FRANCE: Religious war broke out in France in 1562 – Elizabeth was concerned about its potential to threaten her realm by encouraging religious conflict in England. Wrote to Phillip II of Spain and said how troubled and perplexed she was. Elizabeth had agreed in 1562 to help French Protestants, hoping to get Calais back in return. She had already successfully helped Scottish Protestant Lords rebel against Catholic rule in 1560 BUT policy failed – French Protestants made peace with the Catholics in 1562. In 1564 the Treaty of Troyes was signed – Calais belonged to France = all Elizabeth had achieved was to irritate Phillip II of Spain by supporting Protestant rebels. THE PAPCY: The Counter Reformation meant the pope was prepared to end Protestant rule in England. He disapproved of the steps that Elizabeth had taken to suppress Catholicism following the Revolt of the Northern Earls. The people excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570 (officially excluded her from the Catholic Church), which could encourage Catholic powers such as France and Spain to attack England SPAIN: In 1566 the Dutch rebelled against Spanish occupation. Elizabeth outwardly condemned the Dutch rebels, known as the Sea Beggars, but many made their way to England. Spanish atrocities against Protestants (hundreds put to their death) put Elizabeth under pressure to shelter rebels, who attacked Spanish Ships in the Channel. was further angered by England’s seizure of the Genoese loan in 1568. The Italian city of Genoa lent gold to the Spanish government. Ships carrying the loan sheltered in English ports, where Elizabeth seized it, arguing it belonged to Italian bankers not Spain. By 1570, Spanish rule in the Netherlands was secure. The Privy Council now feared a Spanish invasion as Spanish troops were in the Spanish Netherlands close to England. The presence of Mary, Queen of Scots, as an alternative Catholic monarch encouraged the Spanish government to plot against Elizabeth 1.4 The problem of Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots, had a legitimate claim to the English throne and was at the centre of many plots designed to overthrow Elizabeth. She was Henry VII’s great-granddaughter and Elizabeth’s second cousin. She was descended from Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII’ sister, was Catholic and had a legitimate claim to the throne. Mary was married to the French King, Francis II and inherited the Scottish crown when she was only 6 days old, while Mary was France, her mother, Mary of Guise, ruled Scotland. Why was Mary important?
13 1585 Act of Preservation of the Queen's Safety/Treaty of Nonsuch 14 1586 Babington Plot 15 1587 Mary Queen of Scots executed 16 1587 Attack on Cadiz 17 1588 Spanish Armada Key Words 21 New World North and South America. 22 Revolt of the Northern Earls When northern earls encouraged Catholics to rebel. 23 Ann Percy Wife of Thomas Percy. 24 Jane Neville Wife of James Neville and Duke of Norfolk’s sister. 25 Mary Queen of Scots Supported the plan to marry the Duke of Norfolk. 26 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk One of England’s most senior nobles and a Protestant. 27 Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland Duke of Norfolk’s brother in aw and from an important Catholic family. 28 Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland Had been important under previous monarchs, but as a Catholic he had been side-lined. 29 James Pilkington Appointed Archbishop of Durham. 30 Civil War A war between people in the same country. 31 Conspiracy A secret plan with the aim of ding something illegal. 32 Papal Bull A written order by the Pope. 33 Council of the Used to implement Elizabeth’s laws and authority in the North of England. 34 Ridolfi Plot Plan to murder Elizabeth, launch a Spanish attack and put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne. 35 Priest holes Secret hiding places for Catholic priests. 36 Hanged, drawn and quartered A type of punishment used when the accused was found guilty of high treason. The accused would be hanged until near dead, cut open, have their intestines removed and were finally chopped into four pieces.
1584 expedition brought two Native American Indians back to England, who were very useful. Thomas Harriot (mathematician) learned their language and taught them English. He was then able to make an English-Algonquian dictionary. Manteo and Wanchese helped the first English colonists to establish contact with their people. Raising funds The cost of the colonisation project was enormous – there was not enough money to successfully colonise in the New World by just trading on the voyage. BUT… there were clear economic benefits to be had that made the voyage worthwhile. Native Americans would barter things for simple, cheap English goods like woollen cloth Colony would provide work for English cloth makers and merchants Colony provide exotic materials such as gold and tobacco that could be brought back to England Lots of revenue for the English government Raleigh fund the new colony – the queen refused. Elizabeth was careful with money and had other financial concerns at the time (Spain). She did, however, suggest that the land colonised be called Virginia in her honour. She also give him a ship and gunpowder worth £400. Raleigh was one of Elizabeth’s favourites, and this royal backing gave the project prestige. It helped encourage others to invest, especially courtiers. Raleigh promised investors that he take any Spanish ships that he came across, including their cargoes. It was important in encouraging merchants to invest. Raleigh invested a lot of his own money in the venture – this was important if others were to believe that it could work. By 1585, he had the resources he needed. Raleigh’s organisations and planning to prepare for the voyage to Virginia Organising the project Finding colonists and sailors willing to cross the Atlantic was difficult. 107 colonists rather than the 300 he wanted All men, half soldiers, but also landowners, farmers, and skilled craftsmen Many wanted to make their fortune in Virginia
12 Education – Expanded during Elizabeth’s reign but it was expensive and mostly for boys. The large majority of people were illiterate. 13 Pastimes – Theatre thrived. Elizabethan leisure was similar to modern day but sport was much more violent. 14 Population Growth – During the reign of Elizabeth, population grew by as much as 3. Food prices rose, wages fell and enclosure brought problems. The urban poor grew and poverty was a real problem. 15 Exploration by led to conflict with Spain over the New World. 16 Attitudes – Unemployment was recognised as a genuine issue. 17 Poverty was an issue that Elizabeth wanted to address. Key Words 18 Social mobility Being able to change your position in society. 19 Humanists Believed that learning was important in its own right and not for just practical reasons. 20 Grammar schools Private schools set up for boys considered bright who largely came from well off families in towns. 21 Corporal punishment Punishment which causes physical pain. 22 Apprentice Someone learning a trade or a skill. 23 Petty schools Set up in a teacher’s home. For boys. 24 Dame schools Set up in a teacher’s home. For girls. 25 Pastimes Activities for leisure. 26 Mystery plays Plays base on the Bible and saints’ stories. 27 Globe Shakespeare’s theatre. 28 Alms Charity 29 Poor relief Financial help. 30 Itinerants People who had moved from their home parishes looking for work. 31 Enclosure The process of replacing large, open fields that were farmed by villages with individual fields belonging to one person.