The Table below summarizes some possible livelihood activities with their potential environmental impacts and possible mitigation measures. Sub-Projects Measures Potential Environmental/Social Impacts Possible Mitigation Means of insurance and compliance Institutional Responsibility (including enforcement/ coordination) Eco-tourism activities such as construction of Eco-lodge / visitor sites/ camping sites/ trail designation Air Quality and Noise Construction Construction may impact air quality and generate noise. This results mainly from excavation, site grading, vehicle loading and unloading, and other construction-related activities. Operation Potential impacts on ambient air quality would result from odors and gaseous emissions Air Quality and Noise Construction Use dust control measures onsite, such as water spraying for dust suppression; Regulate site access; Cover lorries transporting friable construction materials and spoil; Prohibit open air burning; Maintain machinery and vehicles in good working conditions to minimize emissions; and Provide adequate protective wear for workers Vehicles, boats and equipments must be maintained regularly to avoid any emissions; Pre-treat gases emitted by boilers and generators; Operation NC oversees construction and operation activities and conducts visual inspection with the assistance of a representative of the local community Contracts and PCU coordinator ensures that contractors implement environmental management plans/regulations and that contractors perform continuous inspection and monitoring of NSC/NC/PERSGA
using biological, chemical and physical filters, If aquaculture tanks are utilized, prioritize water re-use after filtration within the tanks best environmental practice to avoid odor and diseases. proper feeding practices Fish Processing Production and disposal of fish waste bycatch, diseases from fish carcasses in enclosed waters. Disposal of fish fish carcasses in shallow marinas. The dissolved oxygen consumed by the decomposing fish parts can cause anaerobic, foul-smelling conditions. Implementation of national management strategy, designation of sites for disposal of biological waste. Encourage catch and release fishing Disposal of fish in the open water for small operations Proper Fish cleaning stations to be provided as convenient places to clean fish and dispose of their waste material Compost fish where appropriate Freezing of fish parts for re-use as bait NC oversees construction and operation activities with representative from local community Complaints from local community Cleanliness Recreational Fishing/ Snorkeling/ Diving Damage to sensitive coral reefs and habitats from improper site selection for construction Damage to coral reefs from boat anchors. Waste disposal in sensitive areas from tourist activities from jetty construction Construction of jetties away from sensitive habitats Installment of mooring in designated snorkeling/ diving/ fishing site for boat anchorage. Waste management strategy applied NC oversees construction and operation activities Complaints from local community Field observation
feeding practices Waste from fish processing Operation phase: waste management of national waste management strategy, designation of sites for disposal of biological waste. Health and Safety Standards applied from local community on odor/contamination of Fish related diseases in enclosed bays, marinas disposal of waste products observations report quality monitoring PCU/local community PCU/NC Quarterly Habitat degradation from recreational of jetties away from sensitive habitats management strategy applied of mooring buoys in designated snorkeling/ diving/ fishing site for boat anchorage. document will have to include provisions for site specific EMP. from community, local operators, NGOs, and tourist. water quality / visibility observed in coral reef areas damage to coral reefs and mangroves of unlicensed fishing/ snorkeling operations observations reports Contractor and PCU PCU/NC/local community Daily
Table 3: Potential Environmental Impacts of selected sub-projects, possible mitigation and cost estimates Sub-Projects Measures Potential Environmental/Social Impacts Possible Mitigation Means of insurance and compliance Institutional Responsibility (including enforcement/ coordination) Eco-tourism activities such as construction of Eco-lodge / visitor sites/ camping sites/ trail designation Air Quality and Noise Construction Construction may impact air quality and generate noise. This results mainly from excavation, site grading, vehicle loading and unloading, and other construction-related activities. Operation Potential impacts on ambient air quality result from odors and gaseous emissions generated by a Boilers/Kitchen/Air Compressors Wastewater treatment (undesirable odors), Vehicles and motorized engines, and Boats Air Quality and Construction Use dust control measures onsite, such as water spraying for dust suppression; Regulate site access; Cover lorries transporting friable construction materials and spoil; Prohibit open air burning; Maintain machinery and vehicles in good working conditions to minimize emissions; and Provide adequate protective wear for workers Vehicles, boats and equipments must be maintained regularly to avoid any emissions; Pre-treat gases emitted by boilers and generators; Operation Conserve energy use to reduce fuel combustion; Control emissions from wastewater treatment facility/septic tanks; NC oversees construction and operation activities and conducts visual inspection with the assistance of a representative of the local community Contracts and PCU coordinator ensures that contractors implement environmental management and that contractors perform continuous inspection and monitoring of areas of potential pollution and/or uses with the potential to result in soil contamination; Complaints from local community NSC/NC/PERSGA
