farmers to afford inputs Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on the availability and limitation of inputs Educate farmers on the eligibility and modality of farm inputs distribution MoAFS, DC From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Department of Agricultural Extension. Once annually during project implementation Component 2: INCREASED PRESSURE ON LAND DUE TO INCREASED ACCESS TO INPUTS 9 Conflicts for land as more people want to participate in farming Educate community (either through radios or newspapers) on the beneficiaries of the program MoAFS, DC 1,500,000.00 Community Education for (to be funded by ASWAp-SP) Once annually
Discrimination or conflicts among villagers over eligibility to the subsidy program Increased exploitation of land in anticipation for subsidised inputs Degradation of ecosystems, land, soil, water flora and fauna as more land is exploited HIV and AIDS and gender marginalisation problems increased due to competition for land and resources. Develop sustainable subsidy programme implementation guidelines Promote IGAs for additional income generation to provide alternatives for those not eligible for subsidised inputs Use already existing local committees, with assistance of local leaders to resolve land disputes Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED AGRO-CHEMICAL AVAILABILITY, APPLICATION/ACCUMULATION 10 Ecosystems degraded Land , soils and water Advocate for bio degradable chemicals, physical and biological control PCB DC PCB 1,500,000.00 for awareness to supplement PCB annual programmes) Once annually during Project Implementation
contaminated by agro-chemicals Animals and vegetation poisoned and contaminated, Air quality degraded from sprays Misuse, overuse and of pesticides due to easy availability Health and safety risks from chemical poisoning HIV and AIDS increased as men get more disposable income methods and on farm manure production Promote recommended use of pesticides Use approved pesticides Regulate pesticides Promote Integrated Pest Management Educate farmers on proper use of pesticides Mainstream Gender and HIV and AIDS in ASWAp-SP in consultation with programmes by NAC Ministry of Agriculture Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN MAIZE (AND COMPLEMENTARY CROP) VARIETIES 11 Ecosystems, and fauna disturbed by new crop varieties Ensure farmers are using new crop varieties, which are approved and compatible with ecosystems MoAFS, DC From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Crop Production Dept. Once annually during project implementation
Potential for introduction of invasive species Ensure crop varieties are of acceptable taste by the communities Control importation of varieties Component 2: LABOR BASED IMPACTS 12 Increase in child labour for inputs application and harvesting Increase in strenuous activities for HIV and AIDS affected Increase in farm based activities for men, children and women (e.g. input collection and application, organic manure preparation and application and crop harvesting) Child labour law enforcement and community sensitization Provide opportunities for farmers to access bicycles for collection of inputs, on soft loans Facilitate produce marketing and income generating activities for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out labour. Ministry of Labour MoAFS District Council Link farmers to financial institutions for bicycle loans Once annually just before peak labour requirements Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN CONSERVATION FARMING PRACTICES AND USE OF ORGANIC MANURE 13 Contact with organic matter could increase Educate farmers on the need to protect themselves from direct MoAFS Farmers From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation and Extension Departments Once annually during project implementation
chances of contamination Increased breading of Smells form organic matter Water pollution from animal waste contact with animal waste by using appropriate protective clothing Educate farmers in proper composting methods to prevent fly breeding and smell Educate farmers in protecting water from contamination Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP ROTATION 14 More labour required for preparation of fields Since women are more involved in farming, gender division of labour might affect women more Requires more land HIV and AIDS affected may be subjected to more work Introduce IGAs for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out some filed work Gender and HIV and AIDS mainstreaming Educate farmers in appropriate crop rotation and intercropping to minimise land requirements From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Crops and Extension Depts.; to be assisted by NAC. Once annually during project implementation
Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INTER-CROPPING LEGUMINOUS SEEDS 15 Crops may compete for food and nutrients More of pests to deal with Selective pesticide and fertilizer application on different may be difficult Higher labour due to different peak labour demand Apply selective inter cropping Selection of pesticides to cover a wide range of pests Suitable fertilizers for intercropping Engage in IGAs to be able to pay for some activities MoAFS PCB From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Crops Dept. Once annually during project implementation Component 2: INCREASING RATES OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND ADOPTION 16 Failure to adopt new agricultural technologies by farmers (problems with change of mindset) Intensify field days Conduct field demonstrations on new technologies Promote field visits (exchange programmes) 3,000,000.00 for field days and exchange visits (to be included in ASWAp-SP budget) Once annually during project implementation Component 2: INCREASE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES 17 Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff Provide and train adequate extension staff MoAFS ASWAp-SP to support annual extension training programmes (See t able 7.3 for capacity building requirements) Once annually during project implementation
Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED RAIN WATER MANAGEMENT 18 Higher labour input for construction of contour ridges, swales and box ridges Encourage community participation MoAFS District Council From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Extension Dept. Once annually during project implementation Component 2: IMPACTS FROM RESEARCHER-LED EXPERIMENTATION 19 Pollution of surface and groundwater from chemicals Ensure waste from research laboratories is adequately and properly treated MoAFS EAD Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development From recurrent MoAFS and EAD Budgets in collaboration with the Water Resources Board During Project implementation Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP HARVESTING 20 Lack of markets to sell farm produce Promote formation of farmer associations and cooperatives, which could easily access markets Link ASWAp with other programmes that aim at improving transport and access to markets and inputs by farmers MoAFS Ministry of Trade and Industry Ministry of economic Planning Ministry of Transport From recurrent budgets through Extension Dept.; in collaboration with the line ministries Before and During project Implementation Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED BOARDER TRADE 21 Increased risk of HIV and AIDS Awareness campaigns on the risks of HIV and AIDS promoted MoAFS Link with NAC on HIV and Aids training programmes During Project Implementation
Land degradation due to quarrying, burrow pits and gravel winning Deteriorating water quality due to spillage of oil, lubricants and hazardous substance Air pollution from dust generated by rehabilitation works Generation solid and liquid waste engineering solutions such as intercepting gutters, check dams and gutters Rehabilitate all quarry sites and burrow pits after civil works Haul should be regularly maintained Dispose all waste in designated and approved dump sites RA/DC DC EAD/DC During rehabilitation and maintenance During rehabilitation and maintenance Component 4: SOCIAL IMPACTS FROM IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF UNPAVED ROADS 24 Improvement of unpaved rural roads will generate the following impacts: Increased road traffic accidents Haul should be regularly maintained DC NRSC 200,000 for community education with funding from ASWAp-SP Before rehabilitation and maintenance
Compulsory land acquisition An influx of migrant workers during rehabilitation of roads can be a socially disruptive force (spread HIV/AIDS) Workers camps can lead to increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including Conduct road safety awareness campaign meetings with local communities Choosing route locations away from built-up areas and restricting the extent of road works to avoid interference with existing activities Employ Locals to reduce migrant workers and their related problems Conduct awareness campaign meetings to sensitize workers on HIV/AIDS prevention MoTPI/DC DC/NAC DC/NAC From recurrent EAD budgets through EDO From recurrent MoTPI and MoLHUD budgets through Director of Public Works and District Lands Officer. 300,000 for HIV/AID training with funding from ASWAp-SP Link with NAC on HIV and Aids training programmes During rehabilitation and maintenance Before and during rehabilitation and maintenance
Table 6.3: Monitoring Plan for the EMP No. Environmental/ Social Impacts Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Monitoring indicator Responsible Institution Frequency/Cost Component 1: IMPACTS FROM FUNCTIONAL REVIEW AND TRANSFORMATION FOR SWAp 1 Fear of Loss of jobs Fear of Loss of control/autonomy Fear of marginalization (women) Use available staff in new structure as much as possible and grade existing staff to suit new job requirements Sensitise on change Properly planned exit strategies and payment of terminal benefits to staff Women empowerment % Staff retained % of women retained Number of staff trained and graded to suit new job requirements Number of complaints from Exit plan and benefits for redundant staff ASWAp-SP Secretariat Ministry of and Child welfare Before project Implementation during first year of project implementation Component 2: IMPACTS FROM VEGETATION CLEARING FOR PREPARATION OF GARDENS 1 Soil erosion Promote conservational farming and agro-forestry Encourage early clearing of vegetation before the onset of heavy rains % increase in conservational farming and agro-forestry % of farmers clearing vegetation in time ASWAp-SP Secretariat DA, Annually during project implementation From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept. 2 Siltation Promote contour bunds, ridges and vertiver grass to trap silt and enhance ground water recharge Early clearing of vegetation before the onset of heavy rains % or Number of contour and bands, ridges constructed % of the farm area planted with vertiver Water Resources Department, ASWAp-SP Secretariat, Annually From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept.)
