Source: US Department of Agriculture Adaptation Durian is adapted to sandy loam and clay loam, with high organic matter, reasonably deep and slightly acidic soil, pH of 5.6. Durian grows in lowland tropics in elevation up to 800 meters above sea level with optimum temperature of 25-35 0C and 80% relative humidity. Recommended Varieties Listed in Table 5 are National Seed Industry Council’s (NSIC) approved and registered varieties of durian. Table 5. NSIC Registered Durian Varieties and their Characteristics. Variety Fruit shape Size (kg) Maturity (# of days) Peel Percent Edible Portion Aroma Flesh Color TSS Chanee Cylindrical 2-4 110-115 Greenish brown Moderate Golden 25 Monthong Elongated 2-5 120-125 Golden yellow 25% Moderate Creamy yellow 27 Atabrine Ellipsoidal 2-4 105-115 Greenish 25% Strong Naples yellow 25 Mamer -do- 1-2 105-115 Greenish brown 25% Strong Barium orange 25 GD 69 Obovate 2-4 113-118 Greenish 36% -do- Canary yellow 26 Alcon Fancy Round 1-2 90-110 Greenish brown 35% -do- Yellow 27 Lacson Uno Obovate 3-6 115-120 Brownish green 35% -do- Mimosa yellow 27 Arancillo Ovoid to Cylindrical 1-3 115-120 Brownish green 38% -do- Chrome yellow 27 Puyat Cylindrical 3-5 120-125 Greenish brown 40% -do- Chrome yellow 27 Oboza Cylindrical 3-4 120-125 Green 21% Moderate Yellow 26 Duyaya Cylindrical 3-5 120-125 Green brown 31% Weak Yellow 27 SMIARC #2 Ovoid to cylindrical 2-3 115-120 28 Moderate Barium yellow 27 From:
2. Shot-hole borer (Xyleborous sp.) Tiny black or brown beetle Pest associated with fungal pathogen phytophthora Beetle-pathogen confined on main trunk or main branches Shot-hole borer invades damaged or physiologically stressed trees. Maintain tree vigor, i.e., through fertilization, irrigation and regular pruning. Wider planting distance Use resistant varieties Scrape infested portion, then apply with insecticide 3. Durian Psyllids (Allocarsidara incognita) The adult is greenish brown to brownish sucks sap of young leaves Psyllid is prevalent during flushing. Predators feed on this foliar pest Spray with the following insecticides: Malathion, deltamethrin, Lambdacyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos, or dimethoate 4-5 times from June to November 4. Bao-bao (Haplaphalara sp.) The adult is brownish in color, short and stubby; infests shoots, flowers and fruitlets. It sucks the plant sap of young leaves and flowers and contributes to dropping of fruitlets. The tree may eventually die due to defoliation. Same as control measures for durian psyllids. 5. Twig Borer or Carpenter Moth The larvae bore on young plants and small branches or twigs of old trees. Prune or cut damaged branches, then burn. 6. Mealy Bugs Spray w/ insecticide when there is heavy infestation Fig. 4. Damaged caused by insect in durian. Table 7. Major diseases of durian.
Common Name/Causal Organism Description Symptoms Control and Management: 1. Phytophthora Diseases a. canker (Fig. 25a) b. Seedling Dieback and Foliar Blight (Fig. 25b) c. Phytophthora fruit rot Serious disease of durian Soil borne fungus can infect all parts of the tree in all stages of growth and development by wind, rain water, insects and snails Cause serious damage among orchards. Commonly observed in durian trees at bearing stage depending on the variety planted. Appearance of wet lesions on the bark surface, usually near the crotch region Bark necrosis is accompanied by discoloration and exudation of reddish brown, gummy, resinous substance Infection initiated on the leaves induces symptoms characterized by off-colored, water-soaked spots which become dark and coalesce into large necrotic or dead patches first sign of infection appears as tiny water-soaked lesions which later coalesce and become brown then dark on the fruit surface, which later result into peel cracks on Provide wide spacing, remove weeds & prune low hanging branches. chemical at the first sign of infection. Scrape and remove diseased barks. Paint infected wood with fungicide. Apply Trichoderma hazianum Sanitation, aeration and drainage are key factors in nursery operation. When needed, periodically spray systemic fungicides such as Metalaxyl or Fosetyl Aluminum or combining Phytophthora fruit rot is best controlled by integrated phytosanitary measures, cultural practices and chemical
Year Tools/Equipment Pesticides1 Total Cost (P) Knapsack Sprayer Cost (P) Insecticide (li) Cost (P) Fungicide (kgs) Cost (P) 1 1 3,500.00 0.5 475.00 0.5 325.00 4,300.00 2 0.5 475.00 0.5 325.00 800.00 3 1 950.00 1 650.00 1,600.00 4 2 1,900.00 3 1,950.00 3,850.00 5 2 1,900.00 4 2,600.00 4,500.00 6 1 3,500.00 3 2,850.00 5 3,250.00 9,600.00 7 3 2,850.00 7 4,550.00 7,400.00 8 4 3,800.00 7 4,550.00 8,350.00 9 4 3,800.00 8 5,200.00 9,000.00 10 4 3,800.00 8 5,200.00 9,000.00 1 Prices of pesticides are as follows: Insecticide = P950.00/li and Fungicide = P650.00/kg. Cost analysis of managing pests and diseases Year Cost of Equipment and Pesticides (P) Cost per hectare (P) Cost per tree Labor Cost (P) 1 4,300.00 800.00 5,100.00 32.69 2 800.00 800.00 1,600.00 10.26 3 1,600.00 1,200.00 2,800.00 17.95 4 3,850.00 1,200.00 5,050.00 32.37 5 4,500.00 1,600.00 6,100.00 39.10 6 9,600.00 1,600.00 11,200.00 71.79 7 7,400.00 2,000.00 9,400.00 60.26 8 8,350.00 2,000.00 10,350.00 66.35 9 9,000.00 2,400.00 11,400.00 73.08 10 9,000.00 2,400.00 11,400.00 73.08