2. “Refugees,” Newsweek, January 2, 1989. 3. “General Assembly Resolution 260 (III) of 9 December 1948 (Prevention and Punishment of the of Genocide),” United Nations, accessed September 8, 2011, http://untreaty.un.org. 4. Congressional Resolution. 75, 106th Congress, June 16, 1999. 5. Rebecca Hamilton, Fighting for Darfur: Public Action and the Struggle to Stop a Genocide (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011). 6. Suzanne Franks, “The Neglect of Africa and the Power of Aid,” The International Communication Gazette 71 (2010): 71; Chang Tsan-Kuo, “All Countries Not Created Equal to be News: World System and International Communication,” Communication Research 25 (1998): 528-66. 7. Franks, “The Neglect of Africa and the Power of Aid.” 8. Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: HaperCollins Publishers, 2002). 9. Profile,” BBC news, accessed March 1, 2012, 10. Carolyn Kitch, “Twentieth-Century Tales: Newsmagazines and American Memory,” Journalism and Communication Monographs 2 (1999): 126. 11. Matthew White, The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History’s 100 Worst Atrocities (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012). 12. Power, “A Problem from Hell.” 13. Ibid., 65 14. Ibid., 68. 15. Ibid., 53. 16. United Nations, “General Assembly Resolution 260 (III).” 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 19. Mohamed Omer Beshir, Revolution and Nationalism in the Sudan (London: Rex Collings, 1974): 20. 20. Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan (New York: Cambridge, 2008): 54 21. Jok Madut Jok, Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008). 22. Ibid., 81
23. Ibid. 24. Bob “Standing Tall: Former NBA Player Manute Bol Returns to Sudan to Try to Bring Peace to His Homeland,” first broadcast on June 11, 1999, by NBC, LexisNexis Academic, http://www.lexisnexis.com. 25. See Ammina Kothari, “The Framing of the Darfur Conflict in The New York 2003-2006,” Journalism Studies 11 (2010): 209-224; Jang Hyun Kim, Tuo-Yu Su, and Junhao Hong, “The Influence of Geopolitics and Foreign Policy on the U.S. and Canadian Media: An Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Sudan’s Darfur Conflict,” Press/Politics 12 (2007): 87-95. 26. Kitch, “Twentieth-Century Tales,” 122. 27. Robert Entman, “Framing Bias: in the Distribution of Power,” Journal of Communication 57 (2007): 164. 28. William Gamson, “News as Framing: Comments on Graber,” American Behavioral Scientist 33 1998: 157. 29. Robert Entman, “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm,” Journal of Communication 43 (1993): 55. 30. Gamson, “News as Framing,” 158 31. Entman, “Framing.” 32. Paul Messaris and Linus Abraham, “The Role of Images in Framing News Stories,” in Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, eds. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy, Jr., and August E. Grant (London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001): 220. 33. Robert Entman, “Framing U.S. Coverage of International News: Contrasts in Narratives of the KAL and Iran Air,” Journal of Communication 41 (1991): 6-27. 34. Entman, “Framing U.S. Coverage,” 6. 35. Ibid. 36. Kothari, “The Framing of the Darfur Conflict.” 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid. 39. Chinedu Eke, “Darfur: Coverage of a Genocide by Three Major U.S. TV Networks on Their Evening News,” International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 4 (2008): 227-292. 40. Ibid., 277.
60. John Garang, “A Freedom Fighter Speaks,” Newsweek, April 9, 2001. 61. Roy Gutman, “A Place on the Map,” Newsweek, April 9, 2001; “Grandmother, Lord, Rebel,” Newsweek. 62. Jeffrey Bartholet, “Hidden Horrors in Sudan,” Newsweek, October 12, 1992. 63. “The Pope in Africa,” Time, February 22, 1993. 64. Richard Woodbury, Clive Mutiso, and Helena Bachmann, “The Children’s Crusade,” Time, December 21, 1998. 65. Louise Lief and Philip Jones Griffiths, “Starvation as a Political Weapon,” U.S. News & World Report, February 6, 1989. 66. Charles Fenyvesi, “Religious Cleansing,” U.S. News & Report, August 2, 1993. 67. “Bad Company: A Year of Abuses,” Newsweek, February 20, 1989. 68. Michael Maren, “The Faces of Famine,” Newsweek, July 27, 1998. 69. James Nachtwey, “Slaughter in Slow Motion,” Time, August 23, 1993. 70. Ibid. 71. Bruce Nelan, William Dowell, Clive Mutiso, and Douglas Waller, “Sudan: Why is This Happening Again?” Time, July 27, 1998. 72. Lief and Griffiths, “Starvation as a Political Weapon.” 73. Stefan Lovgren and Tom Stoddart, “A Famine Made by Man,” U.S. News & World Report, September 14, 1998. 74. Ibid. 75. “Trek of the Orphans,” Newsweek, April 20, 1992. 76. Lara Santoro, “Pangs of Hunger,” Newsweek, May 19, 1998. 77. Lara Santoro, “The Sons of Carnage,” Newsweek, July 31, 2000. 78. “Alas, Slavery Lives,” Time, March 22, 1993. 79. Nachtwey, “Slaughter in Slow Motion.” 80. Dowell, Mutiso, and Waller, “Sudan: Why is This Happening Again?” 81. Lief and Griffiths, “Starvation as a Political Weapon.” 82. Lovgren and Stoddart, “A Famine Made by Man.”