Control vegetation clearing % of farmers clearing vegetation in time 3 Degradation of Surface Water Quality Prevent river bank cultivation Promote agro-forestry Train farmers in methods to control soil erosion % of farmers cultivating river banks % of farmers practicing agro-forestry % of farmers trained in methods to control soil erosion Water resources department EAD Annually during project implementation From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept. 4 Reduced groundwater recharge due to runoff Promote and farmers in conservation and farming % of farmers trained in conservation and farming ASWAp-SP Secretariat Annually during project implementation From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept. 5 Flora degraded and fauna habitat destroyed Local resources reduced by clearing useful grass, plants and trees for building and medicines Promote tree planting Limit bush clearing animal conservation areas Preserve some areas to retain grass for thatch and plants for medicines % change in area planted with trees % Area preserved with trees and grass Forestry Department ASWAp-SP Secretariat Annually From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Land Conservation Dept. 6 Future land use options limited as farming priority farming on already available agricultural land % increase in area used for agricultural purpose Ministry of Lands ASWAp-SP Secretariat Annually forestry forestry
7 General aesthetics degraded Promote sustainable land management % degradation in landscape ASWAp-SP Secretariat Annually Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INADEQUATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PURCHASE SUBSIDISED INPUTS OR FROM DELAYS IN DISTRIBUTING INPUTS 8 Reduced harvests and adverse impacts on livelihoods More land required to compensate for poor agricultural practices Conflicts for land due to jealousy or envy for those accessing inputs (marginalisation of the disadvantaged groups) Provide farm inputs on time Establish farmer clubs where farmers can easily access loans Encourage agri-business for farmers to afford inputs Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on the availability and limitation of inputs Educate farmers on the eligibility and modality of farm inputs distribution % increase in crop production estimates Number of days of in supplying inputs % of eligible farmers accessing inputs 5 of farmers engaged in agribusiness % of farmers understanding the availability and limitations on inputs ASWAp-SP Secretariat Annually From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Extension Dept. Component 2: INCREASED PRESSURE ON LAND DUE TO INCREASED ACCESS TO INPUTS 9 Conflicts for land as more people want to participate in farming Discrimination or conflicts among villagers over eligibility to the subsidy program Increased exploitation of land in anticipation for subsidised inputs Educate community (either through radios or newspapers) on the beneficiaries of the program Develop sustainable subsidy programme implementation guidelines Promote IGAs for additional income Number of reported complaints Guidelines developed Number of IGAs established for additional income Secretariat Annually From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Extension Dept.
Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN (AND COMPLEMENTARY CROP) VARIETIES 11 Ecosystems, flora and fauna disturbed by new crop varieties Potential for introduction of invasive species Ensure new crop varieties are approved and compatible with ecosystems Ensure crop varieties are of acceptable taste by the communities Control importation of species Number of reported illegal crop varieties detected Number of complaints about taste Number of cases involving illegal importation of seed ASWAp-SP Secretariat Once annually during project implementation From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Crops Dept. Component 2: LABOR BASED IMPACTS 12 Increase in child labour for inputs application and harvesting Increase in strenuous activities for HIV and AIDS affected Increase in farm activities for men, children and women (e.g. input collection and application, organic manure preparation and application and crop harvesting) Child labour law enforcement and community sensitization Provide opportunities for farmers to access bicycles for collection of inputs, on soft loans Facilitate produce marketing and income generating activities for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out labour. Increase in child labour cases reported Number of bicycles loaned to farmers Number of farmers able to complete their farming duties Ministry of and Child Welfare NGOs Secretariat ASWAp-SP Secretariat Annually 1,000,000.00 (to be funded from ASWAP) Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASE IN CONSERVATION FARMING PRACTICES AND USE OF ORGANIC MANURE
13 Contact with organic matter could increase chances of contamination Increased breading of flies Smells form organic matter pollution from animal waste Educate farmers on the need to protect themselves from direct contact with animal waste by using appropriate protective clothing Educate farmers in proper composting methods to prevent fly breeding and Educate farmers in protecting water from contamination Number cases reported not using of Protective material of organic matter related infections Increase in fly breading Increase in biological water pollution ASWAp-SP Secretariat Ministry of Health Ministry of Irrigation & Water Development Once annually during project implementation From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Extension Dept. Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROP ROTATION 14 More labour required for preparation of fields Since women are more involved in farming, gender division of labour might affect women more Requires more land HIV and AIDS affected may be subjected to more work Introduce IGAs for farmers to earn additional income for contracting out some filed work Gender and HIV and AIDS mainstreaming Educate farmers in appropriate crop rotation to minimise land requirements Number of farmers completing their farm duties on time % Women participation in the ASWAp % of farmers practicing crop rotation Ministry of Women and Child Welfare District Assembly Once annually during project implementation From recurrent budgets through Extension Dept. Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INTER-CROPPING LEGUMINOUS SEEDS 15 Crops may compete for food and nutrients selective % increase in successful inter-cropping % reduction in pests Secretariat Once annually during project implementation
More types of pests to deal with Selective pesticide and fertilizer application on different crops may be difficult Higher labour input due to different peak labour demand Selection of pesticides to cover a wide range of pests Suitable fertilizers for intercropping Engage in IGAs to be able to pay for some activities Crop production levels From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Crops Dept. Component 2: INCREASING RATES OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND ADOPTION 16 Failure to adopt new agricultural technologies by farmers (problems with change of mindset) Intensify field days Conduct demonstrations on new technologies Promote visits (exchange programmes) Technology Adoption rates % of target farmers using new technologies Number of field days ASWAp-SP Secretariat Once annually during project implementation From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Extension Dept. Component 2: INCREASE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES 17 Increased work load for already insufficient extension staff Provide and train adequate extension staff Number of extension staff recruited and trained Vacancy levels Secretariat Once annually during project implementation From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Human Resources Dept. Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED RAIN MANAGEMENT
access to markets and inputs by farmers ASWAp to facilitate access to markets Ministry of Trade and Industry Component 2: IMPACTS FROM INCREASED CROSS BOARDER TRADE 21 Increased risk of HIV and AIDS Awareness campaigns on the risks of HIV and AIDS promoted through cross boarder relationships with highly mobile and sexually active persons Number of awareness campaigns conducted National Aids Commission Ministry of Agriculture During Project Implementation From recurrent MoAFS budgets through Extension Dept. Component 2: IMPACTS FROM PROJECT PHASE OUT 22 Project phae out may lead to: Farmers’ reluctance to continue on their own, leading to: Degradation of ecosystems Degradation of soils and water resources and quality Disturbance of and fauna Disturbance of local communities and rural livelihoods Prepare comprehensive programme exit strategies that empower the district assemblies and key stakeholders to continue with the activities in a sustainable manner Exit strategy document District or Town Assembly preparedness to take over project ASWAp-SP Secretariat 6 months before project wind up 3,000,000.00 for assessment of the Assemblies capacity to take over TO FUND)