Fish Processing Production and disposal of fish waste bycatch, diseases from fish carcasses in enclosed waters. Disposal of fish waste/ fish carcasses in shallow marinas. The dissolved oxygen consumed by the decomposing fish parts can cause anaerobic, foul-smelling conditions. Implementation of national waste management strategy, designation of sites for disposal of biological waste. Encourage catch and release fishing Disposal of fish waste in the open water for small operations Proper Fish cleaning stations to be provided as convenient places to clean fish and dispose of their waste material Compost fish where appropriate Freezing of fish for re-use as bait NC oversees construction and operation activities with representative from local community Complaints from local community Cleanliness Recreational Fishing/ Snorkeling/ Diving Damage to sensitive reefs and habitats from improper site selection for construction Damage to coral reefs from boat anchors. disposal in sensitive areas from tourist activities Waste from jetty construction Construction of jetties away from sensitive habitats Installment of mooring buoys in designated snorkeling/ diving/ fishing site for boat anchorage. Waste management strategy applied NC oversees construction and operation activities Complaints from community
Table 4. Variables of monitoring of a sub-project example. Mitigation Aspects Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Methods Implementing Agency Monitoring Agency Monitoring Frequency Reduce emissions, dust, and suppression of Construction Phase: Covering waste disposal trucks with tarpaulins Ensuring that ambient air quality limits are not exceeded: vehicles and machinery should comply with emission standards. Construction activity noise levels will be maintained below limits. Personnel and workers operating on site will be equipped with hearing and breathing protection gear. Operation Phase: Adopting composting practices to reduce the amount of solid waste produced and reduce the need for waste collection vehicles. Complaints from local community and occupants Dust deposition on vegetation and rocks Loud noise can be heard from a distance Change in natural habitats within ecolodge surroundings Monitoring devices to ensure compliance of and emissions Field observations Interaction with local community: use indigenous knowledge to understand impact on wildlife during ecotourism construction during operation phase PCU Occupational Health and Safety Construction Phase: Compliance with General rules and regulations on Occupational Health and Safety. Complaints from laborers, occupants, and local community Construction site inspection during ecotourism PCU Monthly
from fish processing Operation phase: Proper management Implementation of national waste management strategy, designation of sites for disposal of biological waste. Occupational Health and Safety Standards applied Complaints from local community on odor/contamination Presence of Fish related diseases in enclosed bays, marinas Incorrect disposal of waste products Field observations Incident report Violations Water quality monitoring community PCU/NC Quarterly Habitat degradation from recreational Construction of jetties away from sensitive habitats management strategy applied Installment of mooring buoys in designated snorkeling/ diving/ fishing site for boat anchorage. Tender document will have to include provisions for site specific EMP. Complaints from community, local operators, NGOs, and tourist. Poor water quality / visibility observed in coral reef areas Observed damage to coral reefs and mangroves Presence of unlicensed fishing/ snorkeling operations observations Incident reports Violations and PCU PCU/NC/local community Daily
Bahaeldin Taha, (2010) “Environmental Impact Assessment of the Landing Sites” Recovery of Coastal Livelihoods in the Red Sea State of the Sudan through the Modernization of Artisanal Fisheries and the Creation of New Market Opportunities, UNIDO, Project. Department of Planning, Red Sea State, (2010) “Villages Profiles” Unpublished Report. (Dr. J. Kemp et al), (2002), “Survey of the Proposed Marine Protected Area at Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island, Sudan, PERSGA Project (Dr. J. Kemp et al), “Ecological patterns and status of the reefs of Sudan” Dr. Jeremy Kemp, (2004), “Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, PERSGA Project”. Paul Harrison and Melita Samoilys, (2007), IUCN, “Village Environmental Management (VEMPs) for Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island National Park”. PERSGA, (2012), Project Document, “Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Strategic Ecosystem Management GEF Project”. PERSGA, (2004), “Dungonab Bay–Mukawwar Island Proposed Marine Protected Area Site-Specific Master Plan with Management Guidelines”. UNDP, (2009) “Red Sea State Situation Analysis”. Unpublished Report. ( 2010), “Recovery of Coastal Livelihoods in the Red Sea State of the Sudan through the Modernization of Artisanal Fisheries and the Creation of New Market Opportunities Project” Bank Safeguard Policies,
Annex III Form of screening matrix Sub-Projects Measures Potential Environmental/Social Impacts Possible Mitigation Institutional Responsibility (including enforcement/ coordination) MPA zone demarcation If construction of monitoring small bases - damage of natural habitats due small constructions Avoiding damaging natural habitat during constructions or minimize it PERSGA SEM Coordinator/Facilitator Community Aquaculture including oyster and pearl -Pollution -change biological balance -bi product waste -Odor Measures taken to minimize pollution Regular monitoring of species Measures to treat waste Best practice to avoid odor PERSGA SEM Coordinator/Facilitator Community Eco-tourism -Soil and water pollution due to waste waste and littering -damage of natural habitats due small constructions Measures taken to prevent pollution due to waste, like proper treatment. Proper litter and waste management Avoiding damaging natural habitat during PERSGA SEM Coordinator/Facilitator Community
-Noise Pollution due to use of energy Social – increased refuse constructions or minimize it Measures in controlling noise Using renewable energy as possible and reduce fossil fuel emission Regular clean-up Renewable energy desalination -Soil contamination from waste materials e.g cement and paints…etc. -Water quality due to handling and use of chemicals Soil erosion due to construction -construction accidents Provision of adequate waste disposal services Provide training in water hygiene and proper disposal of chemicals Appropriate sitting Safety training and protection equipments PERSGA SEM Coordinator/Facilitator Community