Disruption of local and national economies Risk of increase in impacts of HIV and AIDS due to loss or reduced sources of food and income Component 4: PHYSICAL IMPACTS FROM IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF UNPAVED RURAL ROADS Improvement and maintenance of unpaved rural roads may lead to: Increased soil erosion due to topsoil removal and excavations Soil pollution due to spillage of rehabilitation materials Land degradation due to quarrying, burrow pits and gravel winning Deteriorating water quality due to spillage of oil, lubricants and hazardous substance Air pollution from dust generated by rehabilitation works Minimize stripping of vegetation so that surface soil is less susceptible to erosion Control flow of to reduce erosion and siltation through engineering solutions such as intercepting gutters, check dams and gutters Rehabilitate all quarry and burrow pits after civil works Dispose all waste in designated and approved dump sites Areas contaminated with oils Percent of area planted with trees and grass Water quality Percent of project area cleared of vegetation ASWAp-SP Secretariat Assemblies capacity to take over to fund) Annually during project Implementation
Generation and liquid waste Component 4: SOCIAL IMPACTS FROM IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF UNPAVED RURAL ROADS Improvement and maintenance of unpaved rural roads may lead to: Increased road traffic accidents Compulsory land acquisition An influx of migrant workers during rehabilitation of can be a socially disruptive force (spread HIV/AIDS) Workers camps can lead to increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS which can result in increased load on local health facilities. Absences of migrant workers from family for prolonged periods have the potential to fuel the Rehabilitate all quarry sites and burrow pits after civil works Haul roads should be regularly maintained Conduct road safety awareness campaign meetings with communities Choosing route locations away from built-up areas and restricting the extent of road works to avoid interference with existing activities Employ Locals to reduce migrant workers and their related problems Conduct awareness campaign meetings to sensitize workers on HIV/AIDS prevention Number of complaints from community Health records Percent of affected persons compensated Number of awareness campaigns conducted ASWAp-SP Secretariat Assemblies capacity to take over to fund) Annually during project Implementation
7.3 Capacity Building Requirements Institution Current Situation Capacity Building Recommendations Responsibility Estimated Remarks Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MoAFS) – 41% Vacancy rate i.e. 1175 vacant posts Fill in vacant posts with already trained personnel Training to Diploma level at Natural Resources College (2yr course) as a tailor made programme Harmonise programmes with NGOs to optimise use of in same areas MoAFS to fill in the vacant posts ASWAp to train the AEDOs and distribute them to its programmes including the ASWAp-SP Total training Fees for 2 years K700,000 (Tuition K310,000/yr/boarding person plus Upkeep K40,000/yr) Priority for MoAFS should be to recruit already trained AEDOs. Where they cannot get trained personnel to fill the posts, MoAFS to train the additional on their own through the NRC programme. Land Resources and Conservation Department (LRCD) 59% vacancy at Headquarters 69% vacancy level at district level To fill at least 80% of the posts MoAFS (LRCD) To be met from normal budget of MoAFS Priority should be given to filling up posts of the Land Resources and Conservation Officer (LRCO) and the Senior Assistant Land Resources and Conservation Officer (SALRCO) at the district level.
Pesticides Control Board (PCB) 3 posts filled in the inspection unit against 6 established positions; staining the monitoring and enforcement of the Pesticides Act Fill in all vacant posts PCB To be met from normal PCB budget ASWAp-SP to provide support in form of an additional vehicle for inspection (MK10million) and K500,000 annually for inspection & monitoring costs MoAFS should facilitate filling in of vacant posts may put as a conditionality that they will not fund procurement of pesticides unless 90% of the posts are filled Environmental Affairs Department (EAD) 28 EDO established position 50% of which are vacant Fill in all vacant posts EAD EAD normal budget Filling of vacant posts will cater for all environment related projects Structures dilapidated Rehabilitation of RTCs and Day Training Centres MoAFS ASWAp MK120million MoAFS to assess the requirements and prepare a prioritised and phased budget Structures dilapidated Rehabilitation of LHTC in Zomba MoAFS ASWAp MK40million Structures dilapidated Installation of essential utilities (potable water and electricity) MoAFS ASWAp Normal MoAFS budget to assess the requirements and prepare a prioritised and phased budget Structures dilapidated Rehabilitation and provision of Agriculture Offices at EPA MoAFS ASWAp-SP Normal budget MoAFS to assess the requirements and prepare a prioritised and phased budget Structures dilapidated Rehabilitation and provision of MoAFS ASWAp-SP Normal MoAFS budget MoAFS to assess the requirements and